HomeMy WebLinkAboutAPA903VOLUt1E I
:Y/1Zl\-E8ASCO SUSIT~!A pqQJECT
St~FETY Pf{QGRt\f1
SECriON
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VOLUME I
INDEX
TITLE
PR~ SAFErY PRCGRAM
RECORD KEEPING AND REPORriNG
l~'IPST AID AND MEDICAL SERVICBS,
FOR OCCUPATIONAL INJURIES AND
ILI.NESSFS
SPECIAL CONSTRUCTION PRCXE:'JRES
FIRE PROTECTION AND PREVENTIOO
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH
INSPECriONS, VIOLATIONS AND
CONTEST ACTIONS
GENERAL SAFEI'Y AND HEALTH
RE.E'ERENCES
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SECTION I -SAFETY POLICY
• Harza-Ebasco Joint Venture considers accident prevention an integral part of
every job and is deeply concerned for the safety and health of the individual
worker. But, aside from all humanitarian aspects, it also has been long
recognized by Harza-Ebasco Joint Venture that unsafe performance is inefficient
performance, and that injury and damage expenses a.nd the hidden costs of acci-
dents seriously affect the overall cost and satisfactory results of a job.
Therefore, Harza-Ebasco Joint Venture strives to maintain the highest safety
program integrated with construction activities, safety is also a major con-
sideration in engineering and design.
At the beginning of each Harza-Ebasco Joint Venture construction job, the
Construction 11anager and the Safety Manager, map out a program of safety mea-
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sures commensurate with the size of the project and with the conditions and
ha~ards peculiar to it. A project safety committee comprised of job staff
members (from the job staff) is established. Throughout the construction
period~ the Project Superintendent has overall responsibilities and maintains
active direction of the accident prevention activities.
Harza-Ebasco' s safety program also receives the active leadership and
support of its management. The safety performance of each project is
followed closely by the Vice President-Construction and by the Director o:r
Industrial Relations-Construction. Harza-Ebasco' s Safety Manager or his
designee makes periodic visits to project sites to monitor its effective-
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ness. Harza-Ebasco' s Safety Manager or his designee supplies accident
prevention information and investigates serious accidents and fatalitiesa
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Every Harza-Ebasco Joint Venture subcontractor is contractually required to havt?-
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a safety prctgram and comply with the Occupational Safety an.d Health Act and /l 1 < . t '
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Regulations, and to be in accordance with other applicable Federal, State and
local regulations~. Harza-Ebasco' s Project Superintendent a.nd staff confer with
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1-i T.he Project Safety Program includes safety and health training for employees, an
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FUNCTIONS & RESPONSIBILITIES
1~1 Safety Departmen~
The Joint Venture Safety Department is responsible for developing, implementing
and administering all aspects of occupational safety and health and first aid
polici.es.
The Joint Venture Safety 1Jepartment is also responsible for monitoring the
safety program performance at the construction sites. This includes the
fire protection program~ site safety regulations, and compliance with
required FederalS/ State, Local & Client safety and fire regulations.
The Department reviews and interprets the Occupational Safety and Health
Standarcls promulgated by the Labor Department under the Occupational Safety
and Health Act of 1970. It provides technical assistance to the Design,
Engineering, Procurement and Medical DepartmeDLts. It assists the Legal
Depart1nent in legal actions arising out of prc•ject site accidents~
Occupational Safety and Health contest action!>, and other legal matters
involving Federal and State Safety Health agencies.
The Department works in consultation with client project personnel and client
safety officers: to further the purposes of the related projec"i: safety
progr.ams to maintain liaison with the Federal and State OSHA officers in areas
where there is construction activity to revie,w reports and s~l.fety committee
minutes originating from the construction projects to develop and implement .
job safety guide booklets and training materials for employees and
supervisors. Srfety Bulletins are issued periodically to the field
organizations. The Safety Department is responsible for staffing each project
site with qualified safety and first aid personnel. The site-assigned Safety
Representatives proT;ide staff service to the project supervisory personnel and
submit daily reports on field safety which include deficiencies noted and
corrective actions instituted.
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The Department vlill also provide safety support for international projects, as
requested; this includes providing qualified personnel, procedures and
educational programs.
1.2 Construction Manager
Prior to the start of construction activities on a project, the Construction
Manager in conjunction With the Safety Manager, shall establish a safety
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program to accommodate the specific project require~nents.. The prog%'am will
conform to the Construction Departmeu.t Safety Manual. '!he Construction
Manager will monitor the performance of the project safety program,
implementing corrective administrative measures, as needed, through the
Project Superintendent.
1.3 Project Superintendent
The Project Superintendent is responsible for the site safety program. He will
also be responsible for the construction activity compliance with the applicable
Federal and State Occupational Safety and Health regulations as well as Harza-
Ebasco Joint Venture and client safety regulations.
The supervisors reporting to the Project: Superintendent shall be held
accountable for the compliance with the safety and health program, including
all OSHA regulations, in their respective areas of responsibility. Each of
the supervisor's subordinates will be likewise responsible for his re~pective
area of authority.
On management projects, the Project Superintendent will be responsible for the
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contractors' compliance with the applicable Harza-Ebasco project site safety
program. It is especially important that each contractor be contractually
obligated to comply with the safety program and be aware of the program
requirementso
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Proje.ct Saf,e;_ty & First Aid Responsibilities
1.4.1 Safety Supervisor
Reports To:
Supervises :
Primary Responsibilities:
Project Superintendent
Safety Manager
Senior Safety Representatives
Safety Representati~es
Fire Marshal
Nurses , Paramedics, EHT' s.
First Aid .Assistant
Establishes and enforces on-site safety, fire safety and industrial
hygiene programs adhering to Company policy established by the Safety
Manager, federal and state regulations and various practices adhered to
the Construction crafts, as well as any other criteria to enforce the
safety and health of all on-site personnel. Updat~s site procedures as
neede.d.
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2~ Directs subordinates in the inspection of work areas and observes all
aspects of the construction operation to ensure conformance to the
established health, safety and fire program; ~ompiles reports of all
existing and potential safety hazards and reports same to the supe~visor
or responsible party. Reinspects to ensure corrective action is taken to
rectify unsafe practices or safety hazards.
3. Ensures that all personnel are instructed in the safe operations of all
heavy equipment and that required warnings are posted o~ or ~sar heavy .
equipment. Ensures machinery safeguards are properly inspected and
documented and are in proper functioning order.
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4. Develop site safety orientation and continuing train~ng programs to meet
regulatory safety and health requirements and specific job needs.
Supervise the implementation of the training programs.
5. Ensures that personal safety equipment such as hard hats, protective
boots, safety glasses and toe guards are properly utilized and
functional. Instructs site personnel in the proper use of safety
equipment ..
6. Directs the inspection of construction site and storage areas to determine
whether fire hazards or pot:ential fire hazards exist. Inspects fire
extinguishers and fire protection equipment to ensure operability ..
Reports hazards and sees that inoperable equipment is repaired or replaced.
7 • Establishes safety and health procedures for speci.fic operations peculiar
to the work site.
8. Responsible for the management of project safety 111 fire and first-aid
personnel and for the first-aid facilities, emer~ency fire and accident
equipment.
9o Investigates, determines causes, and reports a1.1 accidents and cases of
industrial illnesse Recommends appropriate cot~rective measures to
eliminate possibility of recurrence. Supervistaa the preparation of all
required safety oriented reports.
10. Represents Harza-Ebasco Joint Venture on site as liaison between regulatory
agencies such as Occupational Safety and Health Agency regarding site
inspection and accident investigations.
11. Develops and administers on site safety awards and §afety incentive
programs between contractors.
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1.4.2 Senior Safety Representative
Reports To: Project Superintendent
Safety Manager
Supervise.s: Safety Represe~tatives
Safety Inspectors
Project Nurses~ ~aramedies, EMT's.
Primary Responsibilities:
1. Establishes and enfor~es on-site safety and industrial hygiene programs
adhering t9 Harza-Ebasco's policy established by the Safety Manager,
Federal ~nd State regulations; enforces other required safety and health
practices ~pplicable to the construction crafts and any other criteria
which he deems appropriate to promote the safety and health of all on-site
personnel.
2. Inspects work areas and ~bserves all aspects of the construction operation
to ensure conformance to the established health an& safet1 program; notes
and reports to supervisor or other responsible party; all existing and
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potential safety hazards; reinspects work areas periodically to ensure
that corrective action is taken to rectify unsafe practices and eliminate
safety haza:rds.
3. Ensures that all personnel are suppli~d with sufficient instructions for
safe operC!tion @f all heavy equipment, and that required warnings are
pQsted. on or n~sr heavy equipment; ensures that machinery safeguards and
safety apparatus are in proper functioning order.
4. Ensures that personal safety equipment, such as hard hats, protective
boots, safety glasses and c~rm guards, are properly utilized and
functional; instructs site personnel in the proper use of safety equipment.
5. Inspects site and storage areas to determine whether fire hazards or
potential fire hazards exist; inspects fire extinguishers and fire
protection equipment to ensure operability; reports hazards and inoperable
equipment to supervisor or responsible party and ensures that hazards are
corrected and that inoperable equipment is repaired or replaced.
6. Takes charg.e of the implementation of appropriate procedures at the scene
of an accident, provides immediate first aid as nece:ssary, and ensures
that proper and adequate medical treatment is provided in a manner which
will not endanger the health and welfare of the accident victims
1. Investigates, determines causes, and files necessary reports on all
accidents and cases of industrial illnesses. Recommends appropriate
corrective measures "to eliminate possibility of r-ecurrence~
a. Organizes safety education programs in order to make all personnel
safety-conscious, conducts safety meetings, publishes and circulates
minutes of ~afety meetings, issues safety bulletins, designs safety
posters and organizes safety committees, etc ••
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9. Accompanies Federal ~nd State inspectors during on-site safety inspections.
JO. Prepar:s, as required, all safety-oriented reports.
Safety Representative
Reports To:
Supervises:
Primary Responsibilities:
Project Superintendent
Saf~ty Manager
Senior Safety Representative
Safety Inspectors
Project Nurses, Paramedics, EMT's.
1. Establishes and enforces on-site safety and industrial hygiene programs
which adhere to Harza-Ebasco Joint Venture policy established by the Safety
Manager, Federal and State regulations, and assists the Senior Safety
Representative in the enforcement of other required safety and health
practices applicable to the construction crafts. Also utilizes <tny other
criteria to promote the safety and health of all on-site personnel.
2. Inspects work areas and observes all aspects of the construction operation
to ensure conformance to the established health and safety program; notes
and reports to supervisor or other responsible party all existing and
potential safety hazards. Reinspects work areas period~cally to ensure
that corrective action is taken to rectify unsafe practices and eliminate
safety hazards.
3. Ensures that all personnel are supplied with sufficient instructions for
safe operation of all heavy equipment and that required warnings are
posted on or near heavy equipment. Ensures that machinery safeguards and
safety apparatus are in proper functioning ordere
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4. Ensures that personnel safety equipment, such as hard hats, protective
boots~ safety glasses and arm guards are properly utilized and
funct:lonal. Instructs site personnel in the proper use of safety
equipment.
5. Inspects site and storage: areas to determine whether fire hazards or
potential fire hazards exist. Inspects fire extinguishers and fire
protection equipment to ensure operability. Reports hazards and
inoperable equipment to supervisor or responsible party. Ensures hazards
are corrected and that inoperable equipment is repaired or replaced.
6. Takes charge of the implementation of appropriate procedures at the scene
of an accident to provide lmmadiate first aid as necessary and ensure that
proper and adequate medical treatment is provided when needed in a manner
which will not endanger the health and welfare of the accident victim.
7. Investigates, determines causes, and makes necessary reports on all
accidents and cases of industrial illness. Recommends appropriate
corrective measures to eliminate possibility of recurrence.
8. Initiates safety education programs to make all personnel safety
conscious, conducts safety meetings, issues safety bulle.tins, designs
safety posters, organizes safety committees, etc.
9. Accompanies Federal and State inspectors during on-site safety inspections~
10. Prepares, as required, all safety-oriented reports.
Reports To:
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Senior Safaty Representat~.ve
Safety Representative
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!'rima ry Re sponsi bili ties :
~. Reviews safety policies and procedures; acquires and maintains familiarity
with functions, responsibilities and inter-relationships of other
divisions and departments.
2. Develops sound thorough technical knowledge of safety requirements;
maintains current knowledge of all applicable State and other governmental
safety and hea~th standards and regulations.
3. Performs first aid duties when required.
4. Conducts daily inspections of Harza~Ebasco Joint Venture and contractors/
S\~bcontractors operations to ensure complianLe with OSHA and State safety
standards and regulations. Id~ntifies substandard safety conditions,
initiates and supervises corrective action by responsible personnel.
s. Obtains interpretations of safety regulations and procedures from
itmnediate supervisor.
6. Participates in accident investigations; prepares reports; maintains
records as assigned.
7. Deve~lops materials for safety meetings and toolbox meetin.gs.
8. Conducts safety ol·ieiil!ati,on of new hires.
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1.4 .. 5 Project Nurse, Paramedics, EMT's.
Reports To: Senior Representative on Project
Primary Respons~bilities:
1. Provides prompt emergency treatment for serious injuries or illnesses
until the employee can be placed under the care of a physician. Gives
basic first aid treatment for non-serious injuries or illnesses, evaluates
severity of injuries and illnesses and refers to the project physician
thosa individuals whose injuries or illnesses require more extensive
treatment.
2. Administers follow-up care for occupational injuries and illnesses as
directed by a physician.
3. Refers non-occupational injuries and illnesses to the employee's own
physician as the need is indicated.
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Participates in the project safety program by maintaining current
kno~ledge of existing and/or potential accident hazards, toxic hazards and
occupational disease exposures, renders safety suggestions during employee
visits to first aid station, advises management of pre-existing medical
aspects of any employee injury or illness.
Se Assists in promotion and teaching of first aid courses for employees.
6~ Maintains appropriately documented first aid records and individual
employee medical records; prepa~~s Harza-Ebasco and State injury reports;
compiles with OSHA recordkeeping requirements.
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7. Maintains a file of medical directives from the project physician for the
treatment of occupational illness and injuries.
8. Attends and participates in meetings of the safety committee when required.
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HARZA~EBASCO JOINT VENTURE SAFETY PROGRAM
Safety Policy
Safety Departm~
1.5 Project Safety Program
Orientation of New Employees
When a new employee is signed up he shall be oriented i.n the general
requirements for safety and first aid of the project.
Particular emphasis will be placed on:
1. The nature and scope of the project including the Harza-Ebasco Safe
Practices Handbook shall be issued at this time.
2. J..:ny hazards particular to the project and the pha.se of work then in
progress.
3. The importance of wearing the proper work clothes and protective equipment
when required.
4. 11le importance of a constant awareness of safety for his/herself and
his/her fellow employees.
5. The fact that continual disregard of safety requirements will be
considered grounds for termination of employment.
6. Information as to location of first aid fac~lities ambulance, fire .
equipment and necessity for reporting all accidents and injur.ies.
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Safety orientation of other contractor supervisors and employees should be
conducted prior to entering the work area. 'lb.e information given to them
should include general project safety program rules which requires
participation by every~ne.
Specific instructions should be given regarding:
1. Hard hat requirements
2. The need for personal alertness at all times
3. Special hazards peculiar to the construction operations
4. Safety equipment requirements and location of site first aie and emergency
facilities.
General visitors should not be permitted in work areas without benefit of
escort by on~ of the Projects personnel.
No visitor should be allowed access to work areas prior to the Project
Management's knowledge and authorization. Personal protective equipment shall
be used by all persons to the extend normally require~ for the work conditions.
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1.5.2 ~et;r Meeting.!
The fo.llowing three types of meetings shall be held throughout the life of the
project.
1. Tool-box Safety Meetings:; Each foreman on the project will be r·equired to
conduct a tool-box safety meeting of approximately 15 minutes dut··ation,
with the employees, at least once a week, at their tool box or me1!ting
place before t;tarting work. All craftsmen shall be required to attend
these meetings. All unsafe conditions or unsafe work practices noted on
the project whl.ch may affe~t the workmen will be brought to their
attention and the proposed method for eliminating any further occurrence
of these practices or conditions will be discussed. The foreman shall
also discuss work that will be taking placa !u the following week and
bring to the workmen's attention any possible hazards pertaining to the
type of work they will be performing at that time. Employees shall be
encouraged to make safety suggestions at these meetings. If especially
hazardous conditions are about to be encountered, or crews appear to be
careless in regard to safety, special tool-box meetings -vtlll be required
at more frequent intervals. Foremen shall submit a brief written summary
of each tool-box meeting to the project superintendent.
The following tips will help to make the tool-box meeting effective:
1. Keep them short -not over fifteen minuteso
2. Limit the s.ubject to not over two to three items pertaining to safety.
3. Plan the meeting so as to keep th~ Topics current and presented in an
orderly manner~
4.. Review the ongoing work and immediate future work and any recent injuries.
5o Keep the meetings objective. Avoid ntentionirtg names in assign!.ng blam,a at
a tool-box meeting.
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6. Don't ov·erlook discussing near misses, a n.ear miss Today can re£Jult in
Tomorrc)v7' s fatal injury.
i · Have tht: employees participate, but control. the 'topic d.;scussed·
8. When the employees present suggestions, give a feedbaek at the next
meeting.
Remember to give the foreman the Instructors Key.
A-. Tell the crew wha1; they are about to hear in the. opening remarks.
B. Go into tbe To·,?ic in a manner all will understand, and ask to make
sure your point is getting home.
c. Review what has been gone over in a closing summary.
By applying this approach diligently~ you have a much greater assurance that
the tool-box ifleetings will be an effective. tool in the Project Safety
Program. The employees will understauo and retain the message the foremen
communicated.
2. Superintendent Weekly Safety Meeting: Each Project shall have a
superindenent's weekly safety meeting with the discipline supervisors and
craft general foreman in attendance. Safety consideration of planned work
schedules and coordination to safety effect the work that shall be part of
this meeting. Discussion shall also cover. any recent accidents, unsafe
conditions, and near miss incidents occurri.ng on the project. The
proceedings of the meetings shall be typed ~,.ith distribution to all
Super·rlsors, General Foreman and Foreman (see Exhibit 1 Sample Meeting
Minutes).
l-17
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3 • ~bcontractor Weekly Safety Meeting: all subcont~ lctors shall have a
designated representative attend the weekly safety meeting. The meeting
is held at the direction of the Project Superintendent and run by the
Ebasco Proj~ct Safety Repre.sentation. The coordination of the safety
aspects of the subcontractors activities shall be discussed. In addition,
the injuries of any unsafe practices or act since the previous meeting
shall be reviewed. .Any other safery related matters in the work schedule
for the next week shall also be reviewed.
1.5.3 Subcontractor Safety Pr2gram
Each subcontractor shall have a safety program delineating their responsibi-
lities toward maintaining a safe and healthful workplace. Ha·rza -Eb&.sco Joint
Venture will meet with the subcontractors when they arrive on. the project~ The
purpose of this will be to inform the subcontractor of his obligations with
regard to the Project safety and health policies.
All subcontractor's superintendents or their designated representative shall be
required to attend and participate in. the Project Subcontractor Weekly M,eeting
directed by Harza-Ebascoo
The subcontractor shall make all t'easonable efforts to correct unsafe
conditions or acts. Satisfactory corrective action shall be takan within a
specified time.
One or more of the follc,wing actions shall be taken if the unsafe condition is
not halted, or if corrective action is not taken by the subcon~ractor.
1. Ceasa operation of the work or that portion thereof.
2. Correct the situation using Harza-Ebasco Joint Venture employees or another .
subcontractor and back charge the. subcontractor for expenses incurred.
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3. Stop payment for the work being performed.
As a minimtm the subcontractor Safety program should include the following
items:
1. Each subcontractor shall observe all applicable federal state and local
regulations and standards, Harza~Ebasco and clientregulations and programs
pertaining to safety and health 3 fire protection, waste disposal and other
safety related requirements.
2. OSHA mandatory Safety and Health Notice shall be posted in a conspicuous
location along with emergency phone numbers.
3. A copy of all occupational injuries and illnesses shall be maintained
along with supplement 0 SRA form 101 or the substi·tute workmens
compensation report. These shall be made available to Ebasco.
4.
5.
All subcontractors shall coordinate their work activities with other
subcontractors they interface with on the project.
Provision in the subcontractors safety program shall provide for good
housekeeping. This shall include that daily waste, debris and garbage be
removed in appropriate containers. All tools and equipment shall be
stored in a safe and orderly fashion.
6. Provision for and enforcement of the use of h~rd hats, appropriate
pers~~l prc~ective equipment and health relate protective equipment.
1. Provision for the safety orientation and continuing weekly tool-box safety
meetings to cover safety and health standards requirements.
1-19
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1.5.4 Safety Promotion
A safety sign shal..l be erected on the project in a conspicuous place to show
the numbers of days worked without a lost accident. The sign shall be
kept current on a daily basis by the project safety staff.
The project shall have bulletin board~ where safety posters and other required
safety information will be posted. Such posters and information shall be
changed frequently. The bulletin b~ards shall be maintained in good repair
and displayed where all the employees can read them.
1.5.5 Accident Investigations
Proper reporting and investigation of accidents are a necessary part of the
Harza-Ebasco Joint Venture Safety Program..
Each accident is to be promptly investigated. by the site safety staff. All
circumstances involved in the incident should b~ studied and the corrective
actions instituted. Recurrence of similiar accidents should be prevented.
The investigRtion should reveal what operations were being carried out at the
time of the accident. Foreman's and witnesses' imput are important because
they will be kn~wledgeable of the operations and have first hand knowledge.
The investigator should determine:
1. The basic cause of the accident.
2. The steps which can be taken to prevent a recurrence of the same type of
accident.
3. The preventive measu~es that have actually been put into effect.
Thoroughness in an investigation and attention to causes and details are all
important. The tendancy to bla~e an accident on an employee's "carel~ssness"
is to be avoided. 'The term is v·ague and hides problems which could be
corrected if identified.
1-20
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The accident investigation is not a fault-finding task but a fact-finding
endeavor.. An employee has been hurt and your mission is to prevent a
recurrence ..
1 .. 5.6 Notification Procedure for Fatalities, Eerious Accidents and Illnesses
Fairness and objectiveness must be prime considerations in practical search
for the causes of the accident.
An accident has many causes but the investigator must determine the who, when,
where, what, why and how of the incident for a complete report.
Death and multiple serious injuries-or illnesses of Harza-Ebasco Joint Venture
or contractor employees shall be reported to the home office Safety Manager's
office immediately.
Additional notification of death and multiple serious injuries and illnesses
must go to:
Construction Manager
Client's Representative
Insurance Carrier Claims Adjuster Representative
Appropriate law enforcement agency
State or Federal OSHA Area Office
Notification of the next of kin in the case of a fatality, serious injury or
illness is of primary importance and shall be handled in a tactful manner.
Not~£ication should be done in person whenever possible. If this is not
possible, then through the aid of friends, local church or the police.
In all cases involving a fatality or serious injury .and illne~s the Safety
Manager will conduct an investigation.
1-21
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Jo:tnt venture must notify the OSHA area office within 48 hours of
an accident involving an occupational. fatality or in the hospitalization of five
or more employees. The OSHA agency should be notified only of the fact that a
fatality or multiple hospitalization event occurred. No other information
should be supplied at this time as to tpe details of what occurred or probable
causes.
1.5 .. 7 Project Inspection
Safety Inspections are one of the principal means of locating accident causes.
They assist in determining what safeguard is
hazards before accidents and injuries occur.
of inspection and promptly correcting them is
necessary to protect against
Finding unsafe conditions by
one of the best methods for
means
Harza-Ebasco Joint Venture to dem0nstrate to our employees its interest and
sincerity in accident prevention. Safety inspections should not be conducted
primarily to find how many things are wrong, but rather to determine if every-
thing is satisfactory. The whole purpose is to conserve the projects resources
in a helpful manner by discovering conditions that lead to accidents and injur-
ies that when corrected bring the project up to an accepted and approved stand-
ard. (see Exhibit 2)
The manner in whiCh inspections are conducted is important to the success of
the overall safety and health program. The inspector should be conscientious,
familiar with the standards, and diplomatic in handling situations and
personnel.
1-22
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1.5.8 Construction Safety Standards Guides
The following checklist issued by the Department of Labor covers approximately
90 percent of OSHA's construction standards but should not be regarded as a
substitute for th~! Federal Register.
1. Abrasive Grinding
a. All abrasive wheel bench and stand grinders shall be provided with
safety guards which coYer the spindle ends, nut, and flange, and
should be strong enough to withstaald the effects of a bursting wheel.
b. Floor and banch-mounting grinders shall be provided with work rests
which are rigidly supported and readily adjustable. Such work rests
shall be kept at a distance not to exceed one-eight inch from the
surface of the wheel~
c. All abrasive wheels shall be closely inspected and ring-tested before
mounting to ensure that they are free from defects.
2. Accident Recordkeeping Requirements
a. Within 48 hours after its occurrence, an employment accident which is
fatal to one or more employe~q or whicq results in the
hospitalization of five or mor~ employees shall be reported by the
employee, eithe~ orally or in WTiting, to the nearest OSRA Area
Director.
b. Records as prescribed in the Recordkeeping Requi~ements booklet shall
be kept for all accidents that result in a fatalityt hospitalization,
lost workdays, medical treatment, job transfer or termination, or
loss of consciousness~
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3. Air Tools
a. Pneumatic power tools shall be secured to the hose in a positive
manner to prevent accidental disconnection.
b. Safety clips or retainers shall be securely installed and maintalned
on pneumatic impact tools to prevent them from being accidentally
expelled.
c. The manufacturer's safe operating pressure for all fittings shall not
be exceeded.
4«-Belt Sanding Machines (Woodworking Tables)
as Belt ,Janding machines shall be provided with guards at each nip point
where the stand:i~g belt runs onto a P'~"'lley.
The unused run of the sanding belt shall be guarded against
accidental contact.
5. Boilers
Boilers provided by the employer shall be deemed to be in compliance with
the requirements of this part when evidenc~ of current and valid
certification by an insurance company or regulatory authority attesting
to the safe installation, inspection, and testing is presented.
6. Compressed Air, Use of:
a. Compressed air used for cleaning purposes shall not exceed 30 psi and
shall be used with effective chip guarding and personal protective
equipment.
b. This requirement do2s no,t apply to concrete form, mill scale, and
similar cleaning ope~at:i.ons..,
1-24 JG
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7. Comp~essed Gas Cylinders
a. Val~e protection caps shall be in plac~ when compressed gas cylinders
are transport·.!d, moved, or stored.
b. Cylinder valves shall be closed when work is finished and when
cylinders are empty or are moved.
c~ Compressed gas cylinders shall be secured in an upright position at
all times, except when cylinders .-~"te actually being hoisted or
carried.
d.
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Cylinders shall be kept at safe distance or shielded from welding or
cutting oper,).tions. Cylinders shall not be placed vhere they can
contact ar, ~lectrical circuit.
Oxygen and fuel gas regulations shall be in proper working order
while in use.
8. Concrete~ Concrete Forms and Shoring
a. All equipment and materia,ls used shall comply with A~1SI Al0.9-1970 ..
"Safety Requirements for Concrete Construction and Masonry kOrk."
b. Employees shall not be permitted to work above vertically protruding
reinforcing steel, unless it has been protected to eliminate the
hazard of impalement.
c. Power and rotating-type concrete toweling machines that are manually
guided shall be equipped with a deadman-type operating control.
d. Formwork and shori=g shall safely support all loads imposed during
concrete placement. Drawings or plans of formwork and shoring
systems shall be available at the jobsiteQ
1-25
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9. Conveyers
a.
b.
Conveyer systems shall be equipped with an audible warning signal
which can be sounded immediately before starting up the conveyer.
Where conveyers pass over work areas or aisles, guards shall be
provided tt.l protec':l': employee\S from falling materials.
c.. Conveyers shall be in c,ompliance with ANSI B20u 1-1976, "Safety Code
of Conveyors, Cableways, and Related Equipment.
10. Cranes and Derricks
a. !be empltlyer shall comply with the manufacturer's specifications and
limitations.
b. Rated load capacities, recommended operating speeds, and special
hazard warnings or instructions s~tl be posted on all equipment and
visible from the operator's station.
c. ~quipment shall be insp~cted b~fore each use and all deficiencies
corrected before further use.
d. ).~cessible areas within the swing. radiqs of the revolving
s1upersttucture shall be barricaded.
e.. EKcept where electrical distribution and transmission lines have been
cie-energized and visibly grounded at point of work, or where
:Lnsulating barriers not a part of or an attachment to the equipment
~or machinery have b2en erected to prevent physical contact with the
linss, no part of a crane or its load shall be operated with:f.n
10 feet of a line rated 50 kV or below. For lines rated over 50 kV
or below. For lines rated over 50 kV, the minimum clearance is
10 feet + 0. 4 inches for each kV over 50, or twice the length of the
line insulator, but never less than 10 feet.
1-26
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a.. 'Whenever ·materials are dropped more than 20 feet: to any exterior
point, au enclosed chute shall be used.
b. When debris is dropped through holes in the floor without the u.se of
chutes, the area where the material is dropped shall be enclosed with
barricades not less than 42 inches high and not less than six feet
back f'rom the projected opening.
12. Drinking TJater
a. An adequat~ supply of potable water shall be provided in all places
of enployment.
b. Pota.ble drinld.ng water containers shall be capable of being tightly
clos1ed and be equipped with a tap.
c. '!he common drinking cup is prohibited.
d. Unused disposable cups shall be kept in sanitary container, and a
rec:eptable shall be provided for the used cups.
13. Elec tr1:cal
a. All electrical work shall be in compliance with the 1971 National
El~ectrical Code unless otherwise provided by OStiA regulations.
b. '!be noncurrent""'carrying meatal parts of fixed, portable and
plug-connecte1d equipment shall be grounded • Portable tools and
appliances protected by an approved system of double insulation need
not be grounded.
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c.. Extention cords used with portable elec tr·lc tools and appliances
shall be the 3-wire type. Flexible cords shall be used only in
continuous lengths without splices, except that suitable molded or
vulcanized splices may be used where properly made, and the wire
connections soldered. Worn or frayed cords shall not be used.
d. Exposed bulb~ on temporary lights shall be guarded to prevent
accidental contact except where bulbs are deeply recessed in the
reflector. Temporary lights shall not be suspended by their electric
cords unless designed for this use.
e. Receptacles for attacltment plugs shall be of approved, concealed
contact type with a contact for extending ground continuity and shall
be so designed and constructed that the plug may be pulled out
without leaving any live parts exposed to accidental contact. Where
different voltages, frequencies, or types of current (a.c, or d.c.)
are to be supplied by portable cords, the receptacles shall be
designed so that attachment plugs are not interchangable.
f. Each disconnecting means for motors and appliances and each service
feeder or branch circuit at the point where it originates shall be
legibly marked t~o indicate its purpose, unless located and arranged
so the purpose is evident.
g. If GFCI's are not used for temporary wiring then an assured grounding
program must be established.
14. Excavating and Trenching
a. Before opening any excavation, efforts shall be made to determine if
there are underground utilities in the area, and they shall be
located and protected during the excavation operations.
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b. The walls and faces of all excavations and trenches in which
employees are exposed to danger from moving ground shall be guarded
by a shoring system, sloping of the ground, or same other equivalent
means.
c e In exc.a~vations which employees may be required to enter, excavated or
other ~tterial shall be effectively stored and r~tained at least two
feet or more from the edge of the excavation.
d. Daily inspections of excavations shall be made by a competent
person. If evidence of possible cnve-ins or slides is apparent, all
work in the excavation shall cease until the necessary precautions
have been taken to safeguard the e·mployees.
e. Trenches more than four feet deep shall have ladders or steps located
so as to require no more than 25 :f: eet (7 50 em) of lateral travel.
Explosives and Blasting
a. Only authorlzed and qualified pe:c·sons shall be permitted to handle
and use ~xplosiv~s.
b. Explosive material shall be stor€~d :!.n approved facilities as required
by provisions of the Internal Revenue Service regulations published
in 26 CFR 181, "Commerce in Expl~sives.~
c. Smoking and open flames shall not be permitted within 50 feet (1500
em) of explosives storage magazinese
d. Procedures that permit safe efficient loading shall be established
before loading is startedo
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16. Eye and Face Protection
a.. Eye and face protection shall he provided when machine~ or operations
present potential eye or face injury.
b. Eye and face protective equipn1ent shall meet the requirements of
ANSI Z87 .1-1979, "Practice fo1c Occupational and Educational Eye and
Face Protection."
c. Employees involved in welding operations shall be furnished with
filter lenses of the proper f3hade number.
d. Employees exposed to laser beams shall be furnished suitable laser
safety goggles which will protect for the specific wave length of the
laser and be of the optical density (O.D.) adequate for t'-.ca energy
involved.
17. Fir~ Protection
a. A fire fighting program is to be followed throughout all phases of
the construction and demolition work involved. It shall provide for
effective fire fighting equipment to be available without delay and
designed to effectively meet all fire hazards as they occur.
b. Fire! fighting e((uipment ahall be conspicuously located and readily
accessibl~ at all times and be maintained in operating condition.
c. Carbon tetrachloride and <'ther toxic vaporizing liqui.d fire
extinguishers are prohib.ited.
d. If the building includes the installation of automatic sprinkler
protection, the installatiott shall closely follow the construction
and. be placed in service as soon as applicable laws permit, following
completion of each story.
1-30
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a. lfuen signs, signals, and barricades do not provide necessary
protection on or adjacent to a highway or street, flagmen or other
appropriate t~affic controls shall be provided.
b. nagmen sha~l be provided with and shall wear a red or orange warning
garment while flagging. Warning garments w..>rn at night shall be
reflectorized material-
19. Flammabl~\ and Combustible Liquids
a~ Only approved containers and portable tanks shall be used for storage
and handling of flammable and combustible liquids.
b. No ~ore than 25 gallons of flammable or combustible liquids shall be
stored in a room outside an approved storage cabinet. No more than
60 gallons of flammable or 120 gallons of combustible liquids shall
be st6red in any one storage cabinet. No more than three storage
cabineta nay be located in a single storage area.
c. Inside storage r~ooms shall be constructed to meet the required
fire-resi'sti~~e rating for their use. Where an automatic
exti~~uishing syst~m is provided, the system shall be designed and
installed in an approved manner. Materials which react with water
and create a fire hazard shall not be stored in the same room with
fla~~ble or combustible llquidso Electrical wiring and equipment
loc.:l ted in inside storage 1:oam shall be provided with either a
gravity or mechan~cal eXhausting system. In every inside room, one
clear aisle, at least three feet wide, shall be maintained.
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d • Storage of containers (not more thau 60 gallons each) shall .not
exceed 1,100 gallons in any one pilt! or area. The storage area shall
be graded to divert possible spills away from buildings or other
explosives, or shall be surrounded by a curb or earth dike. Storage
areas shall be free of weeds, debri:s, and other combustible material
not n~cessary to the storage.
e. Flammable liquids shall be kept in closed containers when not
ar.tual.ly in use ..
f. Conspicuous and legible signs prohibiting smoking shall be posted in
service and refueling areas.
20. Floor Openings, Open Sides, Hatchways, Etc.
a. Floor openings shall be guarded by a standard railing and toeboards
or cover. !n 6~neral, the railing shall be provided on all exposed
.
sides, except at entrances to stairways. Temporary floor openings
shall have standard railings.
b. Every open-sided floor or platform six feet Qr more above adjacent
floor or gl.''ound level shall be guarded by a standard railing, or the
equivalent, on all opeTl sides except where there is entrance to a
ramp, stairway, or fixed ladder.
c. Runways four feet or higher shall have standard railings on all open
sides, except runways more than 18 inches wide used exclusively for
special purposes, which may have the railing on one side omitted
where operating conditions necessitate.
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~ 21. Gases, Vapors, Fumes and Mists
a. F::Xposure to toxic gases, vapors, fumes, dusts and mists; at a
concentration above those specified in the "Threshold l..imit Values of
Airborne Cont~.minants of 1970" of the American Confere·nce of
Governmental Industrial Hygenists shall be avoided.
b. Administrative or engineering controls must be implem~!nted whenever
feasible to comply with threshold limit values (TLV's).
c. When engineering and administrative controls are not :feasible to
achieve full compliance, protective equipment or othe:r protective
m~asures shall be used to keep exposure of employees ·to air
contaminants within the limits prescribed. Any equi~nent and
technical measures used for this purpose must first bta approve:! for
each particular use by a competent industrial hygienist or other
technically qualified person.
2.2. General Duty Clause
Hazardous co~ditions or practices not covered in an OSRA standard may b~
covered under Section S(a)(l) of the Occupational Safety and Health Act
of 1970, which states: '"Each employer shall furnish to each of his
employees employment and a place of emplo~ent which are free from
recognized hazards that are causing or are likely t~ cause death or
serious physical harm to his employees".
23. General Requirements
a. The employer shall initiate and maintain such safety programs as may
be necessary to provide for frequent and regular inspections of the
jobsite, materials, and equipment.
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b. ~he employer shall instruct each emploJee in the recognition and
avoidance of unsafe conditions and in the regulations applicable to
his work environment 'to control or eliminate any hazards or other
exposure to illness or injury.
24. Hand Tools
a. Employers shall not issue or permit the use of unsafe hand tools.
b. Wrenches shall not be used when jaws are sprung to. the point that
slippage occurs. Impact tool~ shr~ll be kept free of mushroomed
heads. The wood handles of tools shall be kept free of splinters
or craCks and shall be kept tight in the tool.
c. Electrical power-operated tools shall be either approved
double-ir~ulated or properly grounded.
25. Head Protection
a. Head protective equipment (helmets) shall be worn in at·eas where
there is a possible danger of head injuries from impact, flying or
falling objects, or electrical shock and burns.
b. Helmets for protection against impact and penetration of falling and
flying objects shall meet the requirements of ANSI Z89.1-1969.
c. Helmets for protection against electrical shock and burns shall meet
the requirements of A.~I Z89.2-1971.
26. Hearing Protection
a. Protection against the effects of occupational noise exposure shall
be provided when the sound levels ex~eed those shown in Table D-2 of
the Safety and Health Standards when measured on the A scale of a
standard sound level meter.
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b. If engineering or admini~trative controls fail to reduce the noise
level to within the levels of Table D-2 of the Safety and Health
Standards, personal protective equipment shall be provided and used
to reduce sound levels within the levels of the table.
c. Exposure tG impulsive or impact noise should not exceed 140 dB peak
sound pressure level.
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d. In all cases, where the sound levels exceed the values shown in
Table D-2 of the Safety and Health Standards, a continuing, effective
hearing conservation program shall be administered •
e. Table D-2 -Permissible NOise Exrosures
Duration per day, hours:
8
6
4
3
2
1-1/2
1
1-1/2
1/4 or less
Sound level
dBA slow response
90
92
95
97
100
102
105
110
115
f. Plain cotton is not an accept~ble protective deviceo
27. Heating Devices, Temporary
a. Fresh air shall be supplied in sufficient quantities to maintain the
health and safety of workers.
b. Solid fuel salamanders are prohibited in buildings and on scaffolds.
28. Hoists, Materials and Personal
a. Tbe employer shall comply with the manufacturer's specifications And
limitations.
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b. Rated load capacities, recommended operating speeds, and special
hazards warnings or instructions shall be posted on cars and
platforms.
c.. Hoistway entrances shall be prctected by substantial gates or bars.
d. Hoistway doors or gates shall be not less than six feet six inches
high and shall be provided with mechanical locks which cannot be
operated from the landing side, and shall be accessible only to
persons on the car.
e • o-"erhead protective coverings shall be provided on the top of the
hoist cage or platform.
29. Housekeeping
a .. During the course of construction, alteration, or repairs, form and
scrap lumber with protruding nail§ and all other debris shall be kept
cleared from work areas, passageways, and sta.J..rs, in and around
buildings or other structures.
b. Combustible scrap and debris shall be removed at regular intervals.
c. Containers shall be provided for collection and separation of all
refuse. Covers shall be provided for containers used for flammable
or harmful substance.
d. Wastes shall be disposed of at frequent intervals.
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30 o Illumination
Construction areas, ramps, runways, corridors, offices, shops, and
storage areas shall be lighted to not less than the minimum illumination
intensities listed in Table D-3 while auy work is ln progress.
Table D-3 -Minimum Illumination Intensities in Foot Candles
Foot Candles: Area of Operation
5 General construction area lighting
3
5
5
10
30
G""neraJ. construction areas, concrete placement, excavation and
waste areas, access-ways, active storage areas, loading
platforms, refueling, and field maintenance areas.
Indoor: warehouses, corridors, hallways, and exitways.
Tunnels, shafts, a-ud general underground work areas.
(Exception: minimum of 10 foot-candles is required at tunnel
and shaft heading during drilling, mucking, and scalil%• Bureau
of Mines approved cap lights shall be acceptable for use in the
tunnel heading.)
General construction plan~ and shops (ie, batch plants,
screening plants, mechanical and electrical equipment rooms,
carpenter shops, rigging lofts and active storerooms, mess
halls, indoor toilets, and workrooms).
First aid stati~ns, infirmaries, and offices.
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31. Jointers (Woodworking)
a. Each hand-fed planner and j~:.:.llter with a horizontal head shall be
equipped with a cylindrical cutting head. The opening in the table
shall be kept as small as possible.
b. Each hand-fed jointer with a horizontal cutting head shall have an
automatic guard which will cover the section of the head on the
working side of the fence or gauge.
c. A jointer guard shall automatically adjust itself to cover the unused
portion of the head and shall remain in contact with the material at
all times ..
d. Each hand-fed jointer with horizontal cutting head shall have a guard
which will cover the section cf the head back of the gauge or fence.
32. Ladders
a. The use of ladders with broken or missing rungs or steps, broken or
split rails, or other faulty or defective construction is
prohibited. When ladders with such defects are discovered they shall
immediately be withdrawn from service.
b. Portable laJders shall be placed on a substantial base of a 4-1 pitch
(toes touching at base of ladder with arms fully extended to side
rails), have clear access at top and bottom, extend a minimum of
36 inches above the landing, and be secured against movement while in
use.
c. Portable metal ladders shall not be used for electrical work or where
they may contact electrical conduct~rs.
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d. Job-made ladders shall b2 con":tr.ucted for intended use. If a ladder
is to provide the only means of access ot exit from a working area
for 25 or more e~ployees, cr simultaneotts two-way traffic is
expected,~ a double-cleat ladd~r shall be installed. Cleats shall be
inset into the edges of che side rails 1/ 2-i.nch, or filler blocks
shall be used on the rails betwee~ the cleats. The cleats shall be
secured to each rail with three lOd cot?,won wire nails or other
fasteners or equivalent strength. Cleats shall be uniformally
spaced, 12 inches top-to-top.
33.. Lasers
a. Only qualified and trained employees shall be assigned to i11Stall,
adjust, and opera ·:e laser equipment.
b. Employees shall wear proper eye p~otection where there is a potential
exposure to laser light greater than 0.005 watts (5 milliwatts).
c. ~am shutters or caps shall be utilized, or the laser turned off,
when ~ .. .a.ser transmission is not actually required. When the laser is
left '!nattended fur a substantial period of time, such as during
lunch hvur, overnight, or at change of shifts, the laser shall be
turned off.
d.. Employees shall nDt be eA--p~s;~d to light intensities a11ove: d:irect
statting -1 micro-watt per square centimeter; incidental observing -
1 milliwatt per square centimeter; diffused refle~ted light -2-1/2
watts per square centimeter. Employees shall not be e~osed to
microwave power densiti~s in excess of 10 milliwatts per square
centime.ter.
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34. Liquefied Petroleum Gas
a. Each system shall have containers, valves, connectors, manifold valve
assemblies, and regulators of an 3pproved type.
b. -~1 cylinders shall meet Department of Transportation specifications~
c. Every container and vaporizer shall be provided with one or more
approved safety relief valves or devices.
d. Containers shall. be placed on firm foundations and secured in an
~pright position.
\h Portable heaters shall be equi.pped with an approved automatic device
to shut off the flow of gas in the event of flame failure.
f. Storage locations shall have a least one 20-B:C rated fire
extinguisher.
35. Medical Services and First Aid
a. The employer shall ensure the availability of medical personnel for
advice and consultation on matters of occupational health.
b. Provisions shall be made prior to commencement of the project for
prompt medical attention in case of serious injury. In the absence
of reasonably accessible medical facilities, which a.re available for
the treatment of injur~d employees, a person who has a valid
certificate in fir~t ~id trainit~ from the American Red Cross, the US
Buleau of Hines, or equivalent training that can be verified by
documentary evt.dence shall be available at the worksite to render
first aid ..
c. First aid oupplies approved by the consulting physician shall be
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36. Motor Vehicles and Mechanized Equipment
a. Motor vehicles covered are those vehicles that ope~ate within an
off-highway jobsite, not open to public traffic. All vehicles shall
have a service brake system~ an emergency brake system, and a parking
brake sy~tem. All vehicles in usc shall be checked at the beginning
of each shif~ to assure that all parts, equipment, and accessories
affrcting safe operation are free from defects and in safe operating
condition.
b. No employer shall use any motor vehicle equipment having an
obstructed view of the rear unless: a, the vehicle has a reverse
signal alarm audible above the surrounding nois.e level or b, the
vehicle is backed up only when an observer signals that it is safe to
C:o so.
c. Bulldozer and scraper blades: endl.oader buckets, dump bodies, and
similar equi!Jment shall be either fully lowered or blocked when being
-repaired or when not in use. All controls shall b~ in neutral
position T!."ith the motors stopped a\ld brakes. set, unless work being
done requires otherwise. Whenever ~he equipment is parked~ the
parking brake shall be set. Equipment parked on inclines shall have
the wheels chocked and the parking brake set.
37. Noise (see Hearing Protection, No. 26)
38. Personal Protective Equipment
a. The employer is responsible for requiring the wearing of appropriate
personal protective equipment in all operations where the need is
indicated for using such equip~ent to reduce the hrtzard to the
employees.
be Lifelines, safety belts) and lanyards shall be used only for employee
safeguarding.
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Ce Employees working over or near water, where danger of drowning
exists, shall be provided with US Coast Guard approved life jackets
o.r buoyant work ves't.
39. Powder-Actuated Tools
a. Only trained employees shall be allo~ed to operate powder-actuated
tools.
b. All powder-actuated tools·shall be tested daily and all defects
corrected before use.
c. Tools shall not be loaded until immediately before use. Loaded tools
shall not be left unattended.
40. Power Transmission Mechani-cal Apparatus
a. All hand and p~~er tools and similar equipment shall be maintained in
a safe condition. Belts, gears, shafts, pulleys, sprockets,
spindles, drums, fly~neels, chains, or other reciprocating, rotating,
or moving pa~s of equipment shall be guarded if such parts are
exposed to contact by employees or otherwise create a hazard.
b. Guarding shall meet the requirements of ANSI :SlS.l-1972 (4 1958),
"Safety Code for Mechanical 'Power Tt·ansmissiou Apparatus".
41. Radiation, Ionizing
a. In construction and related activities involving the use of sources
of ionizing radiation, the pertinent provisions of the Atomi~ Energy
Commission's Standards for Protection Against Radiation
(10 CFR Part 20) relating to protection against occupational
radiation exposure shall apply.
1-42
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b. Any activity which involves the use of radioactive materials or
X-rays, whether or not under license from the Atomic Energy
Commission, shall be performed by competent persons specifically
trained in the proper and sa£~ operation of such equipment. In the
case of materials used under Commission license, only persons
actually li~ensed, or competent persons under direction and
supervision of the licensee shall perform such work.
4 2. Railings
a. A standard railing shall consist of top rail, intermediate rail, and
posts and have a vertical height of approximately 42 inches from
upper surfaces of top rail to the floor, platform, etc.
b. The top rail of a railing shall be smooth-surfaced with a strength to
withstand at least 200 pounds. The intermedi.ate rail shall be
approximately halfway between the top rail and floor.
c. A stair railing shall be of construction sih1ilar to a standard
railing, but the vertical height shall be not more than 34 inches nor
less than 30 inches from upper surface of top rail to surface of
trend in line with face of riser at forward edge of trend.
43. Respiratory Protection
a. In emergencies, or when feasible engineering o..: administ:c'ative
controls are not effective in controlling toxic substances,
appropr.iate respiratory protective equipment shall be provided by the
employer and shall be used.
b. Respiratory protective devices shal.l be approved by tlie US Bureau of
Mines or accepted by the US Department of Labor for the specific
contamina~t to wh..i.ch the employee is exposed.
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Co In selecting the proper respirators, the chemical and physical
properties of the contaminant, as well as the toxicity and
concentration of the hazardous material shall be considered. The
nature and extent of the hazard, work requirements, and conditions 5
as well as the limitations and characteristics of the available
respirators, shall also be factors considered in making the proper
selection.
do Employees required to use respiratory protective devices shall be
instructed in their use.
e. Respiratory protective equipment shall be inspected regularly and
maintained in good condition.
44. Rollover Protective. Structures (ROPS)
a. Rollover protective structure~ (ROPS) apply to the following types of
materials handling equipment: all rubber-tired, self propelled
scrapers; rubber-tired front-end loaders; rubber-tired doze=s;
wheel-type agricultural and industrial tractors; crawler-type
loaders; and motor graders~ with or wit~out attachments that are used
in construction work. This requirement does not apply to sideboom
pipelaying tractors.
b. Above equipment manufactured before 7-1-69 is not required to have
ROPS as of this printing, except for site c~earing which requires all
equipment to have RaPS. 1926.604(a)(2).
45. Safety Nets
a. Safety nets shall be provided when.workplaces are more than 25 feet
above the surface where the use of ladders, scaffolds, catch
platforms, temporary floor~ safety lines, or safety belts i.Cl
impractical.
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net is in place and has been tested.
46. Saws, Band (WoodYorking)
a. All portions of bandsaw blades shall be enclosed or guarded except
for the minimum arc required to allow proper retraction and contact
with the work.
b. Bandsaw wheels shall be fully encased.
4 7. Saws, Portable Circt1lar (Woodworking)
All portable, power-driven circular saws shall be equipped with guards
above and below the base plate or shoe~ The upper guard shall cover the
saw to the depth of the teeth, except for the minimum arc required to
permit the base to be tilted for bevel cuts. The lower guard shall cove~·
the saw t.o the depth of the teeth, except for the minimum arc required to
allow proper retraction and contact with the work. When the tool is
withdrawn from the -work, the lower guard shall automatically and
instantly return to the covering position.
48. Saws, Radial (Woodl~Torking)
a. Radial saws stall have an upper guard which completely encloses the
upper half of t.1e saw blade. The side of the lower portion of the
blade shall be guarded by a device that will automatically adjust to
the thickness of and remain in contact with the material being cut.
b. :Sdial saws used for ripping shall have nonkiekback finger or dogs.
c. Radial saws shall be installed so that the cutting head will return
to the starting pos!.tion when released by t:het operator.
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4 9. Saws, Swing or Sl:i.ding Cut-off (Woodwo.ddng)
a~ All swing or sliding cut-off saws shall be provided with a hood that
~-11 completely enclose the upper half of the saw.
b. Limit stops shall b~ provided to prevent swing or sliding type
cut-~ff saws from extending beyond the front or back edges of the
table.
c. Each swing or sliding cut-off saw shall be provided with an effective
device to return the saw automatically to the back of the table when
released at any point of its travel.
dQ Inverted sawing or sliding cut-off ~aws shall be provided with a hood
that will cover the part of the s~w that protrudes above the top of
the table or material being cut.
50o Saws, Table (Woodworking)
a. Circu.la:c-table saws shall h;a.ve a hood over the portion of the saw
above the table, so mount~d ehat the hood will automatically adjust
itself to the thickness of and reLlain in contact with the material
being cut.
b. Feed rolls and blades of self-feed circular saws shall be protected
by a hood or guard to prevent the hands of the operator from coming
in contact with the inrunning rolls at any timec
c. Circular table .saws shall have a spreader aligned with the bla~.'e and
placed so that there is nor more than 1/2 inch (l~~z em) space
between the spreader and the back of the sa·w when the largest sa\.T is
mounted in maChine.
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d. All woodworking tools and machinery shall meet other applicable
requirements of American National Standards Institute, 01.1-1975,
"Safety Code for Woodworking Machinery"~
51. Scaffolds
a. Scaffolds shall be erected on sound, rigid footing capable of
carrying the maximum intended load.
b. Scaffolds and their components shall be capable of supporting without
failure ·at least four times the maximum intended load.
c. Gua!'drials and toeguards shall be installed on all open sides and
ends of platforms more than 10 feet (300 em) above the ground or
floor~ except needle beam scaffolds and floats. Scaffolds four feet
to 10 feet (300 em) in height, having a mini~um dimension in either
direction of less than 45 inches (1125 em), shall have standard
guax·drails installed on all open sides and ends of the platform •
•
d.. lb. ere shall be a screen with maximum 1/2 ir.~.c:h (1. 25 em) openings
between the toeboard and the top rail where persons are required to
pass or work under the scaffold.
e. All planking shall be scaffold grade as .rec~gnized by guarding rules
for the species of wood used~ The maximum permissible spans for 2 x
9 :i.n,!h or wider planks are shown in the following table:
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MATERIAL
Full thickness
undrtassed lumber
Nominal thickness
lumber
Working load (p.s~f.)
Per.missible span (ft.)-
(cm)-
25
10
300
50
8
240
75
6
180
25
8
240
50
6
180
The maximum permissible span for 1 l/4 x 9 i~~h (240~~2.5 em) or wider plank
of full thickness is four feet with medium loading of 50 P.S.F.
f. Scaffold planking shall be overlapped a minimun:. of 12 inches; (300 em)
or secured from movement5
g. Scaffold planks shall extend over their end supports not less than
six inches (150 em) nor more than 12 inche$ (300 c·in).
he All scaffolding and accessories shall have any defective parts
immediately replaced or repaired.
52. Stairs
a. Every flight of stairs having four or more risers shall be equipped
with standard stair railings or standard handrailse
b. On all structures 20 feet (600 em) or over in height, stairways,
ladders, or rampa shall be provided.
c. Rise height and tread width shall be uniform throughout any flight of
stairs, including any foundation structure used a.s one or more treads
of the stairs.
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d. Stairs of hollow pan-type treads shall be filled to the level of the
nosing with solid material. The requiremerts shall not apply during
the period of actual construction of the stairways themselves.
53. Steel Erection
a. Permanent floors shall be installed so there is not more than eight
stories between the erection floor and the uppermost permanent floor,
except when structural integrity is maintained by the design.
b. During skeleton steel erection, a tightly planked temporary floor
shall be maintained within t'¥to stories or 30 feet (900 em), whichever
is less-that portion of each tier of beams on which any work is being
performed.
c. During skeleton erE~ction, where the requirements of the pl':oceeding
paragraph cannot be met, and where Pcaffolds are not used, safety
nets shall be installed and maintained whenever the potential fall
distance exce~ds two stories or 25 feet.
d. Wnen placing structural members, the load line shall not released
until the member is secured by at least two bolts, or the equivalent,
at each connection, drawn up wrench tight.
54. Storage
a. All materials stored in tiers shall be secured to prevent sliding,
falling, or collapsing.
b. Aisles and passageways shall be kept clear and in good repair.
1-49
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c. Storage of materials shall not obstruct exits.
d. Materials shall be stored with due regard to their fire
characteristics.
!~.
e. Weeds and grass in outside storage areas shall be kept under control.
55., Tire Gages
.:•·
A saf-~ty tir~ rack, cage~ or equivalent protective shall be provided and
used when inflat.in~h mounting, or dismounting tires install·ad on split
rims, or rims equipped with locking rings or similar devices.
56. Toeboards (Floor and Wall Openings and Stairways)
a. Railings protecting floor openings, platforms, scaffolds, etc., shall
be equipped with toeboards wherever there is an open side, beneath
which persons can pass, there is moving machinery, or there is
equipment with which falling material could cause a hazard.
b. A standard toeboard shall be at leas·t: four inches in height and may
be of any substantial material, either solid or open, with openings
not to exceed one inCh in greatest dimension.
57. Toilets
a. Toilets shall be provided according to the
persons -one fac.ility; 20 or more persons
urinal per 40 person.s; 200 or more persons
urinal per 50 workers.
following:
-one toilet
-one toilet
20 or fewer
~eat and one
seat and one
b. This requirement does not apply to mobile crews having transportation
readily available tc• nearby toilet facilities.
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58. Washing Facilities
a. The employer shall provide adequate washing facilities for employees
engaged in the application of paints, coating, herbicides, or
insecticides, or in other operations where contaminants may be
-
harmful to employees. Su,ch facilities shall be in near proximity to
the worksite and shall be so equipped as tG enable employees to
remove such substances.
b. Washing facilities shall be in close proximity to the worksite and
shall be equipped to remove all harmful substances.
59. Welding, Cutting and Heating
a. The employer shall thoroughly instruct employees in the safe use of
fuel gas in gas welding and cutting operations.
b. Employers shall instruct employees in the safe means of arc welding
/ and cutting operations.
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c. Proper precautions (isolating welding and cutting, removing fire
hazards from the vicinity, providing a fire watch, etc.) for fire
prevention shall be taken in areas where weld:f.ng or othe:J: "hot work"
is being done. No welding, cutting, or heatin~ shall be done where
the application of flammable paints, or the prenence of other
flammable compounds, or heavy dust concentration creates a fire
hazard.
d. ~c welding and cutting operations shall be shielded by
noncombustible or flameproof shields to protect employees from direct
arc ra:ys.
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ec When electrode holders are to be left unattended, the electrodes
shall be removed and the holders shall be so placed or protected that
they cannot make electrical contact with employees or conducting
objects.
f • All arc welding and; cutting cables shall be completely insulated and
free from repair or splices w~thin 10 feet from the electrode holder.
Defective cables shall be repaired or replaced.
g. Fuel gas hose and oxygen hose shall be easily distinguishable from
each other. The contrast may be made different colors or by surface
characteristics readily distinguishable by the sense of touch.
Oxygen and fuel gas hoses shalJ not be interchange&ble. A single
hose having more than one gas passage shall not be used.
h. General welding, cutting, and heating operations (not involving
conditions and materials described in Safety and Health Standards)
may normally be done without mechanical ventilaton or respiratory
protective equipment. But where, becauae of unusual physical or
atmospheric conditions, an unsafe accumulation of contaminants
exists, suitable mechanical ventilation or respiratt>ry protective
equipment shall be provided.
i. Employees performing any type of welding, cutting, or heating shall
be protected by suitable eye protection equipment in accordance with
the requirements of the Safety and Health Standards.
j. General mechanical or local ventilation shall be provided whenever
welding, cutting, or heating is performed in a confined space. When
sufficient ventilation cannot be obtained without blocking the means
of access: employees in the confined space shall be protected by air
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line. respirators, and an employee ?n the outside of such a confined
space shall be assigned to maintain communication with those working
within it and to aid them in an emergency.
k. See also Compressed Gas Cylinders, No. 7.
60. Wire Ropes, Chains, Ropes
a. Wire ropes, chains, ropes, and other rigging equipment shall be
inspected prior to use and a~ necessary to assure their safety.
Defective gear shall be removed ~rom service.
b. Job or shop hooks and links, or makeshift fasteners, formed from
bolt~, rods, etc., or ot~er such attaChments, shall not be used~
c. When U-bolts are used for eye spices, the U-bolt shall be applied so
that the "U" section is in contact with the dead end of the rope.
d. When U-bolt wire rope clips are used to form eyes, the following
table shall be used to determine the number and spacing of clips.
NUMBER, SPACING OF tT-BOLT WIRE ROPE CLIPS
Number of Clips
Improved plow steel
rope diameter inches
Drop
forged
1/2 ••••••••••••••••••• ~.3
5/8 ••••••••••••••••••••• 3
3/4 ················~~~··4
7/8 ••~••••••ocoooooooooo4
1 ••••••••••••••••••••••• 5
1-1./8 ·~•••••a••••••••••66
1-1/4 ••••ao~OGt•••~w••••6
1-3/8 ·····~·············7
1-1/2 ···············~···7
Other
material
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
8
1-53
Minimum spacing
(inches)
3
3-3/4
4-1/2
5-1/4
6
6-3/4
7-1/2
8-1/4
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61. Woodworking Machinery
a. All fixed power-driven woodworking tools shall be provided with a
disconnect switch that can either be locked or tagged in the off
position. Operating:speed shall be etched or other permanently
marked on all circular saws over 20 inches in diameter or operating
at over 10,000 peripheral feet per minuteo
b. Automatic feeding devices shall be installed on woodworking machi.ne s
whenever the nature of the work will permit.
c. All portable!:' power-driven circular saws shall be equipped with
guards above and below the base plate or shoe.
d. All personnel protective equipment provided for use shall conform to
the Safety and Health Regulations.
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J. E. Pakenham
FIELD BEPORT
November 21, 1980
EXHIBIT 1
PAGE TtiO
l. (6) All oran~e extension cords observed in the future with Orange Ty•Raps
will be disconnected and/or removed from the area.
CURRENT CONDITIONS AND DISCUSSIONS
1.
2.
3.
4.
l~exr.o from Mr. B. J •. Escue regarding :Reporting of Safety TJefects and Non-
compliance was read and discussed.. This memo will be in.corporated in the
Training program and posted on craft bulletin boards as requested.
Attached memo to all Supervisors/Craft Personnel was read and discussed
by Jack Furniss and should be discussed at all craft •cool box meetings ..
Many cables have been placed in cable trays and manholes, some have been
energized and all are subject to damage. This also applies to switch gear,
which we observe quite frequently with material leanin.g against and/or blocked
which prevents jDUDediate access. Employees shall not walk on~ burn or weld
over or in any way contribute to the damage of these cables. cable trays
shall be covered prior to any work above them that may cause damage. cables,
extension cords or welding leads shall not be secured with tie wire or any
material which may cause damage to th~ protective cover.
Paul Duffy, Security Supervisor expressed his appreciation for the coopera-
tion received from all S\~rvisors and Craftsmen for the orderly manner in
which they participated in the evacuation drill last week.
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Exhibit le 1
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ME:010RANDUM
FM:!-80-5384
J ..... Pakenham
FROt-1:
DATI:.::
1-\. :.1. Hawks
~Jovember 21, 1980
cc: K. N. Flanagan
R. ti. Zaist
St.:E.JECT: FLORIDA POWER & LIGHT COMPANY
ST. LUCIE; PLAl~T -UNI'r NO. 2
FIELD REPORT
Our Safety Committee Meeting began at 12:35 PN, November 19, 1980, under the
direction of K. N. Flanagan, Proiect Superintendent, and conducted by
R. M. Hawks, Senior Safety Representative of Ebasco Services, Inc.
T.;e work force has accumulat~d 8 days without a lost time accident. Our
nigbcs~ rc~ord days was 210.
WEEKLY RLPORT OF INJURIES EBASCO SUBCONTRACTORS TOTAL
First i\id Cases
::k>ctor Cases
Lost Tine Accidents
3P.EAKOOWN
Boi lerma~:ers
Carpehtcrs
Cement Finishers
Electricians
Ironworker:;
Laborer~
:-lillwriqhts
Operators/Teamsters
Painters
Pipcfittcrs
~hcetmetal Workers
U. -3. Testing
Non-i·1anual
95
14
0
EBASCO
F.A. D.C.
5 0
24 3
0 0
24 2
8 2
24 4
2 0
4 3
1 0
35 ., ..
2 1
3 0
6 2
The three (3) leading types of injuries were:
46 Eye -Foreign Objects
30 -Abrasions/lacerations
21 -Bruiscs/cr~shes
LTA
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
43
5
0
','lith an average work force of 2652 working five (5} days, there are 5.2'!,
First Aid Cases, 0.7h Doctor Cases, and 0.0~ Lost Time Accidents for the
week.
138
19
0
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Exhibit 1.2
Harza-Ebasco Susitna Project
CONSTRUCT'ION SAFETY INSPECTION CHECK UST
Client _______________ , _______________ _
Projec:t Supt.
P~ninCh~-----------------------------------------------
Da~------------~---------------Time __________________________ __
P~son(s) making inspection:
Coh&II!!ID:
A -Adequace at tU.e of iaspec:tion
B -lcadeqaact • aeeda u-ediare
attenrioc
A B REMAllXS
OGR.AM ADMINISTRATION: (l)Pll
(a) Posting OSHA a~d oth~ jobsite w3ming posters.
(b) Do vou have safetv meetin~?
(c) Do \"0\1 have job safety trainin~. indudin~ first-aid trainin~?
(d) Are there medical service ~nd first-aid ~uipment. stretchers. and
em~cv vehicles available?
{e) Are ioLsite in jurv records heinE lteet? -(f) Are emef!ency telephone numbers. such as pol~e depanment, fire
department. doctor. ho1pital. ambulan~. posted?
.
(2) HO USEKEEPlNG AND SANITATION:
(a) General n~atncss of WOT'k.ing .areas.
(b) Regular disnosal of waste and a-ash.
(c) Pa :.so~~avs and walkways clear?
(d! .~d~uate lish~m;c.
(e) Projectin~ nails removed.
m Oil and !!ease removed.
(g) \\'ao;te containers provided and used.
(h~ ~nitary facilities adequate and clean.
(i~ Drinlr.ing: water tested and a2Eroved.
m Adeguate sue21v of water.
(k.2 Dis22_sable drinking: cuos. , ..
(5) FIR. E PREVENTION:
(a) Fire instructions to personneL
(b) Fire extin1n1ishers identified. cltecked. lisrhted. -(c) Phone number of fire dep:~rtment posted. -(d) Hvdrants clear. access to public thorousrllfare aoen.
(e) Good housekee2ing. -(f) "No smok.in~" posted and enforced where needed.
Fire bri!!des.
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(-t) EL EC.TlUCAL INST ALLA TJONS:
(a) Adequate wirin2. well insulated.
(b} _fuses erovided.
(cl Fire hazards checked. -
(dl Electrical danRers posted. -(e) 17oper fire extinguishers provided.
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(5} HA ND TOOU:
(~ Proper tool bein~r med for each job.
(b) Neat no~. v{e CU!'Vin~.
{c\ I nsoection and maintenance.
(d) Damaged tools repaired or replaced promptly. Are employees' tools
insnected and ~ired] •
(6) PO WER TOOLS!
{a) Good howeJr.eegin1r where tooli are wed.
(b) Tools and cords in ROOd condition.
(c) Propa" ~undi~.
(d\ Proper inscruc:tion in we.
(e\ AU mechanical saf ..
lD Ule.
(f) Tools neatly stored when not in we.
(g) Right tool beinsr med for the iob at hand.
(h) Wirin5 properly installed.
(7) PO WDER.·ACTUA T.ED TOOL-;: ---(a) Local laws and ordinances complied with. --(b) All opentors gualified.
(c) Tools and charges P!,!!tected from umoutb.ori:ed \Ale.
(d) Com~tent inrnruetion and supervision.
(_e) Tools checked and in ~ worlr.inl[ order:
(f) Tools not used on anv but recommended materials.
(g) . ~fetv goggles or face sluelds.
{h) Flying hazard checked by b~king up, removal of personnel, or u.e of
captive stud tooL
(f) Metal ladden not used around electrical hazards.
(g) Prooer maintenance and storage.
(h) Are ladders painted?
(i) Are saferv shoes in use?
(9) SCAFFOLDING:
(a) Is erection ero~l! suoervis.ed? ~
(b) Will all uructurai members mee! the safetv factor?
{c) Are all connections secure?
(d) Is scaffold tied imo struCture?
(e) Are worlc.in& areas free of debris. snow. ice. S!ease?
(f) Are foot sills and mud sills erovided?
(g) Are worlc.f'!n erou:cted {rom faJling objects?
(~) Is the scaffold ·elumb and ~u~th cross-bracinJ;!;?
(i) Are s:!:!ard rails. intermediate rails. and toeboards in place?
(j) Js scaffold ~ui2ment in good worldmt order?
(lc.) Are roe and e~bles in go~2_ condition?
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CoiUIDil: A • AdeQtace: B -lnad~te A1B REMAR.KS
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tlOl HO ISTS, CRANES. AND DERRICKS:
(a) luspt'C"I cable~ :nul ~hca\'es.
(h) Cht't k llhn~, :nul ! hains. lwolr.s and e\'es.
!C) Equi1mn:m ftrml\· 'iiOpponed.
(d) < l:mriAAt'r' u~l 31 tlt't'tled.
lel l'nwcr iim•, inacthmed. removed. or at safe distance.
([) Prnl)l,'r lna!liuJ.: lor tac:.cit\ atliftin~ r.tdius. ~
(~) .\llt.'tJIIinmt'nt pmJ>erlv lubrkatcd and maimaincd.
(hl SiJ!nalmcn wht•n• net-tlt:d.
(i) .r..i~o:nal;, nmlt•r,I«K)I,l ami observed.
(j) Arc ilhtK.>t uun ami maimenam;c logs maimainedr
(11) HE.A VY EQUIPMENT:
(a) R~ulotr iuslX'C"tion and maintenance.
(b) Luhric:uion and rep;~ir o£ mo\·inJ?: Eart!\.
(c) l.i~ht'>. hr;sl..c'i. v;amin~ ~iS!!al!. ilJ>~:Tativc,
@. \\'ht•d, dm< 'l..cd when ncCt:!>'i3TV. -(e~ H;IU) rnat.h well maint~ined ami laid 0\ll eroperly.
{i) Pnncniun ,.,·hcu t!'l.jUiipment is not in use.
(g) An• ~hlll·oll tit'vilc:. on ho-.c lim·'i in tilse o( he~ failure:-
(h) .-\rc :wise arrcllter!l in usc?
(12) MO TOR VEHICLES:
{a) Regular insr~ecrion and maimemmCI'!.
(bl <~ilalifictl o~r;uon.. --(c) Ux:al and ~tate vehicles laws an I r~lations ob~rv~:'
(dl Brakes. lislm, warning, devices o~r.:ni,·~. -(e) Weight limits ami load !iize'> contmlled.
<!2 Personnel carried in a safe manner-seated.
(Sl Is all ala!>.~ Ill ~ood condition?
(h) A~ b;tf.k·!IP "'ignal!i providt:d?
(i) Are fin· extinguisher.~ installed where requi;·ed?
(1$) GA RAGES AND REPAIR. SHOPS:
(!}__fire h:uards.
<2i nis~min3 of fuels and lubricants.
{c) Good housekeeping.
(d\ Ul(hting.
(e) <:arbon monoxide dan~
([) Are all {ue)\ and luhricam! in proper containers?
{!} Pro~ ventilation.
(h) Proper grou11ding and bonding.
(14) BA 'RRJCADES:
(al "floor o~ning.; clanked over or barricaded.
(b) RoadwaV!i and sidew:~lks effectively protected.
{c) Adetmatc lighting ·provided.
(d) Traffic controlled,
Exhibit 1.2 (con~'d)
Column: A ·Adequate: B · ln:idequate
AJB REMARKS
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Exhibit 1.2 (cont 2 d)
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Column: A • Adequate: B • Inadequate
A B REMARKS
.
NDLING AND STORAGE OF 1\IATL''UALS: (15) litA
(.!) Are materials oro~~lv stored or stacked?
(bl Are eassa~wavs clear?
lSi Stacks on firm footin25. nor too hi~h.
(d) Prooer number of rm~n for each oueration. -ie) Are men liftin~ loads correcdv? --~f) .-\re materials erorec!!d from weather conditions?
(J.•' .. Protection a2inst fallin~ tnto hoeeers and bins.
Q!;} Is dust eroteaion Ob!~Vedt
@. , Extin~ishers and od~ fire protection. ---ill.. Is traffic controlled in ~~ storage arear
(16) :EX CA VATIO~ A!"\D SHORING: -l.!L2re adjacent >tructures E:~erh· ~hored?
(b) h \horinJ~: and sheadtin! ~I!>«:U for ~ul and depth?
(C) Are road~ and ,jde"·alk\ ~upponed and erotected?
·-""' w (.c!) 1~ material swret.l roo dose to ex<autiomi-
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(el h e:xc•muion barricaded and Jil{htin!:r erovided?
(f) Is ~.uinment a safe di~tanre fmm ed~e of esta\'ation? -~-..
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(g) Are ladders oro\'ided wht'Te nc:~ed:
(hl Are eu1uiemenr ramp\ a<.i~u:ote? -<D Is j~ supet'·i~ion adeauare: -
(17) DE :\IOLITIOS:
(a) Are oeeradom planned ahead?
(bl 1: there shoring: of adia~ent ~tructurc~:
(c'l Are material chute' u'ied? ""'"' (d) 15 there sidewalk. and mher public protet tion:
'
t~ Clear operating: ~pace for trucks ant:? .. other' chicles.
(9 Adc:t1Uate access ladd~n or stairs.
E DRIVING: 18) P!L
(:a~ Are there ero~r ston~e proceduresi
@_Ji unloading only try properly instructed v. orlc.men? -(c) Are steam line5, slinp, etc .. in opera tin~ ondition? .. --
(d) 1\re piledrivinr ri~ proJ:;erlv supported?
(el Are ladders en frames? -(!l Are .-:oflerdams m:tintained and ins~ted?
~ Is ad!:9uate pumping: av~ilabler
(h) Is man prot~~ion adeoual~!
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Exhibit 1.2 (cont 1 d)
Column: A ·Adequate; B ·lnadequa~e
A B REMARKS
09} EX PLOSIVES:
(~) Qualified opera ton and supervision.
'b) ProDfTrransportvehide~
(~) Local laws and rc:~lations observed.
(d) Storage malr.lzines constructed 1?!!: re!!!::lations or as recommended.
(e) Experienced eersonnel handlif!~ exolosives at all time~
(f) Cases ooened 2roe;rlv.
(g) ·•:-;o smoking·• e2su~d and obser\·ed where apnrooriate.
(h) Detonators tested before each shot.
(i\ All Ersonnel familiar with si!!!<lls. and si!!!als pro~erlv u~.>d at all times,
(j) lnsoection after 1:ach shot. .
(lq Prooer protection and accoun~r for all nplosives at all times. -(I) Pro~r dis~sition of wraoein!!; ll\'aMe. and 5Cl"aJJ.
(mJ Advise residents nt>arby of blastin\~ cap c:bngtt, and inspect potential
damaiZe E2int~ _
(nl Ched. radio frequency hat:a~ds.
(20} FL ,\:\1!\fABU GASES AND LIQUIDS:
{a) All container~ ciearh identified.
(bl Prooer MoraJZe or3ctices obsc:n:ed.
(c) Fire ha1anls check.~d.
(d) J>roeer stora~e tem~ratures anJ erotect.ion.
(CI Proper t\"ees and number ol extinguishers nearh\'.
({) Carts ior ffiO\'in~ cvlinders. I
(21) WELD I~G AND CUTTING: -(a) :\re oeerawrs gualified!
(b) Screem and '.thields.
(L) c:o~t:s. g}cJ\'e~. c.lothif!g. --(d) Euuiement in nEc:ratinl! conditiuu. -(e) Elecrrical etlnipment ~ounded.
(!)_ Puwer caiJle~ 2rotccu:d and in ~ood reeair.
(g~ fire t''l:tinR"ui,hen of proeer ,,·pe ne:rrh\'.
(It~ ht,t>c:ttion for fire hazards.
(i'J Fl:tmmdhll:' m.m.·nah Erotecu:d.
m (ia\ <"lin tiers chained u,erig:ltt.
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(k) (oa\ lim:' prmcc.tcd and in g:ond wnclition. --
(IJ .-\re ('i!in~cr cae\ in uo;ei-
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(:!2) STE EL ERECTIOS: -(a) Safctv net~ cr planked fhmrs. -(b\ Hard hats. Q(ct\ ~hoe~. ~lo\·es. -(c~ 1'aglint'~ {or tools. --(q) Fire hazards at ri\'t:t forge and Wt:ldins_ oeer:niuns .
(e) flt:rur oEeuins covered and harricadecl\. -(0 Ladder\. stairs. or other acce~\ erovidt:ld.
< -(S:~ Hoi\tin;! ;me:rratus checke.zl. .
(hl Safe man ~s1tion.
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Exhibit 1.2 (cont'd)
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Column: A · Ad~ua&e: B ·lnad~uate
A B REMARKS
NCRETE CONSTltUCTlON:
(a) Fonns properlv installed and braced.
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(b) Ad~uat~ ~oring. plum~. and crossbraced.
(c) Shoring remains in place umil strenf(th is anained.
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(d) Proper curing period and procedures.
(e) Check. heating devices.
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{n ~lixin~t and transport equ!Qment supported. and tra!bc planned and routed.
<& Ad!;9uate runwavs.
(h) Protection from cement dust and concrete contact.
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{j) Naill and stripf!d for:m materia! remo,·eti !rom area.-!1
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(9_ Sale hoisting equipment.
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(25) HI GH.W AY CONSTR.UC1'10N:
(a) Law• and ordinafice5 obsened.
(b) Com_petent.fl~en properly dressed. instructed. posted.
(c) Adequat~ warning signs and marken.
(d} Equip_ment not blockin111: right-ol-wav.
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(0 Adequate mark.in~ and maintenance of detours. t-1
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{ll) A.d~uate li~thtin~t.
NAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT: -(26) PU.SO
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{a} Eye _l!_rotection. ----(b) Face shields.
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(d) HelmetS and hood.t. 2 .,
(e) Head protection. c:::::
(f) Gloves. aprons. and !leeves: rubber or ~lastic. designed (O afford protection
from alkalis and acids: elecaicians' ru her gloves with protectors.
(8) RespiratorS for hannful dust. a~.os. s;lnd blasting. welding (lead paint
and galvanized zinc or admium}.
Adeq~ate v~tilation when p;aiJ?tin~ ~r applying epoxy resins. All safe prac.
tices m spra11ng asbestoa matenals us.mg vacuum to dean up.
When there is a question about injurious expor;ure, notify 5uperior imme·
d.iately who in turn shall arnnge for atmospheric samples to be taken.
(21) UNSAF.t ACTS AND/OR. PRACTICES OBSERVED (LIST):
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SECTION 2
RECORD KEEPING & REPORTING •
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Section 2
Record Keeping & Reporting
2.0 c~neral
The records and reports presented are intended to familiarize those employees
involved with the current Harza-Ebasco Joint Venture Regulatory requirements.
This section provides a description of records and reports an explanation for
their use. Documentation of the safety and health program is absolutely
necessary.
The first aid records provide for an accurate rendering of the day to day
operations and a summary of those efforts. 'lb.ese reco~·ds cover our workmen
compensation and OSHA requirements and provide backups for subsequent
liability claims. They also identify types ot injuries and their causes.
This information can then be used to study, control, or elimLtnate specific
safety and health hazards. It also gives project ~nagement the tools needed
to educate effectively supervisors and craft~en regarding current
experience. It is the basis used for evalua~ing the overall performance of
the project safety program and gives recognition for those outstanding
performances.
Finally, these records provide material for safety research information used to
develop safety and health standards within the Harza-Ebasco Joint Venture, and
as our contribution to the national construction standards development.
Medical Records
Fi1:'St Aid Lo[ {Exhibit 2.1)
This is a chronological listing of all visits to the first aid station. Every
employee injury and illness, no matter how slight, must be recorded. This
rule applies to all force account projects and construction management
projects where Ebaseo has a project first aid station.
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Adequate maintenance and storage of this record is necessary for future
verification of claims. Entries should reflect treatment beyond first aid
care i.e. doctor's cases, and lost work day cases.
Upon completion of the project, the First Aid Log is to be sent to the Home
Office Safety Department as part of the permanent record.
Employee's Accident Record (Exhibit 2.2)
A personal accident record history ia to be kept on each employee who receives
treatment in the first aid station. This provides a treatment record for each
employee along with other pertinent medical information ie •• hea.rt disease,
diabetes or epilepsy. (This is a personal and confidential record).
On the individual record card, the injury, cause, and relatad treatment are
described in detail. The Employee's Accident Record cards are to be kept in
alphabetic:al order for Ebasco Employees; each contractor u~:~ing our first aid
station should be retained separately in alphabetical order. At the end of
the project, the !mployee's &-c:ident Record is sent to the Home Office Safety
De part ment: •
Employer's Report of Injury (Exhibit 2.3)
Injuries requiring the attenti~n of a physician shall be reported on an
Employer's Report of Injury. '!his form will be furnished by the insurance
claims office or by the State Worker's Compensation division in those states
that are self insured (Nevada, North Dakota, Ohio, Washington, West Virginia
and Wyoming).
Distribution will include one copy to the Home Office Safety Department
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Care must be taken that complete detail and correct wording is used in filling
out this form. Under nai:ure of Injl:'.Y or Occupational Disease, the statement
must be qualified with the words -"'·,Ole employee alleges" or .. The employee
states", followed by a description of the injury & incident.
The orginal copy shall remain on site in the project files. At the conclusion
of the project, the reports will be forwarded to the Home Office Safety
Depart-ment.
Many states impose penalties if the Employer's Report of Injury is not
promptly mailed to the Workmen's Compensation Board.
2.4 .Supplementary Record of Occupation Injuries And Illnesses
(Exhibit 2.4)
This is a re.cord keeping requirement of the Occupational Safety and Health Act
of 1970. All entries in the OSHA log and Summary of Occupational Injuries and
illnesses requires a su.ppl(ement~:ry record. However the OSB:A No. 101 form
itself does not have to be used. Worker's compensation or insurance
Employer's Report of Inju17 are acceptable substitutes.
Supplementary records must be completed and present on the project within six
wo~k days after the employer has been notified of an injury or illness.
2.5 Log And Summary of Occupational Injuries and Illne!sses Form 200
{Exhibit 2.5)
This form is ~required by OSHA for all medical treatment cases$
Occupational injuries and illnesses must be recorded within 48 hours of
,. receiving information tha~ a recordable case has occurredQ
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Complete detailed information on the methods bO be used in completing the log
200 can be found on the back of the form. Copies of the form can be obtained
from the OSKA area office or from the. liame Office Safety Department. The form
is to be retained at the project site. When the project is completed, the log
200 records are to be sent to:the Home Office Safety Depare~ent.
A copy of the total OSHA log experience must be posted annually at each
project, in a location where all the employees can see it.
The summary is· taken from the last page of the log posted for the employees
and a copy is sent to the Home Office Safety Department.
This pos~ing must occur no later than February 1st and remain in place until
March 1.
2 .• 5.1 Guideline for Determining Recordability
An injury or illness is considered work related if it occurs in the work
environment (defined as any area on the employer's premises, e.g.,
worksite, company cafeteria, or company parking lot.) (See chart 1.) The
work environment surrounds the worker wherever he or she goes--in
official travel~ in dispersed operations, or along regular routes (e.g.,
sales representative, pipel.,ine worker, vending machine repairer,
telephone line w~rker).
All work-related fatalities must be recorded.
3. All diagnosed work-related illnesses must be recorded.
4. All work:-related injuric...s requiring medical treatment or involving loss
of consciousness, restriction of work or motion, or transfer to another
job must be recorded.
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Recordable and nonrecordable injuries are disti~1ished by the treatmgnt
provided; i.e., if the injury required medical treatment, it is recordable; if
only first aid was required, it i.s not recordable. However, medical treatment
is only ana of ~everal criteria for determining recordability. Regardless of
treatment, if the injury involved loss of consciousness, restriction of work
or motion, transfer to another job, or termination of employment, the injury
is recordable.
Medical treatment. The fallowing are considered to involve medical treatment
and must be recorded for a work related injury.
Antiseptics applied on second or subsequent visit to a doctor or
nu·rse.
Burns of second or third degree.
Butterfly sutureso
Compresses, hot or cold, on second or subsequent visit to a doctor or
nurse.
Cutting a.way dead skin (surgical debridement).
Diathermy treatment.
Foreign bodies, removal if embedded in eye.
Foreign bodies if xemoval from wound requires a physician because of
depth of embedment, size or shape of object(s) or location of wound.
Infection, treatment for.
Prescription medications used.
Soaking, hot or cold, on second or subsequent visit.
Sutures (stitches).
Whirlpool treatment.
I;-ray which is positive.
First-aid treatment. The following are considered to involve only first-aid
treatment and need not be recorded if the work-related injury does not involve
loss of consciousness, restriction of work or motion, or transfer to anothar
job.
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Antiseptics, application of, on first visit to a doctor or nurse.
Bandaging on any visit to a doctor or nurse.
Burns of first degree.
Compresses. hot or cold, on first visit to a doctor or nurse only.
Elastic gandage, use of, on first visit to a doctor or nurse only.
Foreign bodies, not embedded~ irrigation of eye for removal.
Foreign Jo:~;dias, removal from wound by tweezers or other simple
techniques.
NOnprescription medications, use of.
Obse~ation of injury on second or subsequent visit.
Ointments applied to ab?asions to prevent drying or cracking.
Other pr.ocedures not considered medical treatment. 'The following are not
considered medical treatment.
Tetanus shots, initial or boosters alone.
Hospitalization for observation (no treatment other than first aid).
X-ray which is negative.
Medical Case Disposition (Exhibit 2.6)
Employees sent to a physician by the first aid attendant are to be given a
medical case disposition form to be completed and returned to the first aid
attendant. ~e top of the form is to be completed by the first aid attendan~
with the physician completing the bottom portion of the form. The for.m is
provided in triplicate one copy for the first aid station records second copy
for the employees supervisor and third copy for the doctors records.
At the termination of the }?roject the Medical Case Disposition forms can be
destroyed.
2-6
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Accident Summary (Exhibit 2.7)
Classification of the project injuries is by type of accident and part of the
body affectad by the injury~ The employees craft is included in the break
down within the accident s~ry.
If it is a construction management project contractor names can be substituted
for the craft designations.
The report is to be completed weekly and forwarded to the Home Office Safety
Department. Inserted on the first line is the estimated average number of
employees on the project for that week. An explaination of the details for
completing the form is part of the Exhibit 2. 7 .•
Monthly Summary of Injuries & Illnesses (Exhibit 2.8)
Project injury and illness incident. rates are computed and entered onto this
from the completed form and will be sent monthly to the Home Office Safety
Department. It is used to compare the Harza•Ebasco Joint Venture construction
safety results for each project. The bases for comparison is the US Department
of labor statist.ics for the heavy construction industry.
The monthly summary reports are to be submitted for Harza-Ebasco Joint Venture
and Contractors.
Each month the total manhours worked will be used to determine the injury and
illness incident rates. Each month the1·e will be two entries. One is that
months injury and illness experience, the second is the projects cumulative
experience for the current award year. Only Harza-Ebasco Joint Venture employee
manhours are included on this summary.
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2 • 6 Man thl y Summary
Every month the total project safety results will be reported on the summary
with the heading "Harza-Ebasco Joint Venture and Contractors". If the project
does not includo contractor manhours 1 th H Eb J · V ~ . on_y e arza asco o1nt enture Monthly
Summary is requirede
As in the Harza-Ebasco Joint Venture Monthly Summary there are to be two
separate entries: a monthly summary and a cumulative summary.
The monthly summary reports are to be sent to the Home Offiee Safety
Department at the conclusion of the project construction activities.
2 .. 6.1 Calculation of the Incident Rate
The rate is calculated as:
N EH x 200,000 -where
N ~ Number of occupational injuries and illnesses or lost workdays.
EH • Total hours worked by all project employees during the month or the
calender year for the cumulative result.
200,000 • base for 100 full-time equivalent workers (40 hours week~
50 week per year)
Loss workday cases are cases which involve days away from work.
Lost workdays are the number of workdays (consecu~!ve or not) on which the
employee would have worked but coulo not because of occupational injury and
illness.
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Supervisor Accident Report (Exhibit 2.9)
The form provides documentaton of recognized safety hazards on the project.
The form is done in quadruplicate to allow written notice ·to be given to the
responsible contractor, the contract supervisor and the safety department.
agreed upon date of correction of the hazard is to be part of the report.
An
All
deficiency reports uncompleted by the designated date are to be referred to
the Project Superintendent.
Record Retention & Employee Notification (Exhibit 2...-10)
The Harza-Ebasco Joint Venture is required annually to inform all our employees
exposed to toxic substances or harmful physical agents that such exposures were
recorded and are kept in the safety and first aid station. Each affected
employee is to be informed: in the annual notice the person responsible for
maintaining these records and the pro·vision for employee's access to his own
records.
The employee toxic medical and exposure records must be retained for at least
the duration of the employee's employment plus thirty (30) years. These long
term retention records shall be separately designated when sent into the Home
Office Safety D2partment at the completion of construction activities.
When an employee or his designated representative request and is granted access
to his records as provided by OSHA part 1910.20, surveillance shall be provided
by an Harza-Eb,!J.SCO representative in order to safeguard our records ..
2-9
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EXHIBIT 2.2
-EMPLOYEE NAME tLAST • FIRST •loAlDOLI: INITIALt ADDRESS =r_u .....
EMPLOYER
YiME ..
DATE HOUR
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FORM 87!12
EMPLOYEE'S ACCIDENT WIECQRD
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I I A NO Tl:J3S I A NO LL:J3'
CRAFT IOU:VIOOR
• DISPOSITION DESCRIPTION OF ACCIDENT AND TRf::ATME.WT OF CASE
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---· • lr~W'stt fUllon Is Reqm rrJ on l.o.sl 1"imf' ~ad Serwus PucfCJr (cues.
{OVER)
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WOHKMEN·s COMPENSATIOI\.i SOARO C.Jr !Nj~i~Y
Ht!i't.:H<":" ANT· '!'his !:"T"m is no: to ~ used to r.:oort •cs;iaen~r.: ausu:: dl":ath. permanent unurv cr
·cJs of ti:ne in e1rces~ of i day:; Fr..-m C·2 should b,. used tc fe?Qrt ~uc:h acddent!..
· 1 ~ no:• .... ·••r•·t ••, tn Chairma"'l. \Vorkmer. ~ \..:('\mj·t·n ... at• ·n Bm,r.1 ;r~ a.dcr~'l r.hown on reve>7··f" \:~,. "'·•;u., ::·:: ·'
• :•rr ;writi~nt wrur.. Cr•rn· a.isn -:hc.ulo n-..::nt to vour •0!5Urance carrier . .
PLI::ASR PRINT OR TYPE-lNC:..une ZIT' (i.CuE iN AL.l .. ADDRES::;ES-~MPLOY£E"S SS;t MUST BF g::-rrt-:RE.O 1 ;::. •• +
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; <JU!:tE'D . =R$0N r,, •• Notfte• 'MJ4.:tl• '"''"'I) 'LIIwt Ne,.•l CH~t~~~~• /ddf'ftt i.i•• Numbe• e.,tl Stto-•, C01~. )te•~. Z•D Co•• ""d .r.e•. ••· !....--, ..
4. {a) Address where accident occurred ( I"durif •ow"ty)
(b) Was this employer's p~mises Yes 0 No C
~ Date of ae---:ident : 19-Da.y of Vv• ee" Hour oi Day. A.M p \1 ..
Jf occupational illness. ciate of initial diagnosis· 19-
6. (a) Datf' riisah11ity hepn : 19-. t!our of Day ...1..~1 p '.f
-~CCI DENT (b) Was mjured paid in full for t~m day:
7. Brief descrJ?tl0n of accidtnt; {stilte al:-...; \\.·hat employee w2s doang at tune r:! accident; what m~rl .,, ..
object. or sub-;~anc~ caused the accident or occupational disease: name any t'ooi, <-quipment, et:-. :·1
ployee wa:;, using)
I~•JURED 8. Checlc (X) 0 ~laJc: 0 Female
t-ERSON 'I. :\ge: 10. Occupa.tior •.
r 11. State nature of injury and part or parts uf body affected: (as "Injury to Chest.." etc.)
.. -..•
NA"!"URE OF
!NJURY 1~. Did you provide medical care' _Tf so. when'
OR 13 ~ame and addre!i~~; of doc: tor:
"1CCUPA· .·-
TIONAL 14. N~me and address of hospital:
fiiSEASE
15. (a) Has employee retUrned to wa.-k? .... .. (b) H so. ,me date·
16. Nature of busine!:ll\: (State prindpal products manufactured or sold or services rt'ndert'd) -..
17 • Depanment where regularly employ~d: .
EMPLOYER Fl~M .~AM&:
TEL. .t<IO StCN'CD JiY -
OAcial Tille .
OATF. OF THIS RF;PORT:
:.OCATION.------------NO: --------C-2.5 C-2.5
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EXHIBIT 2.4
OSHA No. 101 Form approved
OMB No. 44R 1453 Cue or File No.~-····------
EMPLOi'ER
1. Name
Supplementary Record of Occupational Injuries and lllne.sses
-~~-~~------~--------~---~-~---------~------------------------------~-----------
2. ~lail add~s ---~-----------------~-------------------------------------------------------(No. and street) (City or town) (State)
3. Location, if difierent hom mail addresii -----------M------------------------------------------
INJURED OR ILL EMPLOYEE
4. Name ___ ..,._ ___ _,_... ..... =-.. --.... -----------._........-..... ------... --------Social Security No. --------------.--...
(First name) (Middle name) (Last !Wile)
5. lioiDe ~d~ -----~--------~-~~--~------------------------~----------------------------(No. ud aUftt) (City or town) (State)
6. Age ------------7. Sex: M.Ie------------Female_ ... __________ (Check one)
8. Occupation -------~~----------~---~------~---~---~-----------------~---------------------(E.ntel' regulu job title, 110t the sj>ecific activity he was performing at time of injury.)
9. De~ent --~-~--~----~------~-------~-~-----~--~-------------------------------------(Enter name of depa:tment or division in which the injured penon is regularly employed, even
tho~gh he ~y h:tve ~ temporarlly working in another department at the time of iniury.)
THE ACCIDE~J' OR EXPOSURE TO OCCUPATIONAL ILLNESS
10. Place of accident or ~-'()sure ---.---~ .. ..,..,.. _ _._ .. _._ ______ ::P ________ ... _____________________________ ~
· (No. ad street) (City or town) {StOlte)
If accidel'!t or exposure occurred on employer's premise$, give acidress of plant or establishment in which
it occurred. Do not indictie deputment or division within ti.e plant or establishment. If accident oc-
curred outside employer's p~iiiiles at an identifiable address, give that address. If it occurred on a pub-
lic highway or at any other place which cannot be identified by nWt"aher and street, please provide place
reference! locating the place of injury u accurately as possible •
11. Was place of accident or expoaure on employer's premises? --------------(Yes or No)
12. What wu the employee doing when .injured? --------------------------------------.. __ _: _____ _
(Be s~ific. If be wu UJing tools or equipment or handling material,
--~---··-~-----------~-~~--------------------~-~---~---------~-~-------~-----------------~---~ JULJDe them and tell what he wu do ina with th~)
-------------------------~-------~----------~-------~-----------------------~------------~----
13. How did th.e accident occur? ---------... --....... ---.,--------------------------------------ga---------
(Describe i\!lly the e~ents which reeulted in the injury or occupational illneu. Tell what
----~~----~-------------------~--------~-~-----------------~----------~-~--------~----------~~ happened and how it happened. Name any objects or substances in\'o}ved and tell bow they were involved. Give
-----------------------------------~--------------~-----------~----------------------------~~-full details on all factors which led or contributed to the aecidenL Use separate sheet for additional SJlace.)
OCCUPATIONAL INJURY OR OCCUPATIONAL ILLNESS
14. Describe the injury or illness in detail and indicate the part of body affected. ---------------.. ----
(e.g.: amputation of right index finger
-----~-~-~--~-------~--~---------~~-~-----~-~-----~---------"~-----~------~--------------~----at JeCOnd joint; fracture of ribs; lead poisoning; dermatiti1 of left hand, etc.)
15. Name the object or substance which directly injured the employee. (For example, the machine or thing
he struck agairust or which struck him; the vapor or poison he inhaled or swallowed; the chemical or ra·
diation which irrltated his skin; or in cases of strains, hernias, etc., the thing he was lifting, pulling, etc.)
... -.. ------------~--------.... --.... ---------------------------------..... ._ ........ , .... ___ -_________ _, ___________ ---~
--------------------------------~---------~---------~--------~----------~----~--------~-------16. Date of injury or initial diagnosis of occupational illness
17. Did employee die? ------------(Yes or No)
OTHER
----~---------------~--~~------~-~~--· (Date)
18. Name end adrlre!s of physician --------.. -------------..,-----------------... ------... ·-------------
19. If hospitalized, name and address of hospital ------------------------..,.-----------.. ·-----------
-~-~------------~--~------~-~----~--------------------~--~~-------~--------------------------
Date of report -----------.-----Prepa.red b-y --------------------.------.------... ·-------.,·---------
Official position ----------... --..... -....... -.... --... -~---
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Columns
6 and 13 -INJURIES OR ILLNESSES WITHOUT LOST
WORKDAYS. ~ .. '1-t>xntanatorv.
Columns 7a
tnrougn 7g -TY?E OF ILLNESS.
t ntr-r G: :;i,CC..• t!, t"liV oM t.v.-.; .. !' for *..!ilf,.. ••''"SS.
TERMINATION OR PERMANENT TRANSFER-Pt .• • .n t5t•·"~' h..t
til• rr:ht • ttl-·~n•rv tn colur.,ns 7a th•l'luon 7g ltypt··l\l iiinussj wnicn
f•1·•··~·nt• <i <~ !l'f'"tllilt,<m of ~>m~<loy•:l'!l"\ or JH•rmanront trall:>fN.
V. Totals
Ad•J nurntlcr \11 cntrtcs tn co1umns 1 cnO c.
Arlo qumocr 01 ctlf:!l..ll.s m 1.01umns 2, 3, 6. i. 9. 10. dOI"' 1 ••
Atl~l nuMrwr ot UdVS m coi<.Jmns 4. 5. 11, and 12
'L:l!ais crt· t·• w riC'nt;rat<>d lor each cnturnn at the .. no 111 o·n('h paq• anti al
:n.• ef'ld ot cw.:n year. Only the yearly totals an· req\llrr.d tl)r uosung.
!l a11 employee's loss of workoa~ 1s continutn<! at tnl' t.n•c tho> !otals arc
sumn~t~r•<Pd. estimate tt••• number ot luturc wor~~:oavs the cn•oloyee will
••lS.' end aad that esmr.aw to the work.days alrcaav lost antl mcludc this
•• :.u• ,,, tm ilnnua: tutdl:l, No further entt•~S rt!'' to'" "'iiflt! wrtl"l r>tSt•t'Ct
;. ~>~•n C.dSI:!>"' tlw n~>x! vt'dr'S In(!.
VI. Definniom
OCCUPATIONAL INJURY is any m1ury suer. as a cut, tractu~(·, spratn,
;w nutation. etc .• wntch results trom a worli. accidl'nt or trum un t!llllO·
SUit: uwolvmq a smt;le tnCldent tn the work environment.
NOTE: Cund1ttons rt:sultmg from antmal bii•:S, surll dS tn§{'Ct or snato:~
tJO\t'S ur lr•Jn• ont.~ttnw•Jxpu.sur!! 10 cht."'lltc..Jis, df•• t.••nStd,.rt.\1 tu tw tt•tllllt.'S.
OCCUPATIONAL ILLNESS of an ~muiOV\."= IS any abnorr:•al conrJ1tton or
•llsnrucr. otht'r than unu H•sulttnQ from an ('1\.Cut:atttJnrlt tnJ'If\ t.:cluSI'd b\1
•:llluosurP to envrronmcntal fdCtors assoctatcd with eruploynu::nl. It m·
'JJtles acutt: a11d rhrontc tllmosSI:s .:.r 'JISCascs whr.;n l"'•av llt: causmJ oy tn·
natauon. absonmon, mqestton, or dtrt."Ct c:untdCt.
1 n~: tollowtl'l'l hsttntJ iJM.:s ttlll catenorteS ot oc.cupauonat ttlnesst!S and dts·
nW••rs tnat wtll tw utihlt.>ff for thP. 1.1uroo51• of Ctasstfvma recordable ill·
n•·SSCS F111 nurposcs of intormatton, exanntles Clf each caterJ\lrY afl' 9111en.
Tn .. SI' dfP. wcwal mca1npltos, h~r. ano ar<! not \O lll' ronstdcred tht.
1.· ·•:ph t~· '1511111) o( \tl•' IYIJ''S of •IIOCSSI!S a11d cltl>t•lllt·f~ inrll ill!.: ltJ bl• CUUf'll·
•'!1 under 1:ach category.
7CJ. Occupational Skin Ois.aiii!S or Disorders
E.xam 11tos· ContaCt derma\ltts, ec.tema, or rash cauSL>d by Pfl·
marv !rrlt8nts and sensiuzers or uotsonous plants, otl ac:nc,
cttrnrnP. ulcers: chemtc:al bUrns or m11ammations. etc.
71 Dust Diseases of the Lungs (Pne1.1moconiosesi
E x.Htnplt'S. SilicOSIS, oJsbuStosis, coat wori>er's pnt!umocomosis,
7c.
DVSSinOSIS, stdt:rosts, <~nd otncr pneumoconiOS!!S.
Respiratory Conditions Due to Toxtc Agents
Examplt.'S PMUmnnttiS, pharynljitts. rhimtts or d('Utn congestion
dul' to ct1P.mtc:als, dusts, qascs, or fumes. farmer's lung; etc.
EXHIBIT 2.5 CON'T
71J. Poi~oning (Systemic EHect of Tox1c Materials)
Examplt!S. Pc:SlJOlnQ bv ieaa. mercury, caamll.:m, arsensc. or
otnM --;mats. ootsomng ov carbon rnonoxide. hydrogel'l sulttol,
or ':lthcr qases. Potsomng bv oenzol, carbon tctracnlonot>. or
otr.cr orgdtuc solvents. potsonrny by msectic1oe surays su.:r. as
•.;arathton, le;;c arstlnaxe, noisorung bv other cn~micals :.ucn as
formalunhvde, PlastiCS. S"'d resms; etc.
,... Dtsorders Due to Phym:cal Ager.-:s !Other tn.n Toxic Material'!
Examples. HeatS"troke, sunstroK~. ht=at exhauS"tion, a!'ld other
,.ffects of cnvtronmental neat; ireezmg. frostbite, ano ettects of
ux.oosurt: tC' low \emJJCratures: cat~ "' disease; effects of ionizing
radiation 11sotoues, X-rays, radiurnt e ·~ts of nonionizing radi&
tion twclaing flash. ultrav1olt:t rays, nucrow&Yes. suno.Jml; etc.
7~. Disorders Associated With Repeat11d Traurna
Exall'Pies. Noise-induced hearing loss: synovnis, tenosynovitis,
and t.lursms. Ravnaud's phenomena. and other conditions due to
reveateo motior1, vibration. or pressure.
7:.~ All Other OccuJmional llln2Uti
Examoles Anthrax, brucellosis. mtectious he!Jatiti:;, mah!Jnam
and bemgn tumors, food poisomng, histOPlasmosis, coccidiOtdo-
mycosts, etc.
MEDICAL TREATMENT includes treatment (other than first aid) admin·
IStNcd b~· a J.Jnystctan or ov reqtstered orofeuional oersonrw!l unoer !he
standtnq oroers nf a phystcian. Med1c:al ueatment does NOT include first·
aid treatmen~ ionP.time treatment and su~nt observation of minor
scratC'ht:s, cuts, bums, splinters. and so form, \vtlich ao not ordinarily re·
qutrt medk.al care) even though provided by a physician or registered
professional personnel.
ESTABLISHMENT: A single PhYSical location where b'.lsiness is conduct-
t:'C! vr wnere scrvtccs or tndustrial operations are performed (for example:
d tactorv, mtll, store, hotei, restaurant, mov1e theoter, farm, ranch, bank.
sales office, warcnouse, or central admmistrative office!. Where distinctly
scfldraw aCliVIII'~ •IH! performed at a Stfl!lle phystcal locatton, sa::h as con-
structl(m dCt•vt~tes opera1cd from the same Phvstcal IOClllio11 cts a lumber
y(lrd, '..!11< n dl twnv shall be trealed as a separatt: cstabltshmem
For firms enqaged in activities which mav be physically dispersed. such as
ar]rtculture; construction. transportattol'l: ct'lmmunicattons, and electric,
oas, and sanitary serv1ces, records may be maintained at a place to which
emplovt.>cs reoort t:lach dav.
Records for pt:rsonnl'l who do not primarily report or work at a single
cstablishmem. such as triJ'Ieling salesmen, technicians, en!lineers, etc.. shall
t~ ntatn•Jw.ed at the locauon froM which they aro paid or the base from
wnich per:;onnel operate to carry out their activittes.
WORK ENVIRONMENT is comprised of the physicallocatton, equtpment.
nmwr~<Jis urur.c~ ot uS(..>d, <~110 \ht kmds ol opc~dttons performed m the
t.uurso of a11 employt.-e's work, whether on or oH the employer's premtscs.
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EXHIBIT 2.5 CON'T
I nstrucnans for OSHA N~ 200 -~----------------·---..:. -----------·---------·---------
l.oq am:l Summary of Occupatio.~ InJUries and lllnosses
' ,,\J · -·ll·iift,,_.,., \:Vhu IS SUtJit"• t lO UU" tf_"\ oft.ir \..1!1JI0t~ fl!ll'•l .. ttl•t!ti!S t.•f !n•
. I •IL>I 11llliJI s .• h•tv rillfl H!1illtl: ('r I.,, JOl(l "•lJ:ill•tri<llldlll 101 wOCI1 ··~i1lll·
·~•· • n: " '· • ,, ••• 1~ r•'(,.lr<Jdnh· DI.,('UIIdiiC!IuJI ·'Hurtt•-. .• n~l •ltnt•sse~. ThiS
'oil" .~ l!:,tiA f\j.,, .::UOI ffldV !II' US.;d lor w.n I·Ufi.#,JSt-A I>UI!Stltlltl• !or !1lt.
JSHA N• 't'~~'• •.~ d\.• t•tllrlbl!! rt 11 I!> .1!. w taw•o, ,:as1lv rt'l!Udtllt: •• mu .. fla~;r·
St:J:uta:.h• cL'> :~; .. OSHA No. 2'Xl
l =•i•' •'<>ttl r• .. ur•taol" d.9-nn rr .. hlU Wltllon s, .. ttil vvorkoa\• atttJr "an;·
•1111 111 n::. oc~ourr••rw.A• . .1\ltl" .uqh nthl•r n• mtls •• us• hi· ''1dllllillllcd ,,, tn•
•'StallhSiilllf'flt lit wtm h lhl:y n•h•r, ~~ IS liUSStl.lJ,. \II llh'Prlrl! and ll•dlntam
me ICJg dt .murt11:t hltAlfln~. usllltl datd rrcK ··~•nq l"ftulllmt:nt i I uttsm•tJ. It
thl• hl!J IS prcparNl dSI-wll"'"· ,, c.u~y up•fdtro to w1t1un 45 r:alt'miar day~
•. ,..,st bt: nn,S(lnt :.: all tn'll!s 111 ttlt•t?StaiJhstlt"<.>nt.
Loqs must llc !1•.untainc•d ami rl'!iiUlPII fl'r hvu 15) \'i!dtS IQifuwrn•• tn~: l!na
ul ~~~' uh:nuar v,:,tr tu wt•llil tlli!V rulau~. LUtlS must be allatlabl•• 1~on11allv
dl lilt' ·~tuhltshnumt) lor IIISPI:t.IIWI ilWJ ~OP•/;IIII•V ff'Pfi~llldtiV!iS or lnt•
UI!Part:ncnt of Luoor, or tht· iJt:Jld(tlfli:nt <;I H•~ulth, (du~uon a'lrJ v'MI•
rare, nr Stati'S m::~oroer1 JUrtsdu:uon ur•clf'f tn>~ A•·t.
II. Cha:l9ft in Extent of or Outcome of Injury 01' lllnns
11. clurmq the 5·vear pertod the IUfl must oo mta1m!d, there rs a r hange 111
dl' t•lCti:JII mut outcome of an inJury or illrw'SS wh1ch afftw::ts entries '"
loJiumns 1, ::, 6, 8, 9, /Jf 13, thtt ltrst C:ntry Should bo• linc•d IJUt and d nl!.l.'
untrv ffid~:. for wtilmDII:!, II an i•IJur«•d crnuluyHC at first reoum'Cl nnl~·
n~C11cal trt:atmc!nt but latt:r lost workdays uway lro111 wm~ tnP. t ht••" m
•.ttlumn 6 shulllu be hnetl out, ami chl!<:~s t'~tlumri 1n c:ulumns 2 and 3 anu
thl• nurnoor of lust workd<tys vntert.'Cl tn ~ulumu 4.
In dii!Jlht.'f m~a111plc, if an urnr.lov<:t: Wtth .til otcu;:atiunilltllnt.>ss lest wor~·
ddvs. rctlllf"'"l tu work, .Jnd tiK:n d11.'<i u! l!lc •llut:S.o;, (Ill' t't\trn•s mtollun••s
£1,md 10 Stii•11Jd U.• llnetJIJUI cJild the lfcltl· ul lfi'Jlth <'11\1.'11'0 llltt•tunu• 8
Tlv• •·nt1rco Potry fr1r dll 1!1JIHY ,,, Illness shu11ld bn llm!d out 11 i<~hlf l,,.uflti
•u !Jc· nnntt'f:mlrlttlu. For nxomplc an InJUry or illn1os:. whlctl is Jatur dctur·
"'IIIP(I not tu be wortr. mlatco, or whtth WG$ m1t1ally tnought to mvolve
mcd1cal trcatmem.but later was dutt!frntrw:d to have invoiVI..'Cl only first dtd.
Ill. Panmg Requirements
A l.UIJY ut the tOlcJiS • .no<J lllfUrll•iJIIUn luliiJW!Ilq ttl<· lUlU lull' of thr odSl
Oac}(' lot tlw• ymlr must lw1 ~:ustm1 at cam I.'Stc1Jii$hll~t•nt 1r1 the 111.u.u or
plac:l:i Where lltiiiCI.'S IO Untployt.•t:S art• CUSltJntdfll't f:.IOSti.'Cl, ThtS COIW must
bn fJQstt:d no later thlll1 Febru.ry 1~~nd mun remllin in p/~ until Mvr:h 1.
Ewn lhCltHih ttwn• Wl:rt.: 1111 ll11Ufl1.'5 l)f JllnusS4!S dlmno th1• year, /PrOS mu!t
bfJ l'llll!fl'<l Hll lhl· IUt,JIS llnl•, <il1d thu 1(1(111 posU:Q.
The pc:r5~l!l n.'$11Ur1siblc for the lll'lnUM $UmrtJ81y tor./~ snail certify tnat the
wtal~ am true ann cornplf'tC' by stgnmq <H tlw. bOttom of the form.
I
IV. Instructions for Cootpteting Log and Summlf'Y of Occup.tiooal lnfuries
and lllneues
Column A • CA£e OR FILE NUMBER. Sclf-t"xolanatory.
Column B
Columns
DATe OF INJURY OR ONSET OF ILLNESS.
f' lr II{ cur:atJonal mJUrt!!S, • 'ltt:!r tnr aatc o; :nt' work acc1
d•"nt ,•,n•cn wsul\.:<1 ''' 101ur\·. For occupatH1nat ulnessf.ls •
... nwr tnf' dat ... t;i mr:ial atagnosis of 1llness, or, 1f aosence
•t n•• worl. · JCCu'rc"l t:rtor!' dtd•lnOS!S, enter rhn hrst oav of
tn~ aosencr attrioutahll• t: thP 11ln£'ss wnich was later d1ag.
noseu ur rcc:oqnw~d.
Cthrough F-Self""'~tPianatory
Columns
t and 8
Columns
2 and 9
Columns
3 and tO
Column1
4 and 11
Column!l
5 and 12
INJURY OR 1Ll..NE$AELA. ;o DEATHS.
Self-exnlanatory •
INJURIES OR ILLNESSES WITH L.OSTWORKDAYS.
Self-explanatory.
Any InJUry wnicn mvolves days away from work, or days of
restricted work activity, or both must be recorOOd since tt
<lhMay'~ Involves one or more of tl'le crneria for rt<:ordability.
INJURIESOR ILLNESSES INVOI..VING DAYS AWAY
FROM WORK. Sel1-exollinatory.
LOST WORKDAYS--DAYS AWAY FROM WORK.
Enter the numoer of workdays (con!'oeeuttve or not) on
whicn the ernoloyee would have worked but could not be-
cause of occuoai1onal inJury or tllness. The number of IOSl
work<:lays Sl'lOuld not •nclude the day o1 injury or onset of
illness or any days on which the employee would not have
wor~ed even though able to work.
NOTE: For ~mptoyees not havmg a regularly scneduled
shift. such as certain truck drivers, construction workers.
farm labor, casual labor, Part·ttme emoloyees, etc., it may
til' nN:essary to ~~imats the number of lost workdays. Esti·
mates of lost workdays shall be based on prior work history
of the employee AND oavs worked by employees, not ill or
tnJUt~. work.mg tn the department and/or occu~!!on of
the ~~~ or inJured cmnloyce.
LOST WORKDAYS--DAYS OF RESTRICTED WORK
ACTIVITY.
Enter the nuH,oer of workdays (consecutive or not) on
whtd'l because of InJUry or illness:
( 1) the employee was ass•gncd to another JOb on a tem·
porary basis, or
121 the employee worked at a permanent JOb Jess than
full tt~. or
(3) the emptoyef> worked at a permanently assigned JOb
but could not PE~fform all duties normallv connected
With lt.
The number of lost workdays should not include thl! day of
tnJury or onset of Jllness or any days on whtch the emploY·
ee would not have worked even thougn able to work..
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EXHIBIT 2.6 -
NSTRUCTIONS: MEDICAL CASE DISPOSITION CASE NO.-------··--·-··
DATE·-------·----·
Wftite • First Aiel
Pin" • Supervi!:!Ot
Y 111low • Doctor retain•
'o B e Campi eted By PrQ jecf 0 1/i ce
ROJECT ______________________________ __
ATIENT'S NAME
SOC • .SEC. NO.
ATE OF INJUP.Y APPROVED BY latGNATUilE • TITLE,
o Be Completed By Physician
ti~Gt.fOSIS (MINOR OR OBVIOUS NOT REQUIRED}
-
-
HIS Pi\THEHT IS A3LE TO ASSUME:
0 All normal duUes [J Rr,strleted duties only (E1Cplain b~low)
SEND
lt1VOICE
TO
EMPLOYEE NO. !OCCUPATION
[1 No work duties (Et~t. time off)
-' _______ ..... __
-I" TEN<>ING PHV ., c IAN • 0. T E DATE TIME
FUTURl:.
APPOIN"i'MENT:
Ill\ NOll:J3S' IA NOilJ3 T\ NOII:J3S 1\1 NOI153~-=-III Nori33's--···
0
! 0
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..... r • .., .. '" Red
~ J:C. ~A. t ~0. OF EMPLOYEES -~ -
c;~.-._. BY
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• !:-'-1<=-E'Ol o. Tt.Ri:. E_.. 'I'"!EMIH
()THE!';
TOi AL ACCIDENiS
f 'E. • FL.A!>i1 BURNS
!:. • E • . rtE:MICAt.. BURNS
'~ ... • t.. ._.1 A
''l~ OR !.TRAIN!>
NOT 11ANC
.: • 1.1 w t' S • ..) '< ~ ?0 T
· '• •;: •• 'INS
,
~ •. !::. '.)FI L..ACERATJONS
'" N •R~IfO.fiONS
Fl~:0 1 AIC T()TAL
f,OC Tt')R'S CASES iCTAL
LCS 'i itM€.
::RAF"T
Harza-Ebasco Susitna Project
ACCDENT SUMMARY EXiiiBIT 2.7
MONTr1 ENDING ___________ 13 __ _
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C:OtlSTRUCTION S<.~PT,
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ACCIDEh"l' TYPES
TYPES OF ACCIDENTS
A. Struck against
0. Stationary object on ~pproxtmate
horizontal plane.
1. MOving object on approx~ate
horizontal plane.
2. Overhead object.
B. Struck by
0. Falling objects.
1. Flying objects.
2. Moving (not falling or flying)
objects in approx~ate horizontal
plane.
3~ Moving (not falling or flying)
objects 1n approx~te ver.tical
plane.
4. Rotating parts of stationary object.
C. Caught in or between
0. Inrunning or meshing objects.
1. ~~ving and stationary object.
2o ~ o,:-ma-ee moving (not meshing)
objects.
3* Pulled or dragged.
D. Fall of person (same level)
o. !o the ground, floorp etc.
! . Into wr.ter.
2. Agains~ objects.
3. Into caustics, corroaives,etc.
'"''''A'".-,~--""'-~-"'-...... ,"...:~.-
EXHIBIT 2.7 (CONT'D)
DESCRIPTION
Covers tmpact cases where
Where the motion is primarily
that of the injured person
rathe~ than of the object, sub-
stance, etc. Excludes striking~
against resulting from prior
falls (Ite3S D and E).
CoverL tmoact cases ·Qbere the
motion is primarily that of the
object rather than of the injured
person. Excludes ~ases resulting
from prior falla (Items D and E).
Covers pontmpact cases, as
squeezing, pinching, or crushing
between a moving and a stationary
object, between two moving objects,
or between parts of an object. Ex~
eludes cases resulting from prior
falls ·(Items D and E) .. •
Covers all cases where person
actually falls on floor, platform,
rampt ground, etc. and is injured
by contact with obj~cts located
~pprox~tely at body level. Ezu
eludes overexertion. It includes
slips and stumbles Where these re-
sult in falls. It is selected
I
over all other events, except fall
of p~~~on (different level), When
it is a part of a multiple-event
case and 6~curs Eric~ to the injury •
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ACCIDENT TYPES
E. Fall of person (different level)
o. To the ground) floor, etc.
from higher level.
1. Into water.
2. Into toxic, corroBive, hot,
caustic, or electrically
charged substances.
3. Into mving equipment or
. mach iuery.
4. Onto sharp or defectiva objects.
F. Bodily strains
0. From lifting.
1. From pulling and pushing.
2. From noise.
3J From fright, surprise, etc.
4. From eleetrieal shock.
G. Contact~ temperature extremes
0. Molten metals.
1$ Hot objects and substances
(Not molten metals).
2. Cold objects and substances.
3. Freezing temperatures (not
objects).
a. Rubbed, abraded.and penetrated
0. Stepping, kneeling or
sitting on sharp objects.
1. Handling sharp objects~
2. Friction.
3. Fo~eign matter in eyes.
4. Repetition of pressure.
Covers all cases where perscn
falls to a lower level and is in-
jured by contact with an object
or substance at the lower level.
It is selected over all other
events lr."hen it ia a part of a
multiple-event caaes and occurs
prior to the injury.
Covers only nonimpa~ cases
where sprains, strains, and rup-
tures or other internal injury
result from overexertion, unsafe
posture, sudden noise, fright,and
efforts to recover fram slips and
loss of balance. Excludes cases
resulting from prier falls (Items
D and E).
Covers only non~act cases
where injury is due to contact
with molten metals, hot or cold
surfaces, gases and liquids, also
freezing or frostbite. Does not
include injury from contact with
sun's rays·or other radiations or
injury ~y the toxic or caustic
characteristics of substances.
Excludes cases resulting from
. prior falls (Items D and E).
Covers only nonimpact cases
from handling materials, stepping
or kneeling on sharp objects,
foreign matter in eyes, etc.
Excludes casea resulting from
prior falls (Items D and E).
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571f/2e7! Harza-Ebasco Susitna Project
SUPERVISOR"S ACCIDENT REPORT
EXHIBIT 2.9
INSTRUCTIONS:
l. Co.pl~tt: this. R«port a-etiiQtely attl!f'
aecitint -tl llttlzeh "'First Report of I11j~ry. •
2. C01111pif'lf' Jor tEll tlzs•blr•g itrrunes..
INCIQIENT NO. ______ ....
~~OJECT----------------------------------------------------~----------------~---------------------
1.. Name of injured (or ill) person ---------------------------------2. Tide/Craft ____________________ _ 3. Supef"f'ieor _ _.. _______ _
i. O.te of accident ---------------------:5. Time -----------
6. Accident category Property Damage :J Fire !:J Motor Vehicle 0 Other
7. SeTerity of injury or illness 0 NOD-disabling 0 Disabli.a& 0 Medical TRatment 0Facality
8. Oe8fee of disabillty C Temporary Total 0 Permarii!Dt Partial 0 Pe.riiUUleDt Tocal
9. Location
------------------------------------------------------------------------~-------10. Estimated number of days away from job
-----------------------------------------------------------
11. Nature of injury or illness --------'"""'=----------------------------
12. Pan of body affected----------------=-------------------
13. Describe causative agent most directly related to accident (kind of object, substance, materia!, m&dlinety,
eqWpment, conditions, ~c.)--------~--------------------------------------------=-----------------
Was weather a factor?
------------------------------------------------~------------------14. Unsafe mecban.ical/physical/environmental cundition at time of accident (be specific)------------
IS. What was injured doing? Include unl'>afe act and/or others cor.tributing to the ac:c:ident (be 5peciiic:, must be
answered) ---------------------------------------~------------------------------------------
---------------------------------u-~------------------------------------------------------'-16. Personal factors (improper attitude, lack of knowledge or skill, slow reaction, fuipe, etc:.) _______ _
17. Personal protective equipment required (protective 8lasses, safer] shoes, ~~afety hat, safety belt, etc.)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------~·-
Was injured using required equipment?--------------------------·------
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EXHIBIT 2.8
57"2 ., 1 .n Harza-Ebasco
MONTHLY ·SUMMARY OF INJURIES AND ILLNESSES
--. -. ·----·-----------------o~o.•e:c-
SUPEI'!INT~NOl!:N.,. S~F:•v REPRESENTATIVE---------------------------------
z ll . .i ---··
AVEIIIAGE NIJMBER OF CASES TOTAL CAYS
Y!:AIIt HUIIII.EIII OF MAN,.fot!JUIIIS NCM•LOS'r
!:M~OYUS WOIItiCED !"A TAL. l.QST I· WOJilKCAY TOTI\L TOTAL INCW.NCII: WOIIIKOA'\' 1HC:IOilNC:IE INC:ICIICNCK
CASES OS!>! A LOiiT
c: ~·a:•
RAT~T
C:ASitl! lilA f'l:t
WQIIIKDAVI Ill ATilT
JANUARY l I
FEBRUARY --------;---------·------i ··-
Comulatrve i 1 • i
I l I
' MARCH I I --l I Cumulative I
APRIL ---------------. t -~----·---
I I
Cumulatrve I .
MAY I ··---· ___ j __ i I . -. ·--·-~---
Cumulative I I I ! I
JUNE I ----
Cumulattve -;t.JLY I
Cumulative
AUGUST . ---1· . . -.. -...... --
Cumulat1ve ,,
SEPTEMBER l
Cumulat1ve
OCTOBER ---·
Cumulative .
I
NOVEMBER -
Cumulative
DECEMBER I l --
Cumulative 1 I -
/. J· .•.. incuitmcf! rtUP "" .\umbrr o/ mmn• trnd 11/nr::n ra.sl!':. ur fltn'.\ ' 200,(}()()
E.mpi!J}f!f! hours uorJu.d
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FIRST Jl.,t;
CASES
ONLY
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EXHIBIT 2.9 CON'T
IS. What caa be done to prevent a recurrence of this type of accident (modification of machine, mechanical suards,
conect environment, training, erc.) .............................. __ ..... ________ .............................. --.......... --~-------------------
19. Detailed na:rrari'we description of how accident occurred sod wby (objects, equipmect, tools uaed, circ:uasmnc:e,
assisned duties, ere:.~ be spec:ific) __ .......... _____ .......... _., ______________ ............... ___ _
1 l.i se addittonal sbe~ts, as required)
20. Witnesses to accident -----------------------------..... -----------
Dare Prepared __________ _
Signature ..................................... __ .xBY~~~~~~~-----------------'oAi~~e.a. .. ,auiidi VISOI'I
SUPERIHTE~DEHT•S APPRJ\ISAL. lt.ND RECOMMEND ... TIOM
a. In your opinion, what ac:don on the part of injurea (or ill) person or others contributed to this accident?
b. Your recommendation---------------..... -.......... ---------------------
IAlte ........................... _ _,,_________ Signature ...................... -----~~~===~----------
aul"illltNTfNoiENT -------------------------------~~~~---------
0 Temporary Total
Started losing time------
Returned to work-------
Time charge----------
Date·-------------
FOR SAFETY OFFICE "SE ONLY
0 Permanent Paonial 0 Death or PeftDiU!eat Total
Pan of body --------
%loss or loss of u!Se ____ _
Time charge---------Time charge 6.000 days
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SECTION 3
FIRST Am AND MEDICAL SERVICES FOR OCCUPATIONAL INJURIES AND ILLNESSES
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SECTION 3 .... FIRST AID & MEDICAT... SERVICES FOR OCCUPATIONAL INJURIES & ILLNESSES
3.1 Policz
To provide adequate First Aid and Medical Services on the Harza-Ebasco Joint
Venture project by treating injuries and illnesses arising out of work-related
activities.
Achievement of this objective will benefit both Harza-Ebasco and its project
employees by improving employee health, morale, and productivity.
3.2 Responsibility
I
The person responsible for evaluating the First Aid and Medical Services
required by the project is the Construction Manager, with consultation of the
Sa£ e ty Manager.
The First Aid and Medical Services Facilities evaluations and determiuations
should be made prior to construction activities.
In considering the services required, some of the factors which will determine
the scope of the First Aid and Medical Services required on site are:
Estimated number of employees to be employed at the site and the time
duration of the project.
Relative location of the project to medical assistance, medical
facilities and availability of prompt ambulance services.
Anticipated exposure to unusual safety and health hazards -i.e.
radiation and toxic hazards and underground work.
First Aid Facilities
The First Aid Facilities should be set up in a manne~ that reilects Harza-
Ebasco's concern for the well being of its employees and should enable nurses
and other medical personnel to function professionally •
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The size of the facility shall be adequate for the intended ~anned peak
period. It is to have finished interiors, covered floors (such as tile),
toilet facilities, hot and cold running water, refrigerator, adequate
illumination, heating and air-conditioning.
Telephone services are to be provided with outside lines available when the
switchboard is closed.
The proposed layout for the First Ai.d l~acility is to bl;.! approved by the
Construction Manager in consultation Wi.th the Safety Manager.
First Aid Station Location & Size
The First Aid Station may be located in. a po~~ion of o construction building
or in a separate building or trailer.
Suggested plans for First Aid Facilities are for:
Medium Projects -up. to 1,000 employees (Exhibit 4.1)
Large Projects -over 1,000 employees (Exhibit 4~2)
3.3.2 First Aid Supplies
The typo: and quantity of instruments and supplies will be determined by the
project nurse and project Safety Representative. A suggested list for a major
project can be found in (Exhibit 3.3).
An open purchase order should be established with a medical supply company to
expedite the processing of first aid supply orders.
3 ~4 !-1.~.rst Aid Personnel
To have competent First Aid and Medical Services, it is important to staff the
First Aid Station with a qualified attendant, preferably a registered nurse
with experience in industrial nursing or hospital emergency room services.
3-2
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Selection of personnel will be made by the Project Superintendent with the
assistance of the Senior Safety Representative.
It is recommended that a First Aid Station be established on projects with a
peak force of 200 or more craft personnel. First Aid Personnel will also be
required on shift work and overtime work ..
OSHA Construction Standards require that an employee trained in First Aid be
in attendance whenever employees are working.
3.5 Transportation of Medical Cases
3.5.1 Routine Medical Trips
A vehicle should be designated as routine medical vehicle and a driver should
be assigned to transport ill or injured employees. The ambulance will not be
used for this purpose nor, will the rlriver be the Safety Representative.
Employees should not be permitted to use their own vehicles for the first
visit to the physician.
Subsequent physician visits should be arranged on employee's own time unless
otherwise agreed to by the Construction Manager.
3.5.2 Emergency Transportation
Em~loyees requiring immediate, urgent medical treatment shall be transported
to the proper medical facility in a sui.table emergency vehicle, boat or
aircraft.
The Safety Manager and Construc~ion Manager will jointly determine the best
method for providing emergency transportation from 'the project site.
3-3
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Project Ambulances
A project ambulance will be furnished on site whenever the nearest reliable
ambulance service is more than'lO minutes from the project site.
Project ambulances will comply with all provisions of the applicable State
Emergency Medical Equipment Requirements.
Two qualified employees will be assigned to the ambulance as driver and
alternate. Although the driver's position is not a full-time position, either
the driver or the alternate must be available for duty during all times when
employees are at the project site. The Project ambulance ~ttendant sh~uld
have first aid training. Only in the most urgent cases should the nurse leave
the project to accompany the ill or injured employee in the ambulancee
The hospital emergency room is to be notified when the project ambulance is
dispatched. All pertinent information concerning the injury is ~o be given to
the emergency room personnel.
The ambulance driver shall have the proper state license to drive the
ambulance and shall obey all traffic lights, stop signs and all public highway
regulations.
The ambulance shall be inspected and test driven (mittimum 5 miles) on a weekly
basis to determine that the ambulance is functioning properly. The person
conducting the inspection and test drive will file a report with the safety
representative who will assure that deficiencies are corrected. A suggested
inspection report form can be found in Exhibit 4.6.
The equipment aud supplies in the ambulance shall be inspected after each run,
or on a weekly basis whichever is mare frequent, by the Project Nurse or the
First Aid Attendant and a report submitted to the Safety Representative on a
weekly basis. A suggested inspection report form can be found in Exhibit 4.7.
3-4
'----------------------------------------------------------------------
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3.6 Medical Services
The Workmen's compensation insurance carrier will provide, upon request, a
list of physicians in the area who treat industrial cases. A review of the
list should be made by the Project Superintendent and Safety Representative
who will select the project physician.
The physician will issue medical directives to the first aid staff. These
instructions should be specific and should identify those types of illnesses
an.i injuries which are beyond the scope of the first aid staff. The physician.
will specify medications whic~ can be used in the first aid station.
Repre,sentative medical directives and emergency nursing procedures appear in
(Exhibit 3.4).
Limited work Authorization
In some medical cases, the physician will allow an employee to retutrn to work
on a light duty or on some other limited work basis. The Project
Superintendent ~ust approve the return to ~ark of such employees.
Those employees who are physically limited due to prior injury or illness
(epileptics, those with heart conditions, diabetics, etc.) should not be
placed in work which may cause injury to themselves or others.
3.7 Late Report of Injury
All employees should promptly report any injuries and illnesses to the first
aid station. ,Any medical cases not ~reported to the Project First Aid Station
may be contested by Worlanens' Compensation Insurance carrier. Notice f~or the
prompt reporting of injuries to the First4Aid Station should be posted. This
is to be emphasized in the e~ployee' s initial orientation and at the Too•l Box
l't!eetings"
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Non-occupational ailments, such as a headache, may be given temporary relief
(for example, aspirin) as authorized by the phisiciano Non=o~eupational
ailments requiring a physiciau's attention should be referred to the
employee's personal physician.
3.8 Treatment for Subcontractors' Employees
Tr'eatment for subcontractors' employees may be given only if prior contractual
agreements make provision for it. Hold Ba~~ess Agreements must be obtained
from the ~ubcontractors. (Exhibit 3.5)
3-6
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DOUBLE DOOR
STRETCHER ENT.
,~t 14
FIRST AID STATION LAYOUT
MEDIUM PROJECT
MINIMUM AREA-600 SQ. FT.
BENCH
WAfTING ROOM
•REST ROOM
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& CABiNETS
FIRST AID
TREATMENT ROOM
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DESK
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Exhibit 3.1
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12'
30'
18'
•REST ROOM REQUIRED
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LARGE PROJECT
Exhibit 3 ,., I -~
AIR CONOITIONEO
HEATED
WEL.l.. LIGHTED
FLOOR COVERING
(TILE)
HOT & COLD RUN·
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-
MINIMUM AREA -800 SQ. FT.
BENCH
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•REST ROOM
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PARTITIONS
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TREATMENT ROOM
TREATMENT YASLES
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•REST ROOM REQUIRED IF FIRST AID STATION
ISN'T NEAR ADM .. OFF.ICES.
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1 each
1 each
1 eaCL~
1 each
1 each
1 each
1 each
1 each
1 each
1 each
1 each
1 each
1 each
1 box
1 each
1 each
1 box
4 each
4 each
4 each
12 each
1 pair
2 each
6 each
1 each
2 each
2 each
1 each
1 each
~
~-... ··-··-··--''"" .-.. ···----~---·---~----·---........... -~ ..... ________ .. ___ ~,,.,_~------~~--·*
Exhibit 3.3
FIRST AID EQUIPMEN'r AND SUPPLIES
ITEG
Examination table (36 inches x 84 inches, with pad)
Paper dispenser with cutter for above
Examinatio~ -Treatment chair (Basic Model)
Resuscitator -Elder Demand Valve
Swivel stool with casters
Autoclave Ritter Speedclave
Heat lamp -Quartz
Hydrocollator
Sphygmomanometer
Stethoscope
Magnifyiug light (Floor Model)
Surgical tape dispenser
Covered waste receptable, foot pedal operated, 16 quart
Liners for waste receptable
Paper towel dispenser
Drinking cup dispenser -Lilly #502
Cups -11502
Stokes wire basket litters
Nylon wire basket litters
NYlon lifting str~ps for stokes litters
Blankets
.Adult cn.1tches
l!~oam pillows
Pillowcases
Physician's bag (14 inches x 8 inches x 6 inches)
Emesis basin
Spong-e bowls
Wash baoin (12 inches)
Eye chart -Snellen, E-C-B
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1 each
2 eaLh
1 each
1 each
1 each
2 each
1 each
1 e:ach
2 e.ach
1 each
1 each
1 each
1 eac..;.
1 each
2 each
2 each
2 each
2 each
1 each
1 package
1 package
1 each
3 each
1 each
leach
1 each
12 each
3 each
3 boxes
3 boxes
4 boxes
2 boxes
ITEM
Ishihara color blindness test (14 plate)
Inflatable splint kits -assorted sizes
Glass dre~sing jars -set of 5
Ear syringe
Instrument holder -Bard-Par.ker (8 inches)
Sponge forceps (7 inches)
Sponge. forceps (7 1/4 inches high)
Thermometer jar
Thermometers -oral
Ralk splinter forceps
Walter splinter forceps
Scissors, bandage (4 1/2 inches)
Scissors, bandage (7 1/2 inches)
Scissors, cuticle (3 1/2 lnches)
Hemostat, Kelly-Murphy, straight (5 1/2 inches)
Hemostat, Kelly-Murphy, curved (5 1/2 inc.he s)
Foreeps, Halstead Mosquito, straight (5 inches)
Forceps, Halstead Mosquito, curved (5 inches)
Bard-Parker surgical handle, No. 3
Bar'd-Parker blades, No. ll
Bard-Parker blades, No. 15
Nail drill
Neo-Pi;)lyein ointment (1/2 ounce tubes)
Hollandex ointment (1 pound)
Lanolor cream (8 ounce jar)
.Analgesic. balm. (1 pound)
Tetanus toxoid 1/2 cc, Lederject disposable syringes
Hypertetanus imm.une globulin, 250 unit, disposable syringes
Vaseline gauz~ (3 inch x 18 inch strips)
Vaseline gauze, (6 inch x 36 inch strips)
I
Bandaids sheer strips (1 inch x 3 inch and 3/4 inch x 3 in.)
Bandaids, extra large
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2 boxes
2 boxes
6 packages
1 dozen
1 dozen
1 dozen
1 dozen
24 each
1 package
3 packages
3 packages
3 packages
1 package
1 box
1 box
1 bQ-X
1 box
1 box
1 box
1 box
1 box
1 box
1 box
1 box
1 box
1 box
1 box
1 bottle
3 each
1 gallon
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Sterile gauze sponges, individually packaged
lOO's (3 inch x 3 inch)
Sterile gauze sponges, individually packaged
lOO's (4 inch x 4 inch)
Non-sterile gauze spo~es (4 inch x 4 inch)
Cohesive wrap (2 inch)
C:Ohes:tve wrap (3 inch)
Cohesive wrap (4 inch)
Co ban cohesive wrap (6 inch)
Large finger cots
Kling (1 inch)
Kling (2 inch)
Kling (3 inch)
Kling (4 inch)
Kling (6 inch)
(50) Telfa plain pads ( 2 inch x 3 inch)
(50) Telfa plain pads (3 inch x 4 inch)
Telfa ouchless pads (2 inch x 3 inch)
Telfa ouchless pads (3 inch x 4 inch)
Oval eye pads
Butterfly closures~ large
Butt,:!rfly closures, small
J & J cl~ar plastic tape (1/2 inch)
J & J clear plastic tape (1 inch)
J & J clear plastic tape (2 inch)
Bufferin 5 grain (in industrial 2 pack)
Aspirin 5 grain (in. industrial 2 p~ck)
Emigran Forte (in industrial 2 pack)
Sepo lozenges (in industrial 2 pack)
Titralac tablets
Chloraseptic spray (6 ounce bottle)
17h zephiran concentrate
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1 each
1 bottle
1 each
1 each
1 each
1 each
3 bottles
l bottle
1 bottle
1 bottle
6 each
1 each
1 each
3 bottles
1 each
1 bottle
12 each
1 bottle
1 box
1 box
1 bo~
1 box
1 each
1 package
I
24 tins
1000 each
1 gallon
1 gallon
1 j,.ar
1 each
100 each
24 each
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ITEM
Tinted tuncture of zephiran spray (6 ounce)
Parapectolin ( 10 ounce)
Calamine lotion
Surgitube or Tubegauze #2
Surgitube or Tubegauze #3
Colyrium eye wash
Aleohol (1 pint)
Ta-Poff (1 pint)
Tincture of benzoin (1 pint)
Anti-ruse tablets (50/bottle)
Triangular bandaget1
Aromatic ammonia vaporale ( 10/package)
Cepacol mouth wash (14 ounces)
Hydrogen peroxide
Q-tip applicators (3 inch), 1000/package
Tylenol 5 grain tablets (250/bottle)
Welders eye lotion (l ounce)
Visine 16 cc -dropper bottle
Preptic alcohol swabs (100 medium)
Elastoplast bandages (3 inch)
Elastoplast digit-tip coverlets, #307 (50/box)
Elastoplast knuckle co·~erlets, #395 (50/box)
Stat white plasiic 3/4 inch roll finger splint (20 feet)
Plastalume finger splints -assorted sizes
Ointment (2 ounce)
Cotton tipped eye spud'S (Karel Supply)
Distilled water
Surgical soap
Furacil tuable dressing (1 pound)
Desenex ba~y f~Wder
Brown coin envelopes
2 cc ste:L·ile syringes with 25 gauge needles
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QUAN. UNIT ITEM
24 each Kwik-Kold ice packs
24 each Heat packs
1 each Normal saline injection (500 cc)
1 box Alk.a seltzer (in industrial 2 pack)
2 es,ch Curl ty Trauma pack
3 each Surgeons scrub brushes
1 box Tongue blades (500/box)
1 each .T,...a lot!:!& ....... -..... .., ... 0
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Exhibit 3.4
PLANNING FOR EMERGENCY CARE IN THE OCCUPATIONAL SETTING
The following policies and procedures should bs given consideration in
planning for emergency care in the occupational setting. Some of these
policies and procedures are obviously independent nursing functions and
responsibilities, while others are not and must be carried out in cooperation
with the physician, management, safety person~el, industrial hygienists, first
aid teams and other appropriate individuals and groups.
Planning is necessary to insure:
1. Safe working environment.
2. Proper individual health protection.
3. Prompt and definitive emergency care for injured and ill employees.
4. Safe handling and transportation of injured ~"d ill employees.
Planning includes such items as:
1. Assessment of Hazards in the Working Environment
2.
Assessment of, and pl?":'lnning for meeting the potential emerger.cies
and possible disasters arising from internal hazar~s. In planning
for emergency c:are 11 consideration should be given to the symptoms
manifest by the emplQyee which may be related to exposure to toxic or
injurious materials in the work environment. It is recommended that
a list of toxic or injurious materials, their location in the plant
and their use, together with the symptoms which could be produced by
exposure to these, be posted and readily available in the. employee
health service.
Disaster Planning and Community Resources
•
1
I It is recommended that all planning for disaster and emergency care
be correlated with community health resources.
3-14
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3. Nonoccupational Health Emergencies
Development of a plan and procedure for meeting personal health
emergencies of both minor and major magnitude.
4. Portable Emergency Equipment
Plans should be drawn for providing portable emergency equir,ent
which can be taken to various locations in case .of emergency. Such
portable emergency equipment aiu:n.:t.ld be clearly labeled and stored in
appropriate areas throughout the plant, as well as in the employee
health service.
s. Transportation of Injured and Ill Employees
It is recommended that the planning include a written policy approved
by management outlining the transportation of ill and injured
employees ..
6. Trained First Aid Teams and AuY..iliaey Personnel
Plans for providing well-trained first aid teams with clearly
identified responsibilities in emergency situations are essential.
1.. Parsonal Emergency Medical Identification
All employees should be encouraged to wear or carry amergency medical
identification information both on and off the job.
Wallet Cards should include:
1. Medical conditions -i.e. diabetes, e~c.
2. Allergies -i.e. horse serum, penicillin, etc.
Medication regularly used: i.e. heart patients receiving
anti-coagulants, etc.
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4. Immunization status: date of tetanus booster, etc.
5. Name~ phone number, address of personal physician and nearest of
kin.
Durable devices should be worn on wrist or around neck to identify
employees with diabetes, epilepsy, etc. where emergency medical care
may be called for. For information on "emergency identification" is
available from the American Medical Association, 535 North Dearborn,
Chicago 60610.
8. Use of Contact Lens
The use of contact lens by employees may constitute a special eye
hazard in certain job categories. The nurse is advised to take
special care to record prominently on the medical record whether an
employee "wears contact lens". Contact lenses should never be a
substitute for approved eye protection~ and where environmental
hazard calls for special eye protection, it should be worn over
contact lenses.
The placement of employees wearing contact lenses demands careful
evaluation of the hazard of th~ job, the ocular status of the
employee and the visual requirements of the occupation-.
Individualized conside~ation to pla~ement by the medical director or
consulting opthalmologist is warranted for some jobs in heavy
industry, in chemical plants or else~~ere where there is risk of
foreign material reaching the eye. In some situations the us.e of
contact ienses by an employee may be a medical contra-indication for
a specific placement.
9. Employee Health Record
Emergency medical identification information should also he recorded
on individual employee records in the ~mployee health service an.d be
re~dily available to the nurse giving emergency care.
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It is especially important to have up-to-date information on each
individual employee's immunization status against tetanus.
10. Anticipatory Orders from Employee's Personal Physician
Special information and orders should be o~ file from tbe employee's
personal physician covering emergency or routine care for special
health problems. For example, diabetes, asthma and cardiovascular
diseases. These aPticipatory orders may be obtained either by the
emplo7ee or by the nurse with the employee's permission=
11. Closed Chest Cardiac Resuscitation
The following statement was developed by representatives of the
Wisconsin State Medical Society and the Wisconsin Nurses Association
in 1964. It has been officially approved by both organizations.
"Closed Chest cardiac resuscitation is normally an act of medical
practicee When a physician is available, or as soon as a physician
arrives, he should take charge of the treatment cardiac arrest. When
a physician is not present, one should be summoned and the attending
physician notified as soon as circumstances reasonably permit.
"In the absence of a physician and until a physician arrives, a
professional nurse, if specially trained in recognition of cardiac
arrest and the technique of closed chest cardiac resuscitation, may
promptly apply the appropriate procedure as an emergency measure.
"Each 11ospital and health agency should determine policy as to
whether its professional nurses are to function in cardiac arrest
emergency and to provide or provide for the requisite special
training for its professional nursing staf,f if its nurses are
expected to function in su~~ procedure, and such special training
shall be taught by or under the direction of physicians thoroughly
familiar with the technique as well as with the related problems and
limitations."
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12.. Critical lllness and Death
It is recommended that a written policy covering the procedure to be
followed in case of critical illness or death be prepared in
collaboration with all persons concerned and be approved by managemente .
3-18
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MEDICAL DIRECTIVES AND NURSING PROCEDURES FOR
EMERGEN:Y CARE OF OCCUPATIONAL AND
NONOCCUPATIONAL INJURIES
AND ILl.NES SES
General Procedures Applicable to All Emergencies
The following procedures should be activated immediately whenever
indicated:
1. Control Bleeding
2. Restore Breathing and Maintain Open Airway.
3. Prevent and Treat for Shock (See Shock)
4. Prevent Infection and Further Injury.
5. Provide the physician with as mu~h history and information as
possible about the injury or illness, including temperature, pulse,
blood pressure, etc.
pertinent data.
Arrange for follow-up care and record all
Additional Medical Directives Applicable to All Emergencies __________________ _
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
~----·----------------~---------3_-_1_9------~----------------------~~
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PHYSICIAN' S SIGNED AUTHORIZATIC~~ FOR MEDICAL DIRECTI\TES AND
NURSING l?1ROCEDURES
Name & Address of Company or Institution Where These ara to be Used
-------------~--~--------------------------------·----------------~----.--~------
Name and Address of Physician Providing the Medical Direction
------~-------------~----·------~------w------------------~--------------------
Name of Nurse in Ch~.rge --------------------------------------------------------
____ . .__,__,....-... ----------.-------------------.-..---
The t:t'ledical directives and nursing p~"cedure.3 found in "Occupational Health
Guide for Med:..tcal and Nursing Personnel" are approved, along with the
additional directives and comments.
M.D.
----------·------------~------------------·------Date Signature
1levi.".:wed and up-dated:
M.D.
Signature
M.D. _______ ,_., ___ _
------------------------------------
Dat~ Signature
3-20 '--------··•:t-· ---------··-----~~--!IL-------·------.... --------"'
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Exhibit 3.4
INDEX: MEDICAL DIRECTIVES
Abdominal
Abdominal
Injuries,
Pain •••••
Acute. ,. ••. a ............... o ••••••••••••••••••••• o • ~ • a. •••••
• ~ • • • • • e e • • • • • a • • ~ • ft • • • • e • o • o e • • • 8 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • a • a • a • • •
Abrasj.sons ...................... • • • • • I) • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •" • • • • • .. • • • • • • • • "• • • • • • • •
l\m.puta.tions ••• ., e ••••• " ••••••• ti •••• ea •••••••• 0 ................................•
Artificial RespiratiOU•••••••••e•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••~•••••••••• .. •••
Asphyx.iation. e 0 0 0 0 e 0. 0. 0 fl D 0 0 A e 0 0 e 0. Iii' 6 0 0 0 0 e. S 0 .. 0 8 0. 0 e 0 0 0 •••• tr. 0. 0 e a 8 0 0 0 0 0. & 0 0 •
Asthma ......... . o • • • ~ • • • • • • 8 e • • • • • • • • • a • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • $ • • • ~ • • • • • • • o • • • • • •
Back: Injuries and Complaints ............................. ~···••••••••••••••
Bite Wound~ ............................................................ o ......... .
Blisters ....... ~ ••• • ............ • •• •. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • .. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Bruis~S••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••o••••••••••••••••••••••••••
l!tl~!>• • • • • • • • • e • • e • e • • • • • • • • • e e • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ~ ~ • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Thermal .................... ~··•••••• • • 0 • • • • • • • • ~ • • • • • • ~ 0 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Chemical. D •.............................................................
Electri calo ....................... 0 ............................. 0 ••••••••••• "
liclCljLCL1::l()Il• • • • s • • • • e • • • • • • • e o • e • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • o • • • • • • e a • • • • • • • o e • • •
Ultra Violet.~··•••••••••o•••••••••••••••<>•o•••••••••••••••••••••••••••
Cardiac Emergencies •••••••••
Cerebral V4scular Incidents.
6 ~ • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 8 • ~ • • • • • •
• • • • • • o • • • • e • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Chest Wall ~juries •••••••• 'll e. .............................. ., ....................... .
Common Co ld •••••• " •••••• o ...... ,. ,.. .. , ............................................. .
Communicnble DiseaseS•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• .. •••••••••••••••••••o••
ContusionS••••••••••••••••F•••••• .. ••••••••••••••••••••••••••• .. ••••••••••••••
Convu.lsi ve Pi so rder s ..... ,. .................... o. o ............................... .
Cough e •••••• 0 •••• 0 ••••• 0 •••••••••••••••••••••• e ••••••••• a •• 5 ••••• CJ •••••••• .;a.
Critical Illness or Death •• ~··••••••••••••••••••••• .. ••••••••••••••••••••••••
Dermatitis ••••••••••••••• '" ........ , ................... 0 e ....................... .
Diabetic Emergencies ........................................................ .
I>ia~~ll~ii· ••••••••••••• ~ ••••••••••••••••••••••• ~ o •.•••••••••• o ••••••••••••••••
Dysmenorrllea•••••••••a••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••e•••••••••••••••••
Ea raeiie •••••••• "' ............................................ o "' ••••••••••••• ~ •••
Ear Injuries •••
El ec tri c Shock.
• • • • o • • • • e • • • o ~ • • ~ • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 5 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
• • • • • • • • • • • o • • • ~ • • • • ~ • • • • • • o • • e • • e • • ~ • • • o • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • a • •
Epileptic Seizures •• o •••••••••••••••• , ....................................... .
Eye Em~rgencieS••••••••••••••••o~o••e••••••••••••••••••• .. •••••••••••••••••••
Foreign Bodies.
ChemicaJ. Burns.
• • • • • • • • • • .. • • • • ~ • • • • • 0 • • • • • • • • • 0 • • • • ft • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 0 • • • • • • • • • • • ~ • • • • • • • • •
Flash Burn s • • • a • • .. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • .. • • • • • • • .. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • o • • • • • • • • •
Contusions •• ~··•••••••••••••••,•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••~••••••••
Lid S • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ~ • • a e e • e • a • • o • " • • o • • • • • • • • • • • Laceration of
Inflammation-Infection. • o o • • • • • • o • • • • e • e e o o G a o • ~ o • o • • • • • e o ~ • • • o • • e • • o • •
Faint:i~· ••••• ~ ••••••••••••••••••••• " ••••••••••••••••••••• o •••••••• o ••••••••
Fractures and DislocationS•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••o••••••••••••··~···
Frostbite•. •. •. • • • o • • • • • • • •. • • •••••••• ~." ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.•••••
Gastro-Intestinal ComplaintS••••••••••••••••••••••••a•••••••••••••••e•••••••
Headache. o •••••• • • • • • • • • • • • •• • ••••••• ~ ... ~r ........................ o ••• C> •••• • • ••
3-21
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1
1
2
2
2
2
3
3
4
4
4
5
6
7
7
7
8
11
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12
12
12
13
13
14
14
15
16
16
17
17
19
19
20
22
24
25
26
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27
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28
28
29
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. -~ . -·-·-··--·-----·--·---'-----·~---~~---·· _.........____ . . . ____ ..:._ . . . ------. ' . . .
INDEX: MEDICAL DIRECTIVES
He ad Injuries ...................... • • "' • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • " • • • • • • • • • • • • " • • •
Heart Emergencies ................... G ••••••••••• ~ ........................... .
Enterg encies ................ e ........................................... . Heat
Hernia Emergencies ......................................................... .
Lacerations ••••••••••••••••••••••• & •••• ., ......................... o ••••••••••••
Nosebleed .................................................... 4 ................ .
Pu ~"-t.ure Wounds ... ., ........ c ••• " ......... w ............................................ ..
P~spiratory Irritation-Infection ..................... ~ ................... 0 ••••
ltesusci tation ................... o ••••• , ................ " ......................... .
Shock ........ .
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••o•••o•••••••• Sore Throat ...
Splinters and
Sprains and Strains.
Slivers.a••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••·~···•••••••••••
••••$•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••e•••~••••••••••••c•
Toothacba••••••••••••••••••••&••••••••@••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
Woundso ... f\ •• l1l ............ n ....................................... " •.•••••••••••
THtanus Immunization ............................... ., ..................... .
Abrasionsc. •••• o ........... ., .............. ~ •••••••••••••••••••••.•••••••••
Lacerations •••••
Puncture Wounds.
Infected Wounds ..
• • o • • • • • e • • • • • • • • • • • • o • • • • e • • • • • • • • • a • • o • • • e • • • • • • ,• • • •
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • 0 • • • • • • 0 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 0 • • • • • • • • • • •
•
3-22
30
30
30
31
32
32
32
32
33
33
34
34
35
35
36
36
38
38
39
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MEDICAL DIRECTIVES AND EMERGENCY NURSING PROCEDURES
Abdominal Injuries, Acute
Trauma to the external abdominal wall may result in injury to underlying
organs, even with little evidence of damage.. Until seen by a physician,
obviously sever or suspected internal abdominal injuries should be cared for
as follows:
External Abdominal In jury
1. Keep employee flat and quiet .
2. Control bleeding and cover open wounds.
3. If internal organs are exposed, cover with sterile bandage to avoid
contamination.
4. Do not Temove pe~etrating object.
5. Give nothing by mouth.
6. Treat for shock and a"·., td unnecessary handling.
7. Arrange for emergency transportation and for contact with the
employee~s personal physician.
Possible Internal Abdominal I~---J
1. Keep employee flat and quiet.
2. Give nothing by mouth.
3. Treat for shock and avoid unnecessary handling.
4. Arrang.e for emergency transportation a:ad for contact with the
employee's personal physician.
Additional Medical Directives and/or Specific Medications
--------------~------___ ,, _______________________________________ _
3-23
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MEDICAL DIRECTIVES AND EMERGE:t-t"'CY NURSING PROCEDURES
Abdominal Pain (See Gastro-Intestinal Complaints)
Abrasions (See Wounds)
Amputations
,~
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1. In case of partial or complete amputation, make every effort to
preserve the severed part. Keep cle.an and preferably place in
sterile gauze.
2. Control bleeding and prevent shock.
3. Support with splint if indicated.
4. Arrange for medical care and transportation.
Additional Medical Di~ectives and/or Specific Medications ----------------------
~~ificial Respiration (See Asphyxiation, below)
Asphyxiation
1. Remove from exposure.
2. Immedi.ately attempt to restore breathing.
-·----~---------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------~~~~
-------------~--------------------------------------------------~----
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MEDICAL DIRECTIVES AND EMERGENCY NURSING PROCEDURES
Asphyxiation (Cont'd)
Additional Medical Directives and/or Specific Mediations ____________________ ___
Asthma
1. Obtain written orders from employee's personal physician stating what
care and treatment should be given if the individual has an acute
attack at work.
Additional Medical Directives and/or Specific Medications ____________________ _
Back Injuries and Back Complaints
BaCk injuries or complaints may or may not be occupational in origin.
The major responsibility of the nurse when caring for these are:
1. Obtain an accurate and detailed history at the time the complaint is
first reported. As muc.h as possible of the dat.a should be. recorded
in the employee's own words.
2. Refer to a physician for <any substantial complaints • .
3-25
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MEDICAL DIRECTIVES AND EMERGENCY Nti'RSING PROCEDURES
Back Injuries and Back Complaints (Cont'd)
3 • When complaints do not indicate the need for immediate medical
evaluation, give care as follows:
a) Give mild analgesic·----------------------------------------------
This may be repeated·--------------------------~------------------
b)
4. Make arrangement for follow-up •
• ~ditional Medical Directives and/or Specific Medications ----------------------
•
Bite Wounds
Anil.ttal Bites (Also see Puncture Wounds)
1·
2.
3.
4o
Wash thoroughly with. soap and water as soon as possible.
Determine tetanus immunization status. (See Wounds)
laterprest the need for animal to be kept,under observation.
Arrange for reporting to health department and, if indicated, r~far
to physician •.
3-26
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MEDICAL DIRECTI'V'ES AND EMERGENCY NURSING PROCEDURES
Bite Wounds (Cont'd.)
Additional Medical Directives and/or Specific Medications. ____________________ __
.Insect Bites
1. If past history in.dicates or if there is evidence of generalized
allergic response!, arrange for immediate medical care •. ,,_----...:...--
2. If there is no indication of allergic reaction:
a) Remove stinger if in the wound.
b) Wash thoroughly w~th suap and water.
c) Apply cold packs.
d) If indicated, arrange for medical careG
Additional Medical Directives and/or Specific Medications __________________ ~-
------------------------------------------------·------~----~------------~~
Blisters (friction)
1. Clean area with antiseptic soap and water.
2.. Apply a dry dressing.
3. Do not open routinely.
4. Seek cause and attempt to correc~.
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MEDICAL DIRECTIVES AND EMERGENC.Y NURSING PROCEDURES
Blisters (friction) (Cont'd)
5. Arrangta for follow-up care.
Additional Medical Directives and/o.r Specific. Medications ----~~------------
Bruises (See Contusions)
Burn.s
Burns enco~tered in industry may be classified from the standpoint of
etiology into:
Thermal
Chemical
Elec.tti cal
Radiation
U1 tranolet Ray
Thermal Burns
Thermal Burns-~nor
1. I.~merse in cold or ice wate:r or apply ice packs immediately, until
burning sensation does not reoccur on exposure to air.
2. Wash gently with surgical e;oap and water.
3. If, after above car, burn appear to be minor and suprficial, care for
as follows: __________________________________________________________ _
3-28
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MEDICAL DIRECTIVES AND EMERGENCY NURSING. PROCEDURES
Thermal Burns (Con t ' d)
Thermal Burns-Minor (Cont'd)
4. Determine individual's tetanus immunization status and follow
procedure as outlined under wounds.
5. Arrange for follow-up care.
6.. If blisters appear as the result of a minor thermal burn, they ma,y be
care for by the nusre as follows: -------------------------------------
----------------------~._, ______ ----~------------------------------
Thermal Burns-Major
Co•ter burned area with steril~ or clean material so ehat entire burned
area and immediate surrounding skin is enclosed. Use Aseptic technique.
2. Do not remove clothing which adheres to burned tissue.
3. Apply cold wet packs to the covered burned area.
4. Prevent shock.
5. Arrange for emergency transportation and medical care.
6. Notify physician of employee's tetanus immunization status.
Additional Medical Directives andior Specific Medication -----------------------
3-29
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MEDICAL DIRECTIVES AND EMERGENCY NORSING PROCEDURES
Burns (Cont'd)
Chemical Burns of the Eye (See Eye Care)
Chemical Burns of the Skin
Acid and alkali burns can be very deceptive and often result in third
degree burns due to continuing action of the chemical long after exposure.
Chemical burns may be very deep and tend to heal slowly.
In industries having potential exposures to chemcial burns, emergency
procedures and facilities should be planned and their use clearly understood
by the employees who may be exposed to chemical burns.
1. Immediate and continuous irrigation with large quantities of water is
the first and most important emergency treatment for both minor and
major chemical burns. It may be necessary to have showers located so
that only a few seconds are spent in getting a burned person unde~ a
shower. Large scissors should be provided for the rapid removal of
clothing soaked with the chemicalo
2. After copious irrigation, the area lll/lY be neut.'t"alized as follows:
a) F.or acid burns ----------------------------------------------------
b) Fo~ alkali burns ~-----------------------------------------------·
3-30
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MEDICAL DIRECTIVES AND EMERGENCY NURSING PROCEDURES
Burns (Cont'd)
Major Chemical Burns of the Skin
3~ After copious irrigation and neutralization, cover with sterile
dressing and arrange ~or employee to be treated by a physician.
Additional Medica1 Directives and/or Specific Medications ----------------------
Minor Chemical Burns of the Skin
4. If, after the above procedures have been carrier out, the chemical
burn on the skin appears to be small in area and superficial, care
for as follows: -------------------------------------------------------
Electrical Burns
Electrical burns may follow contact with a cha.rged electric wire or
electric apparatus, or may result from lightning. Electrical burns vary
tremendously i;"'t type; some are diffuse and shallow, whereas others are
localized and deep. It is impossible to determine from the appearance of
the burn just how serious it is. First aid treatment of the burned area
is usually of s~condary importance to possible serious damage to the hear
and same way as outlined under thermal burns.
Additional Medical Directives and/or Specific Medications ----------------------
3-31
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Burns (Cont'd)
Radiation Burns
Atomic Radiation-Bums caused by ~xposure to atomic radiation are thermal
burns and may be cared for in an emergency as outlined under thermal
burns except that decontamination (i.e. removal of clothing and washing
the body free of irradiate parti(les with water, etc.) ~ust be
accomplished without delay to prevent a sever or fatal burn.
X-Ray Radiation Burns-Radiation burns due to overexposure to x-ray are
slow in developing o Prevention and control, rather than emergency care,
are the important factors here.
U1 trsviolet Ray Burns
1.
2.
If extensive and/or severe, advise the employee to see his physician.
If burn is minor, care for as follows:
------------------------------~~
· Additional l~dical Directives and/or Specific Medications
-----------------------
------------~---------------------------~----------------------------------------
3-32
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MEDICAL DIRECTIVES AND EMERGENCY NURSING PROCEDURES
Cardiac Emergencies
Emergencies which could be caused by cardiac disorders present a wide
range of signs and symptoms. Many of these stimulate other conditions. Signs
and symptoms of possible cardiac disorders may range from mild to severe, and
may appear gradually or suddenly.
Signs and Symptoms Which May Indicate Cardia<: Disorders:
1. Pain, originati~~ in the chest, or behind the sternum, and radiating
into the .left shoulder, down the left arm, up the neck or to the
back. This pain is steady and is not changed by movement of the
body, by breathing, breath holding or swallowing. Thie pain is
frequently described· by the individual as "pressing", "squeezing" or
"choking".
2. Indigestion.
3. Cyanosis or pallor.
4. Difficulty_ in breathing, often aggravated upon lying down.
5. Palpitations or some indefinable complaint in the chest.
6. Weak, rapid, unusually slow, or irregul.~r pulse ..
7. Weakness, faintness, pallor, cold clammy skin, or shock.
Severe Cardiac .Emergencies Requiring Immediate Action Are:
1. Cardiac arrest.
2.. Serious respiratory distress.
3. Sudden severe ~::.i/or pers:tstent chest pain.
4. Shock and co·ma of possible cardiac origin.
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MEDICAL DIRECTIVES AND EMERG~NCY NURSING PROCEDURES
Cardiac Em~rgencies (Cont'd)
Preparation for Meeting cardiac Emergencies in the Occupational Setting
1. ~re of Employee with Known Cardiac Disorders Which Could Produce An
Emergency at Work
a) Wj.th employee's pennission, confer with his physician about care
in an emergency and obtain ~pecific written anticipatory orders.
b) Interpret to the employee the facilities and resources available
in case he becomes ill at ~ork.
c) Offer assistance to the employee and his physician in carrying
out the physician's recommendation at all times, to prevent acut~
illness.
2. Emergency Equipment
Maintain equipment for use in cardiac emergencies which can be
readily transported. This should inclt,de equipment for:
a) Maintaining an open airway.
b) Aspirating mucous.
c) Administration of oxygen.
Care of Cardiac Emergencies
Cardiac Arrest*
*See Item 11. Joint Position Statement of Wisconsin Nurses Association
and State Medical Society of Wisconsin Regarding Closed Chest Cardiac
Re suscitation.
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Care of Cardiac Emergencies (Cont'd)
lo Arrange for contact with a physician and rescue squad.
2. •~tahop~ai~ay _________________________ _
Additional Medical Directives and/or Speeific Medications ----------------------
Sudden, severe or persistent pain; Respiratory Distress; Shock and Coma
1. Allow the person to assume the most comfortable position and provide
as much fresh air as possible.
2. Maintain open airway, aspirate mucous and administer oxygen.
3. Contact, or arrange for contact with, the employee's physician. If
employee's physician is not a·vailable an~ the situation indicates the
need for immediate medical care, contact -------------------------------
3-35
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MEDICAL DIRECTIVES AND EMERGENCY NURSING PRCCEDURES
4. Be prepared to provide the physician with a concise report of the
patient's condition, including the type of breathing, if pain is
present, the site, intensity~ radiation and duration, the pulse rate
and blood pressure. ·
S. See that there is a. minimum amount of handling and moving.
6. Reassure the patient and protect him as much as possible from the
bustle and excitement which tend to converge on him in this type of
critical situation.
Additional Medical Directives and/or Specific Medications --------------------
Mild or Suspected Cardiac ~lsorders
1. Obtain a careful history.
2. Check pulse, respiration and blood pressure.
3. Arrange for immediate medlcal care and transportation if indicated.
If immediate medical care is not indicated, counsel employee on need
for prompt medical evaluation. ----------------------------------------
3-36
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MEDICAL DIRECTIVES AND EMERGENCY NURSING PROCEDURES
Mild or Suspected Cardiac Disorders (Cont'd)
4. Arrange for follow-up care.
Additonal Medical Directives and/or Specific Medications. ____________________ __
Cerebral Vascula:r; Incidents
1. Keep the employee quiet •
2. Move as little as possible.
3. Elevate the head and shoulders.
4. Maintain open airway, aspirate mucous, if necessary.
Additional Me~tcal Directives and/or Specific Medications ____________________ __
Chest Wall Injuries
Blow and compression injuries to the chest wall can result in conditions,
such as rib fractures, traumatic asphy~ia, hemothorax, massive atelectasis,
and traumatic pneumothorax, as well as trauma to the heart muscle its~lf. The
nurse should obtain an accurate history of how the injury occurred, in order
to aid the phy·sician in determ.ing the treatment.
3-37
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~DICAL DIRECTIVES AND EMERGENCY NURSING PROCEDURES
Chest Wall Injuries (Cont'd)
1. Arrange for employe~ who has sustained a chest wall injury to be seen
by a physician as soon as possible.
2. See that individual is handled with extra care to prevent further
i.njur:y ..
3. Prevent and treat for shock.
4.. Give oxygen if indicated. (Mask should be held in place with hand,
rather than strapped on, to allow for quick removal if necessary.)
Open or Sucking Chest Wounds
In addition to above:
1. Cover wound immediately and make as air tight as possible with
dressings and strappings.
2o Place individual on iny1red side in either a prone or semi-prone
position.
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Additional Medical Directives and/or Specific Medications ------·----------------
Common Cold (See Resp:'.ratory Irritation or Infection)
Communicable Diseases
1. Be alert for signs and symptoms.
2. Prevent expon1re to other personnel.
If suspicious, refer to a physicia.n.
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l-:'£DICAL DIRECTIVES AND EMERGENCY NURSING PROCEDURES
Common Cold (See Respiratory Irritation or Infection) (Cont'd)
Communicable ~seases (Contrd)
Additional Medical Directives and/or Specific Medications
----------------------
Contusions
Minor CDntusions
1. Apply cold compresses or ice packs immediately and advise employee to
apply periodically during the first 24 hours or until swelling is
relieved.
2.. Place the -fnjured part at rest. Pressure bandages may assist in
minimizing the swelling.
3. After 24 hours. heat may be applied.
4. If soreness or disability persists, arrange for the employee to be
seen by a physician.
Additional Medical Directives and/or Specific Medications
----------------------
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MEDICAL DIRECTIVES AND EMERGENCY NURSING PROCEDURES
Contusions (Cont'd)
Major Contusions
1. Apply cold compresses or ice packs immediately.
2. Arzange to have employee seen by a physician.
Additional Medical Directives and/or Specific Medications ____________________ _
----------------------------------~-=------------------------------------------
Convulsive Disorders (Epileptic Seizures)
1. Employees known to have a history of convulsive seizures should be
required to bring a statement regarding their emergency care from a
physician.
Encourage and help the ~:.a~ployee with convulsive disorde:'s to
interpret to hj.s family 2n: ... J co-workers wheLt to do if a convulsion
occurs.
3. Interpret that emergency care consists esaentially of protect:tng the
person from self-injury. Attempts should be made to gently restrain
the individual.
4. Provide a safe object to place between the teeth to prevent tongue
injury, i.e., a padded tongue depressor.
5. Arrange for follow-up care.
3-40
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MEDIC.AL DIRECTIVES AND EMERGENCY NURSING PRCX.."EDURES
Convulsive Disorders (Epileptic Seizures) (Cont' d)
Additional Medical Directives and/or Specific Medications ____________________ __
Cough (See Respiratory Irritation or Infection)
Critical Illness or Death
In case of critical illness or apparent death of an individual, while on
the premises of the employer, the following steps are suggested:
1. If indicated, call the rescue squad.
2. Call the individual's personal physician, if possible, if not, use
the company medical direct 1 physician on call, or hospital emergency
call list.
3. Inform the personnel department to arrange for notifying the family.
4. Notify the family. If the family cannot be reached by phone, or in
person, send a telegram of notification as evidence of your efforts
to notify them.
s. Call the priest or minister.
6. If death appears certain:
a. Leave the body as it was found ..
b. Notify the coroner's office at the request of the attending
physician ..
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MEDICAL DIRECTIVES AND E:MEBGENCY NURSING PROCEDURES
Critical Illness or Death (Cont'd)
c. Take statements_from eo-workers or others present at time of
death and have these signed.
d. If it is necessary to make arrangements for the removal of the
body, remove personal belongings in the presence of the witnesses
and malt.e a list of all items. Sign the list in the presence of
witnesses and have the witnesses also sign or initial thi$ listo
Additional Medical Directives
----------------------------------------------------
Dermatitis
Dermatitis related to occupational exposure are usually caused by:
Primary Chemical Irritants -including acids; alkalies; solvents, such as
turpentine, gasoline, kerosene; and certain oils and mineral greases, all
of which may cause de~titis in any individual and after only one or a
few contac:tso
Sensitizing Agents-including various dyes, fabrics, rt!bber,
lnseeticides, cosmetics, oils, resins, plants» woods, and sunlight, which
may cause dermatitis in a few susceptible individuals following repeated
contacts over a period of time.
1. Remove from source of irritation.
3-42
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MEDICAL DIRECTIVES AND EMERGENCY NURSING PROCEDURES
Dermatitis (Cont'd)
2.. Obtain an accurate history of exposure; treatment, if any has
been given; previous skin trouble; hobbies and work other than
present employment.
4.
Care for mild acute cases as follows:
------------------------------
Refer (a) acute sever and (b) persistent mild cases to a
physician for diagnosis and treatment and determi~~tion of
cause. Send a detailed history to the physician.
5. In collaboration with the employee's physician and appropriate
plant personnel, take steps to eliminate or reduce the exposure
to irritants or sensitizing agents through:
a) Engineering controls.
b) Use of personal protective equipment.
c) Interpretation to employee the importance of good personal
hygiene in the prevention of de~atitis.
d) Appropriate follow-up examin&tion as recommended by
employee's physician.
3-43
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2£DICJJ.. DIRECTIVES AND EMERGENCY NURSING PROCEDURES
Dermatitis (Cont'd)
6.. Conf,er with employee's physician and appropriate plant personnel
rega.rding the employee's return to work. Some employees may have
to be relocated for their protection against possible exposure to
irr.·itant s.
Additional Medj.cal Directives and/or Specific Medications. __________ _
Diabetic Emergencies
1. AE~sist employees with known diabetes in following physician's orders
and recommendations.
2. Obtain written orders from the employee's personal physician for
giving emergency care to employees with known diabetes.
Insulin qeaction
Symptoms: headache, irratability, hunger, cold wet skin, trembling,
blurring of vision, nervousness and fear, rapid pulse, pallor.
1. Call employee's physician immediately for orders.
2. Make arrangements for transportation to hospital, if indicated.
3-44
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Insulin Reaction (Cont'd)
Additional Medical Directives and/or Specific Medications ----------------------
Impending Diabetic Co~
Symptoms: Early-sugar in urine, excessive thirst, urinary frequency,
craving food.
Late-Indigestion, vom:f..ting, abdominal pain, extr··~me weakness, dry flushed
skin, shortness of breath, sweet breath, rapid feeble pulse drowsiness to
unconsciousness.
1. Call employee's physician.
z. Transport employee to hospital at once •
.Additional Medical Directives and/or Specific Medications ----------------------
Diarrhea (See Gastro-Intestinal Complaints)
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MEDICAL DIRECTIVES AND EMERGENCY NURSING PROCEDURES
Dysmenorrhea
Simple dysmenorrhea not aasociated with unusual symptoms may.be cared for
as follows:
1. Bed rest.
2. Apply heat to lower abdomene
3. Give analgesic ______________________________________________________ __
This may be repeated-------------------------------------------------
If there is no relief, or if other signs and symptoms present themselves,
refer employee to her p~ysician.
Additional Medical Directives and/or Specific Medications ----------------------
Earache
1. Obtain history of duration, symptoms, temperature, etc.
2. If earache appears mild and uncomplicated:
3-46
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MEDICAL DIRECTIVES AND EMERGENCY NURSING PROCEDURES
Earache ( Cont' d)
a) Give analgesic·----------~--------------------~------------------
b) Analgesic may be repeated _____________________________________ ___
3. If earache persists, even though mild, encourage the employee to see
a physician.
4. If there i.s any drainage from either ear canal, with or without
associated pain, refer to a physician.
.Additional Medical DirectiYes and/or Specific Medications
--~------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------~--------
Ear Injuries (Also see Head Injuries)
Bleeding From One or Both Ears Following Injury
1. Consider as serious a11d see that individual is carefully handled.
2. Arrange for immediate medical care.
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Ear Injuries (Also see Head Injuries) (Cont 'd)
Additional Medical Directives and/or Specific Medications ----------------------
Foreign Bodies in Ear Canal
Car~ for as follows:
------------------------------~----------------------
Injury to External Ear
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Additional Medical Directives and/or Specific Medications ---------------------
Electric Shock
Do not touch victia until he has first been removed from contact with the
electric current. Shut off the current, if possible, or use a dry stick,
~ope, belt or other nonmetallic dry object to free the victim from contact.
As soon as victim is free of contact from current:
1. Start Al:'tificial Respiration .. ],,.
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Electric Shock (Conttd)
2. .Arrange for Medical Care
Additional Medical Directives and/or Specific. Medications
--------------~------
Epi~eptic Seizures (See Con.vulsive Disorders)
Eye Emergencies
Introductory Statement
Skill, pr;~cisiol.'l., and extreme caution are essential in caring for eye
injuries and eye conditions which come to the attention of the occupational
health nurse. Many eye injuries, irritants and infections, which appear
minor, may prove serious if not properly managed.
Use of Contact Lenses: The increased use of contact lenses has pointed
up the need for the ph~~ician and nurse to help establish policies in regard
to the uearing of contact lenses at work. (Also see Item 8)
Basic Principles of Safe Nursing Care of Eyes ·
1. Al·~ys try to obtain a history of injury to an eye (with the
exception of chemical burns), before touching the eye(s). (See
Perforating or Intraocular Foreign Body)
3-49
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M:: DICAL DIRECTIVES AND EMERGENCY NURSING PROCEDURES
Basic Principles of Safe Nursing Care of Eyes (Cont'd)
2fl Use aseptic techniqu~ throughout all nursing procedures.
Since viruses are often latent in tears and can be carried from one
person to another via medicine droppers, medications or hands,
aseptic technique is absolutely es-sential. Even antibiotic drops may
carry serious infection since no single antibiotic is effective
against all strains of baetelria.
3. Keep all equipment for eye care separate from that used for other
emergencies.
Basic facilities, equipment, and supplies consist of:
a) An area or small room, separate from that used for other
emergency care. (A small room in which the illumination can be
controlled is desirable.
b) Equipment and Supplies.
1) A metal chair with headrest or a treatment table.
2) An adjustable light on a stand.
3) A magnifying lens on a bin~cular loupe, a lens on an
adjustable fixture or a hand lens. (A binocular loupe is
prefet"able.)
4) Flash light.
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MEDICAL DIRECTIVES AND EMERGENCY NURSING PROCEDURES
Basic Principles of Safe Nursing Care of Eyes (Cent' d)
b) Equipment anl7. Supplies. (Cent 1 d)
5) A table or dressing tray large enough to hold the following:
A sterile lifter forceps in forceps container (If kept in
antiseptic solution it should be relatively dry before using)
1 sterile eye irrigation bulb and bottle
1 kidney basin
Sterile cotton balls
Sterile applicators
Sterile 3 x 3 dressings and eye pads individually wrapped
Sterile medicine glasses, and medicin dropper for individual
use
Small dressing towels
Scotch tape end white adhesive tape, 1/2 inch
6) Drugs and Solutions
Use only solutions and medications provided for in written .
medical directives unless ordered specifically for an
individual employee.
3-51
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MEDICAL DIRECTIVES AND EMERGENCY NURSING PROCEDURES
Basic Principles of Safe Nursing Care of Eyes (Cont'd)
b) Equipment and Supplies. (Cant'd)
6) Drugs and Solutions (Cont'd)
Keep all solutions and medicines in glass-stoppered bottles
without medicine droppers. All medications should be clearly
labeled and dated, to provide for their systematic renewal
replacement. Never use dropper bottles.
Pour solution to be used into a separate sterile medicine
glass, and discard any unused portion; never return to supply
bottle.
Medications ordered for individual employees should be marked
with the employee's name and kept on a separate tray.
4. If the situation permits, test and record the visual acuity before
any treatment is started. Test both eyes separately. Always check
and record visual acuity after care is completed.
5. Assemble materials, and adjust light before touching the employee's
eyes.
6. Wash hands thoroughly before touching the employee's affected eye(s),
immediately after completion of treatment, and during treatmet if
aseptic technique is broken.
3-52
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l£DICAL DIRECTIVES AND EMERGENCY NURSING PROCEDURES
Eye Injuries and Eye Conditions
Foreign Bodies
1. Corneal or Conjunctival Foreign Bodies
(a) Obtain. an accurate history of the injury, iLcluding the type of
work being performed and the tools being used. Save broken
objects from which the offending particles may have come.
(b) If history and symptoms do not indicate the need for immediate
medical care proceed as follows:
(See Performing or Intraoculax Foreign Body)
1) If the situation permits, test the visual acuity before any
treatment is given.
2) If there is foreign material on lids or around the eye,
cleanse gently w'"ith warm sterile ·water.. Do not rewipe with
soiled cotton, because of the danger of abrasive particles
causing injury.
3) Attempt to locate the foreign body by inspecting the eye with
the aid of a magnifying lens. (When opening the eyelids to
inspect or irrigate an eye, manipulate the eyeli.ds with
fingers placed over the boney rim of the orbit. Never exert
pressure on the eyeball.)
3-53
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Eye Injuries and Eye Conditions (Cont'd)
Foreign Bodies (Cont'd)
1. Corneal or Conjunctival Foreign Bodies (Cont'd)
(b) (Cont'd)
4) If tha foreign body is on the cornea proceed as follows:
5) If the foreign body appears to be superficially lodged in the
eye, attempt eo remove by either one or both of the following
methods:
a)
b)
Irrigate the eye with sterile water or sterile normal
saline.
body.
Direct the stream to one side of the foreign
If irrigation is not successful, use a small sterile
applicator moistened in either one of the above
solutions, rolling the applicator gently over the
foreign body, away from the center of ~he pupil.
3-54
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Eye Injuries and Eye Conditions (Cont'd)
Foreign Bodies (Cont'd)
1. Corneal or Conjt~nctival Foreign Bodies (Cant' d)
(b) (Cent' d)
5) (Cont'd)
b) (Cant' d)
If the foreign body does not float out easily by one or
both Qf the above methods, do not atempt any other
method of removal. Apply patch and refer to physician.
6) Following removal inspect for hrust ring", or injury to the
cornea ..
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Eye Injuries and Eye Conditions (Cont'd)
Foreign Bodies (Cont!d)
1. Corneal or Conjunctival Foreign Bodies (Cont'd)
(b) (Cont'd)
7) If an eye anesthetic was used, before allowing the employee
to return to work, make sure the employee is wearing safety
glasses. Interpret to the eMployee that the eye may be
insensitive for a period of time, until the anesthetic is
worn off.
8) Arrange tor follo~up cares
Additional Medical Directives and/or Specific Medications
2) Protruding Foreign Body
When a foreign body in the eye protrudes:
a) Do not attempt to pull the foreign body out.
3-56
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MEDICAL DIRECTIVES AND EMERGENCY NURSING PROCEDURES
Eye Injuries and Eye Conditions (Cont'd)
Foreign Bodies (Cont'd)
2) Protruding Foreign Body (Cont' d)
b) Have the employee lie flat and quiet and avoid any movement of
the face, head or body.
c) Telephone physician immediately for orders.
d) Prevent pressure against the for~ign boyd by supporting lids.
Additioal Medical Directives and/or Specific Medications
3) Perforating or Intraocular Foreign Bodies
If history or symptoms indicate any of the followig, care for as a
possible perforating or intraocular foreign body.
Symptoms
a) Employee reports that:
1) Something hit his eye.
3-57
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MEDICAL DIRECTIVES AND EMERGEN:Y NURSING PROCEDURES
Eye Injuries and Eye Conditions (Cont'd)
Foreign Bodies (Cont'd)
3) Perforating or Intraocular Foreign Bodies (Cont 'd)
a) Employee reports that: (Cont'd)
2) He experienced a sudden impairment of vision.
3) He experienced a sudden gush of tears.
b) Change in the shape of th~ pupil.
c) Conjunctival hemorrhage.
----------------------------·------------------------------------
--------~·=·---------------------------·---------------------------,
Emergency Care
a) Do not attempt to handle the eye in any way, especially do not evert
the upper lid.
b) Lightly patch bath eyes to keep the. lids closed and arrange for
immediate care by an ophthalmologist. Delay c:an be exceedingly
serious.
3-58
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MEDICAL DIRECTIVES AND EMERGENCY NURSING PRCCEDURES
Eye Injurit!S and Eye Conditions (Cont' d)
Em.ergency Care (Cant' d
Additional Medical Directives and/or Specific Medications
Burns to the Eye
1) Chemical Eye Burns
Chemicals may be acid, alkali, irritant, detergent, or radioactive in
nature. While acid burns are usually instantaneous, 1a.lkaline burns
are always progressive and, therefore, requi1~e more diligent
treatment. Irritants and detergents do not p1roduce b1;~rns, but can
damage the eyes by inflammation or drawing water from the tissuess
Chemicals may be in the form of vapor, dust patrticles, or liqa.id.
Immediate ~care is essential:
a) Arrange for immediate irrigations of the eye wit'll copious amounts
of water at the scene of the accident. (Start within second, if
possible, and continue for 10 minutes by the clc,ck.)
3-59
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Eye Injuries and Eye Conditions (Cont' d)
Emergency Care ( Cont ' d
Immediate care is essential: (Cont'd)
b) Following thorough irrigation at the scene of the accident,
arrange for employee to be brought to the employee health service
and proceed as follows:
1) Instill topical anesthetic ________________________________ __
2) Irrigate again with water for 20 minutes by the clock, making
sure that all pares of the eye have been thoroughly irrigated.
c) Arrange for medical care.
Additional Medical Directives and/or Specific Medications
3-60
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Eye Injuries and Eye Conditions (Cont'd)
2. Flash Burns (Actinic Conjunctivitis)
Symptoms
Acuta pain, photophobia inflammation, swelling and marked tearing.
Involvement of only one eye is extremely infrequent.
a) Anesthetize by instilling __________________ _
b) Apply ice compresses.
c) Inspect eye for a foreign body.
d) If indicated refer to physician.
e) See that employee wear adequate eye protective equiP11le1nt.
f) Arrange for follow-up care.
Additional Medical Directives and/or Specific Medications
3-61
MEDICAL DIRECTIVES AND EMERGENCY NURSING PR!XEDURES
Eye Injuries and Eye Conditions (Cont'd)
Contusions to the Eye
A variety of non-penetrating ocular injuries c:an result £:com a blow
directly ~o th eye, indirectly to the honey orbit, or from an air
blast or explosion. A contusion can produce an insignificant
subconjunctival hemorrhage, a simple "black eye"~ or a serious
disruption of intracular conten·t.s with resulting loss of vi~sion.
a) Obtain a history of injury.
b) Apply cold compresses.
c) If indicated, arrange for immediate medical careo
d) Arrange for follow-up care.
Additional Medical Directives and/or Specific Medications
--------------·~~~ .. ------------------~---------~--.-------·"r--··------------
Laceration of Eyelids
a) Obtctin a history of injury.
b) Apply----------------~------------------------------------
3-62
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NEDICAL DIRECTIVES AND El1ERGENCY NURSING PROCEDURES
Eye In juries and Eye Conditions (Cont 'd)
Laceration of Eyelids (Cont'd)
c) Carefully save all tags of skin. (Because of the rich blood
st.,pply to the eye, it may be possible for the physician to use
this in repairing the eyelid.)
d) Arrange for medical c:a1.'e.
Additional Medical Directives and/'lr Sp;~cif!c Medications
Inflammation or Infection of Eyes
a) Obtain a history of the eye complaint.
b) Interpret to employee the danger of spreading the infection.
c) Interpret need for medical diagnosis and treatment.
d) Arrange for follow-up care.
Additional Medical Directives and/or Specific Medications
--------------------------------------------------------------------·------~--
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• • '. ~ •• ". • ... • • • ' (JT • ' • . ' ~~ ., .. • . • • • •• : . • • ' -~~~~---~ . • . • • . • ~-
.MEDICAL DIRECTIVES AND EMERGENCY NURSING PROCEDURES
Fainting
1. Have employee lie down w:l.th the head even with or lo~er than the body ..
2. Provide as much fresh air as possible .•
3. Loosen clothing.
4. Allow patient to inhale aromatic: spirits of ammonia.
5. Check pulse and blood pressure.
6. If employee is unconscious longer than a few minutes or exhibit$
unusual symptoms, arrange for immediate medical care.
Additional Medical Directives and/or Specific: Medications
Fractures and Dislocations
1. Immobilize the part before moving the employeeG
2. If a compound fracture, control the bleeding and prevent
contamination.
3. Trea ~ any shock.
3-64
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MEDICAL DIRECTIVES Al~D EMERGENCY NURSING PROCEDURES
Fractures and Dislocations (Cent' d)
4. Apply cold or ice packs to the area.
5. Arrange for immediate medical care.
Additional Medical Directives and/or Specific Medications
Frostbite
1. Restore circulation and temperature of tha £~ozen part gradually by
immersing the part in water which is close to body temperature. (Do
not apply direct heat, such as hot water bottle, heat lamps, or
direct cold, such as snow or ice.) Do not massage or rub vigorously.
2.
3.
Wheri the part is rewarmed the person may be encouraged to exercise
the affected part.
Following the above, care for as follows:
------------------------------
~
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Gastro-Intestinal Complaints
Gastro-inteseinal upset$ and complaints can be an indication of serious .
illness. For example, indigestion could be related to cardiac disorder. Each
case will need to be carefully evaluated. Employees who have recurrin
gastro-intestinal symptoms should not be given repeated medication, they
should be encouraged to see their personal physician.
RecognLtion should also be given to the fact that gastro-intestinal
complaints could be related to exposure to toxic substances.
1. Obtain a careful history.
2. If history and symptoms indicate that this is a simple
gastro-intestinal upset, for which a physician wo~ld not
ordinarily be consulted, the following medicati~~ may be given to
enable the employee to complete the days's work:
a) Indigestion: Give
--------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------
This may be repeated ___ -------------------
b) Diarrhea: Give
-----------------------------------------------
3-66
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Gastro-Intestinal Complaints (Cont'd)
b) Diarrhea: (Cont'd)
This may be repeated~-----------------------------------------
Headache
In industrial workers, headached may be caused by exposire to toxic
substances on the job. List below substances which are being used which can
cause headache:
1. Obtain careful history.
2. If indicated, take T.P.R. If temperature is ___________ or more~
worker should be urged to go home and to consult his personal
physician·-----------------------------------------------------------
3. When history or sy~ptoms indicate, take blood pressure. Compare with
previous blood pressure readings on employee's health record and if
indicated, counsel employee to check with his personal physician.
3-67
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:t-£DICAL DIRECTIVES AND EMERGENCY NURSING PROCEDURES
Headache (CUnt' d)
4e When history and symptoms indicate that headache, as far as nurse can
determine, is uncomplicated give~-------------------
This may be repeated _____ ·---------------------------------------------
5. 'Ihe employee, who frequently complains ~Jf headache and comes to the
nurse for palliative treatment, should be encouraged to talk out his
problems. When medical care is indicated, he should be encouraged to
see his personal physician.
Additional Medical Directives and/or Specific Medications ----------------------
Head Injuries
If unconsciousness occurs, even momentarily, consider .the individual to
have suffered a possible ~ead injury.
1. Call or arrange to have a physician called.
3-68
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Head Injuries (Cont'd)
2. See that the person iB at absolute ~est. Usually it is best to
keep the injured person lying down with the head slightly
elevated.
3. Maintain an open airway.
4. Observe whether or not there is bleeding from the ears, nose or
mouth; the degree of consciousness; the color; pulse,
respiration~ blood pressure, the size, dilation and symmetry of
pupils.
5. Control bleeding by direct pressure to woundse Use caution when
applying pressure over a possible skull fracture site.
6~ Apply ice cap or cold compresses to the heado
1. Give no stimulants or sedatives.
8. Give oxygen if indicated.
9. Give physician as complete a history of injury as possible.
Additional Medical Directives and/or Specific Medications
----------------------
Heart Emergencies (See Cardiac Emergencies)
Heat Emergencies (Heat Exhaustion, Heat Stroke, and Heat Cramps)
3-69
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MEDICAL DIRECTIVES AND EMERGENCY NURSING PROCEDURES
Heat Exhaustion
Symptoms: Pale clammy ~kin, rapicl weak pulse, weakness, headache,
nausea, dizziness and to the individual may have severe cramps in abdomen
and legs.
1~ Move to cool place, but protect from chilling.
2 e Keep lying down.
3. Give fluids, as indicated.
4. Arrange for follow-up care.
Additional Medical Directives and/or Specific Medications
----------------------
Hea. t Stroke
Symptoms: Flushed hot skin, strong rapid pulse and unconsciousness.
1. Move to a cool place~
2. Keep lying gown with head elevated.
3a Cold applications to head.
3-70
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ME DICA.L DIRECTIVES AND EMERGENCY NURSING PROCEDURES
Heat Stroke (Cont'd)
4 • Cool body by sponging with cool water ..
5. Arrange for follow-up care.
Additional Medical Directives and/or Specific Medications
----------------------
Hernia Emergencies
Symptoms which could indicate a possible traumatic or strangulated hernia
are:
1. Most hernias appear as a swelling in the groin.
2. The pain may be severe.
3~ The swelling may disappear when the individual lies on his back.
Emergency Ca.=e
1. Lay the individual on his back.
2. Apply cold compresses on the hernia area.
3. Contact physician for orders.
4. Record details regarding ~he exact muscular effort the.employee was
performing when he first felt subjective syl:nptoms. Record this in
the employee's own words i.n quotation marks.
3-71
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Hernia Emergencies (Cont'd)
Emergency Care (Cent' d):
Additional Medical Directives and/or Specific Medications --------------------~
Lacerations (See Wounds)
Nosebleed
1. Spontaneous nosebleed may be cared for by the application of cold
packs and pinching the sides of the nose against the septum, to apply
pressure to the vessel.
2. Keep the ?erson sitting erect and. loosen the collar if it tends to
constrict the neck.
3. Advise the person not to breathe or blow through the nose for an hour
or two after bleeding has stopped.
4. Bear in mind that certain occupational exposures are manifested by
nasal damage and bleeding.
5. If the bleeding does not stop within 10-15 minutes, arrange for
medical care.
3-72
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MEDICAL DIRECTIVES AND EMERGENCY NURSING PROCEDURES
Lacerations (See Wounds) (Cont'd)
Nosebleed (Cont'd)
Additional Medical Directives and/or Specific Medication~ ----------------------
------------------------------------------------------~----------------------
Puncture Wounds (See Wounds)
Respiratory Irritation or Infection
1. Obtain histor.y.
3. CheCk into the possibility of occupational exposure to substance
which produce respiratory irritation.
4. If indicated, refer for immediate medical care.
s. If condition, as far a~ nurse can determine, is mild the following
medication may be given.
a) Common cold SYhtptoms ____________________________________________ __
This may be ~epeated ____________________________________________ __
3-73
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MEDICAL DIRECTIVES AND EMERGENCY NURSING PROCEDURES
Puncture Wounds (See Wounds) (Cont 'd)
b) Cough--------------------------------------------------------
This may be repeated
----------------------------------------------
c:) Sore throat _____ q ______________________________________________ ___
This may be repeated
----------------------------------------------
6. Advise employee on prevention of spread of infection to co-workers
and family.
7. C~unsel employee regarding rest, diet and fluids.
8. .Arrange for follow-up care.
Additional Medical Directive~ and/or Specific M~clications
----------------------
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MEDICAL DIRECTIVES AND EMERGENCY NURSING PROCEDURES
Resuscitation (See Asphyxiation)
Shock
Some degree of shock is present with every injury of any consequence and
may follow even minor accidents. The same emergency measures apply to both
the prevention and treatment.
Symptoms: Weakness and faintness
Pale, moi~t and cool skin
Rapid and weak pulse
Low blood pressure
Nausea and vomiting
Prevention and Emergency Care
1. Give emergency care for the underlying catl~se and maintain an open
airway.
2. Keep the person lying down with feet elevated and head low. Do not
lower head and elevate feet in eases of (a) head injury, (b) if
breathing difficulty is there~ increased, or (c) if person complains
of pain when it is attempted.
3. Maintain body warmth without overheating.
4. Give oxygen if indicated.
5. Offer fl~ids.
6., Arrange for medical care and transportation.
3-75
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MEDICAL DIRECTIVES AND EMERGE~Y NURSING PROCEDURES
Resuscitation (See Asphyxiation) (Cont'd)
Shock (Cont'd)
Prevention and Emergency Care (.: -nt' d)
7 • Be ready to inform physician of blood pressure readings, pulse, etc.
Additional Medicnl Directives and/or Specific Medications
----------------------
Sore 'lhroat (See Respiratory Irritation or Infection)
Splinters and Slivers
1. Cleanse area with surgical soap and water.
2. Inspect carefully to evaluate the depth imbedded, and size.
3. Determine tetanus immunization status in all cases of splinters &
sliv~:~rs the same as for puncture wounds~ (See Puncture Wounds)
Small, Superficial splinters and slivers
a) If careful inspection indicates that sliver or splinter is small
and lodged superficially under the ski, attempt to remove
aseptically. ______________________________________ ~---------
3-76
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MEDICA..T... DIRECTIVES AND EMERGENCY NURSING PROCEDURES
Splinters and Slivers (Cont'd)
b) If unable to remove by simple procedures, refer to physic~ian.
Large, or Imbedded splinters and slivers
a) If sliver or splinter appears tn be other than superficially
lodged nnder the skin, refer to physician.
4. Arrange for follow-up care.
Additioual Medical Directive~ and/or Specific Medications ____________________ __
Sprains and Strains
1. Obtain careful history of injury.
2. Rest and/or elevate the injured part, and apply cold.
3. Arrange for medical evaluation.,
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MEDICAL DIP.ECTIVES AND EMEBGENCY NURSING PROCEDURES
Sprains and Strains (Cont'd)
Additional Medical Directives and/or Specifif Medications ----------------------
Toothache
1. If there is a cavity, pack with ~il of cloves.
2. Give ---------------------------------------------------------------~--
--------------------------------------~for temporary relief of pain.
3. Advise employee to see his dentist.
Additional Medical Directives and/or Specific Medications ----------------------
Wounds
Wounds seen by the occupatioal health nurse can usually be classified as
Sev~re, Moderately Severe or Superficial. Any break in the skin involves the
risk of infe~tion and contamination immunization status against tetanus. (See
Tetanus Immunization.)
3-78
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MEDICAL DIRECTIVES AND EMERGENCY NURSING PROCEDURES
Wounds ( Cont' d)
Severe or Moderately Seve~e Wounds
Refer immediately to a physician wounds with obvious or suspected
involvement of deep structures (nerves, tendons and muscles) imbedded
foreign material, wound.s with jagged or torn edges, persistent bleed:Lng,
contaminated wounds, and vounds about the head and face.
1. If bleeding is severe, activate measures to control bleeding.
2. Apply sterile dressing, and protect the wound.
3. Arrange for immediate medical care and transportation.
4. Immobilize the damaged area, if indicated.
5. Notify physician of employee's tetauus immunization status.
Additional Medical Directives and/or Specific Medications ____________________ __
Tetanus Immunization Status in Relation to Care of Superficial W,ounds
I~ caring for superfici3l wounds, determine individual's teta11us
innr.unization status and proceed as follows:
3-79
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MEDICAL DIRECTIVES AND EMERGENCY NURSING PROCEDURES
Wounds (Cont'd)
l) IndividuaJ.s without active immunization against Tetanus*
Refer to pt~sician for evaluation all i~dividuals with superficial
wounds, who have never received basic tetanus imnr~nization ------
2) Previously Immunized !ndi vidual s*
a) Refer to, or consult with physician regarding all individuals
with superfi~ial wounds who have received basic tetanus
immunization but have not had a tetanus toxoid booster during the
pa~st months. ------
b) Individuals w·ith super£ icial wounds who have received basic
immunization against tetanus and have had a tetanus toxoid
booster within the past months, generally need n('j
booster shot as a part of the immediate handling of the wound.
* A statement, Prophylaxis Against Tetanus in Wound Management, prepared by
the Committee on Trauma, American College of Surgeons is. reprintP.d on the
following pages. This includes information about basic immunization.
3-80
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Wounds (Cont'd)
Care for these according to type of superficial wound as outlined
below and on the following pages.
Superficial Wounds
&;.: rasion (Super£ icial)
1. Cleanse with antiseptic soap and water·--------------------------------
2. Apply ------------------------------------------------------------------
3. Cover with dry or non-adherent type of dressing.
4. Counsel employee regarding care of wound on and off job, and arrange
for follow-up care.
s. RecheCk immutii3ation status against tetanus, and proceed as outlined
un~er "Tetanus ~nization in Relation to Care of Superficial
Wounds".
Additional Medical Directives andier Specific Med~cations ----------------------
3-81
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:MEDICAL DIRECT!~S AND EMERGENCY NURSING PROCEDURES
Wounds (Cont'd)
Contusions
Lacerations (Superficial)
1. Cleanse With antiseptic soap and water ______________________________ __
2. Apply
-----------------------------------------------------------------
3. If indicated, approximate edges of laceration with sterile "butterfly
closure" type of dressing·--------------------------------------------
4. Apply dry sterile dressing or non-adherent type of dressing and
appropriate bandage.
5. Recheck immunization status against tetanus, and proceed as outlinP.d
under wounds.
6. Counsel employee regarding care of the wound on and off the job and
arrange for follow-up care.
3-82
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MEDICAL DIRECTiv"ES AND EMERGENCY NURSING PROCEDURES
Wounds (Cant' d)
Co ntusionn
Lacerations (Superficial) (Cont'd)
Additional Medical Directives and/or Specific Medications ____________________ _
Puncture Wounds (Superficial) (Also see Splinters and Slivers)
1~ Encourage bleeding to help cleanse wound~
2. Cleanse with antiseptic soap and waters
3. Apply
-----------------------------------------------------------------
4. Apply appropriate dressing.
s. Recheck immunization status against tetanus, and proceed as outlined
under wounds.
6. r.ouns~l employee regarding care of wound on and off the job and
arrange for follow-up ca:::e.
3-83
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MEDICAL DIRECTIVES AND EMERGENCY NURSING PROCEDURES
Wounds (Cont'd)
Puncture Wounds (Super£ icial); (Also see Splinters and Slivers) (Cant' d)
Additional Medical Directives and/or Specific Medications
----------------------
Infected Wounds (Superficial)
1. Refer to physician if there is any evidence of l~phangitis (red
streak) and/or pain is present.
2. If wound shows only signs of early infection care for as follows:
a) Soak or apply moist heat.
b) Apply----------------------------------------------------
c) Check immunization status against tetanus and proceed as outlined
under wounds.
d) .Arrange for follow-up care.
e) If infection does not clear up, or shaw signs of responding to
the above treatment within 24 hours, refer to a physician.
3-84
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Wounds (Cont'd)
Infected Wounds (Superficial) (Cont'd)
Additional Medical Directives and/or Specific Medications ----------------------
-----------------··-·---------------------
3-85 -
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Exhibit 3.5
HARZA-EBASCO JOINT VENTURE
HOLD HARMLESS AGRE~ffiNT
Whereas Harza-Ebasco: Joint Venture (Contractor) has made
available to
-------------~-----------------------------------------------------
(Subcontractor) its first aid facilities and the services of its nurse or
attendant for the treatment of employees of Subcontractor who may be injured
or become ill while engaged in the construction of the (Project),
NOw, therefore, in consideration of Contractor's making such
facilities and services available for the use of Subcontractor and its
employees, Subcontractor hereby covenants and agrees that:
1. In the event any of Subcontractor·• s employees is transported to a
physi0ian or hospital by means of an ambulance (whether or not furnished by
Conti·actor) , Subcontr.acto~ will promptly pay for such services directly to the
company or hospital rendering the se~V2ce;
2. Should any of. Subcontractor's employees require the services of a
physician or hospital, Subcontractor will promptly pay all charges therefore
directly to the attending physician and the hospital;
3. Subcontractor will defe~d, indemnify and save harmless
-----------------------------------~--~(client,) Contractor, their authorized
representatives, successors and assigns, and all of their officers and
employees against any and all claims, demands or liabilities arising from
Subcontractor's employeas' use of first aid facilities and/or the receipt of
such first aj,d and/or ambulance services, irrespective of whether it is
alleged, cla~med or proved that the negligence of any person i~demnified
hereunder caused or contributed to any suCh claim, demand or liabilit~; and
3-86
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4. Upon receipt of notice from Contractor that any such claim,
demand or liabilit.y is being pursu~d against __ ,_ _______________ _
(client), Contractor, any of their authorized representatives, su~cessors or
assigns or any of their officers or employees, Subcontractor will immediately
undertake, at Subcontractor's sole expense, the defense of such claim, demand
or liability and will upon entry of judgement make any and all payments
necessary thereunder.
Nothing contained in or implied by this Agreement shall be construed
to relieve Subcontractor of its primary responsibility for the health and
safety of its employees, includiDg the furnishing of additional first aid
facilities if the Contractor's first aid facilities are not convenient to
Subcontractor's work site, or if they should not be available for
Subcontractor's employees' immedia'e use.
HARZA-EBASCO JOINT VENTURE
,t·~· • By ___________ _
· ... _.,.
Title B~r
·------------------------------------------Title
Date: ______________________ _
Date:
Witness:
Witness:
Date: Date:
3-87
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Exhibit 3.5
P~A-EBASCO JOINT VENTURE
HOLD HARMLESS AGREEMENT
Whereas Harza-Ebasco Joint Venture (Contractor) has made available to the
Subcontractor its first aid f~cilityJ and the services of its nurse or
attendant for the treatment of employees of --------------------------------
(Subcontractor) who may be injured or became ill while engaged fn the
construction of the (Project) o
Now, therefore~ in consideration for the use of such facilities and the
receipt of SJch services~ the Subcontractor hereby covenants and agrees
that:
lo In the event any of its employees is transported to a physician or
hospital by means of ambulance service (not furnished by Contractor), it will
promptly pay for such service direct to the company or hospital rendering
the services;
2. Should any of its employees require the services of a physician or
hospitalization, it will promptly pay all charges·therefore direct to the
attending physician and the admitting hospit~l;
3. It will defend and indemnify and save har-mless
(client)~ Harza-Ebasco Joint Venture, their authorized
representatives, successors or assigns, and all of their officers and employees
against any and all claims, demands or liabilities arising from the receipt
of such services by its employees or the use by such employees of Sllch
dispensary; and
4. Upon receipt of notice from Harza-Ebasco Joint Venture of any
such claim, demand or liability being pursued against ----------------------
(client), Harza-EbaLco Services Incorporated, their authorized repre-----
sentatives, successors or assigns, or any of their officers and employees, it
will undertake the defense of such claim? demand or liability and will upon
entrance of judgement make any and all payments necessary thereunder.
Nothing contained in or implied by this Agreement shall be c:onstrucad to relieve
Subcontractor of his primary responsibility for the health and safety of his
employees, including providing first aid facilities. if the location of the
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Exhibit 3.5 (cont'd)
Contractor's first aid facility is not convenient to Subcontractor's work
site, or if they should not be available for Subcontractor•s immediate use
because of use by others.
Witness:
Subcontractor
Date: ----------------------------By
Title --------------·-----------
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~-ANCE ~~SPECTION REPORT EXHIBIT 3.6
Inspectors SJ.gnature -------··------~----Date---------------
Mileage/Start of Road ~est End of Road Test ---------------------Mark the following way: OK -Condition safisfactory & in working order.
UN -Condit:i.on unsatisf3ctory.
NA-Doe~n't apply to this inspection.
Engine ~om~artment
Engine Oil Level
Transmission Oil Leve~
Radiat~r Coolant Level
Bat~ery Charge Indic&tors
Bntt:ery T~rminals
Hood l.atch & Bar
General E~gine Cleanliness
Tires ~t Wheels _______ ......,;;;;;.,;;;; __
Tire Pr~ssure
U'
RF
LR
RR
Tire Press. Spare
Rubber & Tred Condition
. Condi.tion of all 'W~"leels
Emerge~Eguipm~nt
Fire Extinguish,;n::·
Flashlights (~)
Jack & Jackup Tool
r .. ug Wrench
R..,ad Flares (4)
Gcnera.l Vehicle Condition
'" Ext~rior-Washed· & Waxed -
Wind~ws-Clean & Intact
Body-DEnts, Scratches, etc.
Re~2:-Step-up Grate
~nterior Clean F~ont
.Interior Cleam Rear
Uphols!:ry Front
Upholst-ry Rear
Compartmf.:.'lt separation door
Ashtray cJ.ean
Lighy~
Headlights Low
Headlights High
Parking Lights
Brake Lights
Back-up Lights
Hazard Lights
Turn S ignal.s
!nst. & Panel Lights
Spotlights & Flashers left
Spotlights & Flashers right
Bracon & flashers
r~oof Sign
Loading lights Side & Rear
Drivers Dome Light
-Attendants Dome Lights
Siren & Horn
Horn
Siren/~orn Button
PA System
Sireu-Wail & Yel~
Instruments
Speedometer/Odometer
Fuel Gauge
Oil Gauge
Temp. Gauge
Volt Gauge
Amperes Gauge
W.p;prs
Rear View
Left front
Right front
Mechanical Svstem
Windshield Wipers &Washers
Main Brakes
Emergency Brakes
Steering Response
Engine Performance
Transmission Performan~e
Climate Control Equipment
Windshield Defroster
Front Air Conditioner
Front Heater
R~ar Air Conditioner
Rear Iteater
!i,isc.e llaneous
Map of New Orleans
~P of St. Char:~~ Parish
Unsatisfactory Conditions
----
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. . .. . . . . .. : . . . . • •10-~ . "' ' . . . . , • .. . . " ' .I • • • _,·
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1
I 57A/l~l ' ATTENDANTS INSPECTION REPORT
EXHIBIT 3.7
l
'' ATTENDANTS SIGNATURE OATE -------~ lrrdicen. ,,. th. colllffW'I ~~tillter OK, At·-lor misJJing, R -lor missing om:/ reploettd; or X -for condition un$Gtisfaet.:;ry. Ex-
-p/lUn full,-. all X' s ;" 1M· c-...Mnfs seetion 0./ow.
FIIST AID lOT' lt!SPIRATOin' EQUIP'IIIENT
Oral Attwtry.-Adult (l) ~Cylinder Pressure (Minim&:n 600 PSI)
'-~-Adult ( 1) (Bleed off after c;heckJnl'.'
:. -• . GamiPaa,-4 x 4-(20). _ , Oral Airway-Adult Ul ·-·--~~--~~~--~--~----+--------~~~~-~~~---------------r---------· ~Sterite Eye Pads (4)
_·I •---' _ . -EiPids, Stetale
-• .. • S"' • !" ( lQ)
.. , :. ... · · ra lcr." nor
,• .
.... "'. l..i-Adult ( 1)
S Tube
D•a-ut Val...e. OD&J and Clea;
Adult Mask f2)
_K:..;,:;:liM-::a;.Gaft=· ==.·r-...:3!::..~~(:;:_4):_;_.__·--· ;;..· .-·· ,.,::~:;;.:::_.~:~.:...,.'.:~~·._:.. .• ~-!'-----....,.+==~== fau:e S..r. O~~~=d...::C::;Ie=.!..,~-----~-----
:::-= ., ~· • .;_,;:. • <..;:: ~4'H4J"·; ·-.. : .t-'~: ;··:.~.: .. -:;.:.,· • ·. -:. · -:! Cbedt Ambulance kilfcw:: ________ --l'-------
•.. ~' ~~ ~ ~·.::...;,;, G,' .. '(4} ~ •• ~ ~ • • ·:: • k. • • Lg and Med Mask
• · . •• ' J..:e a..ua. -!,.. f4) .. ,. _ . 02 PreslZI.Ire fleg Conditr011
, ----~·--·-·~-~·~~t~~-~---------,~·~~--~~------~o~.--------------------------------~---------
1 . • . • -o ... (2} . . .• 0z ConnectinR Tub::.:i;::.n:.&.:.:~3:.:.l _______ ~-+------I··-~-,-~---~--~---~~.~~)--~~~~----~~~~------~~~O~~~K-~---~~~u~~~(~3~l-------------------~------------t S.~b Svr~~t~e-11) .. • -· · 02 MaSit.-A.cult -(2)
t Ef!falik-(2} • . • . -• . OtrTHOfi!DIC EQUffiiiiENT
.. ToqR Bt~~s~·.::-:_{~5"-l -·.,.--• .;~:..··.-:-· -~~;·~·.:..·· .:..-:....;.;·;..__-~-----4---·------------..,....----1· T~--(}) • .-..: ,,· ···~ • • · • · • Air Splint Kit (1) ,·-t· :'·-r..._ C... .=-!.:;..,"'Z"'_<_2l......; ____ .-__ ...,.._.._,-~-. ---r-----------+-Ai·.;.;..,...;;S.::.p.-'hn . .;.;...t, .:.:Ovet'.:..:..::!..ltle-Shile---12-) ---------=---+-------
~~···----~-~+---------~--~ ·~ '! ..;. 1• (2}. · ~ Au Sc!-hnt, FuU ~~. w/out ft
• 1 -=---:--··-....;;_~~-~----,·-:-. --+.----:--~::.:...::!::.:.::.'~:!...:..::.:.:...:~..:.:!..:=-::~-------l f .T •• ~iw-·3"' Ul • ·. :·;.· ,;'~-.: •· • ___ _.:.;;<2);.:._ _____ -4-----
. Ba!1dafds--(.6) • • • Soan! Splint!>-Small Ar~-~21_·-------+-------1 --------~~---~--~~----4---~-----~~~·~~~~ ! Sten~ Glow-s 12 ~tl ·-• -Larte·Aml 12) smttt~ -<i)_· _·-_-_-_-_-_-__ -_-_-_ .... _--_--_-... _-_-_=-_-_-_-++-_-_-_-_ .... _-_-_-_-_-_-.... ~-_Shof-_;y s?-,~-boal'-__ -_ -d-1 it~-=.-=.::~::::::::::::::~========~-
1 Spn~t'!!~--i 1) ·• • CPR' Lar~r~ <.J~l-·----------1------
l SciSSOrS'. tfe..wy.~~__,_...:_i-·-·-·--· _ ld1y,i_~a!_CoJl~=-.~all :.::12:::.1 __________ +------
.. Seiuors, Banu• ll) _-:~tum (2! _________ _
Scissors. Micro (1) ·---=-. l..arge~l.:;l>:._. _______ h ____ _
~tat. Sti:aiattt t27 ~r~ Sn_ae Pac:~ :1-;_> __ _..:., ____ , ___ +------
H~tat.~~~.2L~-_ --·--+-----""S;;and;;;,;;;,;B;:;;~B:;~~s;_,==-='~,;,;_l==-=-.-...... -----=.,-.--,._--
RiRI_~~~-(lJ ___ ------·---·----+-------1 IIISCELLNCECUS EQUIP'IIIENT
F~~~ T~pe~~~ncl~u, ____________ ~---4-------4-----------------------~--------~----~---::-en..!!f!!t.~~csttt ( 1) .-----+-----·-·-Stretchers ~bul~ce .CoJ.!.!L_ _____ _.,. _____ _
~n!a lnnal!!fl~ ~~I_ _ ---·-----+ --·-· . Bum K•t.~ • 1~--______________ _J
Sat~~-Pua._~ ~----·-··------·-··--·-.Bur\'1 Sht!!!t-: 12l ________ __j_ ..
C'*MENTS ____ ---· __ _
_eanv __ c·=·~~C~~--mCM--=d'=t-•cn __ _. ________ ~~----------------~N~~~~~~·ne2~~-~~~.-·-----------------41
________ _
WcrtOft EQUIP't19T Cold Pacl~.s-·!?l_ ~--·----------i~.i------
------~-----------------------------~-----------~L~·~mm~-p~~~k~s~~~~~~e=u~U~-----------~---------P1ll~-t2i --·-· ------------+-; -------
BIJf'lkets--2• •• _ --·--·-----+·-~-
Sur.!1~-Tuh!!!1.!l/ -~---·-+------+F.t~.!!!!•~t • ~~ -------·-------L---------~!1~~ Sue!~ ~a~~-31 . :=r=' ---·-Fx1.11 "!"••H:ue ~ .. tle!!._,w __ --------i~~-----
~mcsl~ ~asm {2l. _ _ ___ ------_ ~·------~'!."!.~!· M;lle, Dtsp 1J _ ------------1------
~~!.!fearatu!._. All pun>Ose Pl<lst•t...:ba::.g~s:..'..:<l.:..• _________ -+! ; _______ _
Water Coot;~ I . ··-~·----------1~-----
• --·--------Trasn Ciln clean .m:remoty
1-· --• • ----'
--------~._ca_n_Ot~tn!~~!~,;.;t=·,;.t,_="'-"""'""'""=--=-""-=----·--"'-... -=--===--===
0~·~ of acpMiltult
·~~t.•~ Ca~s:..--...:1.;:.6_F...;i..;;.3:...) ----------·-1-----··
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SECTION l+
SPECIAL CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURES
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SECTION 4
CONFINED WORKPLACE PROCEDURE
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CONFINED WORKPLACE PROCEDURE
1.0 P~RPOSE
The purpose of this procedure is to establish standards for entry
into and performance of work within confined or enclosed spaces.
2.0 SCOPE
This procedure shall apply to all project personnel, manual and'-'·· ·
non-manual, required to enter into confined or enclosed spaces. For.
purposes of this procedure, "confined or enclosed spaces" is d~fined
as any space having a limited means of egress, which is subject to
the accumulation of to~c, flammab~e or explosive contaminants or is
subject to an oxygen deficient atmosphere. Confined or enclosed
spaces include, but are not limited to, storage tanks, process
vessels, bins, ventilation or exhaust ducts,. sewers, underground
utility vaults and manholes, pipeli~es and open top spaces more than
four (4) feet in depth such as pits, tubs, vault~ and vessels •
Tunnels and shafts5 caissons, cofferUams and compressed air
workplaces shall be exempt from this procedure. Compliance with
Occupational Safety ard Health Regulation for Construction 29CFR 1926
Sub-Part C (21) is required for these conditions.
3 • 0 REFERER:ES
3.1 Occupational Safety ana Health Regulations for Construction
29 CFR Part 1926 Sub-part C (21)
29 CFR Part 1926 Sub-part D (55)
20 CFR Part 1926 Sub-part J
20 CFR Part 1926 Sub-part V (956)
3.2 Safety Tags -oSHA Regulation 1926 Sub-part G
29 CFR Part 1926 Sub-pa;t V (9 56)
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4.0 ATTACHMENTS
4.1 Confined Space Entry Permit
5.0 PREREQUISITES
5.1 Instruction available on the nature of hazards involv~d,
necessary precautions to take, and use of protective and
emergency equipment for work in confined spaces.
5.2 Have available on site:
5 •. 2.3
Equipment for toxic, flammable, explosive and oxygen
deficiency survey tests.
Low voltage o:r: ground fault equipment and flash lights
for work subject to Section 7.6 of this procedure.
Airline respirators, gloves, boots, goggles and fire
extinguishers as required.
Resc~e gear as required.
6.1 ~e Safety Representative shall be responsible for the following:
Determination and desiguation of confined spac~s.
Establish requirements for a safe working environment in
confined spaces.
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Furnish Confined Space Entry Permits to p~rsonne!.l
required to work in confin~d spaces.
Assure Confined Space Entry Permits are posted when
proper conditions for entry are verified and maintain at
record of their issuance.
Perform flammable and toxic surveys and (!heck for oxygen
deficient atmospheres.
Prescribe safety and health measures to be instituted to
ensure a safe workplace.
Perform pre-established number of environment checks
while work is in progress in confined spaces.
Provide training for the correct use of life support
equipment and emergency rescue requirements.
6.2 l'he Supervisors shall be responsible for the following:
6o2.1 Monitor confined spaces to determine if ventilation is
adequate and consult with ·the Safety Representative
where doubt exists as to a safe working environment.
Assure positive measures are taken to prevent
introduction of ~~azardous materials and equipment is
de-energized and tagged out.
Inform employees of the ha~ards involved, precautions to
be taken and proper use of personal protective equipment
before and during we in c:on:fi·aed spaces.
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• • • • • -' ~ • ' 0 . • -\. \ . .. . . ' . .. . .
7.0
J
PROCEDURE
7el Before entry of personnel into a possible confined space~ a
review of the work area must be obtained from the responsible
Supervisor. If there is doubt as to whether or not a particular
axea constitutes a "confined space", the responsible Supervisor
shall consult with the site Safety Representative for resolution
of such doubt.
7.2 Prior to personnel entry into a confined space, positive
measures shall be taken to~
Prevent introduction of hazardous materials into the
confined space through inter-connecting equipment such
as piping, ducts, vents, drains or other means.
7.2.2 De-energize and tagout or lockout, or both, machinery,
valves, fans or other potentially hazardous equipment
that directly connect to or are in ehe confined space
other than those items required for the work to be
performed in the confined spaceo
&!sure that confined space is adequately ventilated
be!fcre and during occupancy of the confined spaee.
7.3 For work in confined spaces that may contain toxic, flammable or
explosive cont~i~nts or be subject to oxygen deficiency, a
Confined Space Entry Permit shall be obtained from the site
Safety Department (Attachment 4 .1).
Tests shall be conducted to determine the nature and
extent of any such hazard prior to .issuance of a
Confined Space Entry Permito
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.~-.
7.3.2
7.3.3
Confined Space Entry Permit shall be posted exterior to
the confined space adjacent to the primary point of
entry during occupancy of the subject confined space and
a record kept of their issuance.
Appropriate measures shall be ta~en to eliminate or to
control the noted contaminants within acceptable limits
as defined by OSKA Construction Regulations Part 1926.
When controls are not feasible to achieve f1Jll OSHA
compliance, protective equipment shall be used to keep
personnel exposure within acceptable limits.
7.4 Employees required to enter confined spaces shall be informed of
the hazards thereof, precautions to be taken and proper use of
any required personal prot~ctive eq~ipme~t before entry into any
confined space which has flammable, explosive or tone
contaminants or an oxygen deficient atmosphere (less than 19.5%
oxygen by volume).
7c5 A safe means of personnel entry and exit shall be available at
all times during occupancy of a confined space.
7.5.1 An attendant properly instructed in applicable emergency
procedures shall be present exterior to and immediately
at the exit of .,;: ~~ confined space at all times when
personnel are ent,.:r'-'.L'~, within or exiting the confined
space~ The attendant s~all maintain communication with
those working within the confined space and provide aid
in emergency.
Safety harnesses and lifelines shall be used by
personnel within confined spaces unless such use itself
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constitutes an unacceptable additional hazard to
personnel as confirmed by the responsible Supervisor~nd
the site Safety Representative concurrently. In such
cases, alternate means for s-afe removal of personnel in
an emergency, shall be determined and stipulated by the
respon$1ble Supervi.sor and the site Safety
Repreaentati ve .. ,
7.6 Low voltage (12 volts maximum) electrical de,rices or circuits
with gro,md fault circuit interrupters shall be used in confined
spaces where moisture or surfaces that pose an electrical shock
hazard are present. Where the confined space contains a
flammable or explosive atmosphere not removable by ventilation,
only explosion~proof electrical items and non-sparking tools,
clcthing and equipment may be used within the enclosed space or
closely adjacent to openings therein.
7. 7 Hot work, including, but not limited to welding, heating or
thermal cutting, shall not be initiated in a confined space
until an initial oxygen, flammable and explosive atmosphere test
is made and the test results indicate an acceptable atmosphere
as defined by OSHA.
7.7 • .1.
7.7.2
All hot work in confined spaces shall require a Confined
Space Entry Permit (Exhibit 4.1)
Ventilation must be established to and maintained in
confined spaces during hot work.
No hot work is permitted in flammable or explosive
atmosphere.
Cylinders containing oxygen or acetylene or other fuel
gases shall ~Jt be taken into confined spaces.
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7.7.5
-·· s.o INSPECTION
None•
...
Atmospheric oxygen testing of the confined space shell
be repeated at predetermined intervals during hot work
within the confined space~ Test results must indicate
an acceptable atmosphere for ~ork to continue~
When sufficient ventilation cannot be obtained without
blocking the means of access, personnel shall be
protected by air li1le respirators.
Upon completion or s.;usp~nsion of hot wo:ek in confined
space, all gas supply hos.es and associated tool$ shall ·
be removed from the confined spacee fhe gas supply to
the torches shall be~ shut off at some point outside the
enclosec.l space whGIU!ver the torches are left unattended
for a substantial period of time such as during lunch
period.
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(
CRANE HOit.TED WORK PLATFORMS
1 .. 0 fu;pose
The purpose of this procedure is to provide a means to accomplish access t~
work otherwise unaccessible tn a crane hoisted work platform.
2.0 Scope
This procedure is used in unique work situations for the safe use of a
crane heisted work platform. Tha crane hoisted work platform is allowed
to be used only where there is no other accepted means of access to a
work place.
3.0 ~eferences
4.0
3.1 29 CFR Part 1925.500(f) -standard specifications.
3.2 American National Standards Institute :S 30 .. 5 1968e
Attachmentr.-:
4.1 Drawing for safety work platform.
5.0 P'rereguis~
ANSI B30.5 standard and knowledge of acceptable means of access to
workplaces.
6.0 Re,sponsibilities
6.1 The site Safety Representative shall be ~esponsible for:
6 .1.1 "rk·~ determination that the initial work platform
load test is accomplished.
6.1.2 The use of work platform where there is no other
accepted means g£ work place access. 1)
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Procedure
7.1 The work platf~rm shall:
7.1.1 Be of welded steel construction with a minimum
C:tesign safety factor of 5 times the mu:imum
intended load. See attaclm.ent 4.1 (drawing for
Safety Work Platform).
7.1.2 Have steel guardrails and toe boards. A door
will be a steel door hinged to open into the
platform. The guardrail shall conform to OSHA
construction standard 1926-SOO(f) standard
specifications.
7.1.3 Have a floor of wood planking or steel plate
which is bolted or welded to insure against
displacement.
7.1.4 Have a four point suspension capable of maintain-
ing the work platform in a level pos1.tion regard-
less of load placement.
7.1.5 Be connected to the crane safety hook, or the hook
shall be moused. A secondary safety wire rope
capable of carrying twice the intended platform
load shall be secured to the platform rigging
and above the headache ball with screw pin
shackles.
7.1.6 Have overhead protection with steel plate or expanded
metal.
7.1.7 Be limited tD a capacity of four (4) persons and
the maximum live load of 1,000 lbs. posted on the
platform.
7.1.8 Be load tested before initial use and visually inspected
before every use. Any structural modification to the
work platform shall require a loau test before a
return to service.
4-9
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7c2 Employees using the platform, shall:
7o2.1 Be required t~ wear safety belts with a lanyard
a:f.Eixed to the work platform.
7.2.2 Not leave a suspended work platform except a
structural steel connector.
7.2.3 Have only hand tools on the work pla~form. Flammable
or combustibls liquids or gases shall not ~4 permitt~
ed on the work platform.
7 .. 2u4 Be prohibited during high winds, electrical storms,
snow', ice o~ other adverse weat..~~-l:' C::C.'nditions which
could affect the safety of the emp.1oyees.
7.2.5 Be in continuous sight of the operator of the crane ..
A designated employee not on the platform shall be
the signal person when the work platform is not in
continuous sight.
7~1.6 Where visual hand signals are not possible, other
positive means of communications shall be maintained.
7.3 Crane requirements when us~d to hoist work and suspend platforms:
7 .. 3.1 The crane shall be inspected tmmediately prior to
hoisting and or suspending a work platform. Any
structural ox functional defect which would
adversely affeet the safe operation of the crane
shall be corrected before suspending a work pl~t
form. The ANSI B30.5 1969 inspection section sh~lll
be followed.
7.3~2 The maximum rate of hoist shall be 150 feet per
minute. Raising and lowering the work platform
shall be power operated in both up and dow~
directions ..
7.3.3 The crane must be tn a level and stationary condition
when lifting or suspending personnel in a ·work platform.
4-10
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SAFETY WORK PlATFORM FOR PERSONNEl liFT
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SEE SECT C 11121
SECT D (Dij)
(J SIDES)
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SIII\Ll Bf IN /,rr.OnOANCE Wlliii\~1EIIICIIN INSIIJIIlE
Or SlEflCONSTnUCliON SPECifiCAliON fOi\111£ or SIGN, FABRICATION 1\NO £RFC110N Of srnurTURIIL
STEEL fOR lltlllOitiG~. AOOPTEO ffiJIIUI\IIV 12, IQfi!\
SfRIICTURI\lSTH.l SIIA.Ll liE IN 1\CCOROI\NCF Willi
ASTM ~I'ECirtc:llltON A 31
All CotiNECliONS SHAll BE \'11.1 OEO
All WF.lOING WIIEOI' APPOOVEO SIIALL II£ IN /lCCOIIOI\NCf
WHit HIE I\15C SPEC. WElllS Sllllll BE fMilE Willi Mll'ol 1\113
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7o3.4 Crane equipped with outriggers shall be fully extend-
ed for maximum stability and substantial floats ussd
when there is any question of ground stability.
7o3.5 The operator of the crane shall remain at the controls
when the work platform is suspended.
4-11
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HARZA-EBASCO JOINT VENTURE
CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE
TAGGING AND CL~~NCE
1.0 Scope
2.0
3.0
1.1 This procedure establishes practices which shall be
employed for the protection of personnel, equipment, and
identify jurisdictio~al control of systems (establishment
of equipment operating responsibility).
1.2 This procedure shall provide for safe and orderly tagging
to protect men and equipment while work is being performed
en systems and/or equiPment. Contractors are required to
coordinate their tagging program with this procedure.
1.3 This procedure shall define the tagging practices to be
employed for both construction and/or safety during the
construction phase of work.
References
2.1 None
.A-ttachments .
3.1 Se:anple of Orange (Danger-Do Not Operate) Tag .. Attachment "An
3.2 Sample of White (Danger-Testing) Tag-At~achment ·~"
3.3 Sample of Yellow (Caution) Tag-Attachment "C"
3.4 Sample of (Construction Safety) Do Not Operate Tag-Attachment "D"
3.5 Sample of (Construction Safety) Do Not Use Tag-Attachment "E 11
4-13
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4.0 Precuisites
4.1 Have available, on site the proper tags, as specified by
this procedure.
4.2 Have a list issued of those persons authori.zed to hang
tags.
4.,3 Have a list issued of those persons authorized to request
clearances.
5.0 Responsibility
6.0
5.1 The Harza-Ebasco Joint Venture Construction Superintendent shall
administer the tagging procedure as the tagging authority.
5.1.1 The tagging authority shall appoint assistant
tagging authurities in each department to
coordinate the tagging for that department.
The assistant tagging authorities shall be
~esponsible for issuing and recording all tags
used by his department.
5.1.2 The Construction Superintendent shall coordinate
this tagging pr~cedure between the project
contractors ~d Ebasco and Client at the start
of construction.
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5.1.3 The Harza-Ebasco Joint Venture Const~1ction
Superintendent shall coordinate the construction
tagging system with the start up procedures and
Client requirements.
Procedure
6.1 ORANGE TAG (Danger-Do Not Ot··erate) -Tag Conditions &
Descriptions
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6.1.1 Orange tags designate that constr~ction or repair
work is in progress on the equipment or system,
that safety conditions have been established, and
that operation of the device or equipment could
result i~ injury to personnela Devices displaying
such a tag are not to be operated in any manner or
under any conditions until the tag has been removed
by the person authorized to remove the tag, and
only when ~hat person is in possession of the detached
properly numbered tag stub. The person removing the
tag wi.ll write in the date and time of removal ~d
sign his name.
6 .1.2 The tag will read -"Danger Do Not Operate" in black
print on an orange tag ..
6.1.3 The following information shall be printed on both
the tag and the stub -date, time~ name of equip-
ment', and the man responsible for the work, with
a blank line for filling in by the person using
the tag.
6 .1.4 The tags will be available from th~ Project site of.fice
supply.
6.1 .. 5 For a sample of an orange tag, refer to attachment
"A".
6e2 WHITE tAG (Danger-Testing) -Tag Conditions & Description
6.2.1 A white tag shall be used to indicate that the
device being tagged is under-going a pre-turnover
test which involves a potentially dangerous
c-ondition.
6.2.1.1 When a white, Testing in Progr~ss, tag
is aung on any electrical switch or
device shall not be closed to complete
an electrical cireuit, until the tag is
removed.
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6.3.2 The yellow tag is an information tag, to indi;ate
a possibly hazardous condition. For example,
1;he condition description may indicate: "Terminal
block is energized -Do not terminate cables on
thi~ block". The tag is not intended to prevent
work,' -:;~tt is to notify that caution is necessary
before proceeding with the work. The tag is to
be removed prior to p~gceeding with work directly
related to the conditions noted on the tag; for
example, remove the tag before terminating on the
above metttioned ~erminal blocks •
6 .. 3 .. 3 The size of the tag shall be 1 ... 7/Sa: X 3-3/4",
with no stu~. The tag shall have a cotton
~tring with t~ (2) free ends, extending from
the reinforced eyelet for five (5) inches.
6.3.4 For a sample of a yellow tag, refer to attachment
"C" •
Construction Safety Tag -Do Not Operate
6 .. 4.1 The tag shall read on the front &ide, "Danger", in
whit.6 print on a red square! with. a black border,
and the words , "DO NOT OPERATE" in black print.. The
back side shall have "Danger", in white print on
a red square with a bl~ck border and the ~rds
"DO NOT REMOVE THIS TAG". The color of the tag
shall be white.
6o4.2 The size of this tag s!J.all be 3" wide by 5~" long,
with no stubm The tag shall have an eyelet for
attaching·with a cotton string as requiredo
6o4.3 For a sample of a white tag, refer to attachment
"D".
4-17
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6.4.4 Construction safety tagging is the standard
safety tag utilized on a project for temporary
construction items.
6.4.5 This ''DANGER DO NOT OPERATE TAG" is employed
on temporary construction energy sources in
the forms of elect~icity, liquids, compressed
gases, or any other energy source under control
of construc:t:ion personnel. This tag shall not
be used on any permanent plant item requiring
tagging by construction, but shall be used on
temporary items only~
6.5 Construction Safety Tag -Do Not Use Or Operate Tag
6. 5 .. 1 The tag shall read -"OUT OF SERVICE. n -DO NOT USE OR
OPERATE", in 'black print on a red tag.
6to5.2
6.5.3
The actual size of the tag shall be 3~" wide by
6'~" long, with a 1·3/4" stub, perforated for easy
removal .. The tag shall have a cotton string with
two (2) free ends extendillg from the reinforced eye-
let for five (5) inches ..
The following informaticm shall be printed on the
tt\S portions: The words "Date" and"Signed",
with blank lines for filling in.. On the stub
shall be printed the words "DA'l."'E" and "INITIAL",
with blank lines for filling tn.
6.5.4 For a sample of a red tag, refer to attaclnnent
"E" •
6.5 .5 The "OUT OF SERVICE -DO NOT USE OR OPERATE" tag
shall be attached by safety department personnel
to unsafe ite~, i.e., defective or improperly
installed ladd9rs, de:fective or unsafe power tools,
unsafe scaffolds, barricades around unsafe areas,
etc.
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7.0 Inspection
When unsafe tools or conditions are corrected, the
tag shall be signed and dated by the foreman a:nd/or
supervisor who made the correction, and shall then
be returned to the safety department.
7.1 This procedure does not require Harza-Ebasco Joint Venture
Quality Control Department inspections.
7.2 All Harza-Ebasco Joint Venture and Contractor Construction
Supervisors in charge or overseeing of work operations
shall conduct inspections as necessary to ensure that
all requirements of this procedure ar~ strictly followed
when such work requires the placement or removal of tags.
7.3 All Harza-Ebasco Joint Venture and Contractor test
personnel shall conduct inspections as necessary to
ensure that all requirements of this procedure are
strictly followed when performing tests requiring
the placement or removal of tags.
l 4-19
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CONSTRUCTION CAMPS
GUIDE
1 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
a. Camps shall be located on well drained ground, as far a~ay from
swamps and wet areas as possible.
b. Roads shall be laid out tQ allow safe vehicular and personnel traffic
movement and of adequate width to allow for passing of vehicles.
Necessary street drainage and facilities shall be planned for
adequacy, commensurate with local conditions.
c. Every shelter in the camp shall be constructed in a manner which will
provide pr·otection against the elements.
d. Effective insect, vermin and rodent control will be followed
throughout the camp housing and mess hall areas.
e. It shall be the duty of the camp man~ger to report immediately to the
local health officer the name and address of any individual in the
camp known to have or suspected of having a communicable diseaseo
f. Whenever there shall occur in any cemp ease of suspected food
poisoning or_an unusual prevalence of any illness in which fever,
diarrhea, sore throat, vomiting, or jaundice is a prominent symptom,
it shall be the duty of the camp manager to report immediately the
existence of the outbreak to the health authority by telegram or
telephone.
g. The principal camp area in which food is prepared and served and
where sleeping quarters are located)should be at least 500 feet from
any area in which livestock is kept.
4-20
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h. all heating, cooking and wate~r heating equipment: shall be installed
in accordance with State and local ordinances, c::odes and regulations
governing such installations. If a camp is used during cold weather,
adequate heating equipment shall be provided.
2 LAUNDRY, HANII WASHING AND BATHING
a. Laundry, hand washing and bathing facilities are recommended in the
following ratio:
(l) One hc~d wash basin per faunily shelter or pex· six p~rsons in
shared facilities.
(2) One sht:lwer head for every 3\0 persons.
(3) There sthould be at least on'e shower for each 310 employees in
construction camps.
prohibited.
The US4a of a common towel shall be
(4) Each was1hing facility shall :be maintained in a sanitary condition
and should be'provided with adequate water, soap, individua.l
towels of cloth or paper, andl covered receptacles for disposal of
waste.
(5) Slop sink in each building USE~d for laundry, h.smd washing and
bathing.
b. Floors shall be of smooth finish bllt not slippery materials; they
shall be impe:z:-vious to moisture,. ~~loot' drains shall be provided in
all shower baths, shower roomsJ or laund-ry rooms to remove waste-
water and facilitate cleaning. All juuctions of the curbing and the
floor shall be covered. The walls and partitions of shower rooms
shall be smooth and impervious to the height of splash.
4-21
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c. An adequate supply of hot and cold running water shall be provided
for bathing ancl laundry purposes. Facilities for heating water shall
be provided.
d. Every service building shall be provided with equipment capable of
maintaining a temperature of at least 68°F during cold weather.
e. All service buildings shall be kept clean ..
f. Facilities for drying clothes shall be provided.
3 SANITATION
a. Suitable domestic sewage disposal facilities shall be provided to
conform with prevailing health codes. Untreated sewage shall never
be discharged into bodies of water or streams or left on open
ground. Properly planned and adequately drained leaching areas will
provide aid in sewage and sanitation controls.
b. Location of septic tanks shall provide for good drainage away from
dwellings or other occupied building areas. Disposal areas shall be
isolated and remote from water supply, mess halls and dwellings.
c.. Mess hall garbage will be collected in closed containers within
screened areas. Controls shall provide for continuous automatic
closure of screen doors. Cleanliness and good sanitary practices
shall be followed.
d. Fly-tight, rodent-tight, impervious, cleanable or single service
containers shall be provided for the storage of garbage. Garbage
·containers shall be kept clean. Garbage containers shall be emptied
when full, but not less than twice a week:
e. In camps where public sewers are available, all sewer lines and floor
drains f1:-om buildings shall be connected thereto.
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5
EATING FACILITIES
a. A properly constructed kicchen and dining hall adequate in sJ.ze,
separate fram the sleeping quarters of any of the workers or their
families, shall be provided in connection with all food handling
facilities.
b. No person with any communicable disease shall be employed or
permitted to work in the preparation, cookingJ serving or other
handling of food, foodstuffs, or materials used therein, in any
kitchen or dining room operated in connection with a camp or
regularly used by persons living in a camp.
c. Ample supply of hot and cold water shall be available at all times at
all mess halls. D~~~tic water line risers shall be installed and
equipped with a garden hose maintained in service at all times for
sanitation wa&hing of floors of garbage area and use as supplemental
fire protection.
d. All areas where food is stored, prepared or served should be of fly-
proof construction, well lighted and ventilated and will be kept
clean and sanitary at all times. Positive control measures will be
taken for health protection against insects and rodentso
e. Absolute cleanliness must be insisted one In the employment of food
handlers, cooks, waiters, and helpers, all shall be required to submit to
periodic health certification examinations and furnish certificates
of health that verify their physical competency.
r·.rRST AID
a. Adequate first aid facilities shall be maintained and made available
in every camp for the emergency treatment of injured persons.
4-23
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b. Such facilities shall be in charge of a. person trained to administer
fiJ:>st aJ.d and shall be readily .&.ccessible for use at all times.
6 FIRE FIGHTING
a. Sufficient fire fighting equipment, in the form of fire
extinguishers, stand pipes, hydrants and hoses will be available for
all buildings and areas affording fire hazard. (Standards of
selection, layout, equipment and maintenance shall follow NFPA codes.)
b. All fire protection equipment, hydrants and hose should be
appropriately marked and placed in designated a·reas and shall conform
to "National Standard Fi;z:e Hose Coupling Thread Standarria.u
c. An adequate alarm system shall be installed to warn of the occurrence
of fires. Fire warning procedures shall be placed in each building .
d. An adequate number of employees will be instructea in the use of fire
fighting equipment and methods of fire control.
e. Qualified project personnel will make periodic fire inspections of
the entire work and camp area and maintain permanent records of such
inspect ions.
7 LIVING QUARTERS
a. All construction camps shall be built and maintained to conform to
good occupancy regulations, fire prevention/protection standards and
shall conform to accepted sanitary regulations (State and Federal
Health Departm~nt should be contacted for detailed sanitary otandards
and information).
4 ... 24
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8
b. Each room used for sleeping purposes should contain at least 50
square feet of floor space for each occupant. At least a 7 foot
ceiling shall be provided.
c. Beds, cots or bunks and suitable storage facilities such as wall
lockers for clothing and personal articles shall be provided in every
room used fr.~ sleeping purposes.
d. The floors of each shelter shall be constructed of wood, asphalt, or
concrete. Wooden floors shall be of smooth and tight constructiono
The floors shall be kept in good repair.
e. All wooden floors shall be elevated not less than 1 foot above the
ground level at all points to prevent dampness and to permit free
circulation of air beneath.
f. All exterior openings shall be effectively screened with 16 mesh
material. All screen aoors shall be equipped with self-closing
devices.
WATER SUPPLY
a. Water for domestic service shall be periodically tested for purity
and must be provided in sufficient quantity to service the entire
camp area for domestic and fire protection needs. Records of testing
reports and results shall be maintained.
b. Adequate safeguards will be installed for wate~ systems to provide
purification treatment and filtration if necessary. All necessary
steps shall be taken to prohibit contatr1ination.
4-25
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9 TOILET FACILITIES
a. Toilet facilities adequate for the capacity of the camp shall be
provided.
b. Each toilet room shall be located so as to be accessible without any
individual passing through any other sleeping room. All outside
openings shall be screened with 16 mesh material.
c. Urinals should be provided on the basis of at least one unit or two
linear feet of urinal trough for each 20 employees.
d. Each toilet room shall be lighted naturally, or artificially by a
safe type of lighting at all hours of the day and night.
e. An adequate supply of toilet paper shall be 9rovided in each privy,
water closet or chemical toilet compartment.
f. Privies and toilet rooms shall be kept in a sanitary condition.
g. All abandoned privy pits shall be filled with earth and the grounds
and bui1dings left in a clean and sanitary condition. If privy
buildings remain) they shall be locked or otherwise secured to
prevent entrance.
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SECTION 6
OCCUPATIONAL ~~LTH
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Section 6
• 6 • 0 Occupational Health
6.1 Ghemical &. Physical Agents
6.2 Particulat~(' (Dust Fumes, Mists)
Particulatas are usually divided into several classes. The most
commonly used terms for solids are dust, fumes and smoke; for liquids
there are mists and fogs. In general dust are coarser than fumes, and
fum.es have somewhat larger particulates than most c, ~okes. Mists are
generally larger than fogs.
Particulates may range in size from less than one micron (u) to 10 ten
or more microns in diameter.
6.3 Gases and Vapors
A vapor is the gaseous state of a substance whi-:h is ordin.ax."ily a
liquid or solid at no~l room temperature. Carbon monoxide is a true
gas because it is never found as a liquid at room temperature while
benzene, a liquid at room temperature, evaporates to form a vapor. All
ga9.es can be drawn into the lungs where they may either be absorh~d
into the blood or exhaled, depending upon their ~olubility and other
properties. A major source of gases in the construction industry ifl
welding.
Air contaminants can affect the body in various physiological ways,
iaeo as i~ritants, asphyxiants, anesthetics, narcotics and systemic
poisons. Mauy of the physiologic responses to gases depend upon
airborn conceutration levels and time of exposure.
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Effects of over-exposure to air contaminants may be acute or chronic,
local or systemic. The effect of a chemical hazard exposure is considered
acute when the reaction appears with little time lag, usually within
minutes or hours. On the other hand, chronic effects generally result
from repetitive or continuous exposure over a period of months or years.
The lung disease, known as silicosis, is a good example of a chronic
effect. The inhalation of silica dust over a period of years can, if the
concentrations are high enough, cause silicosis which can not be cured.
It must be prevented through the use of masks, ventilation, etc.
Occupational der.matit~s is another common physiological response to
irritants. This is most common in the construction industry and results
from the use of chemical compounds. The skin irritant and the sensitizing
potential of the environment influences the severity of the skin
reaction. The level of personal hygiene practic.ed by employees is the
major determinant of the frequency with which dermatitis occurs.
Dermatitis has three principal causes: (l) primary irritants such as
solv~nts oils, greases and acids; (2) sensitizers such as petroleum, coal
tar solven'C, and epoxy formulations; (3) mechanical and physical age·nts,
such as abnormal heat or cold, friction, and trauma.
6.4 The Safe Limits of Exposure to Airborne Contaminants and Ham.ful Physical
Agents.
The practice of occupational hygiene is based on ·~he concept that for each
substance there is a safe or tolerable lower level of exposure below which
significant injury or illness will not occur. Whether or not any ill
effects occur depends on the properties of the substance, the dose, the
route by which the substance enters the body, and the susceptibility of
the exposed employeee
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body~ (1) inhalation; (2) ingestion; (3) injection and (4) contact or
absorption through the skin. Contact with the skin is ~~e mo~t frequent;
but inhalation is the most serious.
The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH)
began developing safe concentration limits in 1945" Today the present
list of chendcals for which the ACGIH has Threshold Limit Values (TLV's)
is over 500.
The bases on which the TLV's are set may differ from substance to
substance. For some, the guiding factor is protection against impairment
of health such as the silica dust TLV level. For some others it is the
freedom from irritation O:t' other fom.s of stress such as th'!. TLV for
sulfur dioxide.
The TLV list is reviewed annually, resulting in some revisions as well as
additions to the list.
It is most important that TLV data be correctly used. It should be
remembered that there is a wide variation in individual susceptibility to
substances. Therefore~ the TLV's were intended to ~e used only as guides
in the control of health hazaxds. Basically, a TLV refers to a time
weighted 8 hour average and a 40 hour work week. It is a level directed
toward chronie or long term exposure. To date, very limited data has been
published for acute exposures.
The US Department of Labor under the Occupational Safety and Health Act
(OsaA) of 1970 promulgated the (ACGIH) threshold limit values quidelines
as statutory limits.
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6.5 Strategy of Air Sampling
In construet1on occupational environments, the true sampling of airborne
particulates is usue.lly hampered by various causes. Among these are the
fact that there is continual change in concentration with respect to time
and location, changes aTe less pronounced with gases and vapors, mobility
and tum-over of employees further complicate the situation.
Thus, a single specific sampling strategy cannot be applicable for all
air monitoring; general principles are presented that can be incorporated
into a monitoring strategy.
The most effective procedure involves the use of a personal sampling
device worn by the employee during his working hours or any portion
thereof that may be under inquiry. It is important to recognize that
such personal sampling devices are not perfect instruments and require
periodic observation since the work situation, instrument malfunction
and enviromeutal condition can readily change. The periodic observations
then are used to record the changes in sampling data for proper
evaluation of the sampling results. This personal sampling generally
consists of breathing zone samples.
A reliable estimate of a employee's exposure requires replicate samples
irrespective of their duration -This is basic to all good sampling
teChniques and a minimum of three samples should be obtained.
The duration of the collected sample should represent some identifiable
time perio.d, usually a complete -eork operation or a specified numer of
minur.es out of each hour. This will enable the employee's exposure on a
time weighted average to be calculated.
The preparation of sampling requires that one be knowledgeable of the
work process involved, and be abla to recognize the potentially hazardous
work conditions.
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.-. r . ,. A basic knowledge of the physical and chemical charactistics of the air
contaminant under inquiry is one of the most important factors in
selection of an air sampling method. For instance a filter media such as
paper may be the correct choice for collecting dust and welding flame
particulates but would be a poor choice for collecting solvent vapors.
Similarly combustible g&s indicator or detector tubes are good selection
for sampling gases and vapors but unsuitabe for sampling particulatese
6.6 Sampling for Gases
Sampling for gases and vapors can be conveniently obtained in most cases
with direct reading devices like the Colorimetric indicating tubes in
which a color change indicates the presence of the contaminant in ths air
passed through the tube.
There are instruments for the direct reading of carbon monoxide, oxygen
and combustion gas indicators as well as a number of other instruments
too specialized for discussion ih this manual.
All instruments for sampling gases or vapors ~ust be calibrated before
use with their limita·tions and possible sources of error fully understood.
As has been already noted, one must remember that no device is completely
specific for the substances of interest, and care must be taken that
inteiferences do not invalidate the samrling results. Manufacturer's
data for the before-mentioned colorimetric indicating tubes lists those
substances which interfere with the substance of interest.
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Sampling gaseouu air contaminants may use one of the following methods.
The first involves passing air through a direct reading instrument which
indicates without further analysis the actual concentration of the
substance at the time the sample is taken. (example: the combustible gas
indicators and oxygen indicators) The second method involves passing a
known volume of air through an absorbing medium for analysis in a
laboratory. (example: activated charcoal sealed in a glass tube) In the
third method an air sample at known temperature and pressure is collected
in a container which is resealed immediately to preve;.lt sample loss.
The indicator or colorimetric tube is a deceptively simple device to use
in determining the presence of a gas. Wl't..ile only minimal skills are
required to operate the instrument, far greater knowledge and ~kill are
required to recognize its J.imitations and obtain a representative
sampling data. Experience has shown that the follo~ng measures help to
minimize some errors:
1) Test each batch of tubes with a known gas concentration if possible;
2) Read the length of stain in a ~ell lighted area;
3) Read the longest length of stain if stain development is not even or
sharp;
4) Observe the manufacturer's expiration date closely; discard outdated
tubes.
5 Keep detector tubes in your shirt pocket or other warm place until
time to start the test;
6 Refer to the manufacturer's data for a list of interfering substances.
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There are several viable methods to be used in sampling for particulates;
however, since the employee's actual exposure is our primary concern, a
personal sampler should be the first choice. This sampling system
consists of a pump, a flow indicating device with a valve for controlling
the amount of air sampled, and a device for collecting the particulates.
(A filter is the most widely used collecting device because it allows for
full or partial shift samples to be taken for laboratory analysis.)
Sampling systems offer a variety of pumps, but the best pumps for
personal monitcring for particulates should have a volume capacity from 1
to 3 liters per minute capable of at least eight hour battery operation.
The pump shculd have a rotameter or airflow indicati.ng meter with an
ajustable valve. The airflow should be checked hourly and adjusted if
necessaty to maintain the required airflow when used in sampling.
Filters can be made of widely different substances such as paper or a
variety of synthetic materials. The type of filter material required
will be determined by the use to which it will be put. When sampling
with filters it is advisable to always take a blank or unused filter for
analysis along with the exposed filters. The blank filter should be
taken from the same sample lot as the used filters.
A filter is often described by the material from which it is made with
the average size of the filter pore openings. For example a VM-1 filter
is a vinyl filter membrane with a 5 micrometer pore size.
In preparation for sampling the following steps should be taken.
1) Th.,e pump should be fully charged;
2) The pump air flow should be calibrated to ~he required volume;
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3) For respirable dnst sampling, the operator must ensure that the
filter cyclone assembly does not leak~,
4) Assemble the entire sampling system, turn on the pump, and seal the
inlet opening. The pump should not operate unless there is a leak in
the system;
5) After sampling, inspect the filter for loose material l.lr large
particles on the filter. This is a sign of tampering and
contamination, and that sample should be rejected.
6 • 8 Record Keeping
The OSH Act and the various standards promulgated thereunder require the
co·llection a}ld long term retention of our employees' health exposure
records. To be of value sampling records muet be accurate, complete,
appropriate, a:nd as concise as possible. These records in addition to
meeting OSHA requirements are beneficial 1~) workman's compensation and
liability cases.
Field monitoring requires certain information or data from the sampling
operation. A suggested form for obtaining this information is attacted
(exhibit 1).
6.? Toxic Effects of Welding Fumes
A. General
The inhalation of welding fume air contaminants may be eventually harmful
to the lungs or other organs of the human body. The ultiJ.ll;3,te toxicity of
these substances depends primarily upon their concentration and the
physiological response of the body.
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Exhibit 6 .. 9 is a representation (lf some of the possible constituen·ts
present in welding fumes, and it shows ho~ they can be characterized into
various toxicological subgroups. Both gases and pa.rticulates can be
resolved into two general groups -those which produce pneumoconiosis and
those which can be classified as pulmonary irritants or toxic inhalants.
It should be noted that the toxicity of the individual elements and
compounds that comprise the fumes and gases produced during welding
varies widely, depending on the effect of these contaminants on the
organs of the hWian body. For example, the prolonged inhalation of even
small quantities of cadmium-oxide or lead fumes can produce fatal
consequences. In contrast, the metal fu~e fever caused by the inhalation
of zinc-oxide fumes is of short duration and generally produces no
lasting effects. The major types of ailments associated with welding
fume contaminants are described in this section.
6.9 B. Iron OXide
Iron oxide may produce siderosis with pigmentation of the lungs (black in
welders and red in iron ore miners) without disability. 'The x-ray
shadows reproduced by the iron oxide in the lungs are somewhat similar to
the shadows from silicosis. Because of this similarity, differential
diagnosis is often 99fficult, and heavy exposures to iron oxide dust and
fume may lead to medicolegal problems. It is therefore, important to
control iron oxide exposures even though siderosis is not disabling.. the
condition commonly occurs in elec~ric arc welders after years of
exposure, but may occur in silver polishers or rouge users.
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6.9 c. Copper
6.9
Inhalation of copper fumes has been reported to produce fibrosis in
animal studies as well as signs and symptoms of metal fume fever or
copperosis in welders. 'In addition, i.t can produce congestion of the
nasal mucous membranes, ulceration with perforation of the nasal septum
on occasion, and sometimes pharyngeal c?ngest.:ton. Copper metal fumes or
salts leave a sweetish, metallic taste, and cause salivation, nausea,
vomiting, gastric pain, hemorrhagic gastritis, diarrhea, cramps in the
calves, and terminally, ~scular rigor and prostration. Iu chronic
exposures the liver, kidneys~ spleen may be injured and anemia may
develop.. Contact of the skin with copper salts may result in an itching
exzema which may be due to sensitization; contact of the eye with copper
salts will result in conjunctivitis! edema of the eyelids, and ulceration
and turbidity of the cornea.
D.. Beryllium
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Inhalation of beryllium dus~ or fume may result in the production of an
acute or ch~onic systematic disease called berylliosis, depending upon
the extent of exposux·e and the nature of the beryllium compound involved.
Both the acute and the chronic forms of beryllium poisoning have some
similar signs and symptoms. These include a relatively non-productive
cough, progressive difficulty in breathing, loss of appetite, and loss of
we.:, 'ht. The chief differences between, the two forms are seen in the
sudc: enness of onset and in the rate of p~~ogression.
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The earliest radiographic evidence of pulmonary involvement may appear
within a few weeks of the first symptoms of the disease. The most
significant feature of the radiograph is uniform distribution of fine
granulation, with variation from a ground glass appearance, through a
diffuse reticular pattern, to distinct nodulation superimposed on a
granular backgrounde
Additional aid in the diagnosis of chronic beryllium poisoning may be
gained through the study of pulmonary function, by use of the beryllium
patch test, and through determinations of the beryllium Atudy of the
suxgical lung biopsy.
6.9 E. Cadmium
Inhala.tion of these fumes may cause respiratory irritation with attendaut
sore, dry throat and a metallic taste followed by cough, chest pain, and
difficulty in breathing a Bronchitis, pneumonitis, and pulmonary edema
may occur as a result of irritative action of fume. Additional .
complaints of headache, dizziness, loss of appetite, and weight loss may
be pronounced. The liver, kidneys, and bone marrow may be injured by the
presence of the metal.
A single exposure to cadmium fumes can cause severe lung irritation which
may be fatal. Most acute intoxications have be ·:1~;. caused by the
inhalation of cadmium fumes at concentrations wt c:.h did not produce
watning symptoms of irritation. Continued exposure to lower levels of
cadmium in air has resulted in chronic poisoning charact~rized by
irreversible lung injury (emphysema) with abnormal lung function and
urina%1 excretion of a specific low-molecular-weight protein which may be
associated with evidence of kidney impairment. Clinical evidence of the
cumulative effects of cadmium may appear after exposure has terminated
and the disease tends to be progressive.
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6. 9 F. Chromium
Th~ oxidation of chromium alloys can produce chromium trioxide fume which
is often referred to as chromic acid~ These fumes react with water vapor
to form chromic and dichromic acid. Contact with these fumes can produce
small, painless, cutaneous ulcers as well as dermatitis from primary
irritation or allergic hypersensitivity. Inhalation of these fumes will
produce bronchospasm, edema and hypersecretion, bronchitis, and a
hyperreaction of the trachea bronchial tree similar to asthma.
6.9 G. Lead
Lead poisoning in industry almost always results from inhalation of lead
fumes. Signs and symptoms of lead poisoning may include abdominal pain
with tenderness, constipation, headache, weakness, muscular aches or
cramps, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, weight loss, anemia with
pallor, and a dark lead line of the gums. The lungs act as a portal of
entry for lead, but in themselves show no reaction to \:he l~ad.
6. 9 H.. Magnesium
The oxide fumes from magnesium can produce metal fume fever which may
result in irritation to mucous membranes. Experimental work with animals
has failed to show any detrimetal response in the lungs.
6.9 I. Manganese
The fumes from manganese are highly toxic and they can produce total
disablement even after exposures as short as a few months to high fume
concentrationse. Disablement is more likely, however~ after prolonged and
3 repeated exposures above 30 mg/m ., Exposure to manganese dioxide may
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res11lt in a neurological lesion iuvol ving the basal ganglia, the frontal
cortex, and occasionally the pyramidal system. Symptoms are similar to
Parkinson's syndrome and include "weakness of the legs," difficulty in
walking downhill, instability, and weakness while d~ing heavy work.
Disturbances in gait follow.. These may vary from an accelerating to a
shuffling gait with retropulsion~ The mobility of facial expression may
become diminished, and the person may develop a so"'""Called manganese mask
or may have a permanent grin. Speech becomes monotonous, low in volume,
indistinct and thick, and ther~ may be sudden blocks in speechu
Spasmodic laughter may be provoked easily, may become uncontrollable, and
may be accompanied by droo:!.i~.. There may be absentmindedness, mental
confusion, aggressiveness or hallucinations. There is a feeling of
increased tiredness, cramps~ and tre~ors, ~nd there may be somnolence
(drowsiness), insomnia, or re~~!~ss sleep. Coordination becomes
impaired. Other aspects of health of the patient and his longevity are
usually unaffected.
6.9 J. Nickel
Certain nickel compounds are carcinogenic and toxic. A significant
increase in cancer of the lung and sinuses has occur~d among employees
in nickel smelting and refining plants. Few other effects have been
reported among users of nickel, and invariably these have been clouded
with accompanying exposure to other materials. In the case of exposure
during welding, however, the slow recovery and persistance of residual
symptoms were characteristic of the symptoms following acute exposure to
nickel carbony 1. Nickel fumes have been known to cause severe
pneumonitis with an exposure believed to be as low as 0.26 mg/m 3 of air
for six hours.
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6 .. 9 K. Molybdenum
Little information is known concerning the exposure of humans to
molybdenum or its compounds. Animal studies indicate a low order of
t~xicity. The main indications from exposure were bronchial and alveolar
irritation along with moderate fatty changes in liver and kidneys,_
6.9 L. Vanadium
Vanadium is present in some welding filler wires and may also be found as
a contaminant from combustion of coal and certain oils. Vanadium
pentoxide is moderately hazardous for both acute and chronic exposures.
Effects of exposure are chiefly severe irritation of the eyes, throat,
and respiratory tract resulting in conjunctivitis, nasal catarrh,
irritation of throat (pharyngitis), bronchopneumonia, and mild chronic
bronchi tis.
Exzematous lesions of the skin and discoloration of the tongue my occur.
Prognosis is favorable. The chief complications are pneumonitis,
allergy, and slight to moderate chronic chapges in the mucous membranes
of the respiratory tract (pharnyx). Questionable fibrosis and emphysema
have been reported after exposure of several years.
Zinc-oxide fumes are formed during welding, brazing, or cutting of
galvanized metals~~ The inhalation of reshly formed fumes may produce a
brief, self-limiting illness known variously as zinc chills, metal fume
fever, brass chills, and brass founder's fever. This condition is
characterized by chills,
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fever, nausea, vomiting, muscular pain, dryness of mouth and throat,
headache, fatigue, and weakness. There may also be a slight
leukocytosis. These signs and symptoms usually abate in 12 to 24 hours
with complete recovery following. Immunity from this condition is
rapidly acquired if exposure occurs daily, but it is quickly lost during
holidays or over weekends. Because of this behavior, metal fume fever is
sometimes known as .. Monday morning sickness."
6. 9 N. Fluorides
The use of electrodes with coatings containing fluorides offers a
definite hazard. The inhalation of fluoride fumes or gases may produce
respiratory tract irritation manifested by chills, fever, dyspnea, and
cough. The patticles are readily absorbed, and promplty produce an
increase in urinaiY fluoride excretion. 'When excessive amounts are
inhaled, this 8Xeretion lags behind the daily intake resulting in a
build-up of fluoride in the bones. If storage of fluorides continues
over a sufficiently long period~ the bones may show an increased
radiographic density and structural abnormalities may eventually develop.
6.9 o. Carbon Monoxide
In some welding processes, carbon dioxide is reduced to carbon monoxide.
In the case of carbon dioxide-shielded metal-arc welding, carbon monoxide
concentrations exceeding recommended levels have been detected in the
fumes near the arc; however, the conce'tltration decreased rapidly with
distance from the arc. Because of its great affinity for hemoglobin, the
concentration of 200 ppm of carbon monoxide may produce the
characteristic primary symptoms, headache, and mental dullness, with a
few hours. Exposure to a concentration of 600 pm may produce headaches
in less than an hour, may cause unconsciousness in little more than an
hour, and may prove fatal in four hours. The toxic effects of carbo-n
monoxide are similar to those of hypoxia (oxygen deficiency) and are
largely due to the decreased oxygen content of the blood; carbon monoxide
combines with hemoglobin to form the very stable carboxyhemoglobin which
decreases the oxygen-carrying capacity.
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6.9 p., Ozone
Ozone is formed by electrical arcs and corona discharges in air or by
ultraviolet photochemical reactions. The inhalation of 1 to 2 ppm of
ozone for two hours pro~uces headache, pain in the chest, and dryness of
the upper respiratory tract. Welders who have had a severe acute
exposure at an estimated 9 ppm of ozone plus other air pollutants
developed pulmonary edema. Chest x-rays were normal within two to three
weeks after exposure. However, nine months later the welders still
complained of fatigue, a.nd e:xertional dyspnea. Chronic exposure of
animals at 1 ppm has produced chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and an
acceleration of the development of lung adenomas in a susceptible strain
of mice. Recent work has shown that three hours' exposure at 0.5 ppm
ozone enhances the susceptibility to respiratory infectionse
~.9 Q. Nitrogen Dioxide
Nitrogen dioxide is very irritating to the eyes and mucous membra!les~
Exposure to high concentrations may produce immediate coughing and chest
pain. When lower concentrations are inhaled, there may be only mild
signs of bronchial irritation followed by a 5 to 12 hour symptom-fzee
period. Subsequently, the onset of signs and symptoms of acute pulmonary
edema may be noted. Death often rasults within 24 hours. If the acute
episode is survived, emphysema may develop.
Exposu~e to nitrogen dioxide is foll.c:wed almost immediately by
discomfort, cough, difficulty in breathing, c:hest pain, chills, fever,
nausea, and vomiting. These signs and symptoms may last from several
days to several weeks.
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The chest radiograph may reveal a picture varying from one of a diffuse,
patchy, confluent infiltration to one of numerous, uniformly scattered,
nodular densities ranging in size from 1 to 5 mm in diameter.
Pulmonary function studies performed after recovery from the initial
acute episode may reveal striking variations from the expected normal
values. Findings indicative of obstructive pulmonary disease have been
reported.
6.9 R. Phosgene
Phosgene is produced when metals which have been cleaned with chlorinated
hydrocarbons are heated to the temperatures used in weldiDg• The gas
will produce contact dermatitis from primary irritation. Inhalation of
high concentrations of the gas will produce pulmonary edema frequently
preceded by a latent period of several hours' duration. Death may result
from respiratory or cardiac arret.
6.9 S. Phosphine
PhosPhine or hydrogen phosphide i~ generated when steel which has been
co&ted with a phosphate rustproofing is welded. High concentrations of
the gas are irritating to the eyes, nose, and skin.
The acute effects of phosphine are secondary-to-central nervous system
depression irritation of the lungs, and damage to the ~idneys and other
organs; also included are weakness, fatigue, hypotension: bradycardia,
headache, dizziness, fainting, drowsiness, thirst, abdominal pain,
nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dyspnea, bronchitis, pulmonary edema,
albuminuria, hematuria, tremors, staggering gait, convulsions, coma, and
death. In chronic poisoning there may be disturbances in sight, speech,
and motor functions as well as effects seen in chronic phosphorus
poisoning such a nonhemolytic anemia, brittle.teeth, and necrosis of the
lower jaw.
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ACUTE
RESPIRATORY
CHROMIUM
COPPER
NICKEL
MANGANESE
NITROGEN DIOXIDE
OZONE
VANADIUt-1
ZINC
CADMIUM
FLUORIDES
COBALT
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GUIDE TO PHYSIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF
CONSTITUENTS OF WELDING FUMES (CLASSIFIED BY EfFECT}
CLASJ) B
CHRONIC • . RESPIRATORY
NICKEL
(LUNG CANCER)
CLASS C CLAS~ D
ACir.£E CHRONIC
SYSTEMIC SYSTEMIC
COPPER LEAD
(LIVER, KIDNEYS) (BLOOD)
LEAD MANGANESE
(BLOOD) (NERVOUS SYSTEM)
MANGANESE CADIUM
(NERVOUS SYSTEM) (LIVER, KIDNEYS)
NICKEL FLUORIDES
(NERVOUS SYSTEM) (LIVER, KIDNEYS)
ZINC
(INTESTINES,
NERVOUS SYSTEM)
CARBON MONOXIDE
(HEART, NERVOUS SYS'fE11)
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CLASS E
IRRITANT
!,0 SKIN, EYES
CHROMIUM
NICKEL
(DERMATITIS)
VANADIUM
FLUORIDES
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RELATIVELY
INERT
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ALUMIUM
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TABLE 2
WELDING FUME CONTAMINANTS
Substance Source
Manganese Dioxide (Mn02)
Fluoride (F)
Nickel (Ni)
Chromium (Cr)
Copper (Cu)
Lead (Pb)
Zinc Oxide ( ZnO)
Tin Oxide ( SnO)
Molybdenum (Mo)
Titanium Oxide (TiO) ~
Magnesium Oxide (MgO)
Cadmium Oxide (CdO)
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
Nitrogen Dioxide (N02)
Zirconium (Zr)
Tungsten (W)
( SS) Stainless Steel
(AS) Alloy Steel
(TS) Tool Steel
3 TLV (mg/m )
Parent Metal (SS), (AS), (TS),
electrode
Pa~ent Metal (SS), electrode
Electrode
Parent Metal (SS), electrode
Parent Metal (SS), electrode
Parent Metal (AS), electrode
Paint Coating
Galvanized or Paint Coating
Electrode, Wire (Soldering)
Parent Metal (AS), electrode
Electrode
Parent Metal (AS)
Parent Metal Coating, electrtode
Parent Metal (TS), electrode,
Contaminant
co 2 shield Gas
Nitrogen Shield Gas, Air
Parent Metal {AS)
Parent Metal (AS)
6-19
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2.5
1.0
o.s
0.2
0.15
5.0
15.0
5.0
15.0
10.0
o.os
0.05
50.0 (PPM)
5.0 (PPM)
s.o
0.1
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->
Substance
Cobalt (Co)
Pho~gene (COCl2
Beryllium (:Be)
Mercury (Hg)
Sulfur Dioxide (S02)
T.~E 2 (Cont'd)
WELDING Fl!MB CONTAMINANTS
Source
Parent Metal (AS)
: Chlorinated Sol vents from
cleaning (Perchloroethylene,
Chlorofor.m, etc.) and Oils
Beryllium (AS), electrode
Paint Coating
Ul·traviole t Radiation
Breakdown of Oxygen in Air
Contaminant on Parent Metal
Phosphate Coating
6-20
10 (PPM)
0 .. 002
o.os
0.1 (PPM)
5.0 (PPM)
0.3 (PPM)
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Exh.ibit 6 .1
Air Sampling Data Sheet
Project=-------------------------------------------area:
Sample no.: ________________________ , __________ Sampling Dat~~-------------------
Evaluation of:
----------------------~------------------------------------------
Process (source) sample:
Area sample:
Breathing zone: Handheld: Personal sample:
Name: _________________ Height:_, ___ _,_
Job classificatiott or title: ---------------------------------------------------
Sampling materials used: -------------------~~------------------------------
Pump No. Dial Position ( Sipin): Detector Tube Lot No ..
Start sampling: Time Rotameter or pump counter reading:
Stop sampling: Time Rotameter or pump counter reading:
Instrument reading (s)
Sampling location:
~
Sampling conditions: Temp. of: Humidity (%) Air Velocity:
Downwind: Upwind: Barometric
pressure:
Industrial hygiene controls:
Ventilation: --------------------Warning signs posted; ____ _
Protective apparel=--------------------------------------------------
Respirator:
Job/process description=----------------------------------------------~------
Sampled by: __________ _ Date sample sent to la1loratory: ___ _
6-21
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SECTION 5
FIRE PROTECTION AND PREVENTION
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5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
GENERAL
DEFINITIONS
HOUSEKEEPING
SECTION 5
TABLE OF CONTENTS
FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSI'IBLE LiQUIDS
Paga
5-l
5-'·
5-10
5 .. 4.1 Gener·al Requirements 5-11
5.4.2 Indoor Storage of Flammable and Combustible Liquids 5-12
5.4.3 Storage Outside Buildings 5-14
5.4 .. 4 FirE~ Control Fot' Flammable or Combustible Liquid Storage 5-15
5.4 .. 5 Dispensing Liquids 5-16
5.4.6 Ban1~ling Liquids at Point of Final Use 5-17
5. 4. 7 Ser·nce and Refueling Areas 5-17
LIQUIFIED PETRO!.EUM GAS (LP-GAS)
5.5 .. 1 General
5.5.2 LP-Gas Safety Requirements
TEMPORARY CONSTRU:TION EQUIPMENT AND STROCTURES
5.6.1 General
5.6.2 Construction Offices and Sheds
5.6.3 Temporary Enclosures
5.6.4 Temporary Buildings
5.6.5 In~ernal Combustion Engines
5.6.6 Demolition
5.6.7 Use of Flammable Liquids
5.6.8 Temporary Heating Equipment
5.6.9 Trash Disposal
5.6.10 Smoking
5.6.11 Utilities
5-19
5 ... 19
5-20
S-26
5 .. 26
5-26
5-27
5-27
5-28
5-28
5-29
5-30
5-33
5-34
5-34
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SECTION 5
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont'd)
5.7 POR!'ABLE FIRE EXTI!iGUISHERS
5.7.1 Classification
5.7.2 Selection of Locations
5.7.3 Mounting
5.7.4 Identification
5.1.5 Markings
5.7.6 Inspections
5.7.7 Maintenance
5.7.8 Hydrostatic Testing
5.7.9 Record keeping
5.8 FIXED FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS
5.8.1 General
5.8.2 Temporary Systems
5.8.3 Yard Piping
5.8.4 Hose Houses & Hydrants
5.8.5 Sprinkler Systems
5e8e6 Standpipes
5.8d7 Fire Hose Stations
5.8 .. 8 Carbon Dioxide and Dry Chemical Extinguishing Systems
5.8.9 Fire Cutoffs
5.9 SITE FIRE/BRIGADE
5.9.1 General Requirements
5.9.2 ·rraining Outline
5.9.3 Classroom Sessions
5.9.4 Fi.eld Sessions
5.10 SITE FIRE TRUCK
5.10.1 Inspections
Page
5-34
5-34
5-35
5-38
5-39
5-39
5-40
5-41
5-41
5-43
5-43
5-43
5-44
5-44
5-45
5-46
5-49
5 .. 5·0
5-52
5-52
5-53
5-53
5-55
5-55
5-57
5-58
5-58
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont'd)
5.11 NOTIFICATION ~liD ADMITTANCE OF OUTS~E FIRE DEPAR.l'MENT
5.11.1 Request for Assistance
5.12 WELDING AND CUTTING
Page
5-62
5-62
5-62
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SECTION 5.
FIRE PROTECTION AND PREVENTION
5.1 GENERAL
5.1.1 The development of a fire protection and prevention program
requires detailed planning by construction management. These
plans shall be followed throughout all phases of construction.
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5
5.1.5.2
5.1.5.3
Fire Protection embraces all measures relating to safeguarding
human life and preservation of property in the preven:::-ion,
detection and extinguishment of fires. It is principally a
matter of physical arrangements, such as sprinkler systems, water
supplien, and fire extinguishers.
Fire Prevention should not be considered as being synonymous with
fire protection but., instead, a term to indicate measures
specifically dir~cted toward preventing the inception of fires.
Fire protection is usually understood to include fire prevention
procedures~ Both aim to protect employee, property, and
continuity of operations. The information contained herein will
provide the basis for an efficient fire prevention and control
program ..
An effective fire loss control program must include these
objectives:
Prevent loss of life and personal injury.
Protect property.
Provide adequate equipment and material to insure continued
construction activity.
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• 5.1 .. 5.4 Prevent inception of fire.
Reports
The site Safety Representative shall ensure that appropr.iate
records such as those required within the section and by
Federal, State and Local Agencies, are maintained on site.
He shall also ensure implementation and compliance with the
applicable and current fire protection req~irements of OSHA,
NF.PA and other Federal, State and Local requirements ..
A report shall be prepared by the Site Safety Representative
or his designee whenever a fire occurs or fire protection
deficiencies are observed. The Project Superintendent shall
be immediately notified of all serious fires or deficiencies
whether or not they involve property damage or bodily
injury. A copy of the report shall be forwarded to the Joint
Venture Office Safety Manager.
The Site Safety RepresRntative shall maintain on site a
current f~le of all fire protection related deficiency
reports and of all incident reports related to fires.
An incident or deficiency requiring further action for
correction shall be pursued by the Site S£fety Representative
no less frequently than every 3 days until corrective action
has been taken to eliminate the deficiency. A supplemental
report shall be prepared each time additional action is taken
and a copy of the supplemental report shall be attached to or
made a pa~~ of the initial reporto
Inspections
5.1.1.1 The Site Safety Representative shall conduct a fire
Protection Inspection no less than once every 30 days to
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ensure compliance with applicable and current fire protection
requirements of OSHA, NPPA, an-i other Federal, State. and
Local requirements.
Corrective action required as a result of the inspection
shall be initiated by the Site Safety Representative through
a work request together with a copy of the investigation
submitted to the Project Superintendent. If the existing
deficiency is not corrected within 3 days o.£ reporting such
deficiency, the Site Safety Representative shall furnish the
Project Superintendent with a copy of the deficiency report ·
and work request.
Record keeping
5.1.8.1 Records of all the inspections which are required in Section
15 of this manual shall be maintained in the safety office.
5.1.9 Construction Priorities & Fire Access
Fire walls and exit stairways, if required for the completed
building, shall be g:t.ven construction priority. Fire doors,
with approved closing devices and hardware, s~<tll be hung on
openings as soon as practicable and before combustible
material is introduced. Fire doors, after installation,
shall not be obstructed from closing.
For demolition projects, fire cutoffs shall be retained as
such until razing operations necessitate their removal.
Water supply for fire protection, either temporary or
permanent, shall be made available as soon as combustible
material accumulates. There shall be no delay in the
installation of fire protection equipment.
5-3
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Access for use of heavy fire fighting equipment shall be
provided to the immediate job site at the start of
construction and maintained until all construction is
completed.
Free access from the roadway to fi~e hydrants and to outside
connections for standpipes, sprinklers, or other fire
extinguishing equipment, whether permanent or temporary,
shall be provided and maintained at all times. No material
or construction shall interfere with access to hydrants,
siamese connections, or fire extinguishing equipment.
\
During construction or demolition operations, free access to
permanent, temporary, or portable first aid fire equipment
shall be maintained at all times.
In all buildings over one story in height, at least one
stairway shall be provided in usable condition at all times
for fire fighting purposes. This stairway shall be extended
upward as each floor is installed in new co'Ii.struction. This
stairway shall be lighted and enclosed if the building
exterior walls are in place.
Hoists and elevators provide the only efficient means of
transporting hoae and other cumbersome fire fighting
equipment to upper floors in tall construction or demolition
projects. They should be available to the fire department
whenever neceseary.
5.2 DEFINITIONS
5.2.1 Classes of Fires
Class A fires are fires in ordinary combustible materials,
such as wood, cloth, paper and rubb~r.
5-4
•
.J
•
Class B fires are fires in flail!l&"table liquids, gases and
gre:ases.
Class C fires involve energized electrical equipment where
the electrical conductivity pf the. extinguishing media is a
safety hazard. (When electrical equipment is deenergized,
£.Xtinguishers for Class A o.r B fires may be used safely.)
Class D fires are fires in combustible metals, such as
magnesium titanium, zirconium, sodium, and potassium.
Degree of Hazard
5.2.2.1 A light hazard is a situatio~where the amouht of combustible
or flammable liquids present is such that fires of small size
may be expected These may include field office, change
buildings, administrative offices, control room complex, etc.
An ordinary hazard i.s a situat.ion where the amount of
combustibles or flammable liquids present is such tht!t fires
of moderate size may be expected. 'nlese may include storage
areas, garages, warehouses not classified as extra hazard,
machie shop area, nar.mal controlled areas, etc.
~ extra hazard is a situation where the amount of
combustible or flammable liquids present is such that fires
of severe masnitude may be expected. These may include
woodworking, vehi.cle repair, reactor building, generator
hydrogen cooling system and oil st~rage, warehouses with
high-piled (14 feet or higher) combustibles, and processes
such as fla~nable liquid handling, painting, etc.
S-5
..
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5.2.3 Approved
5.2.3$1 Approved means listed or approved by:
5.2.3.1.1 At least one of the following nationally recognized
testing laboratories: Fa.ctory l-iutual Engineering Corp.;
Underwriters Laboratories, Inc., or
Federal agencies such as Bureau of Mines, Department of
the Interior; Department ?f 'h·ansportation; or u.s.
Coast Guard, which issue approvals for such equipment.
5.2 .3 .2 Aerosol shall mean a material which dispensed from its
container as a ~ist, spray, or foam by a propellant under
pressure.
Atmospheric tank shaLl mean a storage tank which has been
designed to operate at pressures from atmospheric through 0.5
psig.
Automotive service station shall mean that portion of the
station where flammable or combustible liquids used as motor
fuels are stored and dispensed from fixed equipment into the
fuel tanks of motor vehicles and shall include facilities
available for the service of tires, batteries, and
accessories, and for minor automotive maintenance work.
Bo1ling point shall mean the boiling point of a liquid at a
pressure of 14.7 pounds per square inch absolute (psia)
(7 60 mm) • Where an accurate boiling point is unavailable for
the material in question, or for mixtures which do not have a
cb, · ·nt boiling pC'>int\1 for purposes of this section the 10
percent point of a distillation performed in accordance with
the Standard Method of Test for Distillation of Petroleum
Proaucts, ASTM D-86-77, may be used as the boiling point of
the liquid.
5-6
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Boil over shall mean the expulsion of crude oil (or certain.
other liquids) from a burning tank. The light fractions of
the crude oil burnoff producing a heat wave in the residue,
which on reaching a water strata may result in the expulsion
of a portion of the contents of the tank in the form of froth.
Closed concainer shall mean a container as herein defined, so
sealed by means of a lid or other device that nei theJ.· liquid
nor vapor will escape frol'il it at ordinary temperatures,
Crude petroleum shall mean hydrocarbon mixtures that have a
flash point below 150°F (66°C) and which have not been
processed in a refinery.
Fire area shall mean an area of a building separated fr~~ the
remainder of the building by a barrier having a fire
resistance of at least 1 hour and having all communicating
openings properly protected by an assembly having a fire
resistance rating of at least 1 hour.
5~2.3.10 Flammable aerosol shall mean an aerosol which is required to
be labeled "Flammable" under the Federal Hazardous Substances
Labeling Act (15 u.s.c. 1261). For the purpose of paragraph
5.2.3.14 of this section~ such aerosols are considered Class
lA liquids.
5.2.3.11 Flashpoint of liquid shall mean the temperature at which it
gives off vapor sufficient to form an ignitable mixture with
the air near the surface of the liquid or within the vessel
used as determined by appropriate test procedures and
apparatus as specified below.
'nle flashpolut of liquids having a viscosity less than
45 SUS at l(10°F (3 7 .8°C) and a flashpoint below
175 F (79.4°C) shall be determined in accordance
S-7
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with the Standard Method of Tes-:.: for Flashpoint by the
Tag Closed Tester, ASTM D-56-77.
5.2.3.11.2 The fl~shpoint of liquids having a viscosity of 45 SUS
or more at 100°F (37.8°C) or a flashpoint of 175°F
(79.4°C) or higher shall be determined in accordance
with the Standard Method of Test for Flashpoint by the
Pensky Martens Closed Tester, ASTM D93-77.
5.2.3.12 Liquid shall mean, for the purpose of tlu.~ section, any
material which has a fluidity greater than that of 300
penetration asphalt when tested in accordance with ASTM Test
for Penetration for Bitumino·us Materialst' D-5-73. -when not
otherwise identified, the term liquid shall include both
flammable and combustible liquids.
5.2 .. 3.13 Combustible liquid means any lif!uid havlng a flashpoint at or
above 100°F (37.8°C). Combustible liquids are divided
into two clauses as follows:
5.2.3.13.1 Class II liquids shall include those ~th flashpoint at
or above 100°F (37.8°C) and below 140°F {60°C),
except any mixture having components with a fla~hpoint
of 200°F (93.3°C) or higher, the volume of which
make up 99 percent or more of the total volume of the
mixture.
5.2.3.13.2 Class III liqaids shall include those with flashpoints
at or above 140°F (60°C).
1. Class III "A" liquids cover those with flashpoints
from 140°F (60°C) to 200°F'(93.3°C).
2. Class III "B" liquids have flashpoints at or above
200°F (93 .3°C)
5-8
•
..
5.2o3.14 Flammable liquid means any liquid having a flashpoin~ below
l00°F (37.8°C) except any mixture having components with
a flashpoint of 100°F (37.8°C) or higher, the total of
which make up 99 percent or more of the total volume of the
mixture.. Flammable liquids are known as Class I liquidso
Class I liquids are divided into three classes as follows:
5.2o3.14.1 Class IA shall include liquids having flashr~ints below
73°F (22.8°C) and haVig a boili~~ point below
100°F (37 .8°C).
Class IB shall include liquids having flashpoints below
0 0 73 F (22.8 C) and having a boiling point at or above
l00°F (37.8°C).
Class IC shall include liquids having flashpoint at or
above 73°F (22.8°C) and below 100°F (37o8°C).
5.2.3.15 Unstable (reactive) liquid shall mean a liquid which in the
pure state or as cornmercially produced or transported will
vigorounly polymerize, decompose, condense, or will become
self-reactive under conditions of shock, pressure, or
temperature.
5.2.3 .16 'Low-pressure tank shall mean a storage tank which has been
designed to operate at pressures above 0.5 psig but not more
than 15 psig.
5.2.3.17 Portable tank shall mean a closed contaier having a liquid
capacity over 60 u.s. gallons and not intended for fixed
installation.
5.2.3.18 Pressure vessel shall mean any fire or unfired vessel within
the scope of the applicable section of the ASME Boiler and
Pressure Vessel Code.
5-9
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5.2a3~19 Protection from exposure shall mean fire protection for
struct~.xres on property adjacent to liquid storage. Fire
protecti.on shall be acceptable to the authority having
jurisdiction, when such structures are located:
1. Within the jurisdiction of any public fire department
2. Withtn or adjacent to plants having private fire
brigades considered as having adequate protection for
exposures.
5.2.3.20 Safety can/shall mean an approved container, ~f not more than
5 gallons capacity, having a. spring-closing lid and sp.out
cover and so dgsigned that it will safely relieve internal
pressure when subjected to fire exposureo
5w2.3.21
...
Vapor pressure shall mean the pressure, measured in pounds
per square inch (absolute) exerted by a volatile liquid as
determined by the "Standard Method of Test for Vapor PresBure
of Petroleum Products (Reid Method)," American Society for
Testing and Materials ASTM D3 23-6 8.
5.2.3.22 Ventilation as specified in this section is for the
prevention of fire and ~xplosion. It i~~ considered adequate
if it is sufficient to prevent accumulation of significant
quantities of vapor-air Nixtures in concentrations over
one-fourth of the lower flammable limit.
5a3 HOUSEKEEPING
5.3 .1 Combustible trash such as wooden forms, scaffolding, scrap
lumber, packig materials, cardboard ca.rtons, packing crates,
empty cable spools, and other refuse wh1~ch accumuAates on
construction sites requires that housekeeping must be a daily
effort.
5-10
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Construction materials a:t'e to be srtored in an orderly manner so
they do not block firu protection equipment and fire access ways.
Combustible construction materials should not be stored inside
permanent structures unless absolutely necessary.
If combustible materials are stored inside permanent
building·o consideration is to be given t~ the following:
1. The total combustible loading of the building.
2. Fire protection systems available in the building~
3. Ignition sources within the building.
5 .. 4 FLAMM\BLE ANP COMBUSTIBLE LIOUID..5_
5.4.1 ~neral Requirements
5.4.1.1 Only approved containers and portable tanks shall be used for
storage and handling of flammable and combustible liquids.
Approved metal safety cans shall be used for the handling and
use of flammable liquids in quantities greater than 1 gallon,
except that this shall not apply to those flammable liquid
materials which are highly viscid (extremely hard to pour),
which may be used and handled in original shipp:f"'tg
containers. For quantities of l gallon or less~ only the
original container or approved metal safety can shall be used
for storage, use, and handling of flammable liquids.
Flammable or combustible liquids shall not be stored in areas
used for exits, stairways, or normally us~d for the safe
passage of people.
5·-11
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Indoor Storage of Flammable and Combustible Liquids
5.4.2.1. No more than 25 gallons of flammable or combustible liquids
shall. be stored in a room outside of an approved storage
cabinet.
Quantities of flammable and combustible liquids in excess of
25 gallons shall be stored in an acceptable or approved
cabinet meeting the followig requirements:
1. Arproved metal storage cabinets are acceptable.
2. Cabinets shall be labeled in conspicuous lettering,
"Flammaple -Keep Fire Away."
No more than 60 gallons of flammmable or 120 gallons of
combustible liquids shall be stored in any one storage
cabineta Not more than three such cabinets may be located in
a single storage area. Quantities in excess of this shall be
stored in an inside storage roome
1. Inside storage rooms shall be constructed to meet the
required fire resistive rating for their use.
2. Where an automatic extinguishing system is provided, the
system shall be designed and installed in an approved
manner. Openigs to other rooms or buildings shall be
provided with noncombustible liquid-tight raised sills
or ramps at least 4 inches in height, or the floor in
the storage area shall be at least 4 inches below the
surrounding floor. Openings shall be provided with
approved self-closing fire doors. The room shall be
liquid-tight where the walls join the floor. A
permissible alternate to the sill or ramp is an
open-grated trench; inside of the room, which d~ains to
•
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Fire
protection
provided._
Yes
No
Yes
No
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a safe location. Where other portions of the buildig or
other buildings are exposed, windows shall be protect~d
as set forth in the standard for Fire Doors and Windows,
NFPA No. 80-1970, for Class E or F openings. Wood of at
least 1.-inch nominal thickness may be used for shelving,
raCks, dunnage, scuffboards, floor overlax, and similar
installations.
Materials which will react with water and create a fire
hazard shall not be stored in the same room with flammable or
combustible liquids.
Storage of combustible liquids in inside storage rooms shall
comply with Table 5.1.
Not~:
Barrier
fire
resistance
2 hrs
2 hrs
1 hr
1 hr
TABLE 5.1
Maximum
size
500 sq ft
500 sq f:t
150 sq ft
150 sq ft
Total allowable
quantities of
combustible liquids
gals/sq ft/
floor area
10
4
5
2
Fire protection systems shall be sprinkler, water spray,
carbon dioxid~ or other systems approved by a ~~tionally
reeogni~ed testing laboratory for this purpose.
Electrical wiring and equipment located in inside storage
rooms shall be approved for Class 1, Division 1, Hazardous
Locations.
5-13
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5.4.3
Every inside ~torage room shall be provided with either a
gravity or mechanical exhaustint; systsm. Such system shall
commence nc:1·t more than 1 inch above the floor end be d.esigned
to provide for a complete change of air within the room at
least 6 times per hour. If & mechanical exhausting system is
used, it shall be controlled by a stv.itch located outside the
door. The ventilating equipment and any lighting fixtures
shall be operated &y the same switch. An electric pilot
light shall be installed adjacEnt to tne switch if flammable
liquids are dispensed within the room. wnere gravity
ventilation is provided, the fresh air intake, as well a the
emausting ou·tlet from the room, shall he on the exterior. of
the building in which the room is located.
In every inside storage room there shall be maintained at
least one clear a~sle at least 3 feet wide. Flammable or
combustible liquid containers over 30 gallons capacity shall
not be stacked one upon the other.
Flammable and combustible liqui,.ds, in excess of that
permitted inside storage rooms, shall be stored outside of
buildings in accordance with paragraph (c) of this section.
Stor.a~e Outside Buildings
5.4.3.1 Storage of containers (not more than 60 gallons each) shall
not exceed 1,100 gallons in any one pile or area. Piles or
groupe of containers shall be separated by a 5-foot cl~arance
whereve~ pr&cticable. Piles or groups of containers shall
not be nearer than 50 feet to a building.
5.4.3.2 Within 200 feet of each pile of containers, there shall be a
12 foot wide access way to permit ~pproach of fire control
apparatus.
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5.4.4
The storage area shall be graded in a manner to divert
possible spills aw~y from buildings or other exposure, or
shall be surrounded by a curb or earth dike at least 12
inches high. ~7tien curbs or dikes are used~ provisions shall
be made ftir.Jraining off accumulatios of ground or rainwater,
or spills of flammable or combustible liquids. Drains shall
terminate at a safe location and shall be accessible for
operation uder fire conditions.
Outdoor portable tank storage.
Portable ~anks shall not be nearer than 20 feet from any
building. Two or more portable tanks, grouped together,
having a combined capacity in excess of 2,200 gallons
shall be separated by ~ 5-fcot-clear area~ Individual
portable tanks exceeding 1,100 gallons shall be
separated by a 5-foot clear area.
Within 200 feet of eaeh portable tank, there shall be ~
12 foot wide accessway to permit appr~ach of fire
control apparatus.
Storage areas shall be as free as practicable of weeds,
debris, and other combustible material not necessary to
stor2ge.
Portable tanks sb.all be provided with emergency venting.
Fire control for flammable or combustible liquid storage
At least one portable fire extinguisher, having a .rating of
not less than 20-B units, shall be located outside of, but
not more than 10 feet from, the door opening into any room
used for. storage or more than 60 gallons of flammable or
combustible liquids.
5-15
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At least one portable fire extinguisher having a rating of
not less than 20-B units shall be l~cated not less than 25
feet, nor more than 75 feet, from any flammable liquid
storage area located outside.
When sprinklers are provided, they shall be installed in
accordance with the Standard for the Installation of
Sprinkler System, NFPA 13-1975.
At least one portable fire extinguisher having a rating of
not less than 2G-B: C units shall be provided on all tank
trucks or other vehicles used for transporting and/or
dispensing flammable or combustible liquids.
5.4.5 Dispensing liquids
5.4 .s. 1 Areas in which flammable or combustible liquids are
transferred si~lUltaneously, in quantities greater than 5
gallons from one tank or container to another tank or
container, shall tle separated from other operations by 2 5
feet distance or by c~nstruction having a fire resistance of
at least 1 hour. Drainage or other means shall be provided
to control spills. Ad aquate natural or mechanical
ventilation shall be provided to maintain the concentration
of flammable vapor at or below 10 percent of the lower
flammable limit.
5.4.5.2 Transfer of flammable liquids from one container to another
shall be done only when containers are electrically
interconnected (bonded).
Flammable or combustible liquids shall be drawn from or
transferred into v~~~els, containers, or tanks within a
b~ilding o~ outside only through a closed piping system, from
safety cans, by means of a devica drawing through the top, or
5-16
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from a container, or portable tanks, by gravity or pump,
through an approved eelf-closing valve. Transferring by
means of air pressure on the container or portable tanks is
prohibited.
The dispensing units shall be protected against collision
damage.
Dispensing devices and nozzles for flammable liquids shall be
of an approved type~
Handling Liquids at point 2!, Final Use
Flammable liquids shall be kept in closed containers when not
actually in use.
T.eakage or spillage of flammable or combustible liquids shall ,
be disposed of promptly and safely.
Flammable liquids may be used only where there are no open
flames or ther sources of ignition within 50 feet of the
operati~~ unless conditions warrant greater clearance.
The dispensing units shal~ be protected against collision
damage.
Dispensing devices and nozzles for flammable liquids shall be
of an approved type.
Service and Refuelipg Area~.
Flammable or combustible liquids shall be stored in approved
closed containers, in tanks located underground, or in
aboveground portable tanks.
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5-17
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5.4.7.6
....__
The tank trucks shall comply with the requirements covered in
the standard for Tank Verdcles for Flammable and Combustible
Liquids, NFPA No. 285-1966.
The dispensing hose shall be an approved type.
'!be dispensing nozzle shall be an approved automatic-closing
type without a latch-ope device.
Underground tanks shall be c.lurly marked so as to prevent or
permit safe passage of heavy equipment over tanks. Tanks
shall not be abandoned but removed and disposed to scrap or
othe use.
Clearly identified and easily accessible switch(es) shall be
provide at a location remote from dispensing devices to shut
off the power to all dispensing devices in the event of an
emergency.
Beating equipment of an approved type may be installed in the
lubrication or service area where there is no dispensing or
transferring of flammable liquids, provided the bottom of the
heating unit is at least 18 inches above the floor and is
protected from physical contact and damage.
Heating equipment installed in lubrication or service areas,
where flammable liquids are dispensed, shall be of an
approved type for garages, and shall be installed at least 8
feet above the floor.
There shall be no smoking or open flames in the a.reas used
for fueling, servicing fuel systems for internal combustion
engines, receiving or dispensing of flammable or combustible
liquids •
5-18
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5.4.7.10 Conspicuous and legible signs prohibiting smoking shall be
posted.
5.4.7.11 The motors of all equipment being fue~ed shall be shut off
during the fueling operation.
5.4 .. 7.12 Each serv:i.ce or fueling area shall be provided with at least
one fire extinguisher having a rating of not less than 20-B:C
located so that the extinguisher will be within 75 feet of
each pump, dispenser, underground fill pipe opening, and
lubri.cation or service area.
5. 5 LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS (LP-GAS l
5.5ol General
1. LP gas cylinders have only a limited ability to furnish
adequate fuel eo the heating device being used. It should be
remembered that a large LP gas cylinder (100 pounds) can
furnish only 90,000 BTU per hour to a heating device. The
smaller cylinder, known ~s a 20-pound cylinder, can only
furnish 20,000 BTU per hour to a heating device.
2. The use of more than one cylinder to supply the heating
device will not result in any overconsumpti~ln of fuel,
inasmuch as a drilled orifice in the heating device controls
the amout of fuel whicb can be supplied to the burning
element of the device.
3. '!he manifold use C1f more than one cylinder only guarantees
that sufficient fuel is being fed to the heating device for
efficient operation. In adjusting the flame of an LP heating
device, care should be taken to be sure the flame is blue in
color. Any indication of a yellow flame implies an
inefficient use of the LP gas fuel.
5-19
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5.5.2
4. LP gas cylinders shell be secured to a permanent vertical
member when in use. In no case should the LP gas cylinder be
allowed to lay down so that the valve of this cylinder is
lower than the bottom end. To install a cylinder in this
fashion causes the liquid petroleum gas to be furnished to
the heating element of the heating device and can result in a
serious explosion. If no vertical permanent member is
conveniently a,~ilable to which t0 secure the LP Cylinders,
they should be stJod up in groups of three and wired
together. The group of three cylinders presents a broader
base to the cyliders and reduces the possibility of their
being knocked over during the construction operations.
LPG Safety Requirements
5.5.2.1 Container Valves and Container Accessories
1. Valves, fittings, and accessories connected directly to
the container,. including primary shutoff valves, shall
have a rated wo-rking pressure of at least 250 psig and
shall be of a material and design suitable for LP-Gas
service.
2.-Connections to containers, except safety relief
con'ilections, liquid level gaugi,ng devices, and plugged
openings, shall have shutoff valves located as close to
the container as practicable.
Safety Devices
1. Every container and ~very vaporizer shall be provided
with one or more approved safety relief valves or
devices. These valvee shall be arranged to afford free
vent to the outer air \7ith discharge not less than 5
feet horizontally away from any openings into a building
which is below such dischargeo
5-20
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: • • ~ . ' : •• • • ~-: • • • • • -••• "". '. " • •. • • .' •• ' • • • -. ~ •• ';'f • . • • • • ' • • • • . ~. • . ' • • • •
Sh~toff valves shall not be installed between the safety
relief device and the container, or the equipment or
piping to which the safety relief device is connected,
except that a shutoff valve may be used where the
a.J:rangement of this valve is sucb that full required
capacity flow through the safety relief device is always
a:Eforded.
3. Container safety relief devices and regula,tor relief
v·ents shall be located not less than 5 feet in any
direction from air openings into sealed combustion
:3ystem appliances or mechanical ventilation air intakes.
1. Filling of fuel containers for trucks or motor vehicles
from bulk storage containers shall be performed not less
than 10 feet from the nearest masonry-walled building,
or net l~ss than 2.5 feet from the nearest building or
other construction and, in any event, not less than 25
feet from any building opening.
2. Filling of portale containerd or containers mounted on
skids from storage containers shall be performed not
less than 50 feet from the nearest building.
Req~trement~ for U£pliances
1.
2.
LP-Gas conuming appliances sb.:!ll be approved types.
Any appliance that was originally unufactuJ;ed for
operation with a gaseous fuel othr than LP-Gas and is in
good condition, may i. used with LP-Ga.s only after i c is
properly converted, adapted, and tested for performance
with LP-Gas before the appliance is placed in use.
5-21
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Containers and Regulating Equipment Installed Outside of
Building or Structures
Containers shall be upright upon firm foundations oJ::
otherwise firmly secured. The possible effect on tbe outlet
piping of settling shall be guarded against by a flt!xi·ble
connection or special fittin;.
Containers ~nd, Equipment Used Inside of B·uildings or
Structures
1. When operational requirements ntakr~ portable use of
containers necessary, and their location outside of
buildings or structures is impracticable, containers and
equipment shall be permitted to be used inside of
buildings or structures in acccJrdance with subparagraphs
(2) through (10) of this paragraph~
2. Containers in use means connected for useo
3.. Systems utilizing containers having a water capaci.ty
greater than 12 l/2 pounds (nominal 1 pound LP-Gas
capacity) shall be equipped with excess flow valv~s.
Such excess flow valves shall be either integral with
the container valves or in the connection to the
container valve outlets.
4. Regulators shall be either directly connected to the
container valves or to manifolds connected to the
container valves. The regulator shall be suitable for
use with LP-Gas. Manifolds and fittings connecting .
containers to pressure regulator inlets shall be
designed fer at least 250 psig service pressure •
.5-22
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s. Valves on containers having water capacity greater than
50 pounds (nominal 20 pounds LP-Gas capacity) shall be
protected from damage while in use or storage.
6. Aluminum piping or tubing shall not be used.
7e Hose shall be designed for a working pressure of at
least 250 psig. Design, construction, and performance
of hose, ad hose connections shall have their
suitability determined by listing a nationally
recognized testing agency. The hose length shall be as
abort as practicable. Hoses shall be lc·ng enough to
permi.t compliance with spacing provisions without
kinking or straining, or causing hose to be so close to
a burner as to be damaged by heat.
a. Portable heaters shall be equipped with an approved
automatic device to shut off the flow of gas to the main
burner and pilot, if used, in the event of flame
failure. Such heaters, having input above 50,000 Btu
per hour, shall be equipped with either a pilot, which
nr~st be lighted and proved before the main burner can be
turned on, or an electrical ignition system.
9.
Ncte: The provisions of this subpar.Jgraph do not apply
to portable heaters under 7,500 Btu per hour
input wht .. used with containers having a maximum
water cat:acit) ... of 2-1/2 pounds.
Container valves, connectors, regulators, manifolds,
pipe, tubing, and hose shall be located to minimize
exposure to high temperatures or physical damage.
10. Container3, regulating equipment, manifolds, pipe,
tubing and hose shall be located to minimize exposure to
high tempe~atures or physical damage.
5-23
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11. Containers having a water capacity greater than 2-1/2
pounds (nominal 1 pound LP-Gas capacity) connected for
use shall stand on a firm and substantially level
Q
surface and, when necessary, shall be secured in an
upright position.
12. The maximum water capacity of individual containers
shall be 245 pounds (nominal 100 pounds IP-Ga.s capacity).
13. For temporary heating, heaters (other than integral
beater-container units) shall be located at least 6 feet
from any LP-Gas container. This shall not prohibit the
use of heaters specifically designed for attachment to
the container or to a supporting standard, provided they
are designed and installed so as to prevent direct or
radiant heat application from the heater onto the
containers. Blower and radiant type heaters shall not
be directed toward an LP-Gas container within 20 feet.
14. If two or more heater-container units, of either the
integral or nonintegral type, are located in an
unpartitioned area on the same floor, the container or
containers of each unit shall be s2parated from the
container or containers of any other unit by at least 20
feet.
15. When heaters are connected to containers for use in an
unpartitioned area on the same floor, the total water
capacity of containers, manifolded together for
connection to a heater or beaters shall not be greater
than 735 pounds (nominal 300 pounds LP-Ga.s capacity) • .
Such manifolds shall be separated by at least 20 feete
•
l ________________________________ s_-_2_4----------------~~~------------~
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5.5.2.8
s.s.2.9
Multiple Container Systems
1. Valves in the assembly of multiple container systems
shall be arranged so that replacement of containers can
be made without shut~ing off the flow of gas in the
system. This provision is not to be construed as
requir!g an automatic chang~over device~
2. Heaters shall be eqll..ipped with an approved regulator in
the !:npply line between the fuel cyll.~der and the heater
unit. Cylinder eonnect~!lrs shall be provided with an
excess ;low valve to minimize the flow of gas in the
event the fuel line becomes ruptured.
3. Regulators and low-pressure relief devices shall be
rigidly attached to the cylinder valves, cylinder,
supporting standarqs, th~ building walls, or otherwise
· rigidly secured, and shall be so installed or protected
from the elements.
Sto;-age of. LP-Gas Container;s
Storage of LP-Gas within buildings is prohibited.
Storage Outside. or Buildings
1. Storage outside of buildings, for containers awaiting
uset shall be located from the nearest building or group
of buildings, in accordance ~th the following:
5-25
•
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TABLE 5.2
~ntity of LP-Gas Stored: Distance (feet)
5.6
500 lbs or less 0
501 to 6,000 lbs 10
6,001 to lO,OOC lbs 20
Over 10,000 lbs 25
2~ Containers shall be in a suitable ventilated enclosure
or otherwise protected against tamperi~;j
5.5.2 .• 10 Fire Protection
Storage location shall be provided with at least one approved
portable fire extinguisher having a rating of not less than
20-B:C.
TEMPORARY CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT AND STRUCTURES
GENEI-.AL
This section shall apply to construction equipment used during
construction, alteration or demolition operations.
CONSTROC:TION OFFICES AND SHEDS
1. Constructio~ offices, trailers, sheds and other facil:Lties
for the st~rage of tools and materia~s, when located within a
building, shall be of noncombustible construction.
2. Only aafely installed approved heating devices shall be:) used
in construction offices and shedsil .Ample clearance shall be
provided around stoves and heaters and all chimney and v~nt
connectors to prevent ignition of adjacent combustible
materials. When t~mporary heating equipment is used, refer
to Section F.
5-26
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5.6.4
TEMPORARY ENCLOSURES
1. Only flame resistant tarpaulins or materials of equivalent
fire retardant characteristics shall be used.
2. 'When used to enclose buildings temporarily, the enclosing
material shall be fastened sec'k.rely or guarded by
construction so it cannot be blown against heaters or other
sources of ignition by the wind.
TEMPORARY ~UILDINGS
1. No temporary buildings shall be. erected where it will
\
adversely effect any means of exit.
2. Temporary buildings, located within permanent buildings or
structures, should be prohibited to the fullest extent
possible. However, wben temporary buildings inside permanent
structures cannot be avoided they shalJ, be of non-=cOl'!lbustible
construction.
3. Temporary buildings, located other than inside anothe~
building and not used for the storage, handling, or u~e of
flammable or combustible liquids, flammaole gases,
explosives, or blasting agents, or similar hazardous
occupancies, shall of a non-combustible construction cr. b2
located at a distance of not less than 25 feet irom any
permanent buildings or structureso
4. Storage of combustible ite~ such as scaffolding, shoring,
formwork, ·etc. shall not be inside permanent buildings unless
specified permission has been obtained from the Project
Superintendent. Extraordinary fire protection measures such
as a 24 hour fire watch, restricted hot work, and proper fire
fighting equipment should b~ considered when combustibles ar~
stored inside a permanent building.
5-27
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5.6.5
5.6. 6
5. During forming and stripping O?~r.ations adequate fire
extinguishing equipment shall b~ provided. Operable fire
hose stations shall be available in the area.
Internal Combustion Engines
1. Internal combustion engine-powered air compressors, hoists,
derriCks, pumps, etc., shall be so located that the exhaust~
discharge well away from combustible materials# When the
e::hausts are piped to outside the building unde<\,_,{
construction, a clearance of at least 6 inches shll be
maintained between such piping and combustible material.
2a Internal combustion e4uipment shall be shut eown prior to
.refueling.
3. Service areas for construction equipment shall not be located
within buildings.
4. Fuel for internal combustion equipment shall not be stored
within the building.
5. Suitable fire extinsuishers should be provided on manned
construction equipment utilizing liquid fuel.
Demolition
1. In demolition projects el~ctric service shall be reduced to a
minimum and identified to leave no uncertainty as to which
circuits are enargized.
2. ~~s -Prior to demolition, gas supplies shall be turned off
at a point eutside the building and the outlet capped.
5-28
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5.6.7
3. Drain flammable liquids and combustible oils from tanks and
machinery reservoirs and a safe manner, with particular
attention to removal of residue and sludge accumulations.
Remove from the building immediately.
Use of Flammable Liquids
1. Flammable liquid storage. shall be in accordance with the
Section 5.4 of this manual and in accordance with tha
"Flammable and Combustible Liquid Code" (NFPA 30-1973) ..
2. Exterior flammable liquids storage facilities should be
provided to prevent fire exposure to the new construction.
3. Ventilation shall. be provided for operations involving the
application of materials containing flammable solventse
4. Potential sources of ignition shall be identified and
safeguarded whenever such operations are being conducted.
5~ A fire class "B" fire extinguisher shall be immediately
available wherever flammable liquids are being used.
6. Asphalt and tar kettles shall be located in a safe place
outside of the building or on a finished roof at a point
where they avoid danger of ignition of combustible material
below and avoid the possibility of any material falling to a
lower level5 Co~tinuous supervision shall be maintained
while kettles are in operation, and metal covers shall be
provided for all kettles to smother out flames in case of
fire. Suitable fire extillb~lishers shall be provided.
7. Used roofing mops shall be stored away from the building and
combustible materials.
5-29
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Temporary Heating Eguipment
5.6.8 .. 1 General
1. T.he permanent heating equipment for a new building shall
be installed and put into operation as soon as
practicable. In cold weather demolition operations,
building heat shall be maintained to permit sprinklers,
hose, and extinguishers to be mai<.ntained on lower
floors, or within enclosed areas without danger of
freezing.
2.
3.
4.
Only steam heaters# approved electric heaters, approved
gas and oil-fired space heaters shall be used.
Oil-fired heaters shall comply in design and
installation features with the "Standard for the
Installation of Oil ~urning Equipment" (NFPA 31-1974).
Fuel supplies for .liquefied petroleum gas-fired heaters
shall comply with the "Standard ftlr the Storage and
Handling of Liquefied Petroleum Gases" (NFPA 58 -197 ~),
and the "Natio~al Fuel Gas Code" (NFPA 54 -1974).
5. Refueling operations for oil burning equipment and
liquefied petroleum gas burning equipment shall be
safely conducted, waiting for it to cool prior to
refueling.
6.
7.
Temporary heating equipment, when utilized, shall b~
maintained by competent personnel. .
There shall be no open fires in building or outside on
the project site.
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5.6.8.2 Ventilation
5.6.8.2.1 LP Gases are no~toxic. However, in common with other
gases when used as fuel, the pr.oducts of combustion may
contain poisonous quantities of Carbon Monoxide Gas.
Any deficiency of air in the combustion process
increases the carbon monoxide content in the waste
gases, thereby rendering them more toxic. Hence, small
rooma, trailers, or construction shanties may become
lethal ~hambers when the doors anc windowo are closed
and the heRter is in operation continuously for an
extended period.
5.6.8.2.2 The precautions for venting the products of combustion
shall be strickly adhered to.
5.6.8.3
1. Fresh air shall be supplied in sufficient quantities
to maintain the health and safety of workmen. Where
natural means of fresh air is inadequate, mechanical
ventilation shall be provided.
2. When heaters are used in confined spaces, mechanical
ventilation shall be powered for sufficient
ventilation in order to ensure proper combustion,
\-...\ ~ 't, ~ ... , • \
maitain the health and s:afety of workmen and limit
temperature rise in the area.
Clearance and Mounting
le Temporary heating devices shall be installed to provide
clearance to combustible material not less than the
amount shown in Table 5.3.
5-31
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1. Heaters, when in usa, shall be set horizontally level,
unless otherwise permitted by the manufacturer's
markings.
2. Heating,devices shall be situated so they are not likely
to overturn and shall be otherwise installed in
accordance with their listing, including clearance to
combustible material, equipment, or construction.
5.6 .a .. s Oil-fired Heaters
5.6.9
1. Flammable or combustible liquid-fired heaters shall ~e
equipped with a primary safety control to stop the flow
of fu~l in the event of flame failure. Barometric or
gravity oil feed shall not be considered a primary
safety control.
2e Heaters designed for barometric or gravity oil feed
shall be used only with integral tanks.
3. Heaters specifically designed and approved for use with
separate supply tanks may be directly connected for
gravity feed, or an automatic p~3p, from a supply tank.
TRASH DISPOSAL -
1. Combustible waste material and rubbish shall not be stored or
allo~ed to accumulate within the building or in the immediate
vicinity, but shall be removed from the premises as rapidly
a~ practicable.
2. Rubbish shall not b~ burned on the preDLtses without first
obtaining a permit from the local fire department.
Enviromental protection requirements should be reviewed.
5-33
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2. Temporary heating devices, which are listed for
installation with lesser clearances than specified in
Table 5.3 may be installed in accordance with their
approval.
3.. I:leaters not suitable for use on wood floors shall not be
set directly upon them or other combustible materials.
Wh•en such heaters are used, they shall rest on suitable
heat insulating material or at least l-inch concrete, or
equivalente The insulating material shall extend beyond
the heater 2 feet or more in all directions.
4. Heaters used in the vicinity of combustible tarpaulins,
canvas, or similar coverings shall be located at least
10 feet from the coverings. The coverings shall be
securely fastened to prevent ignition or upsetting of
the heater due to wind action on the covering or other
material.. J
5. Chimney or vettt connectors, where required from
direct-fired heaters~ shall be maintained at least 18
inches from. combustibles unless the vent eonnectors are
approved for a lesser clearance.
Table 5.3
Minimum clearance
Heating appliances (inches)
Room heater, circulating type
Room heater, radisn.t type
5-32
Sides
12
36
Rear
12
36
Chimney
connector
18
18
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5 .. 6.10
5.6.11
SMOKING
1. Smokin:g shall be prohibited at or in the vicinity of
hazardous operations or materials.
2. Where smokiug is permitted, safe receptacles shall be
provided for smoking materials.
UTILITIES
1. Electrical wiring and equipment for light, heat, or po·wer
purposes shall be installed in compliance with the
requiremens of the "National Electrical Code" (NFPA 70).
5. 7 POJlrAJSLE FIRE EXTINGUISHERS
5.7.1 Classifications
5.7.1.1
,5.7.1.2
5.7.1.3
Portable fire extinguishe,rs are classified f·1lr use on certa:tn
classes of fires and rated for a relative extinguishing
effectiveness at a temperature of 70°F by nationally
recot•::J.ized testing laboratot·ies.
This is based upon the preceding classification of fires and
the fire extinguishment potentials as determined by fire
tests.
The classification and rating system described in this
section is that used by Underwriters laboratories, Inc., and
UnderwTiters Laborato~ies of Canada and is based on
extinguishing preplanned fires of determined size and
description as follows:
(1) Class A rating -Wood and excelsior firt!S excluding
deepseated conditions ••
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(2) Class B rating -Two-inch depth gasoline fires in square
pans ..
(3) Class C rating -No fire test. Agent must be a
non-conductor of electricityo
(4) Class D rating -Special tests on specific combustible
metal fires.
5.7.2 §election of Locations
5.7.2.1 Extinguishers shall be conspicuously located where they will
be readily accessible a.nd immediately available in the event
of fire. They shall be located along normal paths of travel,
including exits from an area.
5.7.2.2
5.7.2.3
5 .. 7.2.4
5.7.2.5
The uumber of fire extinguishers needed to protect a property
should be determined by considering the area and arrangement
of the building or occupancy, the sevsrity of the hazard, tha
anticipated classes of fires, and the distances to be
traveled to reach extinguishers.
Ir. -~;very building operation, wherever a toolhouse, a
storeroom, or other shanty is located in or adjacent to the
building under c:onstruct~ion, or a room or space within t:hat
building is used for storage, dressing room, or workshop, at
least one approvad extinguisher shall be provided and
maintained in an acces$ible location.
Exception: This requirement may be waived if structu.res do
not exceed 150 sq. ft. floor area or are equipped with
automatic sprinklers or other approved protection~
At least one approvad fire extinguisher shall also be
provided on each floor at each usable stairway in plain sight
as soon as combustible material accumulates.
5-35
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5.7.2.6
5.7.2.7
5.7.2.9
During demolition, suitahle fire ~~xtinguishers shall be
available.
The suitability, distribution an.d maintenance of
extinguishers shall be in accoreLance with the "Standard for
the Installation of Portable Fire Extinguishers" (NFPA 10 -
1974) and Part IV.
Vibrating Location -Extinguishers installed under conditions
where they art.'! subject to severe vibration must be installed
in brackets specifically designed to cepe with this vibration.
Unless the extinguisher is specifically designed for out-door
placement, all units which are exposed to weather shall be
covered with flexible weather hoods or mounted in
WE4therproo£ cabinets. The weather prptection shall be
externally identified; specifying it as a fire station,
designating the size and class of extinguisher that it
contains in accordance with the current OSHA and ln'PA
Standards ..
5.7.2.10 Extreme Temperature Exposure-Extinguishers installed in
locations subject to temperature below 40°F and above
120°F shall b~ of a type approved or listed for the
temperature to which they will b£ exposed, or placed in an
enclosure capable of maintaining the temperature within the
range of 40°1! to 120°F.
5.7a2.11 Distribution of Portable Fire ~xtinguishers
(1) Fir~ extinguisher size and placement for Class A hazard
(see Table 5.4)o
' l
Basic
Minimum
Extinguisher
Rating
for Area
Specified
lA
2A
3A
4A
6A
Type of
Hazard
Light
Ordinary
Extra
TABLE 5.4
Maximum Areas to be Protected per Extinguisher
Travel
Distances Light Ordinary Extra
to Hazard Hazard Eazard
Extinguishers Occupancy Occupancy Occupancy
75 ft. 3000 sq. ft. Not Permitted Not Permitted
Except as Except as
Specified in Specified in
(ii) below (ii) below
75 ft. 6000 sq. ft. 3000 sq. ft Not Permitted
Except as
Specified in ·
(ii) below
75 ft. 9000 sq. ft. 4500 sq. ft. 3000 ~q. ft ..
75 ft. 11,250 sq. ft. 6000 sq. ft. 4000 sq. ft.
75 ft. 11,250 sq. ft. 9000 sq. ft. 6000 sq. ft.
.
{2) Fire extinguisher size and placement fer Class B fires
other than for fires in flammable liquids of appreciable
depth (more than 1/4 inch)" (See Table 5.5)
TABLE 5.5
Basic Minimum
Extinguisher
Rating
4B
8B
12B
Maximum
Travel Distances
to Extinguishers
50 ft.
50 ft.
50 ft.
(3) Fire extinguisher size and placement for Class C hazards:
Extinguishers with Class "C" ratings shall be required
where energized electrical equipment may be encountered
whiCh ~ould require a nonconducting extinguishing
media. This will include fire either directly involving
or surrounding electrical equipment. Since the fire
itself is a C1ass A or Class B hazard, the extinguishers
5-37
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must be sized and located on the basis of the
anticipated Class A or B hazard.
5.7.3 Mounting
5. 7.3 .1 Extinguishe:C's shall be installed on the hangers or in the
brackets su;pplied, mounted in cabinets, or set on shelves
unless the extiguishers are of the wheeled types.
5.7.3.2
5.7.3.3
Extinguishers having a gross weight not exceeding 40 pounds
shall be i·nstalled so that the top of the t'lXtinguisher is not
more than 5 feet above the floor., Extinguishers having a
gross weight greater than 40 pounds (except wheeled types)
shall be installed so that the top of the extinguishers is
not more than 3-1/2 feet above the floor. ·Where they may be
used by women, considerP;~;ion should be given to mounting the
extinguishers at a lower height. In no case shall clearance
between the bottom of the extinguisher and the floor be less
than 4".
In sit1.1ations where extinguishers must be temporarily
provid·ed, a good practice is to provide portable stands,
consislting of a horizontal bar on uprights with feet, unless
the extinguishers are of the wheeled types.
5.7.3.4 Extinguishers, carried in construction class vehicles, shall
have a red bracket specifically designed to cope with
vibra.tions within a designated compartment; in accordance
with curren·t OSHA and NFPA Standards. The door of the
compartment containing the unit shall have external
ident:ification s~ecifying the fire extinguisher that is
loca1:ed inside the compartment.
5-38
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5 .. 7.4 Identification
5.7.4.1 All fire extinguisher locations shall be identified with a
number which is affixed at the location. The numbers should
also be inc~uded on an inspection sheet to assure that no
5.7.4.2
5.7.4.3
.
locations are missed during inspections.
All fire extinguishers are to have a number which identifies
it. Usually the exti.nguishers serial number is sufficient.
This number should be used for maintaining testing records
for the extinguisher.
All portable fire extinguishers shall bear clear
identification, as to the class of fire for which they are
designated.
5.7.5 Marki~.a!_
5.7 .5.1 All markings on fire extinguishers! shall conform l:o the
cu.rrent OSHA and ~1FPA recommendatios to indicate suitability.
5.7.5.2
5.7.5.3
5.7.5.4
Marking of Location -Extinguisher1s must not be obstructed or
obscured from view.
Marking or Extinguishers -If extii~shers intended for
different classes of fire are grouped, their intended use
must oe marked conspicuously to in~Jura choice of the proper
extinguisher at the time of a fire.,
Where markings are applied to the E~xtinguisher, they shall be
located on the front of the shell above the extinguisher
nameplate. Markings shall be of a size and form to give easy
legibility at a distance of 3 feet .•
5-39
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-• 5.7.5.5
5.7.5 .. 6
-
Where markings are applied to wall panels, etc., in the
vicinity of extinguishers, they shall be of a size and form
to give easy legibility at a distance of 25 feet.
Extinguishers mounted in cabinets, wall recesses or placed on
shelves shall b~ positioned so that the extinguisher
operating instrucr.ions face outward. The extinguisher
location shall be marked conspicuously.
5.7 .. 6 Inspection
5.7 .6.1 Portable extinguishers shall be maintained in a fully charged
and operable condition, and kept in their designated places
at all times when they are not being used.. A monthly
inspection shall be conducted with the inspector determining
the fol.lowin.g:
2.
That the access route to the extinguisher located in the
fire station is clear and unobstructed.
That all fire stations shall have the specified
extinguishers in its locations.
3. That the extinguisher is in its proper place.
4.
5.
6.
7 ..
That no evidence of unauthorized tampering with the unit
has been found ..
That no physical damage to the unit has been found.
That the extinguisher has not been discharged.
If the unit is found to be in order, the inspector will
note by initialing and dating the inspection card which
fj t _________________ 5_-4_o ________________ ,..,
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5.7o7
is attached to the extinguisher bearing the same number
and he will indicate on the fire extinguisher sheet that
the extinguisher bas been inspected.
8. w'b.en it is necessary to remove a unit from a fire
station for maintenance, the Site Safety Engineer must
insure that an equivalent unit is located at that
location during the absence or the assigned unit. If it
is to be a permanent replacement, the Site Safety
Engineer shall assure that the station identification is
updated and th~t proper changes are initialed on the
Inspection Tag.
Maintenance
5.7.7.1 Maintenance-At regular intervals of not more than 1 year,
or when specifically indicated by the monthly inspection,
extinguishers must be thoroughly examined and/or recharged or
repaired to insure operability and-safety; or replaced as
n2eded.
5.7.8
1. Extinguishers removed from the premises to be recharged
or repaired must be replaced by spare extinguishers
during the period they are gone.
2. Each extinguisher must have a durable tag securely
attached to show the maintenance or recharge date and
the initials or signature of the person who perfo:r:ms
this service.
~rostati~ Testing
5.7.8.1 Hydrostatic Tests-If, at any time an extinguisher shows
evidence of corrosion ox mechanical injury, it must be
subjected to a hydroatatic pressure test, or replaced.
5-41
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5.7.8.2
--~> --.. ---~~~-, c'
1. For evaluating the condition of e~tinguisher cylinders
made to Department of Transportation specifications,
review the standard for visual inspection of Compressed
Gas Cylinders (CGS C-6), published by the Compressed Gas
Association.
2. Extinguishers must be hydrostatically tested at
intervals not exceeding those specified in Table 5.6.
TABLE 5o6
Cartridge-operated Water and/or Antifreeze
Storage-Pressure Water and/or Antifreeze
Wetting .Agent
Foam
Loaded Stream
Dry Chemical Extinguishers with Stainless
Steel Shells, or Soldered-Brass Shells
Carbon Dioxide Extinguishers
Dry Chemical Extinguishers with Brazed-Brass
Shells, or Mild-Steel Shells
Bromotrifluoromethane
Dry Powder Extinguishers for Metal Fires
Test Inverval
Year
5
5
5
5
5
5
12
12
12
For detail illformation concerning types of hyrdostatic test
to be applied, contact the Site Safety Representative.
When a portable fire extinguisher. fails a hydrostatic test,
is damaged beyond repair, becomes :obsolete or for any other
reason connot be restored to operable condition, it shall be
replaced.
5-42
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5.8
5.7.9 Recordkeeping
5.7.9.1 Each fire extinguisher shall have a tag securely attached to
it which has spares for an inspector to put the data he
inspected the extinguisher and his initials. This record .
shall be maintained on the extinguisher indicating the date
of the last inspection and the inspectors initialsc ~~en the
blank spaces on the. tag are filled the tag shall be discarded
on the next inspection and a new tag attached to the
extinguisher.
5.1.9.2 A form. having the following information shall be maintained
in the safety office indicating the required infcrmation. for
each fire extinguisher inspection.
1. A list of all fire extinguisher locations.
2. The type of fire extinguisher required at each location.
3. A space to indicate the date of the extinguisher
inspection.
4. The name of the inspector.
s.
6.
A space to indicate that each location has been
inspected.
A space to indicate any problems found at each location.
FIXED FIRE PROTECTION SYSTFl1S
5.8.1 General
1~~~ "The design and installation of water supply facilities such
as gravity tanks, fire pumps, reservoirs, or pressure tanks
5-43
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and underground piping are to be in accordance with ~~A
Standards No. 22-1970, 'Water Tanks for Private Fire
Protection'; No. 20-1970, 'Installation of Centrifugal Fire
Pumps' and No. 24-1970, 'Outside P'rotection."
2e Fittings or transition couplings a~t"e to be provided to ensure
proper connections to equipment and fittings used by the
local fire department.
Temporary Systems
1. All inspection and recordkeeping requirements of Section
5 .9. "Fi·.ced Fire Protection Systems" ~pply to temporary
fixed fire systems as well as perm.anent systems.
Yard Pip~
5a8.3.1 A temporary or permanent water supply, of sufficient volume,
duration reliability and pressure required to properly
operate the combustible materials accumulate.
5.8.3.2
5.8.3.3
Where underground water mains are to be provided, they shall
be. installed, com.pleted and in service with hydrants or
standpipes, as soon as practicable.
All valves or controls in th~ yard. piping which could affect
the operation of the fire system shall be:
1. Tagged with a tag reading, "Danger -Fire Valve -Do Not
Operate -Contact Harza-Ebasco Safetv"
2.
3.
Sealed in their proper position.
Inspected at monthly intervals (minimum), to assure that
they have not/been tampered with.
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5.8.3.4 The Site Safety P~presentative shall be notified prior to any
valves or controls in the fire system being operated.
5 .. 8.4 Hose Houses & Hydrants
.1.8.4.1 Hose houses shall be located throughout the construction area
to be utilj .zed for the storage of additional hose to
supplement the site apparatus. These houses shall be checked
on a monthly basis, and records maintained in the Site Safety
Representative's Office.
5.8.4 .. 2
5.8.4.3
Hose houses shall contain a minimum of:
1.
2.
3.
4.
s.
4
4
2
4
6
-50' length of 2 1/2"
-50' length of 1 1/2"
-Gated Wyes
- 1 1/2" Nozzles
spanner wrenches
6. • 2 Hydrant wrenches
hose
hose
7. 1-2 1/2" ball valve (attached to one hydrant outlet)
8. 1 -Fire Ax
9. 1 -Prybar
10. Additional equipment may be needed depending on the
circumstances
Hose houses shall be maintained free of obstructions which
coul& prevent the doors opening their full swing and which
could restrict the use of the equipment in the hose house.
Inspections of hose houses shall be at monthly intervals
(minimum) and shall include the items ciscussed in paragraphs
5.9.4.1, 5.9.4.2, and 5.9.4.3.
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5.8.4.5 Inspections of fire hydrants shall be at monthly intervals
(minimum) and shall include the following items:
1. Main valve operated properly.
2. Siamese valves are tight, no leaks.
3. Adequate pressure.
4. The barrel drains properly.
5. Tne hydrant is protected from traffic, is accessible,
and free from trash, grass, etc.
5.8 •. 5 Sprinkler Svstems
5.8.5.1
5.8.5.2
Sprinkler system, for fire protection purposes, is an
integrated system of underground and overhead piping designed
in accordance with fire protection engineerig standards. The
system includes a suitable water supply, such as gravity
tank, fire pump, reservoir, or pressure tank and/or
connection by underground piping to a city main. The portion
of the sprinkler system above ground is a network of
specially sized or hydraulically· designed piping installed in
a building o:r area, generally o"rerhead, and to which
sprinklers are connected in a systematic pattern. The system
includes a controlling valve and a device for actuating an
alarm when the system is in operation. The system is usually
activated by heat from a fire and discharges water over the
fire area.
If automatic sprinkler protection is to be provided, the
installation shall be placed in service as soon as possible.
Details of installation shall be in accordance with the
"Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems" (NFPA 13
-197 5).
5-46
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5 .. 8.5,3
5.8.5.4
5.8.5.5
5.8.5.6
5.8.5.7
s.s.s.a
5.8.5.9
Where sprinklers are required for safety to life, the
building shall not be occupied until the sprinkler
installation has been entirely completed and tested such that
the protection is not susceptible to frequent impairment
attributable to testing and corrections.
Every automatic sprinkler system must have at least one
automatic water supply of adequate pressure, capacity and
re.·liabili ty.
A connection through which a fire department can pump water·
into the sprinkler system makes a desirable auxiliary
supply. For this purpose, one or more fire department
connections shoul.d be provided in all cases.
When a building, equipped vith sprinklers by requirement, is
to be demolished, the sprinkler protection shall be retained
in service as long as the condition requiring sprinklers
continues to exist.
Operation of sprinkler control valves shall be permitted only
by properly authorized personnel and shall be accompanied by
notification of duly designated parties. When the sprinkler
protection is being regularly turned off and on to facilitate
connection of newly completed segments, the sprinkler control
valves shall be checked at th~ end of each work period to
ascertain that protection is in service.
The Site Safety Representative shall be notified prior to any
controls on valves being operated on an inservice sprinkler
system..
All valves or controls whi~h could affect the operation of an
inservice sprinkler system shall be:
5-47
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1. Tagged with a. tag which reads "Danger -Fire Valve -Do
Not Operate -Contact Harza-Ebasco Safety"
2. Sealed in their proper position.
3o Inspected at monthly intervals (minimum) to assure that
they have not been tampered with.
5.8.5.10 The following clearances shall be maintained between
sprinkler heads and storage:
1. Type I storage:
A clearance of at least 36 inches maintained between
sprinkler deflectors and top of storage.
2. Type II. storage:
A clearance of at least 18 inches maintained between
sprinkler deflectors and top of storage.
3. Type III storage:
A clearance of at least 18 inches maintained between top
of storage and sprinkler deflectors.
NPPA recommendation. An increased clearance up to 36
inches should be provided over large, eloaely packed
piles of combustible cases, bales, cartons or other
closely packed commodities. (NFPA No. 13, #3691)
5.8.5.11 Storage Category:
lo Type I storage: "Type I storage" is that in which
combustible commodities or noncombustible commodities
5-48
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involving combustible packaging or storage are stored
over 15 feet but not more than 21 feet high in solid
piles or over 12 feet but not more than 21 feeet ln
piles that contain horizontal channels. Minor
quanti~ies of commodities of hazard greater than
ordinary combustibles may be included without affecting
this general classification.
2. Type II storage: That in which combustible commodities
or noncombustible commodities involving combustible
packaging or storage aids are stored not over 15 feec
high in solid piles or not over 12 feet high in piles
that contain horizontal channels. Minor quantities of
commodities of hazam s greater than ordinary
combustibl~s may be included without affecting this
general classification.
3. Type III storage: This is where the stored commodities,
packaging, and storage aids are noncombustible or
contain only a small concentration of combustibles which
are incapable of producing a fire that would cause
appreciable damage to the commodities stores or to
noneombustible wall, floor or roof constructions.
Ordinary combustible commodities in completely sealed
noncombustible containers may qualify in this
classification. General commodity storage that is
subject to frequent changing and storage of combustible
packaging and storage aids is excluded from this
categorys
5.8.6 Standpipes
5.,8.6.1 In all structures in which standpipes are required, or where
standpipes exist in structures being altered, they shall be
brought up as soon as applicable laws permit, and shall be
5-49
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5.8 .. 6.2
5.8.6.3
5.8.6.5
5.8.6.6
maintained an construction progresses in such a manner that
they are always ready for fire protection use. The
standpipes shall be provided with Siamese fire department
connections on the outside of the structure, at the street
level, which shall be conspicuously marked. There shall be
at least one standard hose outlet at each floor.
The standpipes shall be provided with conspicuously marked
siamese fire depart~ent connections on the outside of the
building at the street level.
Pipe sizes~ hose valves, bose, water supply, and other
details for new construction shall be in accordance with the
"Standad for Installation of Standpipe and Hose Systems"
(NF.PA 14-1974).
Standpip, ; shall be securely supported at each alternate
floor.
At each floor level, there shall b~ provided at least one
approved hose valve for attaching fire department hose.
Valves shall be kept closed at all times during nonfire
emergency conditions, and guarded against mechanical injury.
All threads on hose connections shall conform to the local
fir~ department hose thread.
Temporary standpipes shall remain in service until the
permanent standpipe installation is complete.
5 .. 8.7 Fire Hose Stations
.
Hose and nozzles shall be provided and made ready for use as
soon as either the temporary or permanent water supply is
available on new construction.
5-50
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5.8.7.3
5.8.7.4
5.8.7 .. 5
5.8.7.6
5.8.7.7
Signs or distinctive markings, as may be required to
designate the location of first aid fire equipment and
standpipe connections, shall be conspicuously displayed.
For inside use, hoses are kept on racks or reels, .
approximately 5 feet above the floor. The hose should be so
arranged that it will not kink or tangle when pulled out.
The hose should not be preconnected to the hose station valve
because a leaking valve could fill the hose with water making
it difficult to remove from the rack or reel. The hoses
shall be provided with combination spray-solid stream
.
nozzles. To prevent excessive pressure drop not more than
100 ft. of hose should be placed at each standpipe outlet.
1. CAUTION: · Solid stream nozzles shall not be used in an
area containing energized electrical
conductors and/or equipment.
Hose connections shall be of the approved type and shall be
equipped with standard caps, properly secured and arranged
for easy removal by fire departments.
Fire hose connections mus.t be compatible with local
firefighting equipment.
Where standpipe and hose systems are provided, they must meet
the design requirements of the NFPA standards for the
Installation of Standpipe and Hose System NFPA 14-1970.
Hose lines shall be available for immediate use, and should
not be obstructed. The equipment shQuld be visible and
conspicuously identified, and employee should know how it
operates.
5-51
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5.8.7.9
Fire Hose must be rugged and dependable, capable of carrying
water under substantial pressures, yet flexible and
sufficiently easy to handle.
Unlined linen hose shall not be used. Outer jackets of lined
hose shall be of synthetic fiber.
5.8.8 Carbon Dioxide and Dry Chemical Extinguish¥$ Systems
5.8.8.1 When ~hese systems have been installed and charged before
construction activities have been completed and there is a
possibility that construction personnel may be exposed to a
carbon dioxide or dry chemical dischaxge, suitable safeguards
must be provided to insure prompt evacuation of such
location. Means for prompt rescue of any trapped peraonnel
must also be provided. SuCh safety items as personnel
training, warning signs, discharge alarms, predischarge
alarms, and breathing apparatus ~ust be considered.
5.8.9 Fire Cutoffs
5.8.9.2
Fire walls and exit stairways, required for the completed
buildings, must be given construction priority. Fire doors,
with automatic closing d,evices, must be hung on openings as
soon as practicable.
Fire cutoffs must be retained in buildings undergoing
alterations or demolition until operations necesitate their
removal.
5-52
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5.9 SITE FIRE BRIGADE
5.9.1 General Reouirements
1. As warranted by the project, a firefighting organization
(fire brigade) should be established, trained and equipped to
assure adequate protection to life and property.
2. Firefighting equipment must be conspicuously located and
access to all firefighting equipment must be maintained at
all times.
3. Fire alarms are very important in the suc\cess or failure of
extinguishing a fire; therefore, an alarm system, e.g.,
telephone system, siren, etc., must be es:t:ablished whereby
employees on the site and the local fire department can be
alerted during an emergency.
(1) The alarm code and reporting instruct:Lons must be
conspicuously posted at phones and at employee entrances.
4. All firefighting equipment must be inspected on a monttuy
basis and a record of inspection must be maintained at the
jobsite. Defective equipment must be immed:lately replaced.
5. All employees must be instructed to familial~ze themselves
with the location attd proper use of all fire1fighting
equipment, fire alarm boxes and exits in the1 immediate
vicinity of their work.
6. The local fire department should be requeste:d to visit and
review project hose line compatibility and t:o coordinate
efforts for site protection.
5-53
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7. Applicable parts of NF.PA Vols. 2 and ~2, Sections 10, 30, 40
and 50, shall be used as a guide for the organization and
trainig of the Site Fire Brigade.
8. The responsibility for training the Site Fire Brigade shall be
under the directio~ of the Site Safety Representative.
9~ During normal working hours, the Fire Brigade shall have a
minimum of 5 members.
10. The Site Safety Representative shall maintain a c~rent list
of Fire Brigade membe~s.
11. Each Fire Brigade member shall wear a fire brigade emblem on
his hard hat. (See Exhibit 5.1)
.5-·54
5.9.2
12. Training shall consits of classroom sessions and actual
practical fire extinguishing methods and procedures.
135 To maintain proficiency in the use of on-site fire protection
equipment a~d to keep abreast of changes as they occur, Fire
Brigade T~aining Sessions will be established under the
supervision of the Site Safety Representative.
Training Outline
5.9.2.1 Classwork
1.
.. 2.
3.
4.
Discussion of the fire brigades responsibilities;
Portable air pack training information;
Use of portable extinguishers and agents;
Use of water and handline for fire extinguishing.
Practical Work (Field Training)
1. Orientation to fire equipment
2. Indoctrination -Explanation of course and its
objectives.
3. Smoke Drill -With self-contained breathing apparatus
4. Fire Extinguishers -Use of portable extinguishers,
application and maintenance.
5.9.3 CLASSROOM SESSION
5.9.3.1 Introduction
The reason for the program and how it will be accomplished
through classroom and practical fire training experience.
5-55
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l. The Fire Brigade
Why and how fire brigades must be prepared to function
as a coordinated unit for fire prevention and protection~
2. Fire Brigade Responsibility
The protection of life and property and how it is
accomplished by training and pre-fire planning.
3. Fire Brigade Backup
The availability of twon and/or city fire units and
coordination required between the f .tre brigade and those
units during operations.
4. .~re Brigade Equip~nt
Knowledg~ of equi1~ent en hand and the location of fire
stations.
5.9.3.2 NA.'l'URE OF FIRE
1. Explanation of fire and properties necessary for
combustion. Discussion -Question ~ud Answer Period.
KNOW YOUR FIRE HAZARDS
1. Explanation of fire hazards and contributing factors to
the start of fires.
2.
3.
Discussion -Question and An~er Period.
Associntion of fire hazalds with areas in the plant
complex and during certain operations.
5-56
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5.9.3.4
5.9.3.5
FIRES IN CONFINED AREAS
lo Introduction to the portable air pack and how it. should
be used.
2. Use of'self contained breathing apparatus.
3. Demonstration and practical exercise donning and using
the portable air pack by all present.
TYPES OF FinE EXTINGUISHERS
1. Fire ex~i~~ishers used on the construction site
property ~~nd th:~ir uses and purposes~~~
2. Hose station ~nd il~~ equipment available and its uses.
3. Demonstrate the use of the fire extinguishers and hose
lines.
5.9.4 Field Sessions
5.9.4.1 In traduction to Field Training
1 Introduction to the prograM .....
2. Use of portable air pack
3. Use of fire extinguishers
a. Water
b. co 2
c. Others, if applicable
4. Use of foam, if applicable
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5. Fire hose use
a. Introduction to bandlines and water extinguishment.
b. Use of handlines (fog) for petroleum fi~s, open
type.
c. Use of handlines (fog) for petroleum fires, in
ground level confined areas.
d •• Use of handlines (fog) for petroleum fires, in an
elevated confined area.
6. Conclusion -Constructive critique session
5.10 SITE FIRE TRUCK
5.10.1 Inspections
1. The engine shall be run a minimum of 5 minutes daily ..
2. The truck will be serviced by the On-Site Operating Engineers
on a monthly basis, and a log will be maintained by the Site
Safety Representative.
3. The equipment on the pumper shall be checked on a weekly
basis to assue the proper placement and that it is
operational.
4. The electric generator shall be run at least 3 times
and the pump _shall be run at least once a week.
5-58
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5. Any malfunction shall be referred to the Site Safety
Representative for immediate repair.
6. The equipment on the Truck (wrenches, hoses, nozzles, etc.)
shall be checked on a weekly basis.
5-59
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FIRE TRUCK
EQUIPMENT CHECKLIST
Date ---------------------
GAS
WATER TANK Stn?PLY (LEVEL)
PRIMARY OIL (LEVEL)
CHECK ALL DISCHARGE VALVES (OPEFATION)
EQUIPMP;NT LIGHTS ALL FRONT & REAR (RED WARNING)
ELECTRIC GENERATOR
STA...lt!'ING ROPE
1" HIGH PRESSURE BOOSTER LINE W/STORAGE REEL
GUN TYPE NOZZLE
1 1/ 2" HOSE LINE WITH NOZZLE ATTACHED
1 1/2" HOSE IN THE STORAGE RACK
2 1/ 2" HOSE IN THE STORAGE RACK
2 1/2" SPRAY NOZZLES
2 SCOTT Am RACKS
1 CONTROL SPRAY NOZZLE
1 2 1/2" CONTROL NOZZLE W/SPRAY CONTROL TIP
HYDRANT WRE N:!HES (UNIVERSAL)
SPANNER WREll:BES (QUICK ACTION)
CUP TYPE WRE:t:CRES
1 PIPE WREN::H
1 BOLT CO'l"'fER -LAIGP.:
SECTIONS 10' HARD SUCTION HOSE
PICK AXES (2 SM/1 LGE)
3' PRY BARS
5' PRY BARS
4 HOSE STRAPS
FLOOD LIGHTS (2 MOUNTED/2 PORTABLE)
1 POlr!ABLE GENERATOR MOUNTED ON TRUCK (PLUS SAFETY
CAN AND FUEL FOR THE GENERATOR)
5-60
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EQUIPMENT CHECKLIST (Cont'd)
Date
------------------~-
ROOF MOUNTED SPOT LIGHT/INTERNAL CONTROLS
1 TRANSISTOR POWERED MEGAPHONE
STEEL FIRE BROOMS
PIERCING BAYONETS
50' LIFELINES
1 DRY POWDER EXTINGUISHER
2 co 2 EXTINGUISHERS
FIRE FIGHTER BOOTS
FIRE FIGHTER COAT
FIRE FIGHTER GLOVES
1 TRICKLE CHABGER FOR THE BATrERY
EXTENSION LADDER
REDOCERS (2 1} 2" - l l/2")
1 DOUBLE MALE ADAPTER ( 2 1/ 2" )
1 DOUBLE FEMALE ADAPTER ( 2 1/ 2")
2 NOZZLES l"
5-61
O.K. Remarks
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5 .. 11 NOtiFICATION AND ADMITTANCE OF OUTSIDE FIRE DEPARTMENTS
5.11.1 Reauest For Assistance
1. In the event of a fire which cannot be contained by Site
Personnel, the Site Safety Representative shall notify the
Site Security Officer at the ~~in Gate to request assistance
from the Local Fire Department. The Site Security Officer
shall notify the Fire Company as to the location and type of
2.
fire and the access route to be used.
Whe~ the fire company arrives at the site, the vehicles and
the man aboard shall be passed through the gate without
delay, and shall be directed to the fire scene by the Site
Security Officer. Late arriving volunteer firemen reporting
to the Main Gate shall be identified by their fire company
badge or a fellow firemen. These late arrivals shall be
taken to the scene of the fire by any available vehicle.
Arrangements shall be made so that firemen will have
immediate access to the premises when called.
3. Arrangements shall he made with the local fire authority to
establish access ways of sufficient dimension to allow
maneuvering of fire equipment.
5.12 WELDING AND CUTTING PROCEDURES
PURPOSE
This procedure covers recommendations for the safe use of gas and
arc cutting and welding to prevent loss of life and property ;rom
fire as used throughout the cons~n1ction site.
5--62
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The following welding and cutting safety procedures shall be
established at each facility where welding and cutting is
performed.
A. AREA PREPARATION
1. Areas where cutting and welding are required or in
progress shall be kept clean and all accumulations of
trash, rags, etc., shall be removed. Coll.sideration
shall be given to the distance that sparks or slag car'.
travel.
2~ All machinery, equipment, materials, cable in trays, or
other items subject to damage or possible ignj~tion by
sparks from welding and cutting operations shall be
covered wi:;:h suitable noncombustible material. Special
attention shall be directed toward welding gas hoses and
cable in trayse
3. When cutting and welding operations are performed above
grating decks, ar near floor or wall openings, the deck
or openings» the deck or openings below the operation
sha1,1 be covered with suitable noncombustible material.
Care shall be taken not to direct the slag stream from
cutting operation through nearby openi~~s. Particular
care shall be taken that large pieces of hot slag are
not allowed to remain on sur.faees long enough to cause
combustion or damage. Where practical, side curtains of
noncombustible material shall be installed around
welding and cutting areas for the protection of~nearby
personnel and property.
5-63 j~
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4. First-aid fire extinguishers of the appropriate variety
shall be readily accessible to the work when cutting and
welding operations are performed.
Bo ENVIRONMENTAL PREPARATION
Special care shall be taken to ensure that the welding and
cutting environment is considered and controlled to protect
against injury or damage. All holl:)W spaces, cavities, tanks
or other containers shall be vented, purged and tested for
the presence of explosive and/or otherwise hazardous
atmospheres.
C. FIRE PREVENTION INSP.ECTION
1. One or more construction workers in each welding or
cutting work area shall be designated to watch for
potential fires or smoldering e;parks in the course of
his regular duties. These individuals sha~l be trained
in fire prevention and the use of first-aid fire
protection equipment~ They shall be familar with the
facilities for sounding and alarm. in the event of a
fire. The individuals shall call hazards to the
appropriate Supervisor's attention for correction. Upon
completion of welding and cutting operations in a work
area, an inspection shall be made to confirm that safe
conditions exist.
5-64
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Exhibit 5., 1
FIRE BRIGADE HARD HAT EMBLEM
FIRE' BRIGADEL
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RESPIRATOR GUIDE
6-22
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RESPIRATORY PROTECTION PROCEDURE
"' This guide sets forth respirator use, maintenance and training i·nformation
through which Harza-Ebasco Joint Venture project will be able tc• develop a
respiratory program.
The use of respirators implies that the wearer needs protection from and
atmosphere that might threaten the employee's health or life. Therefore, it
is imperative that the level of protection needed be determined and provided
fo~ both in normal and emergency conditions of use.
The selection of respirators, along with their correct fit, tJ:aining, usc and
care~ is an important part of an employee's protection when required to wear a
respirator. In order to maintain a current program, a contin,ual respirator
inspection and overall program surveillance must be part of our Respiratory
Protection Procedure.
RESPIRATOR SELECTION
The chemical and physical properties of the contaminant, as well as the
toxicity and concentration of the hazardous material~nall be considered in
selecting the proper respirator. The following table listt; the type of
respirators required.
SELECTIOU OF RESPIRATORS
Hazard
Oxygen deficiency
Respirator (See Note)
Self-contained breathing apparatus.
Hose mask with blower. Combination
air-line respirator with auxiliary
self-contained air supply or an
air-storage receiver with alarm.
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Gas and vapor contaminants
immediately dangerous to life
and health.
Not. immediately dangerous to life
and health.
Particulate contaminants
immediately dangerous to life
and health.
Not immediately dangerous to
life and health.
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Self-contained breathing apparatus.
Hose mask with blower. Air-purifying,
full fa.c:epiece respirator with chemic.:al
canister (gas mask). Self-rescue
mouthpiece respirator (for escape
only). Combination air-line respirator
with auxiliary self-contained air
supply or an air-storage receiver with
alarm.
Air-line respirator.
Hose mask without blower.
Air-purifying, half-mask or mouthpiece
respiratur with chemical cartridgea
Self-contained breathing apparatus.
Hose mask with blower.
Ai!'-purifying, full facepiece
respirator with appropriate filter •
Self~ .. rescue mouthp:leee respirator (for
escape only) •
Combination air-line respirator with
auxiliary self-contained air supply or
an air-storage receiver with alarm.
Air.-purifying, half-mask or mouthpiece
respirator with filter pad or cartridge.
Air-line respirator.
Air-line abrasive-blasting respirator.
Hose mask w:f.thout blower.
])
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Combination gas, vapor and
particulate contaminants
immediately dangerous to life
and health.
Net immediately dangerous to
life and health.
Self-contained breathing apparatusa
Hose mask with blower.
Air-purifying, full facepiece
respirator with chemical canister and
appropriate filter (gas mask with
filter). Self-rescue mouthpiece
respirator (for escape only).
Combination air-line respirator with
a~~liary self-contained air supply or
~ air-~torage receiver with alarm.
Air-line respirator.
Hose mask without blower.
Air-purifying, half mask or mouthpiece
respirator uith chemical cartridge and
appropriate filter.
NOTE: For the purpose of this part, "immediately dangerous to life and
health" is defined as a condition that either poses an immediate threat to
life and health or an immediat.e threat of severe exposure to coptaminants,
such as radioactive materials) which are likely to hav~ adverse delayed
eff~cts on health.
PRESELECTION INFORMATION
Though not considered an "e-ngineering control", respirators should be
engineered for the en·v-irom,ent in which they are to be used. It is essential
that certain information b1a obtained before a respirator is chosen for
protection. The information required to choose a respi~ator is no more and no
less than that required for any other type of industr:J,al hygiene control.
1. Is the contaminant a dust, mist, fume, vapor, or gas?
6-25
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2. What is the concentration of the air contaminant?
3. What is the TLV?
4. Is the atmosphere oxygen deficient?
5. Is the mate~~al readily detectable below the TLV, and does it irritate the
skin, nose, or eyes?
6. Does the concentration found approach that w~tch is considered to be
immediately dangerous to life?
See Appendix 1 for OVeral.l Respiratory Protection factors.
~.INING IN T1IE USE OF RESPIRATORS
General
The proper respirator will be of no '\ralue if the wearer is not fit·ted and
trained to is use, respirators do not automatically fit the wearer~ It is
essentj.al that the wearer's training start w·ith a respirator fit test.
Respirator users may be divided into three classes: routine, occasional, and
emergency. All wearers must be introduced to the respirator they will use,
receiving information on how the respirator works, the periodic maintenance to
be done by the wearer, nnd problems that can occur from neglect and misuse of
the respirator. For example, the user of the air-supplied respirator should
be aware of the air pressure necessary to provide the minimum required
airflow. He must also be aware that the diameter and length of hose cannot be
changed without seriously affecting his air supply.
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6.,.26
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The Routine User
The routine user, after his initial tre.ining, should be checked periodically
to ensure that he is using and caring for the respirator properly. He should
be given periodic refresher instruction in the ~roper use and care of the
respirator.
The occasional user will require periodic training after the initial training,
since he does not use the respirator routinely. The longer time between uses,
the more important it j_s to have regular training sessions ..
The Eme:gency Use~
The emergency use~ needs more training than the routine and occasional ·users.
''Emergenc.y" connotes hazardous expos\lres to toxic material during escape,
during repair work, or during rescue efforts. Serious consequences will
result for the user if the measures required by the emergency situation are
not executed without mishap. Only persons whose services are necessary in the
emergency should be trained in the use of emergency equipment. Such personnel
are those who can repair or inactivate malfunctioning equipment, or can effect
rescue of personnel in areas with hazardous atmospheric conditions. No on~
who does not fit into these categories should be allowed to wear emergency
respiratory equipment. After the initial training for emergency personnel, it
is impera~ive that there be retraining sessions. These periods should cover
not only a checkout of the equipment, but wearing the equipment and performing
exercises designed to simulate the actions necessary in an emergency.
An employee and his supervisor should be trained in basic respiratory
protection practices. Also, each should be trained in the proper fit of the
respirator.
6-27
..
• ' ' • '_. -•• -.. -. . '. . . • • / ' • . ".· • • ..• : .· • • 'v • . •. , .• .: . ' ·• . • . • • • . . • ' .
• "". -. $ • • .. • (J • • • • • .... • ... .. • : •
In addition, training should be given in the:
1. Instruction in the nature of the hazard, whether acute, chronic, or both
and an honest appraisal of what may happen if the respirator is not used.
2e Discussion of why this is the proper type of respirator for the particular
purpose.
3. Discussion of the respirator's capabilities and limitations,
4c Instruction and training in actual use of the respirator (especially one
for emergency use) and close, frequent supervision to ensure that it
continues to be used properly.
Every respirator wearer shall receive fitting instruction including
demonstrations and. practice in how the respirator should be worn, how to
adjust it, and hori to determine if it fits properly.. Respirators shall
not be worn when conditions prevent a good face seal. Such conditions may
be a growth of beard, sideburns, a skull cap that projects under the
facepiece, or temple pieces on glasses. Also, the absence of one or both
dentures can seriously affect the fit of a facepieceo The employees
diligence in observing these factors shall be evaluated by periodic cheeks.
The employee shall be. trained to assure proper protection. The facepiece
fit shall be checked by the wearer each time he puts on the respirator.
5. Training in recognizing and coping with emergencies.
6. Other special training as needed.
7. A major thrust is toward explaining as much as possible about the reasons
for wearinE; a respirator. This, of course, is to motivate the user to
6 .. 28
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accept the fact that protection is necessary, and to install in him the
desire to wear and me.!ntain his respirator properly a
RESPIRATOR FITTING
Determination of facepiece fit could involve both qualitative and quantitative
testsc A qualitative test relies on the wearer's subjective response. A
quantitative test uses some other means of detecting facepi~ce leakage. The
general advantages and disadvantages are as follows.
Qualitative Tests
Advantages
Usuall7, qualitative tests are fast, require no complicated~ expensive
equipment, and are easily performed in the field.
Disadvantages
Qualitative, tests rely on the wearer's subjective response, so they are
not entirely reliablea
Quantitative Tests
Advantages
The greatest advantage of a quant:itative test is that it ilidicates
respirator fit numerically, and does not rely on a subjective response.
The quantitative test is highly recommended when facepiece leakage must be
minimized for work in highly toxic atmospheres or the. 1e immediately
dangerous to life or health.
Disadvantages
Quantitative fitting ~ests require expensive equipment that can be
operated only by highly trained personnel and is unsuitable for field use
because of its complexi .. ty and bulk. Each test respirator must be equipped
with a sampling probe to allow removal of a continuous air sample.
t!
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RESPIRATOR FITTING PROCEDURES
One point must be kept in mind throughout the following discussions. The OSHA
regulations require that workers be allowed to test the facepiece-to-face seal
of the respirator.
QUALITATIVE FITTING TESTS
Negative Pressure Test. The wearer can perform this test by himself in the
field. It consists merely of closing off the i~let of the canister,
cartridges(s), or filtex(s) by covering with the palm(s) or replacing the
seal(s), or of squeezing the breathing tube so that it does·not pass ai:i:';
inhaling gently so that the facepiece collapses slightly; and holding the
breath for 10 seconds. If the facepiece remains slightly collaps@.d and no
inward leakage is detected, the respirator is probably tight enough.
This test, of course, can be used OL..y on respirators with tight-fitting
facepiec~s ..
Although, this test is simple, it has severe drawbacks, primarily that the
wearer must handle the respirator aft~r it has supposedly been positioned on
his face. This handling can modify the facepiece seal.
Positive Pressure Test. This test is very lil'Je the negative pressure test,
and it has the same advantages and limitations. It is conducted by closing
off the exhal~tion valve and exhaling gently into the facepiece. The fit is
considered satisfGctory if slight positive pressure can be built up inside the
f~~epiece without any evidence of outward leakage.
Quantitative Fittiag Test. All quantitative respirator. performance tests
involve. placing the wearer in an a~osphere containing an easily detectable,
relatively nontoxic gas, vapor, or aerosol. Tne atmosphere inside the
6-30
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respirator is sampled continuous:'y through a probe in the respiratory inlet
covering. The leakage is expressed as a percentage of the challenge
atmosphere outside the respirator, called "'per cent of penetration, •• or simply
"penetration".
CORRECTIVE LENSES
Spectacles. Temple bars on spectacles inter£ ere with the seal of full
facepiece respirators and are not acceptable. Full facepieces are ~~quired to
provide interior appurt~nances for moun~ing spectacl~s. It is necessary to
obtain spectacles designed for this purpose, since it is not practicable to
adapt conventional frames.
Half and quarter mask may interfere with proper sealing of spectacles. If
spectacles are necessary, the respir~tor fit is not complete unless the
spectacles Are found to be compatible with the facepiece.
Contact Lenses. Contact lenses are not to be worn with full facepiece
respirators. Donning a full facepiece tends to pull at the outer c~rner of
the eyes, and this is the motion used to remove contact lenses$ A lense
dislodged while a worker is wearing a full facepiece necessitates a trip to an
area where the mask can be removed with safety and such conditions may not
always exist.
RESl?IRATOR USE
Random Inspection
Respirators in use shall be randomly inspected frequently to ensure that those
selected for the job are being used and they they are in good condition.
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Respiratory protection is no better than the res~irator in use~ Periodic
monitoring of respirator use should include: ')
Determination that the proper respirators are being used.
Determination that respirators are being worn properly.
ConsulatiDn with wearers about:
Discomfort
Resistance to breathing
Fatigue
Int:erf erence with vision
Interference with communications
Restriction of movement
Interference with job performance
Confidence in the respirator
Problems discovered during the random inspections must be rectified.
Employee Re.sponsi bili ty
Proper supervision of respirator use should ensure that each worker
understands that he has the following responsibilitias.
He shall use the resp.-' .. rator as instructed.
He shall guard against damaging the respirator.
He shall go immediately to an area ha.ving respirable air if the
respirator fails to provide proper protection.
He shall report any respirator malfunction to a person responsible for
the respirator program or his supervisor.
WORK IN DANGEROUS An.!OSPHERES
All personnel supervising or entering in these area shall be familiar with
these procedures.
6-32
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Persons using air-line respirators in atmospheres immediately hazardous to
life or health shall be equipped with safety harnesses and safety lines for
lifting or removing persons from hazardous atmospheres or other and equivalent
provisions for the rescue of persons from hazardous atmospheres shall be
used. A standby man or men with suitable self-contained breathing apparatus
shall be at the nearest fresh air base for emergency rescue.
Before a person is permitted to wear an air-line respiratoL in a hazardous
I
atmosphere, an industrial hygiene, or safety department representative or a
qualified industrial hygienist shall be responsible for compliance with the
following:
(1) Air-line hose from a compressor or cylinder air supply shall be
protected from damage, including cutting, kinking, crushing, or
burning .. In some cases an armored hose shall be used. Hose
couplings shall be protected against disconnection. Trailing
air-line hose shall be arranged to minimize tripping and to permit
ready escape ..
(2) The cylinder containing the air supply for an air-line respirator
shall be tested for oxygen concentration and carbon monoxide content
and shall be respirable. All air shall meet the minimum
specification for Type I, Grade D gaseous air of the Compressed Gas
Association Commodity Specification for Air, F-7 .1-1966. The air
supply in the cylinder shall be adequate for co~pletion of the work
and escape. Oxygen mu.Bt never be used with air-line respirators.
(3) The compressor for supplying air shall be equipped with necessary
safety and standby devices. An air storage receiver shall also be
provided to furnish the wear ~~th an adequate supply of ~scape air if
the compressor fails to operate. A compressor shutoff alarm and
net..essary aerosol and vapor and gas filters shall also be
incorporated into the system.
6-33
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.If an oil-lubricated compressor is used, it shall have a
high-temperature or carbon monoxide alarm, or both. If only a
high-temperature alarm is used, the air from the compressor shall be
frequently tested for carbon monoxide to insure that it meets the
specification in Part 2 of this part.
(4) The wearer shall be properly trained in the use of the air-line
respirator and shall be well-informed of the hazard. A standard
operating procedure shall be prepared for each situation f ... which
air-line respirators are employed in atmosphere1s immediately
hazardous to life or health, a~d air-line respirator users shall be
thoroughly familiar with this procedure.
(5) Continuous-flow air-line respirators are designed for maximum comfort
with a minimum airflow that will adequately protect the wearer in a
non-hazardous atmosphere. However, they are capable of providing
adequate airflow to protect the wearer in a hazardous atmosphere.
This adequate airflow is obtained when the air-flow control valve is
fully open.
The recommended minimum airflGws for use of air-line respirators in
hazardous atmosph~res are five cubic feet per minute to tight fitting
facepieces and seven cubic feet per minute to loose fitting hoode or
helmets. .Persons wearing supplied-air suits shall follow the
manufacturer's instruction concerning minimum airflow.
For further information un furnishing compressed air to air-line respirators,
refer to Compressed Gas Association Pamphlet G-7-1976e
6-34
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-RESPIRATOR INSPECTION, CLE .. WING, MAINTENA~"'CE AND STORAGE
Respirator Inspection, Clearing, Maintenance._!~ Storage Program
Scrupulous respirator maintenance must be made an integral part of the overall
respirator program. Wearing poorly maintained or malfunctioning respirators
is, in one sense, more dange1:ous than not wearing a respiratqr at all. The.
worker wearing a defective d~vice thinks he is protected when, in reality, he
is not. Emergency escape and rescue devices are particularly vulnerable to
poor maintenance as they generally are used infrequently, and then in the most
hazardous and demanding circumstances. The possible consequences of wearing a
defective emergency escape and ~escue device are lethal.
The OSHA standards strongly emphasize the importance of an adequate
maintenance program and include at least:
Inspection for defects (including a leak check),
C1 eanittg and di$in£ ecting
Repai:r,
Storage.
A proper maintenance progr~m ensures that the worker's respirator remains as
effective as when it was new.
Freguency of Inspection
OSHA requires that .. all respirators be inspected before and after each use,"
and that those not used routinely, i.e. emergency escape and rescue devices,
"shall be inspected after each use and at least monthlyo••" In one case, the
respirator is to be inspected both before and aftar each use, in the other
case, only after use. However, it is highly unlikely that anyone needing a
respirator in a hurry.,.. as during an emergency, is going to inspect it. In
fact, it could be dangerous to take time to do so. ·
6-35
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Inspection Procedures
The OSHA standards state only that respirator inspection shall include:
A check of the tightness of the connections
A check of the facepiece,. valves, connecting, tube and canisterso
Tile st:andards also state that the regulator and warning devices on Self
Contained Breathing Apparatus shall be checked for proper functioning.
~"IELD INSPECTION
Air-Purifying Respirator~
Routinely used air-purifying respirators should be checked as follows before
and after each use.
..
(a) Exam!na the facepiece for:
Excessive dirt, cracks, tears, holes, or distortion from improper
storage,
Inflexibility (stretch and massatge to restore flexibility),
~acked or badly scratched lenses in tull facepieces,
Incorrectly mounted full facepiece lens or broker or missing mountlng
clips,
Cracked or broken air-purifying element holder( s), badly worn
threads, or missing fa.sket(s) (if required).
(b) Examine the headst:raps or head harness for:
Breaks, Loss of elasticity,
Brokr.t"J.:.t or malfunctioning buckles and attachments,
(Full facepiec!es only) Excessively worn serrations on the head
harness which might permit slippage.
6-36 -
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(c) Examine the exhalation valve for the following after removing its
cover:
Foreign material, such as detergent residue, dust particles, or human
hair under the valve seat,
CraCks, tears, or distortion in the valve material,
Improper insertion of the valve body in the facapi~ce,
Cracks, breaks, or chips in the valve body, particularly in the
sealing surface,
Missing or defective valve cover,
Improper installation of the valve in the valve body.
(d) Examine the air-purifying elements for:
Incorrect (:!artridge, canister, or filter for the hazard,
Incorrect installations loose connections, missing or worn gaskets,
or cross-threading in holder,
Expired shelf-life date on cartridge or canister,
Cracks or dents in outside case of filter, cartridge, or canister,
Evidence of prior use of sorbent cartridge or canister, indicated by
absence of sealing material, tape, foil, etco, over inlet.
(e) If the device has a corrugated breathing tube, examine it for:
Broken or missing end conttectors,
Missing or loose hose clamps,
Deterioration, determined by stretching the tube and looking for
cracks.
(f) Examine the harness of a front -or -back -mounted gas mask for:
Damage or t.rear to the canister holder which may prevent its being
held securely in place,
Broken harness straps or fastenings.
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Atmosphere-Supplying Respirators
For a routinely used atmosphere-supplying device, use the following procedures:
(a) If the device has a tight fitting facepiece~ use the procedures
outlined above for air-purifying respirators, except those pertaining
to the air-purifying elements.
(b) If the device is a hood~ helmet, blouse or full suit~ use the
following procedures.
Examine the hoodll blouses: or full suit for rips and tears, seam
integrity, etc. ,
Examine the protective headgear, if required, for general condition
with emphasis on the suspension inside the headgear,
Examine the protective faceshie.i..d, if any, for cracks or breaks or
impaired vision due to rebouo~ing abrasive particles,
•
Make sure that the protective screen is intact and secured correctly
over the faceshield of abrasive blasting hoods and blouses.
(c) Examine the. air supply system. for:
Integrity and good condition of air supply lines and hoses, including
attaChments and end fittings,
Correct op1ration and condition of all regulators, valves, or other
air-flow regulators.
On Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus determine that the high pressure
cylinder of compressed air or oxygen is sufficiently charged for the intended
use, preferably fully charged (mandatory on an emergency device). On
closed-circuit SCBAs, make sure that a fresh canister of CO sorbent is
installed before use, or that the total use time on the canister is known.
open-circuit SCBAs, recharge the cylinder if less than 25% of the useful
service time relllains. All these SCBAs are required to have a warning device
On
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that indicates when this poin.t is re~iched. However! it is much preferred that
an open-circuit SCBA be fully charged before use ..
·-
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lYh.~n an air-pul-:ifying c;;: ~tmosphere ~upplying device is used nonroutinely, all
the above procedures should be followed after each u.se. OSHA requires that
devices for emergency use be inspected o~ce a month and that "a record shall
be kept of. inspection dates and findings for respirators maintained for
emergency use."
If defects ere fo·und during any field inspection, two remedies are possible·.
If the defect is m.ino:r:, .i:epair and/or adjustment may be made on the s~ot. If'
it is major) the device should be removed from service until it can be
repaired. Under no circumstances should a device that is known to be
t1efectj:ve be used.
L_. _________ ,_.,...,. __ ~·;------6--3....;,9 ______________________ .,
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APPENDIX 1
RESPIRATORY PROTECTION FACTORS
Concentrations in
Multiples of Permissible
Exuosure limits
5 X
10 :X:
50 X
1,000 X
2,000 X
Facepiece
PressuJ:e
-
+
0
0
6-40
Permissible Respirators
Single use dust
Quarter-mask dust
Half-mask dust
Half-or Quarter mask, fume
Half-or Quarter mask,
High Efficiency
Half-mask Supplied air
Full facepiece, High
Efficiency
Full facepiece, supplied
air
Full facepiece
Self-Contained Brea...:hing
Apparatus (SCBA)
Powered, High-Efficiency
all enclosures
Half-mask, supplied air
Supplied air with full
facepiece, hood, helmet
or suit
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. . .
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-~-~~.;:,"' ·'a···---'-.--· ---·'---· -· ---·-"-~~~-----'· ............. -·-·····-·-· .,L. _" .... -.... --.---.. ---C...·...o .............. -" •.. ___ .... -·--·--·· ... "~--"-~·-"·-··"~.....,..,--~ , ____ ....,:__· __ .,,,,_,~ _ _._...._~~-~.....:;~~-~,----..---:·-~-.. ~\ .• ""''""'~"'",._.,~.._-;:!:,..,.......:...: .•
10,000 X +
Emer~ency entry into +
u"'.known Concentrations
or firefighting
Escape only* +
Not~s:
Full facepiece, open
circuit SCBA
Full facepiece supplied
air and auxiliary
Air Tank
Full facepiece open
eire ui t SCBA
Any SCBA with full face-
piece
Any self rescurer
1. Half-mask respirators should not be used if the partieulate matter
causes eye irritation at the use concentration.
2. Full facepiece supplied air respirators should not be used in any
atmosphere which is immediately dangerous to life or health unless
it is equipped with an auxilfary air tank which can be operated in
the positive pressure.
6-41
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*In an atmosphere whlch is immediately dangerous to life or health.
Concentrations in
Multiples of Permissible
Exposure limits
10 X
50 X
1,000 X
2,000 X
10,000 X
RESPIRATORY PROTECTION FACT\)RS
Facepiece
Pressure
0
0
+
6-42
WfWWI-
Permissible Respirators
Half-mask chemical cart~idge
respirator with *Name**
cartridges or cannister
Half mask, supplied air
Full face~iece gas mask or
chemical cartridge with
**Name** cartridges or
cannister
Full facepiece SCBA
Full facepieca supplied air
Half-mask supplied air
Supplied air with full
facepiece, hood, helmet
or suit
Full facepiece, ope11-ci rcui t
SCBA
Full facepiece supplied
air with
.Auxiliary air tank
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unknown concentration of
+ Full facepiece, open
circuit SCBA
firefighting
Escape only + Any full facepiece SCBA
Gasmask with a **Name**
Notes:
cannister
Any self rescurer
1. The "Name" means approved chemical cannisters or cartridges against
a specific contaminant or a com'bination of contaminants such as
organic vapor, acid gases, organic vapor plus particulates or acid
gases plus organic vapor.
2. Half-mask should not be us2d if eye irritation occurs at the use
concentration.
3. Full facepiece supplied air respirator should not be used in any
atmosphere which immediately dangerous to life or health unless it
is equipped with an auxiliary air tank which can be operated in the
positive pressure mode.
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EVALUATION OF RESPIRATOR PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS
Os.aA 1910.134 and Sec. 3.5~9 of ANSI Z88.2 state that respirator program
effectiveness shall be inspected and evaluated regularly. Periodic monitoring
is necessary to ensure that ~orkers are adequately protected. the program
should be evaluated at least annually, and the written operating procedurt 3
should be modified to reflect the evaluation results if necessary.
Frequent inspection of respirator use will determine whether the correct
respirators are being used and vorn properly. Examination of respirators in
use and in storage will indicate how well they are maintained. Wearers should
be consulted periodically about their acceptance of respirators, including the
discomfort, resistance to breathing, fatigue, interference with vision and
communication, restriction of movement, and interference with job performance,
and their confidence in the respirator's effectiveness.
The results of periodic inspection of respirator use, consultatio~~ with
wearers, measurements of hazard levels in work areas, and medical surveillance
of wearers should be reviewed, studied and analyzed to determine the
effectiveness of the respirator program.
6-44
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SECTION 7
INSPECTIONS, VIOLATIONS AND CONTEST ACTIONS
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7.1 OSHA Overview
To assure, as far as possible, that every working employee has a safe and
healthful working environment, the Occupational Safety ~nd Health Act (OSB.A)
imposes on the employers certain penalties for not complying with the OsaA
Standanis.
These penalties escalate with the severity and frequency of the cited
standards violations. In addition to the OSRA standard penalties, there are·
penalties for failure to furnish a workplace free from generally recognized
hazards wh:f.ch could cause death or serious injuries.
Al.though, ·no penalties are imposed by OSHA on the employees, it is expected
that the usual management prerogatives in dealing wlth employees will be usedo
The states are encouraged by OSHA to assume responsibility for the
administration and enforcement of their own occupational safety and health
laws. Those states that have developed this capability have preempted the
Federal Safety .Administration within their areasv
The act co·vers all employees employed .in a business which af~ects commerce.
This is given a broad interpretation to afford protection to nearly all
employees.
7.2 Administration of OSHA --", ___ _
Administration and enforcement of OSHA are vested primarily in the Secretary
of L:1bor and in the Occupational Safety and 'Health Review Commissj.on, a
quasi-judicial board of three members appointed by the P-residents Research
and related functions are vested in the Secretary of Health, Education, and .
Welfare and will, for the most part, be carried out by the National Institute
for Occupational Safety and Bealth (NIOSH), established ~thin HEW. The task
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of compiling injury and illness statistical data is vested in the Bureau of
Labor Statistics. The primary functions· of each of these units are briefly
described below.
7.2.2-Occupational Safety and Health Administration (Os.aA)
OSRA, headed by an Assistant Secretary of Labor, was created within the US
Department of Labor to carry ou.t the functions of the Secretary. The primary
function 6£ OSHA is to promulgate and enforce occupational safety and health
standards.
Ten regional offices have been established within OsaAo The pri~Lry mission
of the Regional Administrator is to supe:&.~vise, coordinate, evaluate, and
execute all programs of OSHA in the region.
Area offices have been established within ~ach regi~n· TI1e mission of the
Area Director is to carry out the compliance progr~ of O~A within designated
geographic areas. The area office staff carries out its activities under the
general supervision of the Area Director and the guidance of the Regional
Administrator, using policy instructions received from the national
headquarters.
7.2.3 -Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission (OSHRC)
The Occupational Safety a+td Health Review Conmdssion is an independent
establishment of the Executive Branch of the US Government. The principal
function of the Comm,ission is to adjudicat' ~ertain disput.es between an
employer and the Secretary, or between an !mplo.>.,.ee and the Secreta:ry!
Upon notification from OSHA, the Commission hears all appeals on actions by
·-the Secretary concerning alleged violations, citations, proposed penalties,
and abatement periods, and determines the appropriateness of such actionso
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. , When necessary, the Commission may conduct its own investigatior.. and may
affirm, modify, or vacate the Secreta-ry's findings. The Commission is the
final administrative authority to rule on a particular case, but its findings
and orders can be subject to further review by the civil courts.
7.2e4-National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
The primary functions of NIOSH are to develop recommended occupational safety
aud health criteria for the Occupational Safety and HeSlth Ad~nistration; to
conduct research programs; to conduct educational programs which provlde an
adequate supply of qualified personnel to carry out the purpose of the Act;
and to conduct informational programe on the proper use of adequate safety and
health equipment.
7.2.5 -Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS)
The responsibility of conducting statisticel surveys and establishing methods
used to acquire injury and illness data has been vested in the Bureau of Labor
Statistics of the UD Department of Labor.
7o3-Employer and Employee Rights and Obligations
7.3.1 =Employer Rights and Obligations
The employer has the general duty to furnish to his employees a place
of employment that is free from recogni~ed hazaDds that are causing or
are likely to cause death or serious physical harm.
-The employe.r has the specific duty to comply with occupational safety
·and health standards promulgated under OSHA.
-Employers may request that the Secreta~ begin proceedi~gs for
adoption of a new standard or repeal of an existing one.
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-Employers may submit written data or comments on proposed standairls
and may. appear as an interested party at any hearlng held hy the
Secretary.
-Employers may file ~tten objections tu a proposed standard and/or
~y appeal the final decision of the Secretary.
-E121pl~j'i'~?s may apply to the Secretary fo·r a temporary order granting a
variance fro!! a .standard.
-Employers may contest a citation or propa~ed assessme~t or penalty
with the Beviev Co11mlission.-
-Employers adversely affected by a commission order may obtain a review
by the US Court of Appeals.
7.3.2-Employee Rights and Obligations
-Employees have varied rights under the Act. Some of these affect
labor negotiations and all superintendents should be awa~e of these
provisions.
-Each employee covered by the ~t shall comply with occupational safety
and health standards and all rules, regulations and oiders issued
pursuant to the Act which are applicable to his own actions and
conduct.,
7 .3.3 -]:mployee Rights in the Standards
-Employees may request that the Secretary begin proceedings for
adoption of a new standard or amend or revoke an existing one.
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-Employees may submit written ~ata or comments on proposed standards
and may appear as an interested party at any hearing held by the
Se ere ta ry.
-Employees may file written objections to a prQposed Federal standard
and/or may appeal the final decision of the See~tarye
-Employees must be informed when their employer applies for a variance
from a promulgated standa ro.
Employees must be afforded the opportunity to participate in a
variance hearing as an interested party and have the right tc appeal
the Secretary 1 s final decision ..
7 .3.4 -Fmoloyee 's Rights to Access to Information
Employees have the right to information from the contractor regarding
employees' protection and their obligations under the Act.
Affected employees have the right to information from the contractor
regarding the toxic effe:ts, conditions of exposure, and precautions
for safe use of all hazardous materials in the establishment by means
of warning where such information is
prescribed by :J. standard.
-If employees are exposed to harmful materials iu excess of levels set
by the standards, the affected employees must be so informed by the
contractor who must also iuform the employees thus exposed of the
corrective action being tdken.
-If a comp:J.iance o:>';ficer determines that an alleged imminent danger
• exists, he must infa,~f:'ln the affected employees of the danger and .
further inform that he is recommending to the Se~retary that relief be
sought by court action.
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Upon request, employees must be gi,ren access to records of their
history of exposure to toxic materials or harmful physical agents that
must be monitored or measured and recorded.
-If a standard requir~s the monitoring or measuring of hazardous
materials cr harmful physical agents, employees must be given the
opportunity to observe such monitoring or m~asuring and to have access
to such records.
Employees have the right of access to (a) the list of toxic materials
published by NIOSH~ (b) criteria developed by NIOSH describing the
effects of toxic materials or ha.rmful physical agents and, (c)
industry-wide studies conducted by NIOSH regarding the effects of
chronic:, low-level exposure to hazardous materials.
On writt~n request to the Secretary of HEW, an employee has the right
to obtain the determination of whether -?r not a. sub£Jtance found or
used in the establishment is harmful.
7 .3.5 -Employee Rights in Enforcemen~
-An employee has the right to confer with the compliance officer in
connection with an inspection ¢£ a jobsite.
-An authorized employee representative must be given an opportunity to
accompany the compliance officer durlng. inspection for the purpose Qf
aiding such inspection. (This is commonly known as a ~walk-around"
provision. )
-An emplot,~~ ita~ the right to make a written request to the Secre:tary
for a Bp'·:!cial inspection if the employee .believes a. violation of a
otandard threatens physical harm.
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-I~ an employee believes any violation of the Act exists, he has the
right to notify the Secretary or the ~ompliance officer in writing of
the alleged violation~ either before or during an inspection of ·the
jobsite.
Employees who file a complaint against Harza-Ebasco or who exercise any
of their rights under OSHA are engaging a "protected activity" and must
not be discrj_minated against on account of such protected activity.
If an employee's request for a special inspec~ion is denied by the
Secretary, the Secretary must notify the employee in writing of this
decision and must give reasons fo~ it. The employee has the right to
object to such a decision and may request a hearing by the Secreta~.
-If a written complaint concerning an alleged violation is submitted to
the Secretary and the compliance offic2r responding to the complaint
fails to cite the contractor for the alleged violation, the Secr.C!tary
must ful~ish the employee or his authorized representative a written
statement setting forth the reasons for hi£ final disposition.
-If the Secretary cites a contractor for a violation, employees have
the right to review a copy of the citation, and this copy m~st be
posted by the contractor at or nea~ the place where the violation
occurred.
-Employees have the right to appear as interested parties or to be
called as wit~esses in a contested eDforcement matter before the
Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission.
-If the Secretary or his representative arbitrarily, or caprici!JUsly
fails to seek relief to counteract an imminent danger and an employee .
is injured as a result, that employee has the right to bring action
against the Secretary for relief, as may be appropriate.
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7.4-OSHA Inspections
Compliance officers of the Department of Labor are authorized to enter without
delay·and at reasonable times any construction site to inspect and investigate
in a reasonable manner all pertinent conditions, equipment and facilities$
'lb.ey may also question privately any employer, employee or agent and to review
records required under the Acto
When the compliance officer enters the project site, it is important that he
be received with the proper attitude and respect.
Prior to the field inspection, the compliance officer should be introduced to
the Project Superintendent. At this time, the compliance officer may request
a meeting of all subcontractors on the site.
7.4.1-Opening Conference
At this opening coni ere nee, the compliance officer will:
-Indicate the scope of the inspection.
-Indicate any records to be reviewedo
-Issue the employee complaint if this is his reason for inspecting site.
~ Indicate who may accompany him on his inspection tour.
-Review his right to have a pri"ld.te conferelU:e with the employees.
-Answer questions of those in attendance.
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At the beginning of the inspection, the compliance officer will review the
safety program of each contractor to formulate an evalua1;_ion which .may later
be used to mitigate any money penalties for violations found.
7.4.2-Inspection Tour
The compliance officer will determine whether anyone else will accompany him.
A representative of the contractor and of the union will be given the
opportunity to accompany the compliance officer on the inspection tour.
As the inspection moves from area to area, different contractor representa-
tives may be asked to join. The compliance officer will be in charge of the
inspection tour. The Harza-Ebasco Joint Venture Safety Representative will
accompany the compliance officer unless the Project Superintendent determines
otherwise.
Sometime during the inspection, the Project Office Safety Department shall be
notified that an OSHA inspection is in progress.
The compliance officer will note any items he feels are apparent violations
and may take pic·tures and any necessary instrument readings. These will serve
as the bases for any alleged violation, which wi.ll be cited in the formal
citation report. Ebasco should note any information which the compliance
officer uses and should take similar pictures~ so that if the violation is
cited, we will have a record of the infor.mation that will be used against us.
During the tour, the employees may bring to the compliance officer's
attention, any apparent OSB:A standard violations.
If the compliance officer feels the need for hygiene tests, he will call in an
OSHA hygienist to make the official survey and any tests required.
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If the cause of the inspection is an employee's complaint, the compliance
officer, after the opening conference, may go directly to the alleged
violation in question. If the violation is determined to be valid, he will
usually conduct a full site inspection. If it is not a valid complaint, he
may leave the site without ~urther inspection.
7.4.3 -Closing Conference
Upon completion of the inspection tour, the employees will be excused and the
compliance officer will meet individually with all contractor employer
representative in order:
~ To review what alleged violations he has found
-To ask for responsible abatement times
-To explain appeal procedures
It is very important that you think carefully about what you say to the
compliance officer. What you say can and will be used against Ebasco.
7.5 -!Zpes of Violations and Penalties
7.5ml-Imminent Danger
The Act defines imminent danger as "Any conditions or practices in any place
of employment which are such that a dt~nger exists which could reasonably be
expected to cause death or serious physical harm immediately or before the
imminence of such danger can be eliminated through the enforcement procedures
otherwise provided by the Act." Therefore, for a condition or practice to
constitute an.imminent danger, there must be a reasonable certainty that
immediately or within a short period of time such condition or practice could
result in death or serious physical harm. Nor.nally a health hazard would not
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~-· constitute an imminent danger except in extreme situations, such as the
presence of potentially lethal concentrations of airborne toxic substances,
which are immediate threat to the lives or health of employees.
If during the course of inspection the compliance officer determines that the
existing set of conditions appears to constitute an imminent danger, he will
attempt to have the danger corrected immedia.tely through voluntary
compliance. The employer or his representative will be advised that such a
danger exists. Also, if any employees appear to be in imminent danger, they
Will be informed of the danger, and the employer will be requested to remove
them from the area of the imminent danger.
An employer will be deemed to have eliminated the imminence of danger if he
removes employees from the danger area and eliminates the conditions or
pra~tices that result in the imminent danger.
If abatement is refused, the compliance officer will immediately inform the
affected employees of the danger involved and trlll inform the employer aud
affected employees tbat he is recommending a civil action (in the form of a
court aider) for appropriate relief (e.g.» shutting down the operation). The
compliance officer will personally post an imminent danger citation, OSHA-8
Form, at or near the area in which the exposed employees are working. The
compliance officer has no authority either to order the closing down of the
operation or to direct employe:es to leave the area of the alleged imminent
danger or the workplace.
7.5.2-Serious Violations
To detei'mine if a violation is serious., the compliance officer must answer the
following questions:
-Is there a substantial probability that death or serious physical harm
could result?
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Does the employer know, or with the exercise of reasonable diligence,
should he have known of the hazard?
If the answer to both is "yes" then a serious violation existse
Penalty -up to $1,000 -for each violation
7 .. 5.3 ... Non-Serious Violations
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If the more likely consequence of a violation is something less than death or
serious physical hal.'Dl, -or if the employe.r did not know of the hazard, then the
violation will be considered a non-serious violation. For example, a
·violation of housekeeping standards that might result in a tripping hazard
would be classified as a non-serious violation since the more probable
consequence of such a condition would be strains, or contusions, which are not
classified as serious physical harm.
Penalty -up to $1,000 ~ for each violation
7. 5. 4 -De Minimis Vi olat:ions
De minimis violations are those that have no immediate or direct relationship
to safety or health.
7 o5. 5 -Willf'll.l Violations
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A willful violation exists where evidence shows that:
-The employer has intentionally and knowingly violated the .Act and
knows that such action constitutes a violation, or
-Even though the employer did not consciously violate the Act, he was
aware that a haza!dous condition existed and made no reasonable effort
to eliminate the condition.
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-Penalty -up to $10,000 -for each violation. If violation caused
death to an employee, the penalty is then not more than $10,000 and/or
imprisor~ent of up to six months.
RepeHted Violations
A re:peated violation occurs when a seeond cit~tion is issued for a violation
of a given standard or for a hazardous or unhealthful condition that violates
the general duty clause. A repeated violation differs from a failure to abate
in that repeated vj~olations exist where the employer has abated an earlier
vit)lation, and upott later inspection, is found to have violated the same
st;andard ..
Penalty -no nlore than $10,000 for each violation
7 D 5 W 7 -_2roupi ns 0 f iV'iolations
~fultiple violaticns of a single standard which are disclosed during an
:Lnspection may be grouped to constitute one alleged violation. This principle
:ts applicable to all classes of violations.
l!ttiltiple violations of non-serious standards may be considered as a serious
·violation if, in the opinioL of the compliance officer, no real effort was
umde to comply w1 th the standard.
In these cases, the propo~:.~ed penalties may be increased substantially.
7 .5.8 .... Unabated Penalties
.A citati~.,n not corrected within the abatement period affixed to the citation
iand not Ct.lntested, may be assessed a civil pe~nalty of not more than $1,000 -
for each daz during which such '7iolation continues •.
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7.5.9-Penalty Adjustments
A penalty can be adjusted 50 percent downwatd. In the adjustment, the
employer's good faith~ size of business, and past history of previous
vi·-lations are considered.
A reduction of up to 20% may be given for good faith. Evidence of good faith
is the employer's awareness of osaA and any overt indications of the
employe:t:' s activities to comply with th·: Act.
A t>eduction of up to 10% may be given for small businesses measured in terms
of the number of employees.
A reduction of up to 20% may be given on the basis of the employer's past
favorable history, primarily with OsaA citations.
Another adjustment of up to 50% c:an he gained by an abatement credit. This
adjustment may be allowed if~ upon recogni~ion by the compliance of£icer
during the inspection tour, items considered possible violations are promptly
corrected and this fact is brought to his attention.
7.5.10-Contesting OSHA Cit~~ions
Mauy contractors, upon receipt of citations for violations of the Construction
Safety Standards, OSHA, have rou\t:inely paid assessed fines simply because the
feeling existed that, "we got by pretty good with only a couple of hundred
dollars fine."
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This approach may be detrimental in the long run. In several situations
citations have been improperly re~orded by inspectors, the wrong set of
standards has been used to determine a safety violation, or there has been a
construction procedure which prohibits compliance with the safety
requirements. Each of the above may be sufficient grounds for dismissal of
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the citation and proposed penalty upon appeal. An automatic payment of this
kind acknowledges this 7iolation and admits guilt on the part of the
employer. It is conceivable that eventually these so-called minor infractions
will become repeated violations with serious consequences for the employer5
Records are kept listing Violations of all fims. It is therefore conceivable
to assume that OSHA attorneys, in future cases involving your firm~ will
produce these records showing a historical violation of ~egulations.
OSHA inspettions are on the increase. If a compliance inspection results in a
citation, your knowledge of procedures to contest such citations becomes
im-:reasiugly important.
A c:l.ta.tion alleging violations will refer to a specific section of the safety
standards. Your fit-st reaction to a citation should be to carefully evaluate
the c.ot!ditions or exposure existing at the time the inspection was made.
Compare your evaluation with the requirements of the standard you are alleged
to have violated. If in your judgement there is a discrepancy either in
design,\ ma.terial·s or procedures between the cited standard and the conditions
or exposure whiCh existed when the inspection was made, you should request an
informal conference wtth the OSHA Area Director.
One et:'i terion for designating a violation as a serious violation is
"substantial probability" of serious physical harm or death occurring from
that eoudition.
Prior to ,~ither an informal hearing or initiation of a contest action,
notification of intent to initiate such action shall be given to the Project
Office Safety Department.
An informal conference may also ba requested if your citation alleges a
serious violation over which your own and the OSHA interpretation of
substantial probability a~e not in agreement.
7-15
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At an informal conference you should provide to the Area Director only that
information which supports your position on the point in question. If the
informal conference does not obtain the desired results, do not present
witnesses or other evidence. Your next step in contesting the citation is a
formal hearing.
An employer has the right to contest a citation, a proposed penalty, notice of
failure to correct a violation or the time allotted for abatement of a
violation or any combination of theseu In such proceedings the affected
employees or the authorized employee representative are deemed parties to the
proceeding. In contesting an OSHA Administration enforcement acti~u, the
project must comply With the following:
1. Notify the OSHA Administration Area Office which initiated action
that he is conteAting. Tbis must be done Within 15 working days
from receipt of the Administration's notice of proposed penalty,
sent by certified mail. If ·t:he employer does not contest within 15
working days after receipt of the notice of proposed penalty, the
citation, and proposed assessment of penalties are deemed to be a
final order of the Occupational Safety and Health Review CoiQI:ftission
and are not subject to review by any court or agency and the alleged
violation must be corrected within the a~atement period specified in
the citation.
2. If any of the employees working on the site of the alleged violation
are union members, a copy of the notice cf contest must be served
upon the union.
3. If any employees who work on the site are not represented by a
union, a copy of the notice of contest must either be posted at a
place where the employees will see it~or be served upon them
personally.
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t 4. Tile n~~tice of contest must also contain a-listing of the names and
addresses of those parties who have been personally served a notice
and, if such noti~e is posted, the address of the place where the
notice was posted.
5. If the employees at the site of the alleged violation are not
represented by a union and have not been personally served w1.th a
copy of the notice to contest, posted copies must specifically
advise the unrepresented employees that they may be prohibited from
asserting their status as parties to the case if they fail to
properly identify themselves to the Commission or judge (hearing
examiner) pri.or to the commencement of the hearing or at the
beginning of the hearing.
6. There is no specific form for the notice of conteste However, such
notice should ~learly identify what is being contested -the
citation, the proposed penalty, the notice of failure to correct a
violation~ or the time allowed for abatement of the violation or any •
combination of these items.
With respect to citations and proposed pe~lties, an employee or authorized
employee representative may contest only the time allotted for abatement of an
alleged ~iolation.
When a notice of contest is received by an Area Director from an employer or
from an employee or an authorized employee representative, he will file with
the Review Commission the notice of contest and all contested citations,
proposed penalties, abatement times, or notice of failure to abate. Upon
receipt of the notice of contest from the Area Director, the Executive
~cretary: of the Commission will assign the case a docket number.
Within 20 days of the date the Notice of Contest is received by OSHA, counsel
for the Secretary of Labor must file a written complaint with the Review
7-17
•
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Commission. 'ntis complaint sets forth the alleged violations in detail,
relates the basis for the proposed abatement period, and the justification for
the proposed penalty. A copy of the complaint must be sent to all other
parties to the caste.
Employers must file a writte-n answer to the complaint with the Review
Commission within 15 days of the date the Secretary files the complaint. The
answer must be either a general denial of the complaint or it must specify
those statements ill the complaint that are denied or that can be explained.
When these pleadi~~s are completed, the employer will be notified of the name
of the commission judge to wh:f.ch the case bas been assigned. Pre-hearing
conferences may then be scheduled by the Review Commission.
A notice as to the time and place of the hearing will be received by the
employe~ at least 10 days in advance, and the hearing notice must be posted by
the employer.
The formal hearing is an adversary civil procedure and the burden of proof
rests with the plaintiff, the Secretary of Labor. In preparing for your
formal hearing, compare ea~h alleged violation, serious or non-serious, with
the cited standard. You should divulge no information concerning your defense
strategy unless directed to do so in writing by the Solicitor for the
Secretary of Labor.
When a case goes to hearing before a Review Commission judge, an employer's
evidence and argument on penalties receives the same consideration as that of
the Secretary of Labor. The actual hearing is conducted like a trial in court
and is usually conducted in or near the community whe~e the alleged violation
occurred. The OSHA Administrator will present its case and will be subject to
a cross exa~nation by othe~ parties. The defendant then presents his case .
and will be subject to a cross examination by other parties. Affected
·employees or an authorized employee representative may participate in the
l
' .
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hearings. The decision by the judge will be based only on what is in the
reco.rd. Therefore, if statements are unchallenged, the statement will be
assumed to be fact.
Upon completion of the hearings, the judge will submit the record and his
report to the Commission. Each patty will rece;l.ve a copy. The decision
becomecS final 30 days after its receipt by the Commission,. unless within that
30 day period any Commission Member directs that the case be reviewed by the
full Commission. If any Commission Member orde~s a review of the case, the
Commission itself must render a decision. The Commission's orders become
final 15 days after issuance unless stayed by a court order.
Any person adversely affected or aggrieved by an order of the Commission may
obtain a review of such order in the US Court of Appeals if sought within 60
days of the olrler's issuance.
7.5.11-Petitions for Modifications of Abatement Date
An employer may file a petition fer. modification of abatement date when he has
made a good faith effort to comply with the abatement requirements of a
citation, but such abatement has not been completed because of factors beyond
his reasonable control.
A petition for modification of abatement date shall be in WTiting and shall
include the following info:r:mation:
1. All steps taken by the employer and the dates of such a~tion, in an
effort to achieve compliance during the prescribed abatement period.
2. The specific additional abatement time necessary in o~~er to achieve
compliance.
l~---------------·--~---------7--1 __ 9 __________________ , __ ~------
•
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3. The reasons such additional time is necessary, including the
unavailability of professional or technical persoanel or of
materials and equipment, or because necessary construction or
alteration of facilities cannot be completed by the original
abatement date.
4. Al.l available interim steps being taken to safeguard the !:!mployees
against the cited hazard during the abatement period.
5. A certification that a copy of the petition has been posted and, if
appropriate, served on the authorized representative of affected
employees, and a certification of the date upon which such posting
and service was made.
A petition for modification of abatement date shall be filed with the Area
Director of the United States ~partment of Labor who issued the citation ncl
later than the close of the next working day followi~g the date on which
abatement wae originally required. A later-filed petition shall be
accompanied by the employer's statement of e:z:ceptional circumstances
explaining the delay.
A copy of such petition shall be posted in a conspicuous place where all
affected employees Will have notice thereof or near such location where the
violation occurred. The petition shall remain posted for a period of ten (10)
days. Where affected employees are repres~nted by an author.ized
representative said representative shall be served with a copy of such
petition.
Affected employees or their representatives may file an objection in writing
to such petition with the aforesaid Area Director. Failure to file such
objection:. within ten (10) days of t:he date of posting of such peti.tion or of
service upon an authorized representative shall constitute a waiver of any
further right to object to said petition.
7-20
) .. ·
,.
The Secretary or his duly authorized agent shall have the authority to approve
any such petition for modification of abatement date. Uncontested petitions
shall become final orders.
The Secre taey or his authorized representative shall not exerc.ise his approval
power until the expiration of fifteen (15) working days from the date the
petition was posted or served by the employer.
Where any petition is objected to by the Secretary or affected employees, the
petition, citation, and any objections shall be forwarded to the Commission
within three (3) working days after the e:piration of the fif~een (15) day
p·eriod.
7-21
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• ' ~~,~.~'-~--.~~ _,-. ·-~--~~~~ ~~~---. ......_...........,..._"'"'~·""-·..;~~ • .,.__,._ ___ " ·~· -~---------'""' _, . .• . ~---, ·<~"" -~~ <-~-,_,,_,_ __ ....__-"-•'""---··----·-,., ..• -
SEC'r.!ON 8
GENERAL SAFETY & HEALTH REFERENCES
.... .j
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REFERE 1\"CES
A. GENERAL SAFETY & HEALTH REFEREN:ES
The following is a list a~d the source of common safety and health
references us~d ~~ Comp~ny and Safety Representatives and other Company
Supervisors.
1. Accideut Prevention Manual for Industrial Operations, F. E.
McElroy, (National Safety Council, 425 N. Michigan Ave., Chicago,
IL 60611)
2. Advanced First Aid and Emergency Care, (American National Red
Cross, 17th and ESt., N.w., Washington, D.c. 20005 1973, 318 p
or local Red Cross Chapter)
3. ANSI Standards, (.American National Standards Institute, 1430
Broadway, New York, N.Y. 10018)
4. Blasters Handbook, (E.I. duPont de Nemours and Coe Explosives
Department:, Wilmington, Delaware 19898)
5. Dangerous Properties of Industrlal Materials, (H. Irving Sax,.
Reinhold Book Corp., 430 Park Ave. i New York, N.Y. 10022)
6. 'Dictionary of Terms used in the Safety Profession (American Society
of Safety Engineers, SSO Busse Highway, Park Ridge, IL 60068)
7. Explosives Handling, Storage, Use and Transportation Pamphlets,,
(Institute of Makers of Explosives, 420 Lexington Ave., New York,
N .. Y.)
s. . Fire Codes, (National Fire Protection Association, 60 Batterymarcb.
St., Boston, Massachusetts 02110)
• •
•
REFERENCES (Cont'd)
9. Fire Protection Handbook, (National Fire Protection Association,
60 Batterymarch St., :Boston, Massachusetts 02110)
10. Fundamentals of Industrial Hygiene, (National Safety Council, 425
N. Michigan Ave., Chicago, Illinois 60611)
11. General Safety Requirements, Corps of Engineers, u .. s. Army,
(Superintendent of Documents, U. s. Government Printing Office,
Washington, D. c. 20401)
12. Industrial Noise Manual, (American Industrial Hygiene Association,
14115 Prevost St., Detroit, Michigan 48227)
13. Industrial Ventilation, American Conference of Government
Industrial Hygienists (Committee on Industrial Ventilation,
B~x 16153, Lansing, MI 48902)
14. Motor Carrier Safety Regulations, U. S. Department of
Transportation, (Bureau of Motor Carrier Safety, Washington,
D. C. 20590)
15. National Electrical Code, (~~A, 470 Atlantic Ave.) Boston,
MA 02210)
16. Riggers Bible, (R. P. Leach, P. o. Box 3302, Glenstone St.,
Springfield, MI)
P. 0 ..
17. Rigging, Handbook of, We E. Rossuagel, (McGraw-Hill Publishing Co.,
P~ 0. Box 509, Hightstown, New Jersey 08520)
-2-
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f'-. REFERENCES ( Cont ' d) \ . t )
~
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18. SAE Technical Reports Referenced in OSHA Construction Equipment
Standards (Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc., 400 Commonwealth
Drive, Warrendale, Pennsylvania 15096)
19. Safety and Health Regulations for Construction, (U. s. Department
of Interi.or, Bureau of Reclamation, Division of Safety, Denver,
co 80225)
20., Handbook of Compi:essed Gases, (Reinfold Publishing Corp. Compressed
Gas Association Dept. J, 430 Park Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10022)
21. American Conference of Govermental Industrial Hygienist\S Threshold
Limit Values for Chemical Substances & Physical Agents in the
Workroom Environment, {P. o. Bax 1937, Cincinnati, Ohio 45201)
L. -3-
, _____ __
.. •
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BASIC EQUIVALENTS
LENGTH
1 centimeter • 0.3937 inch •.10 millimeters
1 foot • 0.305 meter
1 inch • 2.540 centimeters
l kilometer • 0.621 mile • 1000 meters
1 meter • 39.37 inches • 1.094 yards • 100 centimeters
1 micron • 0.001 millimeter • 0.00003937 inch
1 mi~ • 0.001 inch • 0.0254 ~limeter
1 ~i1e (statute or land) • 5,280 feet • 1.609 meters ~ 320 rods
1 rod • 5.5 yards • 16.5 f~et • 5.02 meters
l yard • 0!1914 meter
AREA --
1 acre • 43.560 square feet
1 square centimeter • 0.155 square inch
l square foot • 144 uquare inches ~ 929 square centimeters
l square inch ,. 0.00694 square foot • 6.452 square centimeters
1 square kilometer • 247.104 acres • 0.386 square mile
1 square meter m 1,196 squal"e yams • 10.764 square feet
l square yard • 0.836 square meter • 9 square feet
VCLUME
1 cubic centimeter • 1.000 milliliter • 0.610237 cubic inch • 0.0338140 u.s.
fluid ounct,
1 cubic foot • 1728 cubic inches • 7~48052 u.s. gallons • 28.3161 l~ters •
0.0.3703704 cubic yard
1 cubic inch -0.554113 u.s. fluid ounce • 16.387 cubic centimeters
1 cubic: meter • 1000 liters :a 35.3147 cubic feet
1 cubic yard • 264.172 u.s. gallons • 27 cubic feet • 46,656 cubic inches
-4-
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B. BASIC EQUIVALENTS ( Co11t ' d)
VOLUME (Cont'd)
1 fluid ounce (U.S.) • 1..80469 cubic inches • 29.573 millimeters
1 fluid ounce (British) ~ 0.96076 u.s .. fluid ounce
1 gallon (U.S.) • 231 cubic inches • 128 u.s. fluid ounces • 3.78531 liters
1 liter z 61.0255 cubic inches • 33.815 u.s. fluid ounces • 0.264179 u.s ..
gallon
1 milliliter • 0.0610255 cubic inch • 0.033815 u.s. fluid ounce
MARINER' S M::ASURES
1 fathom • 6.08 feet
1 knot • 1 nautical mile per hour
1 nautical mile • 6,080.2 feet • 1.15 statute miles
MASS
1 grain • 0.0647989 gram • 0.00228571 ounce
1 gram • 0.002204623 pound • 0.0352740 ounce
1 kilogram m 1000 grams -2.204623 pounds
1 long ton • 2240 pounds • 1.12 short tons
1 metric ton.• 1000 kilograms • 2204.623 pounds
1 ounce • 437.5 grains • 23.3495 grams
1 pound • 7000 grains • 16 ounces a 453.5923 grams
1 short ton • 2000 pounds • 0.892857 long ton • 907.1846 kilograms
VELOCITY
1 foot per minute • 0.0113636 mile/hour • 0.00508 meter/second
1 foot per second • 60 feet/minute • 0.681818 mile/.hour • 0.3048 meter/second
1 meter per second • 3.28084 feet/second • 196.850 feet/minute • 3.6
kilometer/hour • 2.23694 miles/hour
-5-
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B. BASIC EQUIVALENTS (Cont'd) · -··---
VELOCITY (Cont 'd)
1 mile per hour a 1.46667 f~t/second a 88 feet/minute -1.609344
kilometer/hour
1 kilometer per hour -0,621371 mile/hour a 0.277778 meter/second -0.911344
feet/ second
PO'f.YER
1 horsepower • 0.746 kilowatt • 550 foot-pounds/second • O;a701 Bz·itish thermal
unit/second • 0.178 kilocalorie/second
1 kilowatt a 1.34 horsepower • 737.54 foot-pounds/second • 0.948 British
thermal unit/second • 0.2388 kilocalorie/second
WORK
1 British thermal. unit • 252.08 calories • 1055.07 joules a 788 foot-pound
1 calorie • 4.1855 joules • 0.00397 British ther.mal unit
1 foot-pound • 1.35582 joules
1 joule • 0.23892 calories
1 kilowatt hour • 3413 British thermal unit a 1.34 horsepower-hour
FLOW RATES
1 cubic foot/minute • 28.32 liters/minute • 7.50 gal~ons/minute • 1.699 cubic
meters/hour • 0.01667 cubic feet/second
l cubic foot/second • 1690.0 liters/minute • 448.8 gallou9/mjnute •
102.0 cubic meters/hour
1 gallon/minute • 3o78 liters/minute • 0.221 cubic meters/hour • 0.!338 cubic ~
feet/minute 8 0.00223 cubic feet/second
-6-
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B. BASIC EQUIVALENTS (Cont'd)
FLOW RATES (Cont 'd)
1 liter/minute s 0.06 cubic meter/hour ~ 0.2640 gallon/minute • 0.0353 cubic
feet/minute • Oe000589 cubic feet/second
1 cubic meter/hour • 16.67 liter/minute • 4.4 gallons/minute • 0.588 cubic
feet/minute 3 0,00989 cubic feet/second
'-l, ______________ ~--------·---------7----------------~-----------------
c. BASIC FORMULAE
CIRCUMFEREN:E OF CIRCLE:
3.1416 x diameter
6.2832 x radius
DI.AME TER OF CIRCUJ'.E:
0.31831 x circumference
AREA OF CIRCLE:
3.1416 x square of radius
0.7854 x square of diaaeter
VOLUME OF CYLINDER:
Area of Base x perpendicular height
VCLUME OF CONE:
1/3 x area of base x perpendicular height
AREA OF SPHERE:
3.1416 x square of diameter
12e5680 x square of radius
VOLUME OF SPHERE:
0.5236 x cube of diameter
4.1893 x cube of radius
. ..
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BASIC FORMULAE (Cont'd)
AREA OF TRIA..tqGEL:
1/2 x base x altitude
TEMPERATURE CONVERSION:
Centigrade • 5/9 x (Fahrenheit -32)
Fahrenheit • 9/5 x Centigrade + 32
-9-
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CONVERSION TABLE
MULTIPLY
Acres
Barrels of Cement
Bags of Cement
Cubic feet
Cubic feet
Cubic feet
Cubic inches
Cubic inches
Cubic yards
Cubic yards
Cubic yards-
Fathoms
Feet
Meters
Meters
Meters
Miles
Pounds of Water
Pounds of Water
Pounds of Water
Square feet
Square miles
Square yams
Square yards
Tons (short)
Tons (long)
BY
43,560
376
94
7.48052
1.728
0.03104
.0005787
.004329
27
46.656
202.0
6
0.3048
3.281
39.37
1.094
5,280
0.01602
27.68
0.1198
144
640
9
.0002066
2 ·ooo ' 2,240
-10-
TO OBTAIN
Square Feet
Pounds of Cement
Pounds of Cement
u.s. Gallons
Cubic inches
Cubic yard~
Cubic feet
U ., S. Gallons
Cubic feet
Cubic inches
u.s. Gallons
Feet
Meters
Feet
Inches
Yards
Feet
Cubic feet
Cubic i nc:he s
u.s. Gallons
Square inches
Acres
Square feet
Acres
Pounds
Pounds
•
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E. DENSITY OF MATERIALS
Substance
Alcohol, 100% --------~
Sluminum, cast-
hamme%ed ------------
Aluminum. bronze -·--~ ----
Ammonia 27o9% ----
Asbestos -·--------------
.Ashes--------
Asphaltum --------------
Babbitt metal -----
Bauxite---------
Benzine -------
Brass, cast-rolled -·--
Brick, soft ------
Brick., common -·-----
Brick, hard ------
Brick, pressed _____ ,_, __ __
Brick, fire ---
Brick, sand-lime -·---
Brickwork, mortar ---
Brickwork, cement -----· --
Bronze, 7.9 to 14% Sn. --
Cement, Portland _.,. -
Chalk ---------
Charcoal, pine -·----
Clay -----------------~
Coal, anthracite ---
Coal, bituminous ---
Weight per
cubic foot
in pounds
49
165
481
56
47
43
87
456
159
46
534
100
112
125
135
145
136
100
ll2
509
94
137
23
137
97
84
Substance
Earth, mud, packed --
Emery ----------------
Feldspar-------·
Gasoline __ ___, ________ __
Glass, common----
Glass, crystal --------
Glass, flint -----
Glass, plate ----------
Gneiss ---------------
Granite ------------
Granite, piled ----
Graphite ---• · ·
Gravel, dry, loose --
Gravel, dry, packed ----
Gravel, wet -----
Gypsum -----------------
Hay and straw, in bales
Ice ------------~----
Iron, cast pig --·-·
Iron, wrought • ---
Iron, ferro silicon ----
Iron ore, hematite --
Iron ore, hematite,
in bank-----. ,,_
Iron ore, hematite, loose
Irone ore, ~imonite -----
Iron ore, magnitite --
-11-
Weight per
cubic foot
in pounds
112
250
159
42
164.
184
188
161
165
179
96
131
90-105
100-115
110
140
20
55-57
450
485
437
325
160-180
130-160
237
315
(
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E .. DENSITY OF MATERIALS (Cont'd)
Substance
Coal, peat turf, dry --
Coke ---------
Concrete, plain ----
Concrete, rein£ ore ed --
Copper, cast-rolled -·-
Cork -------------------
Earth, dey, loose
Earth, dry, packed ---
Earth, moist, loose --
Earth, moist, packed --·-
Earth, mud) flowing --
Masonry ,Ashlar, granite --
syenite, gneiss
Masonry, Ashlar, lime-
stone, marble ----
Masonry, Ashlar, sand-
stone, bluestone =--
Masonry , mortar rubble,
granite,syenite,gneisa
Masonry, mortar rubble,
limestone, marble --
Masonry, mortar rubble,
sandstone, bluestone --
Ma son:ry , dry rubble, _,_
granite,syenite,gneiss
Masonry, dry rubble, .
limestone, marble --
Weight per
cubic: foot
in pounds
47
22-27
145
150
556
15
75
93
81
100
106
165
160
140
155
.l.5J
130
,;l30·
125
Substance
Iron, slag ------------
Kerosene ---------------
Lead ----~------------
Lead ore, galena----
Lime, quick, in bulk --
Limestone
Linseed oil ------------
Magnesite --------------
Manganese -------------
Manganese ore, pyrolusite
Marble
Peat -------------------
Petroleum -------------
Petroleum, refined ---
Phosphate rock ----
Pitch --:-· ------
Plaster-of-Paris ]-
Porcelain ---------·-----
Porphyry -------
Pumice -----------------
Quartz, flint -----
Riprap, limestone ---
Ri prap, stands tone
Riprap, shale
Rubber, manufacturer--
Salt, granulated, piled -
Saltpeter -
-12-
Weight per
cubic foot
in pounds
172
50
710
465
55 '
165
58
187
475
259
170
47
54
50
200
72
103
250
172
40
165
80-85
90
105
95
48
67
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i ,. E. DENSI':J. OF MA.TERIALS (Cont' d)
T
Substance
Masonry 31 dry rubble, --
sandstone, bluestone --
Ma.sonr.y, brick, pressed
brick --------
Masonry, brick, common
brick --·------
Masonry,brick,soft brick
Mason~,concxete~cement,
stone, sand
Masonry, hollow concrete,
cement, stone, sand --
( --~~i Masonry, hollow concrete,
slag, etc..
Masonry, hollow concrete,
cinder, etc.
Mica --------
~rtar -·-------
Mud --------------------
Naphtha --------------
Nickel------··----
Oils, mineral, lubricants
Paper ------------------
Paraffin ---------------
Wood, cedar, white-red --
Wood, cypress --· · ---
Wood, fir, Douglas spruce:
Wood, fir, eastern --
Weight per
cubic foot
in pounds
110
140
120
100
J.44
86
78
60
175
95
lll
47
537
57
58
56
22
30
32
25
Substance
Sand, gravel, dry, loose
Sand, gravel, dry, packed
Sandstone, bluestone -
Shale, slate------
Silver -----------------
Slag, bank-·-----------
Slate ------------------
Snow, fresh fallen---
Snow, compacted by rain -
Soapstone, talc---·-·-·---
Steel -----------------
Stone, crushed
Talc. ---------
Tar, Bituminous ----··
Terra cotta ------
Tile ------------------
Tin -------------------
Trap rock --------------
Water, 4° C, maximum
density --------------
Water, 100° C --------
Water, S~a -------------
Wood, ash, white-red --
Wood, pine, red ----
Wood, pine~.yellow
long-leaf ----•·· •
Wood, pine, yellow,
-13-
Weight per
cubic. foot
in pounds
90-105
lOD-115
147
175
655.
69
175
8
15-50
169
489
100
169
75
119
115
459
185
62.428
59.830
64
40
30
44
•
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E. DENSITY OF MATERIALS (Cont'd) .
Substance ..
Weie_:tt per
cubic: foot
in pounds
Substance ." .... '
..
.
Wood, elm, white ___._.
Wood, hemlock-·.
Wc;lOd, hic~ry
Wood, mapl!!, ham -
Wood, oak, white
Wood, pine~ O~.egon -
Wood~ pine, .white ----·-.
...
45
29
. 49
•"
43·
46
32
;.26
short-leaf ------------
Wood, redwood, calif~rnia
Wood, spruce, white-black
Wood, waluut, black--
Zinc, cast-rolled ---
Z~nc" ore, blende --··a
.. "' ......
.· .
-14-
Weight per
cubic foot
in pounds
38
26
27
38
440.
253
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ITEt.ll QuANTITY l f'AIIT NO. I . I ~t!arly Rf
I
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Mine'Safety Appliarn.""es Company
600 Penn Center Bouk'ivard
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania~ 15235
O~TE
QUOTATit~·· NO,
TEitMS
F.o.a.
DESCIIIf'TICN PtltCE
quirement:s for "·1.S.A. V-Gard Protectiv ~ . r-telmet:s
H.S.A. Slot:ted V-Gs.rd Protective Caps 4.15 ea.
wiLh Sta?-on Suspension! and single
color Ebasc:.o Logo embossed on front
Colors available:
Hhite Red
Blue Gray .
Yello,., Gold
Orange Tan
Green .
*Delivery:
Initial Delivery of P.mbossed helmets would
reauire a lead time of 6·e week A.R. p.
This is to allow for the producing o lf the
embossing die and production schedul ling.
L~e~ossed ~elmets would b~ available fr.om
list at a cost of $4.00 each.
·"" ..,,
HEADQUARTERS
412 -27,;J.OOOO
~ L
!-!arch 4 ,' 19Sl
-<':" Lett~r l-2G·Sl
·.
TOTAL DILIVIJt'l'
*
.
any stockinG location as shown on ~ attached
Refer questions to Paulette 1o!halen 12-273·5166 ~
' ( 1) "Quotations subJect to the conditions of the Coritract for sale set out on the reve~:se side.''
(2) ''Please refer to th;s Quotation on your Order:•
CC • U • ~!. 1\0C!' MINE SAFID APPLIANCES COMPANY
~l-~~ Gimes F. Hadden
A~ms~-Asst. to Sales Hariager
~afety Products Division
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North Ho.ll~. 91W5•
71 00 F2.tf A Yilt!~
Tat. ~3-875-:2905~
0-U~N~S: ~32·i.'G3~
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P:O;. £1911 ~140·
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MICHIGAN
F•rmin~·: •• Hill•~~.,
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O.Wehmd '"143
32 Alot'lO Park
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i:).U·N-S: 06-5z.H029
PENNS"t'J.VANtA
Pt1Kacie!r;abii·.Offtce.. ' '"· r
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36. G~( Valley,
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Tel 2'15-Q4i:-l77rA
D-U·N·S; OfS::'t~1•8530.
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190't·WIIh»mFI~.
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Tel. 80:1.,.~7!17'
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182$6 Afleoyef.~-~·
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Tel· 2Q6!\5V~~
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WEST 'J1RG.it,_A,
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Tel 304"76&:6~23
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