HomeMy WebLinkAboutAPA359SUS.TNA HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT
1982 CUL.TURAl..RESOURCES SURVEY
PROPERTY OF:
Alaska Power Authority
334 W.5th Ave.
Anchorage,Alaska 99501
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FINAL REPORT
MARCH 1983
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Prepa red by:
UNIVERSITY OF
ALASKA MUSEUM
MARCH 1983
FINAL REPORT
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PROPERTY OF:
Alaska Power AuthoritY.
334 W.5th Ave.
Anchorage,AI8ska 99501
1982 CULTURAL RESOURCES SURVEY
LIB
SUSITNA HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT
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FINAL REPORT 1982 FIELD SEASON
SUB-TASK 7.06 CULTURAL RESOURCES INVESTIGATION
FOR THE SUSITNA HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT
CULTURAL RESOURCE SURVEY IN THE
MIDDLE SUSITNA RIVER VALLEY
Prepared By
E.James Dixon,Ph.D.
Archeologist
Principal Investigator
Geo rge S.Smi t h,M.A•
Archeol ogi st
Project Supervi sor
Mau reenL.King,B.A.
Archeol ogi st
Jay D.Romick,M.S.
Geol og;st
University of Alaska Museum
December 1982
ARLIS
AJaskaResources Lihrarv &Information Services
library Building,Suite III
3211 Providence Drive
Anchorage,AI<99508-4614
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ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
i
ii
vi
vi i i
1-1
2-1
2-1
2-1
2-3
2-3
2-5
2-8
2-8
3-1
3-1
3-3
3-3
3-3
3-6
3-9
3-12
3-15
3-15
3-15
3-15
3-16
3-16
3-16
3-19
3-22
3-25
. ...
. . . .
3.1 -Introduction ......•.......•..•
3.2 -Watana Dam and Impoundment .........•......
(a)Archeological Sites -Discussion and Results
(i)TLM 115 • . • . . . . . . . . . • .
(ii)TLM 119
(i;;)TlM 126 . . . . . . . .
(;v)TLM 137 . . . . . • . . . . . • . .
(b)Historic Sites -Results and Discussion •..
3.3 -Proposed Access Route and Associated Proposed Borrow Areas
(a)Archeological Sites -Results and Discussion
(b)Hi stori c Si tes -Results and Di scussi on . . . .
3.4 -Transmission Corridor,Fairbanks to Healy ..•.
(a)Archeological Sites -Results and Di scussion
(i)HEA 210 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii)FAI 213 .
(iii)FAI 214 .
(b)Historic Sites -Results and Discussion ...
2.1 -Archeology and History
(a)Research Desi gn and Strategy . . . .
(b)Data Collection and Field Procedures
(i)Reconnaissance Testing.
(ii)Systematic Testing.
2.2 -Geoarcheology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3 -Areas Exami ned,1982 . . . • . . .
3 -HISTORIC AND ARCHEOLOGICAL SITES DOCUMENTED IN 1982 .
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES .
LIST OF FIGURES .
1 -INTRODUCTION
2 -~1ETHODOLOG Y.
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3.5 -Other Portions of the Study Area .
(a)Archeological Sites -Results and Discussion
(i)TLM 118
(i i)TLM 120
(iii)TLM 121
(iv)TLM 122
(v)TLM 123
(vi)TLM 124
(vii)TLMI25 ••..
(vi i i)TLM 127
(i x)TLM 128 •.•.."
(x)TLM 129
(xi)TLM 130
(xi i)TLM 131
(xi i i)TLM 132
(xi v)TLM 133
(xv)TLM 134 .••.
(xvi)TLM 135
(xvi i)TLM 136
(xvi i ;)TLM 138
(xi x)TLM 139
(xx)TLM 140
(xxi)TLM 141
(xx;i)TLM 142
(xxi;i)TLM 143
(xxi v)TLM 144
(xxv)TLM 145
(xxvi)TLM 146
(xxvi i ).TLM 147
(xxviii)TLM 148
(xx;x)TLM 149
(xxx)TLM 150
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Page
3-26
3-26
3-26
3-29
3-32
3-35
3-38
3-41
3-44
3-47
3-50
3-54
3-58
3-61
3-64
3-67
3-70
3-73
3-76
3-80
3-83
3-86
3-89
3-92
3-95
3-99
3-103
3-106
3-109
3-112
3-115
3-118
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(xxx;)TLM 151
(xxxi i)TLM 152
(xxxi i i)TLM 154
(b)Historic Sites -Results and Discussion
3.6 -Systematic Testing
(a)Int roducti on .
(b)Sites .
(i)TLM 128 .....
(;;)TLM 130
(i;i)TLM 143
4 -GEOARCHEOLOGY,TEPHROCHRONOLOGY.
4.1 -Int roduct;on . . . . . .
4.2 -Analytical Methods .
4.3 -Granulometric Analysis .
4.4 -Appearance Under Binocular Microscope.
(a)Devil Tephra ...
(b)Upper Watana Tephra
(c)Lower Watana Tephra.
(d)Oshetna Tephra . ...
4.5 -Minerology ...
(a)Hornblende ..
(b)Orthopyroxene
(c)Plagioclase ...
(d)Opaque Minerals.
(e)Quartz .
(f)Minor Accessory Minerals
4.6 -Grain Count Analysis .
4.7 -Glass Shard Morphology .
4.8 -Discussion .
4.9 -Concl usi on and Suggesti ons for Further Work .
4.10 -Archeological Significance .
iv
Page
3-121
3-125
3-128
•3-132
3-133
3-133
3-133
3-133
3-155
3-174
4-1
4-1
4-1
4-6
4-6
4-6
4-6
4-10
4-10
4-10
4-10
4-10
4-11
4-11
4-11
4-12
4-12
4-12
4-18
4-24
4-25
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vi
LIST OF TARLES
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Table 1.1 Soil nescriptions for Composite Soil Profilp.,
River .•.•..••.........•.....•.....•......•........•4-3
Stratigraphic Location of SafTlples from the Susitna
Unit,TLM 130 ••.••••••.•.•••.••••••••..•••..•.•••.•3-17n
TLM 13n ••••.•••••.•.•••••••••.•...••..••••..••••.••3-158
Artifact Summary,TLM no ~-10fj
Faunal Material,TLM 130 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••3-108
Artifact Summary by Test Square anrl Stratiqraphic
lJnit,TLM 12~•..•••.•••..••.••••••.••.••••••••••••.3-1~7
TLM 12R ••.••.•••.•••.•••••.••••••••••.••••.••••••.•.3-139
Artifact Summary,TLM 128 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••3-14~
Fa una 1 Mat e ria 1,TLM 128 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••3 -14n
Arti fact Summary I)y Test Square anrl Strati grnphic
Reproducibility nf Glass Shorn Counts ••••••••••••••4-5
Grai n Si ze Anal ysi s for 1 ~Susitnfl Tephra •••••••••4-8
Mean Val ues for Groi 11 Counts of Susitna Tephra •••••ll-17
Scori aceous vs."esicul i'lr Gl ass Shards •••••••••••••4.-21
r~ean and Stflndarn nevi ati on for Oevil,llppp.r t4atana,
anrl Lower "Jatana Tephra Gl ass Sha rrl r:ount ••••••••••tl.-n
TLM 143 3-194
Faunal Material,TLM 143 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••3-20Q
Artifact Summary by Stratigraphic Ilnit,TLM 143 ••••3-213
Arti fact Summary by Test Square and Strati graphic
Unit,TLM 143 ........•.•.•..•.....••.'..•••••.•.•.••3-219
Tflble 1.9 Soil Descriptions for Cnmposite Prnfile,
Table 3.5 Soil nescriptions for COl11positp.Soil Profile,
TLM 14:i •••••.•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••3-178
Table 3.10 Artifact Summary TLM 141 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••3-192
Table 3.11 Tools and Tool FragfTlents by Stratigraphic Unit,
Table 3.6
Tnbl e 1.7
Tabl e 3.8
Table 3.12
Table 3.13
Table 3.14
Table 4.1
Table 4.2
Tabl e 4.3
Table 4.4
Tiihl e 4.~
Table l~.n
Table 3.2
Table 3.3
Tabl e 1.4
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 3.1.
Figure 3.2.
Fi gure 3.3.
Figure 3.4.
Fi gure 3.5.
Figure 3.6.
Fi gure 3.7.
Figure 3.8.
Figure 3.9.
Figure 3.10.
Fi gure 3.11.
Figure 3.12.
Figure 3.13.
Fig u re 3.14.
Fi gure 3.15.
Figure 3.16.
Fi gure 3.17.
Figure 3.18.
Figure 3.19.
Figure 3.20.
Fi gure 3.21.
Fi gure 3.22.
Figure 3.23.
Figure 3.24.
Fi gure 3.25.
Figure 3.26.
Fi gure 3.27.
Figure 3.28.
Figure 3.29.
Figure 3.30~
Figure 3.31.
Site Map TLM 115.
Site Map TLM 119.
Site Map TLM 126.
Site Map TLM 137.
Site Map HEA21 O.
Site Map FAI 213.
Site Map FAI 214.
Site Map TLM 118.
Site Map TLM 120.
Site Map TLM 121.
Site Map TLM 122.
Site t~ap TLM 123.
Site Map TLM 124.
Site Map TLM 125.
Site Map TLM 127.
Site Map TLM 128.
Site Map TLM 129 A.
Site Map·TLM 129 B.
Site Map TLM 130..
Site Map TLM 131.
Site Map TLM 132.
Site Map TLM 133.
Site Map TLM 134.
Site Map TLM 135.
Site Map TLM 136.
Site Map TLM 138.
Site Map TLM 139.
Site Map TLM 140.
Site Map TLM 141..
Site Map TLM 142.
Site Map TLM 143.
vii
Page
3-5
3-8
3-11
3-14
3-18
3-21
3-24
3..28
3-31
3-34
3-37
3-40
3-43
3-46
3-49
3-53
3-56
3-57
3-60
3-63
3-66
3-69
3-72
3-75
3-79
3-82
3-85
3-88
3-91
3-94
3-98
Figure 3.32.
Fi gure 3.33.
Figure 3.34.
Figure 3.35.
Fi gure 3.36.
Figure 3.37.
Figure 3.38.
Figure 3.39.
Fi gure 3.40.
Figure 3.4l.
Figure 3.42.
Figure 3.43.
Figure 3.44.
Fi gu re 3.45.
Fi gure 3.46.
Figure 3.47.
Fi gure 3.48.
Figure 3.49.
Fi gure 3.50.
Fi gure 3.5l.
Figure 3.52.
Figure 3.53.
Figure 3.54.
Figure 3.55.
Fi gure 3.56.
Figure 3.57.
Fi gure 3.58.
Figure 3.59.
Figure 3.60.
Site Map TUM 144.
Site Map TLM 145.
Site Map TUM 146.
Site Map TLM 147.
Site Map TLM 148.
Site Map TLM 149.
Site Map TUM 150 ...
Site Map TLM 151.
Site Map TUM 152.
Site Map TLM 154.. • • . .••...
Site Map TUM 128.• . • . • . •.•..
Composite Soil Profile TLM 128.
Site Map TUM 130.• . . . . . •
Composite Soi 1 Profile TLM 130 •.
Site Map TUM 143.• . . . •..
Composi te Soi 1 Profil e TLM 143.• •
Arti facts from sites UA82-95 (TUM 115)a,UA82-64
(TLM 124)b-c,UA82-70 (TLM 130)d,UA82-73 (TLM
133)e,UA82-74 (TUM 134)f..•....•
Arti facts from site UA82-68 (TLM 128).....•
Arti facts from sites UA82-75 (TLM 135)a,UA82-76
(TLM 136)b,UA82-80 (TLM 140)c-d,UA82-84 (TLM
144)e,UA82-94 (TUM 154)f,UA82-101 (HEA 210)g.
Arti facts from site UA82-83 (TLM 143).
Arti facts from site UA82-83 (TLM 143).
Artifacts from site UA82-83 (TLM 143).
Arti facts from site UA82-83 (TLM 143).
Arti facts from site UA82-83 (TLM 143).
Arti facts from site UA82-83 (TLM 143).
Art i fact from si te UA82-83 (TLM 143).. . .
Arti fact from site UA82-83 (TLM 143).. .
Arti facts from site UA82-83 (TLM 143).
Artifacts from site UA82-83 (TLM 143).
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3-102
3-105
3-108
3-111
3-114
3-117
3-120
3-124
3-127
3-131
3-134
3-136
3-156
3-157
3-175
3-177
3-237
3-237
3-238
3-238
3-239
3-239
3-240
3-240
3-241
3-241
3-242
3-242
3-243
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FIGURES A.I -A.38 BOUND SEPARATELY
Fi gure A.I.Locati on of Sites and Survey Locales,Tal keetna
Mts.0-5 .....................A-5
Fi gure A.2.Location of Sites and Survey Locales,Talkeetna
Mts.D-4 .....................A-6
Figure A.3.Location of Sites and Survey locales,Tal keetna
Mts.0-3 .....................A-7
Fi gure A.4.Location of Sites and Survey Locales,Talkeetna
Mt s..0-2.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A-8
Figure A.5.Location of Sites,Talkeetna Mts.C-4.. ... .A-9
Figure A.6.Locati on of Sites and Survey Local es,Tal keetna
Mts.C-2 ............••.....•.A-IO
ix
Sample Location Map..............•
Granulometric Analysis of Susitna Tephra •....
Numerical Percentages of Minerals in the Susitna
Lacking Glass Mantles in the Susitna Tephra.
Numeri cal Percentage of Gl ass Shards in the
Susitna Tephra.• . • . . . • . . . • . . •
Scanning Electron Photomicrographs of Vesicular
Glass Shards.A)Vesicular Glass from the Devil
Tephra.B)Scori aceous Gl ass from the Lower
Watana Tephra.•.
Photomi crographs of the Two Gl asS Shard Textural
Types.A)Transparent,Vesicular Glass Shard.
B)Scoriaceous Glass Shards with Transparent
Mineral Grains ......•....
Numerical Percentage of Scoriaceous Glass in the
Three Upper Susitna Tephra .....
4-16
4-13
Page
4-20
4-2
4-7
4-19
4-13
4-14
4-15
Percentage of Plagioclase and Quartz
Tephra..
Numeri cal
Grai ns..
Fi gure 4.4.
Figure 4.8.
Figure 4.7.
Fi gure 4.I.
Figure 4.2.
Figure 4.3.
Fi gure 4.6.
Figure 4.5.
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Figure A.7.
Fi gure A.8.
Figure A.9.
Figure A.10.
Fi gure A.11.
Fi gure A.12.
Fi gure A.13.
Fi gure A.14.
Fi gu re A.15.
Figure A.16.
Fi gure A.17.
Fi gure A.18.
Fi gure A.19.
Figure A.20.
Fi gure A.21.
Figure A.22.
Figure A.23.
Fi gure A.24.
Figure A.25.
Fi gure A.26.
Location of Sites and Survey Locales,Talkeetna
Mt s.C-l.. . . . . . . . . . . .
Location of Sites,Talkeetna Mts.B-2.
Location of Sites,Talkeetna Mts.B-1.
Location of Sites,Healy A-3.
Location of Sites,Healy A-2.
Location of Sites,Healy 0-4 ...
Locat i on of Si tes ,Heal y 0-5.. . . . . . . . . .
Locati on of Sites,Fai rbanks A-5.. . . . ....
Surface Reconnaissance and Subsurface Testing
in Su rvey Local e 5 (1982)..
Su rface Reconnai ssance and Subsu rface Testing
in Survey Locale 110 .
Surface Reconnaissance and Subsurface Testing
in Survey Locale 111 .
Su rface Reconnai ssance and Subsurface Testi ng
in Survey Locale 112 .
Surface Reconnaissance and Subsurface Testing
in Survey Locale 113 •..•.•.•.••..
Surface Reconnaissance and Subsurface Testing
in Survey Locale 116 .
Surface Reconnai ssance and Subsurface Testi ng
in Survey Locale 116 .
Surface Reconnaissance and Subsurface Testing
in Survey Locale 118.. . . . . . . . ..-..
Surface Reconnai ssance and Subsu rface Testing
in Survey Locale 119 .
Surface Reconnaissance and Subsurface Testing
in Survey Locale 121 .
Surface Reconnaissance and Subsurface Testig
in Survey Locale 125 .
Surface Reconnaissance and Subsurface Testing
in Survey Locale 125 .
x
Page
A-ll
A-12
A-13
A-14
A-15
A-16
A-17
A-18
A-19
A-20
A-21
A-22
A-23
A-24
A-25
A-26
A-27
A-28
A-29
A-30
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Figure A.27.Surface Reconnaissance and Subsurface Testing
in Survey Locale 126.. . . . . .. ... .. . .A-31
Figure A.28.Surface Reconnaissance and Subsurface Testing
in Survey Locale 127 ...............A-32
Fi gure A.29.Surface Reconnaissance and Subsurface Testing
in Survey Local e 127.. . . . . . . . . . . . . .A-33
Fi gure A.30.Surface Reconnaissance and Subsurface Testing
in Survey Locale 127 ...............A-34
Fi gure A.3l.Surface Reconnaissance and Subsurface Testing
in Survey Locale 129 ...............A-35
Figure A.32.Surface Reconnai ssance and Subsurface Testi ng
in Survey Locale 129 ...............A-36
Figure A.33.Surface Reconnai ssance and Subsurface Testi ng
in Survey Locale 130 ...............A-37
Fi gure A.34.Surface Reconnaissance and Subsurface Testing
in Survey Locale 131 ...............A-38
Fi gure A.35.Site Locati on Map TLM 137.• • • • • • •I,• • •A-39
Figure A.36.Site Location Map HEA 210.·. . .. . .... .
A-40
Fi gure A.37.Site Location Map FA!213.· ... . . ... . .A-41
Figure A.38.Site Location Map FAl 214.·.. . .... . . .
A-42
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1 -INTRODIC nON
This document presents the results of the reconnaissance level survey
and systefllatic testing conducted cluring the 1.QR2 field season.Results
of the previous two field seasons (IQRO and 1981)are presented in
"Final Report,Subtask 7.01i,r,ultural Resources Investirjation for the
Susitna Hydroelectric Project"(nixon et ~.1982).
For the 19R2 field season the research design and strat~gy clevelopeel
for the overall cul tural resource program was appl i eel,a summary of
whic:~is presented in Shapter 2.Surface reconnaissanc~ancl subsurface
testing was conducted in 15 survey locales,along the proposed access
route,along the Fairbanks to Healy portion of the proposed transmis-
sion corridor,as well as areas associated with geotechnical testing.
Aeri al reconnai ssance was conclucted along the proposed access rotlte and
the transmission corridor including the section between Willow and
Anchorarje.A total of 5?sites was documented in these areas,hrinfJing
the total sites documented to date to 1fi7.These sites are di scussed
in r:hapter 1.
In aclrlition to reconnaissance level survey and testing,three sites
were systematically tested,hringing the total sites systematically
tested to date to 21.Twenty of the ?1 sites tested at this level ap-
pear to be eligible for inclusion in the National Register of Historic
Pl aces.
Analyses of tephra samples,discussed in Chapter 4,indicate that three
of the four tephra can be distinguished based on petro~raphic study.
The peterographic analysis largely agrees with the field evidence that
there are three and probably four tephra units in the I~per and Middle
Susitna River area.This analysis will aid in the correlation of
components at different sites which are found between the saflle tephra
units.
1-1
Because not all surveyahle portions of the study have been examined.
continued arcl1eological investigation is necessary in orrler to complete
the cultural resource inventory.In arldition.continued systematic
testing required to evaluate site significance and eligibility to the
National Register of Historic Places.
Correspondence relating to the cultural resource portion of tl1e Susitna
Hydroelectric Project is included in Chapter 5 and a hibliography is
included in Chapter n.The confidential appendix inclurles site
location maps.and survey locale maps.
Sections concerning impacts and mitiqation were originally includerl in
this report.Three sections have been deleted;the reader is referred
to Chapter 4 of Exhibit E of the FERC license application dated Feb-
ruary 1QS3.
1-2
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2 -METHODOLOGY
2.1 -Archeology and History
(a)Research Design and Strategy
For 1982 field studies the research design and strategy developed for
the overall cultural resource program was applied,a summary of which is
provided here.The research design integrates the current archeologi-
cal,hi stori cal,ethnological,and geol ogi cal data into a cultural
chronol ogicalframework and developes a research strategy that is st ruc-
tured to predict site occurrence in relation to physical and topographic
features within the limits of contemporary archeological method and
theory.For a more detai 1ed di scussi on of the research design and
strategy see Di xon et al.(1982),Chapter 2.--
Based on the delineated cultural chronology,documented site locales for
each culture period,and geoarcheologic evaluations,survey locales were
i denti fi ed -as exhi bi ti I1g potenti al for site occurrence.These local es
"""",are then subject to on-the-ground reconnai ssance level survey aimed at
locating cultural resources representing various periods of Alaskan
prehistory and history.In addition to survey locales,areas subject to
ground di sturbi ng acti viti es associ atedwi th the project are al so
examined.
Based on an analysis of site locational data from regions adjacent to,
and within the study area,the features characteristically associated
with site occurrence are overlooks (areas of higher topographic relief
than much of the surrounding terrain)lake margins,stream and river
margins,and natural constructions (areas where the topographic setting
and surrounding terrain form natural constrictions which tend to funnel
game animals using the area)(Dixon et !l.1982).
In addition to identifying areas having archeological potential (survey
locales),areas that have no or very low potential for containing
cultural resources and/or are not surveyable given present testing
2-1
methods were also identified.These areas include steep canyon walls,
areas of standing water,and exposed gravel bars.These areas were
eliminated from survey unless they were subject to specific activities
associated with the hydroelectric project such as:auger holes,bore
holes,seismic lines,test trenches,helicopter landing pads,or other
ground disturbing activities.In these cases the area was examined
using standard reconnaissance level survey techniques,when possible.
It can easily be noted in the review of site locational data that many
sites have been subject to reoccupati on and share more than one of the
defined physical,topographic,or ecological features characteristic of
archeological site locales.It would appear that there may be a com-
pounding effect in human utilization of a locale,if more than one of
these major variables occur,thus possibly increasing the probability of
its use and subsequent reuse.It is also recognized that this analysis
is limited because it does not address known chronol ogi cal and settl e-
ment pattern gaps in the archeol ogi cal record.
A problem in the delineation of the topographic,physical and ecological
features listed above is that a variety of specific settings are sub-
sumed under these general categori es.One objecti ve of t he research
desi gn is to attempt to obtai nmorepreci se data rel evant to prehistoric
settlement patterns and the juxtaposition of individual sites in rela-
tion to the natural environment.Survey locale forms were completed for
each locale examined to assist in refining site location information.
Thi s form is presented i nAppendix C of the 1982 report (Di xon et al.--
1982).Data collected during the 1980 and 1981 field season was incor-
porated into survey locale selection in 1982.
Detai 1ed site speci fi c i nformati on such as,geomorphi c featu re on whi ch
sites were located,topographic position and elevation,slope,exposure,
view,stratigraphy,as well as details about the surrounding terrain and
environment was gathered during field studies.This specific kind of
information may enable an analysis of settlement patterns in relation to
ecological variables and human response to changes in these variables
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through time.A site survey form was used on this project which out-
lines the specific kinds of information mentioned above (Dixon et ~.
1982,Appendix C).Similar information was also collected at locales
where test pits did not yield cultural evidence to facilitate analysis
of areas where sites do not occur.
The research design and strategy developed was based on a plan designed
to provi de feedback data throughout the project so that new data coul d
be used to modi fy,refi ne and further develop the cu1tu ral resource
investigation.A two-fold increase (25%to 53%)in the number of survey
local es produci ng si tes duri ng the 1982 fi e1d season is di rect 1y att ri-
butable to the refinement of site 10cational data made possible by the
analysis of data collected during the 1980 and 1981 field seasons.
(b)Data Collection and Field Procedures
(i)Reconnaissance Testing
To insure consistent data collection in the field and provide a system-
atic format for data retrieval,a Site Survey Form was used for thi s
project (Dixon et ale 1982,Appendix C).The form served as a basis for--
recording specific information on each site located during the recon-
nai ssance 1evel survey as well as a basis for systemati c testi ng con-
ducted during th~1982 field season by the six-person field crew.
The form is organized into major categories including:site location,
envi ronment,site desc ri pt i on and condition,photog raphi c records and
additional information such as a site map and location of test pits.
Subcategories within each of these headings provide specific data on
these topics.
Daily field notes were kept by each crew member.Field notebooks for
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reconnaissance survey recorded much of the same information found on the
Site Survey Forms,such as site location,topography,vegetation,soils,
extent of site,and photographs taken.Field notebooks for systematic
2-3
testing also recorded a detailed description of soils,stratification of
soils,drawings of significant features or artifacts.i!!.situ,horizontal
and verti cal pl acement of arti facts and features excavated at the site,
site maps,methods of excavation and collection of non-archeological
samples (soil,pollen,radiocarbon).Crew leaders kept a continuous log
of all areas surveyed,noting both the location of all test pits and
natural exposures and the presence and absence of cultural material.
Once an archeol ogi cal site was located,additi onal shovel tests were
excavated,when possible,to the north,south,east,and west of the
test pit which first documented the site.This testing was designed to
assist in determining extent of the the site as well as to locate
additional cultural material.In an effort to keep site disturbance to
a minimum,preliminary testing at each site was limited,and the number
of tests made at each site varied with the nature of the specific site.
All test pits were numbered,mapped,and backfilled.
The 1ocati on of all excavated and surface call ected arti facts were
recorded.Specimens recovered during reconnaissance level survey were
bagged by arbitrary 5 em levels,unless natural stratification was
encountered.Radi ometri c samples coll ected were doubl e wrapped in
aluminum foil and placed in ziplock bags.All individual bags from each
test were placed in a larger bag with site number,name,date,and
location on the outside.All test pit bags were placed in a site bag
wi th the site number and date on the outsi de.All site bags were
organized by survey locale.
A site specific and regional map was made for each site.Site maps
included horizontal and vertical datum points,site grid,all test pits
made,location of surface artifacts,features (such as hearths,cabin
remains,house pits),distance and direction to other sites or major
land features,a scale,date,name of person drawing map,name of person
recordi ng data,and reference to pages in fi el d notebooks on whi ch
additional information was recorded.Regional maps showed the site in
relation to a larger portion of the study area including nearby rivers,
2-4
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lakes,topographic features,vegetation communities,and other sites in
the immediate area.
Photographs were taken of each site located.The fi rst pi ctu re at each
site was an identification shot indicating site number,date,and crew.
Other photographs recorded the environment around the site,features at
the site,soil profiles exposed in test pits,and arti facts or features
i!!.situ before removal by excavation.Photographs are on file at the
Universi ty of Al aska Museum.
Detailed soil profiles were drawn of soi)deposits exposed during test-
ing.These included a description of color,grain size and consistency.
Measurements documenti ng depth and thi ckness for each unit were al so
recorded.Soil profiles are on file at the University of Alaska Museum.
A catalog of all specimens collected in the field during surveyor
excavat i on was prepared.Pertinent data was recorded for each s peci men.
The reconnaissance level survey was directed toward on-the-ground eval-
uation of preselected survey locales that have been identified for the
study area.Along with this evaluation an attempt was made in the field
to identify areas that potentially may be eliminated from further
survey,and the location of as many site locales as possible.
(i i)Systemati c Testi n9
Prior to systematic testing,horizontal and vertical site datums were
estab1i shed and a topographi c map prepared.To faci 1i tate recordi ng
data,the datum was located,when possible,so that the entire site area
would fall north and east of the datum point.A 12-inch spi ke was
placed at the datum location with an aluminum tag containing site infor-
mation.
A Sokki sha BT 20 transit,50 m tape and metric stadia rod were used to
establish a base line oriented to conform to local site topography in an
effort to facilitate excavation.The northern end of this baseline was
2-5
established as "Grid North";all subsequent horizontal measurements
referenced to grid north.
Placement of test squares was determined by the crew leader in charge in
consultati on with the project supervi sor and pri ncipal i nvesti gator and
was based on the results of preliminary reconnaissance testing,site
topography,surface cultural and noncultural features,and additional
shovel testing.Coordinates of test squares located off the initial
grid system were determi ned by tri angul ati on from the nearest two gri d
stakes.Individual test square elevations were established from the
closest grid stake elevation by use of a string and line level.After
completion of systematic testing,all reconnaissance level test pits,
systematic test squares,and shovel test 1ocati ons were recorded on the
site map.
After the site was mapped and gridded systematic testing began.Fre-
quently systematic testing was initiated adjacent to the test which
produced cultural material during reconnaissance level testing.Subse-
quent 1 m by 1 m squares were laid out to assist in determining the
spatial extent of the site and to collect information for evaluating and
dating the site.Systematic testing was designed to efficiently collect
enough data with which to address site significance.Weighted against
this consideration was the question of how much testing is necessary to
adequately address this problem.An attempt was made to excavate the
minimum number of tests needed to address this problem.The average
number of tests placed on a site was four.However,in a few cases,
additi onal tests were necessary because of the low frequency,or in some
cases the lack of,cultural material in the initial tests.
Excavation of 1 m by 1 m squares was conducted by natural stratigraphic
levels when possible.However,in a few cases soil stratigraphy was not
conducive to this method and excavation by arbitrary levels was
employed.Careful attenti on was paid to the identi fi cati on of tephras
in relation to cultural remains because their relationship provided
relative dating and intersite correlation.Test squares were excavated
with trowels and all dirt was screened through ~-inch screen unless the
2-6
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soil was too wet,in which case it was examined by hand.Artifacts were
measured from the south and east wall s of each test and vertical
measurements were made with"string and line level tied to the square
datum.When possible,tephra samples and organic material for C14
dating were collected.C14 samples were wrapped in two layers of
alluminum foil,placed in plastic bags,and oven dried at the University
Museum's archeology lab as soon as possible.
Soil profi 1es for test squares that produced cultural materi a1 were
drawn.Soil colors were determined using a Munsell color chart on dry
samples.Composite soil profiles were also drawn summarizing soil
stratigraphy at the site.Composite soil profiles are included with
each individual syst.ematic test report.All arti facts collected were
cataloged and accessioned into the University of Alaska Museum.All
test squares were backfilled upon completion of testing,and each site
was restored as much as possible to the condition in which it was
originally found.
The thickness of soil units sometimes varies greatly even between
adjacent squares,as does the occasi ona1 presence or absence of speci fi c
soil units.The composite soil profile is a generalized profile.
Elevation above or below datum and provenience of artifacts from indi-
vidual test squares cannot be directly correlated with the canposite
site profiles.However,in a broad sense,associated soil units and
contact between soil units are accurate for each site.
Three distinct tephra have been identified in the study area.These
units were given regional names for purposes of field identification and
nomenclature.The names given the tephra in order of increasing age are
as fo 11 ows :Devi 1 (l800-2300 B.P.,A.D.150-350 B.C.),Watana (2300-
3200 B.P.,350 B.C.-1250 B.C.)and Oshetna (greater than 4700 B.P.,
2750 B.C.and possibly as old as 5000-7000 B.P.,3050 B.C.-5050 B.C.).
These ash fall s have not yet been corre1 ated to tephra from other
regions known to date to the last 7000 years.Munsell color designa-
tions were used to describe tephra color.Whenever possible color
matching was done using dry samples.For a more detailed discussion of
tephra see Chapter 4.
2-7
2.2 -Geoarcheology
Geoarcheological field studies were confined to examination of the three
sites systematically tested (TLM 130,TLM 128,TLM 143).In additi on
conti nued research on the tephra defi ned in the Upper Susitna Ri ver
Region was undertaken.Geoarcheological field examination was aimed at
defining the stratigraphy at each of the systematically tested sites in
order to delineate tephra and cultural horizons (see Chapter 4).
Tephrochronological studies were aimed at establishing criteria for
distinguishing the various tephra including mineralogical and morpho-
logical differences and/or similarities (see Chapter 4).
2.3 -Areas Examined,1982
During the 1982 field season 14 new survey locales were examined at the
reconnaissance level (110,111, 112,113,116, 118,119,121,125,126,
127,129,130,and 1.31).Additional reconnaissance level survey was
also conducted in survey locale 5 (see Appendix for survey locale maps).
Preliminary reconnaissance level survey was conducted along the proposed
transmi ssi oncorri dors from Fai rbanks to Heal y and Anchorage to Wi llow
and along the II new ll segment of the proposed access route west of Deadman
Creek.Areas affected by geotechnical testing and a proposed winter
II cat traiP were also examined during the 1982 field season.
2-8
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3 -HISTORIC AND ARCHEOLOGICAL SITES DOCUMENTED IN 1982
3.1 -Introduction
Surface reconnaissance and subsurface testing in 15 survey locales,
along the proposed access route,along the transmission corridors from
Fai rbanks to Heal y and Anchorage to Wi 11 ow,and areas associ ated wi th
geotechni cal testi ng documented 52 sites duri ng the 1982 fi eld season.
Thirty-six of these sites were located in survey locales,12 along the
transmission corridor from Fairbanks to Healy,3 along the proposed
access route,and 1 associated with geotechnical testing.The total
number of sites documented to date is 167.
Eight of the 15 survey locales (53%)produced cultural resources.Thi s
is considerably higher than the percentage of survey locales producing
sites during the fi rst two years of the project (28 of·111,25%).Thi s
is no doubt due to refinement of data concerning site locations within
the study area which were incorporated into survey locale selection in
1982.It is likely that further refinement of this data will continue
to make reconnai ssance su rvey more effi ci ent.
Of the 52 sites documented during the 1982 field season four are located
in the Watana Dam and impoundment area,three along the proposed access
route and associated borrow areas,12 within the proposed transmi ssi on
corridor from Fairbanks to Healy,~nd 33 in other portions of the study
area adjacent to the proposed impoundment.Three of the known sites
wi thi n the proposed transmi ssi on corridor from Fai rbanks to Heal y were
located through on-the-ground testing.The remaining nine sites are
documented in the files of the Alaska State Office of History and
Archeology.Three of the sites located along the proposed access route
and associ ated borrow areas have not been recorded,and it wi 11 be
necessary to record these sites as well as the unrecorded sites along
the transmission corridor.
Reconnaissance level survey along the proposed transmission corridors
from Fairbanks to Healy and Anchorage to Willow was preliminary.Due to
3-1
late selection,the Watana Dam to the Intertie portion of the transmis-
sion corridor has not been examined.A review of the records at the
State Offi ce of Hi story and Archeology di d not produce any documentati on
of sites along the Anchorage to Willow portion of the corridor.How-
ever,this is due to the fact that no archeological or historic surveys
have been conducted in this area.Although it was possible to land a
helicopter for surface reconnaissance and subsurface testing along the
Fairbanks to Healy segment of the transmission corridor,dense forest
vegetat ion prohi bi ted t hi sal ong t he Anchorage to Wi 11 ow segment.
Further survey is required along the transmission corridors to complete
the cultural resource inventory.
Site reports in thi s secti on are arranged by the foll owing areas:
Watana Dam and impoundment,proposed access route and associ ated borrow
areas,proposed transmission corridors,Fairbanks to Healy,and other
portions of the study area.Sites receiving systematic testing in 1982
are presented in section 3.8.
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3.2 -Watana Dam and Impoundment
(a)Archeological Sites,Results,and Discussion
(i)AHRS Number TLM 115,Accessi on Number UA82-95
Area:1.5 kIn northwest of Kosina Creek Mouth,Survey Locale 121
Area Map:Figure A.4;Survey Locale Map:Figure A.24
USGS Map:Tal keetna Mts.0-2,Scale 1:63,360
Site Location:UTM Zone 6 Easting 450920 Northing 6962550
Latitude 62°47'30"N.,Longitude 147°57'48"W.
T.31 N.,R.8 E.,Seward Meridian
Sec.9,SE~SW~NE~
Site Map:Figure 3.1
Setting:The site is located at an elevation of ca.580 m asl (1900
feet)on the northern slope of theSusitna River Canyon,1.5 km north-
west of the mouth of Kosina Creek (Figure A.4).It is situated upon a
relatively flat bench on a north-south trending finger ridge sloping
down the canyon wall perpendi cul ar to the Susitna Ri ver.The Susitna
River flows 250 m away,down a moderately steep (20-degree)slope.The
eastern edge of the ridge is also steep (ca.20 degrees),fonned by a
small tributary drainage.The ridge slopes gradually to the west,and
fonns the eastern edge of a relatively gentle canyon slope.The site is
located on the southernmost flat bench of the ridge,before it drops
sharply towards the Susitna River.This bench is approximately 20 m
long (east-west)and 10 m wide (north-south),where it projects out from
the sloping ridge.The site is located on its outennost edge.Apart
from the moderately dense spruce,bi rch,and cottonwood forest which
surrounds the site and neighboring tert'ain,the bench provides a point
of high relief affording a good view of surrounding countryside.The
3-3
Susitna River is visible to the south and east,and is readily acces-
sible from the site.To the southeast,Kosina Creek and the sand bar in
front of it can be seen.Thick vegetation obstructs the view to the
north,east,and west.
Reconnaissance Testing:A black basalt projectile point (UA82-95-1;
Figure 3.48,a)was unearthed in an initial shovel test,and was deter-
mined to be situated in stratigraphic unit 4 (Oshetna tephra),near its
contact with gl ad a1 dri ft.Thi s test was expanded into a 40 em by
40 em test pit (test pit 1),but no additional artifacts were found.
Five additional shovel tests placed on the bench failed to produce
cultural material.Examination of the surface of the edge of the bench
and the slope beneath it was a1 so negati vee
Collected Arti fact Inventory
Subsu rface :
1 Black basalt pr<>jectile point (UA82-95-1;Figure 3.48,a)
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Talkeetna Mts.0-2
T.31 N.,R.8 E.S.M.
SE ~SW ~NE ~Sec.9
Site Map TLM 115.
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Site Datum x
Test Pit 0
Shovel Test 0
Spruce Tree *Birch Tree <:>
Cottonwood Tree C3J
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(ii)AHRS Number TLM 119,Accession Number UA82-59
Area:ca.9 km southeast of Watana Creek Mouth,Survey Local e 118
Area Map:Figure A.3;Survey Locale Map:Figure A.22
USGS Map:Tal keetna Mts.0-3,Scale 1:63,360
Site Location:UTM Zone 6 Easting 444900 Northing 6964900
Latitude 62°48 1 48 11 N.,Longitude 148°4 1 50 11 W.
T.31 N.,R.7.E.,Seward Meridi an
Sec.2,NW~NE~N~
Site Map:Figure 3.2
Setting:The site is located on the north side of the Susitna River on
the central portion of a continuous ridge which is approximately 400 m
long and 30 m to 40 m wide.The ridge is oriented in a northwest to
southeast direction roughly perpendicular to the river,sloping
gradually from the uplands down to the Susitna River canyon.The site
is at an elevation of675m asl (2200 feet)on a discrete section of the
ridge.Thi s area of the ridge has a 2-degree to 3-degree southward
slope and then slopes more steeply for about 30 m to 40 m at which point
the ridge makes a gradual change in direction to a north-south orienta-
tion.A deflated area,20 m by 12 m,flanks the east side of the ridge.
The exposure contained artifactual material,which is probably the
result of erosion of the ridge top.To the east the ridge slopes at
approximately a IS-degree angle toward a small creek which is ca.30 m
lower in elevation.This creek flows southward into the Susitna.The
ridge slope is more gradual in all other directions.From the site area
there is a clear view to the east overlooking the small creek and
drainage system in addition to the uplands.The Susitna River valley is
discernible to the southeast.Visibility in all other directions is
limited due to trees.Vegetation on the site includes scattered spruce,
lowbush cranberry,dwarf birch,Labrador tea and lichens.Stands of
bi rch with intermittent spruce are apparent on the ridge slopes grading
into a lowland spruce-hardwood forest.
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Reconnaissance Testing:The site contained a diffuse surface scatter of
fl akes whi ch were located on an exposure on the eastern face of the
ridge,and along a game trail which runs along the eastern edge of the
ri dge.One subsurface fl ake was located ina shovel test di rectly west
of the deflated area.This shovel test was expanded into a 40 em by
40 em test pit (test pit 1),but no additional artifacts were found.
The flake which was recovered came from an upper strata of dark brown
silty-sandy matrix with finely sorted organics.This stratigraphic unit
is situated above the Devil tephra.Another test pit (test pit 2)was
placed approximately 16 mnorth of test pit 1,2 m west of the location
of 2 basalt flakes found on the game trail.No arti factual material was
found in test pit 2.
Collected Arti fact Inventory
Surface:
3 Chert fl akes
4 Basalt flakes
Subsurface:
1 Chert fl ake
3-7
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Site Datum
Blowout Perimeter
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T.31 N.,R.7 E.S.M.
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(iii)AHRS Number TLM 126, Accession Number UA82-66
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Area:ca.1.5 km
Area Map:
USGS Map:
northeast of Watana Creek Mouth,Survey Locale
Figure A.3;Survey Locale Map:Figure A.33
Talkeetna Mts.0-3,Scale 1:63,360
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Site Location:UTM Zone 6 Easting 437720 Northing 6968020
Latitude 62°50'13"N.,Longitude 148°13'11"W.
T.32N.,R.7 E.,Seward Meridian
Sec.30,SW~NE~NW~
Site Map:Figure 3.3
Setting:The site is located on the crest of a ridge 600 m north of the
Susitna River,ca.1.5 km northeast of the mouth of Watana Creek,at
634 m asl (2080 feet).The ridge is composed of glacial drift,oriented
in a northwest-southeast direction.It is approximately 80 m long and
about 10 m wide along the relatively flat crest and slopes moderately
steeply to the south,west,and east,towards lower terrain charac-
terized by broad marshy areas and irregular kames and terraces.The
ri dge ri ses about 10 m above t he western marshes and from 4 m to 10 m
above the southern and eastern kame topography.The site 1i es to the
north about 2 m above a broad,fl at pl ateau connecti ng the site ri dge
wi th other ridges of simil ar height to the north.The vi ew from the
site is panoramic,but occasionally obstructed by moderately dense white
spruce and bi rch forest.To the west the Watana Creek canyon and i nter-
vening marshland is visible,while to the south and east the kame topo-
graphy north of the Susitna River canyon is visible for ca.500 m.The
ri dges and pl ateau north of the site are vi si ble for a di stance of about
300 m.The surface of the site is fairly extensively covered with
lichen,low heath,and dwarf birch vegetation,along with white spruce
and paper birch.Fallen spruce trees and occasional frost boils expose
underlying gravels in a few places.
3-9
Reconnaissance Testing:Two flakes were recovered from test pit 1 below
the pink-gray Devil tephra unit,and above the glacial drift,but their
preci se strati graphi c posi ti on is not known.Two additi onal shovel
tests were placed on top of the ridge with negative results.The sur-
face of the ridge and gravel exposures were closely examined,but no
additional cultural material was recovered.
Collected Arti fact Inventory
Subsu rface:
1 White rhyolite flake
1 Light gray cryptocrystalline flake
3-10
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Contour Interval:2 m
Talkeetna Mts.0-3
T.32 N.,R.7 E.,S.M.
SW ~NE ~NW ~Sec.30
Site Map TLM 126.
3-11
Figure 3.3.
Test pit 0
Shovel Test 0
Site Datum x
Birch Tree 0
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(iv)AHRS Number TLM 137,Accession Number UA82-77
Area:ca.2.5 km northeast of the confluence of Tsusena Creek with
t he Sus;tna Ri ver,sei smi c 1i ne 82-A
Area Map:Figure A.2;Location Map:Figure A.35
USGS Map:Tal keetna Mts.0-4,Scale 1:63,360
Site Location:UTM Zone 6 Easting 420180 Northing 6968020
Latitude 62°50 1 9"N.,Longitude 148°33 1 5]11 W.
T.32 N.,R.5 E.,Seward Meridian
Sec.29,SW~SE~NW~
Site Map:Figure 3.4
Setting:The site is located on a discrete kame ca.2.5 km northeast of
the confluence of Tsusena Creek with the Susitna River at an elevation
of approximately 640 m asl (2100 feet).The kame is the highest of a
small set of kame ridges and knolls that abut the eastern slope of the
Tsusena Creek drainage in the site locality~A 2.5 m deep gully
separates the kame from gradually rising or rolling terrain to the south
and east,whi 1e to the north there is a gradual downward slope to the
margin of the Tsusena Creek canyon,which is ca.6 km to the northwest
at its nearest point and ca.150 m (500 feet)lower in elevation.Two
small lakes lie ca.1 km to the northeast at approximately the same
elevation as the site.
The cultural material occurred in a test pit (test pit 1).5 m below the
broad,rounded apex of the kame,which is ca.70 m long in an east-west
direction and ca.10 m wide in a north-south direction,and approxi-
mately 20 m from its eastern end.The view from the site includes
relatively thinly vegetated slopes to the north and south,and the
Susitna vall ey to the west.The vi ew to the east is obst ructed by white
spruce stands,but woul d otherwi se encompass roll i ng terrai n of moderate
3-12
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relief.Vegetation at the site consists of well-drained tundra with
small shrubs and scattered spruce and birch,and is similar to that of
the surrounding area.
Reconnaissance Testing:The site consists of two subsurface flakes ..
There was no surface indication of the site.A single brown chert flake
was found 10cmbs ina shovel test,whi ch was expanded into a 40 cm by
40 cm test pit (test pit 1).A small black basalt flake was found
10 cmbs to 12 cmbs in test pit 1 ina small area of coarse gray sand.
Although the upper soil units revealed in test pit 1 (interpreted as the
Devil,Upper and Lower Watana tephras)were largely continuous and
well-horizoned,the flakes were found in a lower soil which was mottled,
texturally variable,and evidently cryoturbated,rendering stratigraphic
placement difficult or impossible.Six other shovel tests dug on the
kame produced no additi onal arti facts.
Collected Arti fact Inventory
Su bsu rface:
1 Brown chert fl ake
1 Small bl ack basalt fl ake
3-13
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Figure 3.4.
Talkeetna Mts.0-4
T.32 N.,R.5 E.,S.M.
SW 1/4 SE 1/4 NW 1/4 Sec.29
Site Map TLM 137.
3-14
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(b)Hi stori c Sites -Results and Di scussi on
None located during 1982 field season.
3.3 -Proposed Access Route and Associated Borrow Areas
(a)Archeological Sites -Results and Discussion
Three sites were located during reconnaissance level survey in 1982.
These sites,TLM 153,TLM 155 and HEA 211 were not recorded due to time
constraint$.Therefore,it is necessary to return to these sites at
some future date to record them.
(b)Historic Sites -Results and Di scussion
No historic period sites were located during the 1982 field season along
the proposed access route and associated borrow areas.
3-15
3.4 -Transmission Corridor -Fairbanks to Healy
(a)Archeological Sites -Results and Discussion
(i)AHRS Number HEA 210,Accession Number UA82-101
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Area:ca.0.3 km southeast of confluence of Healy Creek with the
Nenana Ri ver,Proposed Transmi ssi on Corri dor
Area Map:Figure A.12;Location Map:Figure A.36
USGS Map:Healy 0-4,Scale 1:63,360
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Site Location:UTM Zone 6 Easting 405050 Northing 7081350
Latitude ~3°50'55"N.,Longitude 148°55'49"w.
T.12S.,R.7 W.,Fairbanks Meridian
Sec.28,NW~SW~NE~
Si te Map:Figu re 3.5
Setting:The site is located at ca.427 m asl {1400 feet)on an
alluvial terrace ca.30 m (100 feet)above and ca.0.3 km southeast of
the confluence of Healy Creek with the Nenana River.The terrace is
60 m wide oriented east-west,becoming northeast-southwest to the south,
where it narrows and terminates ca.2 km distant from the site.The
terrace is dissected by a 2 m deep dry gully about 120 m south of the
site.A terrace 6 m hi gher than the terrace on whi ch the site is
located rises abruptly to the east and southeast within 40 m of the
site.A lower terrace 1i es to the north and west of the site about 15 m
above the current levels of the Nenana River and Healy Creek.The view
from the site includes the Healy Creek floodplain and valley wall to the
north,t he Nenana Ri ver fl oodpl ai n to the northwest,west,and sout h-
west,and the relatively low terrain on the west side of the river,as
well as the southward continuation of the terrace sequence to its
terminus against the north facing margin of hilly uplands forming the
Healy Creek valley wall ca.2 km distant.
3-16
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The terrace su rface is wi nd-scoured,but patchy vegetati on composed of
dwarf birch,forbes,lichens,and a few small spruce occurs.The lower
terrace to the north is well-vegetated with grasses and shrubs.The
north si de of Healy Creek and the west si de of the Nenana Ri ver are
forested wi thspruce and hardwoods.
Reconnaissance Testing:Surface reconnaissance was conducted over the
terrace surfaces within an area up to 1 km south and southeast from the
Healy Creek mouth.The site consi sts of two loci with an isolated
surface artifact found at each.Locus A consists of a cryptocrystalline
flake found on the interior surface of the terrace ca.30 m away from
the base of the upper terrace.Locus B is ca.40 m north of Locus A on
the north edge of the terrace overlooki ng Healy Creek and consi sts of a
retouched gray chert flake (UA82-101-2;Figure 3.50,g).No features or
other cultural material were observed.Due to the exposure of alluvial
gravel s over most of the terrace surface,no subsurface testing was
conducted.
Collected Arti fact Inventory
Surface:
1 Brown cryptocrystalline flake
1 Gray chert retouched flake (UA82-101-2;Figure 3.50,g)
3-17
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Contour Interval:1 m.
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3-18
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(ii)AHRS Number FA!213,Accession Number UA82-102
Area:ca.10 km northeast of the confluence of Birch Creek with the
Nenana Ri ver,Proposed Transmi ssi on Corri dor
Area Map:Fi gure A.14;Location Map:Fi gure A.37
USGS Map:Fairbanks A-5,Scale 1:63,360
Site Location:Ul}1 Zone 6 Easting 398870 Northing 7123050
Latitude 64°13 1 11 11 N.,Longitude 149°6'10 11 ~J.
T.8 S.,R.8 W.,Fairbanks Meridian
Sec.15,SW~NE~S2~
Site Map:Figure 3.6
Setting:The site is located at ca.203 m asl (750 feet)on the top of
a steep (45-degree)south-facing bluff where the orientation of the
bluff edge changes from northwest-southeast to northeast-southwest.
Approximately 30 m below the site at the base of the bluff is a 300 m
wide abandoned stream channel which is presently well-vegetated,with
only a small stream flowing along the base of the bluff on which the
site is located.A bluff of slightly lower el.evation occurs on the
opposite side of the channel.The whole bl uffjstream channel system is
located on gradually northward sloping terrain of low relief except for
some deeply incised drainages,such as that of Windy Creek,which is
1 km southeast of the site at its nearest poi nt.
Vi si bility from the site is excellent to the northwest,where the
channel begins to open out onto the Tanana Flats outwash plain,to the
west and south with the channel bottom and faci ng slopes in vi ew,and
along the southeastern conti nuati on of the channel bottom.~10untai nous
upl ands fonni ng the south edge of the Tanana Fl ats are in vi ew several
kil ometers di stant to the south and southeast.Vi si bil ity in other
directions is restricted by the relatively level,brushy ground on top
3-19
of the bluff which descends to the Tanana Flats ca.1 km north of the
site.A large ca.30 hectare lake is located ca.5 km northeast of the
site,and the Nenana River is ca.7 km southwest of the site at its
nearest poi nt .
Vegetation at the site consists of scattered spruce and thick stands of
young birch,with the major portion of the ground cover formed by
lichens,moss,and forbes.The channel has well-developed spruce bog
vegetation.Along the edge of the bluff,sands and silts overlying
glacial drift are currently undergoing deflation,which has created a
2 m by 5 m unvegetated area at the point of inflection.The deflation
conti nues to the northwest and northeast but moderates along rel ati vel y
strai ght adjacent bl uff edges.
Reconnaissance Testing:The site consists of both surface and subsur-
face artifactual material.A surface lithic scatter was located in a
deflated area (4.5 m by 2.5m)at a point of inflection of the bluff
edge.Twenty-nine flakes of various material types were recovered from
the surface scatter.One of three shovel tests excavated in the site
area contained a single basalt flake.Test pit 1 was placed on the
northern edge of the defl ated area.One chert flake was recovered and a
massive charcoal lens with oxidized matrix was located in the test pit.
The lens may suggest a hearth feature although no artifactual material
was found in association with it.One flake,located on the bluff edge
50 m northwest of the surface scatter,was not collected.
Coll ected Arti fact Inventory
Surface:
29 Flakes of various material types
Subsurface:
1 Basalt fl ake
1 Gray chert fl ake
3-20
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3-21
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Contour Interval:1 m.
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(iii)AHRS Number FAI 214,Accession Number UA82-103
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Area:ca.1 km southwest of the confluence of Birch Creek
Nenana River,Proposed Transmission Corridor
Area Map:Figure A.14;Location Map:Figure A.38
USGS Map:Fairbanks A-5,Scale 1:63,360
Site Location:UTM Zone 6 Easting 388420 Northing 7118120
Latitude 64°10'22 11 N.,Longitude 149°17 1 50 11 W.
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Sec.34,NE~SE~S~
Site Map:Figure 3.7
Sett i n9 :The si te i s located at ca.366 m as 1 (1200 feet)on the east-
ernmost point of the broad,relatively flat crest of a northeast-
southwest trending ridge.To the east and northeast of the site a steep
(30-degree)slope abruptly descends ca.90 m (300 feet)to the Nenana
River floodplain.The confluence of Birch Creek and the Nenana River is
located ca.1 km to the northeast of the site.The steep-wall ed Bi rch
Creek drainage lies ca ..5 km to the west of the site,defining the west
side of the site ridge.The ridge forms part of a system of low moun-
tains which reaches its highest elevation,554 m asl (1816 feet),
ca.3 km to the northwest of the site.The site is located near a
communications tower in a recently cleared 60 m by 30 m area.
Visibility from the site is excellent to the southeast overlooking the
Nenana River floodplain,to the east where the floodplain is constricted
within a ca.1.5 km wide steep-walled corridor,and to the northeast
where the floodplain opens out onto the Tanana Flats outwash plain.The
steep slopes of hilly uplands forming the east Nenana River valley wall
are also in view.Visibility in other directions is limited by the
forested ridge crest.Within 8 km of the site,but at least 3 km
distant,are several lakes which exceed 10 hectares in size.
3-22
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Vegetation at the site reflects the recent clearing of the communica-
tions tower site and includes fireweed,grass,and young trees,with
some original ground cover of mosses and small shrubs left intact.
Vegetation of the ridge crest and slopes is upland spruce-hardwood
forest.Adjacent low flat areas are characterized by lowland spruce
forest,with extensive boggy areas.
Reconnaissance Testing:No surface indication of the site was observed.
One obsidian flake was found in shovel test 1,which was expanded into a
40 em by 40 cm test pit (test pit 1)and produced four basalt flakes
(10 cmbs to 20 cmbs).Shovel test 4,50 cm west of test pit 1,produced
6 basalt flakes from approximately 13 cmbs.Two other shovel tests
produced no cultural materi al.No features were observed.
Collected Arti fact Inventory
Subsu rface:
10 Basalt flakes
1 Obsidian flake
3-23
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3-24
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Site Datum x Contour Interval:1 ffi.
Birch Tree 0 Fairbanks A-S
T.8 S.I R.9 w.I F.M.
Fallen Birch -NE 1/4 SE 1/4 SE 1/4 Sec.34
Spruce Tree "*Fallen Spruce ~
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The following sites are located within the proposed transmission
corridor from Fairbanks to Healy:HEA 026,HEA 030,HEA 035,HEA 037,
HEA 038,HEA 080,HEA 083,HEA 119 and HEA 137.These sites are on file
in the State Office of History and Archeology,but remain to be field
checked.
(b)Hi stori c Sites -Results and Oi scussi on
No historic sites were recorded along the transmission corridor between
Fairbanks and Healy during the 1982 field season.
3-25
3.5 -Other Portions of the Study Area
(a)Archeological Sites -Results and Discussion
(i)AHRS Number TLM 118,Accessi on Number UA82-58
Area:Unnamed lake shore west of Devil Creek,Survey Locale 111
Area Map:Figure A.1;Survey Locale Map:Figure A.17
USGS Map:Talkeetna Mts.0-5,Scale 1:63,360
Site Location:UTM Zone 6 Easting 395050 Northing 6968600
Latitude 50°00'03 11 N.,Longitude 149°03 1 39"~J.
T.32 N.,R.2 E.,Seward Meridi an
Sec.27,NE~NE~SW~
Site Map:Fi gure 3.8
Setting:The site is located on the top of an elongate north-south
oriented knoll (ca.60 m by 30 m in size),18.3 m (60 feet)above the
southeast end of an unnamed 1 hectare lake which is at an elevation of
488 m asl (1600 feet).The site is 400 m southeast of the confluence of
High Lake's outlet stream and Devil Creek.Devil Creek enters into the
Susitna River 1.3 km to the south and is 152 m (500 feet)lower in
elevation than the site knoll.Two other knolls,6 m to 12 m lower in
elevation,are within 200 m to the southwest.The view from the site is
panoramic to the north,northeast and northwest,encompassing the entire
lake and the terrain 1 km to 3 km distant up to an elevation of 701 m
asl (2300 feet).To the east,west,and south the presence of trees
obscures the view of a poorly drained ravine which is at lake elevation
and lower.To the south-southwest the Susitna River valley is partially
visible.
Vegetation in the low areas surrounding the site knoll consists of
grasses,black spruce and paper birch forest with dwarf birch thickets.
3-26
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The surrounding uplands are closed black spruce forest.On the site
knoll vegetation consists of a continuous moss and heath ground cover
with large boulders and exposed bedrock apparent.Scattered birch and
black spruce along with low bush cranberry and dwarf birch are also
present.
Reconnai ssance Testi n9:No cultu ral materi al was found on the su rface
of this site;however 5 small gray chert flakes,3 fire cracked rocks
and charcoal were found in a shovel test which was placed on the upper
central porti on of the knoll.A 40 cm by 40 cm test pit (test pit 1)
was placed adjacent to the shovel test.Test pi t 1 reveal ed numerous
small flakes (gray banded chert),a bifacial tool fragment,a
microblade-like flake,and 4 fire cracked rocks.A carbon sample was
also taken.This material was located 6 cmbs to 10 cmbs below the unit
surface within a thin lens of very fine dark brown matrix containing
carbon to the contact with underl yi ng tephra.Ni neadditi onal shovel
tests placed on the knoll fail ed to reveal any other cultu ral materi al •
Two tephras were observed in the profile of the test pit.The uppermost
tephra is pinkish-gray in color with sharp contacts with the dark
colored cultural lens above it and with a gray;sh tephra below it.The
two tephras are simil ar in textu re,but can be di sti ngui shed on the
basts of color.It is possible that the upper "tephra"is a cultural
ash.At this level of testing it can not be detennined if the lower
gray tephra was associated with the Devil or Oshetna tephra units.
Coll ected Arti fact Inventory
Subsu rface:
31 Flakes,light gray to white chert with banding
1 Microblade-like flake,gray chert
1 Li ght gray chert bi face,tool fragment or poi nt base?
7 Fi re crac ked rocks
3-27
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Test Pit 0 Contour Interval:1 m
Shovel Test 0 Talkeetna Hts.0-5
Rock ~T.32 N.,R.2 E.S.M.
Spruce Tree ~NE ~NE ~SW ~Sec.27
Site Datum x
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3-28
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(ii)AHRS Number TLM 120,Accessi on Number UA82-61
ca.5 km southeast of Watana Creek Mouth,Survey Local e 116
Area Map:Figure A.3;Survey Locale Map:Figure A.20
USGS Map:Tal keetna Mts.0-3,Scale 1:63,360
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Site Location:UTM Zone 6 Easti ng 440200 Northi ng 6963900
Latitude 62°48 1 5 11 N.,Longitude 148°10'0 11 W.
T.31 N.,R.7 E.,Seward Meridi an
Sec.4,NW~SW~SW~
Site Map:Figure 3.9
Setting:TLM 120 is one of several sites on a system of knolls and low
ridges which are oriented in a north-south direction sloping gradually
northward toward the Susitna River.The ridge-knoll system is di ssected
by a series of unnamed creeks and drainages which flow north into the
Susitna River and drain upland areas.The site is situated on a low-
lying ovate knoll located between two unnamed creeks,one ca ..3 km to
the east and the other ca ..8 km to the west.It is 686 m asl (2250
feet),1.2 km south of the Susitna Ri ver and 198 m(650 feet)hi gher
than the river in elevation.The knoll is approximately 25 m in
diameter at the level upper extent and is defined mainly by its north
exposure which slopes gradually over a distance of 30 m.The slope to
the east,west,and south is more gradual.The predominant view is to
the north overlooki ng the Susitna River valley and the topography on the
northern side of the river.The river itself is not visible.A north-
south trending ridge ca.400 m west of the site,on wich TLM 121 and
TLM 125 are located,is also visible from the site.Vegetation of the
site vicinity is open black spruce forest and includes hummocky,poorly
drained areas with mosses,willows,lowbush cranberry,blueberry and
grasses.Vegetation at the site consists of scattered spruce trees,low
shrub,mosses and lichens.Approximately 20%of the ground surface is
exposed in the site area.
3-29
Reconnaissance Testing:The site was characterized by a surface scatter
of basalt flakes 3 m by 1.5 m in spatial extent.Ten of the 16 surface
fl akes were cl ustered wi thi n a 50 em by 50 em area in the central por-
tion of the scatter.A 40 em by 40 em test pit was excavated along the
northeast edge of the scatter and subsurface flakes were recovered
1 cmbs to 2 cmbs.These flakes were of the same lithology as the sur-
face material.The absence of the Devil tephra in the upper extent of
test pit 1 makes the interpretation of the stratigraphic position of
artifactual material problematic.Six additional shovel tests placed on
the knoll and the knoll perimeter fail ed to reveal any additi anal sub-
surface material.
Call ected Arti fact Inventory
Surface:
16 Basalt fl akes
Su bsu rface :
7 Basalt flakes
3-30
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T.31 N.,R.7 E.S.M.
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3-31
Test pit
Site Datum
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Area:
(i i i)AHRS Number TLM 121,Accessi on NumberUA82-60
ca.5 km southeast of Watana Creek Mouth,Survey Locale 116
Area Map:Fi gure A.3;Survey Local e Map:Fi gure A.20
USGS Map:Talkeetna Mts.0-3,Scale 1:63,360
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Site Location:UTM Zone 6 Easting 441950 Northing 6964100
Latitude 62°48'13"N.,Longitude 148°10 1 35"W.
1.31 N.,R.7 L,Seward Meridi an
Sec.5,NW~NE~SE~
Site Map:Fi gure 3.10
Setting:The site is located on a north-south oriented ridge 1 km south
of the Susi tna Ri ver and 5 km sout heast of the mout h of Watana Creek.
The site is situated at an elevation of 686 m asl (2250 feet),on a flat
area near the north edge of the ridge.The ridge measures ca.400 m
along its axis;the plateau measures 145 m by 150 m.Drainages flow
north to the Susitna River along both sides of the ridge.The site is
situated 2 m east of the plateau 1 s western edge,50 m south of the
plateau's northern end,and 175 m south of the ridge's northern
tenninus.The drainage immediately west of the site is small and the
drainage on the east side of the plateau is a very shallow boggy area
150 m distant.The view from the site overlooks the western drainage
forested with bl ack spruce.Two knolls are vi si ble to the west.The
knoll furthest west is higher than the site plateau by ca.30 m.To the
east the plateau is highly visible for 150 m because it is not forested.
Northeast,beyond the northern rim of the pl ateau,the northern bank of
the Susitna River is visible,along with rising topography on the north
side of the Susitna River.To the south,the plateau ends abruptly
100 m from the site,where it meets a 5-degree slope.This slope rises
30 m to the rim of another plateau that lies along the ridge.Another
site (TLM 125)is situated 70 m south along this higher plateau,
however,only the rim of the plateau is visible from the site.Site
3-32
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vegetation consists of a patch of white lichens 5 m by 6 m in diameter.
The site plateau is covered in herbaceous and woody plants including
10wbush cranberry,cranberry,bearberry,Labrador tea and dwarf birch.
Along the perimeter of the plateau are black spruce,which become
crowded in the nearby drainages.
Reconnaissance Testing:The site contains subsurface cultural material
from the one excavated test including 23 calcined long bone fragments,8
pieces of fire cracked rock,and charcoal pieces.No features were
noted during excavation of the test pit.Cultural material was
recovered from a stratigraphic unit directly above the Devil tephra.
On-ground reconnaissance in soil exposures around exposed bedrock,and
two shovel tests nearby were negative.
Collected Art;fact Inventory
Su bsu rfac e:
22 Long bone fragments,calcined,medium to large mammal
1 Long bone fragment,calcined,large mammal
8 Fi re cracked rocks
3-33
Figure 3.10.Site Map TUM 121.
3-34
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Area:
(iv)AHRS Number TLM 122,Accession Number UA82-62
ca.3.5 km southeast of Watana Creek Mouth,Survey Locale 125
Area Map:Figure A.3;Survey Locale Map:Figure A.25
USGS Map:Talkeetna Mts.D-3,Scale 1:63,360
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Site Location:UTM Zone 6 Easting 437400 Northing 6964100
Latitude 62°48 1 14"N.,Longitude 148°14'05"W.
T.31 N.,R.7 E.,Seward Meridian
Sec.6,SE~NW~SW~
Site Map:Figure 3.11
Setting:The site is located ca.3.5 km southeast of the confluence of
Watana Creek and the Susitna River,at ca.686 m asl (2250 feet)
(Figures A.3 and A.25).It lies on a low ridge in the center of a
relatively flat,gently northward sloping lacustrine plain bordering the
Susitna River.The plain,which is about 500 m wide from the edge of
the river canyon to the north to the steep uplands in the south,is
about 190 m (600 feet)higher than the Susitna River at its nearest
point.The plain is generally boggy,containing a number of small
drainages and ponds;a small lake (less than 1 hectare)is located
ca.1 km west of the site.A series of low,rounded ridges and knolls
composed of glacial drift stand 3 m to 10 m above this plain along its
length.The site occupies the southeastern end of one of these ridges,
about 3 m above the surrounding plain and 0.5 m below the top of the
ridge.The ridge is low and broad,oriented in a linear fashion along a
northwest-southeast axis.It is approximately 100 m long and 35 m wide
at the southeast end,where the site is located.The view from the site
is panoramic in all directions,affording a good vantage point over-
looking the black spruce forest and bogs of the surrounding plain,the
steep uplands to the south,and of the extensive plain north of the
Susitna River.The Susitna River and canyon are not visible from the
site.Vegetation on the ridge consists of lichen,low heath,dwarf
3-35
bi rch,and scattered spruce .Small def1 ated and undef1 ated frost boi 1s
are common.
Reconnaissance Testing:The site consists of a single basalt flake
found on the surface in a deflated area (1.2 m by 2.5 m area)on the
northeast face of the ridge.A 40 cm by 40 cm test pit (test pit 1)was
dug in soil adjacent to this gravelly deflated area,~th negative
results.The flake was 22 cm northwest (300°)of the southwest corner
of test pit 1 (site datum).Seven additional shovel tests were placed
on the ridge end,and other deflated areas were examined carefully.No
additional artifacts were found.
Collected Artifact Inventory
Surface:
1 Basalt f1 ake
3-36
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T.31 N.1 R.7 E.,S.M.
SE ~NW ~SW ~Sec.6
Site Map TLM 122.
3-37
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Area:
(v)AHRS Number TLM 123,Accession Number UA82-220
ca.3.7 ~southeast of Watana Creek Mouth,Survey"Locale 125
Area Map:Figure A.3;Survey Locale Map:Figure A.26
USGS Map:Talkeetna Mts.0-3,Scale 1:63,360
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Site Location:UTM Zone 6 Easting 438080 Northing 6964300
Latitude 62°48'18"N.,Longitude 148°12 1 50"W.
To 31 N.,R.7 E.,Seward Meridian
Sec.6,NW~NW~SE~
Site Map:Figure 3.12
Setting:The site is located on the crest of a low ridge at approxi-
mately 686 m asl (2250 feet)near the center of a lacustrine plain south
of the Susitna River,3.7 km southeast of the mouth of Watana Creek
(Figure A.3).The ridge is arcuate,running roughly north-south with a
narrow southern end and a lobate northern end.The ridge,approximately
100 m long (north-south)and 35 m to 40 m wide,is 2 m higher in eleva-
tion than the surrounding plain at the narrow southern end and about
10 m higher than the gradually sloping plain at the northern extremity.
The plain in this area is approximately 500 m wide (north-south),
sloping gradually fran steep southern uplands to the rim of the Susitna
River canyon.The Susitna River lies about 200 m in elevation below the
plain.While the plain is generally relatively flat and boggy,numerous
similar well-drained ridges and knolls rise from 3 m to 10 m above the
surface along its entire length.
The site is located on the ridge crest near the center of the ridge.A
large gravel exposure on the eastern face of the ridge also contains
artifactual material,probably eroding from above.From the site a good
view of the surrounding plain and southern uplands is available.The
Susitna Ri ver and canyon to the north cannot be seen.A small creek
runni ng 500 m east of the site (the nearest avail able water,except for
3-38
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bogs)is masked from view by rather dense black spruce woodlands.
Vegetation on the site includes lichen mat,low heath,dwarf birch,and
scattered spruce,though exposed glacial drift and frost boils occur
over much of the site surface.
Reconnaissance Testing:The site contains two small possible cache pits
and a surface scatter of weathered bone and charcoal (Figure 3.12).
Pit 1,southwest of site datum,is roughly circular with a diameter of
1.5 m and a depth of 35 em.Pit 2,ca.15 m to the northeast,is
elliptical,measuring 2.0 m (north-south)by 1.5m (east-west),and is
50 em deep.Between the two pits on the crest of the ridge (and extend-
i ng down the eastern slope for about 3 m to 5 m)are scattered fragments
of weathered,but unburned,bone.Two diagnostic bone fragments were
collected,one an unburned rib fragment,possibly caribou,and one an
unburned long bone fragment,possibly caribou.A small concentration of
charcoal lies 60 cm southwest of site datum.A 40 cm by 40 cm test pit
(test pit 1;southwest corner is site datum)was dug in the vegetation
mat near this surface scatter.A small piece of charcoal was found in
the west sidewall,located below the Devil tephra.No charcoal was cal-
l ected.No other arti factual materi al s were found.Seven shovel tests
scattered along the ridge produced negative results.The backfill of
the shovel test in pit 2 contained possible birch bark.
Call ected Arti fact Inventory
Surface:
1 Unburned rib fragment,possibly caribou (Rangifer tarandus)
1 Unburned long bone fragment,possi bly cari bou (Rangi fer tarandus)
Subsurface:
2 Pieces possible birch bark
3-39
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Talkeetna Hts.D-3
T.31 N.,R.7 E.IS.M.
NW 1/4 NW 1/4 SE 1/4 Sec.6
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3-40
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(vi)AHRS Number TLM 124,Accessi on Number UA82-64
Area:ca.3.75 km southeast of the mouth of Watana Creek,Survey
Locale 125
Area Map:Figure A.3;Survey Locale Map:Figure A.26
USGS Map:Talkeetna Mts.D-3,Scale 1:63,360
Site Location:UTM Zone 6 Easting 438650 Northing 6964200
Latitude 62°48 1 15"N.,Longitude 148°12 1 10"w.
T.31 N.,R.7 E.,Seward Meridi an
Sec.6,NE~SE~SE~
Si te Map:Fi gure 3.13
Setting:The site is located ca.3.75 km southeast of the confluence of
Watana Creek and the Susitna River,at ca.686 m asl (2250 feet)(Figure
A.23).It lies on a low ridge in a relatively flat,gently northward
sloping lacustrine plain bordering the Susitna River.The plain,which
is about 500 m wide from the edge of the river canyon to the north to
the steep uplands to the south,is about 190 m (600 feet)higher than
the Susitna River at its nearest point.The plain is generally boggy,
containing a number of small drainages and ponds.A small lake (less
than 1 hectare)is located ca.1.2 km west of the site.A series of
low,rounded ridges and knolls composed of glacial drift stand 3 m to
10 m above the plain along its length.The site occupies one of these
ridges.The ridge is low and broad,oriented ina linear fashion along
a north-south axi s.It is approximately 200 m long,from its northern
termi nus to where it merges with the steeply ri si ng southern upl ands
(the valley wall),and approximately 45 m wide.A small creek runs
northward approximately 200 m east of the site.View from the ridge
crest is panoramic,affording a good vantage point overlooking the black
spruce forest and bogs of the surrounding plain,the steep uplands to
the south,and the extensive plain north of the Susitna River.The
Susitna River and canyon are not visible from the site.Vegetation on
3-41
the ridge consists of lichen,low heath,dwarf birch,and scattered
spruce.Small frost boil s are common.
Reconnai ssanceTesti n9:The site consi sts of one basalt projecti 1e
point (UA82-64-1;Figure 3.48,b)found on the surface in a deflated
area (3 m by 5 m)on the crest of the ridge (Figure 3.13),and one
modi fi ed brown chert flake (UA82-64-2;Fi gure 3.48,c)found on the
surface of a frost boil (1 m by 2 rrt)on the east face of the ridge near
its base and approximately 90 m north-northeast of the basalt projecti 1e
point.A 40 cm by 40 em test pit (test pit 1)was dug in soil adjacent
to the projectile point,with negative results.The projectile point
was 2 m south (180°)of the southwest corner of test pit 1 (site datum).
Sixteen shovel tests were placed on the ridge between,and in the
immediate vicinity of,the surface artifacts.Other deflated areas were
exami ned carefully wit hout addi ti anal arti facts bei ng found.
Collected Artifact Inventory
Surface:
1 Basalt projectile point (UA82-64-1;Figure 3.48,b)
1 Modified brown chert flake (UA82-64-2;Figure 3.48,c)
3-42
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3-43
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(vii)AHRS Number TLM 125,Accession Number UA82-65
Area:ca.1.5 km
Area Map:
USGS Map:
sout h of the Su sitna Ri ver,Su rvey Locale 116
Figure A.3;Survey Locale Map:Figure A.20
Talkeetna Mts.0-3,Scale 1:63,360
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Site Locati on:UTM Zone 6 Easti ng 440250 Northing 6963950
Latitude 62°63 1 10"N.,Longitude 149°00 1 25"w.
T.31 N.,R.7 E.,Sewa rd Me ri dian
Sec.5,NE~SE~SE~
Site Map:Figure 3.14
Setting:TLM 125 is located at ca.686 m asl (2250 feet)on a low knoll
approximately 1.2 km south of the Susitna River.The knoll is part of a
ridge system which extends in a north-south direction from near the
shore of the Susitna River towards the uplands and mountains to the
south.Numerous such features,also containing knol,ls of varying height
above the surrounding terrain,are located in this survey locale.
Between the knoll ridges numerous small drainages flow into the Susitna
River.The knoll on which the site is located is approximately 5 m
above the surrounding terrain,which consists of low bogs and dense
stands of black spruce.The top of the knoll is relatively flat and the
site itsel f is located on the southeast porti on of the knoll.The slope
of the ridge to the north is gentle for at least a kilometer until it
begins to drop off to the river.The slopes of the knoll on the east,
west and north,although greater than 15 degrees,do not pose an access
probl em due to the short di stance to the su rroundi ng 1owl ands.The
closest lake (2 hectares)to the site is located 5 km to the northwest
next to the Susitna River.This knoll,as well as other knolls in the
area,provide dry "islands"in the relatively wet terrain which comprise
most of the survey locale.The view from the site is panoramic although
the knoll itself is only a few meters above the surrounding terrain.
The view would be increased considerably if the trees below the site
were not present.
3-44
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Vegetation on the site consists of small isolated black spruce stands
with scattered birch.Low brush,lichens,and moss cover most of the
si te where trees are not present.A few very small defl ated areas are
located on t he knoll.
Reconnaissance Testing:No surface indications of a site exist on the
knoll.A total of seven shovel tests were excavated,one of which
produced cultu ral materi al.Shovel test 1,on the ext reme southeast
portion of the knoll,produced 1 basalt flake at 8 an below the surface.
Test pit 1,excavated directly east of the shovel test,produced 2
additi onal basalt flakes from just below the organi c hori zan ina
stratigraphic unit consisting of sandy silt with some pebbles 4 cm to
8 an below the surface.Charcoal lenses and isolated charcoal lumps
were also present in this same stratigraphic unit.
Call ected Arti fact Inventory
Su bsu rface :
3 Basalt flakes
3-45
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Test pit 0 I I ,
Shovel Test 0 METERS
Site Datum x Contour Interval:1 ffi.
Boulder C Talkeetna Mts.D-3
T.31 N.,R.7 E.,S.M.
Spruce Tree '*NE 1/4 SE 1/4 SE 1/4 Sec.S
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3-46
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(vi i i)AHRS Number TLM 127,Accessi on Number UA82-67
Area:ca.7 km southeast of Watana Creek Mouth,Survey Locale 116
Area Map:Figure A.3;Survey Locale Map:Figure A.20
USGS Map:Tal keetna Mts.0-3,Scale 1:63,360
Site Location:UTM Zone 6 Easting 441650 Northing 6963700
Latitude 62°48 l 00"N.,Longitude 148°8 1 40"W.
To 31 N.,R.7 E.,Seward Meridi an
Sec.4,SW~SE~SE~
Site Map:Fi gure 3.15
Setti ng:The si te is located on a kame featu re whi ch can be desc ri bed
as an elongated knoll,east to west in orientation,and ca.686 m asl
(2250 feet).The knoll is 1.2 km south of the Susitna River and
ca.7 km southeast of the mouth ofWatana Creek.The knoll itself is
approximately 60 m in length along its east':'west axis and ca.10 m in
width.The site is located on the eastern portion of the knoll with the
site area characterized by a generally level area 20 m in length.The
knoll is situated between two unnamed creeks which flow northward to the
Susitna River.These drainage systems border the eastern and western
edges of the knoll.The knoll is distinguished primarily by its north
face which slopes 3 mover a distance of 20 m.The primary view from
the site is to the north encompassi ng the topography on the northern
side of the Susitna River.Vi sibility to the east,west and south of
the site is limited by forest vegetation although lateral moraines and
mountainous peaks can be seen south of the site,above the present
vegetati on.The creeks to the east and west are obscured by spruce
forest.Surface vegetation at the site includes scattered black spruce
with a ground cover of lowbush cranberry,Labrador tea,blueberry,
heath,mosses and lichens.The area surrounding the site is charac-
teri zed by poorly drai ned bl ack spruce forest.
3-47
Reconnai ssance Testi n9:No arti factual materi al was found on the
surface.Basalt fl akes were located in two shovel tests whi ch were
wi thi n 1.6 m of each other.One of these shovel tests was expanded into
a 40 cm by 40 em test pit (test pit 1),and 4 additi onal flakes were
recovered.The material found..i.!!.situ from test pit 1 was located
within a dark brownish matrix to the contact with the underlying Devil
tephra,2 cmbs to 4 cmbs.An additional flake was found within the
Devil tephra.In addition to the artifactual material,2 small circular
depressions were observed on the site surface.These depressions were
ca.60 em in diameter and 10 cm deep and are located within 1.5 m of
each other.Test pit 1 is situated on the northeast edge of the north-
ernmost depressi on,bi secti ng the feature edge.No truncati on of the
strata was observed,rather the soi 1 units followed the contours of the
depression.Nine additional shovel tests were placed in the site area
with negative results.
Collected Arti fact Inventory
Subsu rface :
8 Basalt fl akes
3-48
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Test pit 0 METERS
Shovel Test 0 Contour Interval:1 m
Site Datum x
Talkeetna Mts.D-3Depression0.-n 31 N.,R.7 E.S.N .1 •
*Sw ~SE ~SE ~Sec.4SpruceTree
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Figure 3.15.Site Map TLM 127.
3-49
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3-50
Setting:TLM 128 is located on a level area at the intersection of two
di fferent ri dge systems on the west si de of Jay Creek 3.9 km northeast
of the Jay Creek and Susitna River confluence.The site,at an eleva-
tion of ca.836 m asl (2750 .feet),is a prominent topographic feature
higher in relief than the surrounding terrain.The two ridges which
intersect at the site location include a major ridge system orientated
in a northeast to southwest direction,roughly parallel to Jay Creek,
and a minor ridge orientated in a northwest to southeast direction
extendi ng down toward Jay Creek.The level area is ca.35 m by 30 min
dimensi on and is situated on the south and west porti on of the two
ridges.The topographic setting of the site vicinity is characterized
by a glaciolacustrine plain with an undulating surface composed of
ridges and knolls to the south,and upland hills rising to elevations of
1113 m asl (3650 feet)to the north and west.To the northeast and east
the topography is similar to the site terrain,including the major ridge
with minor extensions and prominent topographic features.The view from
the site is essentially panoramic,obstructed only by higher terrain
200 m to 300 m north and west.Of particular emphasis is the view in
the southern directions from the southern area of the site.This view
encompasses the glaciolacustrine plain with various terrain features and
the area extending from the uplands down to the rim of the Jay Creek
Site Locati on:UTM Zone 6 Easti ng 456250 Northi ng 6964500
Latitude 62°48 1 38"N.,Longitude 147°51'25"W.
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127northeastofJayCreekMouth,Survey Locale
Figure A.3;Survey Locale Map:Figure A.28
Talkeetna Mts.0-3,Scale 1:63,360
T.31 N.,R.8 E.,Seward Meridi an
Sec.1,SW~NE~NE~
(ix)AHRS Number TLM 128,Accession Number UA82-68
Site Map:Figure 3.16
ca.3.9 kin
Area t·1ap:
USGS Map:
Area:
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valley,in the vicinity of a mineral lick,1.2 km southwest and 61 m
(200 feet)lower in elevation.Site vegetation includes low brush and
scattered spruce .Lowbush bl ueberry,cranberry,bearberry and crowberry
form the predominant site vegetation.Lichens,mosses and grasses occur
on the ground surface with soil exposed only in a few locations along
game trails and in an 8 m by 4.5 m exposure on the west edge of the
si te.Frost featu res were al so observed parti cul arl yin the southwest
area where surface arti facts were locate<!.
Reconnaissance Testing:The site consists of both surface and subsur-
face material.A grayish-white chert biface fragment (UA82-68-3;Figure
3.49,a)was recovered from the surface in the southwest area of the
site on a cryoturbated area.A 40 cm by 40 cm test (test pit 1)was
placed adjacent to the frost feature.Arti factual material was
recovered from two different stratigraphic levels.Six rhyolite and
five basalt flakes were found in association with a dark brown finely
sorted organi c matri x to the contact with an underl yi ng 1i ght gray
deposit {Devil tephra).The proximal end of an obsidian microblade
(UA82-68-15;Figure 3.49,b)was situated in a grayish silty sand matrix
ca.25 cm lower in elevation than the dark brown organic unit.The
orientation of the blade was flat and the area fran which it was
recovered di d not appear di stu rbed .The proveni ence of t hi s blade may
indicate a component prior to the deposition of the Oshetna tephra.In
additi on to materi al recovered from test pit 1 and the adjacent frost
feature,a black chert lithic,possibly a tool fragment (UA82-68-16),
was collected from the soil exposure in the southeast portion of the
site area.On the western slope there is a square depression which
appears to be the result of excavation into the slope.This surface
feature is 1.7 m by 1.7 m in dimension and while slumpage has occurred,
the depression has parallel and straight walls.This feature seems
recent in origin.Five shovel tests were placed on the level central
area of the site,all with negative results.
3-51
Coll ected Arti fact Inventory
Surface:
Bi face fragment,gray;sh white chert (UA82-68-3;Fi gure 3.49,a)
2 Rhyolite flakes
1 Black chert lithic (possible tool fragment)(UA82-68-16)
Su bsu rface :
1 Gray obsidian microblade -proximal end (UA82-68-15;Figure 3.49,b)
6 Rhyolite flakes
5 Basalt flakes
3-52
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Figure 3.16.Site Map TLM 128.
3-53
Test 1
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Shovel Test 0 ~1ETERS
Site Datum x Contour Interval:1 ID.
Surface Artifact -:-
Deflated Area (:)Talkeetna Mts.0-2
T.31 N.,R.8 E.,S.M.
Spruce Tree *SW 1/4 NE 1/4 NE 1/4 Sec.1
Dead Standing Tree @)
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(x)AHRS Number TLM 129,Accession Number UA82-69
Area:ca.4 km southeast of the confluence of Watana Creek with the
Susitna River,Survey Locale 125
Area Map:Figure A.3;Survey Locale Map:Figure A.26
USGS Map:Talkeetna Mts.D-3,Scale 1:63,360
Site Location:UTM Zone 6 Easting 438800 Northing 6964300
Latitude 62°48 1 18"N.,Longitude 148°11 1 58"W.
T.31 N.,R.7 E.,Seward Meridi an
Sec.5,NW~NW~SW~
Site Map:Figures 3.17,3.18
Setti n9:The si te,consi sti ng of two loei,is located ca.4 km south-
east of the confluence of Watana Creek and the Susitna River,at
ca.700 m asl (2300 feet).It 1i es on a low ridge in the center of a
relatively flat,gently northward sloping lacustrine plain bordering the
Susitna River.The plain,which is about 500 m wide from the edge of
the river canyon to the north to the steep uplands in the south,is
about 190 m (600 feet)higher than the Susitna River at its nearest
point.The plain is generally boggy,containing a number of small
drainages and ponds.A small lake (less than 1 hectare)is located
ca.1.4 km west of the site.Two small creeks lie on each side of the
ri dge where the si te is located,100 m to 200 m away to the east and
west.A series of low,rounded ridges and knolls composed of glacial
drift rise 3 m to 10 m above the plain along its length.The site
consists of two loci located on two separate but adjacent knolls on a
single more or less continuous,sinuous,north-south trending ridge
which is ca.400 m long and 50 m to 100 m wide at its base.Locus A is
situated on top of a hi gh,tri angul ar knoll about 100 m south of the
northern end,with a related feature near the base of the ridge just
east of the knoll.Locus B lies at the top of a flat rounded knoll
200 m to the south of Locus A.Visibility from the ridge is excellent,
3-54
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since it is one of the highest in the vicinity,and offers a panoramic
vi ew of small drai nageson both si des of it,as well as of the bl ack
spruce woodlands and bogs of the plain (north,east and west)and of the
southern uplands.Vegetation on the ridge consists of lichen,low
heath,dwarf birch,and scattered spruce.Small deflated and undeflated
frost boil s are common.
Reconnaissance Testing:The site consists of two loci.Locus A con-
tains a small surface and subsurface lithic scatte,r with a small pos-
sible cache pit (0.8 m in diameter and 15 cm deep)26 m to the east
(105°)near the base of the slope.It was not tested.A 40 em by 40 cm
test pit excavated adjacent to the surface lithic scatter (test pit 1)
revealed basalt flakes.i!l situ in and above the Devil tephra.The
southwest corner of test pi t 1 is the site datum.
Locus B lies approximately 200 m south (200°)of Locus A,and consists
of an isolated posSible cache pit 1.4 m in diameter and 30 cm deep.It
was not tested.Twenty-seven shovel tests were placed between andi n
the vicinities of the loci,and deflated areas were examined carefully.
No addi ti onal arti facts were found.
Collected Artifact Inventory
Surface:
7 Basalt fl akes
Subsu rface:
31 Basalt fl akes
3-55
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3-56
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Talkeetna Mts.D-3
T3l N.,R.7 E.
NW ~,NW ~,SW ~,Sec.5
Contour Interval:1 meter
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Birch
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fro m ld a t um
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Surface Artifact
Test Pit
Site Datum X
Shovel Test 0
Spruce (live)
Spruce (dead)
Site ~1ap TLM 129.Locus B.
3-57
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Sec.5
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Talkeetna Mts.0-3
T.31 N.,R.7 E.
NW ~,NW ~,SW ~,
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Fi gure 3.18.
pit Feature @
Shovel Test 0
Spruce Tree (Living)*Spruce Tree (Dead)««:~
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(xi)AHRS Number TLM 130,Accession Number UA82-70
Area:ca.4.6 km southeast of Watana Creek Mouth,Survey Locale 125
Area Map:Figure A.3;Survey Locale Map:Figure A.26
USGS Map:Talkeetna Mts.0-3,Scale 1:63,360
Site Location:UTM Zone 6 Easting 439480 Northing 6964370
Latitude 62°48 '26"N.,Longitude 148°11 1 14"W.
T.31 N.,R.7 E.,Seward Meridi an
Sec.5,S E~S E~NW~
Site Map:Fi gure 3.19
Setting:The site is located on a small knoll at approximately 671 m
asl (2200 feet)near the southern rim of the Susitna Ri ver canyon,
4.6 km southeast of the confluence of Watana Creek and the Susitna
River.The knoll,a northeast-southwest trending glacial kame about
30m long,7 m wide,and ca.1 m high,is situated on a glaciolacustrine
plain which slopes gradually up from the Susitna River canyon rim (100 m
north of the site)for a di stance of about 500 m to merge with steep-
walled uplands in the south.The plain is relatively flat and boggy,
but numerous knolls and ridges are located on it.These range from 25 m
to 300 m in length and from 1 m to 10 m higher than the plain,and
provide dry areas within the boggy plain.The knoll on which TLM 130 is
located is one of the smallest knolls in the area.Small drainages
traverse the plain in a north-south direction;one of these lies 100 m
to the west of the site,forming a small canyon to the northwest.A
larger creek lies 250 m to the east,beyond a series of higher ridges
and knolls.The view to the east is obstructed by these ridges which
are ca.6 m high.To the south and west the view of the boggy plain is
partially limited by open black spruce forest and low knolls.The
uplands to the south are clearly visible,and the Susitna River canyon
(but not the river)is vi si ble to the north.Vegetati on on the site
consists of fairly continuous lichen mat and low heath,with dwarf birch
3-58
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growing on the sides.Spruce are scattered about the sides,and make up
open woodlands and thickets in the bogs away from the site,60 m to the
south.Gravel exposures and frost boils are rare.
Reconnaissance Testing:All artifactual material collected at TU4 130
was recovered from test pit 1,near the center of the knoll.From an
initial shovel test,15 pieces of burned bone and 6 unmodified flakes of
5 different lithologies were recovered.This was expanded to a 40 cm by
40 an test pit,excavated to a depth of 30 cm.Recovered from thi s test
were 3 unmodified flakes,of 3 different lithologies,found in Devil
tephra (3 an below surface).At the contact between Devil and Watana
tephra,4 cm to 5 cm below surface,1 brown chert endscraper (UA82-
70-11;Figure 3.48,d),2 unmodified flakes,4 pieces of burned bone
(one with a possible cut mark)and 56 pieces of burned bone were
recovered in situ.Within the Watana tephra,between 5 cm and 10 cm---
below surface,2 unmodified flakes and 82 pieces of burned bone were
found.Charcoal was scattered abundantly throughout thi s stratum;a
sample was taken for radi ocarbon dati ng.An additi onal shovel test J at
the north end of the knoll yi elded no arti facts.No surface arti facts
were found.
Collected Arti fact Inventory
Subsu rface:
1 Brown chert endscraper (UA82-70-11;Figure 3.48,d)
6 Bl ack basalt unmodi fi ed fl akes
3 Brown chert fl akes
1 Gray-brown chert flake
1 Gray-black chert fl ake
1 Orange-brown chert flake
2 Gray rhyol ite fl akes
157 Long bone fragments,calcined,medium-large mammal
1 Charcoal sample
3-59
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T.31 N.,R.7 E.,S.M.
NE ~NE ~NW ~Sec.5
Contour Interval:1 rn
Site Map TLM 130.
3-60
Figure 3.19.
Test Pit 0
Site Datum x
Shovel Test 0
Spruce -=#
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(xii)AHRS Number TUM 131,Accession Number UA82-71
Area:ca.4.5 km southeast of the confluence of Watana Creek with
the Susitna River,Survey Locale 125
Area Map:Figure A.3;Survey Locale Map:Figure A.26
USGS Map:Talkeetna Mts.0-3,Scale 1:63,360
Site Locati on:UTM Zone 6 Easti ng 439660 Northing 6964320
Latitude 62°48 1 23"N.,Longitude 148°11'15"W.
T.31 N.,R.7 E.,Seward Meridian
Sec.5,NW~NE~SW~
Site Map:Figure 3.20
Setting:The site is located on a low knoll ca.1 km south of the
Susitna River and ca.4.5 km southeast of the confluence of Watana Creek
with the Susitna River (Figure A.26).The knoll is located in an area
characterized by low ridges and knolls on a relatively flat,gradual
north sloping lacustrine plain,at an elevation of ca.677 m asl (2220
feet).The steep south wall of the Susitna canyon lies within 600 m of
the site to the northeast.A small clearwater creek lies 60 m to 80 m
to the west of the site.The knoll is ca.20 m by 30 m at the base,
with a north-south trending major axis,and rises to ca.1.5 m above
adjacent flat ground surface.The view from the top of the knoll is
obstructed by 2 m to 5 m high discontinuous ridges and knolls within
100 m to the north and northeast,but is good to the east and west,
encompassing hummocky,poorly drained areas and broad low drainages in
these directions,as well as the facing slopes of low ridges not more
than .5 km distant.To the south,the gradually rising lacustrine plain
is in vi ew,as well as the steeply ri si ng upl ands whi ch form the south
wall of the Susitna Valley ca.0.5 km to 1 km distant.A reduction in
the density of black spruce thickets and woodlands from ca.30 m to
150 m to the east,south,and west of the site would result in improved
visibility.Vegetation on the knoll consists of lichens,grasses,
3-61
forbes,low shrubs,and one small spruce tree.Small deflated and
undeflated frost boils occur sporadically.
Reconnai ssance Testi n9:The si te contai ned one brown chert f1 ake found
on a deflated frost boil near the top of the knoll.A single 40 em by
40 em test was dug immediately southwest and slightly upslope from the
location of the flake,intersecting the margin of vegetative mat sur-
rounding the deflated area and exposing undeflated stratified soils,
with negative results.Frost boils on and near the knoll were examined
carefully,but no additional arti facts were found.No shovel tests were
dug.
Coll ected Arti fact Inventory
Surface:
1 Brown chert fl ake
3-62
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Talkeetna Mts.0--3
T.31 N.,R.7 E.,S.M.
NW 1/4 NE 1/4 SW 1/4 Sec.5
Contour Interval:30 cm.
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3-63
Figure 3.20.
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Test pit 0
Site Datum x
Surface Artifact -:-
Deflated Area ;-~,'...........
Spruce Tree *
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Area:
(xiii)AHRS Number TLM 132,Accession Number UA82-72
ca.6 km Southeast of Watana Creek Mouth,Survey Locale 116
Area Map:Figure A.3;Survey Locale Map:Figure A.20
USGS Map:Talkeetna Mts.0-3,Scale 1:63,360
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Site Location:UTM Zone 6 Easting 441350 Northing 696~800
Latitude 62°48'03"N.,Longitude 148°9'50"W.
T .31 N.,R.7 E.,Seward Meridian
Sec.4,NW~SW~SW~
Site Map:Figure 3.21
Setting:The site is located on a northeast-southwest oriented knoll
1.2 km south of the Susitna Ri verand 6 km southeast of the mouth of
Watana Creek.The site is situated at an elevation of 686 m asl (2250
feet)on the center of the south end of the knoll.The knoll is flat-
tened on top,measuring 45 m by 25 m.Numerous large soil exposures
give evidence of cryoturbation.The knoll is one of several east-west
trending knolls that are separated by drainages or bogs.The knolls are
kame deposits situated upon a 1 km wide gently sloping lake terrace
whi ch is al so ori ented east-west.Shall ow drai nages fl ow north along
the sides of the knoll.These drainages and the terrace area south of
the site are obscured from view by dense stands of black spruce.
Northern views from the site are also limited by spruce in the drainages
and by its positi on on the knoll,although the vi ew from the northern
limit of the knoll is panoramic,encompassing the gentle slope descend-
ing to a flat plain bordering the Susitna River.The river is visible
for several kilometers in all northerly directions,as is rising topo-
graphy on its north side.Other knolls are vi si ble to the west and
northeast,ca.200 m di stant.Vegetati on on the site knoll consi sts of
large areas of lichens,crowberry,blueberry,Labrador tea and dwarf
bi rch.Vegetati on surroundi ng the knoll in all di recti ons except north
is composed of stands of dense bl ack spruce and thi ck sphagnum moss
3-64
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covering the ground.The flat plain bordering the Susitna River is
heavi ly vegetated with bl ack spruce and wi 11 ow.Several sites have been
located on nearby knoll s to the east and west (TLM 120 through 125,TLM
127,TLM 129 through 133,and TUM 064).
Reconnaissance Testing:One single gray chert flake was found on the
surface of a di sturbed soil exposure.Thi rteen shovel tests were pl aced
on the knoll and numerous soil exposures were investigated,all with
negat i ve results.A test pit was not excavated at TU4 132.
Coll ected Arti fact Inventory
Surface:
1 Gray chert fl ake
3-65
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Contour Interval:1 rn.
Talkeetna Mts.D-3
T.31 N.,R.7 E.,S.M.
NW 1/4 SW 1/4 SW 1/4 Sec.4
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3-66 L
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(xiv)AHRS NumberTLM 133,Accession Number UA82-73
Area:3.4 km southeast of Watana Creek Mouth,Survey Locale 125
Area Map:Figure A.3;Survey Locale Map:Figure A.26
USGS Map:Talkeetna Mts.0-3,Scale 1:63,360
Site Location:UTM Zone 6 Easting 438150 Northing 6964590
Latitude 62°48'33"N.,Longitude 148°12'50"W.
T.31 N.,R.7 E.,Seward Meridi an
Sec.6,NW~SW~NE~
Site Map:Figure 3.22
Setting:TLM 133 is located at 677 m asl (2220 feet)on the broad crest
of a glacial drift ridge 100 m south of the rim of the Susitna River
canyon,3.4 km southeast of Watana Creek mouth.The ridge is approxi-
mately 150 m long trending in a northeast-southwest direction,with a
broad fl at top about 35 m wi de.It is arcuate in shape,wi t h hi gh
points on the northeastern and southwestern ends and a saddle approxi-
mately 1 m lower in elevation between them.The site is located in this
saddle,midway along the ridgetop.The top of the ri dge is from 3 m to
5 m higher than the surrounding flat,boggy glaciolacustrine plain,
which extends on all sides.To the north,the plain is only a small
a rea about 25 m wi de between the edge of the d ri ft ri dge and the ri m of
the Susitna River canyon.To the south,the plain ri ses gradually
towards steeper upland areas,about 500 m distant.Numerous other
ridges and knolls are found on this plain along its ca.10 km (east-
west)length.Small to moderately large creeks crosscut the plain in
some areas;one of these flows northward,150 m east of the site.Else-
where the plain is boggy,or low and intermittently wet.The Susitna
River canyon,north of the site,drops steeply 200 m down to the Susitna
River;access to the river is possible by more gradual ridges located to
the nort hea st and nort hwest.From the ri dgetop,the Su si tna Ri ver and
its canyon can be seen,and a commandi ng vi ew of the su rroundi ng
3-67
lacustrine plain and southern uplands is available to the south,east
and west.Site vegetation consists of dwarf birch shrub,low heath,
1i chen mat,and scattered spruce and paper bi rch.Frost boi 1 sand
gravel exposures are common,especially on the sloping sides of the
drift ridge.Game trails are common.
Reconnaissance Testing:A single projectile point (UA82-73-1;Figure
3.48,e)was encountered on the surface of a lichen mat in a game trail.
A 40 em by 40 em test pit (test pit 1)was placed adjacent to the loca-
tion of the point,but no additional cultural material was recovered.
Twel ve shovel tests were scattered around the ri dgetop and surroundi ng
area,with negative results.Game trails,gravel exposures,and lichen
mats were closely exami ned,but no addi ti anal surface arti facts were
recovered.
Collected Arti fact Inventory
Surface:
1 Brown chert projectile point (UA82-73-1;Figure 3.48,e)
3-68
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Site Datum x Talkeetna Mts.0-3
Surface Artifact -'-T.31 N.,R.7 E.,S.M.
I NW 1/4 SW 1/4 NE 1/4 Sec.6
Birch Tree <:)
Spruce Tree *
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3-69
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(xv)AHRS Number TUM 134,Accession Number UA82-74
Area:ca.3.5 km nort h-nort heast of Jay Creek Mout h,Survey Locale
127
Area Map:
USGS Map:
Figure A.4;Survey Locale Map:Figure A.29
Talkeetna Mts.0-2,Scale 1:63,360
Site Locati on:UTM Zone 6 Easti ng 456200 Northi ng 6964150
Latitude 62°48 1 22"N.,Longitude 147°51 1 35"W.
T.31 N.,R.8 E.,Seward Meridian
Sec.1,S84SE~NE~
Site Map:Figure 3.23
Setting:The site is located on a descending discontinuous ridge 300 m
long,oriented northeast-southwest.The site is situated at an eleva-
tion of 800 m asl (2625 feet)at the southern tip of the ridge,about
3.5 km north-northeast of Jay Creek mouth and 3.2 km north of the
Susitna River.The southern end of this ridge branches,forming two
separate ridge sections (a western and an eastern)separated by a small
drainage swale 3 m lower in elevation and measuring 75 m by 40 m.The
site is situated on the eastern section of the ridge which measures
approximately 100 m by 200 m.The site is in the middle of a gentle
slope on a gravell y soi 1 expo su re measu ri ng 1.5 m by 1.5 m.Vi ews from
the site are obscured to the northwest and west by spruce and interven-
ing topography.A gentle slope rises 200 m to the north upon which TLM
128 is located.Mountainous foothills are visible to the north about
2 km distant.Views to the south and east include high topography on
Jay Creek's east side and the Susitna River's south side (3 km distant).
Site vegetation on the slope adjacent to the gravelly soil exposure
includes cranberry,crowberry,blueberry,and extensive lichen mat.
Flat areas between slopes have woody shrubs of dwarf birch and Labrador
tea.A small black spruce stand west of the site separates the site and
the drainage swale.Black spruce and aspen are on the south and east
3-70
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facing slopes descending to Jay Creek.The gently rising northern slope
is covered in dwarf birch with isolated black spruce.Other sites are
present nearby.Within 1 km of TLM 134 are TLM 128,135,136, 144,and
143.
Reconnaissance Testi ng:The site is a surface 1it hi c scatter.No
subsurface artifacts were observed at the site.Six shovel tests were
placed in the site area.Three green retouched chert flakes were
located on a gravelly soil exposure on a gentle slope.The three flakes
articulate forming an edge modified tool (UA82-74-1,2,3;Figure 3.48,
f).Additi anal surface reconnai ssance of soil exposures and 1i chen mat
revealed one other surface artifact that may have a modified edge.It
lies 10 m south of the site datum on a flat area below the site.A
shovel test was pl aced adjacent to thi s fi nd,but no arti facts were
observed.One 40 em by 40 em test pit was excavated at the site,with
no further arti facts present.Charcoal sample UA82-74-4 was taken from
the test pit fran within soil unit 6 beneath the Oshetna tephra.
Collected Arti fact Inventory
Surface:
3 Green chert flakes,retouched,articulating (UA82-74-1,2,3;
Figure 3.48,f)
1 Possibly modified rounded gravel
3-71
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T.31 N.,R.8 E.,S.M.
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Spruce Tree *'
Figure 3.23.Site Map TUM 134.
3-72
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Setting:The site is at an elevation of ca.800 m asl (2625 feet)on a
discrete linear rise situated on the southeastern terminus of a broad
sloping ridge.This ridge is oriented in a northwest to southeast
direction roughly perpendicular to Jay Creek.The ridge descends from
an elevation of 838 m asl (2750 feet)to the rim of the Jay Creek
canyon.The linear rise is parallel to the ridge and has steep east,
southeast and south slopes averagi ng 10 to 15 degrees.The east slope
continues down to Jay Creek which is 400 m east and ca.152 m (500 feet)
lower in elevation.The southeast and south slopes descend into a
drainage which flows into Jay Creek.The linear rise on the ridge
terminus is separated from an additional rise,ca.60 m northeast,by a
broad swale.This rise is the location of TLM 134,a surface lithic
scatter.TLM 135,on the southeastern edge,occupies an eroded area on
the central portion of the crest of the linear ri se.The upper extent
of this terrain feature has dimensions of ca.100 m by 15 m.The ridge
system is bordered on the southeast and northeast sides by drainages
which flow into Jay Creek draining the upland area.Visibility of these
drainages and Jay Creek is obscured by vegetation and by the slope
angle.Terrain northeast of the site is similar to the site area with
ridge extensions perpendicular to Jay Creek.Southwest of the site the
Site Location:UTM Zone 6 Easting 456150 Northing 6964050
Latitude 62°48 1 20"N.,Longitude 147°51 1 37"W.
127northeastofJayCreekMouth,Survey Locale
Figure A.4;Survey Locale Map:Figure A.29
Talkeetna Mts.0-2,Scale 1:63,360
T.31 N.,R.8 E.,Seward Meridian
Sec.1,SE~SE~NE~
(xvi)AHRS Number TLM 135,Accessi on Number UA82-75
ca.3.5 km
Area Map:
USGS Map:
Site Map:Figure 3.24
Area:
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terrain broadens out to a glaciolacustrine plain with discrete topo-
graphic features.The predominant view from this site is to the south
and southwest toward the vicinity of a mineral lick which appears to be
the focal point for the location of sites in this area.The mineral
lick is about 800 m south where Jay Creek makes tight gO-degree turns.
North of the site the upland topography is visible including the terrain
features on which TLM 128 and TLM 144 are located.The view to the
northeast is restricted by a ri se on the northeastern terminus of the
ridge upon which TLM 134 is located.Vegetation on the site consi sts of
scattered spruce with lowbush cranberry,blueberry,dwarf birch,
lichens,crowberry,bearberry and scattered grasses.An open mixed
spruce-hardwood forest is characteri sti c of the vegetati on on the slopes
wi th hi gh brush in open areas.
Reconnaissance Testing:The site is composed of surface lithic arti-
facts exposed in an eroded area on t he crest of a di screte 1i near ri se.
Arti factual materi al came from a 3 m by 2 m area of thi s exposu re and
included a basalt corner notched projectile point (UA82-75-1;Figure
3.50,a),and 5 basalt waste flakes.A 40 cm by 40 cm test (test pit 1)
was placed on a vegetated area off the exposure with negative results.
Five shovel tests were pl aced along the crest of the ri se,but none of
these contained arti factual materi al .
Collected Arti fact Inventory
Surface:
1 Basalt corner notched projectile point (UA82-75-1;Figure 3.50,a)
5 Basalt fl akes
3-74
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Figure 3.24.Site Map TLM 135.
3-75
Talkeetna Mts.0-2
T.31 N.,R.8 E.,S.M.
SW 1/4 SE 1/4 ~m 1/4 Sec.1
Contour Interval:1 ffi.
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Shovel Test
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(xvii)AHRS Number TLM 136,Accession Number UA82-76
Area:3 km north-northeast from Jay Creek ~10uth,Survey Locale
127
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Area Map:
USGS Map:
Figure A.4;Survey Locale Map:Figure A.29
Tal keetna Mts.D-2,Scale 1:63,360
Site Location:UTM Zone 6 Easting 455800 Northing 6963750
Latitude 62°48'10"N.,Longitude 147°51'58"W.
T.31 N.,R.8 E.,Seward Meridian
Sec.1,SE~NW~SE~
Site ~1ap:Figure 3.25
Setting:The site is located on a small circular knoll approximately
500 m west of Jay Creek about 3 km north-northeast from its mouth.
Terrai n southeast of thi s knoll slopes gradually for approxi matel y 40 m
to the western rim of Jay Creek.Situated at an el evati on of 787 m asl
(2580 feet),and ca.146 m above Jay Creek,the site is characterized by
a 1.5 m rise above surrounding terrain.The level area at the upper
extent of the knoll measu res ca.5 m by 7 m wi th basal measu rements of
ca.13 m by 17 m marki ng the lower extent.Approximately 250 m to the
northwest a conti nuous southeast faci ng hi 11 descends from an el evati on
of 823 masl (2700 feet)down into a shallow basin with a west to east
fl owi ng creek situated ca.150 m northeast of the knoll.Two narrow
(ca.50 cm)and shallow (ca.30 cm)st reams t hat merge and bi sect along
a relatively straight path,ultimately flow into Jay Creek approximately
1.4 km east of the site.Thick brush obscures the creek from view.
Site vegetation includes blueberry,Labrador tea,fireweed,crowberry,
moss,black spruce,lichen (white and yellow),dwarf birch,equisetum,
willow,grasses and rare juniper.Cryoturbation is evident across the
1 evel knoll crest.The conti nuous southeast faci ng hi 11 descri bed above
determines the extent of visibility to the no~h,northwest,west and
southwest.Visibility to the south is limited to the gentle sloping
3-76
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terrain of the valley rim.Adjacent valley margins to the north and
northeast are di scerni ble through open forest up to 1 km.In the
absence of a t hi ck spruce stand,ca.40 m we st,t he vi ew wou 1dine rease
in that direction.Several sites have been di scovered within a 500 m
radius of TUM 136,the closest being TUM 143 situated approximately
200 m sout hwest .
Reconnaissance Testing:Both surface and subsurface cultural material
was recovered.The site was initially identified by a 2.5 m by 2.5 m
1ithi c scatter on the central porti on of the level knoll crest whi ch is
ori ented in a northeast-southwest di recti on.A total of five flakes and
three bone fragments were collected from the cryoturbated surface,
including a basalt tool fragment (UA82-76-1;Figure 3.50,b).No sub-
surface shovel tests were excavated,however a single 40 cm by 40 em
test pit (test pit 1)was excavated northeast of the surface feature.
Arti factual material was recovered from three di fferent stratigraphic
units.These include 21 flakes and 62 calcined bone fragments between
2 em and 8 em below su rface from the contact of a gray-white fi ne si lt
(Devil tephra)with a yellow-brown fine silt and within the yellow-brown
fine silt unit.Twenty-two flakes and 5 bone fragments were located in
a red-yellow fine sandy silt 8 em to 12 em below the surface (Watana
tephra).Six flakes were recovered in a reddish-brown sandy clayey
silt,12 em to 20 em below the surface,below a thin layer of gray silt
(Oshetna tephra).All faunal material consisted of calcined medium to
large mammal long bone fragments.The distribution of artifactual
material in the test pit indicates that the site is multicomponent.
Carbon sample (UA82-76-51)could date the cultural component between the
Devil and Watana depositions.
3-77
Collected Arti fact Inventory
Surface:
1 Black basalt tool fragment (UA82-76-1;Figure 3.50,b)
1 Rhyolite flake with retouched edge (?)
1 Basalt flake
2 Rhyolite flakes
3 Long bone fragments,calcined,medium to large mammal
Subsurface:
2 Red chert fl akes
2 Yellowi sh-brown chert flakes
21 Basalt flakes
24 Rhyolite flakes
67 Long bone fragments,calcined,medium to large mammal
3-78
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T.31 N.,R.8 E.,S.H.
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Contour Interval:50 cm.
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Site Datum
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Figure 3.25.Site Map TUM 136.
3-79
(xvi i i)AHRS Number TLM 138,Accessi on Number UA82-78
Area:2.75 km north of Jay Creek Mouth,Survey Locale 127
Area Map:Figure A.4;Survey Locale Map:Figure A.29
USGS Map:Talkeetna Mts.0-2,Scale 1:63,360
Site Locati on:UTM Zone 6 Easti ng 455330 Northi ng 6963500
Latitude 62°48 1 06"N.,Longitude 147°52 1 36"W.
T.31 N.,R.8 E.,Seward Meridian
Sec.1,NW~SE~SW~
Site Map:Figure 3.26
Setting:The site is located on an east-west trending kame ridge
2.75 km north of the mouth of Jay Creek,about 200 m northwest of a
tight bend in Jay Creek,at 810 m asl (2650 feet)elevation.The ridge
is slightly arcuate,and is about 50 m long (east-west)and 5 m wide at
the rounded top.The site occupies the center of the ridge at its
crest.It stands about 2 m above a small terrace to the north,whi 1e to
the south,east and west it is from 6 m to 10 m higher than the sur-
rounding terrain.A drainage channel curls around the west end of the
kame from the terrace to the north,headi ng southward down a steepeni ng
canyon into Jay Creek.A drainage tributary to this canyon lies to the
south,leaving the ridgetop a relatively high promontory isolated on a"
sides by relatively deep drainages (10 m for the two tributaries,and
over 200 m for the very steep Jay Creek canyon).An excellent view of
the surrounding undulating terrace,sloping down southward to the
Susitna River canyon,is available from the site.To the north and
west,the nearby Jay Creek uplands,rising to 1100 m (3650 feet)eleva-
tion,are prominent,while to the east can be seen much of the mountains
and terrace on the opposite side of Jay Creek.Jay Creek itself cannot
be seen,nor is it accessible,from the site,because of the extremely
steep canyon wall.A mineral lick,favored by sheep,is reported to be
located in the vicinity.Low lichen and heath vegetation covers much of
3-80
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the surface of the site,with numerous frost boils,rodent burrows,and
game trails exposing underlying sediments.Dwarf birch,scattered
spruce and paper bi rch forest the sides of the ridge and surrounding
terrain.
Reconnaissance Testing:A single flake was noted on the lichen-covered
surface of a frost boil area.A test pit (test pit 1)40 em by 40 cm
was placed adjacent to the location of this flake,but no artifacts were
encountered.Five shovel tests were al so pl aced on the ri dge,with
negative results.Surface exposures were also examined closely,but no
additi onal arti facts were found.
Coll ected Arti fact Inventory
Surface:
1 81 ack basalt fl ake
3-81
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METERS
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T.31 N.,R.8 E.,S.rot.
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3-82
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(xix)AHRS Number TLM 139,Accession Number UA82-79
Area:2.5 km north of the mouth of Jay Creek,Survey Locale 127
Area Map:Figure A.4;Survey Locale Map:Figure A.29
USGS Map:Talkeetna Mts.0-2,Scale 1:63,360
Site Location:UTM Zone 6 Easting 455400 Northing 6963200
Latitude 62°47 1 58"N.,Longitude 147°52 1 30"W.
T.31 N.,R.8 E.,Seward Meridian
Sec.1,SE~SE~SW~
Site Map:Figure 3.27
Setting:The site lies on a broad,flat-topped ridge paralleling Jay
Creek canyon,on the west side of Jay Creek 2.5 'km north of the mouth of
Jay Creek.The ridge,approximately 400 m long in a north-south direc-
tion and from 20 m to 100 m wide descends gradually southward in an
undulating,stepped fashion.It is part of the large gradually sloping
(4 to 5 degrees)undulating terrace north of the Susitna River,and is
divided from the rest of this terrace by Jay Creek canyon,adjacent to
the east,and by a small unnamed tributary canyon,30 m to the west.
The site is located on the eastern edge of the ridge top at 770 m asl
(2530 feet)elevation,at the edge of Jay Creek canyon.The ridge is
fairly constricted where the site is located,being about 25 m wide.
Jay Creek canyon drops steeply to 160 m below the level of the site
directly east of the site.To the west,the small drainage canyon is
approximately 15 m deep.This small creek is the nearest accessible
water.From the site,Jay Creek canyon is vi si bl e to the so·utheast and
east.The lower,narrowi ng reach of the ri dge and adjacent drai nage
canyon is visible to the south,while to the west the undulating terrace
can be seen for a di stance of about 500 m before hi gh ground and trees
block the view.The uplands beginning 500 m to 1000 m north of the site
are plainly visible from the site.The area is covered by dwarf birch
3-83
scrub,with scattered spruce and paper birch.Cranberry,lichen,blue-
berry,and Labrador tea make up a fairly continuous ground cover.
Reconnaissance Testing:Cultural material was found in a single test
pit,in'subsurface context.Forty-six flakes of six different material
types and seven pi eces of bu rned bone were coll ected from a charcoal
level beneath the organic mat and above (and slightly mixed with)an
ashy silt layer (Devil tephra?).In this charcoal layer,and the upper
portion of the yellow silt layer (Watana tephra)below this,48 flakes
of five lithologies and 71 burned bone fragments were recovered.All
faunal material from the site consisted of calcined medium to large
mammal long bone fragments.No additi onal cultu ral materi al was
encountered on the surface or in two other shovel tests placed in the
vi ci nity of test pi t 1.
Coll ected Arti fact Inventory
Subsurface:
63 Gray rhyolite flakes
2 White rhyol ite fl akes
8 Gray chert fl ake s
6 Brown rhyolite flakes
9 Black basalt flakes
1 Gray basalt fl ake
3 Li g ht gray rhyo 1i te fl akes
78 Long bone fragments,calcined,medium to large mammal
3-84
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Figure 3.27.Site Map TLM 139.
3-85
(xx)AHRS Number TLM 140,Accessi on Number UA82-80
Area:ca.2.1 km
127
Area Map:
USGS Map:
north-northeast of Jay Creek Mouth,Survey Locale
Figure A.4;Survey Locale Map:Figure A.29
Talkeetna Mts.0-2,Scale 1:63,360
Si te Location:UTM Zone 6 East i ng 455450 Nort hi ng 6963050
Latitude 62°47 1 50 11 N., Longitude 147°52'28 11 W.
T.31 N.,R.8 E.,Seward Meridian
Sec.12,NE~N~NW~
Site ~1ap:Fi gure 3.28
Setti n9:TLM 140 is located on the crest of a north-south trendi ng
ridge along the west side of Jay Creek,approximately 2.1 km north-
northeast of the mouth of Jay Creek.The ridge,fonned by the con-
vergence of Jay Creek canyon and an unnamed tributary drainage canyon,
lies at 757 m asl (2475 feet)elevation,about 153 m (500 feet)above
the level of Jay Creek 250 m to the east.The ridge narrows to the
south and bends eastward as the tributary drainage canyon steepens and
bends towards Jay Creek.At this southern end the ridge is narrow and
crested,but to the north the ridge top is broad and flat,merging with
the gradually sloping undulating terrain surrounding the area.Surface
arti facts were found on game trai 1s along thi s ridge top from the narrow
southern end northward about 100 m.West of the site ca.75 m,the
tributary drainage occupies a low broad area about 3 m to 5 m below the
level of the site.At the southern end,the canyon is about 15 m to
20 m below the site elevation.The bottom of the canyon is not visible
from the site;Jay Creek is not visible either,the view being blocked
by trees.The tributary creek is visible to the west,but the view to
the surrounding terrace is blocked by higher terrain 150 m to the south-
west and west.The slope to the north is not visible,being blocked by
forests around the site.Open spruce woodland covers the site area,
3-86
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with a moderately dense cover of dwarf birch,low heath plants,and
lichen mat.Extensive exposed areas are present along frequent game
trails and on the steep southern end.
Reconnaissance Testing:Cultural material was found on the surfaces of
game trails in three localities.A single gray-white chert flake was
found approximately 35 m north-northwest of site datum,and a si ngle
black basalt flake was encountered on the southern end,approximately
50 m south-southeast of site datum.A black basalt biface midsection
(UA82-80-5;Figure 3.50,c)and four flakes of three material types were
found in the vicinity of the site datum.A 40 em by 40 em test pit
(test pit 1)in this area yielded a black basalt biface fragment (UA82-
80-6;Figure 3.50,d)and 11 fl akes of three materi al types beneath the
organic mat and above the pink-gray silt layer (Devil tephra?).No
additi onal arti facts were found on the surface or in ei ght other shovel
tests.
Collected Arti fact Inventory
Surface:
1 Gray-whi te chert fl ake
1 Black basalt biface fragment (UA82-80-5;Figure 3.50,c)
1 Black basalt flake
1 Red chert fl ake
2 Gray rhyolite flakes
Subsurface:
1 Black basalt biface fragment (UA82-80-6;Figure 3.50,d)
8 Gray rhyolite flakes
2 Black basalt flakes
1 Yellow translucent flake
3-87
Contour Interval:1 meter
Talkeetna Mts.D-2
T.31 N.,R.8 E.,S.M.
NE ~,NE ~,NW ~,Sec.12
Test pit
Shovel Test
site Datum
Spruce (Live)
Spruce (Dead)
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(xxi)AHRS Number TLM 141,Accessi on Number UA82-81
Area:2 km north-northeast of the mouth of Jay Creek,Survey
Locale 127
Area Map:Figure A.4;Survey Locale Map:Figure A.28
USGS Map:Talkeetna Mts.0-2,Scale 1:63,360
Site Location:UTM Zone 6 Easting 455140 Northing 6962870
Latitude 62°47 1 45"N.,Longitude 147°52 1 40"W.
T.31 N.,R.8 E.,Seward Meridian
Sec.12,SW~NE~NW~
Site Map:Figure 3.29
Setti ng:The site is located on a kame terrace,ca.746 m asl (2450
feet),2 km north-northeast of the mouth of Jay Creek.The site over-
looks a tributary canyon to Jay Creek canyon on the east,which drops
approximately 150 m down a moderately steep slope to Jay Creek,500 m
eastward.The kame terrace is oriented roughly north-south,and is
approximately 70 m long and 30 m wide,with a broad,flat top.The site
is located midway along the terrace on its eastern edge.A clearwater
creek lies 100 m to the northeast in the steep tributary canyon,and a
small (I-hectare)marshy pond lies 200 m to the west.From the site,a
panoramic view of the tributary canyon and Jay Creek canyon is available
to the east and south.The undulating kame topography making up the
gradually sloping terrace north of the Susitna River (of which the site
terrace is a part)is visible to the north,west,and south,though
higher terrain 400 m away blocks the view to the west beyond this dis-
tance.Open spruce woodland,with a moderately dense cover of dwarf
birch and low heath plants,comprise the vegetation of the site and
surrounding areas.
Reconnaissance Testing:Cultural material,consisting of 50 flakes of
two material types and one black basalt bi face fragment (UA82-81-15),
3-89
was encountered in test pit 1 beneath the organic mat at and in the
underlying gray-white fine silt (Devil tephra).A sample of.charcoal
from the contact between the organic mat and Devil tephra units was also
coll ected from test pit 1.Three fl akes were call ected from a small
soil exposure on the slope of the terrace,5 m east-southeast of site
datum.Seven additi anal shovel tests.were pl aced on the kame terrace,
with negative results.No additional surface arti facts were encoun-
tered.
Coll ected Arti fact Inventory
Subsu rface :
1 Black basalt bi face fragment (UA82-81-15)
18 Black basalt flakes
34 Gray rhyolite flakes
1 White rhyolite flake
3-90
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T.31 N.,R.8 E.,S.M.
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Test Pit 0
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3-91
(xxii)AHRS Number TLM 142,Accession Number UA82-82
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Area:ca.1.8 km
127
Area Map:
USGS Map:
north-northeast of Jay Creek Mouth,Survey Locale
Fi gure A.4;Su rvey Local e Map:Fi gure A.28
Talkeetna Mts.0-2,Scale 1:63,360
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Site Location:UTM Zone 6 Easting 455020 Northing 6962750
Latitude 62°47 1 40"N.,Longitude 147°52 1 50"W.
T.31 N.,R.8 E.,Seward Meridian
Sec.12,N84SW~NW~
Site Map:Figure 3.30
Setting:The site is situated on a low knoll 747 m asl (2450 feet)
located upon a plateau .8 km west of Jay Creek and ca.1.8 km north-
northeast of Jay Creek mouth.The knoll is elongate,oriented roughly
north-south measuring 30m by 11 m at the base,and is 3 mhigher in
elevation than the surrounding plateau.The area can be described as
lacustrine deposits over glacial till.The site is situated in the
middl e of the knoll 8 m from the northern end.Other simi 1ar knoll s are
present to the southeast,east and northwest within 200 m of the site
knoll.Several small drainages flow east and south off the plateau
feeding Jay Creek to the east 500 feet below,and the Susitna River to
the south.Views to the northwest,south,and east are panoramic,
encompassing the Jay Creek drainage,Susitna River valley,and interven-
i ng roll i ng terrai n.Westerly vi ews are obscured by a nearby stand of
black spruce.Vegetation at the site consists of lichens,crowberry,
wild rose,Labrador tea,grasses and some lowbush cranberry.The
northern end of the knoll is covered in dwarf bi rch,as is the perimeter
of the knoll.In all di recti ons except east the terrai n undul ates and
is covered with dwarf birch and Labrador tea,with small stands of black
spruce.A flat grassy I-hectare marsh borders the site to the east.
3-92
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Reconnaissance Testing:Artifacts recovered in subsurface testing
include 5 lithic flakes,10 pieces of fire cracked rock,9 pieces of
burned bone (long bone),one tooth fragment,and ca.172 burned bone
fragments.No surface arti facts were found.Fi ve shovel tests were
placed on the knoll.Only one of the shovel tests contained cultural
remains;this test became test pit 1.Cultural materials came from a
stratigraphic unit 4 cmbs to 10 cmbs sandwiched between the recognizable
Devil tephra and Watana tephra,and a C-14 sample of this unit was
coll ected.
Collected Artifact Inventory
Subsu rface:
1 Bl ack basalt fl ake
1 Dark yellowi sh brown chert flake
2 Transparent quartz fl akes
1 Transparent quartz fl ake wi th cortex
10 Pieces of fire cracked rock
1 Carpal/tarsal fragment,calcined,large mammal,possible caribou
(Rangi fer tarandus)
1 Flat bone fragment,calcined,large mammal
2 Phalanx fragments,distal portion,calcined,large mammal,possible
cari bou (Rangi fer tarandus)
167 Long bone fragments,calcined,medium to large mammal
1 Sesamoid bone,calcined,large mammal,possible caribou (Rangifer
tarandus)
1 Tooth fragment,i nci sor,unbu rned,cari bou (Rangi fer tarandus)
3-93
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Shovel Test 0
Site Datum x
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Talkeetna Mts.0-2
T.31 N.,R.8 E.,S.H.
NE 1/4 SW 1/4 NW 1/4 Sec.12
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Figure 3.30.Site Map TLM 142.
3-94
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Latitude 62°48 1 07"N.,Longitude 148°52'09"W.
Site Map:Figure 3.31
Site Locati on:UTM Zone 6 Easti ng 455600 Northi ng 6963700
T..31 N.,R.8 E.,Seward Meridi an .
Sec.1,SW~NW~S~
of Jay Creek Mouth,Survey Local e 127
Figure A.4;Survey Locale Map:Figure A.29
Talkeetna Mts.0-2,Scale 1:63,360
(xxiii)AHRS Number TLM 143,Accession Number UA82-83
3 km north
Area Map:
USGS Map:
Area:
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Setting:TLM 143 is located at ca.775 m asl (2550 feet)elevation on a
broad,slightly undulating gentle slope west of Jay Creek at the rim of
Jay Creek canyon,3 km north of the mouth of Jay Creek.The slope
overlooks Jay Creek canyon just north of a very steep cli ff face above a
tight meander of Jay Creek,and is approximately 150 m (500 feet)higher
than Jay Creek at its nearest point.The site lies on the edge of this
canyon,wi th some materi al occurri ng on a moderatel y steep slope below
the canyon rim leading into the steep canyon itself.The site appears
to be confi ned to wi thi n 50 m of the canyon rim,but the extent of
subsurface remains is unknown.The gentle slope descends gradually to
the northeast;small linear kames,1 m to 2 m high and ca.30 m long
trending northwest-southeast,make the surface undulate slightly.This
gentle slope is the northeastern edge of a large glaciolacustrine plain
on the north side of the Susitna River.The plain has numerous kame
ridges on it,and generally descends southward in a gentle,undulating
slope.Because that part of the slope on which the site is located
descends northeastward,the rest of this plain is not visible from the
site due to i nterveni ng hi gher ground to the southwest.Jay Creek
canyon is easily seen meandering from the northeast to south of the
site.Jay Creek is not easily accessible from the site due to the
steepness of the canyon to the south,though moderately steep ridges
3-95
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leading to the creek east of the site may provide access.A small
clearwater stream flows 150 m north of the site at the bottom of a
gentle slope.This is the nearest accessible water.Beyond this stream
the Jay Creek uplands are visible.These extend to the west,blocking
the view in that direction.Located in the steep canyon area south of
the site is a mineral lick popular with mountain sheep.Sign of game is
abundant in the site area.Over a dozen archeological sites have been
found within 1 km of this lick area.The site is covered with a
moderately dense stand of dwarf birch and fairly complete ground cover
of lichen and low heath plants.Spruce,willow and paper birch are
scattered on the gentle slope above the canyon,and become fairly dense
on the canyon slopes.Game trails,rodent burrows,and frost boils
provide a few areas of exposed sediments.
Reconnaissance Testing:A sparse surface scatter of lithic material was
fi rst encountered on the rim of the canyon and edge of the gentl e slope
leading away from it.Eighteen flakes,composed of basalt and rhyolite,
were noted on the surface within an area of 70 m (northwest-southeast)
by 20 m (northeast-southwest).Eight of these flakes were collected,
and the rest were mapped in place.These flakes were foundi n areas of
subsurface exposure (game trails,rodent burrows,frost-boiled areas,
and places of active downslope movement of material).A single 40 cm by
40 cm test pit (test pit 1)was placed on the southeast end of a small
kame,30 m north of the canyon edge.A dense layer of cultural material
was encountered in thi s test pit at 12 cmbs to 25 cmbs,underl yi ng a
discontinuous gray silt unit (Oshetna tephra).Two projectile points
(UA82-83-1,2;Figure 3.51,a,b,respectively),one side-notched and
the other lanceolate with the base missing,were found in this cultural
layer at 12 cmbs and 15 cmbs,respectively.Over 1300 flakes,composed
of basalt,rhyolite,and several kinds of chert,and over 1300 long bone
fragments of calcined bone were recovered from test pit 1 in tfiis layer
as well"No additi onal subsurface testi ng was conducted.
3-96
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Collected Artifact Inventory
Surface:
4 Gray-black basalt flakes
1 Yellow rhyolite flake
1 White rhyolite flake
2 Li g ht brown rhyol i te fl a kes
1 Brown rhyolite fl ake
Subsurface:
2 Black basalt projectile points (UA82-83-1,2;Figure 3.51,a,b,
respect i vel y)
1300+flakes,many different material types
1356 Long bone fragments,calcined,medium-large mammal
3-97
Figure 3.31.
Test Pit
Site Datum
Surface Artifact
Birch Tree
S9ruce Tree
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Contour Interval:1 m.
Talkeetna Mts.D-2
T.31 N.,R.8 E.,S.M.
SW 1/4 NW 1/4 SE 1/4 Sec.1
Site Map TLM 143.
3-98
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Area:ca.3.7 kIn
Area Map:
USGS ~1ap:
northeast of Jay Creek Mouth,Survey Locale
Figure A.4;Survey Locale Map:Figure A.29
Tal keetnaMts.0-2,Scale 1:63,360
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Site Location:UTM Zone 6 Easting 456000 Northing 6964400
Latitude 62°48'35 11 N.,Longitude 147°52'40 11 W.
T.31 N.,R.8 E.,Seward ~1eridian
Sec.1,NW~SE~NE~
Site Map:Figure 3.32
Setting:TLM 144 is located north of the Susitna River ca.3.7 km
northeast of the mouth of Jay Creek.The site morphology includes a
prominent elongated knoll and 2 small circular knolls within 10 m north
of the elongated knoll.The elongated knoll is the primary topographi c
feature and at an el evati on of 831 m asl (2725 feet)is the hi ghest
point of topographic relief between its location and Jay Creek.The
elongated knoll is orientated in a southwest to northeast direction and
is ca.20 m by 5 m on the level crest area.The 2 smaller circular
knolls are 1 m to 1.5 m lower in elevation and from 7 m to 9 m in
diameter.The southern face of the elongate knoll slopes moderately
steeply at about a 10-degree angle for 75 m at which di stance the slope
becomes more gradual and merges onto a gl aci 01 acust ri ne plain conti nui ng
for about 500 m to the Jay Creek valley rim.North and east of the
site,slopes are more gradual and continue for 25 m before rising to
upland hills which reach elevations of 1113 m asl (3650 feet).A small
clearwater creek was observed approximately 200 m southwest of the site.
This creek is a tributary of Jay Creek flowing northwest to southeast,
draining the upland areas,and is accessible from the site.The view
from the elongate knoll encompasses the Jay Creek valley and surrounding
terrain and is obscured only minimally by present vegetation on the
southern slope.This site is an excellent vantage point for observing
3-99
the uplands down to the vicinity of the reported mineral lick.While
this site was being recorded 14 Dall sheep were observed making this
descent.In the northern directions visibility is obscured oy upland
hills.The predominant vegetation on the site consists of low brush
with a ground cover of lichens,crowberry,blueberry,Labrador tea,
cranberry and scattered grasses.The southern slope includes dwarf
birch,alder and spruce cover with denser spruce stands at lower eleva-
tions.North of the site,as elevation increases,the vegetation zone
changes to open shrub.Erosi onal features are apparent on the east and
southwest slope of the knoll as well as on the central portion of the
crest.
Reconnaissance Testing:The site includes two areas,the prominent
elongate knoll and the smaller circular knoll.The site was initially
located by su rface 1ithi c debitage found on the exposu re on the knoll
crest.Additional surface reconnaissance located a basalt corner
notched projectile point (UA82-84-1;Figure 3.50,e)on the southern
slope of the knoll.A 40 em by 40 cm test (test pit 1)was placed in
the vicinity of the surface lithic scatter and a site datum established
in the southwest corner.Excavation of this test pit yielded 2 flakes
and 1 calcined long bone fragment,each recovered from different strati-
graphic contexts indicating that this site is multicomponent.In addi-
tion to the previously mentioned cultural material,lithics were found
in 2 of 5 shovel tests placed in the site area.One of these shovel
test s was located on the western end of the elongate knoll and contai ned
5 fl akes.The other shovel test situated on a small ci rcul ar knoll,
north of the western porti on of the elongate knoll,contai ned 3 small
flakes.
3-100
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Coll ected Arti fact Inventory
Surface:
1 Basalt corner notched projectile point (UA82-84-1;Figure 3.50,e)
2 Ba sa 1t fl a ke s
1 Rhyolite flake
Subsurface:
4 Basalt flakes.
1 Red chert flake
1 Brown chert fl ake
4 Rhyolite flakes
1 Long bone fragment,calcined,medium to large mammal
3-101
Site Datum x
Surface Artifact ~-
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T.31 N.,R.8 E.,S.M.
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3-102
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Area:ca.1.7 km
Area Map:
USGS Map:
northeast of Jay Creek Mouth,Survey Locale
Figure A.4;Survey Locale Map:Figure A.28
Talkeetna Mts.D-2,Scale 1:63,360
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Site Location:UTM Zone 6 Easting 455650 Northing 6962400
Latitude 62°47 1 25"N.,Longitude 147°52 1 10"W.
T.31 N.,R.8 E.,Seward Meridian
Sec.12,NW~NW~SE~
Site Map:Fi gure 3.33
Setting:The site,at approximately 716 m asl (2350 feet),is located
on a ridge which extends eastward from a glaciolacustrine plain
ca.1.7 km northeast of the confluence of Ja~Creek with the Susitna
River.Jay Creek,which'is 300 m east of the site,flows southward
137 m (450 feet)below the site area.The creek is relatively inacces-
sible due to the steepness of the slopes extending down to it.200 m
north of the site the creek bends westward and then makes a sharp turn
to the east.The site is situated on the central portion of the ridge
which is ca.200 m in length.The ridge slopes eastward at a moderate
angle in the site vicinity for a distance of 15 m,and then decreases
for 40 m.The ridge rises at this point,reaching its apex ca.100 m
east of the site.North and northeast the terrain broadens out for a
distance of 35 m to the rim of the Jay Creek canyon.Visibility from
the site is partially obscured to the east,north,and south by present
vegetati on.From the level area above the site,2 m higher in el eva-
ti on,there is a vi ew of an amphitheater shaped cli ff.Thi s formati on is
the location of a reported mineral lick and is ca.1 km north of the
site.To the south the Jay Creek mouth is visible.Vegetation on the
site includes both low and high shrub,scattered spruce trees,shrub
birch,alder,blueberry,willow,lowbush cranberry,with a ground cover
of lichens,mosses,and scattered grasses.The eastern,northern and
3-103
southern slopes are characterized by closed mixed spruce-hardwood
forest.Thi s forest i ncl udes stands of bi rch and spruce with under-
growth of mosses and grasses,and brush in the open areas.
Reconnai ssance Testi n9:The site contai ns both surface and subsurface
material.Basalt,rhyolite and chert flakes were located on a game
trail which runs along the crest of the ridge,with the scatter confined
to an 8 m by 1m area on an eastward facing 4 to 5-degree slope.On this
slope the ground surface appears to be additi onally eroded by weatheri ng
processes.A 40 cm by 40 cm test (test pit 1)was pl aced north of the
lithic scatter off the edge of the game trail.Subsurface material from
this test pit included 107 flakes and 93 calcined long bone fragments.
Only 2 stratigraphic units wererecogni zed,a dark brown finely sorted
organic layer and an underlying light grayish-brown silty matrix with
gravel s.The arti factual materi al was associ ated with the upper strata.
Partially burned wood was also visible within this strata in the unit
profile.Two additional basalt flakes were located 22 m west of the
scatter on the level area of the ridge 2 m higher in elevation.Three
shovel tests were placed in this area,all with negative results.
Coll ected Arti fact Inventory
Surface:
3 Rhyolite flakes
3 Basalt flakes
1 Gray chert fl ake
Subsurface:
67 Rhyol ite fl akes
32 Basalt flakes
6 Gray chert fl akes
2 Bl ack chert fl akes
1 Burin spall fragment (?)
1 Skull fragment,calcined,medium to large mammal
92 Long bone/flat bone fragments,calcined,medium to large mammal
3-104
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T.31 N.,R.8 E.,S.M.
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3-105
(xxvi)AHRS Number TLM 146,Accession Number UA82-86
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Area:ca.2.5 km
Area t1ap:
USGS Map:
north of Jay Creek Mouth,
Fi gure A.4;Survey Local e
Talkeetna Mts.0-2,Scale
Survey Locale 131
Map:Figure A.34
1:63,360
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Site Location:UTM Zone 6 Easting 455100 Northing 6963800
Latitude 62°48 1 10"N.,Longitude 147°52 1 43"W.
T.31 N.,R.8 E.,Sewa rdMe ri dian
Sec.1,SW~NW~SE~
Site Map:Fi gure 3.34
Setting:The site is located on a broad sloping hill that descends from
upland elevations 1114 m asl (3654 feet)down to a glacio-lacustrine
plain 762 m asl (2500 feet).The site is topographically higher than
terrain to the south and southeast situated approximately 7 m to 8 m
above the lower undul ati ng pl ai n at a positi on i ntermedi ate between the
Susitna River and the WatanaHills to the north.The site is at an
elevation of ca.834 m asl (2750 feet)where the plain begins a gradual
northward ri se to the Watana Hills.The south facing slope of the knoll
gradually descends to the undulating plain,ca.30 m distant.Neither
Jay Creek or the Susitna River are visible from the site,however the
valleys can be seen.A gradual east sloping draw levels out approxi-
mately 125 m northeast of the site.A small downcut valley adjacent to
TLM 138 is situated at the eastern extent of the draw.Another narrow
and shallow clear water stream is situated ca.100 m directly south of
the site.The latter stream originates from two kettle lakes (l and 2
hectares)ca ..75 km west of the site.Although not vi si ble from the
site,the stream is visible from a kame crest 70 m south of TLM 146.In
addition to the two lakes mentioned above,a third lake,Laha Lake,is
visible from the site to the southwest.The three lakes are situated
within a radius of 700 m and are easily accessible.Site vegetation
i ncl udes wi 11 ow,dwa rf bi rch,white and yellow 1;chen,Labrador tea,
3-106
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blueberry,crowberry,heath,and spruce.Surrounding vegetation in-
cludes all of the site species plus fireweed and mosses.Dwarf birch
and blueberry stands are considerably more dense below the site terrain
feature.
Reconnai ssance Testi ng:Intensi ve su rface and subsu rface reconnai ssance
was conducted after a shovel test revealed a basalt flake (UA82-86-1).
No arti facts were found on the surface or in subsequent subsurface
shovel tests including a 40 em by 40 cm test pit (test pit 1).The flat
level area north of the site area (ca.40 m by 20 m)was extensively
examined with negative results.Adjacent deflated areas,across the
crest,were exami ned but produced negati ve results.Frost heavi ng
(boiling)is apparent across the level crest north of the site area and
discontinuous stratigraphic units observed also evidence cryoturbation.
Collected Artifact Inventory
Subsurface:
1 Basalt flake with retouched or utilized edge (UA82-86-1)
3-107
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3-108
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Area:
(xxvi i)AHRS Number TLM 147,Accessi on Number UA82-87
1.6 kin north of Jay Creek Mouth,Su rvey Local e 127
Area Map:Figure A.4;Location Map:Figure A.28
USGS Map:Tal keetna Mts.0-2,Scale 1:63,360
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Site Location:UTM Zone 6 Easting 455130 Northing 6962500
Latitude 62°47'30"N.,Longitude 147°52 1 50"W.
To 31 N.,R.8 E.,Seward Meridi an
Sec.12,S 94SWl;;NWl;;
Site Map:Figure 3.35
Setting:The site is located at an elevation of 735 m asl (2410 feet)
on a broad flat terrace 1.6 kin north of the mouth of Jay Creek,850 m
west of Jay Creek.The site is on the east side of the terrace,which
measures 100 m (east-west)by 250 m (north-south),approximately 60 m
north of the terrace's southern limit (Figure 3.35).The terrace slopes
southward in a stepped fashion;dropping abruptly 10 m south of the
site,then fl atteni ng out for 50 m,1 m lower than the site.A ci rcul ar
basin lies 50 m southwest of the site;it is 5 m lower in elevation,and
measures 50 m in diameter.Beyond this basin the terrace descends
gently into a well-defined drainage,300 m to the southwest.On the
terrace,50 m to the west of the site,lies a small kame 20 m long
(northwest-southeast)and 6 m wide.It is 1 m higher in elevation than
the level terrace.The terrace extends about 200 m to the northwest and
west,where it merges with undulati ng kame topography.To the northeast
and east the terrain is low and boggy,about 2 m lower in elevation than
the site.Views from the site are good in every direction except west,
where the small kame obstructs western terrain.However,the area west
of the kame contains a small drainage that flows south joining the major
drainage southwest of the site.vJest of the small drainage (l00 m)the
terrain rises 10 m higher than the site.A 2 hectare marshy basin is
visible 100 m south and southeast of the site.Vegetation on the site
3-109
and su rroundi ng terrace consi sts of dwarf bi rch and Labrador tea wi th a
groundcover of blueberry,cranberry,fireweed,wild rose,and white
lichens.To the north,the plateau is forested with black spruce.The
low bog area to the northeast and east has grasses,willow,much cinque-
foil and crowberry with numerous black spruce.The marshes to the
southeast and south are grassy,while the nearer (more westerly)marsh
is transiti onal wi th wi 11 ow and dwarf bi rch present.Bl ack spruce are
present in the drainage area along the west side of the plateau,and
abundant on the hi gh terrai n west of the site.
Reconnai ssance Testi ng:One 1arge gray rhyolite fl ake with bl ack
streaking was found in a shovel test.Its stratigraphic position is not
known.Subsurface shovel tests pl aced nearby did not reveal additi onal
cultural material.Surface reconnaissance of ground squirrel burrow
berms was al so negative.One test pit (test pit 1)was superimposed
over the shovel test where the fl ake was found,but no other arti facts
were observed.A charcoal sample was taken from a large charcoal layer
between the Watana and Oshetna tephra units.
Coll ected Arti fact Inventory
Su bsu rface :
1 Gray rhyolite flake
3-110
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T.31 N.,R.8 E.,S.M.
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Site Map TLM 147.
3-111
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Area:
(xxviii)AHRS Number TLM 148,Accession Number UA82-88
1.75 km north-northeast of Jay Creek Mouth,Survey Locale 127
Area Map:Figure A.4;Location Map:Figure A.28
USGS Map:TalkeetnaMts.0-2,Scale 1:63,360
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Site Locati on:UTM Zone 6 Easti ng 455300 Northi ng 6962600
Latitude 62°47 1 35"N.,Longitude 147°52 1 30"W.
T.31 N.,R.8 E.,Seward Meridian
Sec.12,SW~S~NW~
Site Map:Figure 3.36
Setting:The site is located on the northwest corner of a roughly
triangular broad,flat terrace,approximately 400 m west of Jay Creek,
1.75 km north-northeast of the confluence of the Susitna River and Jay
Creek.The terrace lies at 732 m asl (2400 feet)elevation,and is part
of the gradually sloping undulating glaciolacustrine plain north of the
Susitna River in this area.It is separated from the rest of this plain
by Jay Creek canyon 150 m to the east,an unnamed tributary canyon 100 m
to the north,and a small drainage 100 m to the west of the site.The
small drainage to the west is 5 m lower in elevation than the terrace
top.The larger drainage north of the site drops abruptly about 60 m in
depth.The site 1i es on the upper edge of the western slope of the
terrace,approximately 0.5 m below the level top of the terrace.From
the site,Jay Creek canyon and the canyon tributary to it are visible to
the nort h,and the Jay Creek up 1ands,2 km to 3 km di stant,a re vi si b1e
as well.Portions of the undulating plain are vi si ble to the west (up
to 500 m distant)but the view is obscured by spruce forest and inter-
vening hills.The marsh and small slow creek 100 m to the west provide
the nearest easily accessible water.Clear running water is available
from the tri butary canyon to the north,250 m away.Several small
(1 hectare or less)ponds and marshes are found to the west.To the
south,the view of the terrace and Susitna River canyon rim is obscured
3-112
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by spruce forest.The terrace top is visible to the east,but Jay Creek
canyon cannot be seen.Numerous other archeological sites in the area
(TLM 128,138,139,140,141,143,and 147)are visible to the north and
west.The terrace is vegetated with moderately dense dwarf birch,
lichen,Labrador tea,blueberry,and other heath shrubs.A few
scattered spruce occur in the vicinity of the site,and are more common
on the plain west and south of the site.The marsh 100 m west of the
site contai ns low boggy heath pl ants and grasses.Spruce-bi rch forests
are dense on the slopes of canyons to the north and east.
Reconnaissance Testing:Cultural material was encountered in subsurface
context in a single 40 em by 40 cm test pit (test pit 1).Twenty white
rhyolite flakes were found in an initial shovel test,occurring from
1 cmbs to 6 cmbs in dept h.El even additi onal whi te rhyolite fl akes were
encountered duri ng excavati on of test pit 1.These occur from 4 cmbs to
7.5 cmbs,under the organi c mat.Fl akes occur ina charcoal unit
(Unit 2)directly below the mat,in a pinkish-gray fine silt unit
(Unit 3:Devil tephra),and in the contact between them.A few flakes
appeared to come from within the organic mat in the shovel test.
,Despite 7 additional shovel tests placed in the vicinity of test pit 1
and extensive surface examination,no other artifacts were found.
Coll ected Arti fact Inventory
Subsu rface:
31 White rhyolite flakes
3-113
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site Datum •Contour Interval:50 em
Shovel Test 0 Talkeetna Mts.D-2
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[(xxi x)AHRS Number TLM 149,Accessi on Number UA82-89
3-115
Site Map:Figure 3.37
Latitude 62°48'08 11 N.,Longitude 147°53'04 11 vI.
Site Location:UTM Zone 6 Easting 454800 Northing 6963700
West Side of Jay Creek,Survey Locale 131
Figure A.4;Location ~1ap:Figure A.34
Talkeetna Mts.0-2,Scale 1:63,360
Laha Lake,
Area Map:
USGS Map:
Area:
T.31 N.,R.8 E.,Seward Meridian
Sec.1,NW~SW~SW~
Setting:TLM 149 is situated at approximately 808 m asl (2650 feet)on
a low knoll,2.8 km north of the mouth of Jay Creek.The knoll is
crescent shaped wi th a 30 m long and 15 m wi de southern portion ori ented
northwest-southeast.The northern portion is 20 m by 8 m oriented
north-south.The site is situated in the middle of the northern knoll
portion which is about 5 m above the surrounding terrain on its west
side and about 1 m above the surrounding terrain on its east side.The
site knoll is one of many knolls within a 200 m radius that vary between
800 m asl and 823 m asl.Thi s large group of kame knoll s trends east-
west for approximately 1.2 km from the east side of Laha Lake.The site
knoll is 500 m east of t he easternmost ti p of Laha Lake and 100 m north
of a small unnamed creek.The view from the site to the north and
northwest includes a series of kames,averaging 815 m asl,mountainous
foothills 2 km distant,as well as mountain peaks reaching 6000 feet
asl.Vi ew to the northeast is obscured by a hi gher knoll 40 m di stant.
Beyond kames to the east,high topography on the east side of Jay Creek
is visible.To the southeast the kame topography descends gently for
100 m.The Susitna River drainage is visible 3 km distant as is high
topography on its south side.A plateau on the east side of Jay Creek
is also visible to the southeast.The creek (100 m distant)is not
visible from the site,although it is audible.Site vegetation consists
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of a white lichen mat,lowbush cranberry,crowberry,blueberry,Labrador
tea,and low-lying dwarf birch,along with a few willow.One young
black spruce is growi ng 4 m west of the site datum.Other knoll s wi thi n
a 200 m radius are similarly vegetated.Knoll slopes tend to exhibit
exposed gravelly soil and are lichenous.Swales or shallow draws
between knoll s are covered with dwarf bi rch.Dense bl ack spruce
thickets stand in seasonal drainages between knolls.Other sites within
this stretch of undulating kame topography east of Laha Lake are TLM
138,146, 150,151,152,and 154.
Reconnai ssance Testi ng:No su rface arti facts,were observed at TLM 149.
The subsurface assemblage consists of burned bone (968 fragments)coming
from a cultural layer between 5 cmbs to 10 cmbs in a 40 cm by 40 em test
pit (test pit 1).The cultural layer lies between the Devil and Watana
tephra units.Dense boneconcentrati ons were encountered in the south
half of the test pit.Two small light brown rhyolite flakes were also
located in association with the burned bone in the southwest quarter of
the test pit.A charcoal sample was obtained from the northeast quarter
of the test pit,which may provide a radiometric date for this strati-
graphic contact.Three additional shovel tests placed on the knoll
feature did not produce cultural material.
Coll ected Arti fact Inventory
Su bsu rface :
2 Light brown rhyolite flakes
963 Long bone fragments,calcined,medium to large mammal
2 Phal anx,di stal porti on,small mammal
1 Metatarsal/metacarpal fragment,calcined,medium to large mammal
1 Carpal fragment,cal ci ned,cari bou (Rangi fer tarandus)
1 Astragalus fragment,calcined,small mammal
C-14 sample (UA82-89-11)
3-116
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Site ~1ap TLM 149.
3-117
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Area:
(xxx)AHRS Number TLM 150,Accessi on Number UA82-90
2.6 km north of Jay Creek Mouth,Survey Locale 131
Area Map:Figure A.4;Location Map:Figure A.34
USGS Map:Talkeetna Mts.D-2,Scale 1:63,360
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Site Location:UTM Zone 6 Easting 454780 Northing 6963500
Latitude 62°48 1 00"N.,Longitude 147°53 1 10"W.
To 31 N.,R.8 E.,Seward t<1eridi an
Sec.1,N~SW~SW~
Site Map:Figure 3.38
Setting:Located on the crest of a small kame ridge,TU1 150 lies at an
el evati on of 802 m (2630 feet)asl,2.6 km due north of the mouth of Jay
Creek.The kame ridge is one of a series of similar kame ridges on an
undulating terrace between Jay Creek,750 m to the east,and Laha Lake,
a 7 hectare 1ake 500 m tQ the west.The ridge is ori ented roughl y,
northeast-southwest,and is approximately 150 m long and 20 m to 30 m
wide.It is fairly linear,broadly rounded in cross-section.The site
is approximately 10 m southwest of the central high point of the ridge,
on the flattened ridgetop.A slight swale,1 m to 2 m lower in eleva-
tion than the ridgetop,separates the ridge from a slightly higher ridge
to the west and northwest.Higher ground also lies to the southwest,
approximately 75 m distant,across a dip 4 m deep.To the southeast and
east across a relatively low drainage (7 m to 10 m lower than the site
elevation)are similar but smaller kame ridges.Low kames and ridges
are found to the northeast and north,approximately 75 m away.A small
clear water creek,the outlet stream from a small pond northeast of Laha
Lake,flows 100 m to the north.Beyond this creek,rolling uplands lead
to hills of up to 1113 m (3650 feet)approximately 2.5 km to the north.
From the site,a good vi ew of the roll i ng kames to the east and north ; s
available.The view to the south and west is partially to completely
obscured by open spruce woodland and intervening terrain.Jay Creek
3-118
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lies in a steep-walled drainage 750 m to the east.It is inaccessible,
owing to the sheer walls.A mineral lick favored by game is reported
from here,and numerous other archeological sites have been discovered
in thi s area.The site and surrounding terrai n are vegetated by dwarf
birch scrub,with Labrador tea,blueberry and other low heath plants,
and lichen providing a fairly continuous ground cover.Spruce are
scattered on the kame top,and are denser in the lower swale areas.
Reconnai ssance Testi ng:Cultural materi al was encountered ina $i ngle
40 em by 40 cm test pit (test pit 1).Four black basalt flakes were
found in an initial shovel test,beneath the organic mat and above
7.5 cmbs.Upon expansion of this test to test pit 1,4 additional black
basalt flakes were encountered between 4 cmbs to 6 cmbs,beneath the
organic layer and within and above the underlying pink-gray silty Unit 2
(Devil tephra).At 9 embs to 12 cmbs,beneath Unit 4 (Watana tephra),5
calcined small to large mammal long bone fragments were encountered.
One piece,found at 9 cmbs in the west wall of test pit 1,was located
within the gray silty Unit 5 (Oshetna tephra);the others were found
within or at the upper contact of this unit.The stratigraphic distri-
bution of cultural material in test pit 1 strongly suggests that the
site contains more than one component.Despite extensive surface exam-
ination and the placement of eight additional shovel tests,no other
arti factual materi al was found.
Collected Artifact Inventory
Subsurface:
8 Bl ack basalt fl akes
5 Bone fragments,calcined,small to large mammal
3-119
Figure 3.38.Site Map TLM 150.
3-120
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site Datum x
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Contour Interval:1 meter
Talkeetna Mts.0-2
T.31 N.,R.8 E.,S.M.
NE ~,SW ~,SW ~,Sec.1
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Setting:The site is located in an area characterized by kettle and
kame topography ca.2.5 km north of the Jay Creek and Susitna River
confluence.The kame features are dissected by a series of swales,
drai nages and creeks.'The kame feature on whi ch thi s site is situated
is approximately 100 m in length oriented northeast-southwest.The kame
has the appearance of an elongated ridge with 3 di screte ri sese The
site is on a circular rise on the southwest end of the kame 732 m asl
(2400 feet),15 m by 6 m in area.A circular rise on the center of the
kame and 1 m hi gher than TLM 151 is the hi ghest poi nt of topographi c
rel i ef on thi skame feature.The ci rcul ar ri se associ ated with TLM 151
is defined primarily by the slope of the south and west faces which
descend 2 m to 3 m over a distance of 10 m.The kame feature is
bordered on the north and south sides by swales,ca.15 m in width,with
creeks on both the western and eastern sides.There is excellent access
from the site to the small creek on the west side of the kame ridge.
This creek is an outlet for an unnamed kettle lake which is one of three
kettle lakes 6 km to 8 km northwest of the site and is also a Jay Creek
tributary.The creek flows south past the site,bending northwest 150 m
upstream.The Jay Creek valley rim ;s ca.500 m ~Jest of the site.At
that location Jay Creek makes a sharp turn and an amphitheater formation
is evident.This formation is the location of a mineral lick.The
Site Location:UTM Zone 6 Easting 455100 Northing 6963450
Site Map:Figure 3.39
131northoftheJayCreekMouth,Survey Locale
Figure A.4;Survey Locale Map:Figure A.34
Talkeetna Mts.0-2,Scale 1:63,360
Latitude 62°47 1 58"N.,Longitude 147°52 1 45"W.
T.31 N.,R.8 E.,Seward Meridian
Sec.1,S~SW~SW~
(xxxi)AHRS Number TLM 151,Accessi on Number UA82-91
ca.2.5 kIn
Area ~1ap:
USGS Map:
Area:
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location of this site in between the uplands to the north and northwest
and Jay Creek to the east may be correlated to movement of game toward
the mineral lick.Vi sibility from the site is partially obscured in all
directions by scattered spruce trees.To the north,upland hills which
attain elevations of ca.1097 m (3600 feet)can be seen.Kame features
are in view for 150 m to 250m.The site vegetation consists of
scattered spruce trees and brush including dwarf birch,blueberry,and
heath.Li chen,mosses,and scattered grasses are common on the surface.
Vegetation in the site area is similar to that on the site with denser
brush in swales,drainages,and along creek margins.
Reconnaissance Testing:This site contains only subsurface material;
there was no surface indication of the site.Fi fteen bone fragments
\'1ere recovered from a shovel test located on a level area on the eastern
end of the kame feature.This shovel test was expanded into a 40 em by
40 cm test (test pit 1).Five hundred and thirty-six calcined long bone
fragments,one calcined medium to large mammal rib fragment,and 13
flakes representing 4 material types were found in this test.The
materi al was associ ated with a cultural unit (7 cmbs to 20 cmbs)beneath
a unit of dark brown finely sorted organics.The cultural matrix
truncates a unit of yellowish-brown fine grained matrix (Watana tephra)
whi chi s stratigraphically lower than the cultural unit.Thi s may
indicate a cut and fill type of relationship and consequently a pit
feature.The cultural unit itself had a mixed appearance with a
reddi sh-brown silty matri x,a gray;sh matri x (tephra or cultural ash),
and charcoal lenses and flecks.A carbon sample was collected (UA82-
91-21)which could date the cultural unit.No additional subsurface
testing was conducted in the 15 m by 6 m level area on which the site is
si tuated.
3-122
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Collected Arti fact Inventory
Subsu rface:
8 Basalt fl akes
2 Gray chert fl akes
2 Chalcedony flakes
1 Rhyolite fl ake
31 Long bone fragments,calcined,small to large mammal
519 Long bone fragments,calcined,medium to large mammal
1 Rib fragment,calcined,medium to large mammal
3-123
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T.31 N.,R.8 E.,S.M.
SE ~,SW ~,SW ~,Sec.1
Contour Interval:1 meter
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Site Map TLM 151.
3-124
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(xxxi i)AHRS Number TLM 152,Accessi on Number UA82-92
Area:ca.2.7 km northwest of Jay Creek Mouth,Survey Locale 131
Area Map:Figure A.4;Location Map:Figure A.34
USGS Map:Talkeetna Mts.0-2,Scale 1:63,360
Site Location:UTM Zone 6 Easting 454350 Northing 6963620
Latitude 62°48 1 05"N.,Longitude 147°53 1 35"W.
T.31 N.,R.8 E.,Seward Meridian
Sec.2,NW~SE~SE~
Site Map:Figure 3.40
Setti ng:TLM 152 is located in an area of ice contact featu res 2.7 km
northwest of the Jay Creek and Susitna River confluence.The site,at
an elevation of 802 m asl (2630 feet),is situated on a prominent
elongate kame feature overlooking two kettle lakes.These lakes are
ca.2 and 7 hectares in si ze wi th the 1arger 1ake 100 m west and the
smaller lake 50 m south of the kame feature.An additional 1 hectare
kettle lake is located 125 m northeast of the site,but is obscured from
view by intervening terrain.The kame,50 m northeast-southwest by 20 m
northwest-southeast,is separated from kame features to the east by an
outlet stream which drains the 2 hectare lake and flows eastward
eventually draining into Jay Creek.The site is situated on a rise,
ca ..5 m higher in elevation,on the eastern portion of the kame.An
additional rise,at the same elevation,is evident on the western end.
The southern and eastern sides of the kame facing the drainage and lake
have moderate slope angles dropping ca.8 m to 10 m to the lake margin.
Slopes in all other directions are more gradual and undulating in
appearance.The view from the site encompasses a lake south of the site
in addition to portions of a lake to the west.In all directions the
terrain consists of kettle and kame topography.Visibility varies from
1 km to 5 km depending on the position of surrounding kames.There is a
cl ear vi ew to the southeast of the kame featu re on whi ch TLM 154 is
3-125
located.The site has a fairly continuous cover of blueberries,
Labrador tea,crowberries,dwarf birch,and lichens.Small surface
exposures are present.Vegetation in the surrounding area is similar to
that of the site with denser brush along the outlet stream and small
stands of spruce in lower areas between kame features.
Reconnai ssance Testi ng:The site consi sts of a si ngl e gray chert fl ake
located in a shovel test on the eastern upper extent of the kame
feature.Surface reconnaissance and 5 shovel tests placed along the
kame failed to reveal any additional artifactual material.The shovel
test which contained the chert flake was expanded into a 40 em by 40 cm
test (test pit 1),with negative results.
Call ected Arti fact Inventory
Subsu rface:
1 Chert fl ake
3-126
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Site Map TLM 152.
3-127
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(xxxi i i)AHRS Number TLM ..154,Accessi on Number UA82-94
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Area:2 km north
Area Map:
USGS Map:
of the mouth of Jay Creek,Survey Locale
Figure A.4;Location Map:Figure A.34
Talkeetna Mts.0-2,Scale 1:63,360
131
Site Location:UTM Zone 6 Easting 454450 Northing 6963400
Latitude 62°47'58"N.,Longitude 147°53'30"W.
To 31N.,R.8 Eo,Seward Meridian
Sec.2,SW~SE~SE~
Site Map:Fi gure 3.41
Setting:TLM 154 is located at an elevation of ca.808 m asl (2650
feet),on a south-facing kame ridge 250 m south of Laha Lake,ca.2 km
north of the mouth of Jay Creek (Figure A.4).The kame ridge lies 80 m
to the south-southeast of the edge of a small (2 hectare)oval lake
southeast of Laha Lake.The top of thi s ridge is 10 m higher than the
level of the lake,and is 5 m higher than the elevation of the site.
The ridge descends to the southwest in three separate fi nger ridges,
each approximately 75 m long.The site is located along the broad flat
crest of the middle finger ridge,50 m southwest of the top of the kame
ridge,which is approximately 20 m wide (northwest-southeast),and
slopes gradually in an undulating fashion.It is surrounded by boggy
areas 3 m to 5 m lower than the elevation of the site,30 m to the
southeast,50 m to the southwest,and 10 m to the west.To the north
150 m beyond the kame ridge top,is the outlet stream to the small oval
lake.This small sinuous clear water creek runs eastward,eventually
emptying into Jay Creek canyon,1.5 km to the east.The ground around
the creek and small lake is also low and boggy in contrast to numerous
well-drained kame ridges nearby.The regional kettle-and-kame topo-
graphy surrounding the site has a local relief of from 5 m to 20 m;
kames are larger and higher west of the site,near Laha Lake.From the
site,view to the east,west,and northwest is restricted by the
3-128
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irregular terrain.From the ridgetop,however,a panoramic view is
available of the broad undulating kettle-and-kametopography on the
terrace of the Susitna River valley to the south and east,as well as
Laha Lake to the northwest.The Watana Hills can be seen further to the
north,while Jay Creek canyon is visible to the east.The Susitna River
canyon can be seen to the south.The region around the site,and the
site itself,is vegetated with a fairly continuous cover of dwarf birch,
low heath plants,blueberry,and lichens.Spruce are scattered in lower
terrain.Bog grasses are found in low,damp areas.On the ridgetop
large areas of exposed gravel are present,but not on the site itself.
Reconnaissance Testing:An initial shovel test revealed 12 flakes of
two different material types.With expansion into a 40 em by 50 em test
pit (test pit 1),150 gray rhyolite and gray-white quartzite flakes were
recovered.These flakes were found in two stratigraphic units within a
dark humic layer beneath the organic mat (unit 2),and in the underlying
gray-white silt (unit 3,Devil tephra).Si x subsequent shovel tests
were placed in the vicinity of test pit 1.In shovel test 2 (Figure
3.41),a lanceolate projectile point (UA82-94-4;Figure 3.50,f)\'Jas
uncovered from an unknown stratigraphic position.In addition,3 gray
rhyolite flakes were found on the surface of a lichen mat,40 m to the
northwest of site datum.The gravel exposures on the ridgetop and other
areas rel at ively clear of shrubby vegetati on were carefully exami ned for
additi onal su rface arti fact s,but none were found.
3-129
Collected Artifact Inventory
Surface:
3 Gray rhyolite flakes
Subsurface:
1 Gray rhyolite lanceolate projectile point (UA82-94-4;Figure 3.50,f)
17 Gray-white quartzite unmodified flakes
116 Gray rhyolite unmodified flakes
3-130
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3-131
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Test Pit 0 0 10 20
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Site Datum x
Shovel Test
METERS
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Shovel Test (biface)•Contour Interval:1 meter
Spruce ~Talkeetna Mts.D-2
Surface Artifact -:-T.31 N.,R.8 E.,S.M.
SE l:t,SW l:t,sw l:t,Sec.2
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(b)Historic Sites and Discussion
No historic sites were located in other portions of the study area
during the 1982 field season.
3-132
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3.6 -Systematic Testing
(a)Introduction
Three sites received systematic testing in 1982:TLM 128,TLM 130 and
TLM 143.As with previous sites selected for systematic testing these
sites were selected out of the sites located during the 1982 field
season because they appeared to have the potential for providing infor-
mati on concerni ng the cultu ral chronology for thi s porti on of Al aska.
(b)Si tes
(i)Systematic Testing TLM 128--Jay Creek Ridge Site
Location:See section 3.5 (a-ix).
Testing:Systematic testing at TLM 128 consisted of three 1 m by 1 m
test squares.These test squares were placed in the vicinity of a
surface erosional feature located on the southern portion of the ridge
(Fi gu re 3.42).The test s qua res were po si t ion ed ina chec kerboard
pattern wi th one of the test squares superimposed over test pit 1,whi ch
was excavated during initial reconnaissance in the 1982 field season.
Placement of the three test squares was designed to provide a 3 m con-
tinuous profile in an effort to define the content,extent and strati-
graphi c positi on of arti factual materi al recovered from su rface recon-
nai ssance and in test pit 1.
Di scussi on:
TLM 128 was initially identified by the presence of artifactual material
in association with an erosional feature.This material included flakes
of rhyol ite and fi ne grai ned chert in additi on to a chert bi face frag-
ment (UA82-68-3;Figure 3.49,a).Test pit 1 was placed adjacent to the
erosional feature.Artifactual material recovered from this test pit
was correlated with two different stratigraphic levels.This included
additional rhyolite and chert flakes from the organic-Devil contact
3-133
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Systematic Test Square ~TERS
Reconnaissance Test Pit •Contour Interval:50 cm
Site Datum x Talkeetna Mts.0-2
m 21 N.,R.8 E.,S.M...
Deflated Area '::J SW ~NE ~NE ~Sec.1
Surface Lithic Scatter -1-
Figure 3.42.Site Map TLM 128.
3-134
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(unit 1 to unit 2)and the proximal end of an obsidian microblade (UA82-
68-15;Figure 3.49,b)found within silty sediments (unit 5)33 cm below
the surface and 2 cm to 5 cm above the paleosol (unit 6).
All three 1 m by 1 m test squares excavated at this site contained arti-
factual material.The collection of artifacts is summarized in Table
3.2,and their distribution by test square and stratigraphic unit is
summarized in Table 3.4.Seven soil/sediment units were identified.A
total of 4613 lithics and 12 bone fragments were collected during
systemati c testi ng,and two cultu ral components were defi ned.
Site stratigraphy can be discussed in two broad categories as the upper
and lower stratigraphy.The upper stratigraphy includes three distinct
tephra units and a surface layer of organic material (Figure 3.43).The
three tephra units were defined on the basis of color and texture.At
the contact between the Watana tephra (unit 3)and the lowermost Oshetna
tephra (unit 4)a thin lens of charcoal fragments was frequently en-
countered.The upper stratigraphy of Tl.Jv1128 indicates that erosion has
been prevalent on the ridge.While the surface organic material and all
three tephra units are present in each test square they lack continuity.
The uppermost Devil tephra (unit 2)is often absent or mi xed wi th
surface organi c materi ale The di sconti nuous nature of the ·Devi 1 tephra
indicates erosion after the Devil tephra deposition.In addition,the
Devil tephra rests unconformably on silty eolian sediments (unit 5)
indicating that erosion was active prior to the deposition of the Devil
tephra.The lowermost Oshetna tephra (unit 4)is only preserved in
areas where there is the middle Watana tephra (unit 3)indicating that
post Watana erosion was fai rly extensive.Cryoturbation and root turba-
tion may have also contributed to disturbance of the upper stratigraphy.
The lower stratigraphic units at Tl.Jv1 128 include fine silty-sandy eolian
sediments (unit 5)which are underlain by glacial material within a silt
matrix (unit 7).At the lower extent of the eolian sediment,1 em to
5 em above the contact wi th the glaci al dri ft,is a thi n lens of very
dark brown organic matrix with carbon.While this paleosol was present
in all three of the test squares it had a patchy and discontinuous
3-135
SOIL UNITDEPTH(em)
0
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10
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20
25
30
35
40
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PROFILE
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Unit 6
Charcoal sample UA82-68-320:2630.:!:780 B.C.
Note:The sample was very small and was given special handling
and greatly extended counter time.Larger-than-usual statistical
error is due to small sample size.
Figure 3.43.Composite Soil Profile TLM 128.
3-136
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TABLE 3.1
SOIL DESCRIPTIONS FOR COMPOSITE SOIL PROFILE,TLM 128
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1
2
3
Descri pti on
Organic layer,surface organic layer and partially
decomposed organi cs wi th dense fi brous root materi a1
(7.5 YR 3/2 dark brown);continuous unit although
variable in thickness from 1 cm to 6 cm.Often
mixed with unit 2 (10 YR grayish brown).
Tephra (Devil)/alluvial A horizon (7.5 YR 7/2 pink-
ish gray);very fine silt sized particles with
fibrous root material.Discontinuous unit.Dis-
turbance due to root turbation and surface erosion.
Often mi xed wi th unit 1.
Tephra (~Jatana);variable in color depending on
degree of oxidization.Upper zone (7.5 YR 4/6
strong brown)is .5 cm to 3 cm in thickness with
granular structure.Oxidized zone grades into
unaltered tephra (10 YR 6/4 light yellowish brown)
which varies from 2 cm to 7 cm in thickness.Dis-
continuous unit.Indistinct contacts and mixing
with units 2 and 5a.Where mixing is not evident
contacts are sharp.Unit 3 was defined in all three
test squares although often mixed with other soil
units in N92/E99 and N91/EI00.In N90/E99 thi s unit
occurs only in the northern portion of the 1 m by
1 m unit.
3-137
TABLE 3.1 (Continued)
Soi 1 Unit Oescri pM on
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5b
Tephra (Oshetna);very fine silt particles mixed
with sand (10 YR 6/2 light brownish gray);clear
contacts at both the upper and lower extent,with a
thi n di sconti nuous zone of charcoal fl ecks at the
upper contact.Charcoal flecks extend into unit 4.
This unit was recorded in all three of the test
squares alt hough di sconti nuous in hori zontal extent.
Variable thickness from 1 cm to 3 cm.
Oxidized fine silty sand (10 YR 4/6 dark yellowish
brown);continuous unit varying in thickness from
4 em to 14 cm.Contact with the overl yi ng unit
(unit 4)is sharp.When unit 4 is absent the
contact with the overlyi ng matri xis clear.Lower
boundary of this unit was gradational and defined
on the basi s of color.
Unoxidized fine silty sand (2.5 Y 4/4 olive brown);
same texture as the overlying unit (unit 5a).
Continuous unit varying in thickness from 5 cm
to 35 cm.Increase in the vertical depth of
this sediment is evident along an east to west
transect (5 em thick along the east wall of
N91/EI00 and 35 cm thick along the west wall
N92/E99).Gradational contacts.
3-138
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7
De scri pt i on
Fine silty sand similar in texture to unit 5a and
unit 5b although mottled in appearance (2.5 Y 4/4
01 i ve brown and 7.5 YR 4/6 strong brown).Mottl ed
appearance is probably the result of oxidization.
Contact with unit 6,which is within this unit,are
sharp.The overlying contact with unit 5b is grada-
ti ona1 while the under1 yi ng contact with the gl aci a1
drift (unit 7)is sharp.Continuous unit in all
three of the test squares,thickness varies from
2 em to 13 cm.
Finely divided organic material with charcoal (7.5
YR 3/2 dark brown);thin discontinuous layer .5 cm
to 2 cm thick.Soil unit has a greasy texture.
Sharp contacts with unit 5c.Located in all three
of the test squares.Pa1~osol.
Gravels,cobbles and boulders within a silt matrix;
maximum boulder size 55 cm.Decomposed rock was
observed.Silt and gravels formed concretions.
Excavation into this unit defined limit of excava-
tion for the 1 m by 1 m test squares.Glacial
deposi t.
3-139
appearance.The morphology of this paleosol conforms to the underlying
glacial material.Its presence indicates a period of stability and
accumulation of organic material.The thickness of the eolian sediment
vari ed between the three test squares.The overall range of thi ckness
was from 14 em to 54 em with the sediments being generally thicker in
N92/E99.In addition,in that test square,bou1ders--the largest one
measuring 55 cm in diameter--were encountered in the glacial deposit
beneath the si 1ty sediments.Boulders were not present in the other two
test squares.A1 so in N92/E99 the gl aci a1 deposit and the pal eoso1
slope abruptly from the southeast to the northwest corner of the unit.
The surfaces of the overlying strata are generally horizontal suggesting
that the surfaces whi ch were associ ated with uni t 6 and uni t 7 di d not
conform to the present ridge morphology.
In summary the stratigraphy at TLM 128 represents three different sedi-
mentary processes.The initial deposition was glacial in origin as
represented by unit 7.This was followed by the second sedimentary
process which was the deposition of fine silty sediments (unit 5).
Interruption in eolian deposition of these sediments is indicated by a
paleosol (unit 6).The final sedimentary process is represented by the
deposition of three di stinctive volcanic tephras.
The uppermost cultural component at TLM 128 can be correlated to the
Devil tephra (unit 2).Lithic artifacts were recovered in association
with this tephra in two of the test squares (N91/E100,N92/E99).Review
of the stratigraphic position of this lithic material as summarized on
Tab 1e 3.4 ;ndi cates that di stu rbance of the uppe r st rat i g raphi c uni t s
may be too great to recover the exact stratigraphic position of this
component.In other words,it can not be unequivocally determined if
this component occurred prior to or after the deposition of the Devil
tephra,although the paucity of material on the contact between the
Devi 1 and Watana unit s suggest s a post Devi 1 component.
A total of 42 f1 akes were coll ected from the upper canponent.The
lithic specimens are small waste flakes representing rhyolite,white to
gray chert,and basalt material types.While no tools were recovered
3-140
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duri ng systemati c testi ng,a bi face fragment of fi ne grai ned gray chert
(UA82-68-3;Figure 3.49,a)which was surface collected during initial
reconnai ssance can be correl ated to the upper canponent because the
material type was not found in the lower component or in the lower
st rati graphi c units.An additional bi faci all y worked tool fragment
(UA82-68-321;Figure 3.49,a)was found at the site after systematic
testing.Unfortunately this tool was located on the surface of one of
the backfi 11 ed test squares and consequently 1 acks proveni ence.The
tool fragment articul ates wi th the su rface coll ected bi face fragment to
form a complete asymmetric biface which may have broken as a result of
heat treatment (suggested by a glossy sheen and potlid fracture).
Subsequent to breakage of the ori gi nal bi face the basal porti on was
modi fied with bi facial retouch at the corner formed by the medial break
and the right edge of the original biface.Displacement of the tool was
probably the result of backfilling in the vicinity of the erosional
feature where original surface arti facts were found (Figure 3.42).
The lower component at thi s site is represented primarily by cultural
material fran one of the three test squares (N90/E99).Artifacts con-
sisting of 4554 lithics and 12 bone fragments were recovered in associa-
tion with a buried soil (unit 6)at the lower extent of the 1 m by 1 m
unit.Only 11 flakes were found in a similar stratigraphic context in
N91/ElOO and no arti factual materi al was found in associ ati on wi th the
paleosol in N92/E99.The spatial distribution of the lithic debitage
indicates that this component does not extend in a northward direction.
Its areal extent to the south would be limited as the ridge narrows
considerably in that direction.
Flakes of green chert,brown translucent chert and basalt totaling 4503
in number account for 99.6%of the lithic debitage in this lower com-
ponent wi th green chert representi ng the domi nant materi al type (4138
fl akes).The debit age is characteri zed by a si ze range of fl akes from
7 cm to less than 4 mm in diameter.In addition,two large chunks of
green chert (UA82-68-189,UA82-68-246)were recovered.As mentioned
above,the majority of the material was of a green chert although exami-
nation of grain size suggests that two different material sources may be
present.
3-141
Only 11 of the lithics found in the lower component exhibited evidence
of modification.Most of these lithics can be described as flakes with
either unifacial or bifacial marginal retouch (UA82-68-186,187;Figure
3.49,d,e).A biface tip (projectile point tip?)of brown translucent
chert (UA82-68-85;Figure 3.49,c)and a basalt biface fragment (UA82-
68-222)were the only two artifacts where modification was not re-
stricted to the margins.Two of the modified flakes (UA82-68-225,
UA82-68-226;Figure 3.49,f)are blade-li ke in shape with evidence of
retouch on the margins.UA82-68-226 is particularly interesting as it
has been bifacially worked on three of the edges.At least three flakes
(UA82-184,UA82-68-79,UA82-68-80)showed possi bl e edge wear.The
morphology of 31 of the lithics suggest the manufacture of blade-like
flakes,however,given the quantity of lithic debitage these blade-like
fl akes may not be the result ofa speci fi c 1it hi c technology.
~Jhile some of the lithic material was recovered from a stratigraphic
context above the paleosol and some from below the paleosol vertical
displacement appeared to be minimal.Artifacts were concentrated within
the paleosol and many had greasy organic material on their basal sur-
face.The topography of the pal eosol and of the lower component was of
interest as it sloped 20 em to 25 em down from the northwest and
northeast corners of N90jE99 toward the central porti on of the test
square.The surface therefore had a trough-li ke appearance in the north
hal f of the test square.Flakes were frequently lyi ng flat on the
paleosol surface but due to the steepness of the slope these flakes
often had an upended appearance.The majority of the lithic material
was located in the southern more 1 evel porti on of thi s square.The
slope of the paleosol conformed to the slope of the glacial material and
was separated from the 91 aci al deposit by 1 cm to 5 em of si lty sedi-
ment.The absence of a cultu ral strati graphi c unconformity suggests
that this phenomena is geologic in origin.
Faunal material recovered at TLM 128 consists of 11 calcined small to
large mammal bone fragments.The bone fragments were in association
with the paleosol (unit 6),and lithic artifactual material in N90/E99
(Table 3.3).
3-142
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Ten charcoal samples were collected for radiometric dating.These
samples were collected from all three of the test squares in association
with two different stratigraphic levels.Three samples were collected,
one from each test square,in association with the contact between the
Watana and Oshetna tephras (unit 3 to unit 4).These samples would
provide an upper limiting date for the Oshetna tephra.The seven
remaining samples were collected from the paleosol.Sample UA82-68-319
and sample UA82-68-320 were both collected from the same stratigraphic
context in N90/E99.These sampl es were combi ned and produced a date of
4580 ±780 years:2630 B.C.(BETA-5362).Unfortunately this sample may
have been too small to provide an accurate date for the pal eosol and the
lower cultural component.
Evaluation:
The topographi c posi ti on ofTLM 128 on a promi nent ri dge provi des an
excellent overlook of the area extending from the uplands down to the
Jay Creek valley rim in the vicinity of a mineral lick.During recon-
nai ssance survey the fi el d crew observed both Dall sheep and cari bou in
this area.Artifacts,consisting primarily of waste flakes,recovered
during systematic testing suggest that this site functioned as a hunting
overlook where tool manufacture occurred.
Results of systematic testing were able to define two components.The
verti cal di stri buti on of arti facts suggests that thi s site was occupi ed
some time after the deposition of the Devil tephra (ca.1800 B.P.)and
prior to the deposition of the Oshetna tephra (ca.3200-4700 B.P.).The
majority of the artifactual material was found in association with the
lower component stratigraphically positioned on a paleosol 23 em to
49 em below the Oshetna tephra.A radiometric determination on a
charcoal sample collected from the paleosol tentatively dates this
component to 4580 ±780 years:2630 B.C.(BETA-5362)although the
accuracy of this date may be questionable due to the small sample size.
3-143
Unfortunately no diagnostic tools were recovered during systematic
testing although the proximal end of an obsidian microb1ade was col-
lected during initial site reconnaissance.The correlation of the
microb1ade fragment to the lower component is problematic.The micro-
blade,found in situ in test pit 1,was stratigraphically positioned
2 em to 3 em above the paleosol and represents the only obsidian arti-
fact collected from this site.Microb1ades are frequently associated
with the American pa1eoarctic tradition and may suggest an age for this
component 01 der than that suggested by the radi ometric determi nati on of
a charcoal sample from the paleosol.
Further systematic testing at TUM 128 may enable more accurate dating of
the lower component as there is an excellent possibility of collecting
charcoal for radi ometri c dati ng.Additi ona1 excavati on waul d a1 so
define more precisely the stratigraphic placement of the upper cultural
component.Further investigation of the ridge north of the location of
test squares excavated during systematic testing is required.The
collecti on of di agnosti c arti facts in associ ati on wi th the 01 der occupa-
tion would be critical in the interpretation of this occupation,and its
placement in the cultural chronology of the upper Susitna River.TUM
128 is unique among sites from the project area because it contains a
well developed stratigraphic sequence below the Oshetna tephra.
3-144
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TABLE 3.2
ARTIFACT SUMMARY,TLM 128
l /
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Lithic Material
4139
245
125
32
12
5
3
2
1
1
1
1
8
30
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
Total:4613
Faunal Material
12
Green chert fl akes
Brown transl ucent chert fl akes
Black basalt flakes
Whit e rhyo 1i te fl a ke s
Brown opaque chert fl akes
Bl ack chert fl a kes
Gray rhyolite flakes
Gray chert fl akes
Dark gray rhyolite flake
White chert fl ake
Greenish white rhyolite flake
Pinki sh gray chert flake
Modified flakes,green chert (UA82-68-184,186,
187,79,80,81,271,226)
Blade-like flakes,green chert
Chunks green chert (UA82-68-189,246)
Modified flake,brown translucent chert (UA82-68-86)
Blade-like flake,brown translucent chert
(UA82-68-171 )
Modified flake,pale brown rhyolite (UA82-68-261)
Biface (projectile point)tip,brown translucent
chert (UA82-68-85)
Biface fragment,black basalt (UA82-68-222)
Bifacially worked gray chert tool fragment
(UA82-68-321)
Bone fragments
3-145
TABLE 3.3
FAUNAL MATERIAL,TLM 128
Soi 1 Unit Oescri pt ion
f
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Ic,
N90jE99
5c,6,7 8 Long bone fragments,calcined,small to large mammal
5c,6,7 1 Long bone fragment,calcined,large mammal
6 3 Long bone fragments,calcined,small to large mammal
3-146 .
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TABLE 3.4
ARTIFACT SUMMARY BY TEST SQUARE AND STRATIGRAPHIC UNIT,TLM 128
[
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Soil Unit
1 (surface
organic layer)
1 and 2
(organi c
and Devi 1
tephra mixed)
Contact of 1
and 2 (organic
and Devi 1
tephra contact)
2 (Devil
tephra)
Ito3(organic
to Devil tephra/
Watana tephra
contact)
N90/E99
Test Squares
N91/ElOO
1 White chert
fl ake
1 Black basalt
flake
3 Whi te rhyolite
fl akes
1 Greenish-white
rhyolite flake
1 White rhyolite
flake
1 Black basalt
fl ake
3-147
N92/E99
2 ~~hite
r hyo 1ite fl a ke s
8 White
rhyo 1ite fl akes
1 Gray chert
fl ake
15 White rhyolite
fl akes
1 Gray rhyo 1i te
flake
1 Gray chert fl ake
2 White rhyolite
fl akes
2 Gray rhyolite
fl akes
1 Basalt fl ake
TABLE 3.4 (Continued)
f~:
r
Soi 1 Unit
Contact of 2
and 3 (Devil
tephra and
Watana tephra
contact)
Contact of
3 and 4
(Watana
tephra and
Oshetna
tephra
contact)
4 (Oshetna
tephra)
5c above
6 (mottled
si lt above
paleosol)
N90/E99
1 Black
basalt fl ake
Radi ocarbon
sample
1 Green
chert fl ake
201 Green
chert fl a kes
19 Brown
transl ucent
fl akes
15 Black
basalt flakes
Test Squares
N91/EI00
1 Black basalt
flake
1 Dark gray
rhyo 1i te fla ke
Radiocarbon
sampl e
5 Green
chert fl akes
1 81 ack
basalt flake
3-148
N92/E99
1 White rhyolite
fl ake
Radiocarbon sample
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TABLE 3.4 (Continued)
N90/E99
5c and
possi bly
6 (mottled
si lt above
pal eosol
and possi bl y
paleosol)
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Soi 1 Unit
1 Black chert flake
1 Brown translucent
chert bi face
(projecti 1e poi nt?)
ti p (UA82-68-85)
1 Green chert
b1ade-l i ke fl a ke
with bi faci al retouch
on three margins
(UA82-68-226 )
1 Brown translucent
chert fl ake wi th
marginal retouch
(UA82 -68-86 )
2 Green chert
bladelike flakes
(UA82-68-88,
UA82-68-228)
10 Green
chert flakes
1 Brown
translucent
chert fl ake
Test Squares
N9l/EI00
3-149
N92/E99
TABLE 3.4 (Continued)
Soi 1 Unit
5c and 6
(mottled
silt and
pa 1eosol )
6
(paleosol)
N90/E99
361 Green
chert flakes
5 Brown
t ransl ucent
fl akes
1 Black
chert flake
1 Green chert
flake with
possible edge
wear (UA82-68-184)
684 Green
chertfl akes
15 Black
basalt flakes
12 Brown
translucent
chert fl akes
1 Brown chert
fl ake wi th cortex
1 Black basalt
bi face fragment
(UA82-68-222)
Test Squares
N91/ElOO
1 Black
basalt fl ake
4 Radiocarbon
samples
3-150
N92/E99
Radi ocarbon
sample
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TABLE 3.4 (Continued)
N92/E99
3-151
Test Squares
N91/EI00N90/E99
1 Pale
brown rhyo 1i te
fl ake with
unifacial
retouch along
margin
(UA82-68-261)
2 Green chert
fl akes with
bi faci al retouch
along margin
(UA82-68-186,
UA82-68-187)
11 Green chert
blade-li ke flakes
1 Green chert
fl ake with
modi fi ed edge
(UA82 -68-271 )
2 Green chert
chunks (UA82-68-189,
UA82-68~246)
3 Calcined bone
fragments
2 Radi ocarbon
samples
Soi 1 Unit
6
(paleosol
continued)
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TABLE 3.4 (Continued)
Soi 1 Unit
5c below
6,possibly
6 (mott 1ed
si lt below
paleosol,
possi bly
paleosol)
5c,6,to
contact
with 7
(pal eosol
to contact
with the
dri ft)
N90/E99
1 Green
chert flake
2 Bl ack
basalt
fl akes
2857 Green
chert flakes
203 Brown
translucent
fl akes
85 Black
basal t fl akes
8 Brown opaque
chert fl akes
1 Bl ack chert
flake
17 Green chert
bladelike flakes
(UA82-68-76,
(UA82-68-175 )
Test Squares
N91/E100
3-152
N92/E99
)
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[,TABLE 3.4 (Continued)
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Soi 1 Unit
7
(Glacial
dri ft)
N90/E99
2 Green chert
fl akes wi th edge
wear (UA82-68-79,
UA82-68-80)
1 Green chert
flake wi th
unifacial marginal
retouch (UA82-68-81)
9 Bone fragment s,
cal cined
1 Pi nki sh
gray chert
flake
2 Brown
translucent
chert flakes
2 Bl ack
chert flakes
Test Squares
N91/E100
3-153
N92/E99
TABLE 3.4 (Continued)
Soil Unit N90/E99
Test Squares
N91/ElOO N92/E99
[
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1 Green
chert flake
3 Brown
c he rt fl a ke s
Rodent
burrow
unit
5c(?)
(mottl ed
si It)
5b,5c,
or b
(s;1t ,
mottled
s;lt or
pal eosol )
No
Prove-
nience
1 Green chert
bl ade-l;ke
fl ake with
marg;nal retouch
(UA82-68-225)
2 Green chert
fl akes
2 Brown
translucent
chert fl akes
15 Green
chert fl akes
1 Brown.
t ransl ucent
chert flake
1 Brown
translucent
chert b1ade-li ke
flake (UA82-68-171)
1 Black
basalt flake
1 Bi fad ally worked
gray chert tool
fragment (UA82-68-321)
3-154
1 Green chert fl ake
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(ii)Systematic Testing TLM 130--Brown Scraper Kame Site
Location:See section 3.5 (a-xi).
Testi n9:Four 1 m by 1 m test squares were excavated during systemati c
testing (Figure 3.44).The four test squares were located on the south-
ern portion of a kame where reconnaissance testing was conducted during
the 1982 field season.These tests were placed in a checkerboard manner
providing a 4 m continuous profile along the east 100 grid line from
north 94 to north 98.The pl acement of these squares was desi gned to
define the cultural component(s)identified during initial reconnais-
sance,and to obtain additional diagnostic artifacts.
Di scussion:
All four of the test squares produced cultural material with three of
the squares containing both lithic and faunal material and the fourth
square containing lithic material only.Five soil units were identified
above the glacial drift including the Devil,Watana,and Oshetna tephra
sequence (Figure 3.45,Table 3.5).One or possibly two archeological
components are represented at the site.
Site stratigraphy at TLM 130 site is composed of 15 cm to 20 cm of
soil/sediments underlain by glacial deposits of sandy till with gravels,
pebbles and cobbles (Figure 3.45,Table 3.5).Three tephra units were
i denti fi ed and referred to as t he Devil,~~atana and Oshetna tephra
units.A thin lens of grayi sh-brown matrix was located within the
Watana tephra in between the upper oxidized Watana and the lower
yellowi sh-brown Watana tephra.Thi s lens lacked continuity and was
often patchy in appearance.Its stratigraphic position indicates that
this site was occupied during the Watana tephra deposition or that there
are at least two tephra depositi ons represented (i.e.,upper and lower
Watana).Mi xed strati graphy,the undul ati ng appearance of the soi 1
units,and gravels located in all stratigraphic units indicate that
cryoturbation has been prevalent on the kame.A thin layer of
3-155
0 5 10
0 I I ISystematicTestSquareMETERS
Site Datum >ll'x
Surface Artifact I Contour Interval:50 em.-,-
Reconnaissance Test Pit •Talkeetna Mts.0-3
Reconnaissance Shovel Test •T.31 N.,R.7 E.,S.M.
NE 1/4 NE 1/4 NW 1/4 Sec.5
Figure 3.44.Site Map TLM 130.
3-156
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3-157
charcoal sample UA 82-70-158:A.D.530 ~70.
Figure 3.45.Composite $oi1 Profile TLM 130.
CULTURAL
7
3b
Sa
Sb
6
1
2
3a
~S
3c
SOIL UNITPROFILE
..5
30
o
35
20
25
10
15
Unit 4a
DEPTH (em)
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TABLE 3.5
SOIL DESCRIPTIONS FOR COMPOSITE SOIL PROFILE,TLM 130
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Soi 1 Unit
1
2
3a
3b
Descri pti on
Organic layer;roots,crowberry and lichen underlain
by decomposed plant fragments and finely divided
organic material (7.5 yr 3/2 dark brown)continuous
unit 1 em to 4 cm in thickness.Clear to sharp
contacts with unit 2.Contai ns charcoal.
A horizon/tephra (Devil);very fine silt sized
particles;(10 YR 6/2 light brownish gray)contains
small charcoal fl ecks and a small number of gravel s,
variable in thickness and continuity;clear to sharp
contacts wi th unit 3.
Tephra (Watana);oxidized zone at upper extent of
tephra unit (7.5 YR 4/6 strong brown)variable in
color depending on degree of oxidization.Granular
structure.Sharp upper boundary.Variation in
depth from 1 cm to 3 cm.
Tephra (Watana);very fine particles,unaltered
tephra,(10 YR 6/4 light yellowish brown).Unit 3a,
the oxidized zone or zone of iron accumulation,
grades into 3b.Continuous unit throughout the site
although variable in depth.Lower contact with
unit 5 is sharp.
3-158
Ll
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TABLE 3.5 (Continued)
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L
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Soi 1 Unit
3c
4
4a
Oescri pti on
Tephra (Watana);similar in stratigraphic position
to unit 3a.Cultural alteration wi th small charcoal
flecks and bone fragments evident.Variable in
color wi th porti ons that are grayi sh brown (10 YR
5/3)that grade into areas similar in color to
unaltered tephra (10 YR 5/6).Contacts are cl ear to
gradational.Located in units N94/EI00,N96/EI00
and N95/E99.This unit lacks conti nuity and does
not extend into N97/E99.From?em to 9 em in
thi ckness.
Very fine silt sized particles.Discontinuous lens
located within the Watana tephra stratigraphically
positioned in between units 3a and 3b.Variable in
color possibly due to degree of cultural alteration
(10 YR 5/2 grayish brown to 10 YR 6/4 light
yell owi sh-brown).Thi ckness vari es from .5 em to
1.5 em.Discontinuous unit which was observed in
all test squares duri ng horizontal excavati on but
onl y located in 3 of the test square profi 1es
(N95/E99,N96/EI00,N97 /E99).Contacts wi th 3a and
3b were clear.May represent a cultu ral su rface.
Dark brown (10 YR 3/3)fine grained matrix located
at the upper extent of unit 4 contained numerous bone
fragments,in addition to charcoal,and possibly
organic material.Only located in one test square
(N95/E99).
3-159
TABLE 3.5 (Continued)
Soi 1 Unit Descri pt ion
['
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Sa
5b
6
7
Thin lens (less than 1 cm)of dark gray;sh-brown
(10 YR 3/2)matrix which contains charcoal.Defines
the upper extent of unit 5b which has sharp contacts
with the overlying strata (unit 3).Located in all
four test squares but lacks continuity.
Tephra (Oshetna);gray in color (10 YR 5/1).Clear
contacts at both upper and lower extents.Unit is
di scontinuous with an undulating appearance.Tephra
has a granu 1ar st ructu re andconta ins a small number
of gravel s.Vari es in dept h from 1.5 cm to 3 cm.
Silty sandy matrix with coarse sand particles and
gravels.Variability in color depending on degree
of oxidization (10 YR 5/8 yellowish-brown to
10 YR 4/6 dark yell owi sh-brown).Cl ear to sharp
contact at upper boundary.Glacial drift.
Medium to coarse sand with gravels,pebbles and
cobbles.Unconsolidated and dark grayish-brown in
color (10 YR 4/2).This unit determined limit of
excavati on.
3-160
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lichen and organic material at the upper extent may indicate that vege-
tation was not present to stabilize the surface.Surface frost features
were evident along the kame edges with an erosional feature bordering
t he western porti on of N97 /E99.
Arti factual material was recorded from the upper stratigraphic units,of
the four test squares.These stratigraphic units include the surface
organic layer,Devil tephra,Watana tephra and a lens of matrix within
the Watana tephra.Material found in association with the Oshetna
tephra appears to be the result of frost activity.Cryoturbation has
probably mi xed arti factual materi al through several strati graphi c
levels,as was indicated by the apparent lack of concentration in the
distribution of lithic artifacts and material types,flakes upended
relative to stratigraphic contacts,and undulating stratigraphy.
Although there is no clear separation,the vertical distribution of
faunal material is lower than that of lithic material and may indicate
that there are two components at the site.
The Upper Component at the site is associated with the upper strati-
graphic levels including a surface organic unit (unit 1)and an under-
lying lithologic unit (Devil tephra unit 2)to the contact with the
middle Watana tephra (unit 3a).Of a total of 143 flakes recovered from
this site,96 were in association with these stratigraphic units.In
addition,27 small bone fragments were recovered from the same strati-
graphic context.This quantity of bone is minimal when compared to the
lower units,and their provenience may be the result of vertical dis-
placement.The lithic material includes seven different material types.
The majority of the lithics are concentrated in two centrally positioned
test squares,N95/E99 and N96/E100.While evidence for the Upper Com-
ponent is based primarily on the quantity of lithi cs rather than the
distribution of different material types,the separation appears valid
when contrasted to the di stri buti on of faunal remai ns at the site.
Artifactual material,including numerous calcined bone fragments and
lithic debitage,was located throughout the middle (Watana)tephra to
the contact with the lower (Oshetna)tephra in three of the four test
3-161
squares.Of the 1187 bone fragments recovered from thi s site,1082 were
in association with this stratigraphic unit.The spatial distribution
of the faunal material indicates that this is a localized phenomena.
The majority of bone fragments were recovered from N95/E99,although
fragments were al so recovered from N96/E100 and N94/E100.The hori-
zontal distribution of bone fragments in N96/E100 defines a northern
edge to this concentration of bone fragments at TLM 130,with almost all
of the faunal materi al recovered from the southwest and southeast quad-
rants.In addition,bone from N94/EIOO consisted of only 76 small
fragments,with 73 of these fragments recovered from a small area in the
northeast quadrant.This unit then defines a southern edge to the
concentration,limiting the spatial extent of the bone concentration to
an area of 2 m to 3 m in di ameter.Of parti cul ar interest was a thi n
di scontinuous lens,1 an or less in thickness,of gray;sh-brown matrix
within the Watana tephra.This lens is stratigraphically positioned
beneath the oxidi zed zone of the ~~atana tephra 1 an to 3 em below the
Devil and Watana tephra contact.It was recogni zed in all fou r of the
test squares,and was associated with faunal remains and lithics in
three of the test squares.In N95/E99 dark stai ned organi c matri x,
associated with this lens,contained numerous bone fragments and
charcoal.In both N94/ElOO and N96/E100,bone was found on the upper
contact of this unit with larger (ca.5 an to 7 em)long bone fragments
resting on the surface in N96/E100.While artifactual material was
found both above and below this lens and horizontally beyond the extent
of it,the lens appears to be part of an occupational surface.In
portions of N94/EIOO,N95/E99 and N96/EIOO,the Watana tephra was
altered and contained charcoal flecks with indistinct lenses of grayish-
brown matri x,correl ati ng stratigraphically with the gray;sh-brown unit.
Review of the collection of artifacts recovered from this site (sum-
marized in Table 3.8)indicates that the stratigraphic position(s)of
the cultu ral component (s)remai ns probl emati c.The lithi c arti factual
material occurs in highest frequency in upper stratigraphic units,but
also occurs in lower stratigraphic units.There is no distinct division
between lithic material types in the cultural strata (Figure 3.45).The
3-162
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grayish-brown lens associated with a dense concentration of bone frag-
ments clearly indicates site use during the interval between the deposi-
tion of the upper and lower Watana tephra.If an additional component
is represented,the displacement of lithic material may be too great to
define its original stratigraphic position or its correlation to the
faunal material.
One radiocarbon determination on charcoal is available from the site.
Sample UA82-83-64,collected from a dark organic matrix associated with
the grayish brown lens,produced a date of 1420 ±70 years:A.D.530
(Beta-5363).The stratigraphic position of the sample dates the
cultu ral component associ ated wi th the faunal materi al.Al so,as the
sample is from a stratigraphic position between the upper and lower
Watana tephra,it shoul d date the time interval between the depositi on
of these tephra.Other radiometric dates from the project area suggest
that the upper Watana tephra was deposited prior to 1800 years B.P.
whi le the date obtained from the TIJI1 130 sample suggests that the upper
Watana tephra was deposited after 1400 years B.P.vJhen consi deri ng the
amount of cryoturbation observed at the site it is possible that the
radiocarbon sample was contaminated and therefore does not provide a
reliable date.
Lithic material,which was collected during both reconnaissance and
systematic testing,represents at least seven different material types.
During reconnaissance testing an endscraper (UA82-70-11;Figure 3.48,d)
of yellowish-brown chert was found in situ in test pit 1 in association
with the Watana tephra.During systematic testing 26 flakes of the same
material as the scraper were located.Unfortunately,as with the other
lithic material,these flakes came from a number of different strati-
graphic levels.One of these flakes,located at the Devil-Watana tephra
contact,exhi bi ted uni fad al retouch and may be a tool fragment (UA82-
70-171).A possible burin spall fragment (UA82-70-210)of a gray chert
was recovered from within the Watana tephra unit.The remaining lithic
materi al i ncl uded 143 fl akes with no apparent retouch or modi fi cati on.
Material types and the number of flakes associated with each type are
summarized on Table 3.6.
3-163
Faunal material from the site consi sted of 1195 bone fragments,the
majority of which were calcined,and ten tooth fragments.Most of the
faunal material can be described as small unidentifiable fragments,but
tooth fragments,teeth,and two calcined metapodial fragments were
identified as caribou or possible caribou (Rangifer tarandus).The
majority of the faunal material,including all identifiable specimens,
is concentratedi n the Watana tephra and the associ ated grayi sh-brown
matrix.Only 3 bone fragments were found in the Devil tephra,and only
59 were found at the upper Watana tephra contact.
Evaluation:
The areal extent of the kame upon which the site is situated and the
spati al extent and nature of the arti fact assembl age i ndi cate that TL~l
130 probably functioned as a temporary campsite where tool manufacturing
occurred.While a multicomponent site may be represented.,systematic
testing was only able to accurately define one component.Failure to
clearly document either the presence or absence of an additional com-
ponentmay beatt ri buted to cryotu rbati on and the subsequent di st ri bu-
tion of lithic material types,with specimens intruding into a number of
di fferent st rat ig raphi c 1aye rs •
The component which was defined at TLM 130 is situated stratigraphically
within the Watana tephra.Numerous calcined bone fragments (unidenti-
fiable mammal bone fragments and caribou),waste flakes,a yellow-brown
chert endscraper,and a probable burin spall were located within the
Watana tephra to the contact wi th the Oshetna tephra.The majority of
this material was found in a grayish-brown lens which is stratigraph-
ically positioned between the upper oxidized Watana tephra and the lower
unaltered Watana tephra.
A radiocarbon determination of 1420 ±70 years:A.D.530 (Beta-5363)
was obtained from a charcoal sample collected from the grayish-brown
lens in the Watana tephra.As the sample is in association with arti-
factual material it should date the cultural component within the Watana
tephra,and possibly the interval between the deposition of the upper
3-164
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and lower Watana tephra.However,the date does not confonn to the
presently accepted date for the upper Watana/lower Watana contact (2700
B.P.).It is possible that the radiocarbon sample was contaminated and
therefore does not provide a reliable date.
If an additi onal component is represented at thi s site it postdates the
upper Watana/lower Watana contact.This component would be distin-
gui shed primarily by the fact that the majority of lithic arti facts were
recovered throughout the stratigraphic levels above the contact.
While systematic testing has detennined that the site area is limited,
further excavation of the remaining area may provide data pertinent to
the prehistory of the area.Specifically the location of diagnostic
material could resolve questions regarding the Choris/Norton Tradition
(ca.A.D.500 to ca.1500 B.C.).Further excavation may accurately
detennine the number of components at thi s site "in addition to resolving
questi ons regardi ng the date of the cultu ral component.
3-165
TABLE 3.6
ARTIFACT SUMMARY,TUM 130
Lithi c Materi al
[~
['
r
c,
50
39
26
15
6
4
3
1
Total:144
Faunal Materi al
1195
10
Basalt fl akes
Gray rhyolite flakes
Yell owi sh-brown chert fl akes
(UA82-70-171)Uni facially worked,tool fragment?
Dark reddi sh-brown chert fl akes
Gray chert fl a kes
(UA82-70-210)Probable burin spall
Black chert flakes
Cl ear obsi di an fl akes
Chalcedony flake
Bone fragments
Tooth fragments
3-166
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TABLE 3.7
Soi 1 Unit
FAUNAL MATERIAL,TLM 130
N96/E100
Desc ri pt ion
3-167
12 Long bone fragments,calcined,medium-large
mammal
1 Long bone fragment,calcined,small-large
mammal
27 Long bone fragments,calcined,madium-large
mammal
1 Long bone fragment,calcined,large mammal
70 Long bone fragments,calcined,medium-large
mammal
1 Tooth fragment,incisor,large mammal,possible
cari bou (Rangi fer tarandus)
3 Tooth fragments,molar,large mammal,possible
caribou (Rangifer tarandus)
108 Long bone fragments~calcined,medium-large
mammal
3 Long bone fragments,calcined,small-large
mammal
6 Tooth fragments,molars,large mammal,caribou
(Rang;fer tarandus)
3a
3b
3c
3a/4 contact
3c/4 contact
3a/3c contact
[
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TABLE 3.7 (Continued)
Soil Unit Desc ri pti on
G
L
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t,
4 2 Long bone fragments,calcined,medium-large
mammal
N94/E100
2/3 contact 34 Long bone fragments,calcined,small-large
mammal
1 Long bone fragment,calcined medium-large
mammal
3a 1 Long bone fragment,calcined,medium-large
mammal
3c 72 Long bone fragments,calcined,small-large
mammal
4 2 Long bone fragments,calcined,medium-large
mammal
3,5,6,7 1 Long bone fragment,calcined,medium-large
mammal
N95/E99
2 3 Long bone fragments,calcined,mediuw.-large
mammal
3-168
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TABLE 3.7 (Continued)
Soi 1 Uni t Desc ri pt ion
1/3 contact 3 Long bone fragments,calcined,medium-large
mammal
2/3 contact 21 Long bone fragments,calcined,medium-large
mammal
3 1 Metatarsal/metacarpal fragment,calcined,large
mammal,possi ble cari bou (Rangi fer tarandus)
493 Long bone fragments,calcined,medium-large
mammal
3/4a contact 1 Metatarsal fragment,di stal porti on,cal ci ned,
large mammal,cari bou (Rangi fer tarandus)
4a 301 Long bone fragments,calcined,medium-large
mammal
5 33 Long bone fragments,calcined,medium-large
mammal
3-169
TABLE 3.8
ARTIFACT SUMMARY BY TEST SQUARE AND SOIL UNIT,TLM 130
[
['
[
Soi 1 Unit
1
(surface
organi c
1ayer)
Contact of
1 and 2
(organi c
and Devi 1
tephra
contact)
N94/ElOO
1 Fl ake,
black chert
1 Fl ake,
rhyolite
Test Squares
N95/E99
5 Fl akes,
basalt
4 Flakes,
dark reddish-
brown chert
3 Fl akes,
yellowi s h-brown
chert
1 Fl ake,
gray rhyol ite
3 Bone fragments
(organic-Watana
tephra contact)
3-170
N96/E100
2 Flakes,
Gray rhyol ite
1 Fl ake,
clear
obsidian
4 Fl akes,
basalt
2 Fl akes
reddi sh-brown
chert
2 Flakes,gray
rhyolite
1 Fl ake,
clear obsidian
1 Fl ake,
gray chert
N97/E99
1 Fl ake,
basalt
2 Fl a kes,
basalt
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2 --6 Flakes,2 Fl akes,1 Flake,
(Devil basalt basalt rhyol ite
tephra)6 Flakes,1 Fl ake,1 Fl ake
rhyolite rhyolite basalt
4 Flakes,1 Fl ake,
yellowi sh-brown yellowi shoo
chert brown chert
1 Fl ake,reddi shoo
brown chert
1 Fl ake
unknown materi al
3 Bone
fragments
Contact of 5 Fl akes,9 Fl akes,4 Flakes,2 Fl akes,
2 and 3 rhyolite rhyolite gray rhyol ite gray rhyolite
(Devil and 2 Fl akes,5 Fl akes:l 2 Fl akes,1 Flake,
Watana yellowi shoo yell owi sh..yell owi shoo yell owi shoo
tephra)brown chert brown chert brown chert brown chert
1 Fl ake,4 Flakes,1 Fl ake,
reddi sh-brown reddi sh-brown basalt
chert chert
TABLE 3.8 (Continued)
L
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[
[
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C
[J
D
E
C
G
H
c.L
6
[.~
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E
Soi 1 Unit N94/E100
Test Squares
N95/E99
3-171
N96/ElOO N97/E99
TABLE 3.8 (Continued)
Contact of
2 and 3
(Devil-Watana
tephra contact)
3-172
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[
N97/E99N96/EI00
4 Fl akes,
basalt
2 Flakes,
dark reddi sh-
brown chert
1 Fl ake,
yell owi sh-brown
chert
1 Fl ake,
gray chert
1 Flake,
bl ack chert
184 Bone fragments
9 Tooth
fragments
15 Fl akes,
basalt
4 Fl akes,
rhyolite
4 Flakes,
yellowi sh-
brown chert
1 Fl ake,
black chert
1 Flake,
gray chert
1 Flake,
chalcedony
1 Pass;ble
burin spall
fragment,gray
chert
(UA82-70-210)
482 Bone fragment s
Test Squares
N95/E99
4 Flakes,basalt
1 Tool fragment?
un;facially
worked,
yellowi s h-brown
chert (UA82-70-171)
21 Bone
fragments
N94/ElOOSoi1Unit
3 (Watana
tephra)
i ncl udes:
3A:Ox;d;zed
Watana
3B:Unaltered
Watana
3C:Watana
tephra with
charcoal
fl ecks
TABLE 3.8 (Continued)
N97/E99N96/E100
2 Flakes,
gray chert
1 Fl ake,
bJ ack chert
1 Fl ake,
dark reddi sh-
brown chert
31 Bone
fragments
Radiocarbon
sample
(Units 3a,
3c,and 4)
11 Bone
fragments
4 Fl akes,
basalt
2 Fl akes,
yellowi sh-
brown chert
302 Bone
fragments
1 Cari bou
metapodi al
Radi ocarbon
sample
(Unit 4a)
3-173
Test Squares
N95/E99
4 Bone
fragments
22 Bone
fragments
fran organi c
matri x wi th
Oshetna tephra
-cryotu rbat i on-
N94/E100
3 Bone
fragments
1 Fl ake,
basalt
73 Bone
fragments
Soi 1 Unit
Mixed
3,5,6
(Watana
tephra,
Oshetna
tephra,and
Gl aci al dri ft)
4 (very
thi nand
Oi scon-
ti nuous
gray;sh-
brown lens
within the
Watana
tephra)
5 (Oshetna
tephra)
I~
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{iii}Systematic Testing TLM 143--Mineral Lick Site
Location:See section 3.5 (a-xxiii).
Testing:Five 1 m by 1 m test squares were excavated at the site during
systematic testing.Three of the test squares were located on the
southern portion of a kame in the vicinity of test pit 1,which was
excavated during reconnaissance testing.The three test squares were
placed in a checkerboard pattern providing a 3 m continuous profile
along the ElOO grid line from N93 to N96,with one of the test squares
superimposed over reconnai ssance test pit 1.The placement of the test
squares was designed to further define the cultural component encoun-
tered during initial reconnaissance.Two additional test squares were
pl aced off of the kame to defi ne si te extent (Fi gure 3.46).
Di scussi on:
During reconnaissance testing a scatter of lithic material wasencoun-
tered in an area ca.70 m by 20 m whi ch borders t he Jay Creek canyon
rim.Surface artifacts were located in areas of soil exposures includ-
ing game trails,rodent burrows,frost features,and areas of active
downslope movement.A si ngl e test pit pl aced on a kame 30 m north of
the canyon rim revealed a layer of cultural material,with ca.1300
flakes,ca.800 bone fragments,and two ~situ projectile points
(UA82-83-1,2;Figure 3.51,a,b).
While all five of the test squares excavated during systematic testing
contai ned arti factual materi al the majority of material was recovered
from the three test squares located on the kame feature.A total of ca.
33,350 lithics,ca.31,500 bone fragments,38 fire cracked rock/hearth
rocks,and 92 tools and/or tool fragments were collected.The collec-
tion of artifacts is summarized on Table 3.10,distribution by strati-
graphic unit is summarized on Table 3.13,and distribution by test
square and stratigraphic unit is summarized on Table 3.14.
3-174
Lj
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[.
[1
D
D
D
o
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L
L
L.
L.
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[
[
[
[
[
c
c
E
[3
[
E
[2 o 12.5
1
25
J
Reconnaissance Test Pit •
[
b
t3
Systematic Test Square
Site Datum
50 cm.Contour
o
x
METERS
Contour Interval:1 m.
Talkeetna Mts.D-2
T.31 N.,R.8 E.,S.M.
SW 1/4 NW 1/4 SE 1/4 Sec.1
[
c
Figure 3.46.Site Map TLM 143.
3-175
Six main material types have been recognized in the lithic tools and
debitage collected at the site,including basalt,rhyolite,chert,
obsidian,chalcedony,and quartz.The classification is designed to
reflect lithic traits of light transmission and grain size,with further
subdivisions based on Munsell Soil Color Chart colors.While the termi-
nology may contain petrological inaccuracies (for example,in the use of
the term II r hyolite ll to designate a probable sedimentary material)it is
sufficient to establish that a number of lithic sources are represented
in the site collection.
Nine soil/sediment units were identified at TLM 143 (Figure 3.47,Table
3.9).No individual test square contained all nine of the recognized
units although five of the units were present in all of the test
squares.Variability in stratigraphy between the test squares located
on the kame compal"ed to the test squares located off of the kame was
observed.The stratigraphy of the three test squares located on the
kame was generally uniform with less post-depositional disturbance than
observed in the two test squares located off the kame,where the
processes of downslope movement and reworking of stratigraphic units
were evident,particularly in N71/E91.
Three major kinds of stratigraphic units can be identified at the site:
natural depositi onal units,the contacts between them,and a cultural
unit.In general,the st rati graphy consi sts of gl aci al dri ft deposits
(unit 9)overlain by fine silty eolian sediments (unit 7),which are
overlain by silty sediments that have been interpreted as being volcanic
in origin.Two and possibly three tephra units were recognized,with
the lowermost Oshetna tephra (unit 6b)only defined in one of the test
squares (N71/E91),where it showed evidence of reworking.The middle
Watana tephra (unit 4)and the uppermost Devi 1 tephra (unit 3)form a
continuous unit across the site.The entire stratigraphic sequence is
overlain by surface organic material (unit 1).
In addition to the above mentioned units a number of localized units
were also recorded.At the contact between the surface organic mat and
the Devil tephra a thin lens of very dark brown finely sorted organic
3-176
L
L
l~
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['
[J
D
E
[1LJ
[l
B
[;
[]
[
[
['
L
[
Charcoal sample UA82-83-1698:2150 ~60 B.C.
Figure 3.47.Composite Soil Profile TLM 143.
3-177
10
5
20
30
15
25
35
40
DEPTH
(e m)
o
•
PROFILE
3 TESTS ON
KAME FEATURE
9
7
1
2
33a
4:~I:;:::'::;::';'::;,,:,::,,::H4¥1,/t'{','??"t;::;';:':;:;JfI
c
Sa
Sb
Sc ~;.::.;::"~..:''''':.''':'.':.~
SOIL UNITS
CULTURAL
7
9
8
1
3
6a
6b
4b
4a
4d
PROFILE
2 TESTS OFF
KAME FEATURE
units 5a/5b
15
5
30
10
20
50
45
25
40
35
DEPTH
(em)
o
[
[
[
[
[
[
[
c
C
B
~
[
t
U
[
r:
[
c
l
TABLE 3.9
SOIL DESCRIPTIONS FOR COMPOSITE SOIL PROFILE,TLM 143
Soi 1 -Unit
1
2
3
Descri pti on
Organic layer;lichen,crowberry,and sphagnum moss
underlain by poorly consolidated soil with roots and
finely divided organic material (5 YR 3/2 dark
reddi sh brown).Thi ckness of organi c uni tis
partially dependent on the type of surface organics,
i.e.,up to 16 cm in areas where surface organic
material consists of sphagnum moss;to 2-6 em in
depth where lichen cover is on the surface.
Very fine sandy matrix with finely sorted organic
materi al and small charcoal pi eces (5 YR 2.5/1
black).Thin di scontinuous lens between the surface
organi cs (unit 1)and the Devil tephra (unit 3).
Leaching of carbon and organic material into the
underlying tephra was evident.This unit was not
observed in the two test squares located off the
kame featu re .
A horizon/tephra (Devil);very fine silt sized
particles consolidated by roots and rootlets.
Continuous unit across site varying in thickness
from 1 cm to 5 cm.Variation in color dependent on
degree of leaching from overlying units (10 YR 5/1
gray to 5 YR 6/2 pinki sh gray).Sharp contact with
underlying unit 4.Extensive reworking of this unit
was evident in N71/E91.A small amount of charcoal
was observed wi thi n thi s unit.
3-178
['
f'
r-
['
[
['
[l
[
[j
[]
B
[_.~
-'
le.-,
--~
L
[
l
L.
[,
TABLE 3.9 (Continued)
[
[
r
[
[
[
[
C
L
E
C
[
[
E
[
L
L
U
L
Soil Unit
3a
4a
4b
Oescri pti on
Fine grained organic matrix with small charcoal
pi eces (7.5 YR 4/2 dark brown);very t hi n,
approximately 1 em thick,and di scontinuous lens
stratigraphically positioned between units 3 and 4.
This unit was only observed in the north wall pro-
fi 1e of N94/E99.
B hori zon/tephra (Watana);oxi di zed zone at upper
extent of tephra unit (7.5 YR 4/6 to 7.5 YR 5/8
strong brown).Fine to medium grained silt.Medium
to coarse sand sized granule concretions in the most
highly oxidized zones.A generally continuous unit
1-2 cm thick in the test squares on the kame
(N93/E100,N94/E99,N95/E100)and 1-10 cm thick in
the test squares off the kame (N71/E91,N99/E79).
Sharp contact with the overlying strata (unit 3).
Tephra (Watana);very fine silt sized particles (Io
YR 5/6 yellowish brown).Gradational and undulating
contact with oxidi zed tephra at the upper extent of
t hi s tephra uni t.Ident i fi ed in all fi ve of the
test squares although reworking of this soil was
evident in N71/E91 and in N99/E79.Thickness of the
unit in these squares varied from 1-11 cm off the
kame feature to 1-6 cm in the three contiguous test
squares on the kame feature.While some mixing with
other units was evident in the test squares located
on the kame this unit had a generally continuous and
horizontal appearance.
3-179
TABLE 3.9 (Continued)
Soi 1 Unit Descri pti on
r-'
_J
1_
[j
4c
4a
5a
Very fine silty matrix similar in texture and
stratigraphic position to unit 4b although variable
in color (7.5 YR 5/8 strong brown).This unit was
only i denti fi ed in N95/E100 st rati graphi cally posi-
tioned above Sa,above a concentration of charcoal.
Possi bly the result of thermal oxidi zati on of unit
4b.
Fi ne si 1ty brown mat ri x (lO YR 3/3)wi t h a mi xed and
mottled appearance.This unit was only identified
in N71/E91 which had considerable evidence of re-
worki ng of the soil units.Di sconti nuous unit
stratigraphically positioned above unit 4b,and
varying in thickness from 2-21 cm.
Fi ne si 1t si zed partiel es (2.5 YR 4/2 dark grayi sh
brown to 10 YR4/3 brown/dark brown).Thin,1-2 em,
continuous lens defined in the three test squares
located on a low kame.Sharp contact with the over-
lying unit (unit 4).Defined on the basis of color,
texture,and the quantity of artifactual material.
Contains charcoal.Thi s stratigraphic unit defines
the upper extent of Feature 2.
3-180
[
c
c
[-)
- !
j
n
[J
_I
L
[i
_J
L,
L
[
L
C,
TABLE 3.9 (Continued)
[
~
[
['
[
[
[
t
L
[j
C
[
E
[
L
[
[
[
L
Soi 1 Unit
5b
5c
6a
Descri pt ion
Oxidized silt similar in texture to unit 5a (7.5 YR
4/6 to 7.5 YR 5/8 strong brown).The unit is con-
ti nuous in the three test squares situated on the
kame and is associated with numerous artifacts t fire
cracked rock t and carbon.This unit varies from
2 cm to 6 cm in thickness and is associated with
Feature 2 t a cultural component t and Feature 3 t a
hearth feature within Feature 2.Contacts are
variab1e t i .e q sharp contact between unit 5b and
'unit 7 t and diffuse contact between unit 5b and unit
5d t and unit 5a and unit 5b.
Silty matrix which underlies unit 5b and is asso-
ci ated with Feature 3 (5 YR 4/4 reddi sh brown to 10
YR 3/3 dark brown).Contai ns numerous bone frag-
ments t carbonized matrix and fire cracked rock.
Indistinctive unit observed in the east and south
wall s of N95/ElOO and the"north wall of N93/EI00.
The unit was observed during excavation of N94/E99
although not defined in the test square profiles.
Sharp contact with underlying units 7 and 9.
Thin lens of organic matrix and charcoal (10 YR 3/1
very dark gray).Vari es in thi ckness from 1 to 3 cm
and occurs at the upper contact of unit 6b.Only
defi ned in one of the test squares (N71/E91).
3-181
TABLE 3.9 (Continued)
Soil Unit
6b
7
8
9
Oescri pti on
Tephra (Oshetna);very fine silt sized particles (10
YR 4/2 dark grayi sh brown).Only defined in
N71/E91.This unit had an undulating and irregular
appearance whi ch may be the result of reworki ng of
the soil and sediment units.
Silt sized particles with some sand (2.5 Y 4/4 olive
brown).Continuous unit across site area.Contacts
vary from sharp to gradati onal wi th sharp contacts
evi dent when unit 5b or 5c are at its upper extent.
Thickness varied from 1 to 10 cm in test squares on
the kame and 4 to 20 em in test squares off the
kame.Sediment is possibly eolian in origin.
Fine silty organi c matri x with charcoal (10 YR 3/1
very dark gray to 10 YR 2/1 black).This unit lacks
continuity and where it is present it is both thin
(l cm or less)and discontinuous.Possibly a buried
soil.Located in N99/E79 and N71/E91.
Coarse sand with gravels,cobbles and small
boulders.Maximum boulder size 35 cm.The majority
of cobbles were rounded,7 to 13 cm in diameter.
Frost shatteri ng observed in some rocks but was not
.extensive.Weathered rock and grus also observed.
Excavation into this unit determined limit of exca-
vati on for the test squares.
3-182
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material with charcoal (unit 2)was identified in the test squares on
the kame.The unit may be the result of soil processes as indicated by
the variation between the 0 and A horizons.In N71/E91 where the
Oshetna tephra was observed,a thin layer of finely divided organic
material was present at the upper contact of the tephra (unit 6a).In
both N71/E91 and N99/E79 a very thin and di scontinuous lens of a fine
silty organic matrix with charcoal (unit 8)was recorded in the lower
extent of the silty sediments and/or on the contact with the glacial
drift.This lens may represent a paleosol.
Unit 5,a cultural unit,was identified in the three test squares
located on the kame feature.The unit was stratigraphically positioned
immedi ately beneath therlatana tephra and composed of fi ne si lty sedi-
ments which contained an abundance of artifactual material throughout
its excavated extent.The silt within the unit was often intensely
oxidized and contained carbonized matrix and charcoal.The absence of
the Oshetna tephra in the test squares located on the kame feature may
indicate that the Feature 2 occupation occurred shortly after the depo-
sition of that tephra with the tephra itself becoming incorporated into
the cultural unit.Radiocarbon analysis on charcoal from this unit
produced a date of 4100 ±60 years:2150 B.C.(Beta 5364).
Cultural material at TLM 143 was associated with five of the nine
soil/sediment units (Figure 3.47)and the site appears to be multicom-
ponentwith at least two and possi bly three components represented.The
exact stratigraphic positions of the uppermost and middle components are
difficult to determine at this time as artifacts were located in the
organic horizon (units 1,2),the Devil tephra (unit 3),the Upper
Watana tephra (unit 4a),and at the contacts between them.The lower
component (unit 5)was stratigraphically well defined,separated from
those above it by the lower Watana tephra which contained very little
artifactual material except in the central portion of N95/EI00 where the
lower Watana tephra was absent.
3-183
Upper Component:
The uppennost cultu ral component can be correl ated to the Devi 1 tephra
(unit 3).Lithic artifacts were recovered in association with the
Organi c-Devil tephra contact a.nd wit hi l'fth~'Devil tephra in all fi ve of
the test squares (Table 3.14).A total of 134 lithics were recovered
from the Organic-Devil tephra contact and 174 lithics from within the
Devil tephra.Lithic artifacts consisted primarily of small waste
flakes,the majority of which were basalt and rhyolite,although chert
and obsidian flakes were also recovered.The only tool associated with
the Devil tephra was a bi facially retouched basalt flake (UA82-83-33).
Mi ddle Component:
The distribution of artifactual material at the upper contact of the
Upper Watana tephra suggests t hat a mi ddl e component is represented in
all five test squares at the site.While sterile strata do not separate
the artifactual material from the middle and upper components,a number
of factors indicate that they are distinct.These include the increase
in quantity of artifactual material at the Watana tephra contact,the
confonnable nature of the stratigraphic units on the kame feature,indi-
cating minimal post-depositional disturbance,and consequently,minimal
movement of artifacts from their original stratigraphic positions,and
the presence of Feature-1 which was defined in N95/EIOO.
The Feature 1 designation was assigned to a possible occupation surface
associated with the Upper Watana tephra.Numerous lithic artifacts and
small pieces of charcoal \~re observed at the contact between the Devil
tephra and Upper Watana tephra (unit 3,4a)and within the Upper Watana.
Defi niti on of occupati ons was complex in thi s area of the site and the
Feature 1 designation was used in N95/EIOO as a field procedure to
assist in defining components at the site.Feature 1 was a continuous
lens across the horizontal extent of the test square.In the northern
and southern portion of the square,Feature 1 was separated from the
underlying component,Feature 2,by the lower Watana tephra (unit 4b).
In the central porti on of the test square thi s separati on was not
3-184
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evident and Feature 1 articulated with Feature 2.The lower boundary of
Feature 1 was defined by the contact with the lower Watana tephra or,
where this stratigraphic unit was not present,with the contact with a
grayish brown lens which is the upper extent of Feature 2.
A total of 817 lithics,150 bone fragments,and 5 tools are associated
with the stratigraphic units which define the middle component.Of
these,378 of the lithics,115 bone fragments,and 3 tools were recorded
as part of feature lin N95/E100.The lithic material consisted of
small waste fl akes of basalt,rhyol ite,obsi di an,and chert.The faunal
material included small calcined bone fragments.
Two of the five tools,a retouched basalt"flake (UA82-83-90;Figure
3.59,a)and a rhyolitebiface (UA82-83-193;Figure 3.55,a)were
recovered from the Devil tephra/Watana tephra contact in N99/E79.The
remaining three tools included a retouched basalt flake (UA82-83-375),a
retouched rhyolite flake (UA82-83-376),and a rhyolite biface fragment
(UA82-83-377;Figure 3.52,g).These three tools were located within
the upper oxidized Watana in N95/E100 and were recorded as Feature 1.
Lower Component:
The highest density of artifactual material is associated with the lower
cultural component,a di screte stratigraphic unit 4 cm to 12 cm thick
(Figure 3.47,unit 5),which was defined only in the three test squares
located on the kame and includes Feature 2.Feature 2 was a continuous
layer which contained numerous tools,lithic debitage,bone fragments,
fi re cracked rock and charcoal.Feature 3,a hearth feature,was
associated with the lower extent of Feature 2.
The lower component is stratigraphically between the Watana tephra
(unit 4)and a silty eolian sediment (unit 7).Both the upper and lower
boundaries of Feature 2 were di stinct during excavation and in the unit
profil es.The upper boundary was defi ned by a grayish-brown matri x
which contained an abundance of artifactual material,and the lower
boundary was distinguished by its contact with a silty eolian sediment
3-185
or glacial drift.In general,the stratigraphy of the lower component
includes a thin discontinuous lens of reddish-brown to dark brown matrix
(unit 5c)which is correlated with the hearth feature,Feature 3.This
unit is overlain by a continuous fine silty matrix,strong brown in
color (unit 5b),possibly due to oxidization.A thin continuous lens of
gray;sh-brown matri x (unit 5a)was defined at the upper extent of the
component.While three different stratigraphic units were recognized
within Feature 2,these units were not defined until the test square
profiles were exposed because of the indistinctive nature of the
boundaries between these units.
The Feature 2 component was excavated in three arbitrary level s to
handle the quantity of artifactual material and to look at the vertical
distribution of artifactual material within the component.Collection 1
included material from the upper 2 em to 4 cm,collection 2 included
material from the middle 2 cm to 4 cm,and collection 3 included
material from the lower 2 em to 4 cm of the feature.Photographs were
taken and a horizontal plan drawn at the surfaces of each of the three
collection units.Three point provenience was recorded for tools,large
fl akes,and C-14 samples.Fi re cracked rocks/hearth rocks were mapped
wi th basal elevati ons.The remai ni ng materi al was screened wit h
1/8-i nch sc reen,bagged,and 1ater sorted.A rodent bu rrow in N94/E99
was excavated,screened and recorded separately.
Feature 3 was used to define an area of fire cracked rocks and/or hearth
rocks at the lower extent of Feature 2.The feature was defined pri-
marily in the eastern half of N94/E99 and the southern portion of
N95/E100,but was also defined along the northern edge of N93/E100.The
featu re desi gnat ion wa s app 1i ed at the su rface of co 11 ect ion 3.The
tops of the rocks associ ated with Feature 3 were i niti ally exposed at
the surface of collection 1 but it was not until collection 3 that the
area was defined as a feature since the occupation associated with this
feature would be associated with the basal elevations of the rocks.A
boundary was defined to encompass the 1arge rocks in additi on to carbon-
ized matrix (unit 5c?)which contained numerous flakes,tools,and bone
fragments.The remainder of collection 3 outside the boundary of
3-186
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Featu re 3 was i ncl uded in Featu re 2.In general,Featu re 3 i ncl udes the
area encompassing the rocks and Feature 2 includes the area outside of
the rocks.
The configuration of rocks,highly oxidized matrix,carbonized matrix,
and charcoal suggests that Feature 3 represents a hearth feature asso-
ciated with the initial occupation of TLM 143 and the Feature 2 compo-
nent.A total of 38 fi re cracked rocks/hearth rocks were coll ected in
association with Feature 3.The largest rock measured 52 em by 19.5 em
by 12 em.Many of the larger rocks were not cracked but were charred or
stained.Numerous small gravel-sized angular rock fragments were also
collected and may possibly be rock spalls.
The basal elevati on of the larger rocks correl ate to the lower boundary
of the cultural component.Beneath several of the rocks in thi s feature
was a very thin lens of carbonized matrix with artifactual material
including flakes,bone fragments and a projectile point (UA82-83-364;
Figure 3.51,f).When the large rocks were removed the silty matrix
(unit 7)surrounded the rocks with carbonized matrix in the slightly
concave depressions.The estimated dimension of this hearth feature is
2 m in diameter with the three test squares intersecting the northern,
western,and southern boundaries.
Artifacts collected as part of Feature 2 and 3,and artifacts associated
with the upper and lower boundaries of these features consisted of
ca.24,660 flakes,ca.31,200 bone fragments,38 small pieces of red
ochre (?),and 81 tools and/or tool fragments.Six major categories of
1ithi c materi al have been defi ned wi th a number of sources represented
by each of these categories.See Table 3.13 for a listing of artifacts
associated with each of the features,and the contacts between these
features.
A variety of tools and diagnostic artifacts were recovered during exca-
vati on of Feature 2 and Feature 3.These were representative of several
lithic material types and various tool functions.Table 3.11,Tools and
Tool Fragments by Stratigraphic Unit,provides a description for each
3-187
artifact that showed signs of secondary modification,use modification
or manufacture for a specific purpose (i .e.,projectile points).The
majority of tools consist of flakes with unifacial and/or bifacial
marginal retouch.In addition a number of bifaces,scrapers and side-
notched projectile points were collected.Other tool types include
flake core,burin,tchi thos,and blade-like flakes (photographs of a
selection of artifacts may be found in Figures 3.51 through 3.60.Use
of the tenns:scraper,burin,or tchi-thos,are tentative functional
descriptions used here only for the purpose of classification and
distinction from other tool categories present at the site.
In N99/E79,which is located ca.20 m west of the kame feature,35
flakes,14 bone fragments,and a rhyolite projectile point tip (UA82-83-
273;Figure 3.52,a)were collected from the contact between the ~Jatana
tephra (unit 4)and a silty sediment (unit 7)and from within the silty
sediment.The stratigraphic position of this artifactual material
suggests that it may be correl ated with the Feature 2 component.
Faunal remains associated with Feature 2 and 3 consisted of ca.31,200
bone and teeth fragments,with the majority (ca.31,150)being calcined
medium to large mammal long bone fragments,one of which has cut marks.
Thirty-five large mammal molar fragments were found,some of which may
be from caribou (Rangifer tarandus).Three calcined medium-large to
large mammal phalanx fragments were also found,which may represent
caribou (Rangifer tarandus)or Oall sheep (Ovis dalli),as well as a
calcined small mammal astragalus.Most of the faunal material was
concentrated within unit 5,with only ca.500 fragments recovered from
the upper and lower contacts (Table 3.12).
The occurrence of arti factual material in all five test squares suggests
that the site extends over a large area.In N71/E91,located 7 m north
of the canyon rim,onl y 5 fl akes were recovered and reworki ng of the
stratigraphic units was evident,indicating that this area of the site
was unstable.Surface material recovered on the slope leading into the
canyon and in the vicinity of N99/E79 indicates that the canyon rim
defi nes the southern boundary of the site although thi s area appears to
3-188
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be characterized by low densities of artifactual material.The limits
of the site to grid north,east and west remain unknown as all the test
squares contained cultural material.The artifact densities for the
upper and middle components did not vary significantly between the three
test squares located on the kame featu re (N93/ElOO,N94/E99,N95/E100)
and the test square 20 m west of the kame (N99/E79).The only tool
associated with the upper component and two of the five tools associated
with the middle component were located in N99/E79.The lower component
appears to be focused on the kame feature and the quantity of arti facts
suggests intensive use of this area of the site during the occupation(s)
associated with the lower component.
T\'Ielve C-14 samples were collected for radiocarbon dating.All 12
sampl es were coll ected from the three test squares located on t he kame
feature and represent four stratigraphic units.These include the
su rface organic 1ayer (unit 1,2),theorgani c-Devi 1 tephra contact
(unit 1,3),the cultural hori zon (unit 5),and the contact between the
cultural horizon and the underlying silt (unit 7).Unfortunately,many
of the samples are too small for reliable dating.One of the samples
(UA82-83-1698)was submi tted for radi ocarbon detenni nation and produced
a date of 4100 ±60 years:2150 B.C.(Beta 5364).The sample was
collected from unit 5 and consequently dates the Feature 2 component.
Evaluation:
TUM 143 is located on the edge of Jay Creek canyon directly north and
west of the steep canyon walls in the vicinity of a mineral lick.Dall
sheep coming from the uplands down to the mineral lick presently pass
over the site,as observed by the field crew.Caribou were also
frequently observed in the immediate vicinity of the site.The
strategic location of the site in conjunction with the content of the
arti fact assembl age suggest s that TLM 143 functi oned as a hunti ng camp,
exploiting the fauna attracted by the mineral lick.The high frequency
of li thi c debi tage i ndi cates i ntensi ve tool manufactu re and modi fi cati on
occu rred at the si te .
3-189
Three cultural components were defi ned duri ng systemati c testi ng.A
radiocarbon determination of a charcoal sample collected from the lower
component yi el ded a date of 4100 ±60 years:2150 B.C.(Beta 5364).
The upper and middle components can be tentatively dated based on
the stratigraphic position of each component relative to the three
tephra defined at the site.Although artifactual material from the
middle component occurred within the upper Watana tephra,the interval
of occupati on probably occurred between the Watana and Devi 1 tephra
deposition,ca.2300 B.P.The upper component occurs at the upper
extent of,and within,the Devil tephra.Thus,the minimum limiting
date of this component ;s probably not earlier than ca.2300 B.P.
The majority of artifactual material recovered at TUM 143 was derived
from the lower component.This component can be ascribed to the
Northern Archaic Tradition (ca.1500 B.C.-ca.3000 B.C.)on the basis
of stratigraphic position,radiocarbon dating,and diagnostic elements
of the artifact assemblage.The lower component is stratigraphically
be low the Watana tephra and a si ngl e radi ocarbon determi nat i on of 2150
B.C.,falls within the temporal range of this cultural tradition.The
component contained side notched projectile points,endscrapers,and a
variety of bi faces,all of which are characteri stic of the Northern
Archaic Tradition.
While no structures were located during systematic testing of three 1 m
by 1 m squares on the kame,evidence that the site functioned as more
than hunting overlook during the occupation(s)associated with the lower
component is suggested by the presence of a wide range of toois,i.e.,
44 modified flakes,5 scrapers,9 bifaces,a flake core,a burin,a tchi
thos,and 17 projectile points.These tools,in association with more
than 24,000 waste flakes,suggest various stages of tool manufacture,
repair,and a variety of activities.Large rocks,mammal bone (caribou
and probably Da11 sheep),lithic detritus,and tools were distributed
about a hearth.It is possible that the large rocks,while apparently
associated with the hearth,may constitute the remains of a larger
feature or structure which at present cannot be defined based on the
extremely limited extent of the testing.
3-190
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The di stribution of surface and subsurface arti factual material may
i ndi cate that the site extends over at 1east a 50 square meter area.
The site is topographically restricted to the south by the steep slope
of the Jay Creek canyon.The occurrence of subsurface material beyond
the excavated test squares is not known.The correl ation of arti factual
material between the test squares suggests that the upper and middle
components occur over a vast portion of the site,while the lower com-
ponent is possibly localized or focused on the kame.Alternately,this
pattern may indicate that areas of intensive use associated with the
upper components have not been located at this time.
The presence of three components indicates repeated use of this site
over more than 4000 years.Further systematic testi ng could potenti ally
address questi ons regardi ng the transi ti on/repl acement between the
Northern Archaic Tradition and Choris/Norton Tradition peoples.
Presently only very limited systematic testing has been conducted over
this large site and additional testing is necessary to identify patterns
relating to activity areas within the site.TLM 143 is probably one of.-
the most significant sites yet di scovered during the course of the
Susitna Hydropower project cultural resource management program for the
following reasons:1)it is unique,in that it is the first archeo-
logical site di scovered in Alaska to document human exploitation of
fauna attracted by a mi neral 1i ck,2)it is the 1argest site yet di s-
covered within the Upper Susitna study area,3)it has produced the
hi ghest frequency of arti factual materi al per test unit of any site yet
di scovered wi thi n the project area and is probably one of the most
productive noncoastal sites ever discovered in Alaska,and 4)the site
is multi component and the nature of the components may lead to an under-
standi ng of t he Northern Archai c/Chori s Norton contact.
3-191
TABLE 3.10
ARTIFACT SUMMARY,TLM 143
Lithi c t~ateri a 1
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ca.17560
ca.13165
ca.2530
56
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Rhyolite flakes (white to brown to gray)
Basalt flakes (red,gray,black)
Chert flakes (red,gray-brown,brown,black)
Obsidian flakes (green,gray,black)
Chalcedony flakes (white,gray,brown)
Quartz flakes (white)
Basalt projectile points (UA82-83-347,349,358,
364,410)
Rhyolite projectile point (UA82-83-313)
Chert projectile point (UA82-83-1220)and tang
(UA82-83-330)
Rhyolite projectile point tips (UA82-83-273,403,
1339)
Rhyolite projectile point bases (UA82-83-319,370,
377)
Basalt projectile point tip (UA82-83-398)
Basalt projectile point base (UA82-83-306)
Chert projectile point tip (UA82-83-316)
Chert tool:burin (UA82-83-346)
Basalt tools:scrapers (UA82-83-340,352,387)
Chert tools:scrapers (UA82-83-327,339)
Basalt bi face/fl ake core (UA82-83-324)
Basalt bi face (UA82-83-348)
Rhyolite biface (UA82-83-193)
Basalt bi face fragments (UA82-83-310,365,371,417)
Rhyolite biface fragments (UA82-83-325,357)
Chert bi face fragments (UA82-83-351,359,921)
Basalt bi facially retouched flake (UA82-83-33)
3-192
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Lit hi c r~ater;a 1
1 Rhyolite bifacially retouched flake (UA82-83-326)
2 Basalt blade-li ke flakes (UA82-83-343,416)
3 Rhyolite blade-like flakes (UA82-83-328,362,413)
1 Chert bl ade-li ke fl ake (UA82-83-341)
2 Basalt fragments wi th retouch (UA82-83-386,897)
1 Chert fragment with retouch (UA82-83-399)
21 Rhyol i te retouched flakes (UA82-83-285,307,308,
309,312,317,320,331,334, 350,356~368,376,
385,1704,407,408,419,421,422,423)
15 Basalt retouched flakes (UA82-83-90,305,332,
335,345,366,367, 375,384,390,395,396,400,
404,414)
7 Chert retouched flakes (UA82-83-314,315,333,
338,369,373,394)
1 Tabul ar sl ate fragment (UA82-83-372)
1 Sandstone tabular rock,modified (UA82-83-355)
1 Quartzi te tool:Tchi thos (UA82-83-360)
Faunal Materi al
ca.31500 Small bone fragments and tooth fragments
Other
182 Rock chips,fire cracked(?)
38 Fi re cracked rocks/hearth rocks
38 Pi eces of red ochre (?)
3-193
TABLE 3.11
TOOLS AND TOOL FRAGMENTS BY STRATIGRAPHIC UNIT,TLM 143
Contact between organic horizon and Devil tephra (units 1/3):
N99/E79
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Contact between the Devil tephra and the Watana tephra (units 3/4):
Oxidized zone at the top of the Watana tephra (unit 4a):
UA82-83-33
N99/E79
UA82-83-90
UA82-83-193
FEATURE 1:
N95/ElOO
UA82-83-375
UA82-83-376
Gray basalt flake with bifacial retouch or edge wear
along one margin.
Black basalt flake which is unifacially worked along two
margins.Fine retouch with parallel flake scars along
the.1eft lateral margin.Unifacial retouch is on alter-
nate faces of the flake (Figure 3.59,a).
Brownish gray rhyolite biface ca.7 cm in length Figure
3.55,a).
Amorphous black basalt flake with unifacial retouch
along two margins of dorsal surface.
Light gray rhyolite flake with edge wear or unifacial
retouch on longest margin.
3-194
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TABLE 3.11 (Continued)
Lower ~~atana tephra 1 em above underl yi ng si lt (unit 4 above unit 6):
Collection 1 -Lower Watana tephra and excavation into underlying
cultural unit (unit 4/5 and unit 5):
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UA82-83-273
FEATURE 2:
N93/E100
UA82-83-305
UA82-83-306
UA82-83-307
Light brown rhyolite biface fragment.Possibly a
point base (Figure 3.52,g).
Pale brown rhyolite biface (projectile point)tip
(Figure 3.52,a).
Black basalt flake tool.Continuous unifacial retouch
on the lateral margins and distal end of the flake.Re-
touch is on the dorsal face of the flake and the flake
measures ca.4.3 cm from the proximal to the distal end
(Figure 3.59,b).
Black basalt projectile point base,concave base with
basal thinning (Figure 3.52,b).
Browni sh gray banded rhyol ite fl ake wi th conti nuous uni-
facial retouch along left lateral margin of the dorsal
face.Lithic material has numerous white inclusions.
Numerous hinge fractures are also evident (ca.4 cm in
length).
3-195
TABLE 3.11 (Continued)
UA82-83-308
UA82-83-309
UA82-83-310
UA82-83-312
UA82-83-1339
N94/E99
UA82-83-326
Li ght browni sh gray rhyol ite fl ake tool (thi s materi al
may be a fine siltstone).Uni faci al retouch is con'-
tinuous along three margins of the dorsal face of the
flake.Tool is roughly rectangular in shape with a pro-
jection on the proximal end (measures ca.7.7 x 4.7 cm).
Proximal end is broken and retouch extends up to point
of breakage indicating that the tool was manufactured
prior to breakage (Figure 3.56,a).
Light brownish gray rhyolite tool fragment.Has the
appearance of the distal end of a blade-like flake.
Convex margin with unifacial retouch on the dorsal sur-
face.Retouch is moderately steep on the convex portion
(measures ca.2.5 x 2.2 cm).Possibly a scraper tool
(figure 3.53,a).
Black basalt biface fragment with fine unifacial retouch
on dorsal lateral margins.
Grayish brown rhyolite (?)flake with unifacial retouch
on the lateri al margins of the dorsal face.Numerous
hi nge fractu res on the proxi rna 1 end of t he vent ra1
surface (ca.5.1 cm from proximal to distal end).
Pale brown rhyolite biface tip (projectile point tip).
Triangular in shape measuring 5.5 cm from the tip to
location of breakage.Patination is evident on one of
the surfaces (Figure 3.52,j).
Proximal portion of a light brownish gray rhyolite flake.
Possible bifacial retouch along a small portion of the
broken di stal edge.
3-196
[1
['
['
f'
L,
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Ci.'l;
C
o
o
B
C:
-'
n
r
[;
r'
p
,~
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[
r'l,TABLE 3.11 (Continued)
[
r
[
[
[
o
f]
E
B
[
E
B
[
[
L
L
t
UA82-83-328
UA82-83-358
UA82-83-359
UA82-83-373
N95/ElOO
UA82-83-384
UA82-83-385
UA82-83-390
Distal portion of a pale brown rhyolite blade-like flake/
microblade fragment.
Dark gray basalt projectil e poi nt.5i de-notched,con-
cave base with basal thinning.Broken at the tip.The
point measures ca.4.3 cmfrom the base to the poi nt of
breakage.Basalt has white inclusions (Figure 3.51,e).
Gray chert bi face fragment.Pati nati on and step frac-
turing are evident on dorsal and ventral surfaces.
Lateral margins are bifacially retouched.Angular break
at the base.Ovate in shape and bi-convex in crossection.
Measures 4.8 cm along its longest axis (Figure 3.55,c).
Gray banded chert tool,possibly a scraper.Tool is
roughly discoidal ca.4 cm in diameter.Unifacial re-
touch along curved margins on the dorsal face with
steep uni faci al retouch on the convex di stal margi n.
Large fl akes with hi nge fractures are evi dent on the
di stal portion of the ventral side of the tool.
Promi nent bul b of percussi on (Fi gure 3.54,a).
Black basalt flake fragment with retouch and/or edge
wear along slightly convex margin.
Gray rhyolite (?)flake with unifacial retouch on
lateral margins of the dorsal face.
Uni faci ally worked basalt fragment wi th cortex and 1arge
fl ake scars.Fi ne uni faci al retouch along 1ateral mar-
gin of dorsal surface.Measures ca.5.8 cm along its
longest axi s.
3-197
TABLE 3.11 (Continued)
Collection 2 -Excavation within cultural unit (unit 5):
N93/ElOO
L
[,
)'0'
L
UA82-83-314
UA82-83-315
UA82-83~897
N94/E99
UA82-83-330
UA82-83-331
UA82-83-332
Li ght browni sh gray rhyol ite fl ake wi th possi ble uni-
faci al retouch.Hi nge fractures on the dorsal surface
and on the broken proximal edge.
Large light gray chert flake with unifacial retouch.
Ventral face of flake has an undulating surface with
pronounced percussive rings,fissure scars and eraillure
scar.Retouch is on the proximal edge of the flake,
with possible use-retouch on lateral margin.The flake
measures 8.3 cm along its longest axis.
Angular black basalt fragment with possible unifacial
retouch al ongone edge.
Black chert projectile point tang.Fits with UA82-83-
1220 (Figure 3.51,h).
Yellowish brown rhyolite flake with retouch and/or edge
wear on distal margin.Flake is incomplete and proximal
end is broken.
Dark gray basalt flake with very fine continuous unifacial
retouch along the lateral margins.The lateral margins are
slightly concave and slightly convex.Retouch is on the
patinated dorsal surface.Breakage is evident on the di stal
3-198
r~
(,
c_,_~'
[
q
L=_\
C
[J
D
[
f'
t.-_'
['
[
L
L
L
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TABLE 3.11 (Continued)
[
f~
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[
[~~
.-_.
[
[
B.•.·.·.U
l
o
t
[
E
E
L
C
[
L
L
UA82-83-333
UA82-83-334
UA82-83-335
N95/E100
UA82-83-386
UA82-83-387
UA82-83-394
end of the flake with retouch extending.to the point of
breakage i ndi cati ng that breakage occurred after modi fi-
cation.The flake measures ca.4.3 cm along its longest
axi s.
Gray chert flake,irregular in shape,unifacially worked,
with almost all of the edges exhi biti ng breakage.Uni-
facial retouch or edge wear on the ventral surface.
Irregular angular light browni sh gray banded rhyolite
flake wi th uni faci al retouch or edge wear on the lateral
margin.Fissures extend from the lateral margin on the
ventral su rface from the locati on of possi ble retouch.
Flake measures 6.2 cm along its longest axis.
Dark gray basalt flake unifacially worked along the
distal and one of the lateral margins.Retouch is on
the ventral face of the flake which measures 3.9 cm
from the proximal to di stal end.
Subtri angul ar chunk of basalt wi th cortex and 1arge
flake scars.Minor unifacial retouch along one margin.
Measures 4.4 cm along its longest axis.Similar to
UA82-83-390.
Black basalt tool fragment.Unifacial retouch along one
of the lateral margins,and steep uni faci al retouch along
the other,slightly convex,margin.The other two edges
are broken (Figure 3.59,e).
Small dusky red chert flake with unifacial retouch (?).
Possibly a tool fragment.
3-199
TABLE 3.11 (Continued)
[
f"
\..."
UA82-83-1704 Light yellowi sh brown rhyolite (siltstone?)flake with
fl ake scars on the di stal edge of the ventral and dorsal
surface of the flake.Breakage is evident along both
sides of the lateral margins.
L'
r'
I
1
Collecti on 3 -Excavati on of cultu ral unit to the contact wi th under-
lying silt or drift (unit 5 to unit 7 or unit 5 to unit
9):
N93/ElOO
UA82-83-319
UA82-83-320
N94/E99
UA82-83-339
UA82-83-340
Base of a brown rhyolite side notched projectile point
with concave,thinned proximal margin.Irregular frac-
ture on the midsection which is possibly the result of
thermal spalling (Figure 3.52,e).
Light brownish gray rhyolite flake with parallel flake
scars on dorsal surface.Measures 1.8 cm along its
longest axi s.
Black chert discoid shaped tool (ca.2.5 cm in diameter).
Cortex or patination on the dorsal face.Retouch is
evident on the curved lateral margins of the ventral
face.No retouch observed on the di stal and proximal
edges (Figure 3.59,c).
Black basalt endscraper.Di stal end of a blade-li ke
flake.Steep unifacial retouch on the distal end of the
dorsal face of the flake with retouch extending up the
1ateral margi ns.Di stal end is convex wi th bevel formed
by unifacial working (Figure 3.53,b).
3-200
r]L
f:::;
LJ
c
o
r""1........../
[
C
r
L
L
L
L
TABLE 3.11 (Continued)
['
"
~.>'
r
L
[
L
[
8
U
G
B
[
E
C.~6
L
l-'
~j
[
L
t
UA82-83-341
UA82-83-346
UA82-83-347
UA82-83-348
UA82-83-349
UA82-83-350
Dark gray chert blade-like flake with inclusions.
Proximal end with flake measuring 3.5 x 1.8 cm.Lateral
sides are parallel.
Dark red chert burin.Two edges removed parallel to the
long axis of the tool with an additional edge removed
perpendicular to these two edges.The remaining edge
has steep uni faci al retouch whi ch extends to the parall el
bu ri n fl ake scars.The retouch i ndi cates that thi stool
was possibly a scraper prior to manufacture into a burin.
Tool is roughly rectangular in shape measuring ca.5.5
x 2.5 cm.Burin was found i!!.situ,fractured into two
pi eces sepa rat i ngt he dorsal and ventral surfaces.52
potlid flakes were collected from interior facies
indicating thennal fracture (Figure 3.54,b).
Dark gray basalt projectile point,side notched with
basal thinning on concave base.Complete with the excep-
tion of small break at the tip (Figure 3.51,c).
Black basalt plano-convex bi face with cortex on the
dorsal surface.Biface was found in two pieces,broken
near midsection.This tool measures 5.6 cm along its
longest axis (Figure 3.55,b).
Black basalt projectile point base,side notched with
basal thinning.Distal third of projectile point is
missing (Figure 3.51,d).
Sub-triangular light brownish gray rhyolite flake with
possible unifacial retouch along two edges.Material is
of poor quality with many inclusions and apparent clevage
plane running diagonally across the flake.Edge-retouch
occurs primarily along distal edges of dorsal surface.
Flake scars are poorly defined.
3-201
TABLE 3.11 (Continued)
[J
f'''''I,.,;
t:
UA82-83-351
UA82-83-352
UA82-83-355
UA82-83-366
UA82-83-367
UA82-83-368
Large irregular white and dark red banded chert flake
with retouch on both the ventral and dorsal surface.
Material is the same as UA82-83-346.Retouch is pri-
marily on the right lateral margin of dorsal face of
the flake.Cortex present.
Dark gray basalt endscraper.Convex edge with a bevel
formed by steep unifacial retouch on the dorsal face.
Retouch continues up the curved margins.Roughly cir-
cular in shape ca.2.7 cm in diameter.Smaller in size
but similar to UA82-83-340 (Figure 3.53,c).
Tabul ar fragment of dark gray sandstone wi th possi bl e
retouch.18 cm in length.
Dark gray basalt flake with unifacial retouch.Retouch
is on dorsal surface whi ch exhi bits cortex.Snap frac-
tu re at di stal margi n.
Dark gray basalt bi faci ally retouched fl a-ke.Conti nuous
retouch along the lateral margin of the dorsal and
ventral faces.Retouch continues along the distal end
of the flake.Unifacial retouch is also evident along
the other lateral margin but is confined to the ventral
surface of the flake.Flake measures 3.5 cm along its
longest axi s.
Light brownish gray rhyolite blade-like flake with pas-
si ble retouch or edge wear on the lateral margin of the
ventral face of the flake.Potlid fracture present.
3-202
r~'
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p
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8
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L
[.
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[
3-203
FEATURE 3:Hearth feature within Feature 2.
TABLE 3.11 (Continued)
UA82-83-399 Angular piece of black chert with irregular flake scars.
Possibly a core fragment.
Black basalt biface tip (projectile point tip?).2.2 cm
from tip to point of breakage (Figure 3.52,h).
Pale brown rhyolite point tip.This tip is narrow and
unli ke other projectile points collected from Feature 2
or Feature 3.Measures 5.2 cm in length and 2 cm in
width at the point of breakage.Possibly from a lanceo-
late shaped point.Small notch along one of the margins
Figure 3.52,i).
Black basalt flake uni facial ly retouched on both the
dorsal and ventral faces of the fl ake.Fl ake has cortex
along proximal margin.
Black basalt flake with unifacial retouch on the lateral
margins.Retouch is on the dorsal face of the flake.
Flake is broken at the distal end.Measures 4.4 cm along
longest axi s.
UA82-83-400
UA82-83-398
UA82-83-403
Collection 3 -Excavation of cultural unit to contact with underlying silt
or drift (unit 5 to unit 7 or unit 5 to unit 9):
N95/ElOO
UA82-83-396
[
f'~
[
[
[
r
c
o
[
[
o
[
F
E
[
C
f'"4-'
L
t
TABLE 3.11 (Continued)
['
c
N93/ElOO
UA82-83-313
UA82-83-316
UA82-83-317
UA82-83-324
UA82-83-325
N94/E99
UA82-83-338
Light brownish gray rhyolite side notched projectile point
with concave base.Poi nt is broken at the ti p and one tang
is mi ssi ng .Pl ano-convex fl ake scars a represent on bot h
surfaces of the point,(one a probable pot lid fracture)
(Figure 3.52,c).
Li ght gray banded tri angul ar chert bi face fragment (pos,..
sible projectile point tip)(Figure 3.52,d).
Proximal end of a very pale brown rhyolite flake with
uni faci al retouch on t he broken edge.
Ovate black basalt flake core/core biface.Concavo-
convex in cross section with large flake scars and
patination on the dorsal face.Tool is bifacially
retouched on right lateral margin and unifacially re-
touched dorsal left lateral margin.Red staining
present.Measures 12 x 9 x 3.5 cm (Figure 3.57).
Two articulating fragments of a brownish gray rhyolite
bi face.Bi faci all y worked wi t h 1arge fl a ke sca rs on the
ventral and dorsal surfaces.Generally ovate in shape
with i rregul ar breakage and angul ar pl anes of fracture
(Figure 3.56,b).
.
Grayi sh brown angul ar chert fl ake wi th possi bl e edge
wear along margins.6.8 cm in length.
3-204
(~.-\
!
['
r--
l...
D
o
g
.[~,
--y
t:
f-o
LJ
Lo
[
[,
[,
L
[
TABLE 3.11 (Continued)
[
[
[
[
[
[
['
H
U
o
8
C
b
E
L
F.'l;
[
L
t
UA82-83-343
UA82-83-345
UA82-83-356
UA82 -83-357
UA82-83-360
UA82-83-361
UA82-83-362
Basalt blade-like flake.Distal end missing.
Black basalt flake with continuous unifacial retouch on
t he convex 1atera1 rna rgin of t he dorsal face of the fl a ke
(Figure 3.59~d).
Irregular brown rhyolite fl ake wi th conti nuous uni faci al
retouch on curved margin.The surface of the flake is
characterized by plano-convex flake scars characteristic
of potlid fractures (Figure 3.53,d).
Brown rhyolite angul ar bi face fragment exhi bi t i ng re-
touch or edge wear along lateral margins.Hinge frac-
tu re present.
Light gray quartzite tool.Semi-lunate in shape with
possible retouch or edge wear along curved margin.Step
fractures present on distal end (possible tchi thos).
Dimensions of the tool are ca.12.4 x 6.5 x 1 cm
(Figure 3.58).
Light gray banded chert scraper.Tool is ovate in shape.
Conti nuous uni faci al retouch on the parall el margins and
steep unifacial retouch on the convex distal margin.
Retouch is on the dorsal face of the tool (Figure 3.53,e).
Di stal porti on of ali ght gray rhyolite b1ade-l ike
flake.Triangular in crossection and approximately
5.5 cm in length and 1 cm in width.The lateral margins
are curved but roughly parall el with possi ble retouch or
edge wear on one of the 1ateral margi ns.Fi ssu re scars
are evident on the ventral face of the flake.
3-205
TABLE 3.11 (Continued)
c
[
UA82-83-364
UA82 -83-3 65
UA82-83-369
N95/ElOO
UA82-83-395
UA82-83-404
UA82-83-407
UA82-83-408
Dark gray basalt projectile point.Side notched with a
slightly concave base,and slight basal thinning.
Measures ca.5 cm from the base to the point of breakage
at t he tip (F igure 3.51 ,f).
Dark gray basalt bifacially worked tool.Tear shaped
with continuous steep uni facial retouch along one of the
margins.Flake scars are present on both the ventral
and dorsal surfaces (Figure 3.55,d).
Brown transl ucent chert fl ake wi th conti nuous uni faci al
retouch along one of the lateral margins on the dorsal
face.Flake is irreguiar in shape with a projection at
the di stal end.
Black basalt triangular flake.Bifacial retouch along
left lateral margin.Cortex present on right lateral
margin of dorsal face of flake (Figure 3.59,f).
Black basalt triangular flake with thin white quartzite
band across medi al secti on of fl ake.Uni faci al retouch
or use-retouch along distal ~nd of dorsal face.
Brownish gray sub-rectangular rhyolite flake with con-
ti nuous uni faci al retouch along proximal,1ateral,and
di stal margi ns of the dorsal face of the fl ake.Retouch
steepens along di stal edge.Snap fracture is evident
along left lateral margin (Figure 3.60,a).
Medium gray rhyolite flake with unifacial retouch along
lateral margins of dorsal face.Snap fractures evident
across proximal and distal margins (Figure 3.60,b).
3-206
t
"L
_~_J
[--
[
r-;
L
r;
"'r-.J
rEj
[~~I
"'',-
F
ct~~
r
L
L
L
L
l
[
r'TABLE 3.11 (Continued)
~,
r
[
r~--/
[
e
Q
[
r:
lS
C
l~lJ
6
L
c
r-
L.:
[
t
UA82 -83-41 0
UA82-83-413
UA82-83-414
UA82-83-416
UA82-83-417
UA82-83-419
UA82-83-421
UA82-83-422
UA82-83-423
Black basalt projectile point.Side notched with basal
thinning on concave base (Figure 3.51,g).
Gray rhyolite blade-like flake,triangular in cross-
section.
Black basalt triangular flake with fine retouch or use
wear.Modified distal edge.
Black basalt microblade/blade-like flake.
Black basalt biface fragment.Continuous unifacial re-
touch along proximal and lateral margins of dorsal face.
Medial snap fracture terminates flake.Subsequent edge
modi fi cati on absent (Fi gure 3.55,f).
Amorphous angular pale brown rhyolite flake with uni-
facial retouch along left lateral margin of dorsal face.
Flake exhibits hinge fractures on dorsal surface
(Figure 3.60,c).
Light gray rhyolite blade-like medial section of a flake
with modified lateral margin.Possible use wear or
retouch.
Gray rhyolite flake with continuous modification along
right lateral margin.Proximal margin is crushed and
steep.
Triangular brownish gray rhyolite flake with unifacial
retouch along straightest margin.Retouch is on dorsal
face of the flake.Snap fracture along distal margin
(Figure 3.60,d).
3-207
TABLE 3.11 (Continued)
L,
f'i
UA82-83-1220 Black chert side-notched projectile point midsection.
Distal third is missing.Point is patinated on one
face.Snap fractures on proximal and distal margins,
fits with tang,UA82-83-330 (Figure 3.51,h).
[
Feature 2 and 3 mixed:
N93/ElOO onl y
Tools and Tool Fragments from Rodent Burrow within Features 2 and 3:
UA82-83-921 Black chert biface fragment.Angular,sub-ovate,bi-
facially worked fragment.Possible flake core fragment
(Figure 3.55,g).
3-208
r-
.........:.:
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tl
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~
r-c
(,'L
L
t
[
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C
Triangular with edge modi-
Red stai ni ng present.
Gray tabular slate fragment.
fication along convex margin.
Gray chert subrectangular flake.Unifacial retouch
along left lateral margin of ventral surface.Possible
use-retouch along opposite lateral margin.Pronounced
bulb of percussion at proximal end (Figure 3.54,c).
Black basalt biface fragment,bifacially flaked and re-
rouched.Patination on ventral surface and distal
margin (Figure 3.55,e}.
Pale brownish gray rhyolite projectile point base.In-
cludes tangs and thinned concave base.Snap fracture
terminates point base (Figure 3.52,f).
N94/E99
UA82-83~3 71
UA82-83-370
UA82-83-327
UA82-83-372
TABLE 3.12
Soil Unit
FAUNAL MATERIAL,TLM 143
N99/E79
Oescri pti on
3-209
N95/E100
21 Long bone fragments,calcined,medium-large
mammal
1 Tooth fragment,molar,large mammal,possible
cari bou (Rangi fer tarandus)
1326 Long bone fragments,calcined,medium-large
mammal
539 Long bone fragments,calcined,medium-large
mammal
561 Long bone fragments,calcined,medium-large
mammal
5 Long bone fragments,calcined,medium-large mammal
7 Long bone fragments,calcined,medium-large mammal
3 Long bone fragments,calcined,medium-large mammal
5 Long bone fragments,calcined,medium-large mammal
5 Long bone fragments,calcined,medium-large mammal
2 Tooth fragments,molar,large mammal,possible
cari bou (Rangi fer tarandus)
115 Long bone fragments,cal ci ned,medi um-1 arge
mammal
4a
4a/b
4b
4b/7
7
5 (call ect i on
3,Feature 2)
5 (collection 1)
4/5 contact
5 (collection
2,Feature 2)
4 and
4/5 contact
c~
L
C
[
L
[
[
c
[
[
[,'
f:
a
e
6
8
C
t
B
C
TABLE 3.12 (Continued)
Soil Unit Oescri pt ion
[
['
[
r~
J
5 (collection
3,Featu re 3)
5/7 (call ecti on
3,Feature 3)
3/4 contact
4a
4/5 contact
5 (coll ecti on
1,Feature 2)
5 (collection
2,Feature 2)
1 Tooth fragment,molar,large mammal,possible
caribou (Rangifer tarandus)
7258 Long bone fragments,calcined,medium-large
mammal
237 Long bone fragments,calcined,medium-large
mammal
N94/E99
2 Long bone fragments,calcined,medium-large
mammal
29 long bone fragments,calcined,medium-large
mammal
94 Long bone fragments,calcined,medium-large
mammal
1 Tooth fragment,molar,large mammal
630 Long bone fragments,calcined,medium-large
mammal
11 Tooth fragments,molar,large mammal
1 Phalanx fragment,calcined,large mammal
760 Long bone fragments,calcined,medium-large
mammal
3-210
r~
l,
[i
"
(l']
y
[i
("\
!~J
(j
(J
r
C
[
~.
L;
[
Li
(,
L
~
r
l j
r
l,"
TABLE 3.12 (Continued)
[
[
[
r'
6.
ru
B
B
rJ
6
c
r"t~
B
C
c;
L
r-
k,
L
[
Soi 1 Unit
5 (c all ect i on
3,Feature 2)
5/7,9 contact
Rod ent Bu rrow
(i n unit 5)
4
4a
4c
4b and 4b/5
contact
Oescri pti on
6 Tooth fragments,molar,large mammal
1 Astragalus,calcined,small mammal
8739 Long bone fragments,calcined,medium-large
mammal (one with cut marks)
214 Long bone fragments,calcined,medium-large
mammal
205 Long bone fragments,calcined,medium-large
mammal
N93/EI00
3 Long bone fragments,calcined,medium-large
mammal
1 Long bone fragment,calcined,medium-large mammal
2 Long bone fragments,calcined,small-large mammal
4 Long bone fragments,calcined,medium-large mammal
18 Long bone fragments,calcined.small-large mammal
N93/EI00
3-211
TABLE 3.12 (Continued)
Soil Unit Oescri pti on
[
r'
['
r~
t
5 (call ecti on
unit 1,
Feature 2)
5 (collection
unit 2,
Featu re 2)
5 (call ecti on
unit 3,
Featu re 2)
5 (call ecti on
unit 3,Features
2 and 3)
5 (call ecti on
uni t 3,
Feature 3)
5 and 5/7
contact
12 Tooth fragments,molar,large mammal
1 Phalanx fragment,calcined,medium-large mammal
11 Long bone fragments,calcined,small-medium
mammal
2 Long bone fragments,calcined small-large mammal
2559 Long bone fragments,calcined,medium-large
mammal
1 Phalanx fragment,calcined,large mammal
2030 Long bone fragments,calcined,medium-large
mammal
2800 Long bone fragments,cal ci ned,medi um-l arge
mammal
3264 Long bone fragments,calcined,medium-large
mammal
1 Tooth fragment,molar,large mammal
1 Phalanx fragment,calcined,large mammal,possible
cari bou (Rang;fer tarandus),pass;ble Oa1l Sheep
(Ovi s dalliJ
3-212
r-
L,/
[J
U
(j
o
F
C
[
(,
1,,)
['.
[
L
[
TABLE 3.13
ARTIFACT SUMMARY BY STRATIGRAPHIC UNIT,TLM 143
[
[
r'-"
[
[
L
[
o
(->
Organic layer
(unit 1)
Organic to Devil tephra,
Watana tephra (unit 1/3,
1/3-4a,1/4a)
6 Basalt fl akes
3 Rhyolite flakes
80 Basaltfl akes
31 Rhyolite flakes
4 Chert fl akes
7 Obsi di an fl a kes
1 Bi faci all y retouched
2 Rock chi ps
basalt flake (UA82-83-33)
e
o
~
C
E~
D
C
t
L
L
L
Devil tephra
(unit 3)
Devil-upper Watana tephra
(unit 3/4a,includes
Feature 1 material)
Upper Watana tephra
(unit 4a)
93 Basalt flakes
75 Rhyol ite flakes
1 Chert fl a ke
4 Obsidian flakes
1 Rock chi P
51 Basalt flakes
70 Rhyolite flakes
1 Chert fl a ke
1 Retouched basalt fl ake (UA82-83-90)
1 Rhyolite biface (UA82-83-193)
2 Bone fragments
105 Basalt fl a kes
86 Rhyolite flakes
7 Chert flakes
1 Retouched basalt flake (UA82-83-375)
1 Retouched rhyolite flake (UA82-83-376)
1 Rhyolite biface fragment (UA82-83-377)
27 Bone fragments
3-213
TABLE 3.13 (Continued)
Upper Watana tephra/
lower Watana tephra
(unit 4a/4b,includes
Feature 1 material)
Watana tephra
upper and lower mixed
(unit 4a/4b)
Lower Watana tephra
(uni t 4b)
Upper Watana/cultural
unit (unit 4a/5)
Watana tephra/cultural unit
Featu re 2 su rface
(unit 4/5)
16 Rhyolite flakes
13 Basalt flakes
36 Basalt flakes
93 Rhyolite flakes
10 Bone fragments
1 Rock chi p
2 Basalt fl akes
4 Rhyolite flakes
1 Rhyolite projectile point tip
(UA82-83-273 )
183 Basalt flakes
134 Rhyolite flakes
15 Chert fl akes
1 Obsidian flake
111 Bone fragment s
359 Basalt flakes
439 Rhyolite flakes
20 Chert fl akes
2 Obsidian flakes
1 Chalcedony flake
100 Bone fragments
7 Fire cracked rock fragments
3-214
[
c
r
[
[-
{
[
,[:
),
C'
b
nt
8
['
L
C,
[,
[,
f'
\--L
[~
[
r
[
[
[
[
[
c
e
o
p.'6
C
B
t
f
t
["
L
L
TABLE 3.13 (Conti nued)
Cultural unit
Featu re 2 (uni t 5)
Cultural unit
Featu re 2 (unit 5)
ca.7050 Basalt flakes
ca.5510 Rhyolite flakes
ca.900 Chert fl akes
40 Obsidian flakes
31 Chalcedony flakes
2 Quartz fl akes
17 Pieces of red ochre (?)
134 Gravel sized rock chips;FCR (7)
5 FCR/Hearth rocks
ca.12550 Bone fragments
9 Retouched basalt flakes (UA-82-83-305,
384,390,332,335, 366,367,396,400)
11 Retouched rhyolite flakes (UA82-83-307,
308, 309,312,385,331,334,320,350,
1704,368)
4 Retouched chert fl akes (UA82-83-314,
333,394,315)
1 Retouched sandstone tabular rock
(UA82-83-355 )
1 Bifacially flaked rhyolite flake
(UA82-83-326)
1 Chert blade-like flake (UA82-83-341)
2 Basalt bi face fragments (UA82-83-310,
330)
1 Rhyolite biface fragment (UA82-83-1339)
2 Chert biface fragments (UA82-83-359,351)
2 Basalt fragments wi th retouch
(UA82-83-386,897)
1 Chert fragment wi th retouch (UA82-83-399)
3 Basalt tools:scrapers (UA82-83-340,
352,387)
3-215
TABLE 3.13 (Continued)
Cultural unit
Feature 3 (unit 5)
2 Chert tools:scrapers (UA82-83-327,339)
1 Chert tool:burin (UA82-83-346)
3 Basalt projectile points (UA82-83-347,
349,358)
1 Basalt projectile point base (UA82-83-306)
1 Basalt project il e poi nt ti p (UA82-83-398)
1 Rhyolite projectile point tip
(UA82-83-403)
1 Rhyolite projectile point base
(UA82-83-319)
1 Rhyolite blade-like flake (UA82-83-328)
1 Basalt bi face (UA82-83-348)
ca.3795 Basalt flakes
ca.2455 Rhyolite flakes
990 Chert flakes
12 Obsidian flakes
3 Chalcedony flakes
6 Pieces of red ochre (?)
27 FCR/Hearth rocks
ca.15090 Bone fragments
4 Retouched basalt flakes (UA82-83-345,
404,414,395)
8 Retouched rhyolite flakes (UA82-83-356,
407, 408, 419, 421,422,423,317)
1 Retouched chert flake (UA82-83-369)
2 Basalt blade-like flakes (UA82-83-343,
416)
2 Rhyolite blade-like flakes (UA82-83-413,
362)
2 Basalt biface fragments (UA82-83-365,
417)
3-216
[
r
r-:
r '
t
iI (
[~
f"
1-
[j
C
C:t~j
r-,"
8
f',
,'
fto
L
{
ft -
L(
[
L
[
[
r
[
[
[
[
[J
E
U
8 .•.b
C
8
fl
E
l
[
[
[
TABLE 3.13 (Continued)
Cultural unit
Feature 2 and
Feature 3 mi xed
(N93/E100)(unit 5)
Cultural unit to contact
with underlying silt or
gl aci a1 dri ft and
materi a1 in silt
(unit 5/7,9)
Contact between Watana
tephra and sandy silt
(unit 4b/7)
2 Rhyolite bi face fragments (UA82-83-325,
357)
1 Quartzi te tool:Tchi Thos (UA82-83-360)
2 Basalt project il e poi nts (UA82-83-364,
410)
1 Chert projectile point (UA82-83-1220)
1 Basalt biface/f1ake core (UA82-83-324)
1 Rhyolite projectile point (UA82-83-313)
1 Chert tool :scraper (UA82-83-361)
1 Chert projectile point tip (UA82-83-316)
1 Chert f1 ake with possi b1 e edge wear
(UA82-83-338)
ca.830 Basalt flakes
ca.790 Rhyolite flakes
ca.320 Chert flakes
1 Chalcedony flake
10 Pieces of red ochre (?)
37 Gravel sized rock chips;FCR (?)
6 FCR/Hearth rocks
ca.3250 Bone fragments
1 Chert bi face fragment (UA82-83-921)
ca.530 Basalt flakes
365 Rhyol ite fl akes
213 Chert flakes
5 Pieces of red ochre (?)
ca.510 Bone fragments
3 Basalt fl akes
6 Rhyolite fl a kes
9 Bone fragments
3-217
TABLE 3.13 (Continued)
Sandy silt
(unit 7)
Rodent burrow in
Featu re 2 and
Feature 3
5 Basalt flakes
20 Rhyolite fl akes
1 Chert fl a ke
5 Bone fragments
ca.140 Basalt flakes
ca.170 Rhyolite flakes
17 Chert fl a kes
ca.205 Bone fragments
1 Retouched chert flake (UA82-83-373)
1 Tabular slate fragment (UA82-83-372)
1 Basalt biface fragment (UA82-83-371)
1 Rhyolite projectile point base
(UA82-83-370)
3-218
n
[
[
t-~
r~
L..
r
["
C
o
C'
b.
·;,
j
n'-i-~.J
C
C
L
[
r:
u
l
r-r::rr::""":1 rj r:n rn rrJ c:r=J r---n rr:rn [:,In C""JJ CI":l]~.r-J r-J r-l rJ ~~.Jd",d.,I~·
FrLE 3.14
:,RTIFACT SUIII'1ARY BY TEST SQUARE AND STRATIGRAPIlIC UNIT,TLII 143
Test Squares
W
I
N-U)
S)i 1 Uni t
Surface
I (surface
org,1I1ic layer)
1/3 (organic to Devil
tephra contact)
1/3-4a (beneath
organic above
Devil and/or Watana
terhra)
II71/E9l 1199/E79
2 Basalt flakes
(dark gray)
4 Basalt flakes (black)
5 Rhyolite flakes
(White to pale brown)
1 Rock chi P
1 Bi facially retollched
basalt flake (UA8Z-B3-33)
1 Basalt flake (black)
3 Rhyolite fl akes
(white to pale brown)
Chert flake (light gray)
1 Rock chip
1193/EI00
3 Basalt flakes
(bl ack)
C-14 Sample
UABZ-B3-169Z
11 Rhyolite flakes
(white to light gray)
B Basalt flakes
(dark gray.black)
1194/E99
Bone fragment
Basalt flake
(black)
3 Rhyolite flakes
(light browni sh gray)
B Basalt flakes (black)
6 Rhyolite flakes
(white to light gray)
C-14 Sample
(UABZ-B3-1693)
1195/ElOO
56 Basalt flakes
(gray to black)
6 Rhyolite flakes
(white to gray)
3 Chert f1 a kes
(gray,brO~'Tlish gray)
7 Obsidian flakes (~lack)
C-14 sample (UAP~-8'-lrOl\
T~DL£3.14 (Continued)
Soil Unit
1/4a (contact between
surface organics and
Ilatana tephra)
1/71/£91 N99/£79
3 Basalt flakes
(gray to black)
Test Squares
N93/£100 1194/£99 1195/£100
to
I
N
Na
)(Devil tephra)
)/4a (contact
belween Devil
and Upper ~atana)
3 Rhyolite flakes
(pale brown to g"ay)
33 Basalt flakes
(light gray to black)
31 Rhyolite flakes
(white to pale brown)
1 Rock chip
29 Basalt flakes
(gray to black)
42 Rhyolite fl a kes
(white to pale brown)
2 Rock chi ps
Retouched basalt flake
(UA82-83-90)
Rhyo 1ite bi face
(UAB2-B3-193)
11 Basalt flakes
(gray to hlad)
15 Rhyolite flakes
(white to gray!sh-brown)
Ba sa ltfl a ke
(dark gray)
10 Basal~flakes
(gray to black)
17 Rhyolite flakes
(white to light gray)
1 Chert flake (black)
-20 Basalt flakes
(dark gray to black)
27 Rhyolite flakes
("hite to gray/bro,m)
1 Chert flake (blacl:)
2 Bone fragments
39 Basalt flakes
(gray to ~lack)
9 Rhyolite flakes
(white to rale bre.n)
0hsidian flakes (tl"c l \
(Feature 1)
Basalt flake
(dark gra}')
1 Rh}ollte flake
(ora \'i stl.'"'r~·.\n'
~c ,----,,,.....-...,
l r----',[....i ~.~n L-J C""JJ c-n [J ~-->:1I.,~:--:-'I
J
e------,r--J
c:-rJ rJ r--:r:-:J r=l C'!J C'1tJ IC:tl a:m IT!D CIJ rr::o rJ r-J r-J r-J r-J r-J [----:J
L\,IL[3.1<1 (Continued)
------------------------------------,
Test Squares
W
I
N
N
I-'
Soil Unit
·1.1 (Upper
oxitli zed W.ltana)
4a/41>(contact
h'ltwoon upper
oddi zed and
1",-,(\1"\;alana)
N71/E91
2 Rhyolite flakes (brown)
1199/E79
(see 4a &4b)
2 Rhyolite flakes
(pale bro~m)
1193/[100
13 Basalt flakes
(gray to bl ack)
14 Rhyolite flakes
(white to pale brown)
1 Chert flake
(light brown)
5 Basalt flakes
(dark gray)
10 Rhyolite flakes
(white to pale hrmm)
1194/E99
44 Basalt flakes
(light gray to black)
44 Rhyolite flakes
(white to
yellowish brown)
5 Chert fl a kes
(Ilrayi sh-brown.black)
25 Bone fraglllents
8 Basalt flakes
(dark 9ray to black)
4 Rhyolite flakes
(yellowi sh b,·o,,'n)
N95/E 100
(Feature 1)
48 Basalt flakes
(gray to black)
28 Rhyolite flakes
(white to grajish-bro,,~)
1 Chert flake
(dark red)
Retouched basalt flake
(UA82-83-375 )
Retouched rhyolite flal:e
(UA82-83-376)
Rhyolite biface fra:-o,'
(UA8~-83-377)
2 ('C'Il"'?f"(l(""~l1t $
T~HL[3.14 (Continued)
Test Squares
W
I
N
N
N
Soil Unit
4.1 I,'lb (ul'l'0r
\I"loH',1 .lnd lowor
WJtJlla mixed)
4b (liatana
tOl'hra)
t171/E91 1199/E79
36 lIasa·lt flakes
(dark gray to black)
93 Rhyolite flakes
(white to grayish-brown)
I Rock chip
10 lIone fragment s
1 Rhyol i te flake
(light gray)
1 Rhyolite projectile
point tip (UAfi2-83-273)
1193/EI00 1194/E99
2 Basalt flakes
(dark gray to black)
3 Rhyolite flakes
(light 9ray to pale bl"(l\-:II)
1195/EWO
,la/5 (contact
b~tween upper
oxidized lIatana
and cultural unit)
11 Basalt flakes
(dark gray)
7 Rhyolite flakes
(pa I e brown to
ye 11 owi sli !>rowlI)
(Feature I)
ca.170 Basalt flakes
(gray to black.dusky rejl
124 Rhyolite flales
(light gray to
yello~ish bro.n)
15 Cbert flakes
(light gray.dark pr'1.
black.pale red)
<'bsi<llan flake (bla,l'
III f01lP fr?1"'rn!s
r-:r=l r---1~. J
r---"
l.r---"IIL.__.._.j c'""J [t.J L.:..J L.LJ [.:,J [__.J c"3 c-J l.J r-----'1
j lj ~~~
L,u,l,[~J
T~ULE 3.14 (Continued)
[TJJ c:-J [[]I]CCTI
Test Squares
cu [L.u.U r--J r---jl_"
,----;, J c-l '----"],-,r----,,"
191 Basalt flakes
(gray to black)
232 Rhyolite flakes
(white to pale brown)
IS Chert flakes
(gray,black,dusky red)
I Chalcedony flake
(yellowi sh-brown)
5B Bone fragments
W
I
N
N
W
',0 i I lin it
4/5 (contdct
bethl~en Uatana
,tnd cultural
unit -Feature 2
'url,lce)
5 (c'Jltural
uni t:Featu re
,111'1 re~ture 3)
1171/£91 N99/E79 N93/ElOO
113 Basalt fl akes
(dark gray to black)
176 Rhyolite flakes
(white to pale browlI)
3 Chert flakes
(gray,black)
1 Obsidian flake
(dark gray)
22'Bone fragments
C-14 Sample
(lJlIlJ2-B3-1695)
1194/C99
C-14 Sample Feature
2 (lJA82-83-1696)
C-14 Sample Feature
2 (lJAB2-B3-1697)
C-14 Salllple Feature
3 (111\82-83-1702)
1195/CWO
55 Basalt flakes
(gray,dusky red)
31 Rhyolite flakes
(white to pale brown)
2 Chert flakes
(gray,dusky red)
Obsidian flake (blacl)
7 FCR fragments (?)
20 Bone frag~ents
C-I~s~~ple (UAS2-83-lf:~\
C-14Sample Feature
2 (IIA82-B3-1699)
C-14 Sample Feature
2 (UA82-83-170C)
C-14 Sample Feat~re
2 (UA82-83-1701)
C-14 Sa~rle Feat;·o
3 (1I~g2-B~-1-~"
W
I
N
N
.j::>o
T~BLE 3.14 (Continued)
Soil Unit
5 (cultural unit:
f "..ture 2 and
leature 3)
r"atu,"e 2
Coll"rU on
Nn/E91 N99/E79
Test Squares
N93/EIOO
ca.945 Basalt flakes
(gray to black)
ca.1170 Rhyolite
flakes (white to
grayi sh brown)
ca.160 Chert flakes
(white,grayi.sh brown.
reddi sh brown.black)
8 Chal cedony fl a kes
(white,light gray)
1 Obsidian flake (black)
17 Rock chi ps
Pi eces of red ochre (1)
43 Gravel sized
rock chips/fCR (1)
1 Retouched basalt
flake (UA82-83-305)
4 Retouched rhyolite
flakes (UA82-83-307.
30B,309.312)
1 Basalt bi face fragment
(lJi\B7.-1l3-310)
N94/E99
ca.675 Basalt flakes
(gray to black)
ca.440 Rhyolite
flakes (white to
pale brown)
13 Chert flakes
(light gray,da rk
gray,pale red)
2 Chalcedony flakes
(light gray)
1 Obsidian flake
(black)
1 Rhyolite blade-like
flake (UA82-83-328)
Bifacially retouched
rhyol He flake
(UA82-83-326)
Chert bi face fragment
(UA62-83-359 )
1 Chert tool-scrarer
(UA82-83-327)
1 Basalt projectile
point (UAR2-83-J5B)
N95/EI00
ca.605 Basalt flal"s
(gray to black.
dusky red)
ca.305 Rhyolite
flakes (white to
g rayi sh tro.n)
44 Chert flakes
(light gray.grayish
bro_n.dusky red)
21 Obsidian flakes (blae l \
1 Quartz flake (.hite\
Chalcedony flake
(pale brown)
1 Piece of
red ochre (1)
19 fCR fragwents (1)
2 Retouched basalt
flakes (UA82-83-3f4.
390)
1 Petouched rhyolite
flake (UA8~-E3-:85)
e.l.~1~~('Il~("~':"'?I~t;
r----r-.'r-:r---'i,__lJ ,.---,
L.c en ~I Ii
--"•••Jj c....J C.LJ l..__j !!,---.:~1 .------,
,1
~r---~~
r-r:err-:r---:r:-:-::r7:i ~Il""",i"J rrn r:--D u""J ITTTI r-::n C'J'J rl ~II r-l rJ .....--0;:--J
T~DLE 3.14 (Continued)
Sail Unit N71/E91 N99/E79
Test Squares
tI93/ElOO N94/E99 1195/EI00
1 Rhyolite bi face ca.400 Bone fragments
fragment (UA82-83-1339)
1 Oasalt projectile
point base (UA82-83 c 306)
ca.2775 Bone fragment s
12 Tooth fragment s
W
J
N
N
U1
Feature 2
Collection 2
ca.565 Basalt flakes
(gray to black)
ca.450 Rhyolite
flakes (white to
grayi sh-brown)
ca.145 Chert flakes
(white,gray-brown,
reddish brown,black)
1 Obsidian flake (black)
1 Quartz fl ake (white)
5 Pieces red ochre
3 Rock chips
23 Gravel si zed
FCR (?)
1 Ret ouched chert
fl ake (IJAfl2-D3-J14)
ca.770 Basalt flakes
(gray to black)
ca.570 Rhyolite
flakes (white to
pale brown)
39 Chert flakes
(II ght gray,gray-brown
reddl shbrown ,
dark red,black)
2 Obsidian flakes
(black)
Chalcedony flake (gray)
3 Gravel sl zed
FCR (?)
2 Retouched basalt
flal:es (lIA02-0J-332,335)
ca.755 Basalt flakes
(gray to black)
ca.440 Rhyolite
flakes (light gray tr
yellowish bro.n to
gray bro.'I1)
164 Chert flakes
(gray,grayl sh-bro.".
olive gray,black)
11 Obsidian flakes
(gray,black)
5 Chalcedcry flakes
(white)
Pieces red cc~re (7'
13 Gravel Si ~r'1
rcn (I)
W
I
N
N
0'1
T,\iIL[3.14 (Cont I nued)
r1l1i I lllli l
F",ture 2
(.n I I ret i on 3
rOl/E91 N99/E79
T~st Squares
1193/[100
I Retouched basalt
fragmcnt (UA82-03-097)
ca.2030 bonc frag""",t.~
ca.400 Oasalt flakes
(gray to black)
ca.465 Rhyolite
fl a ke s (pa 1e brown
to olive gray)
ca.140 Chert flakes
(light gray,reddish
brown,black)
3 Chalcedony flakes
(light gray)
20 Grav~l si 71',1
FeR (?)
N94/E99
2 Retouched rhyo 1He
fl akes (UA82-83-33I,3J.1)
1 Retouched chert
flake (HA82-03-333)
1 8asalt bi face
fragment (UA82 -83 -330)
ca.1560 Bone fragm~nt~
ca.1510 Basalt flakes
(gray to black)
ca.1475 Rhyolite
fl akes (white to
pale brown to
grayi sh brown)
ca.100 Chert flakes
(light gray,olive
brown,dark gray,
pale red,rcddish
brown,bl act)
r.llalc(!dnny flal:e ("hite)
fl95/EIOO
1 Retouched rhyolite
flake (UA82-83-39~)
I Retouched chert
flake (UA82-83-394)
1 Angular basalt
fragment with retouch
(UA82-83-386)
1 Basalt tool frag,pent:
scraper (UA82-83-3S7)
ca.1310 Bone fra9-ent s
ca.745 Basalt f1a~es
(gray to blad,
dusky red)
ca.195 Rh}olite
flakes (white to rale
brown to grayish brc.~)
94 Chert flakes (gray,
g ray I sh-brow"l,
reddi sh brown)
Obsidian flakes (blac'!
In C~alce10ny fl,lo,
(white to
li~ht !'r~..")
r-----"
L r=j----"'r----""'r---:!~l .....,n-:-J ILLl L_LJ L.LJ L..LJ [....J ~-'-1 .---,-,--,
!;---i ~I !]
c-r:rr--
\.1"",
r----iJ ~J r:J C!J en r---:J LI""cIUJ [,.,,,.,1.1 C"J]rrJJ r;r---':-l r--"1
'-I --l lJ c-~
,J
W
I
N
N
'-l
TAnLE J.14 (Continued)
_._.--._--
S:)j 1 Un it tl71/E91 N99/E79
Test Squares
N9J/E 100
5 FCR/hearth rocks
(1);largest.
10 x 10 x 4 cm
1 Retouched rhyo THe
flake (UA02~OJ-J20)
1 Rhyolite projectile
point base (UIIl12-flJ-JI9)
ca.WOO bone fl'agllirnt s
1194/E99
2 Retouched basalt
flakes (UA82-83-366,367)
2 Retouched rhyolite
flakes (UA82-83-350,36R)
I Retouched sandstone
tabular rock
(UA02-83-355 )
1 Chert blade-like
flake (UA82-83-341)
1 Basalt bi face
(UA02-03-348)
2 Basalt tools:
end scrappers (UA82-83-
340,352)
I Chert bi face
fragment (UA82-83-J51)
2 Basalt projectile
points (UA82-83-347,349)
I Chert tool:scraper
(UA82-83-339)
1 Chert tool:
burin (UA82-83-346)
ca.1920 Bone fl'a91'l~nts
1:95/EIOO
1 Pi ece red
ochre (1)
12 gravel sized
to small pebble
sl zed FCR (1)
2 Retouched basalt
flakes (UA82-83-J96.4C~\
1 Retouched chert
fragment (UA82-8J-399)
1 Rhyolite projectile
point tip (UA82-BJ-4C3)
1 Basalt projectile
rnint tip (UAf2-f3-J,ol
I Retouched chert
flake (UA82-83-:1,1
ca.210 8o'le
fl·tl9'''~11~~
T~ULE 3.14 (Continued)
Test Squares
';0;I Uni l tl71/£91 N99/£79 N93/£100 1194/E99 li 0 5/U PO
------------------------------_._-----------------------_.•
W
I
N
Nco
I'e,llu re ~llnd
'I~,llilre J
!11i'ted
rnll"r.t i 011
ca.B30 Basalt flakes
(gray to bl ack)
ca.790 Rhyolite flakes
(light gray to
grayish brown)
ca.320 Chert flakes
(light gray,grayi sh
brown.reddi sh brown)
1 Chalcedony flake
(I i ght gray)
10 Pi eces red ochre
37 gravel sized FCR (?)
6 FCR/hearth rocks;
largest 43 x 24 x 9 cm
1 Retouched chert fl a ke
(UII02-03-315)
Chert bi face fragment
(UIIA2-03-921)
ca.3250 Bone fragment 5
c-J r---:
\
,..-----,r--!r--J r--1~__. . I
L.l J [L]l .l.,.J l...~J LL]L._.J i~
l.}
!---i~r-----,
)
~---,
\-----,
-'
e---\
n-n c-:'1 ~rn ,..,......,
\"J r::m C"O]t 'i.J []]]J]rrr:ro c:J rr:o CJ r-J r-J r-:-l ;----')
'"J LJ ~
T~DL(3.14 (Continued)
~"';I Un i l tl71/E91 N99/E79
Test Squares
N93/EIOO /l94/E99 N95/E100
W
I
N
N
1.0
feJture 3
Col lPel i on 3
I Rhyolite projectile
point (UA82-83-313)
I Basalt bi face/flake
core (UA82-B3-324)
I Broken rhyolite bi face
fra9ment (UA82-83-325)
I Chert 'project 11 e
point tip
(UA82-83-316)
1 Retouched rhyolite
flake (UA82-83-317)
1 Chert fl a ke wit hedge
wear (UI\82-lJ3-33fl)
ca.935 Basalt flakes
(gray to black)
ca.810 Rhyolite
flakes (white to pale
brown to grayish brown)
82 Chert fl akes
(gray,grayl sh brown,
.da~k brown,red,black)
3 Obsidian flakes
(dark green)
I Chalcedony flake
(yellowi sh brown)
11 FCR/hearth rocks;
largest,52 x 19.5
x 12 cm
1 Retouched basalt
flake (UA82-83-345)
1 Retouched rhyolite
flake (UA82-83-356)
1 Retouched chert
flal:e (UAfl?-83-369)
ca.2860 Basalt
flakes (gray to black'
ca.1645 Rh)'ollte
flakes (light gray
tog rayi sh brow'll)
ca.910 Chert flakes
(white,gray,
grayi sh brow'll,darl.
brown,dusky red,
bl ack)
9 Cbsidlan fla~es
(black)
2 Chalcedony flales
(whi te)
6 Pieces of red ochre (:'
16 FCR/hearth rocks;
largest
43 x 24 x 9 c'"
Retouched b!Sll~
flakes
(U~B~-SJ-1r\.1jJ\
W
I
N
Wo
I~HL[3.14 (Continued)
"~n;1 lin it 1171/E91 N99/E79
Test Squares
1193/EiOO U94/E99
1 Basalt blade-like
flake (UAB2-B3-343)
1 Rhyolite blade-
It ke f1 ake
(UJl82-B3-362 )
1 Basa lt bi face
fragment (UAB2-B3-365)
1 Rhyolitebiface
fragment (UAB2-83-3 57)
1 Quartzite tool;
Tchi Thos
(UAB2-B3-360)
Chert tool;scraper
(UA82-B3-361)
1 Basalt projectile
poi nt (UAB2-83-364)
ca./l01O Rone fragments
1195/EIOO
6 Retouched rhyolite
flakes (UA82-83-407,
408,419,421,422,423\
1 Retouched basalt
flake (UAB2-83-3~5)
1 Basalt blade-lHe
flake (UA82-83-416)
1 Rhyolite blade-like
flake (UA82-83-413)
1 Basalt bi face
fragment (UA82-83-417)
1 Basalt projectile
poi nt (UA82-83-41 0)
1 Chert proje~tile
point (nAE2-S3-12~0)
ca.70fn'p,c:Jle (ra;r··.;"t ~
..--,c:'r---:rJ 1----:C.i rrr [LJ i __J L_LJ LJ r---:,-----,~l ~--..~~~r-----".,
L ,--L~,___.J
L_______)L _..J
,!J
c-r:;~c:--l rn rT'J C,;"Ji,:,J rr!l r-:J rrn:o om C-:J crJJ r"TI c-l r-l r-J ':-J lJ ~
T:·rl [3.14 (Continued)
Soil Unit 1171/E91
Test Squares
N99/E79 N93/E 100 N94/E99 N95/EI00
:i/7 I
f l~,'turl'2 to
COII[dcl wilh
ulIJprlylng sdndy
~.i It or gl"et.l
.11-1 It
27 Ba'sdlt flakes
(gl'ay to black)
15 Rhyol it"flakes
(pale brown to gray)
3B Chert flakes
(li9ht gray.dark
lll'own i sh gray)
55 Done fragment s
ca.175 Basalt flakes
(gray to black)
ca.100 Rhyolite
flakes (light gray
to pale brown)
25 Chert flakes
(gray.dusky red.black)
3 Pieces of red ochre (n
ca.no Done fratJtI'~nt s
ca,230 Basalt flales
(gray to black)
ca.170 Rhro1 it e
flakes (hhite to
pal e bro.")
C.l.150 Chert (light
~ray.dark grar)
2 Pieces of
ret ochre (?)
W
I
N
W.....~a &4b/7 contact
of mi (ed Watana
.nd sdndy silt
'i')~/E79 only
1b/!COlltdct
br.t,,'~en II"tdnd
.",d s~,,·Jy sl It
2 Rhyolite flakes
(gray,ol ive gray)
9 Bone fragments
3 Basalt flakes (black)
4 Rhyolite flakes
(white to pale brown)
Cil.2J:'Prl1e (r,,~"':"~c:
P·IlLE 3.14 (Continued)
T(~st S'1\1ares
.._-------------
W
I
N
W
N
"Ill i I Ull it
,s,lndy silt
RaJ.nt Burrow
in felture 2
I'd r.~tltlJ n'3
1171/E91 1199/E79
5 Basalt flakes
(gray to black)
20 Rhyol i te flakes
(white .to pale brown)
1 Chert fl a ke
(light brown)
Rhyolite projectilc
point tip
(UAB2-83-273)
Bone fragmcnt s
1193/£100 1194/E99
ca.140 Basalt flakes
(gray to black.
dusky red)
ca.170 Rhyolite flakes
(pale brown to gray)
17 Chert flakes
(gray,grayish brown,
reddi sh brown.b1ac k)
1 Retouched chert fla~p
(L1Ml2-83-373)
1:95/[lr8
r------""',L.L]r---l c:J r]LJ Lt.J LL]L_~__J ILLJ l__U C___]C_...)r-------------,r----l .:==J ,~C.......1 ~I
L )"-_1 L_
'.1 I.__.1
r:-r:~~l.l ,J C""'1)r1 rt'1!O t'"'TTI r::-:J OTD ern CJD roD rJ r-J r-J c-J rJ c-J .~
r;,I'I.r.3.14 (Continued)
_...__.__.._-----------------------_.
Test Squares
W
I
N
W
W
So i 1 Un i t N71/E91 N99/E79 1193/E 100 N94/E99
I Tabular slate fra9ment
(UA82-83-372)
Basalt blface fragment
(UA82-83-371)
1 Rhyolite projectile
point base
(UJlIl2-8J-370)
ca;205 Bone fragrnent s
1:95/E 100
KEY TO FIGURES 3.48 -3.60
r'
[
Fi gure Site Accessi on Number,Oescri pti on
3.48 a TLM 115
b TLM 124
c TLM 124
d TLM 130
e TLM 133
f TLM 134
3.49 a TLM 128
b TLM 128
c TLM 128
d TLM 128
e TLM 128
f TLM 128
3.50 a TLM 135
b TLM 136
c TLM 140
d TLM 140
e TLM 144
f TLM 154
g HEA 210
3.51 a TLM 143
b TLM 143
c TLM 143
d TLM 143
e TLM 143
f TLM 143
g TLM 143
h TLM 143
UA82-95-1,projectile point
UA82-64-1,projectile point
UA82-64-2,endscraper
UA82-70-11,endscraper
UA82-73-1,projectile point
UA82-74-1,2,3,3 articulating fragments,
1arge retouched fl ake
UA82-68-3,321,bi face
UA82-68-15,microblade
UA82-68-85,projectile point tip
UA82-68-186,retouched flake
UA82-68~187,retouched flake
UA82-68-226,retouched flake
UA82-75-1,projectile point
UA82-76-1,retouched flake
UA82-80-5,modified flake
UA82-80-6,biface fragment
UA82-84-1,projectile point
UA82-94-4,projectile point
UA82-101-2,scraper
UA82-83-1,projectile point
UA82-83-2,projectile point
UA82-83-347,projectile point
UA82-83-349,projectile point
UA82-83-358,projectile point
UA82-83-364,projectile point
UA82-83-410,projectile point
UA82-83-1220,330,projectile point and tang
3-234
r--
L
C
II
n
C
[
["
---j
U
[
C
L
[
[
KEY TO FIGURES (Continued)
[
[
Fi gure Site Accession Number,Description
3.56 a TLM 143
b TLM 143
3.57 TLM 143
3.58 TLM 143
3.59 a TLM 143
b TLM 143
c TLM 143
d TLM 143
e TLM 143
f TLM 143
3.60 a TLM 143
b TLM 143
c TLM 143
d TLM 143
UA82-83~308,retouched flake
UA82-83-325,biface
UA82-83-324,biface/flake core
UA82-83-360,tchi thos
UA82-83-90,retouched flake
UA82-83-305,retouched flake
UA82-83-339,endscraper
UA82~83~345,retouched flake
UA82~83~387,endscraper
UA82-83~395,retouched flake
UA82~83~407,retouched flake
UA82~83~408,retouched flake
UA82~83~419,retouched flake
UA82~83~423,retouched flake
3~236
["
D
o
o
o
o
[
[J
[
[
r-j
[i
[
d•
c
j
-.
c
b
e
I
v ,.&..,)4 5.....~
CM~
b
e
a
d
•
a
Figure 3.49.Artifacts from site UA82-68 (TLM 128).
3-237
Figure 3.48.Artifacts from sites UA82-95 (TLM 115)a,UA82-64 (TLM
124)b-c,UA82-70 (TLM 130)d,UA82-73 (TLM 133)e,
UA82-74 (TLM 134)f.
[
[
[
L
[
[
[
o
[
[J
fJ
6
C
[
[
[:
[
[
[
L
[1
o
q[j
o
b
['
[
[,
[
['
U
[
['
r:
[
j
d
h
•
9
c
,
9
~
b
f
CM~
e
e
a
t ---"-
d
F
cba
•
Figure 3.51.Arti facts fran site UA82-83 (TLM 143).
3-238
Figure 3.50.Arti facts from sites UA82-75 (TLM 135)a,UA82-76 (TLM
136)b,UA82-80 (TLM 140)c-d,UA82-84 (TLM 144)e,
UA82-94 (TLM 154)f,UA82-101 (HEA 210)g.
[
r
L ~,-",'
Figure 3.52.Arti facts from site UA82-83 (TLM 143).
c•
e
•b
d
CM~
a
9 h
CM~
fI
~...J~•
a b c d e
.......j
Fi gure 3.53.Arti facts from site UA82-83 (TLM 143).
3-239
[
[
[
[
~l_~
o
[
E
C
l
E
[
C
l
[
L
L
a
1
b
J,---L
c
[
['
[
[
r;-:.
L'
[1
r-'u
[
L
C
[
[
[J
U
n[j
o
[J
dcba
•-
94.5
v'V'~.~e
Figure 3.54.Artifacts from site UA82-83 (TLM 143).
Figure 3.55.Arti facts fran site UA82-83 (TLM 143).
3-240
CM~
Figure 3.56.Artifacts from site UA82-83 (TLM 143).
b
CM~
a
Figure 3.57.Arti fact fran site UA82-83 (TLM 143).
3-241
[
f
"
•.~
[
[
[
L
['
U
L
C
E
[~
[
C
L
[
[
L
L
['
['
n
[
ji
u
Fi gure 3.58.Arti fact from si te UA82-83 (TLM 143).
n
o
nu
o
o
[1
[
C
[
L
L
[
c
b
e
.~3 4--
I
o 1 2 3 4 5
CM~
d
a
•
Figure 3.59.Artifacts fran site UA82-83 (TU~143).
3-242
J
]
J
J
]
n
j
]
B
D
d
g
]
]
J
]
J
J
,...----,
J
eqp
]
n
]
]
]
~]
]
o
u
qiJ
;-j
,-)
J
J
[
~-~
r~
[
L
f'
---!
[
r1
t
L
Q
C
E
t
f
L
[
C
t
4 -GEOARCHEOLOGY,TEPHROCHRONOLOGY
4.1 -Introduction
Tephra (volcanic ash)layers were identified at most of the 167 sites
found to date.At least three and possibly four tephra were identi fied
in the field and samples were collected from various sites within the
study area.
The petrographic study discussed here was conducted to:1)determine
whether the tephra identified in the field were tephra,2)characterize
the mineralogy and glass shard morphology of the tephra,and 3)deter-
mine the number of tephra present.Successful discrimination of the
tephra would provide a method to correlate and date archeological com-
ponents within the Susitna River Valley.
The 29 samples analyzed were selected from systematically tested sites.
The samples were distributed across 48 kilometers,from TLM 042 to TLM
043 (Figure 4.1).Sample distribution,both within the stratigraphic
section and geographically,should provide a representative suite of
samples (Table 4.1).Analysis of these samples should accurately charac-
terize the tephra present in the valley.
4.2 -Analytical Methods
The samples were prepared foll owi ng the procedure suggested by Steen-
McIntyre (1977).The volume of material used and the color of each
sample (when moistened)was recorded.The samples were then rinsed
several times in distilled water,and the suspended fines and floating
organic material were decanted off.Three to five times the sample'S
volume of sodium hypochlorite (household bleach)was then added to each
sample and the mixture heated in a boiling water bath for 15 minutes to
remove any organic cementing agents (Steen-McIntyre,1977).The liquid
was then decanted off and the sample was rinsed once with di stilled
water.Suspended fines were again decanted off.6 N hydrochloric acid
was then added to the samples to dissolve iron oxide cement.After the
4-1
Stu d Y Area......
"T1.....
to
C
""Sttl
.p.·......·
VI
l:1l.p.3
I "'C
N .....
ttl
r
0
(')
l:1l...
.-I.
0
:::l
~
"'C·
o 8 16 24 32 kmII I I ,
o 5 10 15 20 rot
~-N-
~
~r::-J ~~r----"~c-.-J e-;-::;,L_l_J C-J ,{...1]LJJ r-n'".-'.",
r-------',
I )
;-----.'-----;,~
)
,-';
r~'
TABLE 4.1
Devil X X X X X X X X
Upper
Watana X X X X X
Lower
Watana X X X X X X
Oshetna X X X X X X X X X
STRATIGRAPHIC LOCATION OF SAMPLES FROM THE SUSITNA TEPHRA[
['
,
[
['
[
o
c
-,
l~
<.7
B
[
E
~
L
L
[
L
L
Strati ..
graphi c
Locati on
TLM TLM TLM
039 040 042
Sample Sites
TLM TLM TLM
043 046 062
4-3
TLM
069
TLM
128
TLM
130
TLM
143
acid was decanted off,the sample was rinsed twice with distilled water
and air dried.After drying,the samples were sieved using 16 mesh
(l mm),32 mesh (0.5 mm),60 mesh (0.25 mm),and 250 mesh (0.062 mm)
sieves.The volume of each size fraction was recorded.The sample size
used in the petrographic analysis consisted of grains between 60 and 250
mesh (0.25 and 0.062 mm).This fraction was washed in distilled water
ina soni c cl eaner for 10 to 15 mi nutes.The procedure was then
repeated using acetone,and then the sample was air dried.Once dry,
this fraction was again screened using a 250 mesh sieve.The -250 mesh
fracti on was di scarded,while the +250 mesh fracti on was stored for
analysi s.
Grain mounts were made by mixing a small portion of each sample with
several drops of histoclad on a glass slide,and allowing the histoclad
to set.Each sample was mixed thoroughly before a small scoop of it was
taken in an attempt to get a representative split.
Each sample was examined under binocular and petrographic microscopes.
Four hundred to sjx hundred grain counts were made of 16 samples using
Galehouse1s (l969)area method.All grains within the field of view at
100x magni fi cati on were counted,and each sampl e had four fi el ds of vi ew
counted.The percentage of mi neral grai ns in each sampl e were then
cal cul ated.
Ni neteen samples from the Devi 1,Upper Watana,and Lower Watana tephras
had 98 to 160 grain counts of their glass fraction to characterize the
glass shard morphology of the tephra.Three samples were counted three
times to test the reproducibility of the grain counts.The results are
listed in Table 4.2 and suggest that the grain counts are precise to
wit hi n ±6 percent.
Eight samples were examined using a scanning electron microscope (SEM)
to make a hi gh magni fi cati on study of gl ass shard morphology.The ei ght
samples were glued to aluminum stubs using a thinned carbon adhesive,
and then coated with a thin layer of gold using an SPI sputter coater.
The coater was run for eight minutes to reduce the amount of sample
4-4
['
C'I
J,
[
['
r-",
C~
CiL
o
o
o
D
U
C
[]
[
f'
L
[
[
['
4-5
TABLE 4.2
Sampl e Scori a Vesi c.Scoria Vesi c.Scori a Vesi c.Mean Deviati on
Where %scoria =percent scoriac€ous glass shards --%vesic.=percent
vesicular glass shards.
Standard%
Count 3
%%
Count 2
%%
Count 1
%
REPRODUCIBILITY OF GLASS SHARD COUNTS
ATC-
0006 28.8 71.1 43.8 56.2 42.2 57.8 38.3 6.7
ATC-
0015 28.7 71.3 50.5 49.5 51.5 48.5 43.6 10.5
ATC-
0019 86.6 13.4 91.1 8.9 89.4 10.6 89.04 1.8
r,
t 0
r',~
[
[
['
[
[
b
l
8
~
C
t
t
L
r
L
[
['
_..~
charging.Samples were scanned at 100x and then photographs were taken
at higher magnification (220x to 1000x).
4.3 -Granulometric Analysis
Granulometric analyses were conducted on 15 samples.Many of the
samples were too small (less than 5 milliliters)to conduct acceptable
analyses.The results are listed in Table 4.3 and are shown graphically
in Figure 4.2.The small standard deviation of the Upper Watana tephra
is due to the small number of samples,and not to high precision of the
data.The analyses indicate that the tephra are dominated by the fine
silt and clay-sized fraction (-250 mesh).The coarse sand fraction
generally represented an insignificant portion of the sample.
4.4 -Appearance Under Binocular Microscope
Glass appears as white grains under a binocular microscope.Transparent
and transl ucent grai ns exhi bit both cl eavage surfaces and conchoidal
fracture,suggesti n9 that a porti on of the transparent grai ns are
fel dspar.
(a)Devil Tephra
This tephra is dominated by white angular grains,followed in decreasing
abundance by transparent and translucent grains,green laths,and opaque
minerals.The white glass commonly mantles the green laths.
(b)Upper Watana Tephra
White glass shards are the dominant grain followed by transparent and
translucent grains,green laths,and opaque minerals.White glass
commonly mantles the green laths.Red-brown biotite is a very minor
component of this tephra.
4-6
c
f'
[;
c
n__l
,..J
r:..J
[1
C
r'L
[
L
L
L
[
L
'Volume %-60+250 Mesh Sieve Fra~tlon
4-7
Figure 4.2.Granulometric Analysis of Susitna Tephra.
Devil
I •I
Upper Watana
f-+-I
-.
lower Watana
(•I
Oshetna
I 0 I
353025201510
[
[
[
[,
[
[
[
8
C
B
B
[
t
F~.b
[
b
[
[
L
TABLE 4.3
GRAIN SIZE ANALYSIS FOR 15 SUSITNA TEPHRA
r~
r
Sample #
Vol.%
+60 mesh
Vol.%
-60 +250 mesh
Vol.%
-250 mesh
St rat i9 raphi c
Locati on r'
ATC-OOOI 3%17.4 79.6 Devil
ATC-0002 3%16.3 81.7 U.Watana
ATC-0003 0.0 22.1 77.9 L.Watana
[
ATC-0004 34.8%39.1 26.1 Oshetna ',)
0
ATC-0006 tr 17.9 82.1 U.Watana U
ATC-0007 tr 24.1 75.9 L.Watana G
ATC-0008 tr 23.8 76.2 L.Watana U~J
ATC-0009 3%23.6 73.4 Oshetna F.,
v'
ATC-0010 tr 20.0 80.0 Devil iJ
ATC-0012 0.0 18.3 81.7 L.Watana
L1ATC-0013 tr 35.5 64.5 Oshetna
ATC-0017 tr 19.0 81.0 L.Watana U
L
L.
4-8 L:
"L---'
TABLE 4.3 (Continued)
4-9
Standard Deviation =4.9
Standard Deviation =1.1
Standard Deviation =6.2
Standard Deviation =6.5
[
[~
[
[
[
[
C
tJ
C
§
g
C
E
G.-ib
[
C
L
[
L
Sample #
ATC-0019
ATC-0025
ATC-0028
Devi 1:
u.Watana:
L.Watana:
Oshetna:
Vol.%
+60 mesh
0.0
4.3%
3%
Mean =21.9,
Mean =17.0,
Mean =24.0,
t4ean =32.7,
Vol.%
-60 +250 mesh
36.9
30.2
19.8
Vol.%
-250 mesh
63.1
65.5
77 .2
Strati graphi c
Locati on
L.Watana
Devil
Devil
(c)Lower Watana Tephra
The lower Watana appears qui te si·mil ar to the Upper Watana.Bi oti te is
also a minor constituent of this tephra.
(d)Oshetna Tephra
Transparent and transl ucent fragments are the domi nant grai ns,fall owed
by green crystal fragments,and opaque minerals.White glass is a rare
constituent of the tephra.The green crystals are generally short
angular flakes without glass mantles.Biotite is more abundant in this
tephra than in the others.
4.5 -Mineralogy
(a)Hornblende
Two varieties are present:1)euhedral to subhedral laths having green
to olive green,or dark green pleochroism,and 2)subhedral to anhedral
fragments with green tobl ue-green pleochroism.The euhedral to sub-
hedral green laths are the dominant type in the Devil,Upper,and Lower
Watana tephras,while the blue-green variety is common only in the
Oshetna tephra.The green laths are commonly mantled by glass and
usually contain inclusions of opaque minerals.The blue-green variety
lacks attached glass,and is generally free of opaque inclusions.Both
amphiboles are biaxial negative and exhibit some twinning.
(b)Orthopyroxene
Orthopyroxene occurs as bi axi al negati ve hypersthene.The hypersthene
is subhedral to euhedral and is commonly mantled by glass,'This is true
even in the glass-poor Oshetna tephra.The phenocrysts range between
0.02 and 0.3 mm in length,are length slow,and have either pale green
to pink,or pale green to yellow,pleochroism.The hypersthene commonly
occurs as interpenetration twins.Inclusions in the phenocrysts include
opaque minerals and smaller crystals of orthopyroxene.The mineral is
4-10
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r
i~
l,
r-'t
[
['~\
-~
9LJ
[J
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t
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1~~1
C
r-
._..,
l
r
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C
o
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b
C
H
6
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L
[
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uncommon in the three upper tephra,and only reaches relatively abundant
levels in the Oshetna tephra.
(c)Plagioclase
Two populations of the mineral are present.The most abundant variety
consi sts of anhedral,angul ar to sub-angul ar,grai ns 1 acki ng attached
glass.The birefringence increases towards the center of these grains
indicating a platy habit which is thickest at the middle.Zoning is
common,while twinning is not.The lack of albite twins made it impos-
si ble to estimate anorthite compositi on.
The second vari ety is 1ess common and i scharacteri zed by low bi re-
fringent euhedral to subhedral grains,mantled by glass,and having
a1 bi te and carl sbad twi ns.Concent ric and osci 11 atory zoni ng are common
in this variety of plagioclase.Compositional estimates,using the
Michel-Levy method (Kerr,1977),ranged between An 25 and An 41 for the
Devil tephra,An 25 and An 49 .for the Upper Watima,An 23 and An 30 for the
Lower Watana,and between An 30 and An 32 for the Oshetna tephra.
(d)Opaque Minerals
These mineral sgenerally occur as subhedral to anhedral grains less than
0.2 II11l in diameter.Opaque minerals are common inclusions in glass,
plagioclase,orthopyroxene,and hornblende.The cubic shape of the
grains suggests that they are magnetite.
(c)Quartz
Quartz is present in the tephra in unknown quantities and is recognized
by its conchoidal fracture,low birefringence,low relief,and uniaxial
positive interference figure.It appears as anhedral angular grains
lacking glass mantles.The similarity in appearance between quartz and
the plagioclase lacking glass mantles resulted in the two grains being
lumped together in the grain counts.
4-11
(f)Mi nor Accessory Mi neral s
Biotite occurs as anhedral,sub-angular to sub-rounded,red-brown to
yellow-brown pleochroic grains.It is a rare mineral in the Upper
Watana,Lower Watana,and Oshetna tephras.None of the grains seen had
any attached gl ass.Cl i nopyroxene,zi rcon,and apatite are al so present
in trace amounts in the four tephra.The clinopyroxene is characterized
by its pale green non-pleochroic color in plane light,its biaxial
positive interference figure and inclined extinction.It is subhedral
to anhedral and is most common in the Oshetna tephra.Zircon is present
as anhedral to euhedral grains.It is recognized by its very high
relief and birefringence,parallel extinction,and its uniaxial positive
interference figure.None of the zircon has any attached glass.
Apatite occurs as small inclusions in plagioclase phenocrysts.
4.6 -Grain Count Analyses
Si xteensampl es had between 350 and 700 grai ns counted to get an
accurate estimate of the percentage of different mi neral sin each
sample.The samples were grouped according to stratigraphic position
and the mean and standard devi ati on for each mineral was cal cul ated.
The mean values are listed in Table 4.4.Figures 4.3, 4.4,and 4.5
compare the mean and deviation for each mineral in all four tephra.The
only case where the mineralogy is significantly different is in the
Oshetna tephra,where the percentage of glass shards is much lower,and
the percentage of plagioclase and quartz much higher,than in the other
tephra.
4.7 -Glass Shard Morphology
The glass shards in these tephra have morphological characteristics
typical of rhyolitic glasses (Heiken,1972).They are vesicular,with
the shape of the vesi cl es controll i ng the shape of the shards.Fi gure
4.6 shows the typical morphology of glass shards in the four tephra.
4-12
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4-13
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Figure 4.4.Numerical Percentage of Plagioclase and Quartz
Grains Lacking Glass Mantles in the Susitna Tephra.
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4-15
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Figure 4.6.Scanning Electron Photomicrographs of Vesicular Glass Shards.
A)Vesicular Glass from the Devil Tephra.
B)Scori aceous G1 ass from the Lower Watana Tephra.
Scale =50 Microns.
4-16
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Lower
Watana 15.1 0.1 0.2 0.0 3.1 21.9 12.9 0.0 46.3 0.3
Oshetna 9.4 0.3 2.8 0.3 4.2 75.6 2.3 0.6 3.1 1.3
4-17
TABLE 4.4
MEAN VALUES FOR GRAIN COUNTS OF SUSITNA TEPHRA
LithGlZircBioOpxCpx·Opq P1/Q P1IGHb
Hb =Hornblende
Bio =Biotite
Opx =Orthopynstene
Cpx =Clinopynoxene
Opq =Opaque minerals
P1/Q =Plagioclase and quartz lacking glass mantles
P1/G =Plag with glass mantles
Zi rc =Zi rcon
Gl =Glass
Lith =Lithic fragments
Tephra
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Two types of glass shards were observed:1)grains with relatively few
vesicles resulting in the glass appearing transparent and angular in
plane light,and 2)scoriaceousgrains with sub-angular to sub-rounded
shapes.This second type of glass shard appears brownish in plane light
because the numerous small vesicles tend to refract the light rather
than allowing it to pass through relatively undisturbed (Figure 4.7).
Vesi cl e shapes range from tu be-l i ke to spheri cal.
Poi nt counts of the two gl ass shard types were conducted on 19 grai n
mounts and the results are shown in Tabl e 4.5.The means and standard
deviations for each of the three tephra were calculated,are listed in
Table 4.6,and shown in Figure 4.8.
The Oshetna tephra was not counted because of the low abundance of glass
shards.
Two cases are shown for both Upper and Lower Watana tephras.In each
group one sample had very low counts of scoriaceous glass,which
resulted in the large standard deviations seen in case 1.Removal of
these samples resulted,in the higher mean values and smaller standard
deviations seen in case 2.It is unclear why these samples had such low
counts.Examination of the grain mounts does not suggest that they are
in any other way unusual.
4.8 -Discussion
The mineralogy and the presence of glass shards in all 29 samples indi-
cates that the four layers seen in the field are tephra.The tephra are
very fine-grained,with only a minute portion of the sample coarser than
60 mesh (0.25 mm).The large standard deviations for the sieve analyses
do not allow for discrimination of any of the tephra.The mineralogy of
the tephra is remarkably unifonn and consists of plagioclase,horn-
blende,opaque minerals,orthopyroxene,quartz,biotite,clinopyroxene,
zircon,and apatite in decreasing order of abundance.Two types of
plagioclase and hornblende are present in the tephra.Those phenocrysts
that have attached glass can be attri buted to the tephra,however the
4-18
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A)Transparent,Vesicular Glass Shards
B)Scoriaceous Glass Shards with Transparent Mineral Grains.
Scale =0.1 Millimeter.
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ATC-OOOI 41.9 59.1 Devil
ATC-0002 58.8 41.2 Upper Watana
ATC-0003 88.8 11.2 Lower Watana
ATC-0005 43.9 56.1 Devil
ATC-0006 40.0 60.0 Upper Watana
ATC-0007 88.2 11.8 Lower Watana
ATC-0008 54.3 45.7 Lower Watana
ATC-OOIO 15.4 84.6 Devil
ATC-OOll 49.5 50.5 Upper Watana
ATC-0012 28.0 72.0 Lower Watana
ATC-0015 40.0 60.0 Devil
ATC-OOll 63.11 36.9 Lower Watana
ATC-0018 22.2 77.8 Devil
TABLE 4.5
SCORIACEOUS VS.VESICULAR GLA?S SHARDS
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4-21
St rati graphi c Lacati on
ATC-0019 83.0 17.0 Lower ~Jatana
ATC-0021 28.4 71.6 Devil
ATC-0022 21.3 78.7 Upper Watana
ATC-0023 58.4 41.6 Lower Watana
ATC-0025 28.9 71.1 Devil
ATC-0027 56.4 43.6 Upper Watana
SCORIACEOUS VS.VESICULAR GLASS SHARDS
TABLE 4.5 (Continued)
Sample #%Scoriaceous %Vesi cul ar
4-22
St rat i9raphi c Location
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MEAN AND STANDARD DEVIATION FOR DEVIL,UPPER WATANA,AND LOWER WATANA
TEPHRA GLASS SHARD COUNTS
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Devil 7
Upper Watana (l)5
Upper Watana (2)4
Lower Watana (1)7
Lower Watana (2)6
4-23
Mean
31.5
45.2
51.2
66.3
72.6
Standard Deviation
10.0
13.6
7.3
20.5
14.4
orlgln for the blue-green variety of hornblende and the plagioclase
'lacking glass mantles is uncertain.The angular shapes of these latter
grains does not indicate much,if any,transport,yet the differences
between them and the phenocrysts which do have glass mantles suggest a
different origin.Similar problems arise in interpreting the origin of
the quartz,zi rcon,and biotite.Without attached glass it is unclear
whether these mineral s represent detri tal contami nants or primary
volcanic material.
Of the four tephra,only theOshetna can be distinguished on the basis
of mineralogy.Figures 4.3 and 4.4 show that it has a much higher
percentage of plagioclase and quartz,and a much lower percentage of
glass shards,than any of the other tephra.
Based on glass morphology,the Devil and Lower Watana tephra can be
distinguished with a fair degree of confidence.Table 4.4 shows that
all of the Devil tephra have less than 50 percent scoriaceous glass
shards,whi 1e 57 percent of the Lower Watana tephra have greater than 60
percent scoriaceous glass shards,and 86 percent have greater than 50
percent scori aceous gl ass shards.The UpperWatana tephra has percent-
ages of scoriaceous glass shards which overlap the fields of the two
ot her tephra.
4.9 Conclusions and Suggestions for Further Work
Three out of the four tephra can ,be distinguished based on this petro-
graphic study.While stratigraphic evidence suggests that the Upper
Watana tephra is a separate unit from the Lower Watana and the Devil
tephras,the petrographic evidence is unclear.The remarkable mineral-
ogic similarities between the three upper tephra suggests that they are
derived from the same volcanic vent.If this is the case,geochemical
studies of the glass shards and phenocrysts will probably be needed to
clarify the distinctions between the three upper tephra.The Oshetna
tephra is clearly distinguishable from the other tephra due to the dif-
ferences in mineralogy and the proportion of glass shards.These di f-
ferences may be due to its greater age or a different source.
4-24
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It is generally agreed that tephra correl ati on must be based upon
several criteria,and not on single criteria (Westgate and Gorton,
1981).Stratigraphic and petrographic data are now available for the
Susitna tephra,and geochemical studies of the tephra would aid in
cl ari fyi ng the di sti ncti ons between tephra units.It is strongly
suggested that such a study be undertaken.Numerous authors have used
geochemistry to distinguish between tephra,as well as identifying
several tephra in a layer which was thought to be a single unit (Smith
and Westgate,1969;I zett and ot hers,1970;Westgate,1977;Schei degger
and others,1978;Hestgate and Evans,1978;and Larsen,1981).
In addition to the geochemical analyses,detailed petrographic work
would probably reduce the variance in the analyses that have been con-
ducted and may clarify the distinctions between the three upper tephra.
4.10 ~Archeological Significance
The petrographic analysis largely agrees with the field evidence that
there are three,and probably four,tephra units in the Susitna River
valley.This corroborating evidence should give a high degree of con-
fidence to the correlation of components from different sites which are
found between the same tephra units.These analyses may al so aid cor-
relation of components associated with tephra in other parts of south-
central Alaska,where the tephra can be shown to be identical to the
Susitna tephra.
4-25
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JAY S.J~A!..(MOND,GOVERNOR['
619 WAREHOUSE OR.•SUITE 21J-o
ANCHORAGE.Al.A~KA 99501
~u&\u[@w ~~&\~~&\
DlEP.l1..RT..l">llEN'l'OF N.i'\TU!L1L Il1£50U:UilC1E§
DIVISION OF PA.RKS
December 4,1981
Re:1130-13
John D.Lawrence
Project Manager
Acres American,Inc.
The Liberty Bank Building,Main at Court
Buffalo,New York 14202
PHONE:274-4676 L
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Dear Mr.Lawrence:
';ole have reviewed the 1980 repoEts by the University of Alaska Museum dealing
\o7i th the cuI tural resources of the Susitna Hydroelectric project area.The.
report documents the survey activities conducted during 1980 \o7hich adequately
accomplish the tasks outlined in the proposed work plan.The sampling plan
designed on the basis'of geomorphic features and koO\o7D use areas seems to have
surpassed our expectations of site incidence in the are<!.The report shows
that the fir~t .level inventory was very competently conducted and recorded.
The second year activities as outlined in the procedures manual was accom-
plished in the 1~81 field season according to information gained'through
verbal communication with the principle archaeological investigators.We
understand that the field rese'arch strategy was changed slightl}·from that
expected due to information gained during 1980.These changes appear to have
more directly addressed problems which surfaced during the course of analysis'
of the 1980 data.A final review of the 1981 results and reports will have to
a~ait receipt of that document.
TJe feel that the steps taken thus far in the cultural resource management of
the project have been excellent and one of the few instances of adequate lead
time.We would like to make the observation that the work thus far is only
preliminary to the work yet Deeded for the Susitoa Hydroelectric projectG
Reconnaissance and testing of yet to be examined areas should continue.The
clearances of specific areas of disturbance provided as additional survey by
the Huseum should indicate the continued need for clearances of ancillary
projects ~hich could affect cultural resourceS.Also,a formal mitigation·
plan for those sites to be affected by the project must be formulated.Once
definite decisions on the route of access to the project area from existing
road systems are made,those access routes and material sites must be examined
for conflicts and needs for mitization.Issuance of a permit by the Federal
Energy Regulatory Cornmissioo should and probably will include provisions
specifying under federal Jaw toe need for such protection.
5-2
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John D.LatJfcoce
December 4,1981
Paze 2 -
If you have any questions regarding our comments contained here,please call
us.We look forward to receiving the report on 1981 field work.
Sincerely,
Chip Dennelein
Director
Ilr-
.Shaw
Preservation Officer
cc:Dr.E.James Dixon
Curator of Archaeology
University·of Alaska Museum
University of Alaska
Fairbanks,Alaska 99701
Eric Yould
Executive Director
Alaska Power Authority
333 W.4th Avenue
Anchorage,Alaska 99501.
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5-3
Dear Dr.Di xon:
5-4
Si ncerely,
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OCT 22 1982
Un j 1cd S1 ales .l)cparllncn t or the 1111 crior
NATJONAL PARK SEHVJCE
Alaska Regional Office
540 West Fifth Avenue
Anchorage,Alaska 99501INR£rLY REnR TO:
17621(ARO-PCR)
We look forward to evaiuating your mitigation plan for cultural resources
occurfing in the project area.
Dr.E.James Dixon,Jr.
Curator of Archeology
University of Alaska Museum
University of Alaska
Fairbanks,Alaska 99701
Regional Director
Alaska Region
cc:
Floyd Sharrock,Alaska Regional Office
Our staff has examined the Susitna Hydroelectric Project cultural resources
final report,in particular the identification and testing program elements of
the research design,and find these and their field application to be very
adequate methods and procedures for the discovery and evaluation of archeologi-
cal and historical resources in the project area.Consultation between our
staff archeologists and project personnel from the University of Alaska Museum
and Acres American,as you well know,have occurred several times since the
project1s inception,and we have thus been kept abreast of most developments
relating to cultural resources management matters.We hope that the level of
'identification,testing,and evaluation conducted to date continues as the
project proceeds,to assure the highest levels of resource protection and
compliance with Federal and State historic preservation law.
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DEY-.i1itTl'JEl\"'T OF Nl\TU~L\.L ltESOU~tCJES
DIVISIOHOF PARKS
October 15,1982
Re:1130-13
Hr.Eric P.Yould
Executive Director
Alaska Power Authority
334 W.5th Avenue
Anchorage,Alaska 99501
Dear Mr.Yould:
/
/,
/
JAY S.HAMMOND,GOVERNOR
619 WAREHOUSE DR••SUITE 210
ANCHORAGE.ALASKA 99501
PHONE:2744676
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Thank you for your letter of September 2 soliciting our recommendations on
SusitnaHydro Project impacts and mitigation measures with respect to cultural
resources.
First of all,we wish to commend archaeologists Dr.E.James Dixon of the
University Museum and Hr.Glenn Bacon of the Alaska Heritage Research Group,
Inc.,for the excellent job they have been doing in locating cultural re-.
sources prior to ground disturbing activities.
Preconstruction survey is,of course,the first step in impact mitigation -
the location and boundaries of cultural resource sites must be known.While
·this work is fairly far along,more needs to be done as plans become more
concrete.
Secondly,these cultural resource sites must be evaluated in terms of eligi-
bility for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places.For eval-
uation,each site within the project area must be sufficiently investigated
such that their boundaries,stratigraphy,relative age,cultural affiliation
and potential to yield significant scientific information are known.Many of
the currently known sites require fu!ther,more intensive,investigation for
eligibility determinations to be made.Since so little is known about the
prehistory of the area,each site discovered takes on added significance.In
addition,groups of sites within a river drainage have been classic study
areas throughout the history of anthropological archaeology.It would appear
that a high percentage of the discovered sites may be eligible for the Na-
tional Register.
Thirdly,each eligible site must be examined in terms of "Effect."Will the
proposed action have "no effect.,""no adverse effect,"or an "adverse effect"?
This would have t.o be done on a case by case bas~s.The criteria for deter-
minations of effect may be found under Title 36,Code of Federal Regulat.ions,
Part 800.
5-5
Hr.Eric P.Yould
October 15,1982
Page 2 -
Please note that every effort must be made to mitigate future "adverse effect"
activities to National Register or eligible properties.In the few expected
cases where very large,complex sites will be adversely effected,it may be
more economical to build a barrier around the sites.In many cases,substan-
tive investigation may be necessary.If so,this will usually mean relatively
complete excavation of the site in order to recover as much sci.entific infor-
mation as possible.
These recommendations are essentially those suggested by Dixon,et aI,in the
Cultural Resources Investigation Phase I Report (April 1982).
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Sincerely,
We are confident that impacts to significant cultural resources will be.fully
mitigated throughout the course of the Susitna Hydroelectric Project.
By:
Marquez
-~.
ki~~ip~ane ~------~------------
Historic Preservati~Officer
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cc:Ms.Leila Wise,DNR,A-95 Coordinator
Dr.Edward Slatter.FERC Archaeologist
Mr.Lou Wall,Advisory Council on Historic Preservation
......Dr.E.James Dixon,Lead Archaeologist,Susitna Hydro Project
Mr.Glenn Bacon,Lead Archaeologist,Alaslr.a Heritage Research Group
TS:clk
5-6
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6-1
6 -REFERENCES
Alaska Department of Fi sh and Game.1975.Pl ant community studi es in
the Blair Lakes Range,Map.Alaska Division of Parks.
Alaska Division of Parks.1978.Alaska heritage resource survey index.
Alaska Division of Parks,Anchorage,Alaska.
wil dl i fe and
State of Al aska,
Alaska Department of Fish and Game.1973.Alaska's
habitat.LeResche,R.,and R.A.Hinman,eds.
Department of Fi sh and Game.144pp.
Anderson,D.O.1968b.Early notched point and related assemblages in
the western American Arctic.Manuscript on file in the University
of Al aska Museum,Fai rbanks,Al aska.
Anderson,D.O.1968a.A Stone age campsite at the gateway to America.
Sci ent i fi c Ameri can 218 (6):2433.
Allen,H.T.1887.Report of an expedition to the Copper,Tanana,and
Koyukuk Rivers in the Territory of Alaska,in the year 1885.U.S.
Army,Department of the Columbia,U.S.Government Printing Office,
Washington,D.C.
Anderson,D.O.1968c.Archeology of the Northwestern Arctic.Manu-
script,Brown University,Providence,Rhode Island.
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the author.in Idaho Springs,Colorado.pp.167.
Swanston,D.W.1969.A Late-Pleistocene glacial sequence from Prince
of Wales Island,Alaska.Arctic 22:25-33.
Terasmae,J.1974.An evaul ation of methods used for reconst ructi on of
Quaternary environments.i'l W.C.Mahaney,Ed.Quaternary
Environments,Proceedings of a Symposium,York Univ.,Toronto.
pp.3-32.
Terasmae,J.,and O.L.Hughes.1966.Late-Wisconsinan chronology and
history of vegetation in the Ogilvie Mountains,Yukon Territory,
Canada.Paleobotanist 15:235-242.
Thorson,R.M.n.d.Quaternary Glacier Expansions from North America's
highest mountain:A preliminary chronology for the McKinley River
area,Alaska.(Unpublished Manuscript)
Townsend,J.B.1970.Tanaina ethnohistory:an example of a method for
the study of culture change.in M.Lantis,ed.Enthnohistory in
Southwestern Alaska and the Southern Yukon.University Press of
Kentucky,Lexington,Kentucky.pp.71-102.
Townsend,J.B.1973.Eighteenth and nineteenth century Eskimo and
Indi an movements in southwestern Al aska.Paper presented to the
Society for AlTIeri can Archeology Annual Meeti ng ,San Franci seo.
6-15
Traganza,A.E.
National
Li brary,
1964.An archeol ogi cal su rvey of Mount McKi nl ey
Park.Manuscr:i pt on fi le,Mt.McKi nl ey Nati ona 1 Park
Mt.McKinley National Park,Alaska.
c
[
Val dez News.7/20/1901.
VanStone,J.W.1955.Exploring the Copper River country.Pacific
Northwest Quarterly 46(4):115-123.
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Chi cago,III i noi s.
Vitt,R.1973.Hunting practices of the Upper Tanana Indians.M.A.
Thesis,Department of Anthropology,University of Alaska,Fair-
banks,A1 aska.
Wahrhaftig,C.1958.Quaternary geology of the Nenana River Valley and
adjacent parts of the Alaska Range.U.S.Geo1.Survey Prof.Paper
293-A,p.68.
Wahrhaftig,C.,and A.Cox.1959.Rock Glaciers in the Alaska Range.
Geo1.Soc.America Bull.70:383-436.
Wahrhaftig,C.,J.A.Wolfe,E.B.Leopold,and M.A.Lanphere.1969.The
coal-bearing group in the Nenana coal field,Alaska.U.S.Geol.
Survey Bull.1274-0,30 p.
West,C.E.1978.Archeology of the Birches site,Lake Minchumina,
Alaska.M.A.Thesis,Department of Anthropology,University of
A1as ka,Fai rbanks,A1 aska.
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West,F.H.1965.
Mt.Mc Ki n1ey
Servi ceo
Excavati on at two sites on the Tekl ani ka River,
National Park,Alaska.Report to the National Park
6-16
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West,F.H.1967.The Donnelly Ridge site and the defi niti on of an
early core and blade complex in central Alaska.American Anti-
quity 32(3):360-382.
West,F.H.1971.Archeological reconnaissance of Denali State Park,
Alaska.Report to State of Alaska,Division of Parks,Anchorage,
Al aska.
West,F.H.1973.Old World affinities of archeological complexes from
Tangle Lakes,central Alaska.Paper read ~t the International
Conference on the Bering Land Bridge and its Role for the History
of Holarctic Floras and Faunas in the Late Cenozoic,Khabarovsk.
West,F.H.1975.Dating the Denali Complex.Arctic Anthropology
12(1):75-81.
West,F.H.1981.The Archeology of Beringia.Columbia University
Press,New York.
Westgate,J.1977.Identification and significance of late Holocene
tephra from Otter Creek,southern British Columbia,and localities
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v.14,no.11,pp.2593-2600.
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Westgate,J.,and M.Gorton.1981.Correlation techniques in tephra
studies,~Tephra Studies,edited by S.Self and R.Sparks,eds.
D.Reidel Publishing Company,Boston,pp.73~94.
Wi 11 ey,G.R.,and P.Phi 11 ips.1970.Hethod and Theory in Jlmeri can
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6-17
Wi 11 i ams,J.R.,and O.J.Ferri ans,Jr.1961.Late Wi sconsi nan and
recent hi story of the Matanuska Glacier,Alaska.Arctic 14:82-90.
Wolf,J.A.Personal communication.
Wolfe,J.A.1978.A paleobotanical interpretation of Tertiary Climates
in the Northern Hemisphere.Am.Scientist,66:694-703.
Wolfe,J.A.1~77.Paleogene floras from the Gulf of Alaska region.
U.S.Geol.Survey.Prof.Paper 997,108pp.
Wolfe,J.A.1966.Tertiary plants from the Cook Inlet region,Alaska.
U.S.Geol.Survey Prof.Paper 398-B,32pp.
Wolfe,J.A.,D.M.Hopkins,and LB.Leopold.1966.Tertiary strati-
graphy and paleobotany of the Cook Inlet region,Alaska.U.S.
Geol.Survey Prof.Paper 398-A,29pp.
Wol fe,J.A.and T.Tanai.1980.The Miocene Seldovia Point flora from
the Kenai Group,Alaska.U.S.Geol.Survey Prof.Paper 1105,
52pp.
Workman,W.B.1976.A late prehistoric Ahtna site near Gulkana,
Al as ka.Paper presented at the 3rd Annual Conference of the
Al aska Anthropol ogi cal Associ ati on,Anchorage,Al aska.
Workman,W.B.1977.New data on the radiocarbon chronology of the
Kachemak Bay sequence.Anthropology Papers of the University of
Alaska 18(2):31-36.
Workman,W.B.1978.Prehistory of the Aishihik-Kluane areas,southwest
Yukon Territory.Mercury Series No.74,National Museum of
Canada,Ottawa.
6-18
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APPENDIX A
MAPS OF SITE LOCATIONS AND SURVEY LOCALES
A number of federal laws,as well as ethical considerations,mandate
that site locational data not be released to the general public if there
is a possi bilitythat the release of this proprietary data could create
a risk of harm to such resources.The specific laws and ethical
standards concerni ng the confidenti al ity of such data are summari zed
below:
(a)The National Historic Preservation Act,1966 (Public Law 89-665),
Title I,sec.101,(a)4.Information relating to the location of
sites or objects listed on,or eligible for,inclusion in the
National Register,should be withheld from the general public if
it would create a risk of destruction or harm to such sites or
objects.
(b)Procedures of the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation,
36 CFR 800,Part 800.15(a).Information concerning the undertak-
ing and effects of sites on or eligible for the National Register,
should be made available to the general public within the limits
of the Freedom of Information Act (5 U.S.C.552),but need not
include information on budget,financial,personnel and other
proprietary matters,or the specific location of archeological
sites.
(c)Archeological Resources Protection Act of 1979 (Public Law 96-95),
Section 9(a).Information concerning the nature and location of
any archeological resource for which the excavation or removal
requires a permit or other permission under this Act or under any
other provision of Federal Law,may not be made available to the
public unless the federal land manager concerned determines that
such disclosure would not create a risk of harm to such resources
or to the sites at which such resources are located.
A-I
(d)Code of Ethics and Standards of Performance for the Society of
Professional Archeologists,Sec.III,3.2.An archeologist shall
not reveal confidential information unless required by law.
Because of the possi bility that cultural resources in the Upper Susitna
Basi n coul d be damagdd if thei r locati ons were made avail able to the
general public,this appendix is not being distributed.
Although townshi p,range,and secti on locati onal data for cultural
resources is presented in the text of thi s annual report,it is felt
that due to the natu re of t hi s type of desc ri pt ion di sc 1osure wi 11 not
create any risk or hann to cultural resources.
..
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APPENDIX A FIGURES
Page
Fi gure A.I.Location of Sites and Survey Locales,Talkeetna
Mts.D-5 .....................A-5
Fi gure A.2.Locati on of Sites and Survey Locales,Tal keetna
Mts.0-4 .....................A-6
Fi gure A.3.Location of Sites and Survey Locales,Tal keetna
rifts.D-3 .....................A-?
Fi gure A.4.Location of Sites and Survey Locales,Talkeetna
Mts.0-2 .....................A-8
Fi gure A.5.Location of Sites,Talkeetna r~s.C-4.· ... .
A-9
Figure A.6.Locat i on of Si tes and Su rvey Local es,Talkeetna
r-fts .•C-2.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A-IO
Figure A.?Locati on of Sites and Survey Local es,Tal keetna
r4t.s.C-l .....................A-ll
Figure A.8.Location of Sites,Tal keetna Mts.B-2.·.. . .
A-12
Figure A.9.Locati on of Sites,Tal keetna Mts.B-L · ... .
A-13
Figure A.IO.Location of Sites,Healy A-3 ••..•...•.•A-14
Figure A.II.Location of Sites,Healy A-2.. . . . . . • ..•A-15
Figure A.12.Location of Sites,Healy D-4 ••.....•...A-16
Fi gure A.13.Location of Sites,Healy 0-5 •••.•••.•••A-I?
Figure A.14.Location of Sites,Fairbanks A-5 ....••..•A-18
Figure A.15.Surface Reconnaissance and Subsurface Testing
in Survey Locale 5 (l982).... .. ... . . .A-19
Figure A.16.Surface Reconnaissance and Subsurface Testing
in Survey Locale 110 •••.••.....••..A-20
Figure A.1?Surface Reconnaissance and Subsurface Testing
in Survey Locale 111...............A-21
Fi gure A.18.Surface Reconnai ssance and Subsurface Testi ng
in Su rvey Local e 112.• . . . . . . . . • • . . .
A-22
Figure A.19.Surface Reconnaissance and Subsurface Testing
in Survey Locale 113 .•.•••..•......A-23
A-3
Page
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in Survey Locale 125 •.....•......
Figure A.26.Surface Reconnaissance and Subsurface Testing
in Survey Local e 125.. . . . . . . . . . . .
Fi gure A.27.Surface Reconnaissance and Subsurface Testing
in Su rvey Local e 126.. • . . . . . . . . . .
Fi gure A.28.Surface Reconnaissance and Subsurface Testing
in Survey Locale 127 .......••.•..
Fi gure A.29.Surface Reconnaissance and Subsurface Testing
in Survey Locale 127 ..•.........•
Fi gure A.30.Surface Reconnaissance and Subsurface Testing
A-24
A-25
A-26
A-27
A-28
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Testing
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Testi ng
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Fi gure A.3l.
Fi gure A.32.
Fi gure A.33.
Fi gure A.34.
Fi gure A.35.
Figure A.36.
Fi gure A.37.
Fi gure A.38.
Fi gure A.20.Surface Reconnai ssance and Subsurface
in Survey Locale 116 .......•.
Fi gure A.21.Surface Reconnai ssance and Subsurface
-------------_.._--------------------------------------------------------
in Survey Locale 116 •......•.
Figure A.22.Surface Reconnaissance and Subsurface
in Survey Local e 118.. . . . . . . •
Fi gure A.23.Surface Reconnai ssance and Subsurface
in Su rvey Local e 119.. . . . . . . .
Figure A.24.Surface Reconnaissance and Subsurface
in Survey Local e 121.. • . . . . . .
Figure A.25.Surface Reconnaissance and Subsurface
in Survey Locale 127 .••....•.....
Surface Reconnaissance and Subsurface Testing
in Survey Locale 129 ..•..........
Surface Reconnai ssance and Subsurface Testi ng
in Survey Locale 129 ........•....
Surface Reconnaissance and Subsurface Testing
in Survey Local e 130.. . . . . . . . . . . .
Surface Reconnaissance and Subsurface Testing
in Survey Local e 131.
Site Locati on Map TLM 137.
Site Location Map HEA 210.
Site Locati on Map FAT 213.
Site Location Map FAI 214.
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Figure A.2.Location of Sites and Survey Locales,Talkeetna Mts.0-4.
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Location of Sites and Survey Locales,Talkeetna Mts.0-3.
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in Survey Locale 5 (1982)
A-19
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T.31 N.,R.9 E.
S 1/2 Sec.21,N 1/2 Sec.28
contour Interval:100 ft.
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in Survey Locale 110.
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in Survey Locale 111.
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in Survey Locale 112.
A-22
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Figure A.19.Surface Reconnaissance and Subsurface Testing
in Survey Locale 113.
Helicopter Landing Zone _LZ
Survey Locale 113 Boundary ------
METERS
Sec.29,
Sec.32
100 ft.
0-4
5 E.
SW 1/4
NW 1/4
Contour Interval:
Talkeetna Mts.
T.32 N.,R.
S 1/2 Sec.30,
n 1/2 Sec.31,
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in Survey Locale 116.
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i n Su rvey Loc ale 116.
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Contour Interval:100 ft.
Talkeetna Mts.0"""3
T.31 N.,R.7 E.
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T.31 N.,R.8 E.
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in Survey Locale 121.
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Figure A.25.Surface Reconnaissance and Subsurface Testing
in Survey Locale 125.
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600
I
D-3
6 E.
7 E.
300
1
METERS
a
l
Contour Interval:100 ft.
Talkeetna Mts.
T.3lN.,R.
E 1/2 Sec.1
T.31 N.,R.
W 1/2 Sec.6
\...
238
Surface Reconnaissance ---------
Subsurface Test _'_0_._._._
Helicopter Landing Zone LZ
Contour Less Than 100 ft..-•....•..•..._•.
Survey Locale 125 Boundary _ ----
Shovel Tests:
LZ,o
/ I 0 -0~i '0 _'---
./....
"--\
/..0 •__./~_0---._._0-./.,--•{(..I-1---0-0,.,\,0
•°LZ
'\I TLM 122I.flake ••••.\..•.•.../••••Z" .0.....'.,t:j~\........,;,;..'.'7..~•.,•._._~.,".,.'_._0. -..'.--a...-............'.-.•, ""'.."o_a_._o_._.-..'.'.....
.:~...~a_o_._o_._•
'.....-.....~--.--.-.-.:'-·-·-a_.-.-.0........,--.._-..~..._---------.-•••.••••••./#,.•••'
'..'..
···l >
Ft
u
o
8
(0
[
t
[
t
a·.-.····I.·.',.J
r:
G
M.·._.-_gf:3~
[
[
c
[
[-
[A-29
c'
r'
\.,'
Figure A.26~Surface Reconnaissance and Subsurface Testing
in Survey Locale 125.
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f"
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r-
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600
J
300
J
METERS
Contour Interval:100 ft.
Talkeetna Mts.D-3
T.31 N.:R."'E.
E 1/2 Sec.6,W 1/2 Sec.5
NE 1/4 Sec.7,NW 1/4 Sec.8
o
I
_._.....-.-
Helicopter Landing Zone LZ
Survey Locale 125 Boundary ---...
Surface Reconnaissance
Shovel Tests:238
Subsurface Test
TLM 123
I••.....,..e_."'•.-__
'._e'-.,
.e.-e'''-
A-3D [1
~ooo
\
!
-N-
::;:;:::;:::;:'
Shovel Tests:87
o
1
200
1
METERS
400
J
Surface Reconnaissance Contour Interval:100 ft.
Subsurface Test
Helicopter Landing Zone
Survey Locale 126 Boundary
LZ
-~-~
Talkeetna Hts.
T.31 N.,R.
W 1/2 Sec.23
D-4
3 E.
Figure A.27.Surface Reconnaissance and Subsurface Testing
in Survey Locale 126.
A-31
Contour Interval:100 ft.
'2.~OO
Shovel Tests:627
o
I
300
1
METERS
600
J
~
-N-
~
Surface Reconnaissance
Subsurface Test
Survey Locale 127 Boundary --~..
Talkeetna Mts.0-2
T.31 N.I R.8 E.
S 1/2 Sec.12
N 1/2 Sec.13
Figure A.28.Surface Reconnaissance and Subsurface Testing
in Survey Locale 127.
A-32
!-N-
~
30 00
,,'
-TLM 149
\
\
\
I
/
I
I
'TL~150
I
\
\
a
I
300
1
600
J
Shovel Tests:627 METERS
Contour Interval:100 ft.
Surface Reconnaissance
Subsurface Test
Helicopter Landing Zone
Survey Locale 127 Boundary
LZ..-~-
Talkeetna Mts.0-2
T.31 N.,R.8 E.
Sec.1
N 1/2 Sec.12
Figure A.29.Surface Reconnaissance and Subsurface Testing
in Survey Locale 127.
A-33
...,
.,."..""",,,--
.".,-
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o
I
300
1
!
-N-
~
600
J
Surface Reconnaissance
Shovel Tests:627 i'1ETERS
Contour Interval:100 ft.
Subsurface Test
Helicopter Landing Zone LZ
Talkeetna Mts.0-2
T.31N.,R.9E.
S 1/2 Sec.6
Survey Locale 127 Boundary ----
Figure A.3D.Surface Reconnaissance and Subsurface Testing
in Survey Locale 127.
A-34
fA
Shovel Tests:39
o 300 600
I I J
METERS
~
-H-
~
Surface Reconnaissance
Subsurface Tests
Helicopter Landing Zone
Survey Locale 129 Boundary
LZ
--
Contour Interval:100 ft.
Talkeetna Mts.D-2
T.31 N.,R.8 E.
Sec.21,W ~Sec.22,
SW ~Sec 15,SE ~Sec.16
Figure A.31.Surface Reconnaissance and Subsurface Testing
in Survey Locale 129.
A-35
Shovel Tests:39
o 300 600
I I I
HETERS
~
-H-
~
Surface Reconnaissance
Subsurface Testing
Helicopter Landing Zone
Survey Locale 129 Boundary
LZ
--
Contour Interval:100 ft.
Talkeetna Hts.0-2
T.31 N.,R 8 E.
Sec.28,
E 1/8 Sec.29,N 1/8 Sec.33
Figure A.32.Surface Reconnaissance and Subsurface Testing
in Survey Locale 129.
A-36
0 300 600
Shovel Tests:84 I I I
METERS
Surface Reconnaissance ----Contour Interval:100 ft.
Subsurface Tests -.-.-Talkeetna Mts.D-3
'"32 N.t R.6 E.Helicopter Landing Zone .c.LZ NE ~and SE ~Sec.25
Survey Locale 130 Boundary --T.32 N.t R.7 E.
NW ~and SW ~Sec.30
Figure A.33.Surface Reconnaissance and Subsurf~ce Testing
in Survey Locale 130.
A-37
!
-N-
~
~
-H-
~
T\M J15)1
.."./"
v
~
i',>
00
"..TLM 146 A'7
f1 ,
.'.~'-......_...II \<'.4.'-\.........r~"!/••\.......fI1/III'"II I
).J -1\
\.-'.
'_').......f '.J I.!i \1:-\ \'"._.\'.TLM 149 •'I.~.',\ \
(j')'':'"\-o •{.('1 '",<.\t:-LZ
)(j \oJ (.'--'-'~"---\, "..L:0./0-0-/''-'~r·_·-f-
~.;-.~(.~.~'.v"I
(
".-------/._/......(...../.',)'-"
• .'."V"".''.\"/_.
\
.--....I -.oj U
\
•~•)J".\ /•(__...I
....:-"'.'--,...:--------------()
~~~O
..'......
'."...'.... .........................
~....
Shovel Tests:114 o
1
300
1
600
J
Surface Reconnaissance METERS
Subsurface Tests Contour Inter7al:100 ft.
Helicopter Landing Zone LZ
Survey Locale 131 Boundary -_
~Contour Interval " .
Talkeetna Mts.D-2
T.31 N.,R.8 E.
SW ~Sec.1,SE ~Sec.2
NE ~Sec.11,NW ~Sec.12
Marsh ~
Figure A.34.Surface Reconnaissance and Subsurface Testing
in Survey Locale 131.
A-38
'20 000
........
~
-N-
~
....
...........
...'.
...........
...........
.............
.'
137•
'..
a
1
300
1
600
.J
r-1ETERS
50 ft.contour Contour Interval:100 ft.
Talkeetna Mts.0-4
T.32N.,R.5E.,S.M.
SW ~SE ~NW ~Sec.29
Figure A.35.Site Location Map TLM 137.
A-39
-\'6
00
~
-N-
~
a
I
125
1
METER.5
250
J
Surface Reconnaissance Contour Interval:100 ft.
Helicopter Landing Zone
Gravel Bar
LZ
03·:~{·:".::.-;.
Healy D-4
T.12 S.,R.
NW 1/4 SW 1/4
7 W.,F.M.
NE 1/4 Sec.28
Figure A.36.Site location Map HEA 210.
A-40
\
Surface Reconnaissance
a
1
100
1
METERS
!
-N-
~
200
J
Subsurface Test
Surface Artifact
Helicopter Landing Zone
Deflated Area
_I-
I
LZ
::.......
Contour Interval:1 m.
Fairbanks A-5
T.8 S.,R.8 W.,F.M.
SW 1/4 NE 1/4 SE 1/4 Sec.15
Figure A.37.Site Location Map FA!213.
A-41
Subsurface Test
Helicopter Landing Zone
communication Tower
~
-N-
~
Nenana River
1 km
o 200 400
I I I
METERS
LZ Contour Interval:100 ft.
~Fairbanks A-5
To 8 S"R.9 W.,F.M.
-NE 1/4 SE 1/4 SE 1/4 Sec.34
•
Figure A.38.Site Location Map FAr 214.
A-42