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HomeMy WebLinkAboutAPA2311REPORT OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL FIELD SURVEY IN THE WILLOW-WASILLA AREA,1978 T [}{]&OO~&c §OO&®©@ Susitna Joint Venture Document Number Q311 Please Return To DOCUMENT CONTROL Douglas R.Reger METHODOLOGY TK lLt:z 5 .S8 Al.3 ()D.23:;; The area covered in the survey work during 1978 was,roughly,along the Little Susitna River,around most of the lakes south of Willow Creek,east of the Parks Highway,west of the Susitna River,and north of Knik Arm. Additionally the lower part of Kroto Creek (Deshka River)was partially exa- mined.With the exception of the village area at the outlet of.Red Shirt Lake, the level of investigation was a reconnaissance using knowledge of high pro- bability areas as the guide to localities selected for more intensive examination. As the purpose of the survey was to provide as much data as possible for a broad scale land-use study and not for a specific resource impacting action, the level of intensity was judged adequate.Biases such as relying on in- complete knowledge of aboriginal use patterns were unavoidable,so this report can in no way be construed as more than a very incomplete sampling of the area 's cultural resources.Additionally,examination from a helicopter for vegetation or other surface indicators of past use further biases the results toward the historic period. The specific approach used in locating sites was to define on a 1:63,360 senie map those areas which showed some promise in yielding cultural remains and then making an aerial examination by helicopter.Two days were spent flying in the area to refine those areas marked for more intensive examination. Specific localities were then examined on the ground,and small test probes made to locate possible subsurface materials.The purpose of the testing was to confirm existence of a site rather than to obtain a collection for analysis or to find site limits. The criteria for defining probable site localities were:confluences of side streams with a larger stream or lake I prominences along lakes and streams, prominences holding potential as hunting lookouts,prominences with exposures of soil which could be quickly examined,and disturbed areas in the apparent normal vegetation pattern.Additionally,some time was spent trying to confirm and catalog the remains at a number of reported sites in the area.Two days were spent making limited tests at the Fish Creek Site on Knik Arm.A total of 15 working days were spent in the field. Tanaina residents of the Nancy·Lake area,Shem Pete and his son,Billy Pete, gave information about use of the area,routes of travel,and some site lo- cations.Shem Pete had spent a part of his youth in a village at the outlet of Red Shirt Lake -and is very knowledgeable about the area.Billy Pete has spent quite alot of time hunting and trapping in the general area and has knowledge of resource use by the local Tanaina.A flight over the Nancy Lake 1 APJ.IS Alaska Resources Library &information Services Libra•.:Building,Sllit~111 32i i Providence-DriVe . Anchorage,AK 99508-4614 Recreation Area and the lower reaches of the Susitna River and Kroto Creek was made with Shem and Billy Pete and Dr.James and Priscilla Kari of the Alaska Native Language Center.Dr.Kari has been working with Shem Pete and others to record Tanainaplace names.During the flight,the party landed at Red Shirt Lake outlet and walked down to the locality of the cabin in which Shem Pete had lived.He was able to show us where a graveyard had existed for those buried in the Russian Orthodox faith. Through use of Shem and Billy Pete as informants,several sites were located which would not normally have been found in the time allowed.In addition, several others have been reported which have not been verified on the ground and therefore cannot be precisely marked. ETHNOGRAPHIC LAND USE PATTERNS The ethnographic information available on the inhabitants of the study area is contained almost totally in the monograph by Cornelius Osgood,The Ethno- graphy of the Tanaina.The Tanaina Indians occupied the entire-COok Inlet area at The time Osgood conducted his fieldwork in the summers of 1931 and 1932.While most of this information was collected from informants in the Kenai and Kachemak Bay areas,he was able to elicit some information from infor- mants at Eklutna and Susitna.Unfortunately the study area,a portion of Osgood's Upper Inlet and Susitna subdivisions,was one of the most poorly covered areas of his Tanaina ethnography.The following resume of parts of the Tanaina culture in the study area has been extracted almost entirely from Osgood and will not be further cited unless indicated otherwise. The Tanaina Athapaskans are the only group of northern Athapaskans who inhabit a coastal maritime area.Their past cultural practices and materials reflected,as a whole group,utilization of maritime resources and adoption of subsistence-related traits from their Eskimo neighbors.Tanaina culture re- flects increasing adaptation to a maritime life style as one proceeds from the northern part of Tanaina territory toward the south end in Kachemak Bay. Possibly excepting the Nondalton ar.d Lime Village groups,the·Upper Inlet- Susitna groups reflect the most interior environment-oriented Tanaina.Stu- dents of Tanaina culture and history generally agree that the people originally came from a more interior homeland and moved into an area previously in- habited by Eskimos.Retention of the interior life style among the Upper. Inlet-Susitna people may be due to a number of reasons ranging from lack of . need for change to continued influence from their more interior Athapaskan neighbors. According to patterns of land use noted in Osgood,the Tanaina of the Susitna and Upper Inlet areas concentrated most activities along streams and lakes having runs of anadromous fish.The annual salmon runs would have provided the most stable and easily collected source of food.Use of moose,caribou, and other large land mammals would have been relatively more important to the Indians of this area than among mos!of the Tanaina but still of secondary importance.One would expect that the more important village sites would occur along drainages with large salmon runs and this appears to be the case. - ARLIS Alaska Resources Library &Information Service~ Anchorage AJ~~k~ = 2 r I The most important villages in later historic times were at Susitna Station, Alexander Creek,Kroto Creek,Eklutna and Knik,with lesser settlements reported at Wasilla,Nancy Lake and Red Shirt Lake (Shem Pete 1978:per- sonal cOllununication). Summer fishing and winter trapping would have induced establishment of seasonal temporary settlements.These would have been along salmon streams at good fishing spots and at locations convenient to a supply of firewood and shelter from .storms ,but equally important,accessible to good trapping grounds. Shem Pete,of the Willow area,was able to relate how the country around Red Shirt Lake specifically was utilized.He reported,in addition to the Red Shirt Village of his youth,the existe.l'lce of an early historic village at what is called Indian Bay on Nancy Lake. Red Shirt Village stretched from the outlet of Red Shirt Lake downstream along· both banks of Fish Creek for approximately one-half of a mile.Another half mile further down Fish Creek,at its confluence with the stream draining Cow Lake,was another reported village site.Pottery sherds of European origin and bone were found there.Additionally,Shem Pete indicated the past exis- tence of a village location near the outlet of Cow Lake. The outlet of Red Shirt Lake was bridged by the Tanaina to allow passage to parts of Red Shirt Village on both sides of the creek;·Shem Pete also related that basket traps were used to catch lake trout throughout the year.These were placed in the lake shallows near the outlet.Posts from the trap assembly could,according to Shem Pete,be seen in the shallows until recent time when boating recreationists removed them. Tanaina place name information identified a number of locations which have been examined on the ground and found to possess physical remains of past habitations.The information used here has been collected by Dr.James Kari from the following Tanaina people:Shem Pete,Billy Pete,Katherine Nicolie, Peter Stepen,Mike Alex (deceased),John Stump (deceased)Bailey Theodore, and Mike Theodore.It was provided by Dr.Kari in manuscript form as part of a larger list (1979). Location Tanaina Place Name Red Shirt Lake Village Tanltunt Old Cottonwood Creek Village Eadzat Old village site three~fourths of a mile north of Knik on Knik Arm Buni Ts'unaghelqeni 3 Alaska Heritage Resources Survey (AHRS)Site No .. TYO-003 ANC-035 Alexander Creek Village Susitna Station Village Kroto Creek Village Tuquenkag' Tsat'ukeght Dasq'e TYO-013 TYO-008 TYO-001 The large village and cache pit site locality designated TYO-036 mav corres- pond with the"steep bank four miles up Kroto Creek called "Tsal DUdideht.II This has been translated to mean "coffin fell down.II ARCHAEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND Previous archaeological work done in the study area was concentrated along the shores of Knik Arm or along the Parks Highway corridor. Frederica de Laguna (1975)spent part of the 1930 field season in the area excavating ANC-037 at the mouth of Fish Creek on Knik Arm.Those efforts were inspired by the presence in the Alaska State Museum of a decorated stone oil lamp.The lamp was of a variety notably associated with Kachemak III remains at Yukon Island (SEL-OOl)and Cottonwood Creek (SEL-030);Kachemak Bay,De Laguna's excavations were·not spectacularly fruitful but provided information which spurred later work. The Fish Creek Site (ANC-037)was examined again in 1966 I as were oL~er sites in the vicinity,some of which had been reported by de Laguna.The excavations directed by A.D.Spaulding I and reported by Dumond and Mace (1968)I were mainly in a house depression which was trenched.The house yielded a labret,pottery,a copper awl,and miscellaneous other stone arti- facts.This material,in conjunction with that collected by de Laguna I prompted Dumond and Mace to conclud.e that Eskimos had inhabited the area until after A.D.1000 and had been supplanted by Tanaina Athapaskans some- time after A.D.1650 but before A.D.1800 (Dumond and Mace 1968:19). These and de Laguna's excavations are the only systematic excavations that have been accomplished to date in the study area. A survey along portions of the Palmer-Wasilla Highway by the Alaska Division of Parks in 1978 yielded negative results (Gibson 1979:personal commun- ication). . A survey of Alaska State Park waysides in 1971 by R.Greg Dixon and W.F. Johnson was the only other organized archaeological survey done until 1978 in the Willow/Wasilla area (Dixon and Johnson 1972).That survey touched on the wayside campgrounds at Nancy Lake,Finger Lake and Willow Creek with large- ly negative results.The single exception was discovery of one questionable waste flake near the entrance to Nancy Lake Wayside.Subsequent testing at the locality I de~ignated TYO-OO6,did not yield any more artifacts or other cultural e\-idence. 4 - - ••I 'i' I I SITES AND REPORTED SITES Sites located in the area investigated have been,for the purposes of this report,divided into three categories which are further subdivided according to U.S.G.S.quadrangle.A conscious attempt has been made to deal with sites which contain information about native populations as a primary importance. That would delete t.l-tose sites primarily important to Euroamerican history. However,as those sites determined eligible for,or listed on,the National Register of Historic Places require treatment not normally afforded other sites, those properties so designated which are within the study area have been listed.They all derive their significance from non -native associations.The second category of sites is that which makes up the bulk of the sites in the study area,these being listed in the Alaska Heritage Resources Survey. Existence of these sites has been confirmed and the locational information is accurate enough to be entered.The last category of sites focuses on reported sites which do not have sufficient loeational data or have not been confirmed to exist by an on-site examination. NATIONAL REGISTER PROPERTIES Knik Town Site CANC-003):This property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on July 24,1973.Knik derives its significance from having served as a trading and transportation center for a large area of the interior of Southcentral Alaska.It is the Knik Arm terminus of the historic Iditarod Trail. Teeland 1s Country Store (ANC-114):This building is located at the inter- section of Knik Road and the Parks Highway and was entered onto the National Register on November 14,1978.The original portion of the store was first constructed in Knik and moved to its present location in 1917.The property derives its significance from longtime use as a store in both Knik and Wasilla. Wasilla Depot CANC-C88):The Alaska Railroad Wasilla Depot was built in 1917 with establishment of the Wasilla townsite and was entered onto the National Register on December 16,1977.The well-preserved structure gained its sig- nificance from long-time service as the center of railroad activities in Wasilla and as an office for engineers constructing the Alaska Railroad. CONFIRMED ALASKA HERITAGE RESOURCES SURVEY SITES , Anchorage Quadrangle: ANC-035 Cottonwood Creek Vicinity.This site is a large locality approx- imately one and one-half miles abt:ve the mouth of the creek and along both banks.Consists of about 50 cache pits and eight house pits.The area has yielded a relatively large amount of artifacts including stone adze heads and an antler club (Dumond and Mace 1968:5). 5 ANC-036 Knik Lake Locale.This site area is on a hill near the north shore of Knik Lake and also along the south shore.The re- mains are house pits with attached rooms I and cache pit::J.A house pit excavated on the north shore of the lake yielded copper I wood,and bone implements and glass beads.Other .artifacts from the locale include worked stone and Euroamcrican goods (Dumond and Mace 1968:6). ANC-037 Fish Creek Site..The site area at the mouth of Fish Creek -is indicated by existence of cache pits on both sides of the creek,thin midden remains I and house pits.Some of the house nits are as much as one-fourth of a mile north of the creek. Excavations by de Laguna (1975:148)and Dumond and Mace (1968:9)pr.odl~ced stone implements I pottery fragments,and copper tools.Those remains indicate an occupation of Eskimo- related people who lived there about A.D.1000-1500 .The locality was used historically by the Tanaina as a fishing camp (de Laguna 1975:148;Dumond and Mace 1968:9). ANC-038 Fischer-Hong Site.This site is located along an unnamed creek draining White Lake one mile southwest of Knik.The remains consist of housepits I cache pits I and two large circular pits. One housepit has been excavated by the University of Oregon (Dumond and Mace 1968:3). .ANC-040 Big Lake Vicinity.Firecracked rocks and several pieces of worked stone have been found at the outlet of Big Lake.Other materials have been reported in the vicinity (Behnke 1973: personal communication to the Alaska Division of Parks). ANC-1l9 Lake Creek #1.The site is located on the west side of the outlet of Nancy Lake,Lake Creek.Eight house pits and seven small cache pits are situated on an esker or similar type of feature (Dixon 1976). ANC-125 Crocker Creek Site.This locality is located along Crocker Gj,'eek near its mouth.It consists of three house pits and numerous cz.che pits.The site has been reported as the lo- cality of a historic Tanaina village (Rabich 1977:personal communication).. ANC-245 Lake Creek #2.This site is at the confluence of Lake Creek and the Little Susitna River and consists of several cache pits. The location was probably used as a summer fishing camp (Reger 1978a). ANC-246 Blodgett Lake Site.This site I located at the outlet of Blodgett Lake in a priTlate garden I yielded charred skeletal remains and . several stone flak.es.Subsequent testing by a crew from Alaska Methodist University yielded nothing (West 1970:personal cOlTh"Ilunication). Tyonek Quadra!1gl::: TYO-OOI Kroto.This lecality has yielded a quantity of firecracked rock eroding out of the bank.Indian 1 '\bitations were noted in 1898 by Lt.H.G.Lear-nard (Learnard 1899:655;Behnke 1973; personal communication to the Alaska Division of Parks). 6 - """ T' I TYO-003 Red Shirt Village.'This is a historic Tanaina village site re- ported along both bankS of the Fish Creek outlet of Red Shirt Lake.It consists of a number of cache pits,cabin remains and a graveyard area.Use information was given by Shem Pete,a Tanaina .elder from the Willow area (Behnke 1973:personal communication to the Alaska Division of Parks;Shem Pete 1978: personal communication;Reger 1978a). TYO-006 Nancy Lake Site.This location,at the entrance to the Nancy -Lake Wayside ,.initially yielded a stone flake;however,subse- quent testing yielded nothing.The site has probably been destroyed by development activities (Dixon and Johnson 1972: 56). TYO-008 Tyo 8.This locality has been identified as the site of a former Russian Orthodox Church building at Susitna Village.The village location was reported to be the site of an aboriginal village (Alaska Heritage Resources Survey 1974a). TYO-013 Alexander.This historic village is the site of numerous house pits yielding historic items (de Laguna 1975:139;Shem Pete 1978:personal communication;Behnke 1973:personal commun- ication to the Alaska Division of Parks). TYO-014 Tyo 14.The site is located on a small hill on the south side of Willow Creek approximately one mile above its mouth.There are 10-15 cache pits at the location (Behnke 1973:personal communication to the Alaska Division of Parks;Reger 1978a). TYO-018 Susitna Roadhouse.The roadhouse is located at Susitna Village or Station on the east bank of the Susitna River.The village was a historic Tanaina village (Smtth 1974). TYO-034 Fish Creek #2.This reported aboriginal village site was located at the confluence of the creek draining Cow Lake and Fish Creek,on the west bank of the latter.The site is a small area with one cache pit which yielded one cut bone and historic crockery fragments (Reger 1978a).r TYO-035 Horseshoe Caches.The site is located on the west side of the creek draining Horseshoe Lake into the Little Susitna River. Five cache pits were located at the outlet on a terrace 3 m above lake level (Reger 1978a).. TYO-036 Deshka River #1.The site begins approximately three miles above the mouth of the river on the west bank.Five house pits and 150 plus cache pits are located along a half mile bluff. The cache pits are frequently arranged in pairs and multiple . .pairs.One cache pit complex consisted of 10 individual pits arranged in five pairs in a row (Reger 1978a). REPORTED SITES WITH UNCONFIRMED EXISTENCE OR LOCATIONS ANC-007 Memory Lake.A chipped stone biface of multi-colored jaspel was reportedly found at the northwest end of the lake (S. Behnke 1973:personal communication to the Alaska Division of Parks). 7 ANC-012 Anc 12.T'NO stone scrapers and a flake are reported from the loc3tion of a silo construction project along the Little Su- sitna River (5.Behnke 1973:personal communication to the Alaska Divi.sion of Parks). ANC-039 !vleadow Creek Locality.Several clusters of cache pits I some containing bone and firecracked rocks I have been reported along Meado',v Creek between Big Lake and Blodgett Lake (S. Behnke 1973:personal communication to the Alaska Division of -Parks). ANC-052 Fish Creek Crossing.Seven cache pits were reported along Fish Creek draining Big Lake where a proposed Chugach Elec- tric Pcwerline was to cross (Alaska Heritage Resources Survey 1974b). TYO-009 Tyo 9.Three house pits were reported approximately three and one-half miles above t,.t,.e mouth of Kroto Creek.One is reportedly eroding into the creek.The description does not fit with TYO-03G which is about three miles above the mouth (Behnke 1973:personal communication to the Alaska Division of Parks). TYO-012 Tyo 12.Area of about 200·cache pits on the east bank of Kroto Creek sb~or seven miles above the mouth (Behnke 1973: personal communication to the Alaska Division of Parks). -------Nancy Lake Village.This site is reported to be a historic Tanaina village I 60 to 70 years old.The location is unknown I but is reported to be in what is locally termed tllndian Baylt (Shem Pete.Billy Pete 1978:personal communication). -------Niklason Lake.A chipped stone projectile point fragment was reported found somewhere on the north shore of Niklason Lake near Palmer (Johns un 1976:personal communication). -------Red Shirt Lake Inlet.The existence of a villaae site at the inlet to Red Shirt Lake on its east shore was reported where a cabin now exists (Shem Pete 1978:personal communication). -------Cow Lake Village.A village was reported to exist on the north shore of Cow Lake near the outlet (Shem Pete 1978:personal communicaticn). INTERPRETATION The lack of sufficient artifactual data within the study area almost precludes any interpretativa discussion.Structural features I distributional.data and linguistics do I however I allow us to make some assumptions about pl'ehistcry while examination of archaeulcgy in adjacent areas can define same foreseeable occurrences. The data at hand indicates a known culture history extending from the historic period back perhap~1000 years within the area.Historic use of the area by Tanaina Athapaskans has be~~n documented by Osgood (1966)and by infor- mation provided more recently by various Tanaina I particularly Shem Pete. DuulOnd and Mace (1968)and de Laguna (1975)have documented an occupation related to Kachemak III and later cultures dating back to ca.A.D.1000.The remaining sites in the area are undated.- 8 - ..... -'I The multi-cellular cache pits at TYO-036 are,to this writerls knowledge, unparalleled anywhere in the Tanaina area.Comparable constructions have been cited from the Copper River drainage (Workman 1977:33;Rainey 1939: 361).Any relationship between the Ahtna area pits and TYO-036 would be tenuous at best,but it is useful to speculate on ramifications of such a cor- respondence.The occurrence of similar cache pit types seems to indicate some movement of ideas (or population)between the two areas.Additionally,as Workman documented the late prehistoric age of the GUL-077 multi-cellular pits (Le.Pit 28,-A.D.1735±135;Workman 1977:30),such movements may be postulated in that same time period. Presence of copper in the Fish Creek site collection was used by Dumond and Mace (1968:17)to"establish a time estimate of ca.A.D.1700 for the as- sociated occupation.That estimate was established through correlation with Kachemak IV copper artifacts and copper from ot...~er coastal sites.Workman dated copper implements of the same typological category at GUL-077 between A.D.1190±125 and A.D.1735±135 (1977:30).Those dates apply to the entire occupation,not specifically the copper implements.A hammered frag- ment of copper found at Beluga Point (ANC-054)on Turnagain Arm dated A.D. 1160±120 (Reger 1978b:9).The aspects common to all of the cited occur- rences are (1)the early Second MJl1enium A.D.time frame and (2)the pure copper was either found in the Copper River area or was most probably ob- tained from there.These show a second line of evidence for close association between the Tanaina and Ahtna areas in late prehistoric times. A third view of Tanaina-Ahtna closeness comes from linguistic data.Dr. James Kari has concluded from his studies of the Tanaina language that the area of his Iliamna-Inland linguistic,subdivisions are the most likely area of great Tanaina antiquity (1975:52).That impression is based on anachron- isms in structure and lexicon of those subdivisions.He explains the cor- respondences between Ahtna and Upper Inlet Tanaina as recent influences from close physical association or assimilation qbidb).The evidence seen in the archaeological report for late prehistoric ties etween the Tanaina and Ahtna therefore compliments the linguistics I but neither explains antiquity,direction of trait flow,or manner of exchange. Several archaeological sites peripheral to the study area contain materials dating from a very early time period.The Long Lake Wayside Site (ANC-OI7) in the Matanuska Canyon and Beluga Point (ANC-054)yielded a core and blade industry exhibiting apparent technological relationships with the Denali Com- plex or comparable materials.West (1975a:80)has dated Denali Complex rna terials at ca.10,000 years old and cites a date for the Long Lake core and blade materiarof ~.6500 years ago (1975b:Figure 1). With materials such as those found adjacent to the Willow-Wasilla study area, similar finds should occur in the immediate locale.Later cultural material of the type found at Beluga Point and having coastal affinities might also be expected to appear in the study area. 9 RECOMMENDATIONS As the Susitna Basin Cooperative Study is intended to facilitate formulation of a broad scale plan of management guidelines,no specific site recommendations are now necessary.Those level of recommendations are more properly for- mulated at the more localiz·ed plan level.At the general level,areas of high site density should be identified and given special attention for their cullur()l importance.The cultural values should be given a level of consideration on a par with other primary values in the area ~recreational fishing on Kroto Creek).Once the level-of-management decislOn IS reached where specific sites will be affected,then determinations of effect and mitigation procedures must be considered.Areas of high archaeological concern which can be tentatively identified are:1)the area around and between Red Shirt and Cow Lakes,2) the lower 15 miles of Kroto Creek,and 3)the vicinity of Knik and the mouth of Fish Creek. Federal or federally assisted actions which affect properties listed on,or eligible for listing on,the National Register of Historic Places must follow procedures in Title 36,Code of Federal Regulations,Part 800,IIProcedures for the Protection of Historic and Cultural Properties.II Sites thus far (12-15-78) listed on the National Register of Historic Places are identified on the ac- companying maps with square symbols.They are:1)the Knik Site,2)the Wasilla Railroad Depot,and 3)Teeland's Country Store.Other properties in the study area are currently ,under consideration for inclusion in the National Register and the Office of the State Historic Preservation Officer should be contacted for the most up-to-date listing. 10 - - Alaska His- REFERENCES CITED Alaska Heritage Resources Survey 1974a TYO-OOa entry.Information source unknown. 1974b ANC-052 entry.Information submitted by Karen Wood Workman. Behnke,Steve 1973 Personal communication to the Alaska Division of Parks. Dixon,R.Greg,and W.F.Johnson 1972 Survey of the Prehistoric and Historic Values of 48 Waysides of the Alaska Park System,Alaska Division of Parks,Anchorage,photo- copy. 1976 Field notes,Alaska Division of Parks. Dumond,D.E.,and R.L.A.Mace 1968 An archaeological survey along Turnagain Arm.Anthropological Papers of the University of Alaska,14(1):1-21. Gibson,D. 1979 Personal Communication. Johnson,John 1976 Personal Communication. Karl,James 1975 A classification of Tanaina dialects,Anthropological Papers of the University of Alaska,17(2):49-53.- - 1979 Dena'ina Etnena:Tanaina Ethnogeography.Ms.,Alaska Native Language Center,Fairbanks. de Laguna,Frederica 1975 ~ArchaeologJA of Cook Inlet,Aiaska (second ed.). torlcal Society,nCborage . .~~L.eiJrnard,Lt ..H.G. 1899 Subreport.In Compilation of Narratives of Explorations in Alaska .. pp.648-676.U.S.Government Printing Office,Washington,D.C. Osgood,Cornelius 1966 The Ethnography of the Tanaina.Yale University Publications in Anthropology,No.16,HRAF Press Reprint. Pete,Billy 1978 Personal"Communica.tion. 11 ____----C..........-------------------,,----------- Pete,Shem 1978 Personal Communication. Rabich,Joyce C. 1977 Personal Communication. Rainey,F. 1939 Archaeology in Central Alaska,Anthropological PaDers of the Amer- ican Museum of Natural History,36(4):351-405.- - Reger,D. 1978a Field notes,Alaska Division of Parks. 1978b 1977 Excavations on the Beluga Point Site.Paper presented at the 5'tIlAnnual Meetmg ot 1.l].e Alaska Aniliropological Association,Anch- orage. Smit.~,Michael E. 1974 Alaska's Historic Roadhouses.Miscellaneous Publications,History and Archaeology Series,No.6.Alaska Division of Parks,Anch: orage. West,F.H. 1970 Personal Communication. 1975a Dating the Denali Complex.Arctic Anthropology,12(1),76-81. 1975b The Alignment of Late Paleolithic Chronologies in Beringia.Paper read at the 1975"""'AIfUnion Symposium "Correlations ot Ancient Cul- tures of Siberia and Adjoining Territories of the Pacific Coast,II Novosibirsk. Wor!r.man,Vi.B. 1977 Ahtna Archaeology:A Preliminary Statement.In llProblerns in the Prehistory of the North American Sub·Arctic:The Athaoasl(iffi Question,It eCiiteClby J.W.Helmer, S.Van Dyke I aMr-.J.kense, pp.22-39.University of Calgary Archaeological Association I Cal- gary I Alberta,Canada. 12 7 rrr - .... ....- - - • Map Symbols Used in Figure 1 and Figure 2 Confirmed Alaska Heritaae Resources Survey Sites.- Reported Sites with Unconfirmed Existence or Locations - II National Register of Historic Places Properties 13 14 I ~'! - - .. - - F"" I - 15 - - nrr Figure 3 Red Shirt Lake Village Shem Pete cabin site. of Parks (ADP)Photo. (TYO-003). July,1978, 16 View to south of Alaska Division - Figure 4.Red Shirt Lake Village (TYO-003).View of depression behind Shem Pete cabin site.July,1978,ADP Photo. 17 9 Figure 5.Red Shirt Lake Village (TYO-D03).Shem Pete(right), Billy Pete(center),and Dr.James Kari(left)examining grave yard area for remains of grave houses. July,1978,ADP Photo. 18 - -.. Red Shirt Lake Village(TYO-003).December,1978,ADP Photo. 19 -I - Figure 7 Aerial view of Fish Creek #2 (TYO-034) by arrow.July,1978,ADP Photo. 20 Site indicated -'-------------------------------------.....,..,---------- - r- I I Figure 8.Cache pit at Horseshoe Lake Cache Site (TYO-035). July,1978,ADP Photo. 21 - - .- );.bY ~r,*!,~.,,~~~_,,~ -'00"'-;"-". Figure 9 Susitna Station and Village (TYO-018).Aerial view to west.July,1978,ADP Photo. 22 4 Figure 10.Alexander'Village (TYO-013)with Susitna River in foreground and Alexander Creek in background. July,1978,ADP Photo.' 23