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PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE ARCHEOLOGICAL SURVEY
OF THE UPPER SUSITNA RIVER VALLEY,ALASKA IN
CONNECTION WITH THESUSITNA HYDROPOWER PROJECT,
1980
December 15,1980
Report to:
Secretary
Smithsonian Institution
and
U.S.Department of the Interior
Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service
As Required Under Permit No.
80-AK-023
Submitted by:
The University of Alaska ~1useum
Fairbanks,Alaska
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Prepa red by:
E.James Dixon,Jr.,Ph.D.
George S.Smith,M.A.
Robert M.Thorson,Ph.D.
ARLIS
Alaska Resources
Library &InforrnatlOn ServIces
Anchorage,A lasku
r
J
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57
Archeology
Geology
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Table of Contents i
Acknowledgements i i
l List of Tables i i;
I.Introduction 1
II.Summary of Methodology and Research Strategy 8
J III.Preliminary Results of 1980 Field Season 15 -
A.Archeology 15
B.Paleontology 27
C.Geology 28
IV.References
Appendix A Maps of Survey Locales and Archeological Sites 61
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Table 1:
F"j gure 1:
F'igure 1a:
F"igure 2:
£)gure 3:
F':igure 4:
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Map 4:
LIST OF TABLES
Radiocarbon Dates Pertaining to Regional
Stratigraphy -Susitna Valley.
LIST OF FIGURES
Speculative Cultural Chronology and Inferred
Climatological and Vegetational Regimes of the
Upper Susitna Valley.
Generalized Stratigraphic Section of Tyone Bluff.
Generalized Stratigraphic Section of Thaw Bluff.
Generalized Stratigraphic Section of Oshetna-mouth
Bl uff.
Generalized Stratigraphic Section of Earthflow
Bl uff.
LIST OF r},APS
Upper Susitna Basin
Location of Proposed Dams on the Upper Susitna
River.
Location of Survey Locales,Tal keetna ~1ts.0-5
Location of Survey Locales and Archeological
Sites,Talkeetna Mts.0-4
Location of Survey Locales and Archeological
Sites,Talkeetna Mts.0-3
Page
37
9
39
41
43
44
2
3
62
63
64
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Location of Survey Locales,Talkeetna Mts.0-2 65
Location of Survey Locales,Talkeetna Mts.C-2 66
Location of Survey Locales and Archeological Sites,67
Tal keetna j~ts.C-l
ARLIS
Alaska Resources
Library &Information SerVices
lUlchorage,Alaska
iii
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The quality of the data collected during the 1980 field season can
be directly attributed to the abil ities and dedication of the field crew:
Crew leader,Charles J.Utennohle;Crew Members,Lester W.Baxter,Robert C.
Betts,Martha F.Case and Alan Ziff.
He would also like to acknowledge The Alaska Power Authority,Acres
American,and Terrestrial Environmental Specialists,Inc.all of which
made the project possible.A special note of thanks to Dnnal ie Logsdon
(T.E.S.)who coordinated the helicopter logistics.
DATE DUE
Demeo,Inc.38·293
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I.INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this two year study is to identify cultural resources
wi thin the Susitna Hydropower Project study area,access the impact of
thE!project on these sites,and develop mitigating measures to avoid or
lessen the impact of this project on cultural resources.
The study area for this cultural resource survey consists of those
arl:as of the Upper Sus itna River that are or wi 11 receive primary and/or
seconda ry impact duri ng pre-constructi on activi ti es,constructi on,and
opE~ration of the two dams and support facil i ties proposed for the Susitna
Hydropower Project (r1ap 1).
The primary plan under consideration at this time ;s a nyo dam
system with dams at Watana (Map 2)and Devil Canyon (Map 2).It is
anticipated that the ~Jatana am will be built first and would consist of
an 810 foot high earthfill structure located at river mile 165.The
reservi or woul d extend 54 mi 1es upstream and have a su rface area of
approximately 43,000 acres (Map 2).The Dev;l Canyon dam would consist
of a concrete thin-arch dam with a maximum structural height of 635 feet.
The Devil Canyon reserv;or would inundate about 7,500 acres and 28 miles
of natural river (Map 2).Transmission lines from the dams to Fairbanks
and Anchorage would consist of approximately 365 miles of double tower
lines (Corps of Engineers 1978).In addition several access roads and a
ran road are proposed.However,the exact routes have not been detennined
at this time.
As specified by federal and state laws and regulations,cultural
resources must be considered in connection with any federally funded or
licensed project.Because the Susitna Hydropower project is a federally
1icensed project,the framework and authori ty,as outl ined in these 1aws
and regulations,have been incorporated into the present cultural resource
study.
ARLIS
Alaska Resources
Library &Information Services
Anchorage,AJaska
1
UPPER SUSITNA BASIN
LOCATION MAP
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Map 1:
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Upper Susitna Basin.
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IMPOUNDMENT LIMIT
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In order to comply with these rules and regulations and provide the
necessary data for securing the Federal Energy License required,the
University of Alaska rJluseum developed a five step,two-year cul tural
resource program.These steps are as follows:
1.Preparation for field studies.
2.Reconnaissance level archeological survey of the project area.
3.Intensive testing'of archeological and historical sites.
4.Analysis and final report preparation.
5.Curation of cultural and paleo~tological materials.
These five steps are aimed at fulfilling the two main objectives of
the project which are:
1.Identification of archeological,historical and paleontological
resources in the project area;and
2.Testing and evaluation of these resources in order to determine
s igni ficance a~d propose mi t igati on measures to 1essen the
impact of ground disturbing activities on cultural resources.
All known historical and archeological sites have been plotted on
1:63,360 USGS maps.Archeological sites that could be relocated in the
~4atana Dam area '(Jere tagged \'iith the appropriate state number.
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A.DISCUSSION OF STEPS
Prefield Season Tasks--Step I
Prior to initiating field investigations during the summer of
1980,the University of Alaska Museum executed the following tasks:
-Applied for,and secured a Federal Antiquities Permit and state
documents necessary for the archeological portion of the project.
(Office of Archeology and Hi storie Preserva ti on,Interagency
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Services Division,National Park Service,U.S.Department of
the Interior,J,.Jashington,D.C.20204;State Archeologist's
Office,State of Alaska,Department of Natural Resources,State
Division of Parks,Anchorage,Alaska.)
-Conducted an exhaustive literature review of available documents
that pertain to the history,prehistory,ethnography,geology,
flora,fauna,and late Pleistocene and Holocene geology of the
areas covered by this project .
•1""'"
-The results of the literature search were used to synthesize
the regional and local cultural chronology of the study area as
well as to provide the basis for the research design.
1 I""'"
-Air photos of the study area were examined and their interpre-
tation focused on the identification of probable areas containing
cultural resources.
-Known historic and archeological sites were plotted on 1:63,360
scale maps and a prel iminary aerial reconnaissance of the
project area was conducted.
-Utilizing the information base produced by the above research,
a research design was developed to include a sound professional
sa~pling strategy specifically designed for the unique needs of
this project.
-Following formulation of the research design and sampling
des igns,essenti al personnel for the fi el d proti on of the
project were recruited.
Archeological Reconnaissance 1980--Step II
The purpose of this step was to
archeological and historical sites.
subject to r:1ore intensive study.As
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identify,locate,and inventory
These sites will later be
specified in 36 CFR 66 (Federal
)
Register,Vol.42,No.19),a reconnaissance level survey should be
used only as a preliminary tool prior to intensive survey.The
information gathered during Step II of this project will fonn the
da ta base for intens ive survey in Step I II,schedul ed for 1981.
As it is not the intent of a reconnaissance level survey to
cover 100 percent of the study area,specific areas were selected
for survey.Within these areas field crews implemented surface and
subsurface testing procedures in order to locate,document,and
inventory historic and prehistoric sites.This site-specific data
will be used to develop and direct Step In studies.Aerial recon-
naissance was conducted at the preselected areas in order to enhance
site location during Step II.Available aerial photographs,as well
as LANDSAT photos,were reviewed for all preselected areas to aid in
locating potential site areas.
During Step II the dam impoundment,borrow areas,auger holes,
bore holes,seismic lines and a proposed airstrip were also field
surveyed.The proposed primary transmi ss i on route wi 11 be fi el d
surveyed at a later date,as part of the post-license application
studies.
Intensive Survey--Step III
Step III,schedule for the 1981 field season,consists of
intensive testing of sites located during the reconnaissance survey
(Step II)of the project.Grids will be established at each site
and a sar.tpling scheme applied for testing.Each square selected for
test excavation will be systematically excavated and all artifacts
and features recorded,using standard archeological field methods.
Site maps and soil profiles will also be prepared.Photographs will
be taken to document artifacts and features in situ as well as to---
document the site and its location.Site limits will be recovered
for analysis and evaluation.Based on the analysis of this material,
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National Register criteria will be app'lied to detennine if the site
is el igible for incl usion in the National Register of Historic
Places as specified in the Federal regulations that apply to this
project .
Intensive testing will al so provide the means for eval uating
the effects of the preconstruction and construction phases of the
Susitna Hydropower Project on cultural resources.Each site will be
evaluated and recommendations as to mitigating measures will be made
and incorporated into the final report.
Analysis and Report Preparation--Step IV
This step is an integral part of each step of the project.It
entails compilation of the individual reports for the other steps of
the project as well as synthesizes all data recovered and makes
appropriate recommendations for mitigation,if necessary.Step IV
is specially aimed at the final analysis of the project in terms of
sites located and documented during the other steps.The final
report will include the location,description,and mitigation recom-
mendation for each site reported during Steps I,II,and III.
Step IV will include mitigation recommendations,if necessary,for
the sites located,and an estimated budget for an archeological
excavation that must be done prior to the start of actual construc-
tion of the Hydropower Project as sepcified by federal and state
regulations.The overall effectiveness of the research design,
field procedures,and analysis will be discussed.A full-scale
report,including sections on the vegetation,fauna,geology,history,
prehistory,and native population will be part of the report.
Recording of Recovered Collections and Supporting
Documentation--Step V
Recordi ng of recovered arti factual rna terial and assoc ia ted
contextual data will be an ongoing program throughout the duration
of the project.All recovered material and supporting documentation
7___,,e ----.~~.,_-~-,-----~--_.--------....."
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will be housed at the University of Alaska r·1useum and registered in
accordance with state and federal requirements pertinent to the
preservation of antiquities.
II.SUMMARY OF METHODOLOGY AND RESEARCH STRATEGY
In preparation for field studies,a research design based on the
current data base,literature review,and other pertinent information was
developed.For this project,the research design integrates the current
data base into a cultural chronological framework (Fig.1),and develops
a research strategy that is structured to gather data necessary to predict
site locations in relation to physical and topographic features in the
project area.Application of the reserach design has:1)allowed the
identification of many of the resources located in the project area;and
2)targeted areas demonstrating high probability of site presence.
The reconnaissance level archeological survey for the project consists
of on-the-ground survey and testing.The sampl ing design employed during -
1980 was a stratified random sampling procedure.Survey during the 1980
field season has been conducted in certain areas that are being directly
affected by preconstruction activities such as seismic lines and trenches,
borrow areas,access roads,drilling sites,and aircraft landing sites,
as well as preselected sampling locales in the proposed impoundment areas
for the Devil Canyon and Watana Dams.
The 1980 field season consisted of a reconnaissance level survey
within selected sampling locales.Selection of the locales was based on
the application of the data base.In total,60 sampling locales were
defined between Devil Canyon and the end of the impoundment area (~1aps 4-9,
Appendix A).Each sampling locale was numbered in the order it i'las
identified,starting at Devil Canyon.
Within each sampling locale,surface reconnaissance and subsurface
testing was conducted in an effort to locate historical and archeological
sites.For each locale surveyed,r.laps depicting areas surveyed and the
location of all test pits have been prepared.In addition,geological
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'rimE:CuI tural Chronoloqv GI,lciation Climate Veq....tation
I I I
Z I I I
1850 ~I 1 I,,I I V)I I 1.0::I I I ~0-I1500? ???~?I I
I I I I ~I I I
1000 '_<,-_'1----I._O;:;~I I Modern
H Z I I I I
...:l 0 I I 1 ?vegetation
500 A.r .::H ??Little Ice Age 1 IZE-<
to:!H I I I 1 I00It
0 ~I ' I Ito:!I....E-<?I ?.0::
500 B.C 1-..:-1.,~I 1 I
0 III0I I
??I •E-<t I Iij./,
1,000 ?...:l Glaciers possibly Cooler Shrub
I I?...:lII~expanded slightly I tundra
1,500 1---I J IV)I
I I IuI?I2,000 H
U E-<I I ?
H ~I I I~
2,500 ~B ,,-..l>:..I I I I
1 I ?1 I-=:H ??I I....3,000 ZH I I I Possibly warmer Boreal
~o I I I and drier forest~C2 I
3,500 ........Maximum glacial I I
•I ~retraction I I0
4,000 I I Z I I I??IiI 1III
4,500 --I
I ---I I II
I •I I I??'?S,OOO -I ,I I I
H I ,I ?...:l I
5,500 .0::I IzI I"-l 10I If,OOO ~Ice retreat likely I
Z I 1 I0?I ?6 I 500 H Possible'Holocene....I I
H readvance I0
2-I I I?
7,000 ....Ice tongue receding I I
u up valley I IH
7,500 ....I IuII~1-<I I8,000 0 I I~...'?I I<::
8,500 '",I
z I I I
.0::I I
9,000 u unglaciated I ShrubH
~I ?tundraw
9,SOO ::E:?1 I.::I I I
I I10.,000 I --I Glacial retraction I
I ,I I I??
10,500 I I I ?
I IIII
I I I
.11,000 ?I I
I I I
11,,500 I I Tundra
I II steppe
12,000 Ice covered valley I I
?ca.13,000 to 30,000 I I
Figure 1.Speculative Cultural Chronology and Inferred Glacial,
Climatological and Vegetational Regimes of the Susitna
Valley.
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unit evaluationfonns have been completed for each locale surveyed.The
purpose of the unit evaluation is to ground truth geological data as well
as to provide data for developing sampling design for those areas not
su bjec t to su rvey in 1980.
For each of the 33 sites located during 1980,site evaluation fonns
have been completed in an effort to organize data collection.In addition,
a site location map showing the location of sites in relation to major
land ,fonns,and a site specific map,showing the tests made and location
of artifacts noted at each site has also been completed for each of the
sites located to date.
Artifacts collected have been organized by test and site and forwarded
to the University of Alaska Museum for cataloging and subsequent analysis.
An analysis of the data derived from the literature search focusing
on site locales has established that archeological sites occur in a
non-random pattern in relation to associated physical,topographic,and
ecological features.Based on the analysis of site locational data from
regions adjacent to the study area,the features characteristically
associated with archeological site occurrence are:
1.Overlooks:Locales of higher topographic rel ief than much of
the surrounding terrain.They are characteristically \'1ell drained and
command a panonnaic vie\'1 of the surrounding region.It is generally
inferred that overlooks served as hunting locales and/or possibly short
tern camp sites.Because these sites occur in elevated areas,soil
deposition is generally thin and they are frequently easily discovered
through subsurface testing or examination of natural exposures.Examples
of sites ascribed to the Denali Complex which occur in this setting are
the Campus Site,Donnelly Ridge,Susitna Lake,and the Teklanika sites.
Northern Archaic Tradition sites also known to occur on overlooks are the
Campus Site,some sites in the Tangle Lakes area,Susitna Lake,the
Ratekin Site,and a site near the Uatana Dam Project Area.Archeological
sites ascribed to the Arctic Small Tool Tradition frequently occur on
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overlooks;however,no positivel y identi fi ed Arct ic Small Tool sites
situated on overlooks have yet been reported from the study area or
regions immediately adjacent to it.The Nenana River Gorge site,some of
the Tangle Lakes sites,and Lake Susitna are all Athapaskan period sites
which occur on overlooks.
2.lake ~1argins:Sites ascribed to all defined traditions have
been discovered on the margins of major lakes.It is generally inferred
that they are frequently more permanent seasonal camps and that fishing,
the exploitation of fresh water aquatic resources and large mammal hunting
were the primary economic activities associated with these sites.These
inferences are primarily based on the location of these sites rather than
an analysis of faunal and artifactual material.Sites on lake margins
may exhibit greater soil deposition than overlooks because of their lower
topographic position.Sites in this setting are frequently discovered
through sub-surface testing,the observation of surface features,or
through the examination of natural exposures.Athapaskan sites on lake
margins include those at Lake Minchumina,Healy Lake,Tangle Lakes,Lake
Susitna,Lake Louise,and Lake Tyone.Archeological sites ascribed to
the Arctic Small Tool Tradition are reported to occur on lake margins and
an example is the Norton component reported at Lake Minchumina.At Lake
Minchumina,Healy Lake,Tangle Lakes,Susitna Lake and Stephen Lake sites
\'Ihich may be ascribed to the Northern Archaic Tradition are known to
occur on lake margins.Denali Complex sites which have been found near
lakes include the Tangle Lakes sites,Lake r1inchumina,Healy Lake,Long
Lake,and Lake Susitna.
3.Strear.1 and River t·1argins:Numerous sites have been reported
along the banks or abandoned channels of streams and rivers.They vary
from large semi-permanent seasonal camps to \'/hat appear to be brief
transient camps.Soil deposition at such locales may be greater than
either lake or overlook sites because of the low topographic setting of
streams and an a.ctive agent (the stream or river)"for soil deposition.
Sites may be discovered through the examination of natural exposures,
subsurface testing,and visual observation of cultural features.Denali
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Complex sites reported along stream and river margins or abandoned channel s
include Dry Creek,Carlo Creek,and the Campus site.Northern Archaic
Tradition sites found in this type of locale are Dry Creek and the Campus
site.The Merrill site,which is ascribed to the Norton period of the
Arctic Small Tool Tradition,is a former meander of the Kenai River.
Athapaskan sites on stream and river margins include Dixthada,Dakah
De'nin's Village and the Nenana River Gorge site.
It cah easily be noted in the review of site locational data that
many sites have been subject to reoccupation and share mOre than one of
the defined physical,topographic,or ecological features characteristic
of archeological site locales.It would appear that there may be a
compounding effect in human utilization of a locale,if more than one of
these major variables occur,thus possibly increasing the probability of
its use and subsequent reuse.It is also recognized that this analysis
is limited because it does not address known chronological and settlement
pattern gaps in the archeological record.Additionally,sites such as
caves,rock shelters,quarry sites,etc.,are not reported immediately
adjacent to the study area,although they may occur in the Susitna region.
By focusing initial survey efforts in these locales as well as natural
exposures,it is anticipated that most of the archeological sites which
can be easily discovered will be found during initial stages of the
project.thus providing maximum time for eveluation and planning to
insure their protection.
However,a problem in the delineation of the topographic,physical
and ecological features listed above is that a variety of specific settings
are subsumed under these general categories and little precise detail
about individual sites is available.One objective of the 1980 research
strategy was to attempt to obtain more precise data relevant to prehistoric
settlement patterns and the juxtaposition of individual sites in relation
to the natural environment.It is anticipated that analysis of this data
will increase predictability for locating archeological sites.Additionally,
this examination may pennit detailed analysis of shifting subsistence
patterns during variDus cul tural historical periods which in turn may
enable correlation of changing settlement patterns with environmental
changes.
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Field work in 1980 gathered detailed information such as the kind of
feature on which a site is located,topographic position and elevation,
slope,exposure,view,stratigraphy,as well as details about the surrounding
terrain.This specific kind of information should enable an analysis of
settlement patterns in relation to lakes,streams,rivers and areas of
high topographic rel ief.Kinds of streams,lakes,and rivers on which
sites are found were recorded as well.A Site Survey Form was developed
which outlined the specific kinds of information to be recorded.Similar
information was also recorded at locales where test pits did not yield
cultural evidence to facilitate analysis of areas where sites do not
occur.
The present research is based on a two field season plan designed to
provide feedback data throughout the project so that new data can be used
to modify,refine and further develop the cultural resources investigations.
ThE!three primary objectives of the 1980 field research program were:
1)examination of the areas which will be immediately affected by the
s tLidy of the Sus i tna Hydropower project (proposed ai rstri ps,borrow
ar~~as,drilling locales,etc.);2)survey and testing of the documented
archeological site locales expl icated above by systematically surveying
the surficial geological/morphological units defined during the air photo
analysis and interpretation;and 3)an on-the-ground evaluation of all
the geologic/morphologic units within the study area.
The efforts of the 1981 field season will focus on:1)survey of
additional areas slated for construction or preconstruction disturbance;
2)testing of sites discovered during the 1980 field season to determine
spatial limits,depth of deposits,stratigraphic placement of cultural
materials,possible age and function of sites,etc.;and 3)the implemen-
tation of a sampling procedure applied to each of the strata developed
from the analysis of the geologic/morphologic units.
Reconnaissance survey data collected in 1980 will be used to develop
the sampling strategy employed in the second season,and to initially
analyze archeological site distribution and locales within the project
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area.The second season1s sampling and intensive testing wi1l provide a
basis for the assessment of individual site significance,and obtain data
which will hopefully enable a specific and thorough analysis of settlement
patterns through time.
During the second field season a sampl ing design will be used to
test for subsurface archeological sites.The sampling design will be
developed for the Devil Canyon and Watana Dam construction sites and
impoundment areas,since the actual location of these have been established.
The sampling design wi1l follow standard stratified random sampling
procedures for the defined sampl ing strata.The purpose of the 1981
sampling will be to test for archeological site occurrence in a represen-
tative number of randomly selected locales for each strata in an attempt
to obtain additional data pertinent to prehistoric settlement and land -
use patterns within different phys ica 1 and topograph ic setti ngs through
time.In addition to continued survey and sampling,testing will be
conducted at sites located during both seasons.Testing is necessary to
evaluate these sites for archeological significance,define the spatial
and temporal 1 imits,and propose mitigating measures.
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III.PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF 1980 FIELD SEASON
A.RESULTS --ARCHEOLOGY
Surface and subsurface sampling conducted within the selected
sampling locales resulted in the location and recording of one
historic and 32 prehistoric sites.Cul ture periods which may be
represented include the Denali Complex t Northern Archaic Tradition/
Late Denali t Late·Prehistoric Athapaskan t and Historic t all of which
were predicted to occur in the Upper Susitna Valley by the research
design/procedures manual developed for the cultural resource section
of the Susitna Hydropower project.Preliminary data on the sites
located are presented below.
Site UA-80-68
The site is located on a high ridge on the west side of Kosina
Creek t approximately 1 km below the confluence of Kosina and Gilbert
Creek (Map 7).The site location provides an excellent vieltJ of
Kos i na Creek to the south and much of the terra into the north t
east,and ~Jest for approximately 5 km.The site may consist of
several loci (At B,and C).However t further evaluation is needed
to determine if these are actually individual loci of the same site
or individual sites.For the present t they will be considered as
loci of the same site.
Cultural material collected from this site includes approximately
228 flakes of various lithologies including rhyolite,chert,and
basalt,four scrapers and the mid-section of a projectile point.A
total of six tests were excavated at all three loci.
Charcoal from a possible hearth at locus B produced a date of
(DICARB 1878)1160 ±100 years:AD 890.
15._-------~---<----------...:.;;.---.........--_._-----------~
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Site UA-80-69
The site is located in borrow area E on the east bank of Tsusena
Creek near its confluence with the Susitna River (Map 4).The view
from the site is 1i mi ted to the immed ia te areas of bo th Tsu s ena
Creek and the Susitna River due to dense vegetation and low elevation.
Cultural material collected from the five tests made at this
site is 1 imited to fire cracked rock and faunal material.Test 1
produced a possible stone ringed hearth.A charcoal sample was
taken from this feature produced a modern date (DICARS 1874).
Site UA-80-70
•The site is located in barrow area E on the north shore of the
Susitna River near an unnamed creek west of Tsusena Creek (Map 4).
The view from the site is minimal due to its low elevation and dense
vegetation.The sits consists of the remains of a log cabin and
associated debris.
Artifacts noted on the surface include a frying pan,coffee
cans,glass jars,stove pipe,canvas,cans,milled lumber,the
rubber sole from a shoe,and various pieces of what appears to be a
dog sled.The four subsurface tests made at the site did not locate
any additional cultural material.Based on the type and condition
of the 109 s truc tu re and the debri s 1oca ted in and nea r the cabi n,
the site likely represents a period between 1930 and 1950.
Site UA-80-71
The site is located on the northern border of barrow E west of
a s~all stream on a point of land extending south along an old river
terrace U~ap 4).Without the dense vegetation,the view from this
site would include the area south,east,and vJest of the site all
the way to the Susitna River,a distance of some .5 km.
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Only one artifact was recovered from the five test pits placed
on the site,a large cortex flake between 20-30 em .bel 0\'1 the surface.
The age or function of the site is not known at this time .
Site UA-80-72
The site is located on hill south of the Susitna River and
approximately 3.5 km SW of the mouth of Watana Creek (Map 5).The
view from the site is excellent in all directions for a distance of
over 10 km.
t-10st of the cul tural material recovered Ivas collected as surface
material.However,two of the three tests produced a total of three
flakes.Material types include chert,jasper,and a possible obsidian
or smokey quartz flake.A core table Ivas also collected.The age
or function of the site remains to be determined •
Site UA-80-73
The site is located on a peninsula of land on the north shore
of the Susitna River across from Goose Creek (Map 8).The location
of the site provides a view up Goose Creek,as well as both upstream
and downstream on the Susitna River.
The cultural material recovered includes one flake and one side
scraper.In addition,a possible hearth was located in the eroding
bluff face of the site.The age or function of the site is not
known at this time.
Site UA-80-74
The site is located on a high knoll on the south shore of the
Susitna River,approximately 1 km S~l of borrow area E (r'1ap 4).The
view is very good in all directions with only minor obstructions in
a few areas due to tall trees downslope.
Three test pits were excavated at this site,all of which
produced cultural material.A total of 36 flakes were collected
from these tests,the deepest being recovered from 28 cm below the
surface.Test one produced nine large patinated pale green rhyolite
flakes between 19 and 24 cm below the surface,several of which show
retouch or use wear.~~aterial types consist of rhyolite and basalt.
Further testing is needed to establish site age and function.
Site UA-80-75
The site is located on the west side of the Susitna River on an
esker approximately 2.5 km below the mouth of the Tyone River p·1ap 8).
The view from the site is good in all directions,however,the view
is limited by the fairly low elevation of the site.
To date,only two waste flakes have been recovered from this
site.The age and function of the site ;s unknown at present.
Site UA-80-76
The site is located on
UA-80-74 is located (t'~ap 4).
towa rds the Sus itna R;ver.
east of the site.
a low terrace Sf of the knoll on which·
The best view from this site is north,
A snall unnamed stream ;s located just
f
A total of five test pits were excavated at this site.However,
only test one produced any cultural material.This test produced a
total of 219 waste flakes representing three material types;chert,
quartz,and basalt.The age or function of the site is not known at
this time.
18
""'"
J ,,,,,,,
....
t I
"""I,
Si te UA-80-77
The site is located on the west side of Fog Creek,approximately
1 km above its mouth on a high river terrace (r1ap 4).
A total of five test pits \'/ere excavated on the site,four of
which produced cul tural material.In addition,cul tural material
was recovered along a game trail which traverses the site.Material
collected includes side notched projectile points,several scrapers,
a bifacial backed knife blade,a possible core tablet and two blades.
In addition,over 400 waste flakes were recovered.Two charcoal
samples \'/ere submitted yeilding dates of (OICAS 1877)2310 ±220
years:360 BC and (DICARB 1880)4720 ±130 years:2770 BC.
Site UA-80-78 .
The site is located on a high ridge system on the north shore
of the Susitna River,approximately 3 km do\'mstream from the mouth
of Kosina Creek U1ap 5).The location of this site provides an
excellent view of the Susitna River upstream for almost 6 km and
downstream for another 2 km.
A total of three test pits were excavated on this site but the
only artifact recovered,an end scraper was recovered on the surface.
The age and function of the site is not known at this time.
Site UA-80 -79
The site is located on a high ridge system on the north shore
of the Susitna River,approximately 3 km downstream from the mouth
of Kosina Creek (~1ap 5).The location of the site provides a vie",
of a small lake and surrounding terrain to the north of the site.
___.,••.__---..,J,...\.lO""-----_
)
The one test pit excavated at this site did not produce any
cultural materi al,however,surface materi al coll ected i ncl udes
several scrapers and retouched flakes,as well as a possible notched
hammer stone.Various lithologies are represented including basalt,
rhyolite,chalcedony,and jadeite.Th~age or function of the site
is not known at this time.
Site UA-80-80
The site is located on the outlet stream of a small lake on the
north side of the Susitna River,approximately 3 km downstream from
the mouth of Kosina Creek (f1ap 5).The view from the site is limited
but does include portions of the outlet stream and the terrace below
the lake towards the Susitna River.
A total of four test pits were excavated on the site,producing
one brown chert biface.The age or function of the site are not
known at this time.
Site UA-BO-142
This site is located on an old river terrace west of the mouth
of Tsusena Creek,in borrow area E U~ap 4).The view from the site
includes most of borrow area E.
The two test pits·excavated at the site produced a total of
five \'/aste flakes.The age and function of the site are not known
at this time.
Site UA-BO-141
-
-
-
The site is located on an old river terrace on the north shore
of the Susitna River,approximately 2 km downstream from Fog Creek
(Map 4).Due to the dense vegetation and low elevation of the site,~
the view is restricted.
20
).
~-
}.
I
-
Of the two test pits excavated on the site,only test 1 produced
cultural material,two rhyolite flakes.The age and function of the
site are not known at this time.
Site UA-80-143
The site is located on a high ridge on the north shore of the
Susitna River,approximately 3 km downstream from the mouth of
Kosina Creek (Map 5).The location of the site provides an excellent
view of several small lakes on the same ridge complex,as well as
portions of the Susitna River.
The one test excavated at the site did not produce any cultural
material,however,two specimens were collected on the surface,one
~"aste flake,and a unifacial scraper.The age or function of the
site is not known at this time.
Site UA-80-144
The site is located on a high ridge system on the north shore
of the Susitna River,approxi~ately 3 km downstream from the mouth
of Kosina Creek (Map 5).The view from the site is excellent in all
directions.
The one test pit excavated on the site did not produce any
cultural material,however,two waste flakes were collected,and two
more were noted on the surface.The age or function of the site is
not known at this time.
SHe UA-80-145
The site is located on a small terrace lobe approximately 11 km
above the mouth of Watana Creek (Map 5).The view from the site is
excellent in all directions.
)
)
I'
Three of the four tests excavated on the site produced bone
material.In addition,faunal material was recovered from the
eroding slope on the northern portion of the site.No lithic material
was recovered at this site.The age and function of the site are
not known at this time.
Site UA-80-146
The site is located on a prominent knob on the south shore of
the largest lake just east of Watana Creek (Map 5).The view from
the site encompasses all of the lake as well as a distance of some
1 km in all directions.
Of the three tests excavated on the site only test one produced
cultural mateiral,i.e.,fifteen flakes representing several lithologies.
The age or function of the site is not kno\'1n at this time.
Site UA-80-147
The site is located on the south shore of the Susitna River
across from the mouth of a clear water stream approximately 12 km
upriver from \tlatana Creek (Map 5).The site is situated on an
all uvi al terrace approximately 40 m from the river and about 30 m
above the Sus itna River.The vi ew from the site is 1imi ted to the
immediate portions of the river.
·Of the two tests excavated on the site only test one produced
cultural material,i.e.,two waste flakes,and burned bone fragments.
The age or function of the site is not known at thi s time.
Site UA-80-148
The site is located on a small knoll 1.5 km west of Fog Creek
approxima tely 6 km above the mouth of the creek (r1ap 4).The vi ew
from the site is excellent for some 300 m despite the low elevation
of the knoll.
22
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)
)
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J"...
t .
f --
Only one 'tlaste flake was surface collected at the site although
three small tests were placed on this feature.
Site UA-80-149
The site is located on a northeast trending ridge on the crest
of a southeast facing slope overlooking the Susitna River between
Goose Creek and the Oshetna River (Map 8).The view is excellent to
the east and includes a good portion of the Susitna River.
The site is composed of two loci (A and B)located approximately
150 m apart.Surface collections at locus A include 27 waste flakes,
1 retouched flake,2 blade-like flakes,and 1 biface fragment.Only
one of the two tests excavated at this locus produced cul tural
material,i.e.,7 waste flakes.Locus B is located north of locus A
but in the same topographic setting.A total of five waste flakes
and a side notched projectil e point base were recovered from the
surface ·at this locus.Of the two tests excavated,only test one
produced cultural material:8 waste flakes and one end scraper
fragment.Age and function of this site remains to be demonstrated.
Site UA-80-150
The site is located on a high terrace on the north side of the
Susitna River on an unnamed creek between Watana Creek and Deadman
Creek (Map 5).The view from the site is limited due to the dense
vegetation.
No lithic material was recovered at the site but two of the
three tests yielded burned bone.The age or function are unknown at
this time.
Site UA-80-151
The site is located on one of several high hills on the north
side of the Susitna River west of Kosina Creek (r'1ap 6).The view
23
--_._----~_....-~--------------_.-------------------"._".._.-------
)
from the site is excellent providing not only a vie",of the immediate
area but porti ons of the Sus itna Ri ver as '.',ell.
A complete lanceolate point of siliceous rhyodacite ~"as surface
collected and five separate waste flake scatters were noted.The
one test made on the site produced lithic material and burned bone
fragments.The age or function of the site is not known at this
time.
Site UA-80-l52
The site is located on one of several high hills on the north
side of the Susitna River west of Kosina Creek (Map 6).The view
fran the site is excel1ent to the north.However,the vie~"in other
directions is 1 imited due to nearby hills.
The site cons i sts of two locus (A and B).Locus A is the
largest and contains two lithic scatters.The one test excavated at
this locus yielded a possible hearth as well as lithic material and
burned bone.Locus B is located approximately 100 m east of locus A.
A number of lithic artifacts and burned bone fragments were collected
at this locus including one complete chert lancolate projectile
point.The age or function of the site is not known at this time.
Site UA-80-153
The site is located on the north side of the Susitna River west
of Kosina Creek (Map 6).The view from the site is excellent and
includes the valley to the north and most of the surrounding terrain.
Four 1 ithic scatters representing several 1 ithologies were
noted at the site.In addition to burned bone fragments,two projectile
point bases and an end scraper were al so recovered.A charcoal
sample taken from a possible hearth in test two produced a radiocarbon
date of 2340±14~years:390 BC (DIC-1903).
24
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)
,
1
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Site UA-80-154
The site is located on the south side of the Susitna River on a
high terrace approximately 22 km upstream from Kosina Creek (Map 7).
The site provides an excellent view of the Susitna River·for approxi-
mately 4 km in both directions.
Twenty-seven waste flakes representing various lithologies were
recovered on the surface of this site.Another seventy were noted
on the surface but not collected.Neither of the two tests placed
on the site produced any subsurface material.The age and function
of the site is not known at this time.
Site UA-80-155
The site is located on the northwest shore of the largest lake
just west of Watana Creek (Map 5).The knoll on which the site is
located provides an excellent view of the entire lake with the
exception of a small portion obscured by a low knoll on the opposite
shore.
Four tests were excavated at this site.However,test one
produced the only artifact;a bifacially worked tool.The age of
the site or its function is not known at this time.
Site UA-80-156
The site is located on a high ridge approximately 1 km north of
the Oshetna River on the east side of the Susitna River (r~ap 8).
The site provides an excell ent vi ew of the Sus itna River to the
north and south as well as portions of the Oshetna River.
Of the three tests made only test one prod~cedany cultural
material;one flake.The age or function of the~:k.teis not known
4_«\'3::'''';·';'.
at th is time.
25
)
}
Site LJA-80-157
-The site is located at the mouth of an unnamed creek on the
north shore of the Susitna River approximately 10 km upstream from
the mouth of Watana Creek (r1ap 5).The view from the site is limited
to the immediate area of the Susitna River.
No lithic artifacts were recovered from the site.However,
burned animal bones and fire cracked rock were recovered during
subsurface testing in test one.This test may contain two separate
hearths.A charcoal sample from this test produced a date of 280 ±
110 years:AD 1670 (BIC-1905).
Site UA-80-158
The site is located on the eastern edge of borrow area F on the
north side of a large lake just east of Tsusena Creek (Map 4).The
location of the site on a small knoll affords a view for several km
in all directions.
Of the five test pits placed on the knoll only test one produced
cul tural material;five waste flakes.The age or function of the
site is not known at this time.
Site UA-80-159
The site is located on one of several low hills on the north
shore of the Susitna River approximately 4 km north of the mouth of
Kosina Creek and about 4 km northwest of the mouth of Jay Creek
(t-1ap 6).The view from the site includes protions of the Susitna
River as well as the immediate area surrounding the hill.
Two lithic scatters identified as locus A and B were noted at
the site.Surface collections at locus A consists of 8 waste flakes
of various lithologies,a point base and a biface fragement.One
26
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~.
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t
•
.-
B.
projectile point fragment was found on the surface at locus B.The
only test pit on the site was excavated at locus A and ,produced
cultural material at a depth of 7 cm below the surface.The age or
function of the site ;s not known at this time.
SHe UA-80-160
The site is located on a low hill on the north side of the
Susitna River approximately 4 km north of the mouth of Kosina Creek
and 3 km wes t of Jay Creek.The vi eH from the site inc 1udes po rti ons
of the Susitna River as well as the immediate area surrounding the
hill (t1a p 6).
The site consists of two loci (A and B)which are separated by
approximately 200 m.~10st of the lithic material collected was
collected from the surface.However,test one at locus A produced a
waste flake from 10 cm below the surface.The age of the site or
site function are not known at this time .
Sites UA-80-252,UA-80-253,UA-80-254,and Ua-80-255
Four additional sites were found after the field season and
will be recorded during the 1981 fi el d season and di scussed in the
1982 final report.
RESULTS --PALEONTOLOGY
Tertiary sediments exposed along Watana Creek one mile from the
confl uence with the Sus itna River and extending approxima tel y five
miles upstream have been measured and sampled to date.Orientated
samples have also been collected for paleomagnetic studies.In
addition,paleoflora specimens have been collected from a number of
locales along Watana Creek.
27___~_"""""",,,__~_m ---"";;"W_.;\""""_--------------_
Sections of the tertiary basin have been measured,described,
and sampled.A basal contact with Triassic deposits was found
beneath Tertiary siltstones,sandstones and coals.Combustion of
coal units in this section resulted in IIbaking"of adjacent deposits,
from which extensive paleoflora collections were made.An additional
collection of fossil flora was collected from a calcareous siltstone
unit.Prel iminary analysis is still in progress.
C.RESULTS --GEOLOGY
Reconnaissance Air-Photo Mapping
During r~ay a regional map of the Susitna Valley was prepared
for a first-order interpretation of the geologic history and terrain-
units to be studied by the archeologists.The map extended to at
least 10 km and usually 15-20 kmfrom the Susitna River.Units,
which were defined completely from air-photo interpretation,\vere
subdivided on the basis of age and surface characteristics.This
ma p,though no t de ta il ed in the immed ia te vic in ity of the Sus itna
Canyon,was used in the archeologic research design.Because this
map is no longer being used in our study,it will not be discussed
further.
Fi el d Study
Field s"tudies were carried out during June and August,and
relied almost completely on helicopters for logistical support.
Four major objectives of the field program were to ground truth and
reinterpret the regional geo-archeologic map,to carry out a regional
stratigraphic reconnaissance,to help interpret and describe significant
archeologic sites,and to examine some of the more critical glacial-
geomorphologic features in the region near the proposed impoundment
area.
28
~.
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)
)
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1.Aerial Reconnaissance.The first field objective was to
get a regional overview of the Susitna Valley in order to become
familiar with the distribution and range in surface landfonns and
depos its ,and to examine the potent;al for stratigraphic work.In
addi tion,this overview was necessary to examine the mapping done
from air-photos in order to test its reliability and accuracy.This
reconnaissance was done in-conjunction with project archeologists in
order to provide collective agreement on the basis for revised
mapping.This joint examination allowed the geologist and archeologists
to define the map units that best accommodate both needs.
2.Stratigraphic Reconnaissance.A second objective was to
determine the number and quality of river bluff exposures that might
provide stratigraphic information needed to interpret and date the
major valley-fonning geologic events.After a IIfly-b y li look at all
river bluffs along the Susitna and all of the tributaries from the
Chul itna River to the Tyone River,25 exposures were sel ected for
further study.Those not selected for further study were observed
from the helicopters,and only briefly described.At each selected
exposure the entire bluff face was examined,and a selected stratigraphic
section was measured.The sediments were divided into significant
natural units,and the character and height of each unit was described
above IIrecent high water ll which was used as an altitude datum.
Study of each exposure resulted in a detailed sketch and description.
of units,including the character of the surface above the exposure.
In addition ~o measuring and describing all units,as many as possible
were sampled for various reasons.Organic matter in key units was
sampled whenever possible for radiocarbon dating.Organic horizons
with well preserved plant macrofossils were sampled for paleobotannical
analysis.Some sediment units were sampled to obtain a representative
sample of the unit lithology.In addition,many exposures contained
one or more volcanic ash layers,which were occasionally sampled.
)
,
I:
l
3.Archeologic Sites.During the field season the geologist
visited many of the archeologic sites described,particularly those
that were well stratified.Geologic descriptions of the sediment
units and regional relationships at the sites greatly aided in site
interpretation.
4.Geomorphic Reconnaissance.A final field objective was to
examine the landforms within the study area.r~ajor glacial moraines,
deltas,lake plains,eskers,and terraces were described and their
heights and gradients measured.Most examination was done from the
air,but many glacial-geologic features were studied on the ground.
Also the geomorphic character of each of the geo-archeologic terrain
units within the impoundment area were briefly described from the
air.
Revised Geo-Archeologic Terrain Unit Mapping
During June a week was spent refining the earl iermap to make
it more detailed,and therefore more useful for archeologic purposes.
Twenty-six units were defined and mapped directly on the U-2 images.
During the map revision much more attention was focused on surface
relief and drainage characteristics of each unit than on its estimated
age.This mapping \'1as done within the field season because the
archeologists needed to have the best possible data available for
the remainder of the season.This mapping is not included in this
report because it has not yet been transferred to the 1:63,000 scale
base maps,and because another map revision is intended.However,
verbal description of geo-archeological units is provided.It was
realized during the field season that a new revision was necessary
for two reasons.First,R&M Consultants are preparing a very detailed
terrain-unit map for the proposed impoundment area which they agreeded
to share.Also,the 1:2000 scale high-quality color air photos are
nO\'1 available.These larger-scale photos will allow refinement of
the 1:120,000 scale maps used earlier.
30
--
Ii .
Data Organization and Compiliation
Beb/een September and December the field data was organized,
clarified and tabulated where possible.All short written descriptions
were transferred to the 1:63,360 scale base maps.All stratigraphic
diagrams and descriptions were redrawn and edited,respectively.
All samples were double-checked and curated,and a detailed list was
prepared.All photographs were labeled and keyed to geologic steps
and exposures.In addition,partial re-examination of the air-photos
resulted in the beginning of a glacial-geomorphic map for the Susitna
Region.
Investigation and Dating of Samples
Nine organic samples were submitted for radiocarbon dating,and
all have provided good dates for key stratigraphic horizons.One
faunal sample of a fossil mammoth(?)was examined and identified by
University of Alaska scientists.One paleobotannical sample has
been tentatively identified by the herbarium staff at the University
of Alaska Museum.One tephra sample has been submitted to Pullman,
\1ashington for bul k-and trace-element analysis.
Geo-Archeologic Terrain Unit Mapping
After regional'reconnaissance mapping,which was partly illustrated
in our August 5 semi-annual report (Subtask 7.06),the geo-archeologic
units were revised and remapped.Units were crudely divided by age
(Glacial and Holocene)into two first order categories.Second
order categories incl ude rock surfaces (R),drift (D),ice contact
terrain (I),outwash (0),lacustrine (L),valley wall features (V),
alluvium (A),slope deposits (S),and marshy bog areas (t~).
Units mapped as glacial (G)in age include all erosional or
depositional surfaces modified by ice during glaciation.The highest
peaks in the study area,many of which stood above the limit,are
31
'~~-"""""""-------------------------~---------_'I'"
)
)
)
1
l
also included as glacial units because their surfaces were intesely
affected by frost shattering and mass movement at that time.Units
mapped as Holocene (H),includ~all those of non-glacial origin that
clearly post date final ice wastage in the valley bottoms.
Rock surfaces (R)include all those modified by glacier erosion.
Surfaces are commonly rounded,but include some open flat areas,and
some very steep slopes.Drainage is usually excellent,and soil
cover minimal.Tundra vegetation is usually thin and patchy.Unit
B.is divided into four subunits;hills (h),surfaces (s),valley
walls (b),and drift covered (d).Subunit!indicates that the rock
uni t descri bed occurs as part of an i sol a ted hill or campl ex of
hills.Subunit ~indicates where horizontal or sloping bedrock
exists in varying relief from ~1 (low local relief)to ~3 (high
local relief).Subunit.£is used where rock occurs as part of a
broadly sloping valley wall,most commonly that of an abandoned
·glacial trough.Subunit d indicates where patchy drift occurs on
rock surfaces,but where the bedrock structure still control s the
local relief.
Drift surfaces (0)are those areas of low local rel ief thickly
mantled with glacial till.Because the till is commonly dense,silt
rich,and impermeable slopes are typically poorly drained and tussock
covered.Subunit 1 indicates where the drift ;s thick,obscuring
all bedrock structures.Local relief is very low,but gullying is
common.Subunit.E refers to patchy drift.Poorly drained areas
dominate,but they are interspersed with well drained,usually high
relief bedrock areas.Subunit U refers to undifferentiated drift.
Surfaces generally are nearly flat and poorly drained,but commonly
contain irregular zones of hummocky ice contact stratified drift
(icsd)that are locally well drained.
Unit (I)indicates concentrations of ice contact stratified
drift,which formed over broad areas by depositon associated with
stagnant ice.Surface.s are generally gravelly,windswept,free of
32
_li _i JR
-
-
)
,.."
I
J .-
I
I,
I
dense vegetation,and very well drained.Ridges and mounds of
irregular pattern are the most co~non,but elongate features such as
individual glacial moraines and eskers are also included within this
group because all features grade one into another.Subunit ~refers
to open hummocky areas where the icsd has subdued local rel i ef.
Broad swales and mounds form the dominant pattern.Surfaces are
only moderately well drained and generally brush-covered.Subunit t
indicates areas of tightly nested ridges and swales in a dense
well-drained chaotic pattern.Subunit.E.refers to patchy areas of
well drained gravelly icsd overlying bedrock.Relief is generally
10"'1,bu t sha rp.
Glacial outwash.Q mantles areas of 10"'/gradient .,.lith little
surface relief.Surfaces are generally well-drained and forest-or
brush-covered.Subunit.E.indicates broad areas of continuous outwash
plains.Subunit ~indicates valley train deposits consisting of low
flat valley-bottom outwash.Subunit i indicates fans of outwash,
commonly at the mouths of tributaries that carried glacial meltwater.
Lacustrine (L)surfaces are generally low,very poorly drained
areas mantled with fine grained lake deposits.Earthflows typically
occur where slopes are greater than several degrees,but generally
the surfaces are stable,and tussock-covered.The subunit m is used
where lacustrine deposits "mantle the underlying land forms,but not
obscure them.Subunit s is used where the deposits are thick enough
to obscure the underlying land forms completely.
Areas mapped as y indicate those steep slopes which resulted
from either Holocene downcutting or from Holocene modification of
existing steep slopes by colluviation.These areas are typically
cut into bedrock,but thick deposits of drift form the upper parts
of the valley ~/alls in many areas.Subunit 9 is used It/here the
valley walls along the Susitna River or in tributaries are densely
33-----------~_.._._......:...:.-_._-------------------
dissected by gullies.Terrain is very steep and irregular.Subunit s
indicates where steep valley walls are not greatly dissected.These
areas often conta in a thick mantl e of coll uvi um at the bases of
slopes.
Alluvium (A)indicates coarse gravel surfaces of low relief
that fonned from fluvial deposition.Surfaces are generally well
drained,thickly sloping,and exhibit gentle gradients.Subunit s
refers to alluvial terraces along theSusitna River.These terraces
cOOlmonly exhibit well defined overflow drainage channels.Recent
alluvium that fonns the forested gravel bars of the Susitna River
was not mapped separately.Subunit t refers to tributary floor and
fan alluvi urn.These terracesdi sconti nuousl y mantl e the floors of
many tributaries.
Slope deposits (S)indicate those large areas thickly mantled
by or modified by slope deposits or processes,respectively.These
areas are invariably poorly drained,and are mantled by non-sorted
mixed deposits.Subunit c indicates colluvial slopes,commonly near
the base of steep valley \'Ia11s.Subunit s indicate areas overlain
by sol ifluction deposits.
Areas mantled by organic accumulations which occur in expansive
bogs are indicated by Unit M.These areas are still essentially
undrained,and contain numerous small ponds.
Stratigraphic Framework
River bluff exposures provided an excellent opportunity to
partially interpret the evolution of the Susitna Valley.A brief
description of the sediments exposed in the region is followed by a
more deta i1ed di scuss ion of those exposures that have been
radiocarbon-dated.
34
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)
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-,,
Portage Creek was the farthest west tributary studied.The
creek exposes 1 ittle sediment more than 20 km upstream,but sediments
were common between 5 and 15 km upstream.They cons i sted of dense
silty till,clay-rich lacustrine sediments and coarse outwash,and
suggest that Portage Creek was at one time covered by a proglacial
lake .
Between Portage and Devil Creek the valley walls are composed
almost entirely of bedrock~but significant thicknesses of glacial
sediment mantle the valley bottom and are exposed at river level.
Just downstream from Devil Creek 5-20 m of coarse boul dery gravel
overlies glacial till and oxidized fluvial sediments.Eskers are
comfilon at the surface.Just upstream from the proposed Devil s
Canyon damsite 30-40 m of sil ty icsd and possibly till occur to
river 1evel.These sediments collectively indicate that Devil s
Canyon was carved some time before glaciers left the area,and that.
much of the valley may have been carved prior to glaciation.The
valley here carried glacial meltwater westward during subsequent ice
stagnation.
Betv/een Devi 1 Creek and Fog Creek mo ra i nal depos its and ti 11
mantle the broadened valley floor.Eskers and ice contact drift are
common,but exposures are generally poor.Between Fog and Tsusena
Creeks exposures are better,but generally exhibit only lacustrine
and morainal icsd over a dense till and bedrock substrate.Good
exposures of glacial sediment become even more rare between Tsusena
and Watana Creeks,as the valley walls steepen and bedrock occurs at
the su rface .
Near and upstream in Vlatana Creek significant thick masses of
surficial sediment are present and excellently exposed.Lacustrine
deposits typically occur above till throughout this area but large
masses of icsd are also present.Between Watana Creek and the
drainage of Clarence Lake,the valley is very broad,hence exposures
are generally low.They exhibit lacustrine and morainal icsd,till,
35
)
1
and outwash,and become better exposed to the east.Between the
C1 arence Lake dra inage,and the steep V-shapE;d canyon (V-Canyon)
exposures of deltaic and ice contact sediments 'extend nearly the
full height of the valley in some areas.Clearly the receeding
glaciers deposited much material here,much of it in proglacially
ponded lakes.
Bet\"een V-Canyon and Goose Creek sediments are exposed only
near the base of the valley walls.There they exhibit interlayered
till,lacustrine,and gravel units that suggest a canplicated glacial
history for this area.In the area of intense meandering of the
Susitna River near theOshetna River a number of excellent exposures
are present.They contain lacustrine deposits,outwash,icsd,and
till and indicate a prolonged glacial history in which out1,vash
deposition was dominant.Deposition has been the rule here,rather
than glacial erosion.East of the meander zone the valley opens up
into a broad basin floored with glacial moraines and lacustrine
deposits.Sandy deltaic and silty glaciolacustrine deposits are
\videly exposed.
Four exposures conta ined organic horizons that have been
radiocarbon-dated (Table 1).These dated sediments provide a chrono-
logie framework to which undated sediments and inferred events can
be correlated.
Tyone Bluff is a 200 r.1 long river bluff that exposes 53 m of
deposits of variable origin (Fig.1a).The oldest layer (Unit 1)is
layered and rhythmically bedded silt and fine sand \'/hich is interpreted
to be glaciolacustrine.Unit 2 is 13 m of ripple marked,cross
bedded,and interbedded fine sand and silt that gradationally overlies
Unit 1 and is interpreted as basin-margin lacustrine sediment.
Detrital wood fragments from an allochthonous peat horizon in a
fluvial lens near its top yielded a date of 31,070 ~~~~14 C yr BP.
Fine gravels of Unit 3 may represent continued fluvial deposition in
the basin after it filled or possibly after it drained.The collagen
36
-
I J
...
I ...1 'I
~
]
w .....
)-)
.....
I 1 -....
Table 1
RADIOCARBON OATES PERTAINING TO REGIONAL STRATIGRAPHY -
SUSITNA VALLEY
+26030,700 -1230
(DIC-1859)
Large Hood
Fragments
Earthflow Bluff Maximum age for last glaciation.
:l!'I -
Table 1 (Cont.)
"'.Wi'-'"'#---
wco
31,070 ~~~~Detrital Uood Tyone B1 uff Fluvial reworking of basin-margin glacio1acus-
Fragments trine sediments.
(D1C-1862)
32,000 ±2735 Detrital \lood Tha~"B1 uff Fluvial reworking of basin-margin glacio1acus-
(BETA-182O)Fragments trine sediments.
I I !)J J ;)I I ~I I !-I
)
l~1PEAT
rstJ CONGELlTURBATE
7
6
5
4
3
2
,SAND CROSS SEDS
A A a.
A'"...Ll.6
,04/..-
A A .....
.6..A /~,/
SANDY GRAVEL'
LODGMENT TILL
SILT-CLAY
VOLCANIC ASH
-.....""""'""'<'~:>'--<
3200±95 --:.-=--~
----==--
.\-.\...\..~\.\..'-:--.'"-.-....----~-......-.....-.....-....""'-........
!f·:·-?mOCc>o
2\730:390
FOSSIL
29,450 t610
~\.~\.-::~-<....,.......'"(".-<
""'---':'~"":'..~~-..:
31070 +860,-960
·50
-20
·10
~·40~~
BONE.....
•·30.....
Figure 1a:Genera 1i zed Strati graphic Secti on of Tyone 81 uff.
19
»
'}
I
t
fraction from a r.lammoth (?)limb bone from near the top of Unit 3
yielded a radiocarbon date of 29,450 ±610 14 C yr BP.Unit 3 grades
upward into the cross-bedded sand of Unit 4.The upper 2 m of
Unit 4 is si1ty possibly reflecting glaciolacustrine deposition.A
date of 21,730 ±390 14 C yr BP was obtained from a peat horizon in
Unit 4.Unit 5 is a 9 m-thick massive dense lodgment till.Unit 6
is laminated silt and clay with dropstones,indicating a glaciolacus-
trine origin.Unit 7 consists of silty organic colluvium that
contains a white vitric volcanic ash layer near its top.The ash is
overlain by a dense surface peat which yielded a basal radiocarbon
date of 3200 ±95 14 C yr BP.
These deposits are interpreted to indicate the progressive filling
or draining of a large proglacial lake followed by fluvial deposition and
overriding of the area by glacial.ice.During deglaciation the area \'Jas
submerged below a vast proglacial lake.Reworking of the older sediments
and ash deposition characterized Holocene time.The four radiocarbon
dates indicate that glaciation may have been initiated sometime before
about 31,000 yr BP but that the Tyone lo\'/land was not ice covered until
sometime after about 21,700 yr BP.Glaciers probably occupied the area
for a long time,but cl early retreated pri or to 3200 yr BP.
Thaw Bluff lies along the Susitna River about 1 km north of Tyone
Bluff (Fig.2).It exposes a lm·/er massive unit of varved glaciolacustrine
sediments,(Unit 2)the top of which was slightly reworked and contained
small wood fragments that yielded a date of 32,000 ±2735 14 C yr gP.The
cross-bedded fluvial sand of Unit 2 overl ies the lacustrine deposits in
sharp angular unconfonnity.The upper unit (3)in interpreted to be thaw
lake sediments or organic fluvial silt that was deposited after glaciation
of the region.It yielded a date of 11,535 ±140 14 C yr BP.
The lower lacustrine sediments of Thaw Bluff are clearly correlative
to similar deposits in Tyone Bluff,and indicate glaciolacustrine conditions
as early as 32,000 yr BP.The fluvial sand unit probably represents
40
-
)
)
l -
I
m
-30
...--20
32,OOO±2735
PEATY
SAND-51 LT
11,535±140
INTERBEDDED
SILT-CLAY
3
2
1
Figure 2~Generalized Stratigraphic Section of Thaw Bluff.
--~f----'---'-------_.~_=...,,;;\4,.1.1 --'""""1_
I
reworking of the bluff area during deglaciation.The date of about
11,500 yr BP indicates that this broad area,which was covered by at
least several hundred meters of ice was completely deglaciated prior to
Holocene time.
Oshetna-mouth Bluff,which lies along the southern Susitna Valley
wall just downstream from the Oshetna River,is an enigmatic exposure
(Fig.3).The bulk of the sediments to the upstream side are poorly
sorted and boul dery,and are interpreted as ice contact dri ft depos ited
in a northerly direction from an active glacier.Discrete organic layers
in the drift contained several large wood fragments which yielded a date
of 24,900 ±325 14 C yr BP.These deposits grade downslope into sandy
well washed,faulted deposits interpreted as ice-contact deltaic in
ong,n.These sediments are underlain by a till layer interpreted as
lodgment in origin,which in turn overlies clearly varved defomed glacio-
lacustrine deposits.A thin and poorly defined till layer occurs near
the top of the blUff,but it cannot be determined whether this is a
lodgment till or flow till layer.A large cut-and-fill wedge of coarse
bouldery gravel to the north end of the exposure is interpreted as outwash
that was deposited during deglaciation.
The drift containing the dated wood sample is interpreted as recessional
in origin,yet it indicates active glaciation at a time in which nonglacial
conditions were present at Tyone Bluff.It is possible that the Oshetna
Valley glacier acted as a separate and out-of-phase glacier system with
respect to glaciation of the lowland to the east.The till at the top of
the exposure may be all that remains of a once more extensive till layer
that may have fanned \'Jhen glacier ice innundated the entire area some
time after 21,000 yr BP.
Earthflow Bluff is located 2 km south of the mouth of Fog Creek,
about 70 km west of the other dated exposures (Fig.4).Oxidized sandy
fine fluvial gravel near the base of the exposure contains abundant
pieces of large v'iOod,and is interpreted as interstadial in character.A
date of 30,700 ~i~~o 14 C yr BP was obtained from near the base of this
42
)
)
t ......
-I-
o
N
. .. .
..
o,...
,
Figure 3:Generalized Stratigra~hic Section of
Oshetna-mouth Bluff.
43----------
-
o
::.::uo
00 c:
te CO 0N~UJ
+I CO
°°"0'
n
o...
oz
~
o
N.
I-:u.
a:o
E bc?
Q)..-
'"uI(/)
0
.+-J
.+-J
0
Z
Figure 4:Generalized Stratigraphic Section of
Earthflow Bluff.
44
J
1-
.-
I
unit.The interstadial sediments are overlain by thin horizons of well
wa.shed medium sand and 1 aminated cl ay which are interpreted as spearate
re~cessional ice contact facies.'The bul k of the sediments at Earthflow
Bluff are poorly sorted,bouldery and poorly washed sediments with a
slight \'/esterly dip.They are interpreted as a massive accumulation of
ice contact drift deposited in the valley bottom during eastward glacier
recession.Cut into and overlying the massive drift is an outwash terrace
composed of bouldery gravel,which is interpreted to have been deposited
during the final phases of glacial retreat from the valley.Overlying
the gravel is a lens of organic-rich silty sand which is interpreted as
pond sediments.A radiocarbon date of 2210 ±70 14 C yr BP from this
horizon indicates that these sediments are late Holocene in age.
The oldest date from Earthflm'/Bluff indicates that nonglacial
conditions there continued more recently than in the areas near the Tyone
and Oshetna Rivers.Glacial conditions were not evident there until some
time well after 30,700 yr SP.'Glaciers advanced from the east,scouring
much of the valley free of interstadial sediments and depositing till on
the higher slopes.Eastward glacial retreat which occurred some time
prior to 2200 yr BP was probably slow,as suggested by the large volume
of morainal material in the valley bottom.
Preliminary Glacial-Geomorphologic Mapping
The location,orientation,altitude,and state of development of
glacial moraines,ice marginal meltwater channels,lake shorelines,
kame-deltas,eskers,and ice flow indicators can all be used to reconstruct
thle glacial hisotry of the region.These features are now being mapped
on the U-2 images and transferred to a 1:250,000 scale base,but the map
is not yet ready to be included in this report.A complete description
of all glacial-morphologic features studied is beyond the scope of this
report but a brief summary of them will be presented .
~-....;4~5/..-__-'"l"i--~--------'-----
)
»
,
't
Deposits of at least two and possibly four major ice advances are
recorded on hills which projected above all glacial limits.In areas
where sl opes are not too steep,such as near the headwaters of Jay Creek,
these features are particularly well preserved.
Valley floor gradients,mora~nes,meltwater channels,and directional
indicators'resul ting from the last major glaciation indicate that the
pattern of glacial flow was very complex.Each major valley contained
its·own glacier system,and these merged to forn large coalesced lobes in
the broad floor of the Sus itna Valley between Stephan Lake and Wa tana
Creek.A major lobe of ice which advanced southward and eastward from
thehead\llaters of the Susitna and ~1aclaren Rivers,respectively,innundated
the lowland near the Tyone and Oshetna Rivers.This lobe of ice built
upward until it spilled westward as a tongue of ice through the narrow
canyon east of Kosina Creek.This tongue of ice may have been joined by
an ice tongue which occupied Jay Creek.
Another major ice source was the southeast dra inage vall eys of
~'latana,Tsusena,and Deadman Creeks,which carried local valley glaciers
as well as overflm'/ice drainage from the north.The Tal keetna River-Fog
Creek area was another major ice source.Glaciers which decended these
valleys merged to build a large northeast flowing ice lobe that may have
extended across much of the broad valley bottom in this area.A portion
of this lobe spilled westward through the Devils Canyon area where it
merged with a large southeast-flowing glacier in the valley of Portage
Creek.Glaciers in the valleys of the Oshetna River and Kosina-Tsisi
Creeks ~ay not have advanced to join the main ice stream,but ice drainage
from these valleys spilled over lO~i divides to join other systems.
The pattern of deglaciation Vias different for each separate system
and very camp 1i ca ted.Several readvances have been recogn i zed for some
valley glacier systems.The great bul k of recessional ice contact drift,
and the large number of recessional moraines indicates that retreat in
many areas was progressive and systematic.In other valleys,particularly
in the smaller systems,retreat must have been relatively rapid.
46
"'"'
1
t
The widespread occurrence of eskers and other ice stagnation features
over broad areas indicate that the ice may have stagnated over large
are~as during retreat.The gradient of eskers is commonly reverse relative
to modern drainage,indicating that glaciers controlled drainage during
retreat.Hisespread,lake deposits,particularly in the Fog Lakes-Hatana
Cre~ek and Tyone-Oshetna River areas i ndi ca te that these areas were covered
by large proglacial lakes during deglaciation.
Examination of moraines fronting cirques in the Kosina Creek-Black
River areas indicate that Neoglacial advances were very small,not extending
more than several krn beyond the present glacier margins.
~ammoth (?)Fossil Discovery
One of the most exciting finds of the 1980 field season was the
discovery of a mammoth (?)fossil found .i!l situ in fluvial gravels at
Tyone Bluff (Fig.1).The fossil,which was identified by R.D.Guthrie
and George S.Smith of the University of Alaska,is the first reported
occurrence for any Pleistocene mammals in southern Alaska.It yielded a
radiocarbon date of 29,450 ±610 yr BP,and clearly implies nonglacial
conditions at that time.This discovery indicates that the range of
mammoth should be extended about 200 km south of its present 1imit.It
also suggests that mountain passes in the Alaska Range may have been
deglaciated during mid-Wisconsinan time.
Holocene Volcanic Tephra
During reconnaissance study of terrain units and stratigraphic
exposures,one or more white volcanic ash units were found to be widespread
between Fog Creek and the Tyone River.The ash cammonl y occurred as a
thin discontinuous mantle overlying gravelly prominences and immediately
underlying the surface soil horizons.It was also found in many archeologic
test pits between 2 cm and 40 em below the surface.The ash also occurs widely as
thin (2-5 em)thick discontinuous lenses near the top of many river
bluffs,where it ususally imr.lediately underlies the surface peat horizon.
47._-------------------
)
I
t
In only one instance,at archeologic site UA-80-74 near Fog Creek,
two ash hori zons were present,the lO\t,er one of which was much more
poorly preserved.Thes ingul ar common ash horizon found through much of
the area from Fog Creek to the Tyone River is probably correlative to the
upper ash at site UA 80-74.The date of 3200 ±95 from Tyone Bluff was
obtained from peat interfingered with the upper part of the ash lens,and
therefore probably represents a close minimum age.The date of 4720 ±
130 14 C yr BP from site UA 80-77 was obtained from a hearth 15 em below
the well developed single ash at this site,and probably represents a
distant maximum age for this horizon.
These dates bracket the widespread ash layer closely between 3200
and 4720 yr BP,making it a very useful stratigraphic marker for late
Holocene sediments.This horizon is already being actively used by the
archeologists,and has great potential for other geologic studies,parti-
cularly the earthquake hazards program.
48
..=e
-
....
Summa ry of Geo 109 i cHi story
)
1.The Susitna Valley has been repeatedly innundated with extensive
va'lley glacier systems that coalesced to fonn a minor mountain ice sheet.
Om!or more pre-Hi scons i nan gl aci ati ons have been recognized.-1
2.Much of the present valley was carved to the present river
level prior to middle Wisconsinan time (>31,000 yr BP).The direction
of drainage at that time is presently unknown.
3.The valley bottom was extensively modified during the last
glaciation which began some time after about 31,000 yr BP in the Fog
Crleek area,and some time after about 22,000 yr BP in the Tyone River
rei~ion.
4.During deglaciation large areas were covered with stagnant ice,
and meltwater drained freely below the surface,foming complex esker
systems.The direction of meltwater flow,and the presence of till at
river level suggests that Devils Canyon was carved prior to Holocene
time.Glaciers retreated systematically over many areas leaving a number
of periodically spaced massive recessional moraines.
I
5.Deglaciation of the Tyone River region 'lIas compplete by at
least 11,500 yr BP.Because this area was covered by a large piedmont
ice lobe,other areas may have been ice free even earlier.Thus,much of
the Susitna Valley may have been deglaciated prior to about 12,000 yr BP.
6.During Holocene time the Susitna River has not greatly deepened
its valley in most areas;rather it has \I/idened the valley bottom slightly
by lateral planation.Low-level alluvial terraces and tributary mouth
a 1'1 uvial fans have fonned in widened portions of the valley.Many small
st:reams tributary to the Susitna have greatly incised their.their channels
during Holocene time,resulting in steep irregular profiles characterized'
by waterfalls and rapids.
49-------------_._-----------------------------------
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)-
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Second edition.
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J '
•
I
Cla:rk,G.H.1974.Archeological survey and excavation along the
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______•'I"""'__-,-----~5"""'1 """"!"""------------------
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)
i
-
....
....
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)
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55___'~__~"""""_I4_"'----'--~I.......--~-_
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\
iIT
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___._.__~•t;.,"-~-_,_._
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APPENXIX A --MAPS
61
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