HomeMy WebLinkAboutAPA83Wayne Coleman
Harza Engineering Company
Attention:
Susitna Hydroelectric Project
Transition/Hydraulic Design
,,,-The following are enclosed:
Descriptioro I Title
Report~
Subtask 6.14
Seoul' Ho 1 e Deve 1 opment
Downstream of High-Head Dams
..
Date: March 9, 1983
Acres Job No.: P5701. 70
Drawing. Number Revision
Number
Number
of Each
1
Code*
~;~~.,·· .· ~~ch~~--------------L--~-__....;..._-f-:-..:..__--l---L---h
· ~h: .. · Intern a i Manos
-1,"
t~'~·
R. Ruggles,11 Ice Conditions Affecting
Diversion Tunnels at Watana 11 , Jan. ·6, 1982
• Crawford, "Watana Reservoir Filling 11
,
October 14, 1982
• Simon, 11 Aspects of Filling \~atana
ervoir11 , December 29, 1980
.. Crawford, "Watana-Emergency Drawdown"
ctober *, 1981.
• A -For Approval or Comments
fl ,_ For Construction
C -See Explanatory Letter
IX -FC»r Information
E -For Purchuing
. F .... Drawings Approved
G -Drawings Approved Except ., Noted
·H -
•.. ,;. ACRES AMERICAN INCORPORATE[•
., ·~ .. LIB. ERTY BANK BUILDING
'~\l AT COURT
BUFFALO, NEW YORK 1.4202
Telephone: 716-853-7525
Telex: 91-6423
Plelise Sign and Return Acknowledgement Copy.
1
1
1
1
Copies to: (First t;opy)
Yours very truly,
h.!t."d.. c~~
ACRES AMERICPN INCORPORATED
David Crawford
Lead Hydraulic Engineer
ORIGINAL
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SUSITNA HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT
' ._,
OFFICE MEMORANDUM
TO: J.W. Hayden Date: October 14, 1982
FROM: D .. Crawford File: P5700. 07.07. 03
SUBJECT: Watana· Reservoir Filling
---------------------------~---------------------------------------------------------·~
d)
As per your request, I have revised Watana filling analysis to include the
following:
Inflow based on statistical analysis of thr~e year moving annual
mean flow
Case C dm't'nstream flow requirement
Construction schedule as per Feasibility Report
Flood protection as per feasibi 1 i ty Report
Analysis of annual mean discharge at Gal~ C•eek and Watana has been per-
formed to determine the three year moving mean f1 ow i fr-om this three year
series, an estimate of the 1q 50 and 90 percent probability level flows is
made. These percents represent the percent of time the given flow will be
e:<ceeded. Figure 1 shows a plot of the three year flow against probability
for Watana and Devil Canyon discharges.
The monthly distribution of the 10, 50 or 90 percentile flows is assumed
to be equal to that of the long term average distribution of the flow at
Gold Creek. The monthly flows for the three flows at Watana and Gold
Creek are given in Table 1. Also, in Table 1 is the long tenn average flmv
at Gold Creek and the monthly (Case C) flow requirement at Gold Creek.
The construction schedule for the main dam at Watana is summarized in
Table 2.
Flood protection during filling is assumed to ensure for at least protec~
tion from the 1:250 year flood volume, except during early construction
stages with cofferdam control. During early construction stages, the
protection is 1:50 years. In all estimates ~~flood volume requirements
account has been made of outlet capacity and the changes to this capacity
due to construction of expansion chamber, etc.
The reservoir filling for the 50 percent inflow case (median flow) is
shown in Figure 2. Discharge requirements at Gold Creek are exceeded in
all years except for 1992 where the requirement is matched.
.
•.
J.W. Hayden - 2 October 14, 1982
Reservoir fi 11 i ng requires three ~pri ng runoff periods to a chi eve full poo 1
elevation; hor1ever, unit commissioning could start in the fall of 1992.
Normal power op~rations (as per energy simulations) could commence in May 1993.
The fi11ing under the higher inflow of the 10 percent 'level is marginally
faster than for the 50 percent inflow case due to spillage for flood pro-
tection. Unit contnissi oni ng could commence in September 1992 for· this case
with normal operation in April 1993.
Under the low inflow case (90 percent level) the reservoir fails to r~ach
normal ryperating level and requires a further spring runoff to reach normal
pool. However, levels are such to allow unit commissioning to commence in
June 1993. Figure 3 shows the filling sequence.
Details of the filling sequences for the three inflow cases are given in Tables 3, 4 and 5 •
In summary,
Unit comnissioning can begin about October 1992 for at least the
median (50 percent) inflow.
Normal operation could commence in May 1993 for inflow greater than
the median inflow.
Flows with less than a 90 percent chance of occurring (dry) would
nesult in a delay of ten months in commissioning to June 1993.
It requires about three years to fill the reservoir to levels at
which normal power operation can commence.
Continuing studies:
DC/kt
Encl:
Detennine critical percent inflow at which commissioning is delayed past January 1993.
~~~#
David Crawf!'l'rd
as
cc: C. Debelius
Month
~1ean
Oct 5757
Nov 2568
Dec 1793
Jan 1463
F~b 1243
Mar 1123
Apr 1377
May 13277
Jun 27658
Jul 2438.3
Aug 21996
Sep 13175
Annual 9703
f ' ';.' ,-,,
Table 1. Discharge at Gold Creek and Watana
Target Flow
2000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
6000 5!:-78
6000
6480 ~tJBI.f
12000
9300 q{OO
Gold Creek Flows (cfs)
Inflow
10 50 90.
6453 5733 5073
2878 2557 2263
2010 1785 1580
1640 1457 1289
1393 1238 1095
1259 1118 990
1543 1371 1213
14882 13221 11699
31002 27541 24371
27331 24280 21486
24655 21903 19382
14768 13119 11609
·10876 9662 8550
Watana Fl O\'IS (cfs)
Inflow
10 50 90
5272 4713 4213
2352 2102 1379
1642 1468 1112
1340 1198 1071
1138 1018 910
1028 919 822
1261 1127 1008
12158 10870 9715
25326 22644 20238
22327 19963 1 jY342
20142 18008 16095
12064 10787 9641
8885 7944 7100
~ 'c,y
~ # ••
Table 2. Watana Dam Construction Schedule
Year Quantity Accumulate-d Fill
Quantity Elevation
.. MCY MCY FT
. ..
1987 3 -.:c •.: ......
0 . .
'
1988 6 9
1989 12 21 1660
1990 13 34 1810
' 1991 13 47 1950
< • i
-~)
1992 12 59 2130 ~ • l
1993 3 62 2210
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··=~=··· ...
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11\-Q;, \.E. 3,
c WATANA RES. FILLH:o: 10/. rt~FLOW;. CftSE C
( YEAR ftTH INFLOW R[V'D DIS TOTAl rLe~ ~ STOR~GE
FLOW 11lJTFLOW (1/S tOCr..THJN Aflf.lt'F'i tlrl
1 1 82415.4 61504.0 82415.4 1640.0 o.o
1 2 63218.2 55552.0 63218.2 1393.0 o.o c
1 3 63226.1 .S1504.0 63226.:1 1258.0 0;:!) c 1 4 75054.7 5952o.o 75054.7 1544.0 ~J:c
. l ·1 ::; /17765.6 201487.1 _747765.6 14882.0 0:~
::;.'!. .... -.. -.--:..: . 1 6· .. 150·7403-.5 -5952o.o ""·· ::.1-ft0?-403.5 31oo1 .o .. ·o~ c 1 7 1373199.8 61504.0 1373199.8 2733o.o o1:(J
. .·· -1 8 1 2 3 8 813 • 5 4 6 0 4 8 0 • 4 1 2 3 8 813 • 5 2 4 6 55 • 0 0;~0 .
• !~ !""
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6·-
C ·' ··t:
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..
~ ~--~~-· 1-----9·--· .. 7-18049.3 _:_~~92.653.4 ...... 718049.3 14767.0
1 10 ·324249.1 61504.0. 324249.j 6453,0
1. 11 139991. o 59520. o 139991. o · 2e79. o
f.-12 -~·100989.6 ·-6·1504.0". ·100989.6 ....... -. .:...20:10,0 ~'1 ..
2 1 8 2 41 5 • 4 61 so 4 • o 8 2 41 ::; • 4 16 4 o • o o .~o
2 2 6:5218.2 55t'i32.o 6J2tS.2 t:s93.o o'l~<·
2 -""-3-· . 63 _ 26 .1 . -·61504 •. o .. · 63·226 .J~ . --12-sa. o o-ro
2 ·4 75054.7 ·5952o.o 75054.7 1544.0 o:tl~
2 5 7 4 7 7 6 s • 6 2 o 1 4 8 7 .1 7 tt 7 7 6 5 • 6 14 a a 2 • o o ·t;p
. .. 2 ._ 6 . 15 o 7 4 o 3 • s ~:·· · 5-9 52 o • o . . 15 o 7 4 o 3 • .:::; :. · . . 31 o o :1 • o o.;:o
2 7 t37J199.B 6t504tO 13731~9.8 2733o.o o~t
~ 8 1238813"5 · 460480.4 1238813.5 24655,.0 o;:j>
.2 ..... -9-718049.3 39·2653.4.-718049.3 -··14767.0 o-;;~.
~~~ c 2:.. to 324249.1 61504 ~ o :52·1219 .1 6453. o o f:t,
2 11 1399$'1 .() 59520.0 13999 j • 0 2879.0 0 ·~
2:-12 100989.6· .. 61504·.0 . 100989.6 · --2010.0 oO:t. ·-· 3 .1 B24t5.A 61504,0 824t5.4 164o.o o;t
3 . 2 6 3 218 • 2 55 55 2 • 0 •r."' . 6 3 21 8 • 2 ~ 3 9 3 • 0 0 ~ 0 ~ .:_,. ., •"
·3'·· .J · 63£i_-6.1 .st~·5o4.<Y=-63226.-1 · .·1238.o .... o~;
(
. ·. 3 . 4 7,5054 • 7 _ 59529,0. 75054 • 7 ·-·-1.544. 0 O!.i9
·::·· . ,3·:-51 ~· 747765.~A.~-·~· ~.0.1487.1 .. · -'7'4?765.6 ... _ . ..t~B82.o . ·.P.~· ::';.~~~ ~r:4. .
··"'f ~-·~:-~~.:,-.
.... """'··-• .. ..._.. ·•v· r:--..··-c-... _. ... ..... -f"!" ..., ... I:" --.--·~ • ~ •• • . -... • ..,. ----·-~·-~--.. ¢:""-··1 ;)07403-. 5-!:::-·-~-S'9 . .)2\hO~~·-:tOT40~ •·v -··-'-·-iHOOh 0 · · -· ·-::.::0 .
3 7 ~373.199.8. · ·-o1504.o 1373199.8 273:Jo.o o!
......... ¥ -~;:;N4!-( ~ :! .. ~ . .:.
~-·
:;· ..
_;.:~~i"" ;~ ~ N ~ ::00::~···
3 8 12 3 8 813 • 5 4 .~ 0 4 R 0 • 4 1 2 ~H~ 813 • 5..--21/J 55 I (} 0 • 0
3 •. 9 -718049.3 392653.-4 71B049.i. 1476/.o o • .b
3 1 0 3 2 4 2 4 9 • 1 615 0 4 • 0 3 2 4 2 4 9 • 1 6 4 5·3 • 0 • 0 • 0
3 -~11 139991.0 59520.0 1.39991.0 287S"·.o o.o
.
(
3 12 100989.6 61504.~ 100989.6 2010.0 o.o
4 1 a~4t5.4 ~1304.0 82415.4 164o.o o.Q
4 2 63218.2 55552.0 63218.2 1393.0 o.o (. · ..
·---4 ... ..J -"--63226.-t.:. .. -6-150~.o.. ·63226.·!·-: .... · 1·25B .• o ~ o~q
:: ·-4 4 75054,7 39520o·O· 7~)054.7 1544.0 0.~ c il 4 5 747765~6· 201487,1, 534485.6 -1l414.3 213280;0
..... .• . . • • •. ,,.... ·~L--• 1 coo.., "03 ·c: -·. . c:9c:zr.· o•·~ .. 11 '"'07"\"1 ., -~ . .t::.'l~·.l.ao " . . 71 66.,01 ~.!.·--...... · --··~----~-"\:J •..t--r .· t"'\J--~ ....... -v v ·v-r. ~ ·7 ""f.'Q'' ... .._.,.....,._.~ ....... ""'o-•-.:···-···u-. o ~
(. :;_ 4 ·. 7 1 .~73199.8 · · 61504.0·. 3265.j.9.~· 1031~.9 104.S6~o~·
:•! 4 8 L .. 38813.5 460480.4 · 922j3~L .. • 1950o.1 3166 .... 0.
4 :9 718049,3-392653~4-401369.3· 9446.4 J166RO;
4 to 324249.1 61504.0 324219.1 6433.o o.tl I : J "-!.,J .·!
:"* .._ ;: .. .: -~
~.·
(_ . :
4 11 139991;o 5952o.o !3999J.o . 2879.o o.d
4:.... .. 12; 10098~-•-o ... :. 6150A.o-.~ l009B9.l-. ·· ·" 2010.~ o.-q
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.. -·
•-•'-<•"•"--~---"--•-( H
WSEL CREST EL
FT FT
1460.0 1536.·')
1460.0. 1536.0
1460.0 1536,0
1460.0 1536.0
1460.0 1536t0
··-1-4oo •o:: 1536.0
1460.0' 1536·. 0
1460.0 1536.0
1460·.0 1536.0
146Q~.o 1536.0
1460~0 '1536.0
1460.0 1536.0
1460.0 1536.0
1460.0 1536.0
1460.0 1536.0
1.4.60. 0 157~.5
1460.0 1601.0
-1460.0 1616.9.
1460.0 1632.8
'1460.0 1648.6
1460.0 1660\0 .
1460.0 1660.0
1460.0 1660.0
1460.0 1660.0
1460.0 1660.0
1460.0 1660.0 .... -1460.0 bS60. 0
1460.0' 1697.8
1460.0 1725·;4
-1 466;'() -!-751 ~-7
1460.0 1772.0
1460.0 1792.2
1460.0 -~ ~. 1810:. 0 ..
1460.0 1810.0
1460.0 1810~0
1460.0 1810~0
1460.0 1810~0
1460.0 1810.0
1460.0 . 1!310.0
1460.0 1838.3
162f.O 186~ 9
. -~-1699 ··'4 --~~·-_:._ ·1887·. 6 ...
1823 .. -1~. .. 1909.6
1851.2 1929.9
1874.9 1950.0
1874.9 1950.0
1874.9 1950.0
1874.9 1950.0
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c
(
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c
c
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(
YEAR MTH 1 NFLO~l
..,.
1..\l..t 8241~.4 j
"' :~ 63218.2 ...
~· ...t 3 63::26~1
5 4 75054.7
5 5 747765.6
5 6 llltJ :t507403.5· .-7 137319!7'. s ..;
5 8 :1238813.5
5 9 718049.3
C" ...J l00C..1 .324249 >1
5 11 139991.0
5 12 100989.6
6. 1. .. _ -824.15.4
6 2 ,6~218.2
6 3 63226.1
·-·,
6 4 __ 75054.7
.6 5 tlfl1 747765.6
6 6 150740~ •. 5
6 7 -137.3199.8 . 6 8 1238813.5
• 6 9 718049.3
6 10 324249 •. 1
6 11 139991.0 .
6 12 100989.6
SUM 38606264.
$ ·--.. .. -
= I I•; ..
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• <J t:.·; ·-· . .. .,.._, .. -·· .. . :~ .. ·~·~~ --·-----·--..
. . .
f~EQ' (I D / S
FLOW
61504,01o(.U
TOTAL
UU1FLliW
82415.-\
~.3218.2
61504.0 63~~6.j
59520.0 ~9520.0
:~ 0 1 tj !17 • t 'l1 \, 2 0 1 ·18 7 • 1
c;•~C"?O oTm.. 59r.:;"O '"' -,J..,. • -::,_.-w~. • ''
61504.0 555416.8
460480.4 5~1943.~
392653.4 392p53.4
6 t 5o 4 , o .. 6 u~ o 4 • o 1oo0
59520.0
61504.0
61504.0
:35552·0
61504 .·0
59.520. 0.
201~:7.1
59520c.O
61504.0
4,S0480, 4
3<~2653. 4
61504~0
39520.0
61504.0 ..
5 9'520 ., 0 IOD6
62731.6
e2415.4
6321.8.2
63226 • 1lD"l.b
. 59520.0
2014R7 ~ 1
626576.S
61504.0
9753t.9.5
718049.3
324249.1
139991..0
100?89.6
29137270.
·--.. ---·--.. ··-~ -~ ... -...... _:::-:: ......... ,~--!.. ... • ··-~ ...., __ .... 4-.t. ~.. . .. . . ..
··-···~ ........... ___ _. .. .
" .... ~ ·---·------~
•
' .. r
l
i rt.DW @ STOR~GE (
D·~ LOG~TION ADOIT pN
164o.o o.~·
1393.0 0,0·
125B.o o.·:·
1 2 8 3 • 0 1 5 [i 3-1 • ·, .
61/00.0 !346:08. : .
6675.0 14~7R83t~
14033.6 B177BJ~o:
13161.9 706870.0. ...
9300.0
21 B 1 •. o
1527.0
13.88.0
1640.0
1393.0
12;58. 0
1283.0
6000.0
.~003. 0
32539~:i t 9 I
262/'45 t 1 ~=
80471.(.
·1553~. 7
546278.~
880827 .(·
t31A695.l ·
2037j • 6 . . 26344 4. ( ....
14767.0
.0453. Q .•
2879.0
2010.0" ..
.....
-.
... ___ ...... -:1!~~-j~:=.. :-:.~
.. ~ .. ~~ ...... -..:....:. ..
':'
·.
......... _ .....
USEL
F'f
1271).$
1874."9
187•L 9
18:1 6 •. t
t9l.4.~~
2036.j
2065.5
2077.9
2088.0
2091.1
2092 .'6
2092.6
20~2.6
2092.6
2093.2
2111.9
2140.5
21.7:7. 8
218~;-o
2185.0
2185.0
2185.0
:,_lj85.0
CREST EL
fT
1?::~o.o
195,j,o
j 950 ... 0
1988.5 ::o::2 .• 7
2()54 :2
20Bh3
2107 ... 1
2130 .. 0
2130,0
2130.0
2130.()
2130.() J~ ·~~:s.
2130.0 .
21~0.()
2145.6
2159.4
2172.6
2185.7
2198.B
2210.0
2210.0
2210.0
2~!10 .o
•· .::f~~·
·"!'' ,.
~· ~
l ,.
,· 'j><o.f.· lr ,.._,
~ -............ _
..,-·-·~·
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( --
-· I l~e:,LE" Lt
l ~~;~T;.:J,i R! ••• : !LLlPG! 50~ INtLOW! C~sr C (
y E. r:f·· Mll! INFLOW
........ ,,.... l...,., '·~~ ( ( REI? I [I ft/S TOT til now ~ STOR,!:GE 41-;~L Cf\:E·; T FL f-'LOW UllTfLOW OtS LOr: ,"-\'1 UlN t~ :.: n1: T I · • ~.• !-1 Ft \....,;.,. ... Jj \ ....... •I 1 73681.8 61S04 :•) 7J . .:81.B 1457.0 I).O 1460.0 ... l53~ .. 0 I !!;G"'
(
.1.
t" 1 ") 36:):;1.? !355:32 i 0 '3·~~·i51 c 9 1.~38.0 o.o 1.460. () J.5}/ .• 0
....
• J C"l~~~ ..... 56522.2 56522.2 1118.0 o.o 1460.0 1536.0
L t.JO~..:;...:.. • ._
1 4 67079.0 59520.0 ·67079.0 1371.0 . o.o 1460.0 1536.0
f:
c 1 5 668548~5 224428.1 \)68548. 5 13221·0 o.o 1460~() 1536.0 1 6 1347770.9 65650.6 1347770.> ·2754:1.0 o.o 1460.0 1536.0 1 7 1227804.3 133033.2 1.227804.3 24280.0 o.o 1460.0 1536. 0· ~
,... ... 1 8 ·1107564.0 498489.9 1107564.0 11903 .• 0 o.o 1460.0 1536.0 1 9 -64204.2.3 41467!3.8 642042.3 t3120.0 o.o 1460.() 153( 0 1 10 289S68. ~) 61504.0 289868.~ 5732.0 o.o 1460.0 1536.0
~ 1 11 125111.0 59520.0 125111.0 2557 .. o o.o 1460.0 1536.0 1 12 90287.9 .6 1!)04. 0 90:..~87. 9 t 78~-· .. Q. __ o .-o 1460.0 1536.0 2 1 73681.8 61504.0 . 73681.8 1457.0 ~-~ 14t.o.o -1536.0 2 2 56551.9 555'52.0 5'6551.9 1238.0 o.o 1460.0 1536.0 c 2 3 5652.2 .. 2 56522.2 56522.2 1118.0 o.o 1460.0 1536.0
1573.5 ..__ ... -.... _ -·--· ..... !"'· 2 4 ·67079. 0 59520.0 67079.0 1371.0 o.o 1460.0 c "'" ") 5 668548.5 224428 t1 668548.5 13221.0 o.o 1460.0 1601.0 -") 6 13477-70.9 65650.6 1347770.9 27-541.0 o.o 1460.0 1616.9 -
'"" 2 7 1.227001.3 l3303:5. '2 i2~~78{)4. 3 ~1280.0 o.o 1460.0 1632.B
~-
.,; ., 8 1107564.0 498489. c;· u 07564.0 21903.0 o.o 1•l60. 0 164tL 6
.:.
, 2 9 642.042.3 ·414675.8 ·642042. 3 13120.0 0.-0 1460.0 1660.0 ,.,. 10 28986S.3 61504.0 289868.3 573~.0 o.o 1460.0 1660.0
-·
t. 2 11 125111.0 !39!520 .(j 125'111.0 2557.0 o.o 1460.0 1660.0 2 12 -90287.9 61504.0 .. 90287.9 ___ JJ. s C:..LQ__ o.o 1460.0 1660.0 3 1 73681.8 6 t~'i04. 0 736:31.8 1.1::;7.0 o.o 1.-160. 0 1o6o:;o • 3 2 56551.9 55552.0 56551.9 123s.o::.. o.o 1460.0 1660,() 3. 3 56322.2 36522.2 ~)6:5~J2 t 2 1118,0' ~ o.o 1460.0 1660.0 3 4 67079.0 59520.0 67079.0 1371 • 0 o.o 140:.0.0 1697~8 • .-· ;. 1 "!. 3 5 669548.5 224428.1 •. 668548.5 13221 .o . o:o 1460.0 1725.4 l!'l.c:>O .... 3 6 1-34-7770.9-.. 1., ~56 50 ,. 6···-·-t 3 4 7 7 7 0 • 9 .. 27·541,0 -. 0 .:o ---t46o.o -1751 • 7 3 133033.2 1227804.3 1460.0 1-772 :o· -.. ---l!f~
7 1227804.3 24280.0 o.o
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----· 50% EXCEEDENCE PROBABIUTY
-----90% EXCEEOENCE PROBABILITY
I I I ·[
GOLD CREEK
"FLOWS
1991 1992 TIME (YR)
WATANA WATE~ LEVEL.S AND
GOLD CREEK FLOWS DURING RESERVOIR FILLING
......-----
FIGURE E.2.76
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10 o/o EXCEEDENCE PROBABILITY
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_ WATANA DAM CREST .ELEVATION
TANA WATER LEVELS
GOLD CRC:EK
.FLOW . .>
TIME (YR)
WATANA WATE~ LEVELS AND
GOLD CREEK FLOWS DURING RESERVOIR FILLING
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OFFICE MEMORANDUM
TO:
FROM:
I. Hutchison/D. Crawford
A .. Simon
Date: Olecember 29, 1980
F lie: P5700. 07 e 06
SUBJECT: Susitna Hydroelectric Project
Aspects of Filling Watana Reservoir
Attached are the notes concerning the probability of filling Watana
Reservoir taking into account a dam construction schedule of six years.
1 '
AS:ccv
Attachments
•
A. Simon
•
··-
,,-
{
\
:n1 ing
~latana reser'/Oir" filling probabilities were calculated based upon th1e dam
constructiort schedule and making the following assumptions:
1. The do\fmstrearn discharge is 2000 cf!S.,
2. There •i: s no reserve for f1 cod contr·o1.
3. The filling procedure starts at the end of the fourth year where the
probability of overtopping the dam is only 2%.
Results:
The probab i 1 i ty of filling the reservoir at the end of the 5th year 'is zel"O.
The probability of filling the reservoir at the er.d of the 6th year is 61~~,
but the probability of having 8000 af or more is 90%.
At the end ,.,f the 7th year the· prrJbabil ity of having the r-eservoir full i!!i 96%.
The normal 0~1 eration of the reservoir can start at the end of the 6th year
decreasing th~ probability of having the reservoir full at the end o~ the
'th year from 96% to about 80%.
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OFFICE MEMORANDUM
R. Ibbotson
Date: October 8, 1981
File: P5700.06
D. Crawford cc:
Susitna Hydroelectric Project
Watana -Emergency Drawdown
.
As per your request, we have completed reservoir emergency drawdown
analysis to determine elevation versus time re1ationshipsc
Discharge capacity was assumed to be that given by Figure 1 for the
various facilitieso Powerhouse capacity was omitted to give conser-
vative estimates.
Plots of reservoir elevation vers~s time are given in Figure 2 for a
wet year (wettest in period 1950-1975, year 1962) and for an average
monthly flow year. Also differing starting times of drawdown were
considered.
It appears that Watana Reservoir can be drawn down to acceptable levels
in approximately 14 months with the given discharge facilities.
~ -~ __b_ ___ \ .~ . . \A,.).~ot::::C:t\.
David Crawford
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Document Transmittal
• Wayne Coleman
Harza Engineering Company
Attention:
Project: Susitna Hydroelectric Proj ect
Subject: . Transition/Nitrogen Supersaturation
The following are enclosed:
,,
Description I Title
1. Technical Paper~
• Fickeisen~ D~H., and J.C. Montgomery,
"Tolerances of Fishes to Dieoolved Gas
Supersaturation in Deep Tank Bioassays",
Battelle, Pacific. Northwest Laboratories,
Richland, WA. Trans • .Am. Fish. Soc.,
Vol. 107, N~ 2, 1978.
• Wold, E. "Surface Agitat~rs as a Means to
Red~ce Nitrogen Gas in a Hatchery Water
Supplyn. The Progressive Fish CUlturist,
Vol. 35, No .. 3, July 1973.
• Nebeke'r, A.V. and J.R. Brett, "Effects
Qf Ajr-Supersa.~"-H:atea UatJ~;'Eon Survb.7ai
of.Pacific Salmen-and St.~s".
'J!l.:ano. :Am. Fish. Soc., Ntr:-~-;-r97·&.-
• U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, "Nitrogen
Supersaturation", ETL 1110-2-239,
September, 197 8.
Date: March 9, 1983
Acres Job No.: P 5700 .. 73
Page 1 of 2
Drawing Number
Te~ i>Q..fo.. h.t~t.~ av-.cl o~'1 ~<2.11\
•t:~.:tro~~ 9~ ~ho 9.
o.+{·eci' -Fnh ~v.avt~e>..l
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VJ:.\\e.Q •
lv-.bt ~ V!Qs.i'C04 rc ·\A)
[\..0\ \3 I \C1iS
Revision
Number
Number
of Each
1
1
1
1
Code*
~~======~================================~====================~======~======~~====~
• A -.For Approval or Comments
B -For Construction
C -See E~pl•n•tory Letter
~ -For ·~nformltion
E -For Purchasing
f -Dr.wings Approved
G -Dr.winus Approved Exc&pt as Notw
H -
ACRriS /:\MERICAN INCORPORATED
t/ll)O LIBERTY BANK BUILDING
~J\IN AT COURT
BUFFALO, NEW YORK 14202
Telephone: 716-853-7525
Telex: 91-6423
Ploase Sign and Return '\cknowledgement Copy.
Copies to: (First copy}
Yours very truly,
David Cratvford
Lead Hydraulic Engineer
ORIGINAL
1
I
1
Toh·r~tnt•t•s of Fh;lu.•s to Dissolved Gas
Supt•rsaturation in Deep · ':~
Tank Bioas!!-aYS · : · .... : . " ,..,. .. '
D. ll. FICI-a:ISE:'l A:'tU J. c. :\10:-iTCO:\IERY
Brllt•·ll••. Pari{ir 'it~rtlw·r•st Luburawrirs. ·~'
Rhhlrrnrl, If tt.shingtun W:JJ2 , :
. ~~-..
ABSTH:\CT·
~-· .'
.., ... ,...-t><~~-.b,j:;'; ,. :~
! ....
•' '
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hour ~ru·• 1•-•. t h~l· "''rt' lt·~H·•I fur t~tlt•rnn•·•· t" .Ji~l'ttht'•l almtt~plwti•· ga~ ,.up•·r~ntumtiun in 10· ·
Ud) f,, .. .~ .. -J\ ... 1~.•-•·•1 .. n m• tl1J11 lllllt•s tu tlt•ath ,Jt l'uur h•\r•l• uf J!3~ •aluratiur. tlw h1-h tli~piJ\I'd
lhl' fullu\\101! im·rt'a•inj! urdr·r of lttlt•ranre: muuntain \\hih•fi\.h t/'rtl.<t>Jiillnt rnfliumsunil <. <•Utthrual ,,'
truul 1':\u/mo tlur~tl ..,. larj!l'"''alr• suC"kt•r ICutrlltnmus madrrurhrilrul < torrrnt :;!'ttlpin tCo~tttu
rlwtl~t•llsl. lnc·rt•a,inl! l•yclwHatw J•rt!'SUtt> dut-tu wal!'l' dt•pth n•dun•d tlw lt'\!'1~ uf ~aturatinn uf y,
db>ttlwd ga~•·s ami inrn·a~t·d sunh·al. 1'urrt•nt :-••ulpin~ lf!'il'all~ tlt•n•IOJil'c.l larJ!I' buhhll'~ t•f gas
whit-h t·au~t·d lht•UI Itt llnat anti "uuld c•untrihult• .indm·t·dy In Jt·atit, '
The '#·. , •. J•li Riwr is a dt·ar mountain spec·lhdy. Tht• etunpuruble tiuws fur v. hilt•-•
stn•ur ,. <It'\' 111 the• Culuml·;u Rh·l'r. lt fish Wt'rt' 23.0 and 50.5 h. rt.'l'Pt't'tivt>ly. Both
~UJijlllrt~ art i~1portunt ~pod fi.~lwry for SJlt><'it•:' W!'rt' lel's tnlt•rant !han rainbow
nwuntaitt \daill•fi .. h tl~rosopium u illi!tnl.\lllli trout tSu·lmo guirdueri J or dtinouk. l'almon
IG~ranlll and c·utthrual trout tSa/uw r/arki IOumrlimrlw.'i tshau \"t.sdltt l hut mon.• toi-
IRic·hanbunJJ \\hic·h arc· ruattirwly planlt•d by ('J'ant tiwu stt•t•llwad· trout. Tlu.•v also n•-
tlw )luntana Dc•tmrtnwntof Fi!>h u111l Ganw. portl'J that pt'rmittin~ t•utthroat trutl! to
lrnpuuntlmc•nt of the· rht•r hy Lihhy Dam Slllllld in :t 2.5-m dc•t'JI tank im·t't•a,.c•d lun!!-
luc•Htc•d Hppwxima!d~· 2H J...m up-.tn•am fmm tc·rm. sun hal rdath c· In that i • a LO-w dt•t•JI
Lihhy. jJmllana. lla:co n·:-ulh•d 111 atmo:-plll'r-tank. 'll
i<' ga,. supc•r,..aturation of tilt• rht•r watt•r. ;<.ItTIJOD~
Ch:lll1!t'~ in abundaut·c· uf'impnrlant !>pc·!'it·~ Tt•J-1!-Wl'rt'. l'ondU<"It•tl in a sinl,!h•. lly-
ha\t• lll't'n nott•d l~t·t• Di~t·u:-~iunl ami {!a:-plunll-JitwtP .lt•t>p tank. 2 111 Mfttarc• arnl
buhlllt· cli:-t·a"t' \\U,. lr} pt~rlu•,..itc•tl to Ill' a :oli:;ltt)y o\t'r 3.2 Ill Jc•ep. Tlw lt•vd of ::atu-
,primary c'<ltl"*' of fi:-lt murtalitil'l', ralion 111 \\hic·h a gruup 1,f fi:-:h wa:o <'X(Hil'\'tl
Thi-. papt·r n•Jlllrl:: tltt• n•:;ult:-;,[ t''-Jic·ri-was C'lllllrollc.•d by ::u:-pt•nclin{! t'U{!I'tl li:-h ut '
UH'IIb tu tll'lt•rminl' g:u:: :-up,•r:-aturatiun tul-prt•dt'lc•nnint•d dt•ptlt .. alnn~ tlw saturation
:c•nttH't':-uf ft•ur fi,.lt :-JII'I'it·:-. Tltt f \H'rt' !'t'· {!r.ttlic•nt in tlw dt•c•p tank. llt•nr{!o La\\ I
1lc·c tt·cl lta .. t•tl un alumdaiJt·c· ill t!tt• 1\:uul!•twi :-otall•,-tlwt rht· :-nluhility uf a ~u:-in \\Uit'l i:-
IHt\ c•r lwh\ t·t•JI Lib I" I> am and 1\:nott>n:ti 1 • · · luwarh n•latt•• to 11:-g:a:.-plt:t!ot' partial prt•:o-. ~', ; Iran ... t•t·c•nuntic· or n·t·n·t~lional \alu ... lw-~un·. :\ ,,atc•r cnltllltn 11 f unifi•rm !!lt!>, 1•1111 •
lh:t\ iur arul habitat <'nn:<itlt•rution:;. and im-c·c•t~tratit•ll ,~ill tl~t•rc.fun• Jw 1·omt• Jc•J-:-Slllu-
pnrtaut•c• in tit•· f'"od l\t'll. In ~ttltlitiun I•• rttlt•d a:-: Jmlm::U!ti<' (ITI':-"Ill'l' inl'rt':t~c·!: dut•
mutmi.Iill \\ hil<'ft .. h and t•llllhroat tmut. l•• .. t to clt·ptil. Tilt' tlt'/!l'l't· 11f .tlo:-ulult' l'UIIII'ittl1111
'l•JII't'll'" llll'lttdt•tl Cato.,twnll.'i murhrcwltt·ilus Sl''(l at a !!hc·n tlt•ptlt. ;. rna~ Jw appr11,j.
(.;iJ.Inl daq..:t•l-t'al•· -.uc·kt·tl \dtif·h l'lllll[lri"t' nHtlt•d hr till' furrnuiu .'i: .:: s,~:l I + .:/101: '
1~11' majorit) of' Jj,.IJ h!uma~l' in tltt· rivt·."· and ,, ltc•rt• S 1, is tlw :-;urfac·•· '; ~alul'ution ~uul = ; ·
(.ot/11.\ ~hotlwu.\ 1!'-ru:thllturn·~Il sc·ulpml. , ;:-; IIH'il!-llrt•tl in nlt'tt•r;-:. Tlri:-. prilll iplt• 0 f .til-~~.,.,
.· ~~~~ltlJ.:-I~c·•!. ~"l.··r:~JI·c• .~~~Ia. 1~•r tltt'~<' spt•-_ solvc•d .t-:a~ uhy~it·~ il' th.t· hu:;i~.· fur till'' t·on-· ·l.·j ·
t It all. lu!u" c1 '" • tudu · ~~~ 1 utth~oat tro~ll c•t•pt ul h) cirH~ tutw pn'"fllrl' C'llltlJit'il"llliott ·. :
a:n•l \\ lult•IJ~'h. and ·~•·m·~n!'tratc· h}clrm;tutu· arul tiw "t•ritic-al zorw .. of )l.flJic•r)I.H!IIt'ttlitlll "'· •• · ·,
p:n• .... un· c•um flt'll"atw~s tor 1''1'1'""' ga~ t••m-.ma \\ lc•\' t'l ai. 1 1Ji'6: \\ t·itkaurp I !Jj,): I hu·\~~,:" ..,;"> · t~·mt. Blah111 c•t al. I I CJ • i•l ll'f'"rll'd \\ lutt·lt~II , . 1 1)75J. :. ·1 , • ·.... .. . : ,, •• • · . . . . . <~ :;~ 1-!$~ ,
teo Ill' ~nun• tult•rallt tlhtll !'UIIltrual ,\j~lt n~t•-':> · •··· .. '. · ' ~. ,; · · ·,>:.'(1:;:.~>·.·
d, ll> llllH'l' Itt cic•alh ul 21.(} illlli JI!),;> h fur. I l'~t· 1,f1 1r,utcl O•llllt' dm: 1' •I iint 11\ ll,tllr•lft• t•Jltf1 ;'~~:.~, ·.".,,•,
.! ,f ,.f .,l, ·f!· f ~t•l l'·~~, "'"H··•t" .ff-~ .. h;., ~ .. ·~·t~ · t: , : ... , . .. '-:..! -~~~,;_:;;!~ -~·--:;
t.:;~.·-·· .. ·~"*'*' 71!'-· ~'M' t• I• I ., .. ,·, "t JJ.
_, 1..4•~' , __ 1 ;..L..L'o:..' ..... ·~J..~,_~;.t~-"W.....-:.~1~~~.
4' f"J& 1\(:..-'~~•r,. ~ ·hUJ. ... lU.· ,_..,,J,•t"ll' ..... . -···
• : , "\t'~''""'7'Wf<!it'Wf
EXJIII!-Ilrt• l'a~t·s '"t•re t'Uil!'lructt'd of \ex-'l'AIIL~: 1.~1'~·~t ~u.~ ,,., , 1:. tlr tlu• tlt•t•JI Jmrk (sur}lrt~l(li~ '• •· . ; 't arc~!-mt•!ih on stainless steel rod frame~<. A l••r•r! "'! IJ:zt:r ~uwmritml, :·; '· ;.. -:.
muslin slt•rve JH'rmittt•d ·removal uf dt•ad ca~ l•·>~·l . .. . ;. ,, ·"it :r:·· ·>.
hsh uttdt•J \\ att•r. · Cagt•J; · Wt'rt' $USpt•nd,•d ' ~'; •ahirallnn, Tank ''''J•th: m ·, '{~,.;;. •;"'_::;
from atljul'talM" sll<'lf brackets on the sidt-----··i;--.-· -· -··-o::it-~~ · · ~-~~
. of till' dt•t•p tanK. Tht• supports were lucatt·d 12-~ ' ·· 0.65 · , · ·
l'n thai l·aC'h ('Uj!t' Wa$ cent<•red at the dl.'pth 120 t.oo ; ·'*
fur ith !luminal gas lt.•vel !Table 1). Cagt•s l~~ , ~:~~ : · ··; :i·::~~f
wt•n· about 1 m !'ttllan• and 20 em high. •·· ,~;~;>~: \S~;~,f:.:·-•,:c'~ .·;
Cnj!t' hl'il!h1 rP~llht•d in ~onw raJH!t' about ·
tl1t• nomin.al l,!U~ lt.>vel. At tlw mu;t l't'H'rr
ca~e ttht• UJillt'r t·agPl. thit'o rangt> wa~ It•""'
thun 3' ( nf ~aturatiun. Smalh•r cages ( 15 c•rn
X 15 <"Ill X 12 t•ml wt>re placed inside the
larg1•r <'Ul,!t':-or din•etly ~u~pended from the
bruPkt·l~ for lt•:<tinl! torn·nt sculpins.
Filtt·rc·J Columbia Hin·r wah·r wai' sup-
.Pli<•d at aH•arly 75 literimin. Temperutun•
was C'lllltrollt•d at 10 ± 0.5 t. Supersatura-
tion wa1-gt•nt•ralt•d in a pn•ssurc• vessl'l that
n·1·c•i\ I'd pumpNl watt•r and t•omprc·~:-t•d air.
Tlu· t•xh•ut t•f :<aturation was <·tmlrolled bv
uat·kprt·:<~un•. prl'l'Stlrl' dHJ flo\\ air. an~!
lwil!ht ,,r tht• air·\\Utt•r intt•rfa<·e in tlw prt':--
. · sun· "''~,..,·!. all .. r \\ hi!·h wt•n.• adjusrabl<'.
AftPr !-UJit•r:-aturation. tlw \\illt.•r l'lltt•rt•ll tfw
lwttorn ol tht· dt•t•p lank tlu·nu~h a Y-diffu:--
t•r. \\ hie·h rt'l-llltt•d in uniform mixing and
rnp'ul difl u:-ion of int•ominl! water.
Ga~ lcvds werc mnnitut't•t.l at lt•ast dailv
h! a \\ e•i:-s satun•nH'tl'r IUi~!-ooln·d ,!!U>' tt·n·-
siollll'll'rl!Fkk<'h:t•n 1'1 ul. 19751. Saturation
\Hl'-<·alt•tdatt•d from tht• formula S =
1001P,,1m + P •. tl -PII, .. IW 01 trn· where S =
JH'I'\'t·ntul!e' di!':ooln•tl :.ra:-saturatit 1. P.11m
= t·,Jmnwt rie pn• .... un·./'.a1 = t!i!'~ttlved I!•'"
tt•n,tntt l•aturomt•lt•rl. and Pu,,~ = \'UP••r
ptt'"•lll't' ol' '' al<•r.
Little or nn \Uriation in ~as lt•n::;ion o('-
l'tlrrt·tl lwt\\l't'll the' lop and hutt,•m of llw
dt•t•p tank.. \\It it-t. \\a~ 1:~2 :t: 3'.i :,( t•quilih-
tlllllt ;;utur;ttit•n at till' .. urf'tt<'t'. Tt11llJII'I'<I-
tun•, rt'l'ord<'d at lt'a:::-1 daily. ::;hmH·d It·:-::;
than 0,5 C diff1•rt•twt• lwt\\t't'll tvp and Lut-
tont.
Tt•n t•uttltwat 11 toUt. mountain '' hitt•fi:olt.
.; ·' or lt•rrt•nt H'lllpiu!-. ur fiH• largt•st·alt• ::;twk-
" c•r!--1\'t•rt• loa.lt·el in eat•h t·a~t~ ut tin" ~urfaet11 •
Tlw C':ll!t':-''''It' }o\lt'rt'd to the• dt•!'irt·d
, dt•pth. '1\n• ll'l'lit•utt• h·!-1!-\H'Il' rlln fur
muuntuin \1 ltitt'li:-h ami t•ullhn•at lt'out. untl
l'otll' \\Pr~· run t'or tnnt•nt ~<e~\llpin,.;. iltHl
' ~l' 'l·~~t :.ii,, . ~-' ...
tt.':.-tt•d at t•twh ~aturatiun lt•\t•l t•x<·t•pt !>l'Hfi-
pins whi(·h had 40 fish at t'at•h len•l. The
t.•xposurc p!'riod was 10 day!'. Contrill fish ,;:
"'Pre held at the bottum of tilt' dt•ep tank;:.
\dlt'rt' ga~ :-aturation \\ai' lOO''i.
Test animal!' wcrc moniii•H·el and dt·atl
" "'_":('' ..... ,·;, ~
. ·,
fish removt•d daily. To avoid l'Uisiug tht> •
eagt~s. '\ lueh coulcl ('aU~t~ tlt't·umpress~iun , "~~··
and t.·mlmlizat ion. fish "'l'rt' t·het•kt·d by a
sc·ulm di\ t•r. E:o..hakd hn•athiu:.: air cau~t·•l
l'o::ght dt•l!u:-dlieation uf llw \\at•·r. !Jut siau·c ·
diving tinw wa~ usually lt•ss than 20 miai !(•st
results wen• nut cmt~idt•n·d Ill be signifi-
cantly altt:rt•tL The dht·r n·nwved all dt•a.d
li~<h and n•portt·d till' ntuHiwr 111' li\'1' li.:h ami
tltct:;e tli..:playin:.: loss of l'quihlvJ ium or nth.t•r
manil't•statinns of gas buhhiP di~t·a:;t>.
All elt•ad li:-lt Wt're examial!'el fnr signs uf
gas bubhlt• dist·a~t·. Tltosl' di~playing no ex··
tt•rnally \'h-ible· ~ip:ns wt•n• nr•t•a·opsit•d h• de-
tl•tmint• t•au:-e of death.· Fi,.t. IH'I'l' Ull 'lllllt'd
to han• tlit•d from gas Ullllhl•· tfi,.t>a~e if lhey
hat! t•xtl'fnul si:.:ns of it. • ..
' •·
)lountain \1 ltitt•tish and l<lll!t'n•ale sut•hr
wt•re t•ollt·t•lt•d hy elt•t·tro..:luwking in thf'
lmH•r Yakima Hht•i'. \\'a:-ltinp.lou. and ht•lt!
in t'tll\l'rl'lt• powl!-0 or lilll'rp.la-.l-ta.nks contin-
unu.;J~· flu:-lu·d with at·rutPd ( :ulutnLia Hivt•t'
'"Htt•tL Tmn•nt :-:c·tlll,ill:-\H'I't' t•ullt•<·tpd' b; ->
:-l'init~l! from tlw Fil'ht•r· Bh•·r. \lnlttana .. The·~ !'wt•n• he·ltl at tht• \luntana Departnwnt z.
••f Fi~h untl (;unH' t\lLtJo'(;l Lil.hy llatt•lu•r)4
,-,
in ~"l'l'illl! \1 utc•r prior tu trau ... portuthlll "' illlt' .
lahurittury. \\ t'l'tsluJH' ·ulllttnat truut \\l'l'e ·
ubtairwd l'rntn tlu· :\ll>Ft; halc'ht•ry at Lt:w-.
istm1 111. Tlti' ;;lut•J... of 11'1•111 b n•pllh'tl tu lut •
. uJH' of tlw It'\\ a•·•mtinu•l! pu11• ~train~ tilr .
\\t•:::.tslopl' t•utthrt~at. .,·t · · , -.•; I
Fi~h :-;t,wb \\ Prt' mainlaiu•·t~ at uur labet-o
1'l'"'' :. n ... \: , .• llt'!:tll'•' ('o)tttuhi:l·· Hly_t!J: •'.•, .
~~=1>0"-~ --'..-~"':. ,_,.,,.~ .... ...::...-""'"""""-·
373 TRA~S. A:\1. Fl"fl. SOC., VOL. 107, i\0. 2, l9i8
100
MOUNTAIN WHITEFISH
c. 80 -·~ '"' <:.> « w ~
:3.• 60 ,_ -· !! a: ..:> :if ... 40 2: ...
.t' -· =· < :t zo. "''
2 4 6 8 10
EXPOSURE Tlt.IE IDA YS I
1-ift;tu~: 1.-llortaltt\" rut!'.\ o{ m!lllntuln 11hitr/l:~h 1\t•
p•iWd tu til~solut/ ~:as stlpl'rsalllmtimt •. Vum/Jt•rs bt•·
3tlll' run·l'.t uri' fl"rr..-ntugr totlll gus salllmti11n.
watt•r until h·~t1·d. Jnitially water ll'lll(lt'fa-
tu:n• "'a~ adjttl'lc·tl to matdt that of native
:>t'm•am:-; at tht• tina• of t•ullt•t•tit~n. Fi~h ''''re
j!I1tttJ:Jally at:dimated up to 10 C and were
lwld at the te~t temperature 1 ·,rat least 10
du!'"· Cutthr11at truut. whitt·fi: h. and su<"k-
t'r~· \H'rt' h·d hatel:c•ry trout fl llets. In ad-
clith•n. sm·kt'rl' furajred ii•r alg:ai l-·!1\\ th in
tlll'i·r larl!t' tank. S<·tllpins ''Pre fed · uLifex
w11rrr.~. ~uC'kc·r t'I!!!S. and salmonid fry.
~nlllt' uf tht• muuntain \\ hitefi~h dt•\ t'l-
II(II'J:! sil!n~ uf pil'C'inl' tUllt'rC"ulosi~. a ditll!-
llll"f!l c·uufirna•d h\' tht• W t>stern Fi~h Di~
t"a"'" Lalwrat~try iC5. Fi~h and Wiltllift•
.Sc·nrc•c•l in SPattlt•. A few fi~h died frum thi~
• cfi .. c·:.N• prim-It• lwginning of te~ting. but
mnrl<itlitic·~ wt•rt• It·!-~ than 10'(. Tlw diH·a~c·
c·ar1 he· n•adily Ji~tintrui~hed frnm ga:-buh-
}JII' di:'c·a:-t• hy a trainc•d uh~erver. Ph:c·ine
tu!J,•reulusi~ den·lops ttVt•r a period c•f up 111
2 ur Jltlfln• yt•arh. ~e<•rop::ies ensured that
tuhc•rc·:ulosis was nut a prime factor in the
mortality of test fi!ih.
m:Sl'L1S
Alllu$h tlwt dit·d or di::playt'd Joss of t'(jUi-
ltltl iurn tfurint! tt·st t•xpo::un·~ l!'hliWI'Il ~il!ll"
1
.-:: 80 z CUnHROAT TROUT ...,
u a< w e:
>-!-4 ,_
:::;
~
a<
9 <: 40 ... > ;::
"5 :::> :: => u
0 (.__..:: __ ......__
0 z 4 6 8 10
EXPOSURE TIM£ lDAYSJ
Fu;nu; 2.-1/ortnlity rut,.s of" rutthroat trout t•,tpo.<t•d
tu tltssr•lt •·tl I!UI ~llflt'rstttllmtiwJ. Vttmbt•r.l ln•sitlc•
('/Jn'fl lilt' fJI'TC'I'IItll,:t• tvtal j!ll.~ satllration.
l.
nt•<·run;·it·:-t'li.t't'fll a~ nult•.d hdow. Torrc•nt
S<'ulpin HJIIWan·d to dit• ,,f t•xhuustiun as a
n·sult of l'lrlll!l!lilll! al!air1~1 pnsiti\'t' bu•ly-
am·y dut· tn l'll.lrt.•nwlr lar{!t' j!a:-; bubLles Lt•-
low thl'ir pc•t•torallin:;. Only two control fi!:lh
dit•cl duriul! tht• lt•:-t~. Both wert' mount.tin
w hit1•fil'h l\:ith ach a rwNJ pi~·wine tuLc.•rculo-
sis. inducliug lt•siun:-: in kidw·y and livt•r tis-
;': 80
z
~ cr .....
·'= 60 >-
' ·lARGESCAlE SUCKE~.
~~~· ."~: .. ,. ~? .. '!
., -:::;
<C ,_
a<
~ 40 .... > ;::
:5 => :: zo ::>
(..)
.·
FICKEI:;EN AND MON1'Gmu;nY-GAS SUPERSATURATION
i
.379
100 ,.
TORRENT SCULPIN
;::: 80 . :z
"' u 0: .....
!::
>-bO • 1-::;
~
0:
~
"' > ·;::
< -J => ~ => u
2 4 8 10
EXPOSURE TIME IDAYSI
Ftl:t u~: t-llortuliry mit'.< ~~r turrt•nt sculpin !'Xfws•·rl
to tli.<stdrt'd f!.'tls suprr.mtumtion •• Vumhas bl'sitf,.
<·un·••s ttrr• fl!'rrt•ntu~!' total gus .saturation.
"'liP. :-.:mw of the euntwl fish had any sign:;
of ga~ !Jubhlt' Ji~t.>UH'. :-.:om• nf tht• otlwr It·~ I
fish had vbiblt• signs of tuberculosis. ~o ~la
ti!:'tir·al •·orrt'latilln was found between dail:1
mortality ral<>s and random variation:; abuut
tht• mt·nn dissoln•d gas saturation. The ran-
dom \'ariutions wi.·n· lt•ss than tlwH· that u<·-
cur in tht' Koot(•nai Rh er below Libby Dam .
.llotwtuin lf'lritefish
Tolt•ratH'<'S of mottnt:.!in whhrlish wt•n•
lowN than those ~~r tlli' other spt'dt•s testt·tl.
All \\ hitt·lish tcstcu at 128~'( lCJtal gas sulll-
ration dit-d in lt•:;s than 2+ h. At 12·l~"c sat-
• uration thry Wl"rt' all dt•ad after -1-8 h. En·n
at 116''i :-laturation'all were dt•ad uf'tl'r 96 h
tFi~t. 11. ~h·dian tinwt~ tn death ( L T50l wt•rt•
12 h ut 12sc·;. 1-l h at 12-lt:'C'. 50 h at 120t'(·,
• ami ·lS h at ll6l( tutalgas sutun\,ion.
1·~·-' '
Cutthroat Trout
Cutthroat trout wt•n• unly slightly n~ 1re
tulcrant than Wt'rt' whitl'fish !Fig. 2). All t'llt-
thruat wert> dead aftt•J' :H hat 12SCc ga~ !:'Ut-
uratiun. b,· -1-8 h at 12·lt'(. and bv 72 h at
12or;. sattiratimi. Otw fi~h of the .20 testt•d
,..llr\'i\'t•d tlw fulllO tluv~ at 116''(: sttu.:-atiun.
--· ~ · ~.:.., ·~ ' 1 w .. \ n ·t
lOOr-~----------------------~ ~"
TORR~NT SCULPIN ;::: :z .... 80 u
0: .....
!::
"' "' 0 _, 60
== =>
0::
lD
::;
40 5 s
w > ;:::
5 20 =>
== => u
2 4 6 8 10
EXPOSURE TIMt 101\YSI
FIGl'Rt: 5.-Ra/1'< of t'l[uilif~rium(o,,,, /i1r torrrnt srltlf•in
t•.rpo~t·d tt• di.~soll t•d gcu Wfll't.wtllflltiun. ,Yumhl'r$
bt'side clln't'S .,,. ;••rcentugr tut11l gtu stlturatiun.
Large.w·alt• Surlwr
Largescale su<·kers Wt'rl' rncm~ tu1t•rnnt
than salmonids: 90C:( survht·d the 10-clay
test at J 16tr saturation. At 128'X. saturutiun
all suckers dil·d in 72 h (Fig. 3). L 1'50's wert>
3·l h. 6i h. and 103 h at l2H('i•, 12-1-%. and
120r;. saturation. resp<'cth·dy.
Torrent Scultlin
Torrent !.Wulpiu v.a~ till' mo:-ot tvlt•mnt
spedt·~ tt•stt•cl. CutiS(' or dc•ath UJ>pear•"~ ~I)
be t•xhaustion t•aused by ~trugl,!.les against
positin· lnwyaney. Bunyarwy rl'suhed frum
gaH bubbb: as large as ~:.t uf butly sizt• that .
for~nc•d unch•r or near thc· Ju•t•tural lin~,:,
causing los~ of equilibrium and floating ..
:\lc!rtality C'Ur\'l'S Wl"r..: not as st~·ep as thu!:'c~
fo11
1
th<• other speci<·s testt·tl Wig. 4) and tmly
at 128'.'(-saturation was till' L 1'50 retkht•cl
(at! 10 days). None vf the• sc~ul11ins died at
U?c--r ;;aturatiun and signs ul' gas bubblt• dis-.
ease wt.>rt• rare' at that gas lc•vt•l. Unlike ulla•r
species, there ,.,.us a signific·ant tinw lag ht d •
tween bss nf equilibrium and dt•ath for st•ul
• pins (Fig. 5). Mt>dian timc• tc1 luss of equilih
•. ~., .. , ~· ~ ~··~''";,,,. ":1..: r11 h. Hl!i h~·anti2:V.
l
380 ' TRANS. AM. FISH. :;oc., VOL. 107, ~0. 2, 1978
mscessroN p::.ctment ot Fish and Game staff has con-"
Cutthroat trout had a median time to ducted extensive electroshoeking studir•s
dr,•ath un t•xpusure to 120CC gas supersatur-between Libby Dam and Kootenai Fal\s.
altinn 11f 3 ~ h. while Bluhm et al. (1976) re-They found changes in relath•e abundance ·,;
portt-d a value of 119.5 h for cutthroat tested immediately below the dam from appro~j-
in a !>halluw tank. Our results with whitefish mutely 50C( muuntain whitefish. 507c sut·k-:
agn•t• vt•ry l'losdy with those of Blahrn et aJ. ers. and }~"( trout {mainlv <·utthroat and
r(l9i6l \\ith uu.·tlian timt>s to death of 50 h rainbow) prior to operatio~ of the dam to
and 50.5 h. n•spt.~<:tively. The cutthroat trout about IOCC whitefish. 90f.C· suckers and less
testt'rl wt•rt• dt'emed in excellent condition than 1% trnut after the dam was closed and
and. with tht• t•xceptiun of the few cases of gas sattJ.ratiun levels excePded 13011-. Sign!>
tullt'n·ulusis anwntr '' hitefi~h. tlw remaining of gas. bubblt' disease were found on ab1~ut
fish stll(·ks wt•n· lwalthv. As far as can be 80C'c of the '' hitt'l1sh and "uc·kt>rs. The nurn-
dt•tt-rmim·d. test fish };ad not been previ-ber of fish with gas bubble dist'ase de-
ou:::ly t'XJwst•J to signifi<'ant levels of dis-creased with distance downstrPam '"here
soln•d !!US SliJH·r~aturatinn. They Wt>re all supersaturation levels Wt>re redu<•t·d !Bruce
tempt•ratun·-u<'climated and thus nut ther-:\lay. personal eurnmunication). ThPse field
mally strt•sst•tl during testing. Careful han-data are consi~tent with our relative tolt•r-
dling prt'Vt'Utl'd dt•et,mpression during test-ance data fnHn whieh we would predil't
ing. w!Jj,.Js othHwise might cause more greater mortalities to whitefish and trout
rdpid t•mlmfi;.atiun. than to suc•kt•rs. Appan.•ntly tlw shallow
Tum•llt ~<·ulpins lost buoyan<'y t'IHltrol depth uf tht• rh·<·r or aspt•f'l:::. of fil'h beh:tvior
after .H'\'t•ral ilays CXJHISUrt.' and floatt•d have pre,·ei\ted sig:nifi<'ant <'ompensalion
whir.•h would make• tlwm easy Jlrt•y in na-fn,m the g:a:: supNsaturation l!<'nt•ratt'd hy
tllrt'. Jt is unlikc•ly that a sculpin would n•-Libby Dam. The e,·idem't' indicates that di::--
<'m't'r from Jlll!'itive huuyaney as bubble' size solved gas SUJII'rsaturation ha:-: bt•t•n a prim<·
wuulcl :.:rllw dut• to n·duC't't·'! in hydrostati<' fa<·tor in dwn~t·S in Kootenai Hin·r li~h JIUJit e
prt•ssun· as it llnatt•d to • he surface. Scul-ulutiuns below Libby Darn. ('·
pin:: may lw t'XJltiSt'O tu nig.ht•r gus satura~ •
ti1111 lt·vd~ than utlu•r SJH'C'it'l:O hy inhabiti · ACK:SOWLEDG:'\IE:STS ...
shallmH·r art'a:;. Tlwir H·ndt•m·y tn bef!(lmt• Tlw author~ apprt'cialf' the ·:on ::f.Rruct• '
lmuyHnt t·n~un·~ a lli~dt mortality ralt' and ~lay. lluntana Ot·partnu:nl of Fh:lt anti
makt·:-tllf'm rc·atlily dch~(·tablt.• in gas-t~u-Ganw. for hi~ assistance in obtain in!! torrent •• ' 1
Jlt•rsaturatc•d !-trt•atns. sculpins and cutthroat trout. E. \\". L1,1sty; '. /
AJ;plkatimt uf our hiua:-lsay n•sults lfl prt•-Bu~!t'llt•·;.;orth\H'st. aidt'd in dt•sign of tlu•'~.-/
dic·t t•ITt•,·ts 11f air sup<'r-.at.urution on river deep tunk. :\1. J. $dmt•idf:'r. Battl'llt·-~urth-:
uq!uni:o.nts n·quin·s <lt•tailc•cl dl•pth distrihu-west. contrilmtc d h> tlw f'XIH'rinwntal ([,..,;.
'titlll data frum whklt hydrn~tatir• COlllJH'tl-sign. lit-and C. D. Bt•ckt-r. Battdle-~nrth!
satiun m:tv Ia-t•alc·ulatr•d. Otliwrwise tht• as· we:;t. re\'i<'\n•tl the munu::-cript.
Slllll[llion 'must ht• madt· that all llrganisms This study was suppurtpcJ by the u.s .. ,· .~
arf' afft•c·tecl at ur rwar rin·N~urfaet• pn·~-Army C_orps uf Engineers. under contra<.;t~~!· 1
sun·~ and !.avt• nu <·ff<'f'tin• hnlrostatit· n~uttbt•r D_ ACW-67-75-C-00+9. ~: .. ::_·:~_-J;.ll ~ ·-~~ ·,
<'Clillpt·n:-atiun. Tltb assumpdon · prodU<'t'S · · · · , .
an c•stimul!· uf maximum t•ffl'et. Actual ad-• m:FEHI-:~o.:s '~~··i r-.r·'
\ t•r~t· t•ffc·l'l!>-\\ illl11• ~IIIli I'\\ !.at .It's:::. but can-\' s '..:_\ ·· nuu,s. T. 11 .• n. ,, c:o:-o:-ot.lr. ,\,u c:. R .• :-;Yu~"~·-.. .,,"
11111 bt• t•stinH!Ic•tl un tiH· basi~ 1•f existin:r IIJ76. Ga-•ur ... r•aturaliun r<·•t'arc•h, ;'1/atiunal \1,, <i ]I; ., 1
d:tla. Tlw 1\uutc•nai Hi\f•r in the• an·a of in-, rin<' 1-'i~r.••ril•,. ~~·n·kt··l>n·••·"ll Fadlit)'. liJ!,l '!..¥,::.;:'
lt•n•.::t j ... rdati\'t•ly slJUIIow prt•dudin.,. t'lllll•' ·. 197-t:l'al!l'~ 11-19 in D. II. firkt•i~•·n anu.~l.~;!. }··':~· ..
.,. ~··hnt•itl•·r. ···I· c:a,. huhhl .. ,/1<1';1<1'. t~C!:Ii'·1*~J1t'~:·~·-;~ ' E d:,."*"J,,-.• ~fl·•h:-r-. ,, ·· .. ···-~ .... r!·•'~H~!
l_ . '-
FICKEISE~ AND ~10;\TG<n!ERY-GAS SUPERSATURATION
'• ! .. ~
l
"' test tanks. P:~gc!l 1-10 in D. II. Fil'kt•i$en and \I,
J, Sclulf'ider. eds. Gas bubblt> di~l'a~t·. Prut•l'ed-
ings nf a work!~hup hrld in Ril-hlantl. \\ ashingtnn.
Ortulwr 8-9. ·197-l. ERDA CO:W-i HiJ33.
Fttt·a:ts~::-~. D. H .• :'.I. J. Sr.II:-JF.II>f:R, A:-;u J. C. :\fo~n
co:o.tERY. 1975. A crnnparath·r t>\·aluation of the
Wt•i~<s saturomt>ter. Tran~>. Am .. Fish. Sur.
11H:!ll6-H20. !St·t' al~h Cumm!•nts. Trans. Am.
Fish. Sue. 106t61:6-h'i-6-J.8.l
·.
:;·l: '·
.,
i -~-.
~ ··~.~~· ~
HARVEY, II. II. 1975. Gas dist·a~r in fialwl!-11 review.
---.. ~
Pal(es ·l50-J.85 in W. A. Atlamll. ed. Chemistry · <;<
and physics of aqut>ous gaH snlutiun>~. Electro· · .
dll'mic·al Sudety. Prin!'l'lon, New Jt·r~c·y. 521 pp. ,
WEITKAMP. D. E .. AND ~1. KATZ, 19i5. Ht·~nurcl.' and
litt•rature review nf cli~&olved j.t:l~ ~UJII'isaturation
and gas buhblt• disl.'ast•, Envlttonmt•ntal Study Se-.~
rics. Sc•attlt· :\Iarine Laburnlurh·~. U22 Stone Way
North. Sc•attle. Wa~hington. 71 pp.
' ~~t,::>~·.·,
·,~<
. ,_;.,
.. ... ;,. ....
..
SURFACE AGITATORS AS A lviEl.~I~S TO REDUCE
NITROGEI~ GAS 11'-J }14. HATCi-IERY \Y! ATER SUPPLY
EINAR \VOLD
Bureau of S1>ort Fisheries and ·wildlife
Dworshul: National Fish 1-latclcerlf, Alzsahka, Idaho 83520
NlTROGE~ st:PJ-::RSATl'R.A.TlOX A~D rrs EFFECT on
fish (g:1s bubble disease) has Lee:n ~ prob1en1 in
some fish lwi.chery operations for a nurnber of
Yecn·s [.5" 7, S, fl_. 10" 11]. G:1s lm.bbJ~? disP~lse h1
fish is chnracte:dzed by ~m:1U En11Jo1i in 1.he yas-
cular clerl!eni.s of the fins. giUs, ~nd skin. rrhe
bubble dh .. ense muy not kiH the flsh outright,
but may eausc smnn 1·uptures in tJ1e skin J11ak-
ing the 11sh n1ore su:?ctptib1e i.o ~eco~1dary dis-
<:<tse infections.
\Y(Jod [1 O] cr1~1~id·~·red the foJimying IlHJ'ogen
satnratlon ]eye]s as d£>trinwntal or Jei.hal for
snlmon ( Oncorh?ti:ch~ts ~p.): 108 io 1 (l.fpercent
f ,,,,. '*O'Jl~.~.,c fl'" ''"'1{1 YCI'll1"' J·'J·l'•"••,.1 :•Jt".·~· J(l·D-1.o ,I.C, . .,l ,.; "" 4..:(-\ " •"' l<t..( "' • \. ~ ,..{<..._". J.J..I C"U'
l:t:~ 1''-·reeut fo1· o1uer fn6er:ih:g~. ~~nd ycf'rling~;
n:nd J J B percent :f\,r ~idn1b~. \Yesigard [9]
sho\';ed ih:.tt adult cl~h~o·)h: s:.h:wu (0. fJ:·lzaw-
yt ..... cl.rt) hdd jn wai..e:r ,-.·it h 11itn."1.;·,\.!1l c:ontt>JttTa-
ti{lUS :lt J J G pc:rC"ent ~~:hd <,i!\J'1 (~('\'{:lor~r-d dt•fi-
nitc ~:~n~1}Ji~)rns of g~.::s b~1hhle di;-;.::-;:~e. II~,ryey
~md ~:m!th UiJ 1 cJ.-I)l'ti•d i.hat ~~~hu·atkm lcYt'ls
of 1 OS pen:eoi : •rud!~'·e<l t'as h~lt:>ie dist·•~:.:.c jn
trr.ul flngedi!Jg'S. ,,.yaH mH1 B:·i11ingen [11]
rcpur(1.:d thni 1 ::>2 J.e:·•.t!lli l>iirogeu :-·a.i nration
in :.nOn gd11 1!:l1dlt:ry kH1.:·{l ;d1 jti\ •"lJ;}c ~~~1ln~on
~·m1 f,l ,., 11it ild u::.i 1 lti.'fJ ~wi:·dnJ ri) i:\ !) hnnrs.
At J)W(•J'f1J~!l; x~n ~(I}H\l FL.h } r ddH·ry, si<!el-
lH~ad yoll:~!-.at: fry }u h1 in W;•i<n ·wJi11 107 r~cn·
eent nii i·ngt•ll }.:tf m·:~n1.1n tlt\' h·r~··t d !;as bul,blc
d):,:•.:;::;e ('4•U~iH!{ iL· lt1 io Ho: t I1Ji ·.ir1.: down in
tht~ W~!tc~r. \Yl·f·n th,.· 1 ··ii ro;~\'ll 1( ·•t•] w.ns T\•chltt.~d
to 1 O;j !kJT{·ni ilw f1 y ncl"E!:J::h 111 n lh\~ ne\\. cn-
\.1. •'•''l''.''•'l~ .,,,,1 ',•f~n 1 •f•{l~ it·~ • ..• ~}i'J·•) L''·'~'.L!l~l.llg" J .~ .. ~ ... ,..... \I! .,~,_.,... ... 11¥'1'1·~ .,.~'. .. .......... ., ...
;;t·~ j,·iti·.'l~.
s:i:t:<! high dirt"•;:• ll s:d~=r~·i:,m h·\·p]s arc
1 'l ,• l'p '1 1 1'\ ~~·:1 1 ''J''"' ' •1 .. ~•,•• ./I I , • .,, it'•'(1 ~~ l.:, 11"\'(\1
liP' II 4, " ; , ~ 11 \Ill l ~ J o1 f J • , -1 " .... " J ~ ~ -. l , .,.. ' ,( ..4 \; t f ~ \,~ ,
t I 1. ,. q .. ,,l .. 1 rr:-, ~·~ >·t•t••tf 1·., 1 ··ic·ll 1 ·1·~~ , ••. ,,< .. 1' -=tl''"J-' J t ~ ~ l .. l• If l 11 . #, ....... I .. ,(. 41 .,. .. 4 "' " ·' \ ( ( ' I
1"' • • ... .. • • 1'"'"'., "'\ "" .... 1:1,1. .. 1 ;11 ., J {' 111 \' 1. ~('11 ]' •. 1:~ J"' l.t tl'. :· .. J ti.• ~11<; ... .t •• > ;L i, .l<H. •
{ ' ·,• <.,I ,f'k .. . " " ..
I
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............
SeYeral methods for aerating fish hatchery
water supplies h.nve been used successfully [3"
4, 7, 8]. Rucker m1d Tuttle [8] found that nitro-
gen saturation was reduced frmn 144 to 101
percent \Yhen water 1vas dropped in a series of
troughs to create thh1 sheets of w~ter. Harvey
m1d Cooper [4] used a structure with baffles set
at right nngJes to reduce Jl]trogcn saturation
from 1HL5 to l 02 percent. Erdman [3] U5ed a
spray i.o ~leraie a heated \Yater supply. Rucker
a.1d Jf.H.\;cboom [7] used a bafilcd flume to re-
duee nHrogen gas saiurntkm from 120 to 115
percent.
At Dv:orshak N~ltional Fish H~tchery, lo-
ed0cl ) .G mHes belo·w D\\~orshak Dmn on the
X orih Fork of the Clearwater lliver in Ida1l0) a
\Y<ri.er 1.rentment fnciljty was constructed to
]H"OYil1c a settling bnshl. and aeration facility
f(lr low oxygenated reservoir \\'aier. 'sim.:e dams
Ila\·e differeni cbnracteristic effects on nitrugen
:~atur:tUon [2], the effect of Dworshak Dan1 on
the Wtd8r quality of the lm1chcry supply wr.s
nnlnHnrn. During the s.prillg of J H72, 2 1000 to
;~o,noo ~:uhic· f('L'i 11cr second water w:1s relc·m:cd
c1own the q ilbn1y frt'~m 1hc Jm\~ JpyrJ outlet
(\:lt·r:di .. nl.:t~O) at Dy.,·~_,r~hnk n:~~n. Th:s ,,·:·4 <:r
phm,g\•<1 lJJ!O tlH.! .:-UlE::g-k:Yin (\'·:dt.:'2' ~m:f:H·e
elt•Y(itlOll f.l/!1, bottom cle\·atic·n ~1:~1) entrnp-
pillg' air :.ml tl'<':tiing nii l'c•gc·n 1cvP]S ranging I
frnlr. 1 J ~' i o 1 :HJJ,t•rc·\:ltt s.ai nrailon. Lhning ".his
iinw ~ w f:t~"<.' l1tl'\.·h:tnicaJ ag·iiutor~: <~rigin;:l]y
h1. i:lllt·<1 f1•r usc ns ;,vl'<:lors su<·t:t·~~sfn11y re-t
tLtt <·d • :i: ru(~t·n to lt·Yels (tcecptnble for i!:;h
t;UJ1 :~h' J»Hl']IO:~(.l$.
l ~F!7CH1PTJO:\f OF FAC!IITIES
Tho , ... ·~h·1· t !'t.~Hhilt.:nt f:tdlity at Ih\·m·sLil k
"\";~~ ; •. ,,;·,1 fl: h JJ:dd1eQ, js :.1 large concr•·te
~·'1 l! ·.ru ,.·hh a iotnl '""'liim(! Df ·17 1G'iG cu1•ic
•'
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~·
" • -#' > :..::.= · .. ~:..:· ; . ..:;.:,_· --~~::::..--·. ;:..:.-1!<..... ·-:::..~,-.:..: ;,.:f';;":;-::•:.:-::;;.;_,::fj:::_~:::=~~ .~~-;::.:.;,;£.~:.
r(
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f:: ·~· .. .. ~ h..:-.. r " . h-i . .;.J' ~-~ •.
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t .. ..:-.:. '~ ....... ! ---....... _ ...... .., -.. -·-.'l. _ ... -
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.......... '""4-""·--
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-... ~ ... """ ... •-* .. ----
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~ .. ' . ... . .... .. . '•-.... ..... ot ..... _ ......... """ ~-,_. *• _ _..h .. ~ .. ~ ............ ~ .... "" ..
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Figur(! 1.-\X1ntc-r trt-<!tmcnt LKility with nerarors 2, 4) 5, 9, 10, and 12 in nt'cr.nion.
feet (05;6,G·11 gnlltms) (fig. J). TwelYe 30~hor~e
power !'-\Urf:tcc aora1ors wHh a gl?ar nlHo of 25.
6: 1 are platfm·n1 monnt cd ;md ~i1pported on
steel brjdgcs (fig. 2). The impeller \\"hjch ro~
1aies at 75 rpm 5s nn hlYC·rted c.:onc ,.,.Hh blades
radhrUn:.r. oni ward from H ho~s at Hw center.
A~ the jmpcJlcr turns, it drnw:-; ilw '\\'aiel' up-
wnnUy tc,v;;n·d.s ihe hns~; it i~ JH'OJh.>ll!.!ll out-
wanlly jn n Jm,· i rajrdor.r ~lS a :flnc ~prny.
The hatc·hery W;li.t1 r snpp]y j;:; d~'1l\'('recl io the
water ir<~:dment f:tdlHr from i.he riYer 1Jy •mY . . .
et>lllhina1i•.tn c)f t:ltrt'<' 10,GOO-nnn :mrliwn }{.OOO-
m1m }Wmps. Tl:e ;wndrn·~ m\.1 in::1a1k·d )n illl ve
l(}WS wHl1 fonr ;tc'l':ltor::; i11 0;n·h row (1ig-. :i).
TJw W<l1(:r lt:Y:..•l h~ m:dslf:tiJwd hy a weir in )'ro~
vi<k a (li]!H?Hl(JU!~ dvptll for J,1•:;.t :•t:l'ntur L,fll_
cieuer.
(~0 ,¥~·-J·'JlT "C"J'r")'-T ('J'J1") .\.l'JO''f -~ ~ '\ , I \ ~ · ~ I \, , " , 1 .1. J \. J .......
Al'.'D :'-.1:\l:\'TE:'\:A,~<CE CO~TS
'file wato· irl'•::1mc:HL f;.eilHr d~·~t·l·jhecl in
ilth-; l\'P~',l't ('\bi~ ~ fi7 ,ri27 to tr,n•.1 nwi in J !H:.S
I
'
with each acrai0~ costjng-~G/lOO. 'rlh! pnrnving
f:-tciJity to clelhN' water frnm ihc rin:>r to ihe
n<:•rat drs cost n.1 n dditin11a1 $::>81,000. \YHh :i
nlte of 3._G miHs/kHotraH~hour i.hc cost of
opt·raiing enc-h :t<:l'ator 1~ $-G LSO })fir month. Th0
cm~t of labor :mel snpvllcs is a}1Pl'Pxinmic..:lv
$dO <l ye':u· with ~ix ;·nan lwnrs of l:1bor rc~
quil·-.·<1 fnr c•a('h :.~·1·dur.
. 1\JE'fiiODS
1'\itrog~')n and oxygen Jc~vcl::. \\'ere nwn~lil'L'd
from ;.;:n1lphl!{ of \';nh-r uhi.ained frc·m illl~ :-\orth
Fu1·h. of the ("h!al'waiL·r J1jy(•l' <llHt tl:c c·t11li~·lli
of th<.' \\'at<. .. l' h'Ntimt>nt fadli\.y. An:Jy~i~ fot··~
diY:~, h·(•(l nit I\lg·cn ww; nwdt• 11~dng n Ya n S.l~·J\t' ~
m~d\ ·mt'iri<' },!tltlcl r.as ;,wtly;.(•l' 1~1'1 1'lfh·d fot•
wah'r d('tt'l'l~liJJatjr•llS (<i]. l )j:-:.~cdvvd o'\yg<:ll ,,
wns nnalv~·~t·l1 mdng· tl!c .\:.dd<' lW 1tlH:c;dinn nf ' .
th(' \\Tinldt•r J1t·fhud [1],
Al'il1y:-~t'S of \\":i11•1' !:=:lmrd(~s Wl:l'l' 111::~1,_• ''· Hh <:tHnhinntion~ of ,, to 12 nt•r;ltors in t: 't! ,., hh ~
flow~ of 1 ~l/,!)0 :1:;1l g7/J00 gpm. k';: ~ ')!~~
..
i . : ~
. ·~
,, .. -.· ~
··'·:. ·-5 . ' . . .~ . . . ..
AERATOR DRIVE UNIT
STEEl SUPPORT
Figure 2.-Platform-mounted aerator used .in water
treatment facility.
t Ef"FlUENT
CJ
!:w.ll~· I b WElR:
8 8 0 0
I
)...
8 8 8 8
FLOw Fl.<.lW
8 8 0 G
........ _ _.... __ ,__ -.... --.... ,.------..--,_.,,..,
Vigu:c: ).· . I.ncatiPn n{ nf+r«Htas in w;!{er tn·.Itnwut
f..H:Ui~y ;ts int!k.!H·d hy nutnbcn:d citl..'l<'~. .
vor ... ~:;i xo. ?., .Jt:LY 1!173
I
RESULTS
A 1ninhnum of four agiintors was Jtlecessary
to reduce the nHrogen levels from 1Jl5 to 130
percent saturation to an acceptable level." Some
combh1ations using four agitators we:re not as
efficient as others and only 1·equced the: nitrogen
levels to 108.8 ·percent. This decreasa in effi~
ciency was due to location and spacin,g of agi:-,
tators.
-F'our corner agitators were less effident than
four agitators set in a line perpendicular to the
flow. Efficiency of the aerators increa:sed with
incre.ased flow rates. The results of nitrogen
and oxyg-en determiJmtions with regards to
flo\'\T, ien1perature, and number of aerators
operath1g are shown in the table.
Enough Jata have been obtained fron1 tests
rPn at Dworshak Nat~onal Fish Hatchery to
c~n1onstrnte tlwt agitation provided by surface
aerators provides an excellent n1ethod for :re-
ducing SUJ)ersahn·ation of nitrogen to levels
acceptable for :fish propagation.
REFERENCES .
1. A:\lEf!ICAN rt.'BLJC Hc;ALTH AssOClATlONl A;,\JER-
CAN '.\'.·\Tt:n \VOJ(KS AsSOCIATION, and 'WATl~R }>OJ~
L"CTlOX CO:-\'fHOJ. PI:nE?..ATION.
19G5. S!nlldal'd mt>U10ds for the rxamin.1.Uon of
wder and waste water, 12th <'clition. 7130 p.
2. EUEL, \VI;$ LEY J.
l9G5. Suvcmmturation of 11itroc;en in the Colum-
bia Rivc1· and its ('ffect on ~almon and stc·el-
hcad trout. li'ish<:ry Du1h:tin, Yol. GS, 1w. 1, p.
1-11.
3. };m)~lA~, Ji'HEm:RICJ\: S.
1901. How a heat pump improved water condi-
tions nt a flsh l1atch<:ry. Ashrac Jom·nal, P<>b-
J'nar:y JDGl, }J. G:!-G4.
4. H . .;~:\1--:.Y, H. H., and A. C. CtWl·l:R.
1t•l)2. Ori!{in and tl'l'~ttnwnl <•f a ~·~ll•t 1 ;.;d~n·:di:d
Tin·r W<ltt~r. Intc·rnatiowtl ral'ific Snlnwn Pish-
Cl'if'S Ct•mmi~~ion, :Progl'P!':; R<~l~ort D. J:"/ p.
5. H .. \l:n~Y. JI. H., ami S. B. S'll'l'II.
1001. SUllc•rsaiura~i(lll of tlt" wn{<·r .S'tJlply •md
f\r't'lll'll IH'P f)f pts·hlbl,}\! tli:taF:l! <tt Cilltic; 'Lnkc:
Trout liCi!l')lt ry. C:w:ttJi:m Pish Cultu:ri~t, no.
:~o. 11 • :w 47.
r.. ounT:-:t~, n. n.
H1:11. A n;,,.:;f.,:d \';tn Sly1a~ !1f11L<·,{ for !!a· dc-
ti'I :::ill:Jt ;\,!\ C•f lE:-;;oh·c ll • :.:~ t~l'll :~:uJ tutal <:<tl'-
h Ill dioxitl<' in walt·r. Phy:::o 1 n~;kal 'I ·!ng-y,
Vt1l. 7, UO, 4 1 p. [t.j:2 .. fd!),
'7. I!t'chn~, H. R, :mel K. HOilG!:~:!ll'l~l.
l!<il:t Ob~t'lTati0llC\ tm ga~·lmhhh• dh·tn ... ·u of fi:;h.
Pl'~'}~r"~:$~vc Fi;; h-ru1hu·i:-;t, vul. 15, no. l, p.
24. :!0 .
/
8. RUCKER, JiOnEnT R.~ and EDWhlU> M. TUTTLE.
· 1.948. The removal of excess nitrog-en in a hatch-
ery water ~upply. Progressive Fish-Culturist,
val. 10, 110. 2J p. 88-90.
9. 'VESTGARD, TilCliARD L.
19G4. Physical and biological aspects of gas-
bubble disease in impounded adult cl1lnook sal-
mon nt J\IcNary spawning ch:mnel. Transac-
tions of tl1e American Fjsheries Society, Yol.
93, no. 3, p. BOG-309.
1Q. '\Yooo, JAMES \V. -:.:;
1968. Diseases of Pacific salmon, their prcvcntioll ~:-:~.
and treatment. State of \Vushington, Dcpnrt-:::: ..
:rnent of Fisheries, Hntcnery Dh-isit>n. :~~~
11. Vt~'ATT, ELLIS J.1 and KlRK T. BEINI:.:'GEN. ;;;:;;: .
1971. Nitrogen gas-bubble disease related to a ~~:. ·Ji
hatchery water supply from the iorchay of a ~~~~~~ z1
high-head re-rcguluting dam. Research Re-c.::E.:.
ports of the Fish Commission of Oregan, ·vo1. :::::~~.
3, Noven1bcr 1971, p. 3--12. · ~~;~ .
,.. ........ ~
~=~~:::
!-,..,~-.. ';"::·:
~-:.;:;:
t•··•t
Stmmzary of uitrogen aud O>:ygcn m](;/yses tcith SC't'aral combinatious of flows, tcmpfralures, and twmbcrs S.~:: -r,:~.-::. of aerators operating . .::::;.
----------------~----------------------------( ...•
Aera.to1·s
operating
123456
Flow
(gpm)
7 8 9101112 --------------37,000
1245
7 810 11 ------------------37,000
2356
8 9:.1112 -----------------37;000
1346
1
1 9 10 12 ------------------37,000
1 3 58 10 12 ---------------37,000
12 3 10 1112 -----·---------37,000
1 4 7 JO -----------------"'--37,000
2 4 811 -~-·---------· ------37,000
3 G 9 12 ----------.. ~····-~--·· 37,000
f3 10 12 -·-----··---·--·--·-37/HJO
5 s -----------------------37,000
110 ----·------------------:J7,Cl00
1 2 4 7 Rl 0 ----------------1!1,!i(10
14 110 ------------·-----·· 19,500
1 ·1G
I
4.9
4.9
5.5
5.5
::--''·" 6.8
G.S
6.0
G.O
G.O
G.O
... '7 <>. <
!1.2
~-2
.,.,. -'""' ___ "
Percent saturation ---------------------··--·
Nitrogen
(Van Slyke Method)
I11fluent Effluent
127.0 101.0
127.0 102.6
l1G.9 104.0
118.5 104.3
118.5 102.8
118.6 10SA
lJS.G 101.4
116.9 102.8
J 16.9 108.8
118.5 107.1
llG.D 110.4
l1G.8 112.3
117.3 102.8
l Hl.S 101.8
... -_..--~, ........ ·------...... ..,-,,--~-.. __ __,__...,.....,. -·-·
Oxygen r::::::
CWink!er .Jlethod) f::::: ---------·-·-"-""'' Influent
122.0
122.0
114.~
117.0
117.0
117.1
117.1
114.8
114.8
1]7.0
11•1.8
114.7
1 :?.1.9
] 17.9
-4 '", ___ ... -~
Effluent 1;":'::~
----.. --5.·"'·7-7..~~-
100.6
102.2
~03.5
102.8
99.8
101.0
99.4
99.7
lOp.G
10.t2
108.4
110.1
10~.9
liXU
t••··· ...........
~-··· ' ..........
~····· ~ ~~t:>:
t•••· .......
~ .... , ........ ~ ........ ........
'!, ....... ~~
t:::: .. ........
~~--...
::.:.
~:-~~.
t::: ... r·. ::~~ ..
~=: •·· ... ...... •.. .. ..
··~-t'l> •••
;:~~'.
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:.-~!,.;; ... ... ........
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• ,; ... 4-• ....... ~
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.•
TEtvtPERATURE AND OXYGEl'l-NITROGEN GAS
RATIOS AFFECT FISH SURVIVAL IN
AIR-SUPERSATURATED WATER
At.AS V. Nt.no:t K. A. Kt.NI liAL<"K and FA'c't· D. BAKI.K
U.S. Environm.:ntai Protection Ag.:nc}. Corvallis Environmental Rc:>l!:trch Lahoratory.
Wcsiern Fi~h T\l\icolng) St:ttion. 1350 S. E. Goodnight Avenue.
C'"'n.tllt.;. Ort.:gon "!~~0. liS.A.
Alhtr:.u::t Ju\«!oik Sh:dni!:Hl tn:mt :.~nd Jml!nile chinook. coho and soc~c}C salmon v.\!re tested at
thiTcrcnt temperature!. t!S • 9 • 10 • 1:! • l5 . I X and 20 CJ .11 the !>ame concentration of air-supersatumtcd
.. \atcr. Supcr~aturalt.:d wawr cont-cntrations in dilfcn:nt tests were 115. 116. 117, IllS <md 120"., satu-
mtion. lncrl!<tS\!d temperatures c~IUscd a signilkant (P < 0.005} im:rcasc in stcelhcad mortality. a signili-
c:tnt incre<~se (P < 0.025) in chinook deaths. hut no ~ignilicnnt ~!ITcct on colw or sockcjc mort:tlity.
Rcgrcs~ion moJd data for steel head indk<~h! thut a I 0 C increase in temperature ''ill decre:tst: the
time to 50"., death h} a factor of 2.7. e.g. from J90h at H C to 70h at ll:S C. when tested at the
sam!! total Jis)oh!.!d gas pre!>:.ure.
E!Tc:..:ts of dilfcrcnl oxyg\.·n nitrogen gas mtios on !ish monality at the same total dissolved gas
prc~sure in supcrs:tlur:ttl!d v.ater were dt.:monstratcd with ju\'l.:nilc stcclhcad trout. Mortality wus rapid
(time 10 50"., death in I 6 h} ''' 140. 135 <.~nd IJO'' .. '>:.Ituwtion. \\ith lbh tl)ing more rapitll) ;Ls the
ratio of o\)gen nitrogen Jccrca~cd (decrease in 0~. intrca~c in N~J .. \1orwlil) p.mcrns were similar
at 125",.: time to suu .. death nccurrctl in 5 :m h. "'ith more rapid 1.kaths t.'ccurring as O>.)gcn {O~,·N 2
ratiol was decreased . .. -___ ..
·'
1:'-lTRODl'CflO~
The \-arying solubility of gases in \'<atcr at different
tcmper.lturcs is \\ell kno\\n, anti tt.:mperaturc tolcr-
am::es and oxygtn rcquirem.:nts of a vnril!ty of fishes
and :tqu.nic organisms nrc knO\vn for a \'r'idc r.:mgc
of conditions anti with some toxic substances (Cou-
tant & Tall:1udgc. 1977). Howe:\ er, there b little infor-
mation on the effects that tcmpcr<.1 urc or varying
OX)£CI1 nitrogen gas r:1!h)'i r.1ay have on the kth.llity
of air--:upcr'i:tturatt:d water to llsh and lllhcr aq!l.Hic
life. An in..:rc<t'>c in the temperature of '>;tturatcd \\,tier
v.ill $UJWrs;tturalc the v.att!r .1 gas~s (Sht.•lfnrJ &
I .ee, l9l3; Dc~1,.)nt & Miller, 1971). but liltll' is
.10\\0 of the ~..·rr~cts wht:n l!c..h arc ~uhj~.·ctcd to the
~lffiC CtH1CCntnitlOll Of ;rir·'iUpt:f'•ii!Ufalcl..' water at dtf-
facnt tt.•rnpcratures. Thr\!c therm.d studi··~ have con-
sidt:rcd -.onw .a ... r•~t:l!:t of the inter .u:ti~)n nf ll:mpt:raturc
:md 'up~.:rs.tturati{.tll (Cuut~mt & Gt·unway. 19M~; Cbcl
11 al .• 1971; Ht'ttck <'l of. I'J76}. Fkkti"'!n t'l a/. p976}
d:termi!lt:d cfft:>cts of d~!Tcrcm lt.:mpcr:tturcs on H.tck
bllht:~ld (htulurus lllt'ltH} c;urvh·al ut tht! "<nne g.ts
k-.ds.llll!} fl.Hmd litlk o" no dTt•ct of -;up~rsatur.llh•n
\}l1 the toknm~c of the lhh at tanp~r.llllrcs of X •
12·. 16· ~md 1fl C. !\1<Jrccllo t't dl. (IY7~) .,h,,·,,.r•d th.tt
l~.;re \H·rc no ~ignific.:ant dTccts of lct;'i"'c::,,Ic ,,n
l~t '>\11 •hal l.'f rn~·t,h.Hkn {fir. uwrti.J 1\r.J''': ... ·) .:I d:f·
I i.-.r ·:lj'(.'(').tt!.r.sth•n '-,:,:1.:c.:! .r~,tt~.,ns
1~ • ,·,,u.d .,.,t,rk l.•n dT.:t.:t'i uf \.tr) it~~ t1\ ~ :;,;. 'i .:nd
. 'l... r ·f ' ! .. ~ 11 ,. ·r•'!{tlt .. ·I ' ,. -~ 1"' n c ,t 'r ' ' :. • • :..••!! •· .I ., ". " 'I -. ,. . .. '\ \ ·'."' • .: h t'. t,'
.~ ~ '"";-..), .. · :,;·.~ ;,., ,,,..~d~ .. t.~.,~'HJ t. :d~ ·ln. ~~·'J ~' t.: ~ --~~~ b.y
Nebeker ('l ul. (1976a) with juvenile sockeye salmon.
sho""cd that varying gas compm.ition of supcrs:uur-
utcd v.atcr can affect flsh survival. Nitrogen gas.
wl'i~h forms a significant portion of the total dis-
sohcd gas pressure, is a major factor causing mor-
tality, though oxygen docs cause scv,.:rc C\tcrnal signs
of gas huhblc disease. R uckcr used 119 11 ~ tl'ltal gas
saturation aQd varied the OdN 1 ratk1s. Nchckcr t•r
al. used 120, 125 and 13011
,, total '•dl!fati~m \\ith
~cveral Ol.tN 2 ratios. The 1\H1 i''~l''rs '-l·•>'m.ui;c
other rekvunt litcrntufl~ that nccd not he citl'd ;tg.!in
here.
The purpose of the prc'>L'nt study \\i\S to ~h:tcrminc
if Jin~rcnt temperature~ might h,tvc an dTt.'t:t on the
survival of juwnik vdmnn ;mJ \tt.·dhcad at a Cf>n·
stunt ~upcr~atur.llion Ct1l1C\.'tlll~llion and to prc\~·nt
tl.lla for jll\cni!c -.tcclh~·ad trnut (Salmo li·llr,IJit rt}
lt~\lCU at <.,t!VCfill tot.d di•.•nhcd gJ\ pre•.\IHC ll.'\ds
and O~.N-2 riltio.;.
F1\l1
<:tct:lh,.·.al IW\It •.tn•'hs (Salmo .;.m,!J:ai) •• :•lJ ;;Jh'nik
d~:nl'"t. tC'''<"r/,111(/;u, '''"~'''!\1/:ol. \.'uho (0 l,,,,~,lrl. .mu
···'dqc ~d·, 1n .10 JhrLt) V:crc rt:.tr~·d fr.,m t:':'" ,st the
Wt; ldn h,h r ''""'·'t!~ St.JIIon f't.,h \\t·r .. • 1\:J ,t ·"~ ··ilh
0:~·!'· il '-1·1'··1 l .·.11 n ... , .uld \\ t'r~· ,,-, !tHI.Ik,l I:) J.· .t '• 111·
J·-L•tt.lt : •r n '·.~·.t .. :11: ,,d,, f . ..f, rL' tc·.;. ·£:. ·.· nh ... lc~
,~f: ·~,i':c r n~\J~~, !. Jr~r~'"· t<tdl ,;,tft<·d·t·s 1 5 (4 ,•.1; ''ll'li:Ha·.;.J
t!.,,•j f,·.r It •.. 1•.L: .c lnh v.t'rl! t,•.tctl Jl --15 .. :n:.:hs
c.f ,.~1! d··• <11;: ·I l. ' ••C' tl,·•y '••!r\; ,;'111·!1<; .;~,.! v ;-,~,j l'.H•
~ar~~~r~;z~~:i~~~,::;:z;:~, ~~·.· ~~~~:;.ill~teJ( .. :;;T~-,~~-----~:~~-~~~~~-~---~-~_.._~·-,---·-~·~-~~·-~~,~-·-~<·~!-~.~---~·~--"~~·~~·--~·~-----~~:.~;~~r:~~.~~~-,~···7:··
P Fl ctt TR ifi&Uilill .. 5"-:errm -.,..,~~ ::<'!~ ..
JOt) AtA:-. V. NJHIJ...tR. A. Kt:ST HAn"K and FA\'E D. BAKU
T.thl.: I Tim~~ tu 50 .tnd ~(}" .. da:.lth fur JU\'.:Olk :.t~clhcad trout and juwrtilc S<X:kc)c. chinook and coho salmon
ut dtlf~rcnt ga!> ~tlllfl1llon level!> and v.:H~r tcrnpcr~tl\lrcs. Each value rl!prcscnts time to 50",. dcat.h. using :!i) fish
for cndt t..:st tank
Mean
m..:;t~urcd " .. Numinal
Test tot:tl t!:J'i w:lll'f Tim~ to 50"., c.kath (h) Time to ::?0",.. death lh)
numh.:r ~.11 ur.t t h •n • h:mp ( ('J \tccUw;td 'nd.cy~..· chinook coho sh.:clhctld snckc)c chin no~: coho ------
II 'J 6 H IU.:! 45 M2 235 70 .29 .f7 152
II 'J ~ 12 84 51 H4 II 61 30 55 195
II 'J.7 lb 35 63 J9K u 27 37 54 JbO
119.3 20 40 57 53 :no 28 34 40 5! ., I 14.3 lU 510. :It fl.fl 320. J80 II
114.5 1:! 505. 40K 11-fl 2M5. 115 u
11-U\ 15 :!61'1. J05 u.n ISO. 156 ~
ll-t7 IK 202. 158 ll-ll l07. l J5 n. 480
3 ll tl.l 9 462. 22J 515. 418 175. 108 165. 177
116.2 12 242. 252 395. 525 141. 158 214. 205
116.2 IS 19J.IUS 490.470 9:!. 57 154. 173
I 16.4 18. 7:!. 52 JIJ. 453 39. 37 162, 212
4t II 6.5 9 160. J9J :!K7. 456 101. 1.27 116. 158
I 16.8 12 211. I!D 397, 603 MB. 1:!2 112. 195
I i7.0 15 I?R. 143 11-11 93. 87 272,320
116.8 IN 102. I 13 n.n 55. 54 n.n
5 120.4 9 45. ~ 11-11 29, 35 Jl. 30
120.~ 12 4·t 40 a.a 28. 27 43. 39
1~0.6 15 -tJ. 40 49. 36 30. 28 34 • .21
).21.~ Ja
6 120.2 10 56 49 90 43 31 20 46 JO
• 120.9 12 33 .;~ 55 41 20 23 31 26 : 1103 IS 42 50 55 17 41 29 . Jl il
'119 6 18 32 37 J! 46 24 22 11 {) ..,_
7 117.2 9 121 226 44() 230 56 128 200 100
117.8 12 123 250 311 276 73 131 220 156
117.5 15 96 216 235 319 7c 104 1~5 172
117.6. 18 62 332 205 1)6 45 105 94 58
·---··--
• Cunlrol tanJ..s rc-nmincd ncar l8 C and 100"., saruratitlO at all times.
t T\\ o tests "'ere t:ompktcd ;II each l~·mp~·r a lure.
t The formuht
BP + !J.P . B P + t.P -I' P
100 = 0 ,, sat. was u:;cd for thts tcsl only. Other t«:'its used -• · ---~ x tOO= 1$., saL X
BP BP
~ S.ttm:ttion lcvd .,,gnllk•111tl) higher tlwn other tanks. ~.bra not used.
ln-.utli.,Jcn\ ,,h:.1th:. h> ..lChJc\1.: 51l ur 2t)"., mllfl •. dtl).
mally he: migr~tting dov.n to the oc,.an: AH:r;tgt• fork l~ngth
\~.t~ 15 em: nw.tn hhltlcd \~oct wt \~.1s J2 g \h'.tn )tcr:lhc-~td
:il/1.: \\hen t~·:.tcd 10 mt\t'd g.~:.c:s r.mgcd fH•tn 5 ~ g (7 9 em)
to -Hl5g tl6.:! em). tkp...'ntling up,,n age: anJ ti;nc of )ear
ta:l>tt•d. <. 'hiJw,>J.. r.mg~·l frum .!J X g ( l.! fl <.:u) to 95.M g
(~Ofl~.·m). :.nd.c)c fr1H1t b.6g tXA~tnl tu 1115g (:!09cm).
anJ C:1'ho frtltn .!0.5 g (II 9 ~.·mJ to 51 6 g ( 16.7 em) .• tgain
tkpcudmg un :1g1.· ;u,d timc: of )C:tr lc-.tl.'d.
lliJt<r .m,J tt·,t·j;KiJit.r
llnchhum.th:d •• tcr.tlrd '~ell wah:r "''" usl.'d for .Ill !.:st-
ing .mJ h.td !hi.' f111l,mtng .ncr..tgl dtotf.h ll'ri)IH;!I: h;:rdnl.'ss
(<bC.Jl'OJI 31 mgl 1 :;d} .. du11t} l.t~C.1COJI .!Jmgl"1 ;
pH 7.1 W.tt~o•r dwmtl".JI .tnal)'c:. v.crc n•n.lu~.:teJ .tl.'l:Md•
inl! to the: :\rncr11 .. •n Pt.bilc lk.thh !'.~'''..: ,., 111 tl'i7ll.
\\~ncr tcrnp\·r..~tun:. \c.:l,.,·u} ,naJ fl,,., r.1h: "'~re l'Ofill'nlkd,
:wJ n.liUt.tf pftnltlf't'fhHJ \\,1'). Ultfllt'd ,I,HHll! ll''>IIOg,
T ~·'>I f.tul!lt4'" ..:urht,h·J of fhc N H).J hht:tt•l.t~.., t..~nk!.,
e.H.h \\1lh ,, \\Oller dq'~~h uf (·0 .. m .mJ ~~-~~~.unmg J fu'.Jr•
dt.t:r;L•r.;d n:lun nd "'~'<: fi.,r h:">ling 4 !'l•'oP' uf li·.h ,u
thl! '·1a'lc ~"·'1'· t'••B.t!t<~n ,,r t···~·.,., dwc I., h 1.n1l h.td a
'>C:p:r.Jit:' ··.;f•.'f\.:h,LAlh'O t·•l.:'l,tl•ll tSd··~tl d <JJ, f';':'(,/t)
.,.J ~·rc 1-1. 11\f V..ll ,;.•1"'-'f'>JWf.ll J l') t'iit'• !1' ~ J.;'•11l,l•i;,'·,,t'd
,ur nc .ur .11nl OJ ~~t ~: i.t'l. l"!n y, o~,·t h:t prc"'lurc:
.n~.l IL;·n ,, k.t•· IC:,! th\.' ,.,,,•.:1 ~ :1 .. tl.c ~v·l •. d \. T! <C r":r
..
et:nt salw.J!ion v..ts ~·t'l•lt ,c!kd by !he .: .• <t':mt of Jit (.:nd
gases! mct~·tcd into the lc~t ,~.ttcr. Bcc:w-;c '>tlp..:rSJhu·
atiun ,,( g,ts in \\at..:r ir11:rt'.t'>CS \dth dc\.tlt'u tcmp!ir.lturc.
:t dtlf~rc:nt amount t)f g.ts h;td to be :hhkd .1t r:;t~h t~m
p~r ;tturl.' tu maint,tin th~! ~;unc !Ot.tl p.:r ~..r:nl .,.thu-.nion.
A Van Sl)kl! g;IS .tnal),cr. the W,n\-kr nwllwJ !ill
dic;~ol\~:d ox:rgcn • .tnd .1 \Vchs ''llurtllllc:tcr ''ere u ... t:d
to tktcrrmnc •.;t nr<tti~m 1.'011\:l'<Hiall~ms. The formub
IJP + t\P-l"P;B1 x 100 ,;; u., ~.tturall.m. '~ ltl.'re JJf .;:
tliU1t.hflhl'riC pCC'I,,\ICC, ~\J' ·,;; '<,ltUfOI:h'll!'r (\';1.!:11g, .md
rp "'" '~:tt..:r vapor p!l': ,,,rc. '>\.1':1 \l'ii.'J to \;,lk~1! lie l..tJI
dissol\cu gas prc\~Luc \\ ith thl.' Wl'i~') .. ahtll·llldt·r P~r \t"fll
u:t)}.!Cil aOU nitrot~C'O ( 'i >Hgt•li) '>.11\lT.IIIllll \.du.::. \<.fit
d·:tt.rr.llll\.'U U\iilg the m~.·tl,\lJ:o. ;tnd l.tkul.lll•!ll., ":ltb.·J
b) !'-kh-:1-.cr ,., ul. { 1'1:'&,11
Tt·mpt•rmurt• It''' ing
Fh.h ''ere~ tc,tcd .Jt ~··. 9. 10. 12·. 15, 18' .1.lHJ :tl C
at hlt.tl !Ia:; ~upr:r!>atul;tti.m~..\'lll(t.:ntrati\IHS of liS. 116. !17,
118 .ttuJ 1:!0"., (T.tblc ll fn t'Jt:h l.wk tlf '>\ljr:r~J:ura:~
\\ ;;;~t·r 1·ne or 1 v. ,, tt<\h \\etc ~.whlu~'kd ,1t t',l(.:h tt::rw~~ .:··::-
v.uh I'(•~ !C''II ~\lfC pa '>j·~•it."'i, ;o lhh r.:r .:.s~~:. :\f!C!'I' .~~.!:·
w . .:a.\n hl u•,t f..l~.IHh~ .mJ temJ·I.'t;.t!::rc!>. tht: \\..ttt:f H$
··~ll" r .dt,~ •'< .l. f<l•1 ;'.t:'!l:~ ""''Ill X h l•l t..:.:~t.h tc\1 k\ch :~~
fi·h ·'>'It:,,.··~ :.··.t •• ·•;,;r ·.l'.:lt: . ..,,l':·r· "m,llcd .-.•n;1 , ·'1
• l
r ;
Fig.
vivti
j
I
I
wer~
I qucj
invL
wa-.
tim:
the
w~~
gmt
sign
(reg
.,
) '-llillon
~ ~U lish
I~
C\lhO
15~
l'J5
A6()
51
30
26
31
30
100
156
172
SH
, s~H.
r (and
r"<1tur-
r Jlur«=.
1 t.:m-
"Jtion.
1J for
u~cd
•rmulJ
BP '~
. .tnd
1\·l,il
r ..:cnr
• .... .:rc
tlla(d
:!fJ c
I, fl7.
.:l' -~C
J,_,·h·
. T!c
IL • \
• :"L
Fi~h sonhal in air-supcrsaturat«=d ~at«:r 301
.c
.c ...
0 ..
"0
~
0
.0
0 -. ..
E
1-
20 a
Water temperature, •c
Fig. l. Effect of different exposu, t«=mperatures on the sur-
\h·al of juvt:nilt: Stcclhcad trout at four different concen-
trauons of supersaturated water.
were being produced. Fish \\<ere observed for morwlity fre-
quently during the day and evening. especially during tests
in\ohing h1ghei concentrations. Time to 50"., dcuth {L T50}
v.as determint:d h) plottrng cumul..tttve mortality agamst
time on Jog-probh paper. A straight line was fitted through
the points and where it crossed tht! 50~ o mortality m~rk
v.as considered the time to 50~ .. mortJ.Iity (L'f50) for that
group of .:!0 t1sh. The slopes of the Iinel:. (Fig. I) were not
significantl} d1ffcrcnt !>O they were set equal to e.1ch other
(1egn:s!.ion of log (L T50)).
Mi'l:c•d gus rt•stiny
Fish were tested at total gas supersaturation conccn·
!rations of 125. JJO. IJS and 140~{. total dissolved gas w!th
37 different oxygen· nitrogen (02 /N1 ) ratios. ranging from
40"., (4.-t mg 1) 1~ 307"., tH.J mg I) 0: saturati"1n; and
96 l6:!"u nitrogen saturation (TahJe 2}. In each tank. of
supersaturated water. two or more lt!sts were completed
at each 0 .:IN l gas ratio and supersaturation conccn·
tralion. with 10 or 10 fish u~ed during each test. Fhh \l.cre
under c~ntinuous obser\'ation until gl eater than so~ .. had
died. Fish were transferred direct!> to the supersaturated
water from holding tanks at the same tcmpcraturl!' f.J2 'C).
rather tt.un being placed iu the ranks prior to super' ~turat
ing the w.•tcr. Time to 50" 0 dcu:h (LT50) \O:as determined
in the same mannt:r as in lt:m~rature testing.
Temperawre tests
The effect of different temperatures and constant
supcrs(tturation concentration on survival of the
juvenile stcdhead and salmon varied with specks
(T·1ble I). Increased temperatures caused a vcr:y sig-
nificant (P < 0.005) increase in stedhead mNtality.
a significant (P < 0.025) increase in chinook deaths.
but no significant effect on coho or sockeye mortality.
Using regression models, highly significant
(P < 0.001) and significant (P < 0.005} temperature
effects were shown on steclhead and chinook. respect-
ively. For sorkcye and coho, such regressions did not
show a significant effect of ll~mpcrature for either the
LTSO or the LT20.
Tiibk ;!, Summary of .mean time to 50°~ d~ath for juvcnik stcdhcad tro· I at 125.
...
I 30. 135 anu 140°;! tot a I Jissol\'cd ga~ prc:.surc <tnd 'ar} ing 0 21'N 1 ratios ____ .. __ ....,_ --... -·---··-------··--~------
135" 0 total gas
Gas conccnlnltion
"44.2
93.0
95.7
995
117A
120 2
1~3 s
~~~ s
1::!9.4
0" l ..
• -«) 5
107.~
110 I
131.7
1.'53
P56
. I.:!
N O•
2 0
146.6
133.4
l.H.5
IJ2.2
138.1
125 9
125.3
l ::!58
125 6
l J5"., hltd g.Js
N .... 1 ...
159 6
14:!.3
l~.s 0
117 3
I ~6.1
I J) J
I :'!S 9
·rt4
Mean time
to 50"u
deuth (h)
4.7
-«i.9
K2
5.0
16.5
16.7
I:! 0
200
Li.5
Mt!.m time
io 50° Q
tkath (h)
2.5
1.6
2.3
JO
2.7
I S
I 5
57
I JO~ ... total gas
Gas couccntrati<m
ol~~ Nl~~
•45.9
99.2
100.4
128.4
129.2
139.0
1400
140.0
166.4
151.8
138.1
1383
131.1
130.!::
l~g 0
l2S.2
127.8
121.1
140 ... ., IO!JI gas
G.t$ com:t:ntralion
0 1";, N!"·~
566
990
H~l
1~82
140.9
JS7.1
~~~) 0
.:!.17 9
3tl7t}
16~.4
151.9
1~0.3
141.4
14<>.7
129.1
~~~ I
11~0
96 I
Mean ·~me
to :,tl'' ..
dl.'ath (h)
3.7
4.2
4.5
5.0
4.2
55
6.0
5.0
5.5
Mc•m rime
to 50",.
d!:<llh (h)
1.7
1.9
1..7
2..2
2.0
1.7
1.9
45
so
.. .. ... ...
At~S V. 'SIIIIJ...O,, A. Ka~T HA\('~ and rA\L D. BAJ.:IJC.
These dat:t indicate the likelihol)d of increased
murt~llity of stcdhcad trout and chinook salmon
ju\cnih:~ in supcrsatur:ued wutc.:r at higher h:mpcra-
tures. Apparcrnly coho and .sockc)c arc not signifi-
cantly ;~ffcctcd. us long as the tertlpcmtures are below
thll~ \\ hkh do ntH Jircctl~ l.';lUsc h.·m~r .tturc-rd..HcJ
mortahl). Thc supcr~atururion cnnt:c:ntwtions used
during this stUd) arc nl!ar the 96-h LCSO \a lues (50" ..
mort:.tht) ufter 96 h) dl!tt:rmmcd from pn.:\ aous studies
(Bouck t'l til., 1976) und hmc been shown to otcur
in the Columbia and Snake Rivers (Ehcl & Paymond.
19761. Rt:~reo;'iJOn d.Jl:.t for .stt.'t:lhc:~tJ trout in 1his
stud) indicah.:d that a I 0 C dc:crcasl! in tempc:rature:
will int:n:asc the LT50 by a factor of 2.72: if the LT50
for I J ~·· .. saturation ut IH'C \\US 70 h it would be
ncar 190 h at 8 C (Fig. I). Tl·"·re was no ~igniJkant
diffc:renc~· in L T50 at diffc:rent h:mpcratures for sock-
cy<: juveniles.
A$ mentioned in the Methods section, the formula
used to calculate supersaturated wata concentrations
subtracted water vupor from the saturomcter rending.
In test No. 4 water vapor was not subtracted during
cakul.Jti~ms to sec: if this would rc:.uh in sun·hul
dara different from the other 6 tem •. h c~m b-e seen
(Table I J th:.~t simibr mMtalit) \~ould cx-cur \l.ith
either mc:tlwd of cakul..tting supas.llur.l!c:d \\atc:r
C(.)ncentr:trkms.
It is apparent from this study that the tempo;;· rlture
of supcrs.aturated -.... ater ma) h:l\ e an effc:ct on fish
suP. iv..tl. de~ndin.g un .spedc.s :.tnd toi..!l dis.soh c:d g:t.s
pressure. Thcn:fl'lre, \\:.Hc:r h:m~.:rJturl! :.hould tx• Cl'ln-
sidcrl!'d v. hen determining if k\e)s of su~r~J.luration
are safe for a lhh ~pecies in a ghen \\atcr S)Stl!m.
This app:tn:nt biological difference due to tempera-
ture increase is diiT~rt:nt fmm th..: physico-clwmic:.tl
in~reusc in supcn,aturadon whcn watc:r is heated und
!Jccumes supcrsatur.Jted, Jn general. air sur~·r.;utu
ratk·n in wutt.:r v. ill increase 2S.'u fur every I C rise
in water lcmpaature. i.e. water \\ill h•.! Mt~rsaturatl'd
to l25''u if tcmpt.'r<ttore i!! mist•d from 5 to J5'C.
\\'hen thl! tt:mpc.:r,alurt: of u \\iller ~y-;tcm incrca~cs.
eilhcr naturally fn,m ~ol.tr insol;~tilln or from thc:rmul
spiings. arti/kially due to man's acthitics. or dw.! to
:.1 t'ombinath'~n of holh. the rt:'iultant tcmpcralur..: may
havl! a ddct\!ritHJS effect on lhh popul<llklnS. If the
v .. ·atcr is ~urJcr~aturutct.J by ::.pilbgc over darns and
suh'L'4ucnt!) ht::llt:t.J. fish and invatchratc popula~
ll1.lllS \\,lllld be scti\lU~I) thrt•..ttcnt.•d, t( lH.H Cl)ll1ph:tc.·ly
d111unatt.•d frtHll .tlfc'L"h:d JtL';Js, •
.\fh:t·J Y•l'l h'SIS
As in lht: tv.o c•ulirr studics by Rucker (1976} with
cot1 o \alnwn .wd Ncbcl-.cr et a/. (1976) \l,irh 'iOCkey-:
!>alnwn. the prc ... cnt ~tud} ~ith •a~:dh~ad show~·d that
!hen~ w ao; a t-.igmfit:ant diiTt:rc:n~.·c (I' <. 0 05) in llrnl!
lO dt:ath dl ddi~rcnt 0.! Nl r•llli.)) 'dwn li.h \~ere
t.·~r~.·d ..tl th«:: '>.HllC 1~\t.ll dt••.oh~.·.J ~.1:,. ,~r.~.·ure: Fhh
,Ji,·J r .!pt.Jl.> ~~~ I·HJ ;Ind 05<~ u ,,,r u; .\ 11, w 1th lh h
d:ing u;"re <1 ~1id .. ly ,\l the 1 n•\~·r '''\{•"!1 llllf••itn
J.lli.1<;. ·~! .. "·~ r,;:;.·c::~n nl,~tk t~p J L"'t I, ~ .. · •kr ;·•·.Jr·
tion of the Iota\ gns. Mortality also occurred mere
raph.lly at the lower 0 2 jN 2 rutius ar 130" ... M~lrtality
pallcrns m 115 11
,. were simil:tr to the otb!r three! lotaf
gas Cl)ncentnuions but the L T50 incr~ascd as the
oxygen concentrations increased (Fig. 2). The lower
l1\}gcn .:vn~cntrJtions iu the fL1ur h.'St!i~ -4.S mg J -• al
1.!5'' ... 4.9mgl-1 at 130".,. 4Amgl·1 at 135"., and
6.1 mg 1· 1 at 140"., ma) ha\e contributed '~) the mor-
talit} caused by supersaturation. but this v.as not
dl!termincd due to the rapid mortality at the high
nitrogen Jereb needed to maintain the desired Iota!
g.b prc55uro.
In plo1ting the dfects of difft:rcnt 0 2/N 2 ratios on
the;: survival of sh:elhcad {time to 50",, dc:lth) at the
same total dhsolved ga;; pressure. it was found that
the :>ume results could be obtained using di,.,ohed
OX)gcn rather rhan ol. Nl ratios. making the graphs
simpler to prepare and understand. The curves in
Fig. 2 show. based on the d:.ttu a\'i!il.tblc. \'.hat the
time to death might be at different 0 2 k\ds and total
dissolved gas pressures. We were unable to construct
a reasonably ~implc mathematical model whit;h fits
the pJitern:. found in Fig. J. ~
The cune (XI showing time to 500 o mon~lity for
jU\enile coho ~almon from Rucker ( 19i6J 15 sup¢rim-
pnsed on Fig.~ to see ho\\ it compar.;$ with (he data
in }his pa~r. Although the mortalit) patlern ''as
similar. the time ro death cannot b<! compared
be~ause more tolerant c. 'lo salmon v.ere u:>ed in the
Ru.:J..cr stud). and stedhead trout \.,en: used i11 the
pre5ent stuJ~.
At 1~5" .. tN:!l gas :.aturt.ttior. steelhead died most
rapidly at the lowest 0 2 concentration of 4.8 mg l-1
(0 ~,'N 2 rntio of 44.2;1-tQ.61. indicating thai the! low
OX)gen-high nitr<)gcn combination was rapidly ·lethal.
with so~Q mortality occurring at 4.7 h 1.!'\pO!>UfC. AI
the higJ1est 0 2 concentration of I-1-.3 mg 1· 1 l0l/N2
ratio (.1f I :9.4/125.6). the L TSO w:J.s I 6.5 h. 4 times
as Jnng as I he I~N ,•r 0 :!IN! r .uio. rh"' Ill\\ 0: \ ·)l.l
centr<ltion oi 4.9 mg 1· 1 (0!. N! r;~tit.l of 45.9,151 8}
at IJO"., had 50''., nwrtalit) at 3.7 h. \\hile the high
0! com·l·ntratlun ~)r J8mgl-1 to!,N.! r••titi.of·
20 .
ftg :J ffft•\.'(\ flf \'J(~'II!! (}! ~! P~a••, .tl I '5. • ~·I
.mJ I ~II" .. "''·" th''·•~IH,I t!.ll' ; r1 •t•t~ • •n • "d! . !
\~.t!-ttl\ Jl [)J~..t t,f R'~Jt.J ~r {~l -,.!,uv.rl"'& !~'I l.'\ IH ., rt,if
t,•tsly .uc • ; ·. · ;1:1; ,,.;d . :. t 'e t.
..
0
il
I.•
..,. or
tn
rcc total
as the
1.: J,n, ~r
·:: ! I .tl
~ ~r.J
ht: mot·
\ .J'-1\\)l
ht: hi£~
::J tol~l
uio:. on
l :tl tht!
nd th:.tt
l"'''tll\~J
!!raphs
lf\CS in
h;n the
r1J total
)O~lrUCl
1i.:h tits
11ity for
ilpcrim-
hl! Jata
rn \\as
mpared
I tn the
in the
d most
mgJ~l
:)1c low
~· lc-thal.
ure. At
102 1'2
~ times
) 1 cnn·
I 151.8}
I~ high
110 of
.?:1l IH
,f {!till
l66.5 'J :!1.11 haJ. an LT50 of 5.5 h. The d1lfcrcncc is
r.u& .::~ g.rt:.sl d::O th~t ui l~s·· .. !x"l:au ... c the lut.sl g.s!>
.concentra~ion of 130"., kill!. fbh more rap1dl}. T<Jhl.:: 2
_gives u summary of the times ,,, 50"~~ dc:1th (L T50}
for sh.·dhl·:td trout f,lr c:u:h cotaJ gas con~cnlr<llinn
.1.1d e .t.:h 0; ?': r:ui~,.,.
:\ stg.rwi..:..tnt ~h .. tngl! in the r~uio of ll\)gcn to
nitrogen in :.ir-~upcrsallln.llt'd water v. ill result in a
i:hangc in th1: IL·thaHt) of that v.atcr to fbh. If photv-
S)n:hcuc ;H.:th!t} l'l.::Cur~. diS!>ol\cd O~}gcn in the
water will increase, the I ota.J dissolv~d gus pressure
will increase, and the oxygen/nitrogen r=.~tio will
change, unl~ss the water is \'igorously ugitatl!d. Tht:
actual nitrogen cr.mccntrution muy dl·crcase due to
the physical stripping of nitrog~n from the water
column :ts (1xygcn hubbks rise to the watcr surface.
In most instances water temperature increases during
active photosynthetic actidty because of incrcuscd in-
solation. This increased v.:.ller temrx:r:uun: resul!s in
an incrc-ase in t.hc totaJ dissolved gas pressu~c. or
supersaturation. If the tt;mJ1<!rarure of the water in-
creases without inc•eased phl>tosynthcsis (from algae
or higher aqua~ic: pla.11s) the oxyg~n nitrogen nHio
(0 211N 2 ) may not ch~mge significantly though the tot;tl
per cent supcrsaturatiQn will incrcasc, lf the tcmf".!r<l~
ture stays the same dt:ring incl~::.lsed photos)n!hcti~~
activity (e.g. un afgal bloom). the 0:~ N:! ratio will
increase due to greater amounts of o.\ygcn h~ing pro-
duced. Jf •he tempaature incrca::;cs during an algal
bloom. supersaturation levels and the 0 2/N 2 n~lio
\\ill increase, depending up.on the n.Hc of temperature
and 0 2 changes.
The other main cause of change in the 0 2 /N 2 ratio
is biological n:~piration, or .. use of oxygen by algae.
higher plants, bacteria. fishes, etc. This decreases
Ot)gen in the v.atcr, }oY..cring the oliN~ ratio and
the total dissohcd gas pressure, or supcrs.tturation
in the water. Man may radkally alter aquatic s}stems
b) introdudng nutrients '1\l:i<.h :aimulatc .dgal gnmth
or incrca~ b<.~ctcriat n."'>rir.Hi~m. c.tu'iing C\'cn greater
fluctuation in the 0 2,N 2 ratio.
The results of this study are: consistent with those
d P.ucker (1976} and ~h:hd.cr ,., ul. (1976). lncrca\<:d
tgal air ~.upcnatur•:Jtion cau~s grt:atcr fll(lr!alitj and
a reduction in the LT50. An increase in the am~un:
or OXygen (\kcr~ta~c in nitrogen), ~;Ct!ping tht.' total gas
saturation t~·\el thl! same. \Ull redu-.;c tin: mur l<tlity
and im;rc:a~ th~.· LY50. Com•'t\-1'1}'. an incrca .. t! in the
oi!rogc:n t.'l.lllt.'l'ntr.lliPn (tic:ctl"J'\1! in O'l\)~~n) ~c~.·ping
the g-1s s·uur.tti,ln ror,cc:ntr.llion the ";!me, , ... 111 in·
c:u.J(,<! the murtl!it> a11d dt.:~ft'.a·.e the L'l 50. The .... ork
d Kr>iit!!l d ~J! {\97!~} •.ln)v.l"d dr·MI} tho.~l if fi~h Me
fW,fl\l'd from '-UP f', .• l;!L$h••i \,;ttc:r p:ior Ill dt·.Hh
!~ey 1::!1} fl'l.'bH'f. [ i•h ;•;: •1 tl~hd' ,'lill~l{iC hft.• f;i .• } bt:
ahlc ln t ,J.::-.:St: bri('~ U 1 ·~·t:.r kHh t.•f ~~~r" I'·: l\,1 ,,:,.n
h~::.,.-i!~.,C! .~ff'~'l:o't.i ~3 .h'f {r·. :~'''u!t~ft: .~!zd i L ~ ')0•
l ~. •1'.. ,,, :f. ,t. ·, ·,., tl 1,, l .,. . ., •• ,,fr •'I L\ .. , , .. 1 · ,, ,. •~..t , .. {"'""4''! ~~~~~i'il,'(~,. . , "··~~:.;. ~~, .. , ~ '"\-._ .,.., '-••••o
<nd f,;i!.h r':"'t'''·'~''··n ~. i~o·s .tt •··~.n! F.:r'"('r ·},•.1:l•s
.,. !h L_l,~;·.i:ln~f {'.f , ·,:t>':i. ,,,,.,!.d•n,; ;l.t,.• d ~~~)' I J .••
in 'c.' J ~~·r ', !il ·.I • ~, '". i ! t)4 "~2 ·.~'~"'i
J03
in ... upcr~uuratctl w;ttcr would h~.· useful in predicting
C).tcnt of fbh mortalll) in !ho!>c ~uu:.stion!t. •
Ac J..m,wlt•d!!l'lllt'IJI.\ • We wish l.o thLtnk D,. Don Picn:c.
Orcgnn State University. Dept. of Static;tics. fur his v:tlu·
~thlc :t\:.i-,t.tncc. Don S!l'Vens. Rohcrt Trippel. J.lmcs
Andros :.~nd J;tm~ Na~h for :.~ssi:;t:tncc during lish'tc:.ring.
and the Ort:~oo Dcp.trtmcor of Ft:-.h anJ Wtldlafl! for fur·
nis;ung ~~)ur~cs of tish c~g:.. \\ c :IJ.,\) tlmn'-J1ld ~h:C'r:tu)
anJ Stt:\l' Weill for hdp with g~s ;tnal)sc:. anJ \\atcr
chemical ana i} sis.
RF.FF.Hf.NCf:S
American Public Hc:tlth Assm:iat ion. et cJI. ( 1971) Stunclttrtl
ftlt•tlwds ]i1r r.ht• E-ccmtinm i,m of U'at er und Wa.'ilt!l\'dt er.
13th Eon. New Y,uk.
Bouck G. R .. Ncbd;cr A. V. & Stevens D. G. (1976) Mor•
tality. sallw:llc:r ad;tptation :md rcproJuction of fish «Jur·
ing gas su~:-satur:tth)n, U.S. Ell\ ironment:.! Prutcction
.-\gc:ncy. EPA-6\.lO.'J-76-050. !NTIS. Sprin~lield, VA.
22161.)
Coutant C. C. & Genoway R. G. (1968) Final report on
an explorator} study of iotcraciion of incrcas'-'0 tempera-
tun: Jnd nitrogen su(X:rsatur.ltion on mortJlir~ of adult.
salmonids. B:mdk Mcmori:ll Institute. P3l.ilk North·
\\est Laborat1.1rks. RichJand. WA. ~8 No\crnb•:r. 1968.
Coul.Jnt C. C. & T:~lmadge S. S. (1977) ThcnnJ, effects.
J. War. Po/1111. Control ~Ft:tl. (Lileraturc Re\i::V. Issue).
49{6). 1369 l425.
DeMont D. J. & Miller R. W. (1971} First reponed inci·
dc:ncc of gas-hubhk disl.'l!se in the heait."d cllluent l'lf a
steam generating l>t:ltion. Proc. ?5th Ann. S.£. Alsoc.
Gamt' Fi~h Comm. 392-399.
Ehc:l W. J .• Dawley E. M. & Monk B. (1971) Thermal
tolerance of juvt·nile pacific liafmon and stcdh~!ad lrout
in relation 1~ ~upcrsa•ura,ion of nitrogen gas Fish. ttull.
69{4}, 833-843.
F.bcl W. J. & Rn}mood H. L (1976) Effect of atmospht·ric
gas sup.:rc;aturation <m salml'O and stl'clhcad !rout of
ihc Sn<.~kt! illlU CohJmbia rivers. Afar. Fhlt. Rt'l. 38(7),
1·14. MFR Paper l 191, July. 1976.
r1ckdsen D. H .. Montg~'mery J. C. & HanfR. W. Jr. {!97li)
Effect a( temperature on tokrJnce to d1ssohcd gas su~r
s,!turation ofblad; bullhead, JcttJitmn mt>las. Gc.n Bldl!,lt•
DiH:'t.Jst•. (Edited .b) Fid.eisen D. H and Schneider M. ),)
Pwc. Workshop Hdd Richland. \'.'A. Oct. l:l-9. !97-t.
(tJ S. ERDA. Tech. Inf. Ce-nter. ,)Jk Rldge. TN.
CO~F-741033).
Knlltel ,\1. D .. Stc\·ens D. G. & Garton R. R. f ffect of
h~ drosiaiic pressure on sun ivai of steclhc.Jd !hlut in
air-5UfY.!•Saturatt"d water. Trans. Am. Fhll. S '"· \TO he
puhli~ht'd~
?.L .. dJo R. A .• Jr .• Krat.:1ch M H. & B trtlell S, F. (1975)
Ev<~luation of .altcrn.tlh'c solutions to ~·~~ huhhk diwao:,c
mmt.tlity oi rnenh.Hkn :11 rilgnm nudear p\,'l\loer .,tation.
Suh,ililled to no~hm fdi!.t11l Co .• YAEC-1037, B,hton,
Mas:..
1\'~·lo,·k~·r A. V,, C.m,l G. R. & Sh.:'ri'OS D. G. (1976,1) Car~
th'fl Jhnid..: ;u,d (','O 11-~·n niffl'l!l.'n r.1lit•S as ftctor:. .tlft'Ct~
ing \.t '·:11'0 '>!In •hti in .tir·'IIJ~~·r-,.ll!n ,lll.'d ''.Her. Tr~m-;.
Am Fnh, Sot il.!'i!1), 42::1 429.
Nr:l ~·~ t~r A \' . $;l'\, rH. D G .r .. Br~.:tt 1 R I l'r'l>hl f-ffctts
o( £d!: '!t'l{X'I'·~Iut,,l\'J \\;!!Cf ~~n frc~hv.,Ul'r 34U;l\IC 111\Cf•
trbr;1tt~ G:h Rur!.lt• Dht>.i't'. {1\hlcd h) F1d.ci~t"n D. H.
<WI Sd.Jl(~d··r !'.1 J'. pp, Sl 65 Prt'~· Wt,rJ.!>h.;·p Hdd
Rit hl,mtl, WA. ()~_·t. ~ 9, w:-.; US l' K t:>A Tech. Jnf.
<~\th·r. (1,,}. fbdt•t•, T~. C'O~F.741033.
P. :d ~:r R. R. ( 1 97(•) (1;1~ I :.~'hlr: di.;~,·.l'·e: rhorta!ilic'i of
t:dHl li;tl,,i;'O. On. tnh) •:.·l11n ~i,ut<·h. m w.1tcr v.,th t:un·
\l,;nl hlf,!l !~·l!l j't~,--.-.ure i.!Wj J1fTetclll ~a) t;'•lfl r:ltrq•tm
r.ll 'S. ft,h Hu 1l. 1.\41. 1 .1~ ,S 9fH.
\;l' !~t>Hf v r { ·\lh·~ w c. tPtPJ The rc.ICII•'1''· d li.!,t>s
h• i• ldi· !.l~-\1:•·,-ht'd !.• ··<; J, n{l z,..,J 14. :.•7 -:u.f!.
•
,
..
-: ,.,
. •
..
...
~
\ .. ,.
~] ·j ~-
~ i ·.,
~~
> r ~ ~ . '
l
I. r
\;
..
..
. ·~
D ~~~~'Iyp~m 0t7 'l1·H~.~ AC~v ...t' ... l'\. ·1~--.... ~ -... ,. .. .~..~.
Office of the Chief of Engineers
\~ashingt.on, DC 20314 ·
Engineer Technical
Letter No. 1110-2-239
Eng ineerin~1 and Design
NITROG2:·J SUPERSl\TUR..~TIO:OZ
ETL 1110-2-239
15 Sep~ember 1973
1. Purpose.. The purpose of this letter is to pro".ride guidance
for tne evaluation and identification of those proje~t~ with
hydraulic·structures having the potential to produce nitrogen supersaturation.
2. Anolicabilitv. This letter applies to all field operating
agencies hav1ng respcnsibili:ties for the· design of Civil Works prpjects •
3. References. --
a. ER 1130-2-334
b. ER 15-2-11
4',, s·· .. ~ .., J.O.t:toaraP.lV • ............ --"' ... ....
a. ER.lllG-2-1402
b. EN 1110--2-1602
c. Ei\1 1110-·2-1603
~ .)II' Discussion ..
a~ Nitrogen supersaturation and associated fish mortality du~ to gas bubble disease has occurred at Ccrps of Engineers
projects on the· Columbia River in the Nor~h Pa~ific Division ~NPD) ::d'ld more recently at the Harry s. T·ruman project: in th~.::
Missouri River Division. Nitrogen supersaturation can result
at any hydraulic structure from entrained air introduced by
the spillway-stilling basin action~ As the flow is subjedted
to hydrostatic pressure in the stilling basin
1
a portion of
the entrained air is driven into solution before it has the -
opportunity to rise to the surface and escape into the at~o
sphere. A potential problem situation will exist if the
charec:ter i.stics of the flow within or do~1nstrerun ·of the
,,
' . .r----. '\... ~ " . ;::?4 1110-2-2 3 9
•
l5'Sep 78
stilling basin are such that the flo'w-l does not have the
necessary turbulence to degas or~purge itself of the excess
dissolved nitrogen. Flow conditions below proj0cts con-
C:uciv,z to rapic ec;uilibrc.tio~: with thE:· atrr.osphc::·c are
s~allow, turbulent streams~ The reaeration and s~s transfer
characteristics of deep, slow moving rivers or downstream
reservoi~s are relatively small. Generaliy, fish wi~l· not
suffer fro:n gas bubble disease so long as the~l swi-w in
depths below 15 feet. At thos~ depths the ext~rn~l and inte~
nal gas pressures on fish are a~oroximatelv ecua1 • If the ----' ... .....,. fish swim to the surface, ho~ever, the internal gas press~r~
exceeds the external'gas pressur~ on the fish re~~lting in
gas embolism or gas bubble disease. The tolera1lce of fis!1
to levels of nitrogen supersaturation depends upon the ti~s
of exposure an~ the age and species of the fish; however,
dissolved nitrt3en levels referenced to surface p~essure
above 110 percent are geLe:-ally considered to b~ harmful.
(Figure 1.)
b. The phenomenon of nitrogen supersaturation below·
hydraulic structures i~ co:nple=-~ and .~epenas upon a nu~ber · cf
factors~ Normally the probleTii c~ nitrogt;•:n supersaturatio41 has
been associatea with aerated £lcn·IS plungidg into aeep· stilling
basins with slow moving downstream flow conditions~ If the
hydraulic jump in the stilling basin is a free j0mp, suffi-
cient turbulence should be present.to degas the flow so that
dissolved nitrogen levels referenced to surface pressure will
~ot exceed 110 perc~nt. If the hydraulic jump is submerged,
the flow may plunge to the bottc~ of ·~~e basin. · With
submerged ·hydraulic j urr,p flow· condi +.:ions, the change in
"'o;uentw~' of spillt·7ay OJ.~ cutle·t \-Jorks releases due tc a. \:ypical
SO foot ~~dius toe curve subjects the flow to· a pressure: about
1 .. 16 times the hvd.rost.atic · nressure on~ ~:ha":-aor.on due ·to· .the ---dov;nstream tail water. The· j l1Tilp ~1ill · be:come· fully submerged
when 1:.he ;.ailwater. depth is greater ·tha~ appro:~imately 125
percent of the· ·theoretical· c12 .~ value~.""'' It should b~ not.~a
that roller buck~t stilling, basir.s are· designed for tai)··-
waters. great-;;r .than 125 percent of a 2 ... · In general, if .:for. a·
g).ven discharge the·· tail water, exc2:.us a depth of 23 feet and,
if the tailwater depth is greater than 110 percent of
theoretical d 2 (partially. subillerged ju~p) and if flow
conditions downstream of the project are not cor.f.ucive for
degassing the flow, the potential for·nitrogen supersaturation
exists ~nd should be ·inve~tigated.
c. Nitrogen levels can be determined by measuring total
g~s content with a gas saturometer and subtracting dissolved
r .. ..
i . ..-·
! .
' ..
·~ .. ..._..
~,. -lO:.!
G
0
~ i..:n -z
•
•• 3
I
I
I I ~ ~..:.~~ ~:~1
~
G:::ZO:
r: !'I f.:.-.:=:.
1110-2-2 ":;• (J ..J .. Scp 78 .. ..... ............... . !: .. ,_ .... -· ' ....... . . ~
" .. ' .... ~ . . ;. ·~.' ... .. '" 'E::r L _ ·111 o:. 2-2 .3 9
· .15 Sep 78 ' . : ~~· . :
oxygen content measured or bv using a calibrated gas chro~ato-~~
( graph. Techniau.es to estimate the percentage of nitrogen ·-=-,·"f£ ·;-;t.
tlsGpersaturat~on below a hydraulic ~tructur.e have o~en ,..,.· .. ..--: .• ~:.-.?''t
· ~~'cevelopea. by NPD c!ld by the u.s. Bureau of R.;:cl~~~atioi'l (USER) .. ·
Inclosure 1 gives a su!Th-nary of the development ~=-!d evaluation
procedure for the ~?D method~ Inclosure 2 giv2s a summary of
the USBR method. The technique developed by NPD was besed on
. . .
.... .. ,.
~ ... :~~ ·:;"·
r·~ ... -~· ..... .. -······ .... . ............ ~··· .... • "'*••' .................
:::::;:~:::::.·
.... -~ .. 1 ........ ... _ ............ , ....... ..
··~·· .............. ... ... "! ............... "'! •• ....... . ..... . .......... _ ....... ... .....................
•••"!••·"····~
.., ... '!" ............... . ·-·········
······ ··-········· -······"~····· ·····---··· ... ~"!······-·-·'"····.....,·· ::::r::::::: .. -.
.,.. ... "!' .......... .
projects in the Columbia River Basin. The spillways are all
gate-controlled ogee crests and with the exception of The
Dalles, they have similar stilling basin charactaristics.
'rhe NPD method should be used to evaluate the effects of
.. -···-·-..... ,. _
structures similar to those in the Columbia River Basin. The
coefficients for this technique are based-9n thesE: types of
structures. The technique developed ,by the USBR is more
general than the NPD technique and ufilized data from a wider
variety .. of hydraulic structures. The USSR technique should
oe used t~ evaluate the effects of structures othet than the
type found in NPD. Both techniques compute downstrea~ nitro-·
• gen concentration values by considering such variables as
upstream concentration, headt·:ater ano tail\&wyatel: elevations,
head loss, angle of the jet, residence time of the .bubbles,
ana pressure conditions in the basin.
d. If measurements or estimates indicate that a potential
.for nitrosc~ supersaturation problems exists, then detailed
v moael studfes of the project may be necessary to develop ~--alleviation ~easures. Assistance in the studies car. be ~bbtained from the Waterways Experiment Statione Also, tech-
nl·c-1 -ssJ·-~-nce e-ft hQ ob~a1"noa~ fp~-~~~~ ~~~ ~ec1c-~1 .1 c; a . ;;;;, ... a1 o.•• _.._ 1.. 1 ..... _ ..;... -·\.• ... L. \....&.1... ... -•• ..:: J ""'.1.
~. Interagency Steering Committee on Reaeration Research and the
Committee on Water Quality (referenc~ 3b). Requests for th~
services of either. o= these coillmittees £hould ba coordin~te.d
through HQDA (DAEN-CWE-H) \~ASH DC 20314. ..
6. Action Required. Review all reservoir projects, follo~ing
the proceaure~ outlined in Inplosures 1 and 2, to determine
potential for nitrogen supersatura~ion problems unaer all
operating conditions including interim conditions during con 7
str.uction. ..
a. Existing Projects. Report results and proposed
corrective measures in Annual Division ~·;ater Quality Reports
(reference 3a)~
b. Projects under Planning, Design or Construction. Report
results and propo~ed alleviation measur~~ if reguired in
-..
.... ~· ... "" ...
&. -
_. ........... ,. ....... . .................. .,~
-~-. ........... .. ... ,..,..,.,. • .,_,.,.To
-~:.::: .. ::::;: .. . ·····-··-..................... .................... "'"
··~····-··~· ......................
-~····· ....... .-..;~········· ...... -.......... .. ................ .................. _ ............... .. ··••1'••······· ...........
--··~·-····· .................... .......................
•••"!• ............ . ............ -..
, .................... '!
·~···· ....... . ·-·······•'"" ·:::~:::::.:.·.·. ··-······-· -······-··-············"' ............ ~··
·----· ;.'.1--.·
,,
-. [) '
;, / ·i.;-. ::--.: ;
f ...
·' \
..
·G···-,.
. ,:;
Ef:"lr .ll..J 1110-2-239
15 Sep ·78
appropriate portions of Survey-Feasibility Reports, Design
Memcranda, Det~ileo Project Reports, etc.
FOR ~'HE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS:
2 Incl
as
'/ --:7-) L~ _, __ -,.::::-.
I .,, r~...-.--
rr-o~·~-::::~ B r---.,. L-rs / n nJ:J..i;\,.. • 1il.L.: .1.
Chief, Ensineering Division
Directorate of Civil Works
. .
..
.,
!
..... . "' ·~·~· .,.,; .
.... ~ < .....
··-· ..... ....... "'"'"""" ...... "" ...........
....... ··-·~ ...... ··-·
-4•••· ··-· -··.,~··-··· ·--· ............ , -··· ..... . -·· ····--"" -·····-··· -· ....... , .. ..... ~ ... ... ..... _ .. _ .. ····-·-
.. .. .... ,. .....
-~· ·-·-· '!'. ·-·
· .
--·· ............
,.. ..-.. ·· ......... ~
~·· ,., .... ...
·-···· :.:t~:'
......... . .,. ........... -.. -.. .. ·••"!:•'•
·:"-·••" . ' .. :::::
. . .. .. -.... . ...... . . ·-· -· ~ ···~· .. .. .. .....
~ , .. '' .. "
.................. ....... '···~ . .. .._ .... ~
1'<1-• ...... . ::;•' :::.~.-: .. ,
··~ ... ~•·' II••• ..... .,., 0. ., ~' ....... .
··~" ······~ ..... ~ .... <! ...... ... ... ··~"'
·::; ~;::::·, '"'-!.
;;~· ,;:;;:; :~1, ..............
~:;," ::::·. ')~ •••• • .... 1 ~
:·: ·:·: ~
.. ~
~~ . . :: ::~·. r .... ... . '
l
' . 11 ": 0-,.1 -" 0:_ {I - ----·'
DERIVATION OF THE SPILLHAY-STILLH\G BASH~ HODEL*
Consider the conceptual representation of the stilling basin
sho~1n be 1 m-J. t.;
. ;
L
. . . . . ... ...
.
!
lH
I
l . .
I s
I
I
~
CONCEPTUAL RC:PRESENTAl iON OF SPlLLVvAY-STlLLING BASIN COMBINATION
The water parcel indicated in cross-sectiorr by the shaded area moves
through the stilling basin, decelerating and increa:·ing in height~ It
extends laterally the full effective width, u of the stilling basin as
illustrat~d in Figure 3 of the· main report. ...
I
'
·•11•·• .. --"' ' ...
... ., -··-·· .... ... ·~·-··· ....... -~··-· ~ -........... . ....... ~---····"' .. --~ ........ . ..... ·-·'"··· ..................... ....... ·-··-~':..:: . ..,.-::.-.A.:-. .................. ............... -...
::::: :~:~~-:· .. ... .. ........... . ................ ....... ....... -.-~ -· ··-·~·" .............. ·-·-···-··· ···-.......... . .... .......... .. ........ _ ...... .. ................. -··-········ ................ ...... ............. . :::::;::::: ...
~---··••*•"'· .,. ............ . ·····-·-···· ··~······ ..... ................... ·········-·
::: .. =.= .. : .. ::.::::.
................
··-· •<i•-............ -
·····--·· ..................
.. .............. ... _ .................... . .................... ···"'··-.........
..... ....... ............. _ .............. ..
:~:::::::::-:.~·
--~ ........... .. ....................
...,. ....... i .....................
........ -~······ ............... ........... --·· .. -·· ..... _ ..
····~··'f••• ......... _ .......... . .. ................. . . ........... ~····-........... -... . -·· ....... ..
.. ............ . ...... ..... . ........ ..
......... -~ ~" .. ¥ ................
... .... •••<~·•• . ............ .. ......................
..................... . ............... . ..................
--·-·.,······ ............ -..
-····· ~-... ... ···"!· .. .. -·· ......... . ., ....... "'*"'"'
·--·······~ ...................... ., ................. ..
.. .-......... ...,_ ..
. !.::::::::::
........ .,or••••" ::-::.. .. ::::::::
:·::. :::~:::! .............. .,
¥ ........... ~ ........ ~······· ;::~:::·::::~
..... -. .................. ... .......... ..... ~ ......... .
~· ............. ... .............. ~. -· ......... .
........... '!!-••• ................... . ,., ......... ..
:::::::··.:·:-"
'0 ........... .
We now make the following assumptions for the water parcel and
stilling basin:
Inclosure 1
. lc For that length of spillway that is in operation
at a given tirne, the disch~rge is uniform along the
US Ar:my Corps of Engina~rs, 1\ot'th Pacific Division, Ja;:mary 1971
' . .
, !':': c..· • 78 ,..._:.:J' .. n:p
crest (this is equivalent to assum~Ii·g ti:c.t th~
P)"'Opert·i es of the \'!.a ter parte 1 are cons t&nt c.·l ong
any 1 ine pal'·alle1 to the spi 11Hay crest).
2. The va1ue :t is the initial d£:nth of th~ s.oili befot·'e 0 . . • the jumr>. It is computed as:
\'I here
q
H =
y
0
= fl.__ = v
0
a
discharge per foot.along the crest
total reservoir head above the stilling
basin f1 oor.
3. The only effect of the roller which overl~as the ~ain
flow is to increase the static pressure within the
water na;--cel bu e.n ai;twU:1t ~ 1.1 •.•
r .J 0;:; l
4. A g-iven mass of air M.A. is ~r:ti~c.ineJ as
into the water parcel at the poi~t x = . ,. 1 I. • .. h L • .. -""' • I I ' unlTor~ y c1str1~u~ea w1~n1n tns water
passes through the stilling basin.
ptrrce 1 as it
5. t!Je various
\•later p~r-ce1 1 s
6. ·The disso1 ved nitrogen
uni fcrm1y cii strib~:ed.
••• .: .:. ;-• .: J~ ~e
n I loll l f. \.oil ., ., ""' ... A 1 -1 ~ ~Ut\.. .... t.w
7. Rate of nitr·ogai1 disso1utic 1
: !{tin th~ v1c:t2r parce1 ·is
governed by Fickian diffusion as:
where
:
M -the mass of dissolved r..iti"O£en in th·~ \ta-:er
par·cel,
K. = rate coefficient,
iJ
2
• ·~ ... ••• . ....... i ... . ·f~·~.,.-.. ,~··~· ................. ,..
(A-2)
, ..
, ..
.. ~. ' "' ..... ' . '.~ .... .
.::-· .... _:::!
...... ·-
-· ....
,., ........ ··--· .. .............. . "'"""" ......... ~ ... , ............... .. ...... ......... .. ........ . ...... .
:::".~ .:::-: .. · ....
····~ ••• .,.!',.. ... .... ... ........ ,. ..
••"!•• .... -,.. .. .. ·-·· ......... . ....... .. ...... ~·~
....................
•••••f•••••• ................. .... .. ~ ' ...... .............. .......... ·---
:.:"'" ........ "':" .. .................
. ............ -. ............ . ..
...... . '
,. ' . ·····~ ... .. .......
· .. ·.·:. .... ;
~::· ... ·~, '
......... ·.• .. ;.* • ........ -...~.~;
I
c;.
c· ''
11 -1 r;_ ?.-? .... .:. --v -__ ,-4#
.15 Sep 7b
l = total surface area of the air bubbles
ccntai ned in the Hatf=r po.rcr:!i,
effective saturation· conce;.-~r·ation of
dissolved nitroge~ in the·w~ter narcel, and
c = actual concentration of dissolved nitrogen
in the water parcel.
With these assumpti or-;.s, \~e can nC\'l define the pa ra:Y:eters M~ A, a.nd C~ 1!1
in equation A-2 as functions of the location of the water parc~l in the
stilling basin.
·Assumption 6 a11m>Js us to \•Jrite the mass M as the product of
the concentration c and the'volume of the water parcel,
where tv is the eff~cti ve ;,Ji dth of the sti 11 i ng basi r,l
of gates open) x {width per gate).
:1 e ,,\ = (num.l.bn~, . . , ~.., """'
The saturation concentratio~ of a gas such as N2 or 02 that is
only slightly soluble in water is govat·ned by Henl'Y 1
S La\'1 which states
that the equilibrium or saturation concentration of the gas in solution
is directly proportional to the pressure existing at the gas-liquid
interface. In the \'later parcel the pressure P at an elevation z above .
the stilling basin floor is
(P..-4) ..
where P is the atmospheric {or baro~etric) pressure,
0 . are the densities of the roller and main flo\'/ as shO'.·m
Hence, the saturation concentration at any elevation z
rdv211 as: ...
3
and
in
in
the: Ct. parameters
Fi otrre ;;;J A-1 •.
the parcei .
1$ ,
:
. ..
.
-~·
··~ ·--••' .. ,.. ···~ ..
.. • ••• 1 ... ··~~~· It ~ ••• { ..... . .... ... . -:.~ ~~:~:. '"":'~ .. ~
.•
1.5 Se:.: 78
\ ,•. -~e 'v,,;. ,. S . ···-~-... l'. \;;;I
c sat
the saturation concentraticn
In equation A-5, tha press.ur.:: t_c~, ·,,., h~.:: ., .... ,· .... s -'"" II....... ~il ;.~
ec;uai:ion A-5~ it is seen that cE v:1~·ie:s lir:e~r1y ~·:1th z. -.... ... -~ 1 t ,,,·::::
tW&lV ••• .,.
that +li' ~ ~''e""a~o or ~~-r('.J_ ·.,·' -""'.:..ur-.... .:-,-c,..~-,.,..~ .......... -... .:_., c --vi;:. ....... ~-f::;jJ ... a~c.."we s'"\.00 CL.I\o~.:i ..;: ..... ~ •• l..tC.~IV••:o-E fli •'•f..;:.. ... , __
parcel is the value of c . at mid-deoth, or at a = u/2: Thus. sa~ · v •
= (,. '•\ .. . ... , .... , ..... . \. ~-'
.-
Noting that t Yj = D-y gives the final form of cE as
= ( .'\_ •7\
"'-J
The total surf~ce &rea A of the ~~r bubb1Es in tha wa~c~ p~rcel
depends
distrib~tion. It is not unreasonable to ~x~ect that the entr5i~ad mass
f · ,,., ..... , be c'4 .-.: •. ,·· uted ... -.. ,...n-the , .... \ . .; ...... ·· h' .... ~~-: ._,. .:::~·-~-s .:r -.-·-,-n ... ·r 0 a1r y",ll 'e;,:,..,f 0 O.ih'-' I~ I va.· ..... ~ !..~..li..·l-.., ·-~: ; I 1..4 .. ,·;HI 1...;.
similar to that shewn below.
. ..
B = fraction of total air
mass in the water parcel
with bubbles having a
mass iess than or equai
1. 0 ---,----·-----··~71
!
to nb
0
The volu:"l~ vb of an air bubble with mass nb can be found from th~ iqt:al
1 :o-t '-..............
I ~-
..
I •
...
.. -. ~ . -· . . .,. .. .. ~ -. ... ~ ~ '~ . ..... .... ' ... .._.,. .... "
.~. ._..,.. ... ,.. ... _ .. ................... ... ............ ..
........... 4,. ..... .
f'... . ....... ~ .... -... ···~
.... ,. .. "' ........... . .......... .
~·-·~·· ~... ,.. ··~ . .......
-.
.. ..... .... -·
..
••• t .. era ttll 'W
m
R
T
p
:::
~
=
=
number of
uni ve1~sa1
absolute
the total
!''~
v b =
moles of air in
gas constant,
temi)era~ure, and
pressur·e in the
the bubb1e,
bubbie ..
E'I'L lilC-2-23$
15 Sf:p 73
In equation A-8, m can be replaced by nb/28a9 \\'here 23.9 is the wolecular·
\·~eight of ai1<o;. The diameter db and the area Ab of a sphere are given by:
db = (6 rp :,r vb,
Ab = r.db 2.
~!a\'J) combining equations A-8 and A-9, .the following ex;n .. ~ssion resu1ts
for the surface area A., of an air bubble with mass n-:
0 "b
{A-9a)
{A-9b)
(A-10)
Thus, if the total air mass entrair:ed per unit volume of v:ater at Y
0
is
M,., the total air bubb-fe surface areas A', per' unit vo1um: of \•later is P.. .
found fr·om the bubbie size distribution and equation A-1u as
..
A I =
or
A' 1 ,,~ .
J 1 .f..,. -"I ;, ...~"'::) ,.~A ,.,.. tw . ., ...
\}
5 . .
~ .. ··~ ' """ .... . . . . . ... . ···~
. (A-ll)'
(A-12)
I •
. . . . . .... """ "' .... ;:. ""'""'~~~
. . .
···~ ·~·' .... ·-···-...... . .... . .... _ ... ,
... :::~ ........... .
..... ~ ...... ., ..... ~ .. .. .::· .. :.~~ .. :..
"''f"'•"' .. -·· .......... . .. . . ..,
...........
............. .......... .. "" .......... ~
. ·~ •..:• ~ ............. .. ... ......... .,. •·· .. . . ~ ..... ..
..... , ..... '
..~ ......... .
··~-. ... . . .... ..... ...... ., .... ... ..... ...... . ., ...
......... .....
•.. ... .. .. . . ...... ..
~:: ::·· 'r
::ur .. l
c.-in:.:1iy' to get the tt:ta1 bubbie surface a.rea in tho;:
r:ecessai"'.Y to integ1"ate equatio;, A-12 over the volume
i.e. ,
-. . . P ...... C·'"' ' .. • • 1· c-Cll '-• I!J .J.
•
uf the p~fc.e1
A = f f f A 1 cJ:::iiw dz ox tJ z
Applying assumptions 4
gives
and 5 and substituting for A' e ...,.,:).~.1·o·t "''t..u ~ •
y
·: A --J dz ---p2/'is
z=O
Replacin1 ~with equation A-4 and integrating,
.4 =
Sut.$tituting (D-y) for y 1 giv.es the fina1
A = .
,,.t...e""e n•J l
1' ::: 3 ( §_~cg_)o/3
Jl f.;-1/3 """" AA ct 23.9 l'.tA rr.b ~w
0
. .
If t . . f ,.~ c ' · ,.. . . A "' ~ ., · ,.1! r!e expressions or ,.:!:t E:~ ann 11 -.·rom equt:n:.icn -.:.~ r-,-, anu
A-15 respectively ar~ substituted into the rate.expressions give~ in
equation A-2, there results
.
u
,., ............... ~·-~~··· *~······ . .. ····~" .... ' .................. ··-.• '' •• -·· t•• ,., •••. ·~···"""""" ...
(,. '\ '·' . ,I_.,."'. ~~ "\ -.
{
'I •c.\ A-j ~'l
{A ... ,.,
. -I t'i J
•
..
'
..
....... .... . '
11••••
··~·
..• . ...
. .. .... ···~·-· ............. , ... ..... ' ........ ~ .... ··~. ·:: .. ~ .. :.;:.::..·~·
····~ ....... . .... ,. ...... .. ........ ,. ......... .
~!:!: ~:!~!~: .............. ....... ... ~ ....... "
····~ •-t••••• -!1 ..... ,. ........ . ....... .... ... ...... ,. ...... ...
····~ ......... . ..... ···~ .. . ... ,.. ·····""' . ....... ···~··"· ...... ···--. .............. , .. ..... , ...... .., ...... .. ................... ,.. ... ~··· ......... . ·•·•·••11••••• •• ·"t' ....
••••-<~•• .. ·~ ........ .. . ....
~ .... . . ~ ·• ........... .. :·: .. ~~·.!:.·~ ............ ·-·
.. . . .
..
......... ..........
".~-:.-.:·: . .. ., .......
.... . ....... , . ..... . ... ...... ,. ..
.. . .......... .... ~ .....
' . ~. . .. ·····~ .......... .........
....... ¥-··· ::.·:.• ... ;. .......... ~, .... . ,. .. ,.,,...,,. . .... .. . . .......... . .......... .........
,.,., f ..... " • .... ..,.~.
:~!~~ .... •
··~···· ......
!< ....... . ..... ....... ,
. ..... ··•··· ' ·:· ,• · .. ••.·: . .... " .... ~. -. .......... . ····· ~····. 1~..-.. -....... . .... . .... . .... . .. ~·· :::' ::~!· ..... .. ·~·
.:.=~": ·.~~:" ........ •• ,. •. fi•··~ ·::;: ,::!:;
·• ....... ·····
. . ...
·• ..
•· .... ~ .... , .
t ..... . . ~' ,. ·~~
~.. .. ...... ... ·~'
.; '" ~''
c
...
•
r
(!Jc;;} XLY.." Lrp + a D + (c:-c~ )u] l/3
J'1 L.o o O""
frp + a D.-(a -a)u]~* -cl l:· 0 0 0 2 w v 'J
E~'iJ 1110-2-239
15 Sep 7&
,.P + a D L o o
~!e can now Nrite -rate expression ~~ in terms of the iocation in the
sti11ing basin by using the l"elationship
a:r: ac = a de ydX {A-18)
dtdZ
whei"€ v is the velocity of the par~el and q is the discha\'·ge per unit
\•Jidth of the stilling basin. In addition, we defir.e a systsm parametr .. r
X, 'l!hi ch \•;a h~i 11 ca 11 the errtrc.inm2nt coetficient_, as
K = KTKA = 1 ( 6.!TiR)'2/3
J.l. •.); 28.9
1
[p2ftl(L ·~Afn;}'sdB]
0
Substituting equation A-18 and A-19 into A-17 gives the e>:pr"ession for
the concent·rati on change in ··;he vlater pa rce 1 as
a.c
d.'C
.
r(P +cxD-(a -£.y)]C'*-C·J-~ L o o o 2
The solution is obtaioed as fo1lm·ls. Evaluate the pressu~--6 terms at
D-l·Y
the midpoint of the sti 11 i ng basin y = _---2.c tct ,Jbti ir1 2
de
a:£ = !£ [ [P + ~ (D + Y .) ] l/3 q 4 0
7 . .
(A-1~)
{A-20)
. . .., ............. .. ..... ~~····· ;;:· ":::~~· ..
~:_:·.::.:· .... _: . . ......... "
~·'"' .. ~_._ ...... .... ·••ll•• ~ ;::: ··::.'<!~ .. •• .. .. ·-· ......... . ............ -....... ··•·"-........ ·"'·•·"· .................. .... ............ .
7..:.:~~ .-..·::.·:~ .... . ... , ............ .
..... .... 4 .. . ....... .......... .. .... ......... ..,
• ~ ..... • .... '!'" .. .
···~ ......... ..
............. .,. >
"'"'""' ···--~· .. """'"' ......... " ..................... ·······-···· .................
::: .. ·::::::· ... ·:. -.................... .. ......... , ...... _ ... .............. .._
•"i·-~··•t••' . -~···-···· ... ........... ... ........ .. ~ ... , . .,., ... . ......... .. .. ... ~
" ... :... .
...............
....... ........ _.~ ...
. -' . . . . ..
"'. *"'" * ~ ... .. ... . ....... ..
.... ,.._.
• + ·~ .... '
~. ~ ...... ' ..
..... ··;~:"'' ···'t······ ... ·::~.: ..... : ..
""' ···~ .. .. ,, .... •·
. : .:~::; .. .. .. ·~. . . . .... .....
-t: .'~!~· ..• . . . •· ....
. .
•
I \=:nere
p -
let
=
Re·~~;riting equation A-21·, with these substitutions gives
which has the solution
.. lf t;pl/3 X
C = PC* + k.e q
:
(A-23}
• Evaluating ::;quat i on A-2 t, at a; = 0 , where c ec; u:. 1 s the fo i":;b.\Y con cEmt:-wti :m
C• and at ,.,.. = r. '·'n'ael"::._ c equals· t:''". s~~ 111· "',., ,.., ... co,.... co""cn ... -~ ..... ~t.; ~"' ,... .,~; ~, ..:s p:~ ..... _ n u...,. c.. a. "~ .. w..,. n ,, ~il"'• c~ '"'" ""S!i .; &o.;;H.t
the spilhqay-stilling basin fi'"JOdel as
,
(f"
""'"' *"""" • ..... ~ . ~ ~ ......... ,. .. ·. . ..... ...... .. . ..... , ...... ... .... .... , .......... ·-· .............
: • .-.... :~ ..... *.
!.:"' .... :· .. ::·.~ ...... , ... .
....... ...... w ...
•1'f"'
'4'<t••
... ~· ..... , ..... ..... .... ..
'~~•• 't•
" '""' ... .
' '
I
.,...--:-...
.<1 • --" . . ......
. ·
RESIDE~'CE TDiE = t = r:JL/ Q = DL/ q ~ L/V
R s !;
TOT:~ H~~ LOSS = F~ -F.-D-n = E-(Irrv~ /2~)
~ -y· . I.. ~>
EN~GY LOSS ~\TL = E = hL /t~ ...
AVE. PRESSiTRE. ::; P = P + a:o (li-Y ) + ·cx.(t+Y )
0 ~ 0 4 c (;.,. -· 0 .
. .
ll
OF S'!'ILI .. I1:G :C-..:\Sil~, L
c s -PC* 1/3
(Pc;* -cl!J exp ( -! L AP )
q
1/3 1/3
-fp + !! (D+Y )l .
J 1/3 .
o.:(D+Y )
L 4 ° J
-llP ~ -() 4
K-o (T-20)
L llP
~b ~ a.:!. • a & b are e::r..:>iric:r..JJ.v . " ~re sho~rrt belov::
• NQDEL l"'f'i .,..,~ .. , ..... -ll"\..., ..... '"!\ •• ~ s \./J~·-r. t . .:......,~~ ..... .!._ _.......__ ____ --PROJECT c n
~--
Little Goose 1.00 0.09
Lower Ho:1.u:nental 1.00 0.09
Ice t.·~-ho-1. C~; (') "::'t) ••'-~ ,:,.. . ~· . . .. . .. ... ~~. L!.t' ·~" !:" :./ .;., iiJ"'Tt""' -'~"' ~ .... T' ~. . ... ..
' j .
Tl .... fJallf;!s 0.50 0 <'Q ,~;:
,.C\ Bonn~ville .... 1.00 1.90
Hater
.....................
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•
T ~ ~ater Temperature.
b
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...... ·~;. , . ...... ... .
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McNARY
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~ I
11,
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1
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15 Sep 7S
UTYL!: GOOSL:
\ '""'""-.,.. '"'"
1
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·\
·~-~ ~-: ir.::r::-:n·r;·.-:;;;:,=.---,::_.~~-·:··:r--·----
:::.:; Vt.lor..!YS z~~~,:a_ ,• l•J .!'ltTS P. ,~._, ... -\ ·.4 ::...•~ .. (fi.J =:-· ~ r~-=-=--==-~1 ~. .. .._. __ --~::
1 ~T.~Ll.CJJ!:~ -J J l ~~ • ~ ... -.&::.t;;-=
'\! : ~i "' 1\.t.J,;;ATIC'I LCel( t 1
..
( ......
!I i
.. 'I'.
PR.:.'DJC'T'TO'• "1:-D'S~O'"'r;!) G!:~ ... --..._, ....,_ ,.. ..J ~VL. . ... -.J
,,,., ~ ... :n7')~-·--" \~~,-·-·c·---· .. -·,.'1 nJ. ;,~_,1'-~~..L!.\.... ....., -~i.J · -~ ~.::..:-....
by ?E·rr.y L. Johnson~/ ancl
Danny L. Kir.g3/
15 Sc.-::-; 7 & ..
~ith the i~cr~ased interest in tne effects.of hydraulic s~ructures on the
dissalved qas concentration of the f1ow, it becomes desiratle to be able to
~redict how particular structures ooeratinq under specific c~nditions ~ill
chanqe the dissolved qas concentrat~on. -
At e~istin9 structures a predictive ability would enable the facility opera~or
to se1ect the method of release that 'ii0u1d have the most desirable effect on
"" h e · · 1 ~ · "" · .1: '" ·1 .... t t rl .... • d · ~ th t • · \.. a i s s c v e \.; q as con c en t r a \.. 1 on o • '"r. e i mv . ~"' r c o vp e v. a ;.. 3 1 n 1 ca .. e a .. n e
chanqe in the di~solved 9as concentration is depen~e~t on the tyoe of structure
throuqh which the flow passes, the maqnitude of the discharse, the barometric
pressure, a~d the water temperature. To establish an operating criteria fo~ .
each ~tructure based on actual measure~ent of r~sulting dissolved gas conce~
trations would be a difficult task. A predictive ability.could yield an
understandin~ of a structure's potential ~nd allow preoaration for the possible
consequences, even if the structure had never operated.
A 1 ')O ~ with a predictive ah i 1 i ty des i g:-1ers lftou 1 d have an c. d.\:! it i one 1 factor
which could be considered io structure selection. Deoendi~a en the situation~
it is conceivab1e that the dissolve~ gas potential misht even control the
desion. Planners could also use a predictive ability to ev~1uate the potential
effects of a sin~le hydraulic structure, or a series of hydra~lic structures~
on a river.
Initially~ the dissolved gas concentration above the structure (both oxygen
and nitroqen) is equal to the concentration established by the inflowin~
stream. The nitrooen, beinq relatively inert, will maintain this concentra-
tion for cuite so~e time. The oxycen, however, especially in the lower depths
of a resevoir, may be depleted from the decaying of oraanic material. Thus,
if water is re1eased it may be lew in dissolved oxy£en and yet may conceivcJ1y
be hiqh in dissolved nitroqen. Furthermore, the water may be high in biochem-
ical oxyqAn de~and (BOO) which would reduce the dissolved oxy~en concentration
in the stream below the dam. Therefore, the analysis should be able to
evaluate how effectively structures increase depleted gas concentrat~ons as
well as evaluate whether supersaturated conditions might be cre~ted.
Such nreriictive r.;ethods have been developed for the spillways of the U.S. Army
Coros of Encir.eers da~s on thA Colur;;bia ~iver (1). ~·~ost of these structt.:res,
are aec~etrically similar. They are low h~ad, run-of-the-river str~ctures,
•11ith ::Iate-t:cntro1led o~~e ·soiih·:a.vs. ihe sti1i1na b.:.sins are also of si:iti13r
desi~n. This similarity enabled the developme~t of a pr~dictive analysis that
is nuite satisfactory for the str0ctures considered. ~i.~ Bureau of Recla~a
tion h~s f~w structures that correspond to these Colurbia River da~s. In
c:enera 1, P.ureau s true tures vary w i cte 1 y in type a:-td s 1 ze. Thus, a wuch more
~en~ralizorl prerlicttve analysl~ is required for sianificant application:
·-----·-_.__.., _____ _
'4 .. • •• _ . .," ............... _ .... ..,. .... ·~ ... -.~.
·.1. ~ •• -. . .. .
..... \..".! ~:~~--t .... \4.... • • ·-··
2/ }~ydraulic Engineer, Bureau oi Rec la:~:e1=io:1, Denvc:t:, co.toraco
:2./ Chief, Hydraulics Brnnch} Burcnu of Reclar.mtion, Den.·vcr, Colorado
Inc losurc: 2
to'\ ... •+'{•-•l'-........ .,.
~ ....... . ..... .._ ·-
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i
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~··---.. :.; :;_·,· . .:•,
.. 1.5St,.·p7a·
:~s a .b.:sis for development of the analysis, the ·ro11ovdng data were co11ectec:
1.
2 ~
3.
4.
5.
Reserv0ir water te~oerature, dissolved oxyoen co~c~ntr~tion and • J . ,
dissolved nitrogen·concentration at the elevaticn frcm which the
wat~r is withdrawn ~
Oischarqe and a retard of which qates or valves are operating if
releases are being controlled ·
Tai1water elevation, temperature, and dissolved oxygen and nitrogen
concentrations in the tailrace
Local barometric pressure
Photooraphs of the structure ooerating and dimensicned drawinas of the
structure's confiquraticn
By fa11 of.l973 the monitorinq prooram of the Bureau's Enqineerin9 ard R~seart:h
Center had reached lfi sites and had observed 24 structures in operation.
Fo;"":v-nine different operatinq conditions had been studied. In acditiGn t!'::e ~ .
Paci.fic Northwest Reaion of the Bureau of ReclaPation has closely studied
Grand Coulee Dam and rr.ade observations at 35 other sites .. The Upper f·1is.scuri
Reqion of the Bureau h-as oerforrned monitorino at Ye11owtr:li1 r~fterb~y Ow";l. . -Combined, these data provided an adequate base fro~ which the predictive
• analy~1s could be developed ..
Analysis
The process of gas transfer is descr·ibed by the equation:
C(t) = C5 -(Cs -c1) e -Kt
where C{t} = final dissolved gas concentration
Cs = saturation co~centration
Cr = initial concentration
K =a constant of proporticn~11ty
t = time
(1)
C(t), C5 , and Cr are concentrations in ~a/L of w~ter.
Equation 1 shcP,·is that the final dissolved r,as concentration, C(t), be1o·.~ a
hyC.:--aulic structure is deoendent on the initial concentr·ation, CI~ in
the reservoir, the saturation conGe~tration, C5 ,in the stillin9 basin, th~
lencth of time, t, that qas is being dissolved into the flow, and a constant, K~
th"1t would be expecterl to vary with the specific hydraulic structur·e and
oneratin·a condition. c1T \iill be either set 11~ a knO\·m level or asswr'ed. The
"'th·r thr-oo Q':l""~met-ers r t ana· V\ at·a cJo~j:\n'"1 ,nt On tllo t~rr,,::. c.f st!•c'"U¥-C) ....,._._.~ -..• I~-. t-~• \.,1•• ,_. ,'-'5' ' !i •*•J -·-\)_. ~·-• r..:: ... _,._._ • "-' \.. I~,
oceratino cc!idition, temperature, ar~\i h~rc0etric pr·essi.we. Efforts \•:ere
directed at evaluatina C5 , t, anrl K co~putationally.
Th~ saturation concentration level, C5 , in the sti~lina basin, is dependent
on the pres sure that can he deve 1op~d in the basin and the h'ater ter::nerature.
The oressure obtained in a stillinq basi~ is dependent on the depth of water
over the flo·" in which the buhhles .::;re entrainc~d and the barometric pressure.
Thu·~~ surface water at sea level will hold 33 nrrcef!t r;o1~e Sl;"s t.h~n c:;:Jrfac.::.
.,.;-:h;""' at }!1 •:1:;1/Jtio:t nf connn ft (?::~'1 :'"'·'. ,.'\1~0. ',•.t.1tq~· ,. ... ~ ~'-1.:; t::l)l'"f::~ ,...~·r.
• I • .: ·1 ] r l • L. ::'. .., • ,. ,. , , • <. • ,. S ,. . , ~ • i ' • .•· , • • f. •• ,• ., ( I :.., • ,· •• • C ~ : • · • -
• ~ : ",-, J ~ ( J t ,. ~ _ • ' J fJ f : : •-!...: t • L. ~ r.! • :~ • 1 • ..... " • • '!! " " • • ... ! ; I ;:; .. •..: \.; t _ • . ... • , .. • e ,.,. •• t i.. •, .,. J • "1 • ! i •
.... ., • • • 1 .. • • 'I' ' ..
.,_ • :_"' ( ; ~ • ~ • :: ·•1, f 1 (' t -t> I ~ •· ' • t ~-f '' • : 1 <f • \ "' • • • • • • of • ' ' t " ..
2
. . . ,': .
.,·rn"' f.~,",;~ ··.! ·' 's:~.: ~·1.
_., ... ·-~ .. . .. .. ..... -·
...
.. ; ..
.. -...... . .. . .... .
ETL lll0-~-~3~
15 S~p· 7b
... llll"'t:vs~.; .... .:,.,__ :·n:') -~:.-..... c·~.:_ c ... •t--~ ..... r. ...J .... ,·l,, ;, 1~t"'"l.;...l·r,-, ..... ····-r..-r---: .......... -~C7· .... ~ •. LV•!Ua~:utr~. t tt..: e.'"': "".J G.u~t;"-' ...,:.' Gc .. J , ,:..,.t,.,.w\.•~L. U&i-· .:: .: ..... ~i .. ,_t.::;t-''tr~, i\..,. }J•_~...s.l~·::
;:". .!"'::;. r" 0 '-, :0 'r ,-. :"\ "' ' I ~ t i--!!:! I I ~ ::£y h n s : -• ; ,:: i ,. ;;, r :\ .-, r• S h ,-.. U 1 _.; ·~ ::;. f' 0 f' S ~ ,.J .::l ,~ 0 ,f i n t-~ (.) ......... " '-, .... _.t_ ... u'--"<.;;;J ,1..... ....c 1\..:.1,, •'--n~ (~, ... , .. v "" .J_ ...... -...:~· ._t... • ' "-''-
..... ... --;-. T .... • <tJ ~ • .e·:~iu.a ... 1cn or t.,5 . 1n dns analysis ::ieasur-2d baro:::et;:c :;!·Ess~res · ... ere
-~ . he 'I A 1. 1 a"' -1 a T .: ·--..: -, -' , .,.. "" -'J • ~ .. -....... -~ .. ... ·~ .: " .,. G. .. ~,...,. 0 s lJ~t::G W'r n c...... IJ -..;; ...... :ec.sur·eu ;,•c.:ues ..:2.rc 110\,. c..:;..:-..~~.~ ..• S•~CiovC.I c. ...... -
phere was ass~~ed a~d barooetric pressures were com~.~~~a ~cccrdiGS to e~evat~~n.
The ~epth of water over the flow in which gas is bei~g dissolved is ge~~ra11y
~2pendent on the depth of water in the stilling basin. Thus, variatiJns in
the tai1water elevation will have so:i1e effect. Tt1rous:·i:; .. r: this anaiysis a
water ~epth equal to two-thirds of the basin de~th was used to ccm~ute sa~ura
tion concentrations. ·It was thcuqht that initially the fafrly co~pact jet
frc~ a ~pill~ay or outlet would penetrate to the flea~ of the still~ng basi~.
The flo\" vmuld then be deflected dO\"r"nstrea:n ar:d out cf t~~ !Jasin. ;.s the flew
~oved throu3h the bas~n it would be diffused and its velocity reduced.
This diffusion would be linear and result in a trian;~:~r pattern with the
average depth th~ough the diffesion being two-thirds of the total basin depth.
Bubbles risinq frc:n· the flow. and ific0mp1ete flO\>! pen·~tr·J.t~cn would tend tG
reduce this average depth, but the t~o-thirds ~epth was cGnsi~ered representa-
tive and therefore used in the analysis. A major point of support for the
t\.;o-thirds depth assw:iption is th2 fact that later 2-ppi :cations proved tlie
assumption reasonable. If the flew being studied doe~ ~ct penetrate to the
b .a.. -t' 1 th . . . . -.&:'1 ... • • b . . ~· . o~.. ... cm or ·ne poo .e-max1mum cepr.~ OT , ,o, .. , pene~..rat1or, ;.~ay e usee 1n \.n1s
calculation in place of the basir. depth.
Evaluation of C5 is achieved by st:r.G~r.s the bcTomet;'ic p~·~ss:..:re ar:d t\·;o-thirds
of the basin depth (expressed in ~ of Hg) and dividing this total press~re by
standard atreospheric pressure {760 ~~ of Hg) to obtain the ave~ag2 absolute
pressure on the disso1ving bubb:es 1n. terms of atmos;;h;;!r·es. This avera9e
abso1ute ~ressure is then multiplied by the dissolved sas saturation concentra-
tion at sea level, for the desired water temperature, to cbtain C5 .
The next parc.:neter from equati(;:\ 1 to be considered is t.he time, t. It is
representative of the length of time that the inflowing jet with e~trained air
is under pressure in the s~illing basin and, thus, the 1ength of tiree that sas
is being dissolved in the flow. Consideration cf ti~e revealed two possible
11. -ita"". ""'S ,_. • C l' t 1 ;.1.-,..,, e :;1·rs-'-.; ... 1 ...,. •• , ..... 5°"-..... ;,.,~· ~,·,,~n m, l.i0:1. ~o.fiJ.\.o OU 0 COn ro .l.:. '/'-l':l ••. t., •'-~'<.. .. ·...:•'-' ,_c;,. ... t .... t~ .. y ,._,
sufficient ti~e the entrained air ~~~~l2s wou1d rise cut of the flew and e~d
the dissolving of sas.· In soffie cases it would seem that an evalua~icn of this
b.ubb 1 e rise ~ i ~e co:.; 1 d be used to r~:vresent t i:T.e. On the other band, s itua-
t ions miGht occur 'l'lhere the f 1 ov,· ·.d ~h en~ra i r.ed air· 1,·;~1U ~ d oass throuch the . . . _,
h • d h ,J. -'1 .... ,; h 1 .. . . . . f . , . ~ .... . -· J: • uas1r1 an, ~~e t.i2T •EC!...eu to as .a. :-:w c~~~::. 1n a a~r·1y sr.cr .. ~..1me. 1nere.ore,
~ :,., e "' c &. 0 0 a l 1 p ... r. ._ h 0 ,&:' 1.-.: ...... e r O I"" u ; Y'" f:': ~ :,.., r ,_ r ~ • 1 ... I r T' 0 ,~ -,-.:: I. \,. rl"l u c h J. r. O ~ ;l s ; n l.. l t ~ L.,. \.J t -; & 'j t,. I & l.. J II t ._ "-! I • _; \.,: I V \.. t • t: t l.i t\ \, t-' _;; ;, .;.: \... • I t V -\.. t t ~ ._,. .,.. I I
C '"'J.ri .--nr.:::(·~""~ t.. o· •'rl· ... g thl.S ::n'l~''S ;S "h.::. 'l"'s··n·-..7 io .... , . .,ro ":"":lr!e ""h::l.._ e-i~~··::Y' vi 1'-1 '::r1 •-.;:,r;::ih,. l.o ~ .I " .,.I•.•·.! I !,.,..._ u.:. '-''"i-Jv • ,; '1·•.:1 Ill(.'-' '-"'"''-, ;..o,:,_,
...... , t-.. r. .. ~_-.-~ ..... ;,"',,·,P ,...,..r;r..J~ '""l.gh ... ho c,....; .. ;c-1 ;~ ~n-rl'r""l'r s;" ,_ .. ;O""S For oach ;;".,.,w· V t:. .• ~ -:J •..::, I v l. ;!I t •I \, U t: I • \.. I :: ' • ; I .;> tJ t: '-'-I 1..-.. C 1.. l I • • '-, , IV
condition and structure studied, twas eval~1ted f0r both limitations. The
sm.Jller of th~ t·h'o cr.mputed valw~s \'li:S cons1d~=red ·:;·,p1icr.!!Jl2 to the part1cu1ar
situation and was '.Jsed in the re!:>dl11dr-2r of th~ analysis.
·.: ~-~ .... " .-.. • ·.-.• t.· .. ~ .-t"'" .... --: -"" , • • ~ •• ~ r-• r.'"" --~ •• ,.J. .. 1'-...,, ........ _.\,..; ... ,
. .
~ : ~ ~ r, : : : =~ . .: : ~ .. :.., :. . .: ·. ~ -. ~ : .: :.. , :. # ~ • • • • •••
on bubbl~ rise ti~e, t1, was evdluated by dividing
~
3
*' •••• ,..;._·~·····-~-. ..,. \ • e .,J •.: ~ • ,... ~ r \ ..., .. t'-. t I:,_,_ .) 4 J t
. l . . ~ ca:cu ~~ea verttCdi
Cl ('
. .
.. ' •'
. ...
........... , ..........
-. .. . .
:
;.' J•. y'i•
:: ,. .... ~l
,.. -"' .... -~ I '-.•
::~~~-C~~:-1ess e·1 the .~et .?.7. l:he tai1t·-'J.ter surf~~~ h_v th~ te~'7.iina1 ris .. :· ve1oc:ty of
J..-:-:. ~.-•• :..-.'!. o .. t..,.;-;)1 :.·r.--1 ·:. ..... ~or :L. ···s ~~ .... .,v-.-i.loc~ •h;,~ .-. ., ~c:s·•..-..-I ~ 02"'"' . , \. t:.: ...;u.u·~·•'=-• t.•.Y ,,\,.., .. .-.,.J '-1'-·, tc.. f\G l~t.::... ........ ;.,\:.!1 \. •. _._ ·-·•· \J._, ut•,.;;(. ~~-.-.•""--lr;:;i
I' .. "' ., -·-\ .. ~ ·• .. -~ ~ ...,... L... • h t... , - ' .• l• t-h -.J... \ .. , -t • ,.. ~ ~ • 0 ! n ~ 1 • -~ '"',... \ ~ • _.; ..,. , •"'\ ;... .: &. I ~ ~ • .' -, , ' ; .__ ~ _. ' e :., -? , l! ~h ' ; 1 ; t• 'i'( \. I u L ; • ": 0 r e lo.. I; • : •. ·• r";I) I • U I \· {.~ i .J '-I l. J C : • ; • f: :; f\ 1 \. .' $-
.(\1.2 r::/si yielded the r::ost consistent res:J1ts with .resp:::cz. to ot·s~;,ed pr-otJ~y;:::
( ~?nditicns. Also,. when an ana1ysis was dev~loped that predicted!~ {enua~io:'l lj ·
.}Ci:t t\·iO ~i1r.er:sion1ess· para:neter's, it was fo~nd that t.h:~ 0.02r.-inc~-dir.:'lett:.r
b~hj1e y~el~~d predicted values of K that ~ere consistent with the predictEd
values of K based on the basin retention time.
Basin retention time. -Computation of th2 flow retention tixe, t2. in the
hcs1n iS cccor:ipllShed ~.Y dividinq the path 1er.9th of the fio·.CJ by th~ avera~e
flow velocity alonq the path. The path 1enoth is ~enera11y controlled by t~~
1-• • Th th 1 th .. t' ...! • t ,. t' . . • • . h ..... • u~s1n snaJe. , ,e pa~ eng 1s ne ,,1s ance rrom ne po1n~ at ~n1c ~ne Jet
enters the tailwater oco1 to the po~nt at which the majGrity of the flow i~
directed toward the surface and, therefore, into a lower pressure tone. If a
large po~tion of the flow is deflected upw~rd at a point by baffle pierst
for exa~p1e~ this point would be considererl t~e end of t~e path.
To compute the averaqe flow velocity over the path lenath, the first step is
to obtain th~ jet velocity at the tailwater surface lor at the s~art of the
fio\~ po.th) from the previous analysis of b:.;bb1e rise tir.ie. To deteni:ir.e t:.o;e
avera9e flo•.·! velocity, the velocity at the end of the pa.:th must be -found.
This is d6ne throu9h the use of fiqure 1 which is a su~~ary of information
.J: .J• ""' • d'-J: ' ' V d' • 1 '?' d II '3) (': • ,. .rom s'tuu1es OT Jet lt.us:on oy .ev Jev1c1 \-J an r.e:-:~y \ ~ \:bser'vat1on or
velocity distributions in jet diffusions indicates that half of the maxi~un
velocity would be an approximatiGn of the jet's avera~e velocity at the 2n~ of
. h f l "" , Th . , . + . h , ~ "' i-d . . & • ..-~ • • t .. e O\'.' pai.n. • 1s avercae ve :cc1..y m19 .• -c a.so .,.e evat~a~.e oy cHviuH~g ~ne
discharce, 0, by the channel cross secticna1 area, A, ~hich would assu8e
--o;;iolete d1ffusion of the jet. The larqer c~ the co:nouted velocities shou1o
~ used, since the averaae jet velocity at the end of tfte path could be
· i,iqher, but not lower than the averaae ve1~c~ty throuah the full cross section.
The velocities at the he9inni~~ and end of the flow p~tl1 are th£n ~vera92d,
·then this averaqe is divided into the flo~ path lenath to obtain th2 basin
flow retent~on time (t2). As previously sta~ed, the value of t to be used
in equation 1 is the smaller of the two cc~pu~ed values (tr or t2).
The final term in equation 1 to be evaluate~ is K. K is u~like the other
terms evaluated in that it is not directly re~resentative of any specific
physical parameter. K is a measure 9f the .::;b i 1 i ty of a part i cu 1 ar s tructu1~2)
operating under a particular condition, to dissolve gas. It is representative
,. d "' . J.. • J . d th t t . . h . ' .1. t ... or the ·ec;ree or a1r ent.ralnrren~ an e ra e a 'itnlc. tne wa~.er· a· t.ne
qas-liquia interface is replen~shed.
•
It a~peers that K is dependent only on t~e hydraulic performan~: of the
basin. Attempts. to find a predictive procedut~e that could be use.:! to eva1ucte
K resulted in the curves shown in figure 2. To obtain these curves the
orototype data were manipulated into various para~eters until useable results
~ere found. Only dissolved nitrcaen data were used {n the develappent due to
th2 st~bil ity of nitroqen. At a few of the rt:servoir·s data \vere collected· 3t
several depths. These data indicated that dissolved oxysen conc~ntrations may
vary 'r:licely throuoh the depth of a reservoir but that dissolved nitrocen ~
cG~centrations are fairly constant. ~t scMe other reservoirs disso1v~d cas
•· ... :..,.. ·•~Y"::. ~,·i~.:.r"!"n.i t··~;,, r.;~,.'!~ ~~· .. : c•~w~·.:.:r·r .. ;.""' f~r.r ::-':"':-.-"• .. ,~+ ............... , ... ,.:""-·~-.... .... .. .... -.-. . --. .. .. -..,. . .• ... ... . . ~----.. . """' . ~ . . ' ... . .. .... .. . .. -.. . .. -..... . .
r.·
r
(
~.
••
15 Sep ii:..
~; • ··r· '; t-~-....... •ha• •'h-·-~,u o~ ·· 1·.:: ..J~"'~n,; ........ -..... J •• ,,. -:-:. ... --.... ~""'ers ""1t'1e r-" ... s .. I il-l....a ';; ~ ~·4\Jr.~ '-"& ·~ J.:tt: ./c. e l ~~ _, ·....;~:---e 1\.;etl ~ V!: ~t'\\) :"'"' ... _, c. .. tc;.l.. • . .., . 11 \.,.
; c; ;_; I v t 'n e ' I ..... i 0 ,.. .: t y h ·~ -r' H .:> :--h 0 t a :, "! • . -~ r.. ..... c .. ,-.:: c.·· -;:. -: ~ v ~ ..1 :. ,.J "h " -;-:!. t -t ~ \,1 .1 •' , '6 t. & \.,.. ' .,_ t t :_ :;u ) '\/ !' \,A • !_ l 1 '-.._ f 'ff a¥,.., I ..1 U 1-I --\.,;. • l \J'-\.J L.i ._l \ .... • t ._
.~: , "·· -.:::. ~ ;.., ·1 -......... .:. ' X H I" . . . -.. ' cv J:... 1· t • .... ;w u ... ~..a~ t:;~.p.r. • 'V• ... iS an ere:sy gra.a1eni:. pcicfi:e~er ror ~.-ne , lO"t';
re ~·-"'·"s t~J'"'I. --....~··-...L a.:-· ""'.-... :~-.:.""' •'-..... ---·~ , .... ~r-c:•h 1'r. ""'he b.,. . .:n C'1 er tc.\.t:: ... "~ '""·u~ .. r. : ~::nergy 1n \,. •. 2 , 1vW -.u ~.. •• ;:; ~c.~.-:a 11:: ••• J;..u • 1.. c . ."l, .. r
which the energy is· dissipated. The sreater the va;ue of Hv/X the mo~e
t~~t~1ent the basi~ flew and the larcer the resultino K value. The oath J J •
1enoth used corresponds to t~e va1ue oft se1ectEd. If ~2 is applic~ble, the~ the value use8 fo~ X would te :he pa~h length used to evaluate t2. EJt
;,: t .. 1·s ~ .... ""l.;cable t' -·· "'=-.... ---:... • ..:· •... ..: h,., ...:-J·-.--.•ne ""he ,.;.r:~-·1·\!;!1 II l op!-' I . , ne pa~.-n ICtls~·l 15 C.uJJS·-€~u I,V l.!e:..~ .... s I 1.. I c:::. I~'-" v ...
th 1 • h ,.. h .... . . ~ , ... . .. . . 1--.. • \-,. .&. • t' . . . "' pa · eng .. :. ror t e ;..1r.1e 1n~.erva i, .... ~.:!~... 1s, t .. e leiigt" or t. ii.ie ne ovon ieS.
remain in the jet. Flew deceleration is assG~2d linear and the ratio of
t1/t2 is multiplied by the total velocity drc~ ~o deterr~ine the velocity
drcp along the adjusted path le~g~~. Th2 ~verage veloc~ty along the adjus~ed
.path is then computed (initial ve1ocity minus one-half the velocity drop) and
m~,~iplied by t1 to determine the aajusted path length.
The other para~eter on which the ~alGe of K is based is a ratio of the shear
Dn,....i..,!:)'"Pr 0.:: ~he :e4. •0 i·h.:::1 :-+-t-.......... $ Se-... ;-.,·" ::1rea -·· .. :~-,e •a:-:,,,:~z.o."" , ....; ..... ~\..-1 i.. J 1.. 1.. ~.o.So;;; JC:~.o :::, :._, '-':, -L.l.. .U:d:,: '-' C.\.. '-'' I. ; InC•'-'-'
c Th . .~. . -. ' . '" "" . . -h ~ sur, ace. .. iS .. erm 15 a measure 0-: ~:tie JE:.. c::;;::p.~c~.ness ~:'G snape~ i.e s,.2ar
peri~eter for a jet is defi~ed as t~~ length of the je:'s perimeter ove~ h1ich
a shearing action is occurring be~w2en the jet a~d the water of the stilling
basin pool. :=or a free jet plui.igi:-:~ into a pool the :,h~2.t perimet~ .... wou1c
equal the total perim~ter of the ~et, while for a flow ~&ssing down a chute
spi11way and into a basin the shear perimeter would be the chute width at the
tailwater surface. Situations exist where the walls cf the stilling basin are
offset fro~ the jet entering the b~si~. If this offset is s~a11, questio~s
may arise as to whether the sides of the jet should be included in the shear
perimeter. This is a j~dgment factor and is probably best handled by individ-
ual consideration. Another co:ni.iOf: structure that r.1ight raise a siini1.::r
question would be a hollow jet valve discharging into a poole Altho~;h t~e
flow ~ou1d have a ring-shaped c~ass-section~ cn1y the outside peri~eter sr.oulc
be included in the evaluation. In Ci2neral, if it G.ppetrs that siqnifi-
c a:1 t shear rd 11 occur a 1 eng the section of pet"' irr.et er· in question then those
l~ngths should be included in the analysis.
With the evaluation of K from fic~re 2, eauation 1 may be c.pplie~ and the
final dissolved gas concentration, C{t), deter~ined. The prototype data we~e
u~ed ~xteGsively to evaluate the coefficie~~~ that are a~plied thrc~ghout the
a , ..... :s T'n~s e-; ·--1 a ..... ~,...-..... ,. ;.s !""1~ ... .-:~ .. -.r" :...o ... =l•·s;:l OJ: .. h::l c .... -... • ... x:~y r.:: Or.liJ.:>I • I I l:!p.rlt.d. PiJ·U ......... I IIIC.III...i•..l\o'-•, ................. ..; .... i ~ ..... Vhi,t-'1!:::: ci. u.
the flo~s being consid~red. Very few o~ the s1tuations studied have clearly
de f i ned f 1 o '~t con d 1 t i on s t h a. t arc ·,.,· ;.~ i 1 s u i t e d 7 or d i r e c t an a 1 y s i s • i ~ o t on ; y
are the jets tha~ leave the spillway chutes, the valves, and the g~tcs often
~u~te cc~~lex, bu~ the stfllinq h~si~ ooo1s are ecuJlly complex. An~ ana~ys~s
... ~ .... •-• ..,~.~-... :~-•• • ..... ,.... __ .: .... ~~ .... ..--•• .A •• ,~ r .. · .... ;~.~ : ...... ,."',\· .. -..... · .... ,...,.,~ j,.· ... e ·-cr.,..~,..,,,. ,..~-.• , •.•• ,_ ..................... • •...••...• -;: · ·"' •..•. -;: .... -" ~· ... u·C'-t':'C!J,r_~~.;E: .. .. ... . . .... . -. -~ -·-· .. . . ,, .,. 1--.. ~
-4 •• --·.-~ .... :: Lt I#:' . ~:. . .: .. . .... • : • •• -<II
~ -r l ..... • • • • ' ( -. ,__ . .-.. ... .. ---... • • f •
The coefficients can !.it: ir.i:.erp:-e:td to
siGnificance Qf 'the v2rf'bus facto:-s.
5
• I .-·--' _ ... ._,_ ..... __ .,.." ... . .. yte1a
....... _ ,. . .. .. ,. -
................... '"::: ;::: .... ... ,. ........... ,. -~· .............. .,.
..... ...... <,.,:' ~
"'"' .... ..... ::.~~. .. ' .. ~ .
-~ -~ ... . .. .,. ..
"': --\..-.... • C I>-
Inclu~ed with the exa~p1e is a drawinq o~ t~e st~uct~re {fi;~~s 3} ana p~otl-
. . ( - -4 ) -t . 'T'"' + ., • . . ~ . . . . granns .. -:-1gure · or opera 1on. 1ne co;;-.;:>u .. a~.H:ns ar2 cesc:·L·SQ s::ep !.:J' s·ce~·.
A11 critical points and ol1 judc:~ents or ~ooroxim~ticns 3rc discvssc:d ~n:.: tb.:
results of the analysis a~e comoared t0 actual field findin~s. Rasu1~s a~2
also included for e;amo1es for ~hich ~he caltulations are n~t shown. Varia-
t i or:s be t·11e'?n th~ obse~ved and ca 1 cui a ted d i:s ~o 1 ved a as ccn centra t ~ ons r:.a v t·e .. ..
at .:.._.:~"+ed to sev"'ra1 factors c,·rs4-a•'.-4 :"\ro 1~;l~...,_. O"'""' o+ +~~-·-a ... ~. -\-·""'("\_: ____ .... · •-• ••~"·'-. \:, • • ._, ~•U )J u..,,u ·J ''c • -• t::-.u :J '.,. .;1:1Ju• -.::.;.. '-~
is that th2 entire analys~s was based a~ averace prototype ~ata. Th~refore,
saGe struct~res will fit the analysis ~etter than others ~nd some structures
"'\'1 ~11 y·lo,·...l -ere a-cur:')te· pr~dl·,.~.,:)~ re~l ,.:.._ " .... ,.. ....... d S1·,...,~::1·c·""J-'"'"'" .... .-.-o<-,,a -IU tu~. L. t4 c: '-"-'-';. ~.;.\...:!:>. h ::t:\_..•_:,: \.1 J.I <!•!'-~v~•""·C t
variation would be errors in measurin~ the prototvoe disso1ve~ cas ccncen~r~-.... J
tions. The che~ical analyses used are ~ot co~pletely accur~~e, but even ~o~e . .... ' ..... ~ lmoar~an~, sa~ptes m-y-b-.. c-!1 .... ,....c.~,..;. ~r--.... --~1 '-~c:: ~-·--;-..... ~~ 'f"'!, .. ,, .. ~e··r~s-~:·-•i,.-,.c t \.. IC\..\.t;;;l..l i ,,:.r r 1::~ ,-.;,;_ .,;;._.,. Q; ·-.,...,._ ; ';.; t;;; :::: •• <..::::.., .. c
of the total flow. E ~ -··• t t' L• • x~re~e errors or tn1s sor may or ~av nc DE o~·vlous. tn ~ _,
1 • ..! • s r('l ..._ -~ .: ~ .. I , ,... h l• "'""' -• .. I-• -., ..J rl : .:,. 1• ,. ~ -i severe. cases, two or mere reaL-. nq ..,,,_r~ c:..vu.;, c8 :c w. c:. Gc·d:: ~O:~·e a~.;~.:, ... uhc,
assurance. Var:~tions due to errors ifi data co:lection ~ay te s~all or t~ey C _ may be ou i te 1 a n~e. App ·i i cc:t ion of t:·1e ana l~,·s 1 s a~d use of the gr~phs r::a~:
-·also n::su1t in some error, cut th1s ern:;-· should be sma1l. Ali fattcrs
· ~·considered, the results are very encoura~i~g .
E -~ .. o .. ,..., Xc:··~ I r.:. ... h_ 7. t:
Reservoir water surface e1evaticn = 3136 ft (974 ~)
Tailw. _c·r surface eievation = 316B ft (965 rr;)
Sarc~etric pressure = 677.mm Hg
t'-t .,... +-em-e-:ltu"·c. -4 4 ·c ~ c: e. .. '··iJ 1 \,;. • ... -• ,
Discharge = 3550 ft3fs (100 m3/s)
Reservoir disso1ved nitroaen concer.trat1on
Reservoir dissolved oxyoen concentration =
= 104 pt:;cent
85 percen~
of s aturc.:. ion
The structural dimensions 1n fiaure 3 and the phot~praph in r1gure 4 are also
available. Frcm these sources the follo~inq ter~s ar2 dedu~ed:
Hv = 31gn -316R = 2R ft (8.5 m)
Anole of jet penetratic~ ~ 25·
R~sin depth ~ 3163-3l~fi = 22ft (6.7 R)
Basin flow path lenGths'/. ~< .. 95ft (29m)
It ~hould ~e observed thdt no head loss was
jel ve~ocity h~ad, ~v-For this part~:~1~~
~ r: , .. # t ...
' ... ' . ·~' , ....... ~ . . ~ ........... . . ... ... , ................ .
" ... -•, ... .
,.
.~
included in the
-s...,.... •• _ .... ,Y..!') rh'r .:J\.or •..1\wv'--i.C , ...... ~
evaluation of tne
..,rc:-•t""''~ '"""' I
._ ..... _, .._ ........ '-··
- - - -·.--, -4 ~ -:.
It,..' .... -· -... • -~--
...
-. ~ .. ~ ............. ... _. .... ··~
·~--.......... ... ............. ···~ ...................
"'""''"''
-·
. . .
.........
~·
the s t: i 11 in~ basin pco 1 is shor·t ard unobs t r~·c ted. Bet :.::.:st-:: of thE cl1<1~:; ~ ng
~ i ... -:::\ '"'.-; • ,... .: 1 o··· s 'l ... i ::0 -n ;. s . ; t--•· 0 • s '"h :':) ,;: ;. 1. ~ , ' ,. r. ;.. . 1 •• .. ·,. r.:; ~.. • .. -. r .. -,·..,:--·~ ~-.... ~ 'J \:t ""• .. \.a'..-l.! -•..,. ::!1~"1 "-•"~ ~-! • , .. a .. : : .. (: • •· : ~ '~ !.!!"": !~ ,.•a
penetrat iC:!l • ... ·as appr-ox 1m~! ted to be 25 ~ belo•..t h0rizont:·;. The bas i:1 dc:~th cf
22 ft (5. 7 m) .-1as co;r:puted for th~ deeoest port. ion of t~;··~ p:-oi. Fir.~llyl the
r-ll"'!•w o;~t-n ··nnl'lt-h y o+ r-s ·~~ {..,1'1 \ . ·-.. :~-~-01 '• ·~·:-d;,.. ... ., c~ .1-...... J' ._: .... ~" , ..... ., .... , "~ ., :} 11. t..:-l7!J 1s aop.o ... ;l,.c.~.. ..... ~.: -··:. :.:>1..c.n _ .c; .•• "'r.c
'i:'lint ·..-1 ~.-~r-c. ~"'~it-:.'" • ..,,.., .. 1.-4 ::~4-.::.1·n c 1• ... ...-if 1·c"l,t •-.;.. ... ,.,~.!-~~; .... ,.. i·.-.·~i--o ~~"~rt c:-.,.,-1 nf
- -I _. • • • _ • ·... \. t 1 ·-.,; -"" 1 l '\..1 'looA , \..J ._.. ... ..,.. ,...~, • • .:,): '-... • • ~ • '-~· _ ! '"' -v ,.., '-• , ; \.o _ .,. , I _ -• "'.._ .. • ... -"
the b~sin. It was reasoned that ~t-the end sill a larc2 vortion Gf tn~ flow
will be ~ef1ected upward~ the flo~ hill no lc~~~r be u~~e~ the higher pr~ssure,
and dis:;phiP.q of g.1ses in the ba~;in ~.,.ill t-e csrrp1ete. The$e approxir;.!tions
are rp;it~ rJugh, but a,ttt:"mpts to refine the e·;a1uatio~i~; ,.:,:iu1d yie~d cr,ly
slight i;~provements and ~ould call for and indicate u~warr~nted accura~y.
The ~bsolute d~ssolved nitrogen ccncentration in the reservoir is evo.iuc.ted as
the first steo in the analysis. This is acco~plished by referrins to apprcpri-
ate standa~d tables and obtaining the nitrogEn sat~raticn concentration for
the·~"pecific ·.·:ater te!11perature (4.4 OC) and r:-:ultip1yi'll] ~t by the relative
reservoir dissolved nitrogen concen:ration {!04 percent).
C1 = (1.04) (20.?) = 21.5 mg/l
Next th~ potential absolute dissolved nitroge~ concentt·~ti0n for the stilling
basin is ccmputed. As stated before~ it is de~endent on the barc~ctric
·pressure~ water temperature, and ·basin depth. Two-thir~~ of the basin depth
is assurned dS the avera~'= depth ?v-:::-the .f10\or Hhile the :~.-~s is beii:·j dissolved.
Using this .=pproximat\c.n an aver·tJ.I]~ r.teS$!Jr-t'? on the flo·;; (in atmnsp:1eres) is
co~puted and multiplied by th~ ~bsolute dissolved nitrog~n concentration
obtained earlier.
This term has been adjusted to
structure 1 s elevation. If the
atmosphere may be used.
reflect the barcQetric pressure
barometric pressu!"e is unknown,
Two of the terms (C 5 and C:r) of.eq:Jation 1:
-Kt C(t) ·~ C5 ·-(C~-Ci) e
the
a -sta::.::!ard
h ave now been e v a 1 u a t e d . Tt" t i r:'le , t , t h a t g as i s h ~ i r~ g d i s s o 1 v e d , i s the
next ter:-a of interest. The bubble rise tirne, t1, is ev~iiuated first.
To do this, the vertical dimension of the jet at the tai1water sur~ace is
• found. The 28-foot velocity head yields a velocity of 42.5 ft/s (13.0 ~/s).
The discl1arge is then divided by the ve1ocity to obtain a total flow cross
sectional area for thr8~ ~ates.
3550/42.5 .-: rn.5 ft?. {7 .r. r:12~
Assumir1q ,~rjlJdl flo·~ thr·owjh t!·Kh r~s:;lts in a flow crt"·~-:. sectional ~rea of
27.8 ft2 (2.6 m2) for~ a sin!11e c~1te. '..:hen equal flm·1 C(i!~ditions are
assr;r:•ed for the g,:;t~s, the .1n.:!ly:.~s of e~ch it:divic•JJl a:;:~e is idQntical and,
thut;, the? .~n.11yc:;i:; of th~' fln·...t for ·~r.1y or.e 'l·lte \'li11 pr·f'dic~ the p·~t-fov;;lcncc
of t\1,• •·t~~ in-. c;tr-11r~.•:~"t~. !f :tt •. '"' ·,. ,·!·n·:~ c;~·r.tic:-~!1 .~~·•'1 is thnn d!vir!~d
' ' I
' ~ • : • l • • .. • 4. • • ' • •
~~ . ~ : : \ - . l !tl )
7
...
............... ,. .. ., ........... .
......... ~... ... .. ........... . .
. ..
~ . ~-·-· ... " ...
Sh:.r'· th·~ flo~ ... is not hcr-iz:onta1 th-.: flu\·;
(. ~ ~l.·;_._~ ~ .. ~10 1,~ 0& o~no~-,~~Cln to ob" t. a1"n •he
• '-' '"" I .-'·''-'-''\.&••• II-' o..
3.5/cos 2s· ~ 3.5/0.9063 =
vertical dimension of
"" 0 ~,J.. ... T t (1.2 m)
eosin~
If this distance is ther divided by the te~ninal bubble velocity, a bubble
rise tir:e, t, .is obtain~d.
t1 = 3.9/0.696 = 5.6 seconds
Tt , .. h & •• f1e ,eno'-' en t 1me, t, is also evaluated by considering the length of time
that the flow is at
fiqure 1 are used.
depth, R0 .
e && .. • .... '-\ • .... .... • T ~ ,_, . tL • an •, ec'-1ve ~.;ep~.rl HI t.m: was 1n. o ~,..;O u11s n-=: curv~s 1n
First, the flow path lenqth, .x, is divid2d by the flew
X/8 0 = 95/3.5 = 27.1 :
The flow width (L 0 ) is then divi~ed by the flow depth.
l 0 /B 0 = 8/3.5 = 2.3
F i (lure 1 is then refer•red to and the rat ·i o of the max imun1 VQ 1 oc i ty, ~1:--::,
within the velocity distribution at the enj c& the flow oath to the initial
flow velocity, V 0 ~ is obtained.
Vm = (0.36)(42.5) = 15.3 ft/s {!.7 ~/s)
If the averaae flow velocity at the end of thc ~~th is t~~n ~ssu~~d t~ be
one-half of Vm, an a•teraaP. veior.ity t.hrouqh the b.~sin can he deter;riined.
V F ({15.3)/2 + 42.5}/2 = 2S.l ftis (7.7 m/s)
.
An averaqe velocity at the end of the path has~d on cross sectionll ~rea·and
discharae would be:
3550/((22)(28)) = 5.8 ft/s (1.8 m/sl
This is 1es~ than (15.3/2) or 7.7 ft/s (2.3 m/s), so 7.7 ft/s shculd.be
used.
The n.:r~h lenqth divided bv this avcraqe veloc1ty qivAs thr; b.:.:sin retention ..
t ; ~~, . . ·" '-'\
tz = Q5/?.5.1 = 3.8 secr.no:;
ihe srna 11 ~r of the t\·10 ccmou ted t i n-:f"ls is th~ oqe th~ t is ::nn 1 i cab l~ to the
oroh'lem. For this nart.ir.ular c.1'>e, the sh'.irt,~r time is 3.H secor.t!s., the time ,
1 ... ~ "•rv ~ 1 h.v;r~d on t.hP f ln· .. , ve loc: 1 tv.
~···~~ .• ;~. ,! -n··:., tr) j\.) .~,.:~~ 1,\l•.'·d l.:, ~:.
io l"!f'~J iy ; tnHrP ~, r.wo ~.Jr\~m:--Lt:: ·-. l•l'l l \..
c ••
. . ~ (' ... n • '' , ..1 ..-• ~ • . "'• .. . -. • I'": •. ~·
. .
. , . •
il•'-t:=I ¥.::41 t,;:>'::l.J I~ .:t:::.•C\,.; l.'fl U:.l~iil lt!~t:IH .. lC'll :.,.;a,;t:, l..l.c ;.;c.~ Iii f IU\l ~•C.\:.:1 l€:it~·.,.;;
t-·v'"' ~ .. ::l~ .c,..c,.... •j;r ... "'-··-in,.., ..... ___ :),~. ") : ··c:'"'r1 If ti···) c-·a11er •;-p res ·l .... s fr0i.i \t..·c::J• .. L .• t.~.-'• ....... _ ~..:!S. ~·=·-··"'-'-r.r ·--lS u.~t::.... 1..:. ... :.· • ~,.,,_ u:...
t~e co~s~deration of the bubble rise ti~e then the f~ow path length to be used
;("' "'1~~, ..... ,...t:l-"" ·~~ ~ .. ,,.1·~ .r:·lo·' ..... ~ 1 •r. .-""'_,. ~h"' r-~-..... -:~ ....... ,...."'\.. ...... ~ •• o •.;·-:"). · ·--.:>-· ~ .... _.: '-••·= ;.;:.:,II ..... p-.1..11 en9~.. .•. rv. 1..\::: ;,r..;;l.,Jl~-tJ•v;.,lc;; •• , ~r. .... l.ur.~.
:cscd 0~ ~he basi;. retentic~ time is the S~cller SO the initially deter~~d~cd
path lenath of 95 ft (29 m) ts used. Therefore,
Hv/x -?O !n----._t, I ~:; 0.295
For anpiication of fioure 2, the second para~eter that must te evaluated is
• . • • .c t' ~. . . 1 t \.ne ra-e i o o, n-2 s.1~ar pe;"" 1 i.iAter en a tn
of the jet. Fo~ this orcbleP the shear
jet height for each si~e or
of the jet to the cross sectional ~rea
p·r: r i t.1e ~ e r i s the jet 'I'! i d t h p 1 us the
8 + 3.5 + 3.5 = 15.0 ft (4.6 m)
The cross sectional area has already been found to be 27.8 ft2 (2.6 m2).
-h """ &. • • lat:S LaH~ rat.10 lS
15.0/27.8 = 0.54
The value of K is 0.1 from figure 2. The user will note the possibi~ity of
interpol3tion error. All the tet~s may now be substituted into eauation 1 and
a dissolved nitrocen concentratior that is not corre:ted for barometric . .
pressure is obtained .
C(t) = 27.4 -(27.4 21.5) e-{0.1)(3.8) = 23.4 mg/L
If this is then divided by the saturation concentration, the per·cent nitrogt:n
saturation is obtained.
23.4/20.7 1('\0 X l\J = 113 percent :
The obs2rved value for nitro~en, N2 was also 113 percent. To obtain a
pred1cted absolute concentration, multiply the precicted percenta~e by the
absolute concentration adjusted for barometric pressure.
(1.13){677/760)(20.7) = 20.s mg/L of N2
Considerinq dissolved oxy9en, we compute: •
Cr = {0.85)(12.9) = 11.0 mg/L
where 12.9 ~q/L is the saturatic~ concentration of oxysen at 4.4 ·c.
A1so:
.. ..
. -,...., -...... · .. -·. _.. ... . . . ..
K = 0.1 .,
q ...
. '
,,
the ca 1cu :.~t ions ahov~.
C(t) = 17.1-(17.1 -11.0} e -_,~, i ',_ c" ,u ... J\~.uJ = 12.9
percent oxyoen saturation calculated i~:·
12e9/12.9 x 100 = 10n oercent
o~served value for oxygen, 02 v:as a 1 so 100 pei-:ceni:.
An ap~roximation of the percent total dissolved qas would be~
..
(100) (23.4 + 12.0)/{20.7 + 12.9) = 105 percent
This consi~ers nitrocen and oxyqen, which together comprise over S9 percen~ o~
the total dissolved ~as. ~
Several other examples were calculated with the follcwinq results:
· Structure
Spillway with roller bucke~,
three qates operatinq
Ca 1 C!.l 1 a ted
N2 02
20i~ 197%
O~serve(:
p.; v,.. ·''2 (.
1 OCt~"' 11 ~ ··'" -' 21"
Chute spillway into hydraulic G • jump bas in
·'~Auxiliary outlet works (four dis-
char9es) thrcuch spillway
.. ,,.
·.1. ... 0
lti8
112
145
, , 6
J.J. lOS
147 130 4/
•
face into hydraulic ju~p basin
Chute spillway with flip bucket
and shallow plunqe pool
153
"i::"J ,.., .. I..,J
1'"~ ~4
10~
152
'\C:':'
!...J-.,~
153
1-... ~~
158
"2-3/ .L ::> -
2/ 103
1/ Considerably less after dilution by powerplant discha~ge.
2/ Data r.ot available.
3/ Relieve that gas escaped fro:n sample.
4-/ ?ass ibl_v lo'..;er because of heavy oraanic loading.
Conclusi0ns
J
1';2 tfj
..J --1 ~5 4/ ~· r -4/ 1_,.
. .t.~iJ
2/
1. Given the velocity head of the inflow jet at the tailwater surface, the
1 -,. r . or. ... h . e... 1. n '-0 t 'h-:.. -: , .; ~ &.. t~ "" '"': ..... -h-~ ,--; '· h r-..: t"' ~ ;, -") ar:rJ .e oi PP.ne._ra .. lon ,. '-"e ,1 •· '-"~ 1...::.1 ,\..,o::.t..r:::l, t.r.r..: ::,, c.;::>t. o, 1..:1e ..Je , .... n;;
b ~sin 1 en!l th and de:1 t h, the '"'a tPr ter.:per a tort!, the b~ rci.'etr i c pr·es s Ul-e, and
the initial dissolved qas levels in the r~servoir, the dissolved qas levels
that will result from the passace of flow throuoh a hydraulic structure can be
d · .. rl • t h L " a ... c 1 r · ... '' '·-.J •• ' -.. 1 .-~ : .... s c ... '-,..., + .. "' pre~lcd:. \'!1', reason~u1e ~ .1 "lLr. •'•\Ji.At:• ~ ...... l,J•c t:-:1 .;e ~s;:;, .... c ;~-e2.~..
;:: .. • .. ~· .. ~-~--:~: 1!""; ....-ef~n·:-,.~ ;r• ... j '·,,,,~ ••• 1.,~:;* r;: .;·!,. ~,~·~ .... :.; ~ .. -. ~ ... : ~4.;~::. ~;. ·· .. r.: :··:::'.:::~ .
.'
' .. ..... ,
. .......
. ..
-·-...... :..-. -,.. -· . . .. l. 1~2 ~Jslc equat·1Cil
concentrations is:
,J·--ve .. to--·.J !"·o \Jt:::: j.i:::~ -
., .. ,..,.,. ........... -.. -"\·• ·~.,..l\,...-...;.i;J
l-' • ,, :l
¥f ''-
. .. ... ~
0 i s s 0 } ·.tt~ ;j
C(t) = Cs -(Cs -CI) e
':."here C(t) is the dissolved gas concentration cr;:ateL: r;y the hydra:J1ic struc-
tt:re, C I is the di sse 1 ved gas con cent rat 1 on· in the ;-f~!~lvo i-r, Cs is the
saturatej disso1ved aas concentretion at a deoth which is two-thirds of the J .
• ~ 1.. • • ~· "" • • f .... .. . . .c ~ • d . . . . max1~um oas1n aeo~n, ~ 1s resresentat1ve o ~ne 1enct~ o, ~1me ur1n~ wn1cn
t ~ ~ w
gas is being dissolved, and K is a constant that var~es with structure a~d
operating condition. A method is developed for prediction of the K value.
11
.
.. . .. ,. ., ...... ... ..... _ ..... .. ..... ~-·. ....... ~ ....... . ...... ...... .. ..... .. ...~ ... ..
"!•+• ,. ... . ..... , ··~··· " .. '"..~ .:::.·:: .. ... . " ' .... ~
:."cu• ':.'.'~!:! ... "' ......... . ..... ... . ...... ....... . ...... . .. ... . ,.. .. .... . ...... . .... .. "'"" ... .. ... ... .. ..... ... ...
•<~~•· ..
. .. . . .... . .. ... r .
~~;· l
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-..
. . .
·,..., ...
• ' ~ +
._., :~.~~!:!~!
"'•, .. .. . "' ~
~ . '·--.. ' .... ~ ~
_j
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1 .
1 •
2 Ve,,~.:-,:,',..h \I \f unl·.;:.t:US;·--n o.t: S1~t ,.::» .. s '"1·~~., Ci·~1·+-e o·~;.t::,,..~ Le ...... ~t.. • I ,\ U ,_! C 'I' I... a •, ~ • I I • , V a e I "" I • U .. \J-l. r. I.. a I 1 Ill '• l l o i \... _ I i.'!! 1..11 -
~idth Ratios~» Colorado State University Hydraulics Paper go. 2~ Dec~~ber
3 •
l a .. -.. c~
He;1;y, H. R., Discussion of "Oiffus·1on of Sub::1ersed ... :ets," Pc:.per No. 24;~9,
pp. 687-694, Transactions of the Az7.erican Society of Ci-.:i1 Engir.eer·s=
Vol. 115, 1950
•
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J I I l---1--~ DIFFUSION OF SLOT JETS
L 0 = ORIFICE WIDTH
8 0 = ORIFICE HEiGHT
o. -1 ' • -j ---·-~ I I I I
V0 = FLOW VELOCITY AT ORiFICE
VM = Ml\XIMUM VELOCiTY AT D!·STANCf. X
t I -rue: nAcur.:n 1 IM~~ r:7r:'PQs:'C::r:NT J\.M I 11'-Vr'hJII ..... LI L.U't'-V' t•~t , • ..._~~,,I r,l"'
---·---"· -· ---
EXTENDED RANGE fOR SUPPORTED I I
~ I : JETS. . '
0.2: _ .. ~:·:---ern-~-~ ,, --,-,----~--~
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• 1 r. 9 10 15 20 ~0 100 150 200 500 1000 1500 2000 •1Cl00
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FlGUHE l -Dtf'FUSlON OF SLOT JETS . .
+-• .. ...
+-•• ! • • . ... .. • :... . ·: ·• .. .
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. .•
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•
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! : ' I I :~;---~--~--~-~------------~----~--...;_ __ __;_ _______________ __
I I ~?r---------~~--------~--·._----~--~·-----~--~--~--~--~~~--~----~' --------. j t
21r------~--~--~~--------~----~--~--~--~----~----~----~--------...;_------~--------.
!
'I N ·---'-:'---1---=---------~---t--L--...:--...,:_ _ __._ ___ ._.,._ _____ -__ __.....__
FIGURE 2 -
·~
EVALUA11~W OF K
11 ..
·-
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I
.
I
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-··-··-······· ....... ---··· ,__ .. -. ------._ • ...-....... --... £:L-; ) "i ~ t·-'~-.. :.-.':7
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El. 320-4.60
-.\.:~:·u SLUtCE:V.!A'f SE.CTION ......
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.... ~..... . . .......................
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15 ..
••••~~or•• ""'""'*"'" • ··••<~••••• ~ ·~ . .. . .. I
. .
Document ·Transmittal
Wayne Coleman
Harza Engineering Company
Date: March 9, 1983
Acres Job No.: P5700. 73
Attention:
P~~ject: Susitna Hydroelectric Project
Subj~tt: Transition/Nit~ogen Supersaturation'
The fc,lowing are enclosed:
Description I Title
Reports
• P eratrovich, Nottingham & Drage, Inc.,
"Nitrogen Supersaturation Study",
Jan~J:ary, 1983
Acres .American Internal 'Memos
• D • Crawford, "Nitrogen Supersaturation
Downstream of Susitna Developments • Discussion Paper", Aug • 4, 1981.
" G. Krishnan, "Nitrogen S1fpersaturation
Studies", September 13,
eA -For Approval or Comments
B -For Constructio:l
c -See Expl•natory Latter
R -For Information
E -For Puichasing
r: -OriiWings Approved
G -Dr.wings !\pprolled Exef!Pt u Noted
H -
ACRES AMERICAN INCORPORATED
MD LIBERTY BANK BUILDING
-A.lN AT COURT
"'8UFFALO, NEW YORK 14202
Telephone: 716-853-7525
Telex: 91-6423
1982.
Please Sign and Return Acknowledgement Copy,
Page 2 of 2
Drawing Number Revision Number
Number of Each
.
1
1
1
~c
Copies to: (First copy)
Yours vG, y truly,
ACRES AMERiCAN INCORPORATED
David Crat.vford
Lead Hydraulic Engineer
ORIGINAL
""'!'.
Code*
•
•
•
SUSITNA HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT
NITROGEN SUPERSATURATION STUDY
Prepared for:
Acres American, Inc.
Prepared by:
Peratrovich, Nottingham & Drage, Inc.
~anuary, 1983
...
. .
. --. -. "
SUSITNA HYDROELECTRia PROJECT
NITROGEN SUPERSATURATION STUDY
The followinr ,letter/report presents results from recent studies undert~ken. to.
assess the potential problem of gas supersatul~ation of spill waters from the
proposed Watana and Devil Canyon dama. In particular, th~s study investigated
the ,otential levels ot• gas supersaturation due to elimi!.tating fixed-.'Jone
·valves ~t the Watana damsite. The preliminary draft sub!Ilitted in. December
1982 has been .reviewed by personnel at Acres American, In\;. , and the Alaska
Departm~nt of Fish and Game. Recommended changes and review components have
been incorporated where appropriate.
1. Study Aporo~ch
In the time available to carry out this study, the following elements. have
been covered:
0 Review of studies to-date as des·cribed in Acres Offioe Memorandu~
from G~ Krishman dated September 13, 1982.
o Review and sur.mnary of limited relevant literature available on
dissolved gas supersaturation.
.
o Analysis of available data on natural river cond.itions received from·
Alaska Department of Fish and Game.
. . '
o Prediction of the range of supersaturation values for spills from
Watana reservoir only and fo~ bot.h Devil Canyon and Watana dams.
2. Baseline.Conditio~
Dissolved gas· concentration studies conducted by the Alaska Departm~r~t of Fish
and Ga'Tle on the Susitna River in the vicinity of Devil Canyon attempted to .
answer two questions. The first involved variation of gas supersaturation
with discharge; the other involved determination of the decay rate of the
supersaturated condition downstream from Devil Canyon.
!
. . .
•.
.•
. .
Figure 1 shows a plot o'f results from a continuous. recording tensionmeter
located just "bel.ow Devil Canyon. A relatively good relationship is shown
between total gas pressure and mean daily discharge at Gold Creek. This
linear regression analysis was improved by averaging the range of ga$
press~res for the lower flows. At each mean daily flow level between 11,000
and 17, 000 cfs, the range of recorded gas pressure vall:les are averaged ~nd
this average value with the corresponding flo~ level has been used .in
developing the regression lineo The relationship could be further improved by ·
using the continuous chart from the Gold Creek gauge to provide insta~taneous
streaLtflow corresponding. to the hourly measurements of dissolved gas. Peaks
in di:ssolved gas concentration corresponding to storm events could .be plotted
more exactly and resu~t in a tighter fit of data points to the lineo Further
refinement would require adjustment ·of the data to account for the high
concentration of. data points at lower ~t~eamflow levels. These adjustments
would not significantly change the slope of the regression line for total gas .
pressure. versus discharge, but would improve the strength of .he relationship.
The second part of the ADF&G field program involved development of a
supersaturation decay rate at varying flow level:l. Using data points from
f·L.eld studies ·in 1981 and 1982, a set of decay curves have been developed for
dissolved gas below Devil Canyon. Data from the 1981 field season suggested
~ that the rate of decay of supersaturated dissolved gas ·was dependent on
mainstem discharge. A similar relationship was shown in data collected from .
the Kootenai River below Lib'by dam in Montana (Alaska D.epartment of Fish & ·
Game, personal communication)·. Howevel: ... , recent data.
summer of 1982 on the Susitna River did not improve the
the 1981 data.
collected during the ·
relationship shown in ' . . .
The main conclusion from analysis carried out by Alaska Department of Fish and
Game is that dissolved g&s concentrations for the 11.8 mile river reach below
Devil Canyon can be predicted using discbar·ge and distance downstream as two.
significant variables in multiple regression analysis.
Channel morphology also appears to play a significant role in influencing
decay rates. If the upper line on Figure 2 is divided into two segments with
decay rates determined for both parts., the slope of the upper section would be
..
..
850
~ .840 (J} ..
((
~
.J
<( 830 r
rJ
I•
I > 820·
II
:J u fi 8 .. .W 10 ..
.~
u..
0 .
~ aoo ,.
~
790
{~ \:--. _ _.
Iii
• •
•
•
~
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•
•
..
•
• • •
• • •
•
0
c
·--~~:,O:c • ,,....,.,
•
•
A
.,.. .... /
R 2 : .B3
Ill
• e•
., •
SUSITNA RIVER
. DISSOLVED GAS VALUES ..JUST BELC\1\f
DEVIL CANYON .
AUGUST B~ SEPTEMB~R 3Q , 19B2
( RE;CEIVED FROM A .. D .. F. & G .. ) ., .
'
780 . -. . . -..4 --'
10,000 12,500 15,000 17:~500 . 20,000 22,500 25!1000 27,500. 30,000 . 32,500
.MEAN CAlLY DISCHARGE AT. GOLD CREEl·< ' ' ' ~ .
. (Cf..ISIC FJ;EET PE.:-1. sa·coND] · ··
•
~
.
•
"
tt.. approximately -0 .. 030 while the lower part representing the river reach below
Indian River would have a steeper slope due to. changes in river slope and
morphology (Alaska Department of Fish and Game) o Additional data points are
needed to confirm this hypothesis.
Finally, studies ha~e shown that decay rates are ~roportional to the
particulate content in the water which provide additional gas nuclei fort
bubble formation.s To more accurately predict saturation levels, information
must be gathered on the relationship between particulate content ano rates· of
supersaturation decayo
With the decay coefficients, an exponential function has been used to model
the decay of gas saturation in the Susitna River downstream from Devil C9nyon:
where:
y =
y = concentration of dissolved gas at a given
distance downstream+ 100
a = percent saturation at initial point -100
-b --decay coefficient
.
x = distance downstream from initial point (miles)
This basic function has been used in all of the following calculations to . . ...
determine decay of supersatQrated dissolved gas in the downstream direction~ .
3. ·wa~ana Reservoi~ Only
For this part of the study, the decay curve at Q = 16,000 cfs has been used to
determine decay coefficients downstream of the proposed Watana dam. Using the
curves presented on Figure 2, the coefficient is -0.038.
The river slope and morphology in the reach between the damsite and Devil
(1./ Creek are simila:r to .that of t.he measured reach downstream of Devil Canyon.
·''''
.. . .
-..
..
..
. .
g)
t:J
'0
QJ
,!i
0 rn
Cl)
•r-f
A
r;:j
+' 0
E-i
~
0
•rl
~
b .. ,
('J
Cll
+' ~ u
H ~
:~ )~
120 ...
110
109
100
107
106
105'
104 ....
.
•
.. .
-:s5
.
N=6 -b=.054 . .
• ..
.. .
. .
! •
. . . . .
·•· . . ,
l .
103 r . .
102 ~, .. .,11moN lbe!i-:OJ--*' I 1>-l:•rJ-•woc,.,;li! __ '_•hftMRMUBAI _, .. 2 ~..:'W¥DiW""''@*M2f;..,,........,+,.-·..,"'3J
miles below Devil Canyon
. '
.
I
'-~ SUSITNA RIVER·. . . .
DISSOLVED GAS DECAY CURVES
.. .
. . ..
(RECEIVED FROM ADF&G}
.. .
' . . .
... . . .
..
FIGURE 2
I ,,•! . .
• Therefore·, ·a decay coefficient of -0.038 has bee.n used to determine changes in
supersaturation level below the Watana da.Irlsite to near-Devil Creek ..
In the reach from Devil Creek through the lc:-wer end. of Devil Canyon, the
pattern of increase and decay of dissolved gas concentration observed may also
vary with discharge, but insufficient data base ex~sts to define ~he
relationship between dissolved gas and discharge through the length of the
canyon. However, data collected on che Kootenai. River near the Kooten Falls
suggest that waters with elevated dissolved gas concentrations entering an
area of entrainment, such as the rapids of Devil Canyon,. may only partially
dissipate (Alaska Department of Fish and Game, personal C':ommunication) •.
Therefore, significant reductions in dissolved gas levels throvgh Devil Canyon
would not be expected if higher than natural concentrations enter the
rapids.. In determination o:f decay rates in the Susitna River during early.
years of dev·elopment with only the Watana dam on-line, no change in dissolved
gas concentrations has been· applied to wa-ter travelling thttough Devil
Ca,."lyon.
The remaining stretch of river from the lower end of Devil Cany~n to Gold . Creek is expected to show a similar exponential decay rate as the river above
Devil Canyon.
Table 1 summarizes the percent saturation predicted at key locations
downstream af the proposed Watana dam using the exponential decay function and ·
a decay coefficient of b ~ -0~038o Determination of the initial saturation·
level below Watana has not been finalized due to uncertainties ~n the eff~o;
on dissolved gas saturation levels of powerhouse operations, outflow water
temperatures, and distance of fall and depth of water plunge below the dam.
An expected range of supersaturation values has been tested and the results
shown on Table 1. Review of limited available literature indicate that levels
could exceed 155 percent 12 ; for the Wa tana dam 110 to 155 percent represents
the expected range assum~~g no fixed-cone valves are used. High volume spills
falling over the spillway could c~use significant scour in the plunge. pool
below the dam. Supersaturation levels resulting from entrained air bubbles
going into solution as water plunges through the depth of "this scour hole
.) could yield the values on the upper end of this range.
' . .
..
..
e
DISClWlCE I...mER END
AT AT CF AT AT
WATAN.~ ~ SATtRAT!CN 1EIJ'lL IEV'1t 1EVIL PCRrACE CIL!l
DAH BruJW WATANA mEEK rANYCN C'ANICN OiEEK QtEEK
16,CXX> cfs 155 115 115 114 109
130 113 .A.s.st.ma 113 113 1GS
145 112 l'D 112 111 1CTT
140 110 change 110 110 106
135 109 in 109 1® 105
13> 109 elevated 108 . 109 105
125 107 dissolved 107 1C17 104
120 105 gas 105 1(}5 103
110 103 ~;..;eilS ·~-........... 103 103 102
35 1 14
. . .
Asst.JIPtialS:
o Supersaturaticn level be1G1 Watana d:Un Will rot exceed 155%.
o Slope fran Watara damsite to nesr Devil Creek is si"i!iJar> to slope fran belai Devil Csnyoo to
Gold Creek same expcnential · "-'"a.Y rate usej.
o No change in saturati.C\1 level t~ Devil Canycn l-.'hsn wate:-enters at elevated level.
0 Expcnential decay: y = ae-b>c where b = -o .. o38
a= initial % saturaticn -100
y = resulting saturaticn + 100
X : distance travelle;:I
' . .
..
..
..
• The levels of dissolved gas at Portage Creek and Gold Creek in some cases
exceed equiliQrium satu~ation·or 100 percen~; however, fish exposed to these
p~edicted levels should be able to avoid the supersaturated conditions .by
moving to greater d\:lpth$ in. the mainstent S;z.si tna River, or by moving to side
channels and sloughs fed primarily by gr~~1dwater and downstream of inflowing
tributaries where dilutj.on or-mainstem .river water m~y reduce levels .of
super.saturation. Studies on the Snake and Columbia River• system have shown
that generally fish either avoided areas of supersaturation or assumed a
deeper vertical distribution during periQds of high ~upersaturation 12 •
4. Devil Canyon and W~tana Dams On-Line
The ne.:xt step in this study i:;J to consider the effect on downstrettm water
quality of eliminating fixed-cone valves at the proposed Watar~ dam after the
Devil Canyon dam has been commissioned. in the year 2002. Review of the Acres
American, Inc., weekly energy simulation co~puter printout has shown that, in
fact, the year 2002 represents a worst case situation in terms or volume of
spill at Watana. Dul"ing the early years of operation of both dams, the
~ generating capacity greatly exceeds the ~nergy demand. As a result a lessor-
proportion of . ~utf'low from Watana will be run through the powerhouse afid
volume of spills will be higher tha.n in later .fears. This assumes that the
Devil Canyon developmen~ would be used for base load power generation and
Watana for peak load. . .
A summary of the maximum and a'Verage weekly spills at Watana and Devil Canyon ·
dams during the summer months for year 2002 demand i~ presented in Table 2.
~ . . .
These maximum values represent the maximum spill for a e;iven WeE!k over the
full 32 years of simulation. The number in parentheses gives the year in
whiah that maximum is predicted. The average values represent the average
spill for-a given week using the 32 years of simulation.. From these an
average spill fm~ each month has been computed ..
In review of Table 2, it appears that spills at Watana during the month o.f'
September in year 32 of the energy simulation output represent a worst-case
situation. The average September spill f¢r that year is 32,680 cfs. This is
• a result of high inflow to the rese~voir already at full capacity and zero
. . .
..
..
. .
IJJ "'-.,' ',;
T~UIE 2
lmKKLY SPilL RA'IE AT WA.TANA Al'ID tEV!L CA.r.rn:;N DAMS
BASeD tN YEAR 2J02 o:M\ND
WAN.~
(YR.) AVERACE (YR.) AVERACE
JT.LY 0 0
18,523 {13) ~9 6,379 (13) 199
24,573 (7) 2,344 12,925 (7) 855
30,933 (14) 52~ 22,636 (14) 2s801
AVG. 2,080
AtliT.El' 26,909 (14) 9,529 17,904 . (14) 3,837
26,044 (9) 11,470 1.6, 783 (9) lJ,l!65
211,599 (32) 12,327 13,399 (31) 4,3)4
36,483 (18) 14z0~ 28,083 (18) 519~6
AVG. 11~8110
liD,954 (10) 14,5110 32,851 (10) 6,191 . 39,811 (~) 12,476 31,299 (3?.) 3,855
33,888 (32) 10,252 24,397 (32). 2,510
24,733 (32) 82279 14,317 (~) 1 '7140
AVG .. 11,387 . . .
15,862 (9) . 5,ll44 4,816 (9) 373
18,031 (17) 3,545 7 .,'(55. (1.7) . ~55
15,083 (32) 3,!J82 14,926 (~) ~2
9,646 (Z7) 12207 0 -...
AVG. 3,420
Notes:
o Year in ~tl:eses oorrespcr.ds to year' of m:cdnun ~kly spill taken fran Acres ~""ioan, !oo. ,
ener-gy simil.atioo o::mr:ute;r prd.ntcut.
o All vall.leS reported in rubio feet per~.
.
..
..
. .
I'.
''
•
•
powsrhouse flow. For all further determinations of dissolved gas. levels, this
spill rate has been used~ It represents a worst-case situation and also
corresponds to discharge at Gold Creek during one of the 1982 field sampling
trips carried out oy the Alaska Department of Fish and Game. Table 3 lists
the percent saturation at key locations computed using the decay coefficient
and exponential decay function determined for+ this flCIW levei under natural . . .
conditions.
Seve~al assumptions have been mad.,. in developing this table wh~ch should be
kept in mind when reviewing it. It has been assumed that:
1) Watana releases liill not mix completely in the Dev~l Canyon reservoir
btlt travel through in. the upper 100 feet of the reservoir.
Forces of wind mixing and thermal regime in the Devil Canyon reservoir have
net been determined at t.his time, therefore their effect on the behavior ·of
inflowing water from the Watana rc~6~~o1r cannot be considered. Results from
on-going computer thermal modeling of the Devil Canyon reservoir could negate
this first assumption, but for simplicity all water entering the reservoir is
assumed to remain in the upper layers~
2) Water drawn !"or the powerhouse at Devil Canyon v~.j_1 come from th~
upper 100 feet of the reservoi~~ . .
Design drawings in Volume 3 of. the Feasibility Report show the power intake at·
Devil Canyon in the upper 100 feet of the reeervoi~. . . .
3) There will be little or no decay of dissolved gas supersaturation
during travel time through the reservoir generally due to
insufficient mixing ..
Studies on the Columbia River system have shewn no significant change. in
dissolved gas levels during travel time through each reservoir. ( 10 ) The
reason given is laek of mixing in the water bodies resulting in limited
interaction at the air-~~ater interface •
..
.
·-·"
TAIIE3
wmNA AND lEl!L CANYCN DAM>
• m ~ valves at Watana
--~--------------~----------~--------· '-----~~-----------------
-~ ~. .. , -~ . '
ntsCliA.R{E
AT
WAN. I\
DAM.
32, CXX> cl's
miles (x)
dchnstrea"Tl
Asst%Iptioos:
% SATtBATI<ll
BaDW WATAN.~
155
150
145
140
135
13}
125
1-20
115
110
105
0
AT
1Sts::NA
cmEK:
1118
1144
11ID
135
131
126
122
118
113
109
104
4
lEV"11
miL CANYCN
oomN TAILRACE
~ PORrAL
148
144
11!0
'135
No 131
126
Decay 122
118
113
109
104
0
o St:q:>~turatim level Oe'J.a.l Watan.:; dam will rot exceed 135%.
o No detay between Tsusena Creak ccnnuence an1 Devll Caoycn cutfall.
o Fla-t t..1.roU3h Devil Canya1 ~will rot be f'urwtlEr> m;>ersaturate:h
o Coostant ~tial decaY. do..mstream: fran Devil C!=nycn tailrace portal:
y = ae-bx: wtere b = -0.033
a= irdtial.% saturatim -100
sfllJ1 y =resulting satura.ticn +100
~· X= dis~ tra.velled
AT AT
P<mAtE a:LD.
CliEEK C1EEK:
147 130
143 128
139 125
134 122
130 120
125 116
121 113
117 111
113 103
109 106
104 103
.
1 14
..
..
• 4) Powar generation at Devil Canyon will not significantly change the
s~t,ersaturation level of water drawn from the reservoir.
Passage of water through the penstock and turbines at Devil Canyon by nature
of the op~ration is unlikely to result in release of dissolved gas from
solution. If anything the power generation process wol;lld tend. to inore~se
supersatur;ation levels. by 2 to 5 percent in· water that may already be
supersaturated. This is the case on the Columbia Ri~er system. (5) However 1
for this ~:tudy di~sol ved gas levels are assumed to be unchanged going through
the powerhouse.
It" these assumptions hold, Table 3 shows potentially harmf'uJ. levels of
dissolved g~s at Portage Creek and Gold Creek. Looking back at Table 2, it
appears. that. these elevated levels of dissolved gas could be sustained for
several oons\~cutive weeks. Studies in fish hatcheries and natural river
systems have shown that f.i,sh can tolerate inte-~mittent periods of
supersaturated conditions depending on species and life stage; however,
continuous expos~re results in high mortality ra~es.<12 )
Holding to the same assumptions presented above, travel tim~s through .the
Devil Canyon reservoir tmderw worst-case and average conditions have been
computed as a check on Table 3;; The average weekly· spills at Watana under
year 2002 energy demand are averaged to yield monthly values o: inflow to the
Devil Canyon reservoir. Tributary inflow is assum~d to be insignificant; ·
These have been used to compute travel ·time and determine the likelihood of ·
filling the live storage of Devil C~yon reservoir with ~upersaturat.ed
water. Sheet 1 of 3 shoHs that for \vorst-case spills at rlatana the. travel
time is 5.5 days. This sheet also shows the water travel time using the total
reservoir storage is 16.8 days. This would indicate that in certain yeat'S of'
sustained high spills at Watana, i.e. year 32 of the year 2002 demand
simulation; the. live or total storage water at Devil Canyon would be
supersaturated. Water drawn through the power intake and eventually released
would be at a level of supersaturation potentially harmful to fisheries
resources downstream.
() " .
,,;~ ~· ,;t.
"' ....
..
..
I
• Sheets 2 a.nd 3 show that under average. conditions, using average weekly spills
at Watana, this possibility still exists, though it would be somewhat reduced
due to the longer travel time and greater possibility of mixing.
During periods of high spills at Watana, spill rates at Devil Canyon are also
relatively high. The position of the fixed-cone valves m~ar the bottom of ~he
reservoir at Devil Canyon will draw water from the hypolimnion which should
not be supersaturatedc This assumes that thermal stratification will develop
in the reservoir ln spite of relatively short water retention time. Movement
of the water through the valves, the fall to the exi$ting tailwater elevation,
and travel through the lower end of Devil Canyon will result in dissolved gas.
levels aproaching the levels observed under natural conditions. Though still
supersaturated, it may serve ·to dilute powerhouse flow entering the river at
higher dissolved gas levels. However, it is believed that resulting values
downstream will b~ higher than under pre-project conditions.
In summary, it appears that elimination of fixed-cone valves at the proposed
Watana dam would result in an increase in the level~ of dissolved gas
'
downstream of the proposed Devil Canyon developmento However, addi~ional
field data on· existing levels of saturation through Devil Canyon and the
downstream decay rate of supersatul.,a-tion at ~-.,.~ious dischc;.rges is needed to
confirm the relationships used in this analysis. Also, th9 degree of
wind-induced mixing and the. thermal regime of Devil Canyon reservoir will
allow more detailed analysis of the behavior of the inflowir!g water from ·
Watana and posible. dilution efrects due to mixing.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Acres American, Inc. 1982. Susitna Hydroelectric Project F·easibility
Study -Volume 3, Plates.
2. Bouck, G. R. 1980. Etiology of gas bubble diseas~. Transactions of the
Ame~ican Fisheries Society 109: 703-707.
3.-Bouck, G.R. i980. Introduction to air supersaturation in surface wat·er:
a continuing engineering and biological problem. Proceedings of a
Symposium on Surface Water Quality, June 2-5, 1980. Minneapolis,
Minnesota.
4.. Bouck, G.R. 1982. Gasometer for monitoring dissolved gas pressures.
Transactions of' the American Fisheries Society 3(4). ··
5. D'Aoust, B.G. and M.J.R. Clark 1980. Analysis or supersaturated air in
natural waters and reservoirs. Transactions of the American Fisheries
Society 109: 708-724.
6. Ebel, W.J. and H.L. Raymond '976. Effect of atmospheric gas supersatu•
. ration on salmon '"1~ steelhead trout of the Snake and Columbia Rivers.
Marine Fisheries };eview Paper 1191 , July, 1976.. ··
Harvey,
salmon.
H.H. 1963.
Ph.D. Thesis.
Pressure ln the early life history of sockeye
University of British Columbia.
8. Krishnan, G. 1982. Susitna Hydroelectric Project Nitrogen Supersaturation
Studies, Acres Office Memorandum. September 13, 1982.
g. Peterson, L.A. and G. Nichols 1982. Water quality effects resulting from
impoundment of the Susitna River. Prepared for R&M Consultants, Ocotober
15, 1982.
10. Roesner, L.A. and W.R. Nort.on 1971. A nitrogen gas· (N 2 ) model for the
lower Columbia River prepared for Portland District~ u.s. Army Corps of
Engineers. Report Noa 1-350. January 1971.
11~ Schmidt, Do 1981e Summary of key findings of 1981 dissolved gas
investigation of the Susitna Rive~ in t~e Devil Canyon vicinity.
Unpublished report. !
12. Weitkamp, D~ and M. Katz 1980e A review of dissolved gas supersaturation
literature. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 109: 659-702 ..
. .
..
....
•
PERATROVICH, NOITINGHAM & DRAGE, INC •
1506. West 36th Avenue, Suite 101
ANCHORAGE, ALASKA 99503
(907) 2n -8633
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TO: Distribution
FROM: D. Crawford
SUBJECT: Susitna Hydroelectric Project
Nitrogen Supersaturation Downstream
of Susitna ~evelopments. Discussion Paper
Introduction
FILE: P5700.07.06
Nitrogen supersaturation has been identified as a potential lethal problem
to fish populations downstr•eam of Watana and Devil Canyon dams. The
extent of the problem can be gaged by considering the extent of spills and
the method of spilling. Generally, the lower the spills the less of a
problem nitrogen supersaturation will be. The method of spilling (valves,
flip bucket, stilling basin, or cascade).will determine the level of
saturation.
The question of nitrogen supersaturation has apparently been raised due to
experience from the Columbia River. The analogy that the Susitna Development
will be similar to the Columbia River is in many aspects err~neous. The
Columbia River, in the United States, is an almost fully developed river
and forms a classical cascade with one dam spilling into the reservoir of
the next. The amount of storage available on the Coiumbia is limited so
that spillage along the system is a common occurrence. This, consequently,
causes a buildup of saturation levels progressively downstream. The
. problem was severe causing serious damage to fish populations and required
extensive remedial action.
The high nitrogen supersatL ;:tion levels and the consequt:)ntia~ high
incidence of gas bubble disease in fish have been lowered ~y alterations
to spillway flips and with increases in powerlious·~ capac·ities. The later
change plus the developments of Mica and Revelstoke have substantially
reduced the frequency ahd magnitude of spills. Lower spills and the
structural alterations have reduced the s~turation problem to a tolerable
level.
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In comparison to the Columbia River, the Susitna River development has
considerable storage and regulation at Wata.na resulting in a low frequency
of spills. The powerhouse capacities at Watana and Devil Canyon are
con~iderable and further reduce the need to spill. Consequently, the
analogy between the Columbia and Susitna Rivers is not correct from several
aspects... Other aspects which differ between the river are operation; fish
passage, tributary inflows, and length of reach downstream. ·
Nitrogen Sqpersaturation
Nitrogen supersaturation will result when aerated discharges are subjected
to pressures greater than atmospheric. Generally, the plunging of a jet,
such as from a flip bucket, into a pool greater than 30 ft will result in
saturation levels up to 150%.
The critical level at which fish become seriously affected is generally
accepted at 116% although regulatory authorities use 110% as a water
quality stand&rd. Levels in excess of 116% saturation would eliminate,
given enough time, most fish occupying the top five feet of a river, This
level and greater. ~an be tolerated by fish which swim to greater depths.
The greater tolerance is due to hydrostatic compensation which increases
the tolerable saturation level by about 3% per foot of depth.
Exposure tim~ to lethal levels of saturation required to ~eriously damage
fish populations is dependent upon sevc."'al factors. Generally, fish will
show significant recovery from elevated saturation levels (up to 125%) if
exposure time is limited.
Analysis of Watana Spills
To illustrate the levels of nitrogen supersaturation downstream of Watana
due to spills, an analysis of floods has been performed. This analysis
assumes that the spill facilities at Watana consist of the following
arrangement:
..
I •\
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Powerhouse:
Service (H-B valves, Expansion
Chamber):
Auxiliary (Flip or Stilling
Basin).:
Capacity ( cfs).
12,000
18,000
15,000
>15,000
Operation
WSEL ~ 2, 20.0
QINF > 12,000
WSEL .::_ 2,200
QINF > 30,000
2s200 ~-WSE~2,205
WSEL > 2,205
The analysis considered the thirty year period used in energy simulation
analysis and floods with given return periods up to 1:100 years. The
latter assumed peaks and hydrograph shapes derived by R&M CO''lsultants for
the August-Octobet, per·iod.
Historical Spills
The energy si mt{l ati 011 mode 1 s hawed that four years in the thirty year
f period had spi·n~ge. Obviously, ·use of the monthly flow model will not
indicate the true day to day operation of powerhouse and spillway. Daily
discharges were determined from streamflow records at Gold Creek prorated
to Watana to give an indication of the daily flows. Table 1 shows the
discharges for days in \'Jhich all three discharge facilities operated.
(
The historical period indicates that a total of 15 days in the 30 yl':!ar
period had spil.ls from the auxiliary spillway. This represents0 raverage\
~frequency of operation of one day every two· years. Assuming auxiliary
spillway, service spillway, and powerhouse discharges have saturation
leJel of 140%, 100%, and 100%, respectively. The maximum saturation
obtained was 118%. Fourteen of the fifteen days had saturation levels
below 116%. The mean saturation level for the fifteen days was 110% ..
The above historical analysis has assumed no initial storage of discharges
exceeding 30,000 cfs or limited auxiliary spillway discharge to 15,000
during the first five feet of surcharge. If some initial storage was
~ave
assumed, saturation levels would be reduced and would have not~exceeded
I
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114%. However~ an increase in the number of days that the auxiliary
spillv;ay operated would occur.
Flood Spills
Floods with given return periods have been analyzed as above and show
similar results. For these flows a discharge limit for th~ auxiliary
spillway of 15,000 cfs has been assumed for water surface elevations
1 ess than 2 ,205. ft.
The 1:100 year flood would result in nitrogen supersaturation for 14 days.
Smarler floods show a reduction in the number· of days of supersaturated
conditi.ons. However!! the maximum remains at 113%. The 2 year flood results
in no elevated saturation levels. The results of this analy:-1is are given
in Table 2.
Devil Canyon
The nitrogen supersaturation problem downstrea~ of Devil Canyon is pJtentially
more severe thar. at Watana. By proper design of spillwdy facilities that
do not cause plunging conditions, the supersaturation of flows can be
maintained within acceptable limits.· Analysis of spill occurrences and
nitrogen levels have not been carried out, but a qualitive assessment of
the discharge facilities concludes that with the inclusion of Howell-Bunger
valves into a service spillway facility, the nitrogen saturation levels
downstream should be acceptable.
Other Considerations
A further consideration is the dissipation of supersaturated conditions
under turbulent flow in the river reach downstream of Devil Canyon. This
reach would provide some reduction of saturated conditions, however, no
quantifiable rates of dissipation could be estimated due to inadequate
data on the reach and on typical dissipation rat·es. Obvious1y, further
analysis would be beneficial, but qualitively, the conclusion would be
that saturation levels would be significantly requced by the time the flow
reaches Talkeetna.
.. ...
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Nitrogen saturation levels are also
Canyon reieases by tributary flows.
further reduce the problem.
r~duced due to the d~~uatian of Devil
This is also significant and would
Summary
This paper is intended for discussion and to aid in determining the extent
of the nitrogen supersaturation levels t_hat can be expected from the
proposed spillway facilities. Obviously, changes in spillway design will
effect any conclusions drawn here so a reassessment of this feature is
required for final design.
The main conclusions from this assessment are:
1. The saturation level downstream of Watana due to spills resulting
from a 1:100 year flood are acceptable given the proposed operation ..
2. The saturation level downstream of Devil Canyon are also acceptable
for the 1:100 year flood occurrencE! and the proposed spill.Jiay facility.
3" Saturation levels will significantly dissipate downstream due to
turbulence and diluation effects.
Discussion and comments are requested on the above analysis.
DC:ccv
Distribution:
T. Lavender
J.W. Hayden
J.D. Lawrence
K.R. Young
G. Krishnan
R.K. Ibbotson
D. Crawford
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Year of
Occurrence
1955
1959
1960
1967
NOTES:
TABLE 1
Residual Nitrogen Supersaturation Levels
and Duration:Historica1 Analx.sis
Discharge {cfs}
Powerhouse Service Auxiliary
12,000 18,000 18,000* 12,000 18,000 15,600*
12,000 18,000 12,600
12,000 18,000 5,300
12 5 000 18,000 8,700
12,000 18,000 1,100
12,000 18,000 2,800
12,000 18,000 3,700
12,000 18,000 3,800
12,000 18,000 18,400*
12,000 18,000 23, 900it
12,000 18,000 12,500
12,000 18,000 8,400
12,000 18~000 7,800
12,000 1B,OOO 1,300
:Sa tura ti on.
Percent.
1..15
1.14
1.12
1.06
1.09
1.01
1.03
1.04 .
1.04
1~15
1.18
1.12
1.09
1.08
1.02
* Probable use of storage. Discharge wou'ld be limited to 15,000 cfs.
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1:100
Flow N2 %
1,100 1.01
4,500 1.05
8,000 1.08
15, 000.3./ L13
II II
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15,000 1.13
3,100 1.04
NOTES:
TABLE 2
Residual Nitrogen Supersdt~r·cttion Levels
and Duration -Flood Freauency Analysis
' ( ~
Auxiliary Discharge cfs11
Return Period
1:50 1:10
Flow N2 % Flow N2 % -·
670 1.01 4,200 1.05
3,800 1.04 12,200 1.12
15,000 1.13 11,900 1.11
II II 5,800 1.06
II 3,100 1.04
II
II
II
II
15,000 1.13
2,400 1.03
1:5
Flow N2 %
5,000 1.06 .
4,700 1.05
Y Powerhouse and service flovJs assumed. 12,000 and 18,000 cfs, resrect·ively ..
; Zl \;\(;'·.to.,. 0Cl,t!:. o:\ \~ .. ,C"f.'J~ c~
;,-
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UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON
SEATTLE, WASHINGTON 98195
TO:
TYPE OF SUPPORT REQUESTED:
TITLE OF PROJECT:
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
A}10UNTED REQUESTED:
DESIRED PERIOD:
UNIVERSITY OFFICE TO BE
-CONTACTED REGARDING GRANT
OR CONTRACT NEGOTIATION:
DATE: 12 January 1981
OFFICIAL AUTHORIZED TO
GIVE UNIVERSITY APPROVAL:
\vEYERHAEUSER COMPANY
Research Contract
Ore-Aqua Coho Scale Analysis
Robert L. BurgnPr
Professor and Dixector
Fisheries Research Institute
College of Fisheries, WH-10
University of Washington
Seattle, Washington 98195
(206) 543-4650
$ 6,662
15 January 1981 -1 April 1981
Grant and Contract Services
Rm 22,. Administration Bldg., AD-24
University of Hashington
Seattle, Washington 98195
(206) 543-4043
< £-:le'~-~-Ll~ ~=~o-"}4~ .
Principal Investigator
--~,._., ....... -.... ··-·----·-··-+>· -...... ___ ,._..,.,,_~·-·-·-.... ··~· .
Donald R. Baldwin, Dir0ctor
Grant and Contract Services
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OFFICE MEMORANDUM
TO; J.W. Hayden Date: September 13, 198,2
FROM: G. Krishnan File: P5700. 14.53
SUfiJECT: Susitna Hydroelectric Project
Nitrogen Supersaturat~on Studies
Enclosed is ·a copy of the final draft of the report on Gas Concentration
and Tanperature of Spill Discharges Below Watana and Devil Canyon Dams.
Please note that no gr~phics efforts have been spent on getting the
figures in the Acres standard format. This has been_postponed until after
your review of the material and advice on the inclusion of any field
measurements of nettural supersaturation in the river. Messers M. Bell and
J. Douma had expressed an interest to receive copies of this report.
Please advise if this can be done at this time. ·
GK:ccv
Enclosure
cc: J.D. Lawrence
A.F. Coniglio
K.R. Young
~J. Dyok/D. Crawford
------------------------~---~--
G. Krishnan
AI' .,
1 INTRODUCTION
GAS CONCENTRATION AND TEMPERATURE OF
SPILL DISCHARGES BELOW
WATANA AND DEVIL CANYON DAMS
Supersaturation of atmospheric gases (especially nitrogen) in hatchery and
aquarium facilities was first no~ed in the 1900's (1) and was ascribed as
causing the condition in fish known as gas bubbl~ disease~ Supersaturation
caused by entrainment of air in waters spilled over dams on the Columbia
River was recognized as a problem for anadromous fisheries in the river in
1965. A comprehensive stcdy (2) of dissolved gas levels in the Columbia River
showed that waters plunging below spillways was the main cause of super-
satur-ation in the river waters.. Several 1 ater studies have confi nned the
harmful effects of nitrogen supersaturation to fisheries. The tolerence of
fish to levels of nitrogen supersaturation depends on the time of exposure,
age, and species of the fish; dissolved.nitrogen levels referenced to surface
pressure above 110 percent are generally considered harmful (3). The state
of Alaska water quality criterion is set of 11:~ for total gas saturation in
its waters •
. ~Jith this background, the potential problem of supersaturation of spill waters
from the proposed Watana and Devil Canyon developments on the Susitn& River
was ~ecognized early during the feasibility studies. Alternative spillway
facilities were studied to min1mize such a potential problem, and a scheme
comprising fixed cone valves and overflow spillway was selected for each
development based on detailed discussions with environmental study groups.
This report describes the selected spillway schemes briefly and presents the
analyses and field investig&tions carried out to assess the perfonnance of
the proposed schemes with respect to gas supersaturation in spill waters.
A related concern on temperature of spill waters is also discussed.
A summary of the studies undertaken and the important conclusions are
presented in Section 2. A ihort description of the proposed schemes is given
in Section 3. Section 4 details the engineering analyses carri·ed out. Results
of these analyses, field investigations, and their interpretation are prese~ted
in Section 5. The next section presents the major conclusions drawn from
these studies. Appendix A comprises the field study report and AppendixB
deals with the t€!lJperature of spill waters, its impacts downstream, and possible
reservoir operation scenarios to minimize such impacts.
2 -sur~MARY
Relatively little information is available in the litar~ture on the.perfonnance
of fixed-cone valves to reduce gas supersaturation in thei1· discharges. Published
studies (4) on the aeration efficiency of Howell Bunger valves (the more
commonly known type of fixed-cone valves) were reviewed, and a theoretical
assessment of the pertonna.nce of the proposed valve 1 ay~~tts was made based on
the physical and geometric characteristics of diffused jets discharging freely
into the atmosphere. Results of a compan~on study on assessment of scour hole
development below high-head spill?JJays {5) were used to estimate the potential s
plunging of the valve discharges into tailwater pools at the proposed develop-
ments, and the resulting supersaturation in the releases was calculated~
Specific field tests were conducted at the Lake Comanche Dam on the Mokelumne
River in California (6) to stu~y jet characteristics and the efficiency of the
existing Howell Bunger valves in reducing supersaturation level in the reser~
voir releases.
The analyses indicate that no serious supersaturation of nit~o~en is likely
to occur in the releases from the proposed Watana and Devil Canyon developments
for spills up to 1:50 year recurrence interval. Field test results tend to
confinm some of the assumptions made in the theoretical analysis with respect
to jet shape!* diffusion, and gas concentration 1n.the valve discharges.
Several assumptions and approximations, albeit conservative, have been made in
the analyses which should be confinned in later study phases, perhaps in a
physical model. For the purpose of feasibility studies, however, it is felt
that the analyses adequately support the proposed schemes for their intended
purpose.
A related question of the temperature of spill waters and its effects on the
downstream water temperature has been analyzed and detailed in Appendix B.
Simulation studies of the two-reservoir operations indicate that continuous
(24 hour) spills would occur in the month of August in 30 out of 32 years of .
simulation and in 18 out of 32 years in September for the· Case 11 C11 operation
which maintains a minimum instantaneous flow of 12,000 cfs in August at Gold
t;reek. This spill frequency is simulated for a system energy demand in ·\he
year 2010 (Bettelle forecast) and assumes that the entire demand is met by
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Watana and Devil Canyon developments where possible. The spills will be
greater· and more frequent in the years between 2002 ( Devi 1 Canyon conmi ssi oning)
and 2010. ~Jhen Watana a 1 one is operati ana 1 (between 1993 and 2002) ~ 1 ess
frequent spills are simulated to occur. Reservoir operation studies are
currently being refined to finalize acceptable downstream flows.
Ter::perature of spi 11 waters at ~Jatana is expected to be c 1 ose to that of
power flows and hence, it is not expected to create temperature problems
downstream when Watana is operating alone (1993-2002) or when it spills into
Devil Canyon. At Devi.l Canyon, ho't1ever, spill temperature is expected to be
close to 39°F compared to a ·power flo~.t temperature of 48-49°F in August and
45°F in September. This is based on the conservative assumption that the
tempel'·ature of spill water does not increase significantly 'IJhile in contact
with the atmosphere despite the highly diffused valve discharge. It is~
therefore~ considered necessary to keep the spill from Devil Canyon to a minimum to
avoid unacceptably low downstream temperatures. The analyses indicate that by
operating Devil Canyon to meet most or all of the base load demand and with
\tlatana generating essentially to meet peak demands and spilling continuously .
when necessary, it would be possible t-, maintain downstream flow temperatures
bel o~; Devi 1 Canyon close to that of power flow \'lhi 1 e reducing spi 11 frequency
considerably. •
During major floods (1:10 year o~ rarer), there will be significant sp;lls
from Devil Canyon in addition to the power flow resulting in cold slugs of
water downstream for a few days. It will be necessary to establish criteria
for acceptability of lower temperatures for short durations in August and
September in consultation with fisherias study groups and concerned agencies.
Currently, downstream 'IJater temperatL're ·analyses are being refined, and when
the results are available, the above spil1 temperatures and duration should
be reviewed to confirm downstr·eam temperatures during noY"TJal power operation
as well as flood events. If the projected temperature regimn downstream is
unacceptable, alternative means to remedy the situation should be considered.
These ~ay include provis~on of higher 1evel intakes to several or all fixed-
cone valVe discharges at Dilwil Canyon, multileve'l power intake at Devil Canyon,
limited operation of main overflow spillway (for floods 1:50 year o~ more
frequent) to improve temperature without serious increase in nitrogen super-
saturation, etc.
"' .... ··
·' ' l": ' '-~
'/.
3 ~ SCOPE OF ANA~YSES
The objective of the analyses presented in the following sections is to"· ...
provide an assessment of the performance of the fixed-cone valves in their
proposed tonfiguratio.n with respect to their potential in reducing gas con-
centration in spill waters from the Watana and Devil Canyon developments. The
analysis is a theoretical study supplemented by available field information on
performance of these valves for aeration. Field measurements \vere conducted
on the Howell Bunger valves at the Lake Comanche dam on the Mokelumne River.
in California. Results of the tests are interpreted to confinn some of the
study assumptions.
A related question of temperature of spill waters is analyzed in Appendix B.
The data for the a!1a lyses ·has been d1rawn from the Feas i bi 1 i ty Report · (:) .
...
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4 -SCHEME DESCRIPTION
This section presents a short description of the selected spillway and outlet
facilities for the proposed Watana and Devil Canyon developments.
~.1-Scheme Qescription
Selection of the discharge capacity and the type of spillway and outlet
facilities has been based on project safety, environmental, and economic con-
siderations. At each development, a set of fixed-cone valves is provided in
the outlet works to discharge spills up to 1:50 year recurrence interval. The
main spillway comprises a gated control structure and a chute with a flip
bucket at its end. This facility has a capacity to discharge, in combination
with the outlet works, the routed design flood which has a return period of
1:10,000 years. A fuse plug with an associat·ed rock-cut channel is provided
to discharge flows abeve the design flood and up to the. estimated probable
maximum flood at the dam. Detailed descriptions of the facilities are pre-
6, sented in the Feasibility Report (7).
The primary purpose of the outlet facility is to discharge the spi11 waters
up to 1:50 ~~ear recurrence in such a manner as to reduce potential super-
saturation of the spill with 0tmospheric gases~ particularly nitrogen. This
frequency was ·adopted after discussions with environmental study groups as an
acceptable level of protection of the downstream fisheries against the gas
bubble ~isease. A set of fixed-cone valves were selected to discharge the
spills in highly diffused jets to achieve significant energy dissipation
without provision of a stilling bdsin or a plunge pool where potentially large
supersaturation develops. The valves have been selected to be within current
\'/Orld experience with respect to their size and operating heads. At ltlatana,
six 78 inch diameter valves are provided and are located about 125 ft above
average tailwater leve'( in the river. The design capacity of each valve is
.6~000 cfs. At Cevil Canyon, seven fixed cone valves with a total design
capacity of 38,500 cfs are provided at two levels within the arch dam, four
102 inch valves at the high level soma 170ft above average tailwater level,
and three 90 inch valves about 50ft above average tailwater level. The lower -
'Jalves have a capacity of 5,100 cfs each and the higher ones 5,800 cfs each.
In sizing these valves, it has been assumed that the valve gate opening will
be restricted to 80% of full stroke to reduce vibration.
'
'.
5 -ENGINEERING ANALYSES
This section details the analyses carried out to estimate potential super-
saturation in the releases from the Watana and Devil Canyon developments
when the reservoirs spill.
5. 1 ~-· Avai 1 able Data
Fixed cone valves have been used in several water resource projects for
wats~ control, energy dissipation, and aeration of discharge waters, and data
on their performance for such operations is readily available. However, no
precedence has been reported on the use of such valves for reducing or
eliminating gas supersaturation in spill waters. Manufacturer•s catalog
information on Howell Bunger valves and Boving Sleeve type discharge
regulators (both particular types of fixed cone valves) and the Tennessee
Valley Authority Study (4) on aer·ation efficiency of Howell Bunger valves form
the specific data availabl~. Theoretical analyses are carried out based on
~-the geometric and physical chat"'acteristics of diffused jets discharging
freely into the atmosphere.
5.2 -Field Data Collection
A-review of existing facilities where a potential for spilling during the
spring of 1982 existed was made, and the Lake Comanche dam~ on the Mokelumne
River in California, was selected as a feasible site for specific testing.
The Comanche Lake dam is of the rockfill type \~ith outlet facilities fitted
with four Howell Bunger valves. These valves are located at the toe of the ~
dam and spray the discharge into confined concrete conduits before releasing
the water to the stream.
Outflow through the valves was around 4,000 cfs during the test on May 28,
1982. Water samples were collected at several depths in the res~rvoir n~ar
the va 1 ves and at dovmstream 1 ocati ons and analyzed for nitrogen and m~yg en
t~ concentrations. Details of the test p1·ocedure and results are presented in
Appendix 1.
.
.. ..__,,_~ .... -,.,.~~~ .... ,o.<.-.• ,u--..~ ........ .._--,~~~«''W' __ ..._~ _ _,..,_,, *".";;--->,........_..._~-...-·~-·, ....... ...,,.
5.3 -Method of Analysis
(a) Flow from·the fixed cone valves leaves the structure as a free-dischatging
jet diffusing radially at the cone angle. The path of the jet depends on
the energy of flow available at the valve and the angle at whi~h the jet
leaves the valve (assumed as 45°). Referring to Figure 5.1~ the path of
·the trajectory is given by the following equation (8):
x2 Y = X tan 6 -__ __;,.;. __ , --( 1)
where:
a = angl~ of the jet to the horizontal;
k = a factor to take account of loss of energy and velocity reduction
due to the effect of air resistance~ internal turbulences, and
disintegration of the jet (assumed at 0.9};
Hn = net energy of the jet~ ft.
The proposed ~alve operation restricts the opening of the valve gate to
80% of full stroke. This may be interpreted as equivalent to producing
an additional he·ad loss in the system, thereby reducing the discharge
to 80% of the theoretical capacity~ The general discharge equation for
the valve:
(2)
may then be written as:
(2a)
= CA /2g x ·64 x·h~ (3)
where:
QT = theoretical capacity of valve, cfs;
A ~ area of valve, ft;
C = coefficient of discharge (~ · 85 for fixed-cone valves);
h0 = net head upstream of valve, cfs;
Q0 = design capacity of valve, cfs.
Equation (1) may be rewritten now as:
x2 y = X tan 6 ----.~-~------
k 4 x (0.64 x hn) x Cos 2 e (4)
Referring to Figure· 5.1, the" longitudinal throw of the jet is calculated
with 6=45° arid -45° while its laterial throw calculated when e=0°.
Vertical rise of the jet above the valve is calculated as a simple
proje(:tile subject to gravity and neglecting air friction to yield a
conservative value.
(b) Potenti.al Plunging Depth of .Jet(s). Into Tailwater Pool
As part of the feasibility studies of the Watana and Devil Canyon develop-
ments, a study was made by Acres on the scour hale deve 1 opment be 1 o1t1
high head spillways, and the results therefrom have been used to estimate
the potential plunging of the jets from the fixed cone valves into
·tailwater. Figure 5.2 presents a definition sketch for the study
carried out for a typical flip bucket spillway configuration. It may
be readily observed that significant differences exist between a "solidn,
jet leaving a flip bucket and th~ diffused discharge jet from the fixed-
cone valves in the available energy and its concentration in the jet
for scouring downstream or plunging into the tai1water pool. Equation
(5) was developed in the above mentioned studies to estimate scour
depth for a soii·:l jet:
-~ .:':1·
where:
y = estirriated scour depth, ft;
q = unit dis~harge, cfs/ft;
H = net fall of the jet, fta
This equation was modified to take account of the maximum discharge
intensity, q1 in cfs/ft2 of the. fixed cone va 1 ves assuming the 1 ong-·
itudinal spr·ead of the solid jet as equal to its flow depth at the toe
uf the flip bucket (Figure 5.2). This assumpation is expected to yield
a conservative estimate of the scour depth for diffused jets.. The fall
height H was taken as the dt"OP of the diffused jet from the highest
point of its rise to the tailwater pool (Figure 5.1). With these
modifications, equations (6) and (7) were developed to estimate the
scour depth due to the valve discharges at Watana and Devil Canyon, ne~
spective ly.
Yw = ·24 (ql w>0.92 Hw0.32 (6)
Y = .. ~24 (q 1 )0.98 H. 0.32
DC DC DC (7)
W and DC represent Watana and Devi ·1 Canyon., respectively.
Scour depths, as ct!lculated by equations (6) and (7), give an estimate
of the depth to which water may plunge should the jet fall into a
tailwater pool instead of on solid ground~ The values Yw and Yoc are •
calculated t'ur the highest intensity q 1 w or q1 pc when all the jets are
operating .at each of the developments and taken tlS the plunge depth of ·
the jets.
5.4 -Supersaturation of Spills
(a) Gas Concentratjon in Valve Dischar~
Results of the Lake Comanche dam tests indicate that the Howe1l Bunger
valves have been successful in preventing supersaturation of the spills
r ,
·~
(b)
(c)
and~ to some extent't have reduced the gas concentration in the spill
waters.
The Tennessee Valley Authority studies which were conducted to ·assess ·
aeration efficiency or the Howell Bunger va·!ves, suggest that the dis~
charge from the vaives are we11 aeratede The test results indicated
that sma 11 supersaturation ( 101-1 02%) of OX.''Jen may be found in th~
spills but suggested that this may be due to calculation procedure used.
T~! report concluded that since saturation concentrations were net
measured in th~ field, it is not certain whether supersaturation acually
occurr~d in the runoff downstream.
Based on th~ above test results, it has been conservatively assumed
that a 100% snturation level of at~ospheric gas is likely to exist in
the valve discharges at Watana and Devil Canyon.
Supersa_turati on Due to Plunging
Each component of gas in the atmosphere will dissolve in water independ-
ently of all other gases and, when at equilibrium (i.e. saturation
condition) with the air, the pressure of a specific dissolved gas is
equivalent to its partial pressure in the air. Approximating one
atmospheric pressure to 34 ft head of water, the. above relationship
translates roughly to 3% saturation per foot of hydrostatic head. Thus,
it may be extended that fully saturated water mass when plunging into a
pool would develop a supersaturation of gas at the rate of 3% per foct of
plunge provided that adequate supply of air is entrained.
Gas Concentration in Downstream Dischar~es
t \ ~
Average power flows at the two developments during spills have been
estimated in the reservoir simulation studies. For the current analyses,
it is conservatively assumed that these powerhouse discharges will be
fully saturated. Estimates of final gas concentrations in the total
downstream discharges is calculated assuming the laws of dilution to
hold for mixing discharges at different gas concentrations.
~~)
" • ~: ;ct _.: . ..; ,~ ~·~' / "}
It is .assumed that spills from Watana will get completely mixed in the
Devil Canyon stor~ge during their passage through 26 miles. of reservoir
and that no supersaturation wou'Sd build up in the reservoir due to
\'latana spi 11 s.
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6 -RESULTS
Table 6.1 presents the results of the analyses carried out to assess the .
performance of the fixed cone valves at the proposed Watana and Devil Canyon
developments in relation to the potential gas supersaturation of spill waters.
Figures 6. l and 6. 2 present the jet interference pattern and the areas of ·
impingement.
Estimated supersaturation in the spill discha. 1es with a recurr~nce interval
of 1 ·Jn 50 years is 101% at Watana and 102% at Oevil Canyon. For more
frequent spills, these concentrations are expected to be somewhat lower due
to lower intensity of spill discharge and consequent lower plunge in the
tail~Jater pool.. For spills of rar·er frequency, the main chute spilh>~ay will
operate 1eading to potentially greater supersaturation in the downstream
discharges.
Results of spill temperature analysis is presented in Appendix B.
' ,,
TABLE 6~1-RESULTS OF ANALYSES
Descr~ption
1. Valve Parameters
Diameter of fixed cone valves-inches
Number of valves
Design capacity-cfs
Elevation of valve centerline-ft
Elevation above average tailwater-ft
Net head (hn) at the valve-ft
Angle of valve discharge with
horizontal-degrees (assumed)
2. Jet Geometry
Longitudinal throw-near edge-ft
Longitudinal throw-far edge·ft
Lateral throw-ft
Impingement area of single jet-ft2
Impingement area of all jets-ft2
Maximum fail of jet (H)-ft
3. Jet Characteristics
Average intensity of discharge-of
~ingl e jet cfs/ft2
Maximum intensity (q 1 ) when all jets
are operating cfs/ft2
Estimated plunge depth-ft
Watana Valves
78
6
4,000
1,560
105
508
45
91
676
351
145,200
221,300
359
0.028
6 X 0. 028
':'.: 0.168
0.3
4. Supersaturation Es~imates··n:so·year flood)
I ., • .,
Design valve discharge-cfs 24,000
Assumed simultaneous power flow-cfs 7,000
Total downstrea~ discharge-cfs 31,000
Assumed gas concentration in power
flow-percentand valve discharge at valve-% 100.0
Maximum qas concentration in valva discharg~ below ~am~%
Maximum gas concentration in total
downstream discharge-%
100.9
100.7
Devil Canlqn Va]ves ,,.. .. .
Upper LeveJ Lower Level
102
4
5,800
1,050
170
365
45
130
,rt50
378
112,250
173,250
90
3
5,100
930
50
450
45
46
564·
228
83,400
353 275
0.052 0.061
4 X •052 + 3 X •061 = 0.391
38,500
3,500
42,000
100.0
101.9
101.7
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7 -CONCLUSIONS
.
1. .
The analyses described above indicate that the proposed fixed-cone valves
would adequately prevent serious gas supersaturation in spill waters up to
a recurrence interval oi 1:50 years.
2. Severa.l assumptions have had to be made in the analyses with respect to
jet characteristics and its potential p1Jnge into tailwater pool. Field
test results available are only indicative of the valve perfonnance. In
particular, the configuration of the proposed valves set high above th~
tailwater pool and their free discharge with the atmosphere differ signi-
ficantly from the Lake Comanche dam arrangement and the TVA test facility.
In view of the nature of analyses and lack of precedence for the proposed
valve arrangement, it is recorrmended that a physical model study be
carried out to confirm the performance of the valves.
REFERENCES
1. Gorham, F.P., The Gas Bubble Disease of Fish and Its Cause, Bull. U.S ..
Fish Comm. 19(1899}:~3-37.
2. Ebel, W.J., Supersaturation of Nitrogen in. the Columbia Riyc;r and Its
Effect on Salmon and Stee 1 head Trout, U.S. Fish and Wi 1 dl i fe Se·rvi ce,
Fish Bull. 6B:l-11.
3. U.S. Department of the Army, Engineering and Design, Nitrogen Super-
saturation, ETL-1110-2-239, September 1978.
4. Tennessee Valley Authority, Progress Report on Aer~·.tion Efficiency of
Howell Bunger Valves, Report No. 0-6728, August 1968.
5. Acres, Susitna Hydroelectric Project, Scour Hole Development Downstream
of High Head Dams, Ma.rch 1982.
6. Ecological Analysts Inc.3 California, Lake Comanche Dissolved Nitrogen
Study, June 1982 (see Appendix n).
7. Acres, Susitna Hydroelectric Project, Feasibility Report, March 1982b
8. U.S. Department of tha Interior, Design of Small Dams, Bureau of
Reclamation, Hater Resources. Technical Publication, 1977'.
\ .
LAKE COMANCPE
DISSOLVED NITROGE~ STUDY
Prepared for
Milo Bell
P.o. Box 23
Mukilteo, Washington 98275
Prepared by
Ecolcgic.al An~lyats~ In~.
2150 John Glenn DFive
Concord, Jalifcrnia 94,520
June 19S2
APPENDIX A
• Nitrogen gas in the deep water of a reservoir may be slightly super-saturat,ed due
to Lhe hyd~o-sta~ic pressure of the overlying water (Wetzel, 1975). Therefore
water flowi~g £rom a dam with a deep intake may contain a super-saturated concen-
trat:lon of n:J;troge.n. If this excess nitrog~n gas is. not rapidly released into-the .
atmosphere, it may cau~e n~trogen gas bubble disease in fish residing below the
dam outfall (Conroy and Herman, 1970).
A·study was conqucted at Lake Comanche Dam, Mokelumne River, C~lifornia, to
determine the efficiency of the Hewell-Bunger ValvP-in l:'emoving super-saturat~d
dissolved nitrogen (N 2) from the dam's tailwater.
Th~ valves spray outfall water into concrete conduits before releasing the water
to the stream. This was observed and photographed at Lake Comanche Dam on 28 May$
\~2-~~ at a flow of 4000 cfs into the Mokelumne River (s~e accompanying photos).
I
This creates a turbulent and aerated flow with the purpose of facilitating nitrogen
gas release to the atmosphe~e •
. By sampling nitrogen. gas in the rese.rvoir near the intake, and at seve:ral locations
below the outfall valves, the efficiency of the valve was obtained.
~/ METHODS
In order to determine nitrogen gas concentrations at various depths in thg re:ser-
voir, water samples were collected in Lake Co~nche approximately 50 m from th~
dam direc.tly· over the river channel on 28 Hay 1982. A Van Dorn :Bottle was J.owet;ed
from a boat to collect. water samples at depths of 0, 10, 20, 30, and 38.4 m. As
reported by East Bay Municipal Utility District the dam intake was at a depth uf
38.4 m (126 ft) at the time of the sampling.
Once taken aboard, each sample was poured with minimum. turbulence i~to an ~irtight
bottle and capped in a manner th~t left no air bubbles in the bottle. Bottles
were placed in a cooler for transportati~n to the lcb. Studies ~onducted by Steve
Wilhelms of the Hydraulic Laboratory, U.S. Army Waterway Experimen.t Station,
Vicksburg, Mississippi (personal communication) indicate that brief expo~u~e of
deep water samples to atmospheric conditions has little effect on nitrosen ~as
concentrations. However., he has found that periods of a."'Cposure to atmospheric:.
. ' .
ai:t"' bubbles d~ring transportation can cause significant changes in nitrogen gas
concentrations, hence the need for removing all air bubbles before transportation.
Excess water remaining in the Van Dorn Bottles was measured for temperature. The.
atmcspheri~ pressure measured on site at the time of samplil1g was 753 mm· ..
At the tailwater below the dam 7 water was col.lected by immersing the sample bottles·
under the water a-nd capp:l.ng them in a manner that left no air bubbles i-g. the bottles.
Samples were taken at the oc.n~.fall, lCO m below the outfall, and 200 m below the. out-
fall. Water temperatures we·1:·e. taken at each of these locations"! l)ottles were-placed
in a cooler for transportatif~~' to the lab. At the time of sampling:~ the out~all flow.
was 4,000 cfs. The atmospheric pressure was 753 mm.
The water coll~.cted was anal:,rzed for nitrqeu gas (N
2
) and oxygen (ii
2
) in a
California State C.ertified Water lab u.::~1ng a Carle Model 8700 Basic Gas Chromato-
gram with a thermal conductivity condu•.!tor several hours after collection,
!
(:; ,,
""':\:' ·RESULTS ):
~. ;· ;.
' .
Nz
Depth 9.i:.~perature % Location (m) .. -·~ (mg/12. Saturation _{111g/ll Sa --
Reservoir 0 22.0 14-9 101 9.2 105 10 14.5 '17--0 100 9.3 90 20 13.2 17 .. 3 99 lOvO 94 30 11.0. 17.9 99 10.2 93 38.4 10.0 18 .. 5 101 9.3 62
Dam Tailw~ter
A.t Valve 0 10.2 17.7' 97 ll.l. g, .. 100 m downstream 0 10.5 17.3 95' ll.Z 98 200 m downstream 0 11 .. 5 17.9 97 10 .• 9 98
Re:c erences
f\:~: Conroy, D • .A .. ! and R. L. Herman. Textbook of Fish Diseases. 1970~ T .F .H..
Publicatio~s~ Jersey City, New. Jersey. 302 pp.
Wetzel, R. G. 1975. Lia~ology. W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia. 743 pp.
APPENDIX B
SPILLS AT WATANA AND DEVIL CANYON DEVELOPMENTS
B.l-OPERATION OF WATANA AND DEVIL CANYON
COM~INED ,.(Beyond Year 2002)
(a) Spill Quantities and Freguenc~
. '
The monthly reservoir simulation stud:es calculate spill volumes as the
flow required to be discharged from the dam to satisfy downstream
requirements less the maximum turbine capacity, and does not restrict
the turbine flow in relation to the actual energy danand of the system.
Total energy production, as calculated, is the energy potential of the .
schemes. Us~ble energy is then calculated as the potential or the
maximum energy demand, whichever is smaller. The turbi nf~ flows are not
readjusted to the level of usable energy production. Tables B.l to 8.9
present selecte~ results of the reservoir simulation studies which
indicate thisa
Tables 8.10 to 8.12 are developed from the reservoir simulation studies
for adjusted turbine flows for two alternative generation patterns at
Watana and Devil Canyon for the months of August and s~ptember when
·spills are most like1y to occur. Alternative A assumes that whenever
the potential energy generation from Watana and Devil Canyon develop-
ments is greater than the usable energy level, each development will
share the usab 1 e energy generation in proportion to their average head~'i.
However, in the months when Watana outflow, as simulated, is not
sufficient to generate energy in proportion to its average head, Devil
Canyon will makP up this difference. ·This ope_ration is r·equired in
such years when Devil Canyon is being drawn down to meet the minimum
downstr-eam flow requirements (years 1, 2, for example). Alternative B
assume.s that Devil Canyon would generate all the energy possible
consistent with downstream flow requirements, and Watana would only
operate to make up the difference in years when energy potential is
0
greater than usab 1 e. This assumes that a 11 the energy fl .. om. Devi 1 Canyoll: is
useable as base l1ad on a daily basis. Battelle load forecast (1981)
tends to confinn this assumption for the year 2010 .. However, during earlier
years, such operation may not be fully possible.
It may be readily seen from Tables lL10 to 8.12 that frequency of
continuous spills (24 hours) from the reservoirs in the months uf August
and September is significantly greater than presented by the reservoir
simulation (Tables 8.3 and 8.6).
The analyses sunmarized in Tables 8.10 to 8.12 indicate that Devil
Canyon would spill in 30 out of 32 years in August and 16 out of 32
years in Septenber for the Case "Cn operation which maintains a minimum
instantaneo~s flow of 12,000 cfs in August at Gold Creek. For down-
stream discharge requirements greate.r than 12,000 cfs at Gold Creek, it
is estimated that the frequency of spills may not be increased signi-
ficantly. However, the volume of spills will be larger to make up for
increased flow requirement. The above spill frequency is simulated for
a system energy demand in the year 2010 (Battelle Forecast) and assumes
thatthe entire demand is met by Watana and Devil Canyon developments
where possible. The spills will be greater and more frequent in the
years between 2002 (Devil Canyon commissioning) and 2010~
It may be seen that operation Alternative 2, which provides for maAimum
possible energy generatton from Devil Canyon while Watana is allowed to
spill, results in significantly reduced spill frequency from Devil
Canyon~ lhis type of operation is expected to be advantageous with
regard to downstream water qnality (see Section 8.2).
Several intermediate distributions of generation between Watana and
Devil Canyon is also possible. A recommended operation will be derived
after finalizing the downstream flow requirements and the refined
temperature modeling studies which are currently in progress.
' tJ'' •' '· ~ ., ·'.
~-
{b) Spill Quality
(i) Spill Temperature
Figures 8.1 and 8.2 are extracts from the project Feasibility
Report (7) and present simulated temperature profiles .in the Watana
and Devil Canyon reservoirs for the months June to September.
Refinement of reservoir temperature modeling is currently in
progress, but the differences between the revised profiles are not
expected to be very significant from the ones presented here
for these months.
Temperature of spill waters at Watana is expected to· be close t.o
that of power flow, and hence, it is not expected to create
temperature problems downstream when Watana is operating alone
(1993-2002) or when it spills into Devil Canyon. At Devil Canyon,
however, spill temperature is expected to be close to 39°F compared
to a power flow temperature of 48-49°F in August and 45°F in
Septanber. This is based on the conservative assumption that the
temperature of spill water does not increase significantly while
in contact with the atmosphere despite the highly diffused valve
dischargea It is, therefore, considered prudent to keep the spill
from Devil Canyon to a minimum to maintain as high a downstream
temperature as possible during spills.
The operation Alternative 2 in9icates that by operating Devil
Canyon to generate as much as possible during these months and ·
with.Watana generating essentially to meet peak demands and
spilling continuously when necessary, it would be possible to
maintain downstream flow temperatures below Devil Canyon close to
that of power flow.
During @ajor floods (1:10 year or rarer frequency), there will be
significant spills from Devil Canyon (see Tables B.lO and 8.11)
in addition to the power flow resulting in cold slugs of water .
downstream for a few to several days. It will be necessary to
establish criteria for acceptability of lower temperatures for
short durations in August and September in consultation with
fisheries study groups and concerned Agencies. Currently, down-
?tream water temperature analyses are being refined, and when the
results are available,.the above spill temperatures {\nd duration
should be reviewed to confirm downstream temperatures during normal
power operation as well as flood events.· If the projected
tenperature regime downstream is unacceptable, alternative means
to remedy the situation should be. considered. These may include
provision of higher level intakes to several or all fixed-cone
value discharges at Devil Canyon,.multilevel power intak~ at Devil
Canyon, limited operation of main overflow spillway (for floods
1:50 year or more frequent) to improve downstream water temperature
wjthout serious increase in nitrogen supersaturation, etc.
(ii) Gas Supersaturation
It does not appear (from Table 6.1) that there would be significdnt
advantage in spilling from Watana as compared to spills from Devil
Canyon in terms of gas concentration.
8.2 -OPERATION OF WATANA ALONE (1993-2002)_
Before Devil Canyon is commissioned, Watana would operate alone, and spills
required to maintain downstream flows will have to be made through the fix~~d-
cone valves. Reservoir simulations indicate that, generally, spills would be
. of lower rnag~itude during this operation due to greater percentage of flow
being used to generate usable energy.
It is be 1 i eved that the river reach of some 30 mi 1 es betl"Jeen Watana dam and
Devi 1 Canyon wou 1 d 1 essen the ·impact of spi 11 temperature and gas concentrnti on
below Devil· canyon and would pose less problems~ if any, compared to the case
when Devil Canyon development is also commissionedo
-~---~~-------~----~-------------
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c 2 196.0 214.4 26o.1 ~37.7 1'16. 7 202.9 170.5 175.9 2r.o.1 214.1 33o.9 344.3 2856.9
3 266.1 311.3 385.1 :!93o9 222.5 209 .r. 229.7 276.2 2~tj.7 274.8 .342. >1 JJa.o 3375.2
4 328.1 345.6 37Bd 278.2 ?.16.8 209.6 ::!H.l 32~.a 398.8 :!74.5 .331.1 217.7 3577.6
( 5 :!25.-4 291.9 373.1 285.5 :!22.~ 209.::i 231.6 :;o:;.6 3"14 •• 268.7 315.-1 2rt4 • .4 3327.8
.c; 253.4 310.3 380.7 299.2 232.3 210.3 2313.!3 207.1 349.5 295.7 4"16 • ., • •M:~.o 3663.1:1
1 247.::; 287 .e. 367.3 ":!75.6 221.1 210.6 230.9 303.3 432.0 396.5 4"16.4 432.0 3BS1.1
B 266.5 318.7 392·6 297.1 235.6 210.£1 240.6 246.1 392.2 271.5 344.9 4?3,9 3640.5
9 331.0 351.2 401.5 324.7 230.4 209.9 2!:.J.l 231.0 3:!~.:! 272 .• 5 336.5 179.3 3441.4
10 208.8 235.9 372.6 ~8e.s 2::!9.5 211.1 233,4 2!.'0.1 302.2 :!513.2 ... lr. 0 8 432.0 3S08,1
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OCT NOV [IEC JAU FEB ~iAI\ {;f'F: MY JUN JUL AUG SEf' ANN
1 439.7 594.0 800.9 58s.e -157.0 438.0 4U.4 4 "10 •. 7 4:!0.9 437.3 5~H , l 363.0 5947.8
( :! 439.1 488.G 611.6 519.7 418.3 4:47 .a 360.4 157.0 -499.9 455.6 ~90.? f.l39.7 6147.6
·a 563.3 670.0 8:!7.0 il23.2 -469.7 438.0 41A..4 soo.s 501.9 489.5 5R0.6 729.5 6809.5
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c 5 507.9 629.2 ao~.9 607.8 468.0 438.0 4l6.4 sao.!! ::i99.l 439.9' S44.1 sr.r..J 6r.sa.8
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7 525.4 624.6 791.6 S87.9 465.4 438.0 416.-4 :iY!i.4 809.9 733.2 944.9 935~2 7867.7
( a 548.6 681.4 842.3 i-30 ·l <\94.2 438.1 436.3 500,4 7.70.3 497.9 590.8 969.0 7349 .• 3
9 676.9 716.6 948.3 685.7 -194.2 4:il~.1 4~i8.?. 483.0 600.3 472.2 586.5 387.8 6867.8
10 469.7 578.0 799.8 610.6 480.1 ~38.0 41B.e 5<11.2 !i26.2 439.5 B-tS.<t 907.4 7054.8
11 613.0 674.2 841.8 634.4 491.1 438tl 445. 1 !)64.6 -119.~ 435,7 564.8 a:io. P 6952.3
12 676.9 689.7 948.1 684.6 504.0 443.3 537.7 601 •. 3 7~3.2 508.2 c>u9.9 716.9 7613.7
13 572.8 673.7 84.4. 1 64.5.8 4.97.2 438.2 4.85.0 489.3 Bl0.9 757.8 114.0.6 918.! 13?73.2
14 636.5 687.6 839.4 624.9 494.0 438.1 4J 6.4 649.3 684.6 740.9 1018.2 731.5 sou. 4
15 611.3 64.1. 4. 603.3 591.1 466.4 438 .(l 416.3 433.2 750.9 759,4 715.0 54.5.5 717.2. 5
16 586.8 680.8 791.3 569.8 464..1 4.:H~. 0 440.3 493.4 609.6 516.0 1!.04 .6 1046.3 7290.9
17 629.3 627.!5 806.6 60S • .S "IH ,6 ua.t 470.0 440.3 706,0 434.4 !j!'j9. 4 383.6 6585.4
18 45:!.6 565.9 799.8 612.7 4E!5,S 4:~a .1 429,2 !&riJ).J 743.7 582.9 1079.S' 7!)3. 4 -n.97. 9
19 520.1 650.6 840.3 t-47.9 517.9 456,0 505o'3 5'l·Q. 4 791.1 593.7 575.4 -408.0 7o7t..e
:!0 443.5 552·~5 760.2 r;n.o. 454.3 438.0 4:\7.2 443.8 4""' • 0 4/.1,6 713.Y 381.8 6073r8
21 438.6 4137.4 S98,!:i 5:!6 • 8 384.4 137.2 359.8 330,9 299,7 4:4.6 61-\.1 . 329.J:l 5::!40.1
22 439.1 488.1 599;1 527.0 384.5 4:~7. 3 3~i9. a 3:-t..7 ::!97.4 495.! 590.5 3::!:?.7 5277.2•r•«-M
.23 439.6 488.5 703.2 !:;93.2 469.1 445.2 489.1 71:!.5 IUO. 7 SB7.6 699.8 734.6 7173.1
24 532.9 650.7 805.3 603,0 480.3 ~:•a .. l 4:!4.5 439.f! u7B.8 4clo9.6 599.1 385.9 6408.0
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( 2,6 -439.0 -488.1 599.6 527.6 385.0 -t:H~. 0 360.3 443.1 147.2 (\04.4 597.9 8~4.3 6484.5
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28 439.0 488.3 599.9 518.9 438.6 1\.38.1 379.1 4.11.7 809.3 564.8 o:n .? 6YB.7 6484.3
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4 677.0 741.2 811.9 590.5 456.3 4~e::.o 444.1 543.1 r.J~.s 4.:t.:::.:! S5C,6 5:i9.5 oao7.J
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6 52loB 664.5 632.4 63:?.8 486.3 438.1 4:H .a 440.2 532.8 520.8 550.6 576.0 6628.0
7 525.4 624ou 791.6 r.s7.9 ~~5.4 438,0 416.4 r.4Jo1 53.:?.,8 520.8 5r.o./-.. 57/•oO 6572.5
( 8 548.6 681.4 81!!.3 630.1 494.2 4:iH , 1 '1:16. 3 500.4 ~32.8 497.9 5:::i0.6 576.0 6728.6
9 676. 9. 746.6 848.2 685.7 484.2 438.1 456.2 4R3,0 :i:i:!. a 47:!.2 5S0,6 3fl7o8 67&4 .2
10 469.7 578.0 799.8 610.6 480,1 ·438. 0 4Je.a 541.2 :026 • .2 4;~9 .fj ~r.o.~o 576.0 6428.5
( 11 613,0 674.2 841.8 634.4 491.1 438.1 445.1 543.1 419.4 435.7 5~0.6 576.0 6662.~
12 676.9 689.7 848.1 684.6 504.0 443.3 537.7 543.1 532.8 509.2 550,6 576,0 70N,9
13 57:!.8 ~73.7 BH.1 645.6 497.2 4JB,2 4BS.O 4fl9o3 !i3?.,8 520.8 550.6 576.0 6826.0
l4 636.5 687.6 839.4 624.9 494.0 43Bol 416.4 Z43o1 faJ?,B r.?o.e sr.o.6 576.0 68.!>0.1
15 611,8 6 4.1. 4 803.3 591.1 46~.1 4;ia. o •116. 3 433.2 !i3:!,S ~20.8 550.6 54:1.5 6551.3
16 586.8 680.8 791.3 589.8 464.1 4:.~a. o 44013 493.4 m;?..e s2o.a Sf!{), I!> su .. o oM4.s
. 17 629.3 627.:5 806.6 608.6 481.6 4JR,t 4:10.0 440.3 532.8 434.4 550.6 383.6 6403.3
18 452.6 565,9 799.8 612.7 485.5 438.1 429.2 fo4 J .• 1 532.8 520,8 550.6 5U •• o 6507.1
19 520.1 650.6 840.3 1!-47.9 517.9 456.() 505.3 543.1 r.3~.s s2.o. a SSO.b 408.0 6t.93.5
20 443.5 5S2.S 760.2 !173.0 454.3 43!3.0 437.2 443.8 414,0 461.6 550,/. 3B1.e 5910.5
21 438,6 487.4 598 •. 5 5~6.8 384.4 •137. 2 3~)9 • B J:~a. 9 2'i9.1 424.6 550.6 329.6 5176.3
:!2 439.1 488.1 599.1 527.0 384.5 437,3 359.8 336.7 '29?.4 495.!1 5§0 ·-~-~~~ !? __ __ \5237.3"
t 23 439.6 4f.113,S 703 • .:! 59:3.2 469.1 44~i.:.2 <lHY.l 543.1 532.8 o:w.e 550.6 576.0 6351.1
24 532.9 650.7 805.3 603,0 480.3 438. i 4~!4 .5 4:l9.8 532.8 469.6 ::mo • .!> 385.9 6313.5
::!5 439.1 408.0 627.:! 54.9.0 413.9 ·137. 9 31.0,3 505 .l 431,2 461.0 :mo.& 312.1 55BO.O
( 26 ~39.0 4llflol 599.6 527.6 3fl!i.O 1.~a. o 360.3 4 ~l.l :i3:!,8 520.8 s~so. 6 576.0 5260.0
27 663.7 627.1 776.9 r.84,9 464.5 438.0 427.3 469.1 532.a 46Bo5 5~0.6 375.7 6381.2
:!8 439.0 488.3 599,9 5113.9 4:ia.t. 131'1.1 379.1 441.7 532.8 520.8 !JS0.6 S76,0 5953.9
( 29 666.~ 708,9 848.1 1!>64.0 500,8 438.2 490.8 476.6 454.1 454.6 5'14.4 360,5 6607.2
30 439.3 4Sf.I,J 599.7 53l.IJ 431.0 43Ao0 37.'5 .9 4£>4.8 532.8 520.8 S!:j0,6 576.0 5946.5
31 676.9 767.4 848.1 651.9 495.5 438.2 -492.0 1169.3 ~;:i2. 8 520.8 sr.o. 6 ::i76.0 7009.4
t 32 677.0 77~.1 816.0 612.1 478.2 ~38 ·1 440.6 477.1 470.0 520.8 S~iO, 6 576.0 6830.8
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TEMP€.~ATURE (°F)
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WATANA RESERVOIR TEMPERATURE PROFILE r=l~
AVERAGE YEAR CONor; IONS J'lJ~~ THROUGH .sm.Pre.M~ -• I ar."~~: l!
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TEMPERATURE (°F)
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