HomeMy WebLinkAboutAPA1223ALASKA POWER AUTHORITY
SUSITNA HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT
TASK 3 -HYDROLOGY
SUBTASK 3 .. 03 -FIELD DATA
COLLECTlON -ICE OBSERVATIONS
AUGUST 1981
Prepared for:
ACRES AMERICAN INCORPORATED
1000 Liberty Bank Building
Main at Court
Buffalo, New York 14202
Telephone (716) 853-7525
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ALASKA POWER AUTHORITY
SUSITNA HYDROELECTRfC PROJECT
TASK 3-HYDROLOGY
SUBTASK 3.03 -FJELD DATA
COLLECTION -ICE OBSERVATIONS
AUGUST 1981
Prepared for:
ACRES AMERICAN INCORPORATED
1000 Liberty .Dank Building
Main at Court
Buffalo, New York 14202
Telephone (716) ·ass-7525
ALASKA POWER AUTHORITY
SUSITNA HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT'
TASK 3 -HYDROLOGY
" SUBTASK 3.03 -FIELD DATA COLLECTION -ICE OBSERVATIONS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF PLATES
LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS
SUMMARY
1 -INTRODUCTION
1. 1 -Field Study
1. 2 -Review of Availabl~ Information
2 -CLIMATE CONDITIONS DURING THE WINTER OF
1980·81 FOR SOUTHCENTRAL ALASKA
2.1 -Air Temperatures
2.2 -Precipitation
3 -ICE THICKNESS
4 -CHRONOLOGY OF FREEZEUP AND BREAKUP EVENT
ON THE SUSITNA RIVER
4.1 -Freezeup Observations
susi7/ff1
(a) Review of Historical Data
(b) 1980 Freezeup Observations
-i-
PAGE
ill
iv
v
vi-xii
xiv·xvi
1~1
1-1
1-2
. 2-1
:!~.,2
3-1
4-1
4-1
4-1
4-2
ALASKA POWER AUTHORITY
-
SUSITNA HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT
TASK 3 -HYDROLOGY
" SUBTASK 3.03 -FIELD DATA COLLECTION -ICE OBSERVATIONS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
4. 2 -Br·eakup Observations
(a) Review of Historical Data
(b) 1981 Breakup Observations
APPENDIX A -CLIMATOLOGICAL DATA FO.R TALKEETNA
ALASKA PROVIDED BY THE NATIONAL
WEATHER SERVJCE
APPENDIX B -STREAMFLOW RECORDS FOR THE
SUSITNA RIVER PROVIDED BY THE
U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
APPENDIX C -SUMMARY OF BREAKUP OBSERVATIONS
DURING 1981 ON THE LOWER SUSITNA
RIVER As THE DESHKA -SUSITNA R.IVER
CONFLUENCE
BIBLIOGRAPHY
PLATES
PHOTOGRAPHS
susi7/ff? -ii-
PAGE
4-15
4..:15
4-18
LIST OF TABLES
Number --
3.1
3.2
3.3
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
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Title
Susitna River Ice Thickness Measurements
Historic Record of Ice Thickness Measurements
!>n the Susitna River at Gold Creek & Cantwell
(Vee site)
Historic Record of Jce Thicknas-; Measurements
on the Susitna River at Talkeetna & Trapper
Creek
Occurrence of Ice at Selected Susitna River
Sites,· Dates Provided by the USGS
Water Temperature Records during Freezeup
(1980) on the Susitna River
Ice Cover Progres~ion on the Susitna River -
Field Observations
F!eld Measurements of Water Surface Profiles
on the Susitna River ln the Vicinity of Chase
Field Meas·: .. ements of Water Surfaces Profiles
on the Susitna River near Cross-Section 29
National Weather Service Summary of Breakup
Events on the Susitna & Talkeetna Rivers
Susitna River Breakup Observations (1980)
Water Surface Elevations
Page
3-2
3-7
3-10
4-1
4-24
4-2.5
4-26
4-27
4-28
4-33
1·1 ST---.O..;..F_F_I_G_U_R_E_S
Number
2.1
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4 .
4.5
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Title
Average Monthly Air Temperatures at
Talkeetna:. Historical versus 1980-81
Ice Cover Progression on the Sus§tna River
above the Susitna-Chulitna Confluence
Water Surface Profiles on the Susitna River
in the Vicinity of Chase
Wc1ter. Surface Profiles on the Susitna River
near Cross-section 29
Water Surface Profiles on the Susitna River
in the Vicinity of Gold Creek
Water Surface Profiles on the Susitna River
in the Vicinity of Curry
-iv-
Page
2-4
4-34
4-35
4-3G
4-37
4-38
LIST OF PLATES
Number
1-7
8-14
15-18
susTl/ffS
· Description
s·ummary of river ice conditions on the Susitna
River from the Parks Hwy. Bridge to Watana
Creek, Octobe'r 11 -November 13, 1980 ..
Summary of river ice conditions on the Susitna
River from the Parks Hwy Bridge to Watana
Creek, November 29 -December 12, 1980.
Summary of ice conditions on the Susitna River
from the Parks Hwy. Bridge to the Indian
RiV€;"'1 April 23 -May 8, 1981 ..
-v-
Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
susi7/ff6
LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS
Description
Looking downstream towards the Parks Hwy.
Bridge ·On November 11, 198~;¥
Looking upstre\lm toward -che -Parks Hwy.
Bridge on November 29, 1980.
Looking upstream at the Parks Hwy Bridge
on December 3, 1980.
Looking downstream toward the Parks Hwy
Bridge on December 3 1 1980.
Susitna Chulitna
nortrwest. Frazil ice
River on November 4,
confluence, looking
flowing in the Susitna
1980.
Ice bridge formed in the Susitna River at
Talkeetna, November 29, 1980
Looking upstream to the Susitna -Chulitna
confluence, on December 2, 1980.. Ice cover
forming on the Susitna River above the
confluence.
Looking downstream along the left bank at
LRX-3 on December 3 1 "t980~ Note signs of
staging during ice cover formation at th(\
confluence.
-vi-
List Off Photographs -Cont . ..
Number
9
10
11
12
13
14
15-16
17
susi7/fff ·
Description
Looking east across the Susitna River at the
leading edge of the ice c.over on
December 1, 1980.
Looking upstream from the leading edge of
the ice cover on ·December 1, 1980 ..
Leading edge of the ice cover near Chase on
December 2, 1980 ~
Upstream from the leading edge of the ice
cover on December 2, 198-0.
LooKl, 1g _down~;tream along the right bank
near LRX-13 on December 2 1 1980. Note
buttering of shore ice.
Looking upstre~m from LRX-17 on
December 3, 1980. Water and frazil ice
beginning to spill into th0 side channel as
the ice cover forms throLtgh this reach.
Leading edge of the ice cove.~ is visible in
the distance.
Ice conditions in the vicinity of Curry
November 4, 1980.
Curry on November 11 , 1980 .. Note
channel do·wnstream blo<:ked
severe constriction of the
Curry due to shore ice growth.
-vii-
by ice
channel
side
and
above
List of Phc.ltographs -Cont.
Number
18
19-20
21
22
23
24
25
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Description
Louking upstream toward Curry on
f\(\;vember 11 r 1980.
Ice conditions in the vicinity of Curry on
December 3, 1980.
Looking ·upstream toward a rock point
deflecting ice floes and sh~~-e ice growth
constricting the channel beJ{jw LRX -3·1,
Nove' <..>er 29, 1980.
Looking downstream at the rock point below
LRX-43 on November 11, 1980. Ice floes
being deflected by rock point, shore ice on
the oppo~ite bank constricting the channel'.
Also the site of an ice jam during breakup r
1981.
Looking upstream toward the Gold Creek
Bridge on November 20, 1980.
Looking downstream toward the Gold Creek
Bridge on December 8, 1980.
Looking downstream toward the le~ding edge
of the ice cover at LRX-44 on the morning of
December 12, 1980.
-viii-
List of Photogr-aphs -Cont.
Number
26
27
28
29
30
31
32·-33
34
susi7/ff9
Description
_ Looking downstream toward the bridge on
December 12J' 1980. Shore ice was broken
and repositioned prior to ice cover formation
through this reach.
Looking downstream along the left bank
below the bridge on December 12; 1980.
Channel constricted by shore ice growth
approximately 2 miles downstream fror ~ t~1o
mouth of Devil Creek, October 29, 19?·:~.
Channel constricted by shore: ice growth
approximately one mile below the mouth of
Tsusena Creek, October 2H, 1980 ..
Ice conditions at the confluence of Deadman
Creek on October 31, 1980.
Channel constriction approximately on·e milte
upstream from the mouth of Tsusena Creek,
November 11, 1980.
Looking upstream toward the Parks Hwy.
Br~dge on April 23, 1981.
Looking upstream toward the Parks Hwy.
Bridge on May 1, 1981, .open leads have
developed along both shores at the bridge.
-ix-
List of Photographs -Cont. ·
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
susi7/ff10
Description
Looking downstream at broken ice cover in
the constricted reach above the Parks Hwy.
Bridge, May 1, 1981.
Looking upstr·eam toward the bridge on
May 5, 1981. A.n ice jam has fo.rmed below
the bridge 1 ice cover downstream of the jam
is stili intact holding ice jam in place.
Par·ks Hwy. Bridge on May 5, 1981.
Looking upstream at the Susitna -Chulitna
confluence on April 23, 1981, iead opening In
the Chulitna River at the confluence.
Susitna -Chulitna confluence on May 2,
1981 1 lead has opened in the Chulitna
R.i·,er ..
Deterio:'ating ice cover at the Susitna
Chulitna -:onfluence on May 4, 1981.
Looking downstream along the Susitna River
at the confluence with the Chulitna on
May 4, 1981.
l . or .. , I., in· g·
ntl '!Jl"'\.1 upstream toward LRX-9 on
April 23, 1981 ..
-x-
List of Photographs ... Cont.
Number
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
. susi7/ff11
Descrietion
Deteriorating ice cover at LRX -9 on
May 5 ~981.
Looking upstream toward LRX -21 and 22 on
April 23, 1981. Curry in the distance.
Looking upstream_ toward Curry at open lead
along the right bank, April 23, 1981.
Susitna River at Curry on April 23, 1981 ..
Looking upstream toward Curry on
April 29, 1981. Length of open water has
increased with signs of ice movement throug~1
this reach.
Looking upstream toward Curry on
May 2, 1981. Several small ice accumulations
have developed in the main channel.
Ice jam downstream of Curry en May 4,
1981 ~
Ice left on sho.re after the ice jam upstream
of Curry reieased, May 4, 1981.
Frazil ice adding to the upstream end of an
ice jam at LRX-29 on May 4, 1981 ..
-xi-
List of Photographs -Cont.
Number
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
susi7 /ff12
Description
Looking upstream toward She:--ntan on
April 23, 1981.
Ice accumulations and overflow in the
channel above Sherman on May 3, 1981.
Looking downstream at the ice jam in the
main channel below Sherman on May 4, 1981,
Ice jams in the channel above Sherman
released on the evening of ',vlay 3.
Looking upstream toward the Gold Creek
Bridge on April 23, 1981 ..
Minor ice accumulation in the channel above
the bridge on April 23, 1981.
Susitna River at Gold Cr·eek on April 29.,
1981, open Jeads in the channel under the
bridge with a minor ice accumuJation
upstream of the bridge~.
Looking ups;tream towC~r·d Gold Creek on
May 1, 1981. Developing lee jam in the
foreground •
•
Ice jam developing below the bridge on
May 1, 1981, key at LRX-43.
-xii-
List of Photographs -Cont ..
Number
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
susi7/ff13
Descrietion
Looking upstream at
below the bridge
May 2, 1981.
the ice jam developing
at Gold Creek on
Looking downstream toward the Gofd Creek
Bridge on May 2, 1981, main channel nearly
ice free above the ice jam visible in the
distance.
Looking upstream at the ice jam downstream
of the br,-idge on May 3, 1981. The jam has
compressed and overflow in the overbank
area has increased.
Susitna River at Gold Creek on May 4, 1981
after release of the ice jam downstream from
the bridge.
Ice stacked on shore after release of the ice·
jam below Gold Creek during the evening of
May 3, 1981.
Ice jam in the channel above the Indian
River on May 4, 1981. Key of the jam at
the rock point on the left bank. Heavy over
flow in the far right channel.
Looking downstream at a growing ice Jam in
the vicinity of LRX-57 on May 3, 1981.
-xiii-
SUMMARY
The river ice conditions observed through the winter of 1980-1981
on the Susitna River are summarized in thts report to provide
description and data needed in further stl-Idies of the feasibility of
·~
hydropower development on the river. Emphasis in the ice studies
"" was placed on the river reach frtom Talkeetna to Portage Creek
since it was felt th'rs reach would be most affected by proposed
project development.
Climate condit!r,;,ns in the Susitna Basin varied significantly from
. normal during the study period, influencing the processes of ice
cover formation and breakup on the river. In early December 1 as
the ice cover was forming on the .susitna, air temperatures were
well below normal. This was foHowed by unusuaHy warm air~
temperatures in January after the ice cover had formed over the
length of the river. During these early winter months 1 precipita-,
tion was low. Snow survey data showed that the snowpack in the
Susitna Basin was 3~-50% below normal through January." The
cornbination of these factors resulted ;·n an average ice thickness of
2.5 feet on the Susitna River at Gold Creek in January, close to
the historical average at that site.
Beginning of the freezeup process on the Susitna River could be
g~v.~n as Octobe.r 11 & 12 when frazil ice was first observed flow-
ing in the river and water temperatures dropped to 32°F.
However, formation of an ice cover did not begin until mid
November.. At that time an ice cover was forming on the river
~
upstream frcm the confluence= of Watana Creek. On November" 11,
the ice cover extended approximately 6 miles above Watana Creek.
In the river downstream of Devil Canyon, an ice cover did not
begin to develop . until early December. On November 29, an ice
bridge was observed in the Susitna River at Talkeetna, but the
river upstream to Portage Creek had not begun forming an ice
cover.
susi7/ff14 -xiv-
However, on December 1, the Susitna -<;:hulltna confluence was
bridged and an ice cover extended approximately six miles up-
stream ·on the Susitna. Over the next two weeks, ice cover
growth progresse-d at an average rate of 2. 7 n1!ies per day in the
river between the confluence and Portage Creek~ The ice cover
" formation process raised the water level 2 to 4 feet through this
reach.
By December 15 1 the river was ice covered from the confluence
upstream into Devil Canyon. Open \vater persisted in several
turbulent reaches from Devil Canyon up to Devil Creek through
the month of December. Throughout the length of the river,
several open leads persisted through the winter. Some of these
were velocity leads-in the main channel thalweg., others seemed
related to groundwater inflow into the river.
The cover began to deteriorate in March due to unusually warm alir
temperatures. There was no significant precipitation during early
spring to increase runoff in the watershed, Therefor~, rivEtr
discharge did not increase sufficiently to create strong forces on
the ice cover and initiate breakup. Instead 1 the ice began to
disintegrate in place with long open leads developing through the
length of the river. An early breakup was predicted for the
Susitna River. A return to near normal air temperatures in April
and May slowed the breakup processes occurring in the basin.
By May 1 1 there were obvious signs that the ice had undergone
first movement. Over the next week, condition of the lee cover
deteriorated. Ice jams formed at several locations betweert
Talkeetna and Portage Creek as the ice cover broke and began
moving downstream. However.~ breakup was relatively mild due tt)
the minimal to nonexistent snowpack left in the basin by the end
of April and the deteriorating· condition of the river ice.. TherE~
were no major changes in the river channel configuration on1
susi7/ff15 -~-
significant scouring of the river banks due to ice movement.
Scarring of trees by ice movement was noticed ln a few locations,
most dramatically in the vicinity of Cross Section 7, after release
of the ice jam at the confluence.
~
By May 9, the main channel from Talkeetna upstream was ice free,
but remnant ice was stranded on shore or· packed into side
channels. Over the following weeks, rising water levels flushed
out the remaining ice or it melted in place.
Overall, the timing of breakup on the· Susitna was near normal
based on limited historical records.
susi7/ff16 • -XVJ.-
1 -INTRODUCTION
~..-.-...~
This report provides a summary of freezeup, winter and breakup
ice observations carried out by R&M Consultants, Inc. 'during the
winter of 1980-81 on the Susitna River and a review of limited
....
historic:~l r·ecords on river ice conditivrts.
1.1 -Field Study
The field program was designed to provide description and data
needed in analyses and assessment of hydroelectric development in
the Upper Susitna River on ice cover and water level regime
downstream of the proposed project site. Emphasis in field studies
was placed on the river downstream from Devi I Canyon to
Talkeetna, since it was felt that this reach W:Juld be most affected
by project development.
Observations and measurements made in the field basicaHy included
the following:
0
0
0
0
0
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nature and timing of ice cover development
fi21d documentation and interpretation of freeze-up
processes
measurement of various hydraulic parana.aters at critical
sections
documentation of winter ice cover conditions
Fieid documentat::on and interpretation of ice cover
deterioration during the spring 1 including location and
n~ture of ice jams
1-1
Supporting data on water temperatures, climate records from
Talkeetna, snow pack throughout the Susitna Basin and streamfJow
at (.3old Creek during key times of the year are also included.
'!:<
1.2 -Review of Available .Information
Very limited records are available for the Susitna River basin
r-elating to river ice regime. However, several agencies were very
helpful in gathering the available data, especiafly the Afaska
Railroad, National Weather Service River Forecast Center and the
U.s. Geological Survey \Vater Resources Division.
The data provided are presented in various tables and appendices
within the report and pr.ovide comparison of the nature of freezeup
and breakup on the Susitn~ River in the past with events
observed during the winter of 1980-8.1.
susi/a
2 -CLIMATE CONDITI.ONS DURING THE WINTER OF 1980-81 FOR
SOUTHCENTRAL ALASKA
Climate conditions in Southcentral Alaska during the winter of
1980-81 varied dramatically from normal, · influencing rates of ice
cover de'Veiopment during free~eup and the nature of breakup on ,,
the Susitna River.
2.1 -Air Temperatures
Figure 2.1 shows the average rJ1onthly. air temperatures at
Talkeetna for October 1980 to May 1981 versus the historical
averages at Ta~keetna. The data for this table were taken from
NOAA reports which are included as Appendix A.
Freezeup: The most notable deviations in air temperatures
occurred during December and January ... During the key period of
ice cover formation on the Susitna River in early December average.
air temperatures were more than 13 degrees below normal at
Talkeetna. This would tend to accelerate the formation of :=t~ ~ce
cover on the Susitna River. Daily readings of maximum and
minimum air temperatures at Talkeetna are included in Appendix A.
The below-normal· December temper·atures were followed by
unusually warm air temperatures during January which reduced the
lower elevation snowpack to a minimum in most of the. southcentral
region. Above average streamflow at Gold Creek also reflects the
warmer air temperatures and runoff from melting of the early
winter snowpack.
More dstailed discussion of the influence of air temperatures on the
freezaup process and winter cor tditions is included in following
sections.
susi7/c ~· .. 2-1
Breakup_: In the spring, warmer-than-normal air temperatures
0
during March with no substantial precipitation resulted in a
gradual decrease 1n the already low snowpack for the Lower
< •
Susitna Valley, reducing the potential for a severe breakup on the
Susitna River. During late March, the NWS predicted breakup or:1e
to three weeks earlier than usual.
Air temperatures returned to nearly normal for Aprif and May
resulting in a. return to near normal timing for breakup on the
Susitna River.
2.2 -Precipitation
Early winter was unusually dry in the Susitna Valley area.
Precipitation records at Talkeetna from the National Weather
Service show precipitation at 85% of normal for October, 60% of
normal for November and approximately 33% of normal for
December.
Snow survey data 'from the Soil Conservation Service (SCS) shows
a continuation of this trend through January. Many snow courses
in the Southcentral area showed a new minimum snow depth.
Precipitatfc"Jn was 20-40% below normal in the region and unusually
warm air temperatures during the month reduced snowpack .at
lower elevations to 50% below normal. High elevation sites in the
Susitna Basin were closer to normal; with overall $nowpack In the
Upper Susitna about 30% below normal.
Snowfall during February and March was normal based on SCS
recrJrds. However, snowpack in the Lower Susitna Basin and
valley bottoms of the Upper Susitna Basin remained well below
ave.,.age. _ · The snow pack approached normal with increased
susi7/c 2-2
elevation. UnusuaBy warm air temperatures during March further
r·educed the snow pack. VaHey floors and lower elevation sites
showed very lean to nonexistent snow cover by the end of March.
South of the Alaska Range, precJpitiation during April was
one-fourth to one-half the normal amount. By the end of April,
the snowpack below 3, 000 feet was gone or rapidly melting.
Over·all, snowpack at tJ.,...q lower elevation sites and on the valley
floors ln the upper basin was 40-70% of normal~ Portions of the
Talkeetna and Alaska Ranges were near average, but the rest1
especially the western portion of the Talkeetna Mountains, were
well below average for the year.
susi7/c 2-3
60
.o
AVE~)AGE MONTHLY T£MP£~4TI./RE
AT TALKEETNA
.1-1/STORICAL VS. 1980-81
-~-
--_.-/~
1980-BI AVERAGE
MONTHLY TEMJ?ER£.aTURG
OVERALL AVERAGe
MONTLY TEMI?ERATURE
,! -!O 0 It N ' l; ' v I F l M t A I M l v I rJ ,. A I . s l
MONTHS
F. B.
GRID.
'C •••
... ~:!.: ~~SUI...TANTS, INC.
,...---.,.---..7_-1_4_-8_'1-; [~•••••• . caoc!i•••= ·~••""• •u•~~•• . PROJ.NO. t:J5'Z3t:?6
OWG.N<l
~--~-------------
3 -ICE THICKNESS
Ice thickness measurements were carried out through the winter at
numerous sites from Chase to Vee Canyon often in connection with
wunter discharge measurements · or river channel cross section
" surveying.
Table 3.1 lists results from field measurements made by R&M
Consultants, Inc. during the winter of 1980-81. At each site,
average ice thickness was calculated from field notes and maximum
and minimum thicknesses were listed to indicate the range of
values observed~ Where availabl-e, comments on the characteristics
of the ice were included.
Ice thicknesses at Gold Creek since 1950, as reported by Bilello
(1980) are shown in Table 3.2. Records at this site are most
complete and allow best comparison of historical ice thicknesses .
with observed values for 1981. January and Fabruary
measurements of maximum and minimum thicknesses for 1981 appeal~
to be below the historical average for that time of year. Unusually
warm January temperatures slowed the ice growth at Gold Creek.
An additional table extracted from Bilello (1980), Table 3.3, shows
ice thickness through the winter months on the Susitna Rivf~r at
Talkeetna and Trapper Creek from 1961 to 1972. Though we have
no comparative ice thicknesses for the winter of 1980-81 at
Talkeetr1a, dates for first ice, freeze over of the channel or
breakup of the ice cover can be used along with climatic and
streamflow data to make comparisons with timing of similar events
for the winter of 1980-81.~ and expected rates of ice cover
thickening and deterioration.
susi7/ee 3-1
susi7/dd1
TABLE 3 .. 1
SUSITNA RIVER lCE THICKNESS
Snow
Cover
River Ice Thickness (ft.) Number of on Jce
Site Location Date Width Average Maximum Minimum Observations (ft.) Comments _,_
Vee Canyon 1-13-81 353 6.3 * 10,.0 3.1 11 3, ho!es drilled with ice 10 feet
thick 1 auger not long '3nough to
penetrate ice cover... Several
overflow layers.
Deadman Creek 2"'"27-81 327 6.1 6.3 6.0 3 0.7 Right channel
CSR (URX 101) 4-4-81 366 1. 6 2.6 0.8 4 Right channel
410 4.1 4.4 3.8 6 Left channel
URX 102 3-4-81 313 2.3 3.1 1.8 6
URX 103 3-4-81 1370 2.5 4.6 1.0 16
URX 104 3-5-81 616 4.1 5.8 2.0 10
~
URX '105 3-5-81 417 2.9 4.6 0 .. 2 9
URX 106 {3-26-81)
3-6-81 431 2.5 5.8 1.4 9
Watana Dam 2-27-81 165 4.5 5.4 3.5 6 0.5
CSR
URX 107 3-6-81 290 4.7 5.6 . 2.3 8
Watana Damsite 2-27-81 160 4.4 5.0 4.3 3 0.5 Significant dip in lc.e at center
URX-107A 3-£~81 423 4.0 4.8 1.4 _cc 10
* Assumed ice thickness of 10.0 feet for three center holes in channel to calculate average.
susi7/dd2
TABLE 3.1 (Continued)
Snow
Cover
River Jce Thickness (ft.) Number of on Ice
Site Location Date Width ~verage Maximum Minimum Observations (ft.) Comments;
URX-108 3-7-81 382 3.8 5.5 1 ~2 9
.,
URX-108A 3-7-81 435 3.8 4.5 2.5 10
W.Q. Monitor 2-24-81 460 4.4 5.2 3 .. 6 4 0.6
URX-109 3-7-81 605 3.8 4.8 2.5 10 Ice predominantly black ice
(80%, 90%)
URX-110 3-8-81 168 2.9 4.7 0.3 4 Left channel, fro~en to the bed r
all black ice
3-8-81 340 2.8 4.0 0.4 8 Center channel stron.g flow
underpressure along left side ·
3-8-81 238 2.6 4.1 0.4 6 Right channei
3-8-81 2.7f Overa~ I averrage ice thi'ckness
Watana
Stream gage
(URX-111) 4-1-81 400 3.0 4.2 2.1 ~,6
URX-112 3-8-81 260 1.8 3.5 0 7 Open lead 80' from RIB 1 20 1 wide
URX-113 3-9-81 464 4.3 5.2 3.3 10
URX-114 3-9-81 336
.. -
2.9 4.0 0.4 7 Left chanr1el, low flow
3-9-81 512 3.7 4.7 2.5 9 Right channel = Main channel
Two small side channels run on
far sides of floodplain
URX--1'"15 3-10-81 502 4.0 4.7 2.5 10 Average t>nowice = 0.8•, rest
black ice, flow under pressure
along L/E~
susi7/dd3
TABLE 3.1 (Continued)
Snow
Cover
River Ice Thickness (ft.) Number ·of on Ice
Site Location Date Width Average Maximum Minimum Observations (ft.) Comments
URX-116 3-11-81 408 4.3 6.8 1.3 9
URX-117 3-11-81 638 2.2 4~ 1 0.3 14 Gravel bar in mid-channel, thick
ice along steep R/B
URX-118 3-11-81 464 3.3 5.0 0.4 10 Main channel, avet"'age snow
ice = 0.5'
3-11-81 173 1.2 1.8 0.2 3
URX-119 3-12-81 507 3.~ 5.1 2.0 10 Maximum thickness ~long steep
R/B
URX-120 3 .. 12-81 513 2.4 4.2 0.3 10 Average snow ice = 'fL5'
Near Devil
Creek
URX-121 3-13-81 351 1.8 3 .. 9 0.2 6
Upper D.C ..
OCSR 3-5-81 202 3.1 3.2 3.0 3 0.3
Devil Canyon 4-13 14.6: 23.0 Ice shelf-not ice cover
thickness, see R&M p.reliminary
study
Portage Creek 3-5-81 166 3.0 3.7 2 .• 4 7 1.0
Gold Creek 12-12-80 350 . " lee covet' formed th.rough this
reach
1-14-81 340 2.5 3.1 ?.1 13
2-27-81 311 2.9 3.2 2.3 6 1.1 tee very soft, open water ·at:'ld
slush along L/B·
susi7/dd4
TABLE 3.1 (Continued)
Snow
Cover
River Ice Thickness (ft.) Number of on Ice
Site Location Date Width Average Maximum Minimum Observations (ft.) Comments
Sherman CSR 3"5-81 525 2.4 2.7 2.1 3 2.9 Holes drilled 1200t 0 /S from
ct•est gage
Curry CSR
LRX-24 2-27-81 400 2.7 3.7 1.8 7 1.8
Chase CSR
LRX-9 3-5-81 460 3.7 4.4 2.5 3 2.5
susi7/dd5
River
Site Location Date Width
Go1d Cr .. eek 3-18-50 210
12-28-50 80
2-21-51 95
4-1 .... 52 360
3-18-53 332
12-~19-53 299
2-11~54 472
3-30-54 424
4-24-55 360
1-5-56 155
4-1.7-56 130
3-15-61 310
1-4-63
2-20-63
4-5-63 220
12-23-63
TABLE 3.2
ICE THiCKNESS
HISTORIC RECORD-AT GOLD CREEK AND CANTWELL
Snow
Cover
Ice~ Thickness (ft.) Number of on Ice
Average~ Maximum Minimum Observations (ft.)
3.9 2.1
3.2 1.3
4.2 2.1
4.2 1.9
3.9 1.1
3.4 0.4*
4u6 2 .. 0
4.8 3.4
4.3 1.6
4.6 1 .. 9
4. 1 1.5
4.0 1.5
3.1 2.3
4.6 3.0
5.7* 3.4
3.4 1.5
* Historj:cal ma:Aimum and minimum ice thicknesses
Comments
susi7/dd6
TABLE 3.2 (Continued) .
Snow
Cover
River Ice Thickness (ft.) Number of on Ice
Site Location Date Width Average .Maximum Minimum Observations (ft.) Comments -----
2-19-64 270 3.7 1 .. 8 --
1-12-65 170 3.8 1.6
1-19-67 130. 2.8 2.3
4-8-67 155 3.9 2.7
4-15-69 582 4.2 1.6
4-1-70 290 3~8 2.5
1-14-81 340 2.5 3 .. 1 2.1 13
2-27-81 311 2.9 3.2 2.3 6 1.1
susi7/dd/7
TABLE 3.2 (Continued)
Snow
Cover
River Ice Thickness (ft'.) Number of on Ice
Site Location· Date Width Average Maximum Minimum Observations (ft.) Comments
Cantwell 4-10-62 320 4.7 0.6 Site assumed to be USGS
sampling site ususfima River
near Cantwell u •
1-7-63 3.8 1.3
-2-19-63 4.0 1.5
4-4-63 220 3.2 1.8
5-2-63 290 2.7 2.1
12-23-63 100 3.2 1.1
3-12-64 220 4.3 2.6-
2-8-65 250 4.2 2 .. 7
1-21-67 280 5.3 3.0
3-28-67 80 5.2 2.3
3-23-70 212 4.2 3 ... 1
1-13-81 353 6.3 10.0 3.1 ~Mile D/S of USGS cableway.
Measure by R&M.
River width determination not explained in table or text
llate
:;ov. l.1
:~o-r. 18
r.ov. 25
Dee. 30
Jan. 'Z1
Feb •. 2.4
~. l.O
~-31
A~.7
J.:;;r. 2a
~5
1-:~.25
Date
Oct. 2:·
lrCT. 2c
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l.:ar. Zl
Apr. 3
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lf-61-1062
Titlck.,ess (inches)
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4.o
6.0 se.o
38.0
42.0
61.0
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lcz64-l.96~ Til:ie~~ess (inches)
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/1EA&U~GHJ!NTS ON TN£ SUSJTJI/.9
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T~IA
Me&li'Ul'emonta znade on Susitna ru.ver
1~2-19€3 ..
l':&te Thie~nes._! (i.,c:'llelll)
Oct. 19 First lee
Nov. 10 ,:reeze o-.rer
tlcv. 30 4.0
.J&ll· ll 33.0
}'eb. l 33.5
1-'e':). 22 24.0
Mu. 2~ 43.5
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Cha."l~el. o;oe::Unz up
4 -CHRONOLOGY OF FREEZEUP AND BREAKUP EVENTS ON THE·
SUSJTNA RIVER
4.1 -Freezeup
9
(a) Review of Historical Data
Limited infor"mation has been found on the nature and timing
of freezeup -processes for the Susitna River. Based on
conversations ~vith personnel from the Alaska Railroad, over
the past 20 years there has been no serious flooding or ice
jamming related to ice cover development on the Susitna
River. As a resuft 1 they have kept no records of first
occurrence of fra~il ice in the river or dates for ice covet'
formation at key locations. However, the USGS -Water
Resources Division has provided freezeup dates for selected
sites in the Susitna Basin based on field observations over .
the past few years. These ara listed in Table 4.1. The
range of dates note only the flrst occurrence of ice at gaging
stations and may not truly reflect the ice regime within a
particular river reach.
TABLE 4.1 .
OCCURRENCE OF ICE AT SELECTED
SUSITNA RlVER SITES,
DATES PROVIDED BY THE USGS
Site
Denali
Vee Canyon
GoJd Creek
Talkeetna
Yentna Confluence
Dates
October 1-27
October 22-31
October 15-28
October 7-23
October 20
Table 3.3 showing ice thickness measurements from the
-
Susitna River at Talkeetna and Trapper Creek gives further
definition to the timing of certain fraezup events.
sust5/s 4-1
No other information pertaining directly to freezeup processes
for the Susitna River has been found.
(b) 1980 Freezeup
~
In conjunction with ongoing river channel surveys during the
Fan of 1980, reco-rds were kept on changes in water
temperature for the Talkeetna and Susitna Rivers, growth of
shore ice, occurrence of anchor ice and first appearance of
frazil ice in the river ;.,elow Devil Canyon.
On October 11, frazil ice was first observed in the Susitna
River. By early afternoon, the leading edge of frazil ice
reached as far as River Mile 112. Areal coverage was 5-10%
overaH, with concentration of frazil ·flowing in the main
channel thalweg. The small slush floes were of relatively low
density 1 lacking any cohesive strength.
Farther upstream, in the vicinity of Gold Creek, aret:ll
coverage of frazil ice in the main channel was estimated to be
40%, again with ice concentrated in the main channel thalweg.
In this reach 1 ice accumulated into larger floes up to 5 feet
long, which appeared to be more buoyant due to thickening of
the sluch floes.. It appeared that frazil was being g~nerated
primarily through Devil Canyon and transported downstream
in the main channel.
Table 4.2 shows water temperatures measured along the
Susitna and Talkeetna Rivers during the early stages of
freezeup. Note, that on October 11th water .. temperatures of
34°F were recorded in the susitna River at Talkeetna and
near LRX-16 (RM 112.3) where frazil was ·observed in the
afternoon.
susi5/s 4-2
The following morning, October 12, the frazil ice front on the
Susitna had reached Talkeetna, where water temperatures now
measured 32° F.
At this time, there were no signs of frazH Dr shore ice ...
developing in the Chulitna or Talkeetna Rivers. Both
appeared .totally ice free.
By late afternoon on October 12th, the leading front of frazil
ice was approximateJy 5 miles above the Kashwitna River
confluence (approximately RM 66). Frazil ice was ffowing in
the Yentna River, but no ice was observed in the Desh ka
(Kroto Creek).
Frazil ice coverage
..
in the main channel of the Susitna
averaged 30% . the 1n river above Talkeetna • Floes were
beginning to accumulate at natural constrictions and in low .
velocity areas. Shore ice was also beginning to form ln the
quiet-water areas, but there was no significant constriction af
the main channel due to shore ice growth.
The fol1owi ng day 1 October 13th 1 first frazil ice was observed
in the Talkeetna River, but there was still no sign of frazil
ice flowing in the Chulitna River. Ice floes 1n the Susitna
River above the Chulitna-Susitna ·confluence were more
concentrated, with coverage in the main channel estimated at
80%. Size of the floes varied from 2-5 feet in diameter
through more turbulent reaches to 50-100 feet .long in the
constrictions below Curry and Portage Creek confluence~
Shore ice growth was beginning to constrict the main channel
in !ow velocity areas and to block the entrances of some side
channels ~hereby restricting flow. Thin ice cover had formed
on some quiet-water sloughs and side channels. Tributaries
upstream from the Susitna-Chulitna confluence showed no
signs of flowing frazil ice.
susi5/s 4-3
For the res-r of October, climatic conditions in the Susitna
Valley caused daily variations in the concentration and
£trength of ice floes in the Susitna River. Shore· ice growth
continued to restrict flow in the main channel and block the
entrance and exit to many side channels,. These side
'\"!!
channels were also beginning to form an ice cover.
On October 31st, anchor ice was first observed in the river
near Sherman. The ice accumuJated in masses 3-4 inches
thick over 50% of the cobble bed in the near-shore area.
Anchor ice was s~ill present in water depths of 4 feet up to
30 feet from shore in the main channel. On contact, the ice
masses broke into small platy pieces, very unlike the frazil
11 discoids 11 found flowing at or near the surface. It should
also be noted here that during a check of water temperatures
near shore, the velocity along the bottom w~s zero or' very
close to zero, but 6 inches off the bed water velocity picked
up noticeably~ The water temperatures near shore in 2 feet
of water were uniform throughout at .. 32eF. Ice on the river . . a
bed may have been initiated by ice ffoes scraping over tha
bed leaving fraziJ particles adhering to the cobbles or
turbulance put frazil particules into suspension allowing them
to contact the supercooled cobbles.
At the same time anchor lee was observed in the· river
between Talkeetna· and Portage Creek,· ice bridges were
observed through Devil Canyon and upstream tc:> Devil Creek.
Plates 5-7 show the locations for these ice bridges as of
October 31 -November 1st.
By mid-November, anchor ice could be clearly seen along the
·length· of the river from Talkeetna to Portage Creek. In the
main channel_, ice appeared to be concentrated in the deeper ·
parts of the channel, but shallow 1 high velocity areas also
susiS/s 4 ... 4
had anchor ice formed over 50-70% of the bed. Spring-fed
side channels showed no signs of anchor ice formation.
The ice bridges between )evil Canyon and Devil Creek were
still in place and several new bridges had formed near .
....
Tsusena and Watana Creeks. The most significant new bridge
developed just above Watana Creek confluence.. The ice cover
formation progressed approximately 6 mHes upstream by
November 13th. FrazH was accumulating at the upstream edge
of the ice cover, not being carried under the ice.
Therefore, the Froude number at the upstream edge was
assumed to be less than 0. 08.
No ice bridges existed below Portage Creek by mid-November
but through constricted reaches slush floes were compressed
and completely covered the river surface. Apparent lack of
cohesion in the ice prevented formation of ice bridges. The
most noticeable channel constrictions occurred· just upstream
of Curry between cross-sections 24 & 25, at cross-section 29l
at the bedrock outcrop below cross-section 31, just upstream
of Sherman and at the rock point near LRX -43.
On November 11th, at the channel constriction below the Gold
Creek bridge (near LRX-43), frazil ice was observed being
carried underneath the shore ice and reappearing down-
stream. Moving ice ·floes covered approximately 6<'% of the
open channel upstream of the bridge, with average thickness
of 0.5 foot, Under these conditions the Froude number was
assumed to be greater than 0.12.
Plates · 1-4 give more description of river ice conditions fo~
the river between Talkeetna and Portage Creek during
October and the first part of November. Air temperature and
suslS/s 4-5
precipitation data corresponding to this tlme period -3re in-
cluded in Appendices A & B.
During reconnaissance of the river downstream from Talkeetna
on November 13th, periodic bridging and open water were
'\'
observed. This discontinuous ice cover development was most
obvious in the more braided reaches, such as through the
Delta Islands. At single channel reaches in the lower river
frazH slush accumulated to 100% coverage, but the slush
blanket did not consolidate and for·m ice bridges.. Most of the
tributaries be tow Talkeetna had formed ice covers near the
confluence by mid-November.
The next detailed reconnaissance of ice conditions on the
Susitna River was ,car~--ied out on November 29th. Plates 8-14
document observations made as the ice cover formation pro'""
gressed upstream from November 29th through December.
In the lower• river, the leading edge of the ice cover was
observed approximately 8.4 mHes below the Parks High\vay
Bridge at river mile 75.5. Upstream from the bridge to
Talkeetna, flow was confined to a the main channel which
meandered between the east and west sides of the floodplain ..
Other channels were either ice covered or dry.
At Talkeetna an ice bridge was observed across the main
channeJ (see Plate 8) on November 29. No c;igns of staging
were evident ups,tream of the ice bridge b~~cause the far west
channel provided flow and frazil ice relief.
FraziJ ice coverage in the Talkeetna River was 40-50%, with
mcst flow through the north channel. There was no sign of
an ice cover forming in the Chulitna Rive~ near Talkeetna,
with approximately 40% fraziJ ice coverage.. The Susitna River
susi5/s 4-6
at the confluence with the Chulitna showed 80-90% coverage of
frazil slush ice, but the channel was still open.
On December 1, an ice bridge was observed across the
Susitna River at the Susitna-Chulitna confluence, but the
Chulitna River was still open. Evidence of a rise in water
{evel of 3 to 4 feet occu\ .... red between November 29 and the
morning of December 1 upstream of the ice bridge ..
On December 3, ground and aerial inspection suggested that
the following process occurred at the confluence. The ice
cover progressed upstream Jn the main channel to where the
Chulitna and Susitna waters meet. For the ice cover to enter
the Susitna, thickening of the blanket raised the water leveJ
until hydraulics allowed upstream progression. After the
cover stabilized in the Susitna, some unknown mechanism
failed the cover leaving a relatively neat straight line where
the Chulitna . and Susitna waters meet, and the Chulitna
carried the ice downstream. Following the failure, a drop in
water level deposited ice floes on gravel bars and banks
downstream from the confluence and the western channel
remained open. At LRX -3, a 3-foot drop in water level was
field measured, with a maximum freezeup water elevation of
345.4 feet. Considerable frazll pancake ice and shore ice
were pushed up and deposited on the bank. Upstream fr"om
this point, the ice cover progressed by .a process of
juxtaposition.
On December 1st, no other ice bridges closed the channel
between the leading edge of the ice cover at river mile 104.3
and Portage Creek. At several channel constrictions, the
frazH blanket covered 100% of the river, but fices were not
stationary.
susi5/s 4-7
Over the next two weeks the progression of the ice cover
between the confluences and Gold Creek was monitored to
determine the rate of ice cover growth upstream. Figure 4.1
gives a graphical picture of ice cover advance during early
December. Table 4.3 lists dates, times and observed
,•
loc~tions of the leading edge of the ice cover· used to create
Figure 4.1. The average rate of ice cover growth was 2. 7
miles per day. Overall, there was little observed variation
from this rate. It is important to note here that during ice
cover formation climate data from Talkeetna showed air
temperatures to be far below normal which would tend to
accelerate the rate of ice cover growth. Streamflow records
from Gold Creek are not available for this same time frame.
However, average monthly flow for November and January
listed in Appendix 8 , were above normal .
December 2, 1981. -On December 2 and 3, field observations
and measurements were made at the ice cover leading edge
near Chase. Figure 4. 2 is a plot of ~water surface profiles at
Chase during ice cover formation and Table 4. 4 tabulates the
field measurements.
On December 2nd, the leading edge of the ice cover was
below LRX-12. Downstream from the leading edge there were
a few open leads where water was flowing over ice frozen fast
to the bed. It appeared trtat the shore ice had been lifted
up as t.he water level rose duriJ19 ice cover formation and was
repositioned and deposited as the water level decreased.
Average ice thickness in the center of the channel was
estimated to be 2 or 3 feet consisting of a slush blanket
matrix filled with water .and solid ice.
susi5/s 4-8
Upstream from the leading edge, the water level was
obviously rising and velocity of the oncoming frazil ice floes
slowed to zero as new ice was added to the leading edge near
LRX-12.
At LRX-13, width of open water was 100 to 125 feet and the
edge of shore ice was approximately 80 feet from the toe of
the right bank. The shore ice was heavily buttered in this
constricted reach. Elevation_ difference from the top of
buttered ice to the water surface was up to 1.5 feet~ Depth
of water at the edge of shore ice was 5. 4 feet. The open
water channel was. filled with nearly 100% coverage of frazil
ice moving at a velocity of approximately 2 feet per second.
The thickness of the frazil ice blanket varied, but was ap-
proximately one foot thick near the shore where it was being
compressed and thickened. Observing open voids away from
the edge, the frazil blartket appeareq to have an average
thickness of 6 inches.
December 3, 1981 -The following day water surface elevations
were again taken at LRX-12 and 13 after the lee cover had
solidified through this reach. Table 4. 4 shows that the water
leveJ r·ose 3 .. 3 feet in approximately 24 hours at LRX-13 as
the ice cover formed, with no signs of dramatic staging or
disruption of shore ice.
The new leading edge at 10:30 a.m. on December 3rd was at
LRX-17, the upstream tip of the island at approximately river
mile 112.7 4 Upstream 1 ice movement was only \ to ~foot per
second. As ice floes were being added to the leading edge,
they exerted sufficient force ·on the sluF.h blanket to form
pressure ridges which thickened the blanket. Though
variable, an average . o·f 4 to 6 inches of slush ice showed
above the water surface.
susiS/s 4-9
Downstream. 100 feet from the LRX-17 there wa~ no movement
in the frazil slush blanket. A little further downstream, in
the area of LRX-16., the ice was also stationary.. Here the
slush blanket was buoyed up so that 4 to 6 inches of ice
showed above the water surface. Along shore, ice hc1d been
lifted up and pushed down the shoreline, forming pl"essure
ridges.
By 11:00 am, the leading edge had advanced to river
mile 112.9 just below LRX-18. At this cross section.~ ice was
moving at less than % foot per second, wedging itself into the
channel, compressing and thickening the sfush blanket. The
water level. was rising noticeably at this time. . As staging
occurred, water began spilling into the right (west) channel
downstream at the island, which had previously been dry.
Frazil ice being carried under the ice cover also began
flowing into the right channel as the water ievel in this
channel rose. Floes accumulated downstream where the split
channels rejoined. Ice cover at the downstream end of the
island in the main channel nad thickened so that new ice floes
were not carried underneath the existing ice cover. Instead!
an ice cover in the right channei gradually thickened and
extended upstream around the island until it formed a con-
tinuous ice cover through the reach of divided flow below
Cross-section 18. This seemed to be the normal process for
ice cover for·mation through dlvided flow re::ii:hes. The lee
cover formed in the main channel blocking the entrance and
exit to side channels. As the water level rose . during .ice
cover devlopment, water and frazil ice began flowing into the
previously dry side channels. Upstream growth of the ice
cover in the main channel was slowed until fraziJ Ice floes
accumulated and thickened into an ice cover through the side
channel~ .. ·Once an ice cover .hat'L . .formed and thickened in aU
suslS/s 4-10
the major channels, frazil ice floes began accumulating at the
leading edge of the ice cover instead of being . carried
underneath and the ice cover growth began again upstream
through the main channel.
Continuing upstream from the leading edge of the ice cover
there appeared to be little change in the ice conditions along
the river thr·ough Devil Canyon. However, from Tsusena
Creek upstream, the channel was severely constricted by
shore and anchor ice growth. At Watana Creek, an ice cover
had formed which extended upstream to approximately 3 mHes
above the Kosina Creek confluence by the afternoon of
December 3rd. At a few sites there was water spilling into
side channels, indicating a rise in· water level.. However, the
exact change in water level during ice cover foi,.mation
through this reach was unknown~
On the morning of December 3rd, a continuous lee cover had
advanced in the lower river as far as river mHe 86, just
above the Parks Highway Bridge. There was no evidence of
unusuai staging as the ice cover advanced through this
reach Q However, the water Jevel had risen enough. to flood
some of the shallow gravel bars, especially ~n the north side
of the bridge. In open leads downstream of the leading edge
no frazH was emerging. Upstream of the leading edge, ·an Ice
bt'idge was forming through a reach sev~~rely constricted by
shore ice. Plate 8 shows the location of the leading edge of
the ice cover and the position of the new ice bridge up-
stream.
From the ice bridge upstream to Talkeetna, a s.ingle open
channel meandered between the east and west sides of the
floodplain. Thls reach of the river remained relatively un-
changed over the next few days. Shallow, high-velocity
areas caused larger floes to be broken up and hindered
formation of an ice cover on the river.
susi5/s 4-11
December 4 & 5, 1981 -In the river above the Chulitna-
Susitna .confluence, the ice cover continued to grow upstream
at a rate of approximately 2. 7 miles per day. The leading
edge of ice was observed at river mile 115~ 9 on the ·'morning
. of December 4th and at river. mile 118.8 the foH~wing day.
No ~water surface measurements were taken, but it appeared
the water level had risen: during ice cover formation. Pooled
water was observed on top of the ice below the leading edge ..
At several sites upstream.~ frazil slush floes covered ·tOO% of
the open channel. These sites were generally locations where
•
natural constrictions such as bedrock outcrops or extensive
shore ice hindered flow and caused ice floes to accumulate.
Plc.te 10 · shows locations of potential ice bridges due to
channel constriction and frazil ice accumulation 1 as observed
on December 4th and 5th. All of these places had the
potential to bridge over under proper conditions, but no
bridges formed as the ice cover progressed · upstream from
Talkeetna to Portage Creek.
Upstream of Portage Creek, two small ice bridges had formed
between the upstream edge of an older 1 larger ice bridge and
Devi I Cre.ek. Other than these new bridges, there appeared;
to be little change in ice conditions for the upper river.
December 8, 1981 The next reconnaissartce trip for ice
observations was carried out on December 8th. By this time, .
the ice cover in the river below Talkeetna had progressed as
far as river mile 93.5.. Above this, there was still a single
open channel flowing to the Chulitna River.
In the middle river I above the Susitna-ChuHtna confluence,
the leading edge of the ice cover was observed at river
mile 126.35. Downstream of the leading edge, at LRX-29
susiS/s 4-12
where the channel was constricted, frazil slush filled the
channeL Shear Jines or buttering were strongly developed
along the left bank at the contact between shore ice and
frazil slush. At the time of the survey, the water level was
obviously rising through the reach. Water was beginning to
"' spill into side channels farther downstream. Also, after the
initial water. surface measurement was taken at LRX-29, ice
along shore began shifting, being buoyed up by the risi.ng
water level. The drag force from flowing water and ice
pressure Initiated movement of ice floes in the channel.
Movement continued for ten minutes, with ice floe velocities of
. approximately 2 feet per second. After movement stopped,
the water level was slightly lower than it had been prior to
movement at the cross section. However, the side channels
farther downstream appeared to be flowing more strongly than
prior to ice movement. Also, at LRX-28, water wa? flowing
over 20-30% of the ice surface in the channel.
When a final check at 12:45 pm was made of the water
surface elevation at LRX-29, the water level had risen
eight-tenths of a foot from the initial reading at 10:00 am and
appeared to still be rising.
0
Field measurements of water surface elevations made= on
December 8th upstream and downstream of the leading edge
were plotted with the water surface profile measured in early
November to show the effects of ice cover formation on water
,
levels through that reach. Figure 4. 3 and Table 4-.5
summarize the measurements which were made.
.December 12,. 1981 The final reconnaissance trip for
freezeup observations was conducted on December 12th.. The
ice cover extended as far upstream as Gold· Creek.. Within
three hours 1 from 11:00 a.m. ta. 2":00 p.m., the ice ·cover
suslS/s 4-13
advanced from river mile 136.4 to 136.9, with no sign of
dramatic change in water level upstream or downstream of the
bridge.
As ice flees neared. the leading edge of the ice cover their
velocity visibly decreased. At 11:45 a.m., the surface
velocity of the frazil slush in the channel at the bridge
appeared to be zero. Water levels were slowJy rising at this
site. Farther upstrea':Jl, at cross-section 47 r velocity .of ice
floes were measured at 2. 8 feet per second. Velocit3es at
LRX-48 were 4.3 feet per second.
Over a two-hour. period 1 the water level at cross-section 45
rose 0.8 foot. Howeverr ice along shore was broken and
tilted at sharp angles, indicating a greater rise in water level
sometime prior to ice cover advance through this reach.
Estimated maximum water surface elevations associated with
the breakup of shore ice at LRX-45 and LRX-44 were 687.01
and 684.20 feet (MSL) respective1y, These can be compared
with water surface profiles shown · in Figure 4,.4 to give
maximum apparent change in water levels in the vicinity of
GoJd Creek during ice cover formation.
Upstream of Gold Creek, there were no ice bridges in the
channel until just below Portage Creek where a small bridge
had formed on ·the upstream side of a constricted bend in the
channel.
On December 15th, the ice cover extended upstream past
Portage Creek and into Devil Canyon. On December 3~th,
the ice cover extended ifltermittantly through Devil Canyon
upstream to 4 miles above Devil Creek. Open water persisted
in several turbulent flow reaches. Further upstream there
was a continuous ice cover with several open leads. Plate 12
susi5/s 4-14
shows the approximate extent of ice bridges and open water
leads through this reach. Plates 15-18 'show th~ location of
open leads that persisted through the winter after formation
of the ice cover. Most of these are velocity leads in the main ·
channel thalweg.
4.2 -Breakup
(a) Review of Available Historical Records
Year
1975
1976
The best information .on the nature and tirning of breakup of
the ice cover on the. Susitna River was obtained through the
National Weather Service River Forecast Center and the
Alaska Railroad.
Data from the Alaska Railroad
The table below lists breakup dates on the Susitna. River from
1975 to 1980 based on observations by personnel from the
Alaska Railroad. It also describes the nature of breakup and
identifies specific problem sites.
Dates
May 12-15
May 5··17
'Descrjption
Ice out by the 15th.. Some minor flooding 1
no damage to track.
Washouts on the 5th on tracks in the
vicinity of Curry from river mUes 119.8 to
122. Washouts related to large jam extend-
ing from river mile 118.4 to 123 during the
same time. Short stretch of track also lost
downstream of LRX-30 at river miles 127 .. 0
to 127 .2. Heavy flooding of track.s in
vicinity of LRX ... 18 and just ·upstream.
Significant bank scouring and Ice pushed
up on tracks from LRX-13 (R.M. 110.4) to
LRX-18 (R.M. 113.0). Ice out on the 17th ..
susiS/s 4-15
Year
1977
1978
1979
1980
Dates
May 16th
May 8-9
.May 8
May 12-13
Description
Jce out, some bank scouring, but no
significant damage.
Some J:·Jms and flooding, minor damage. Ice
on tracks at curve approximately river mile
109 .. 6, below LRX-13.
Gentle breakup 1 no flooding or damage to
tracks.
No flooding, ice and rocks pushed up on
tracks at a few spots, no serious damage.
"" Overall, the Railroad has nevet" had ice problems with the
track from Sherman upstream to Go!d Creek. The track is
farther from the main channel of the Susitna and is higher
above the· river through that reach. However, flooding and·
damage to the tracks occur consistently in som'? reaches below
Sher·man. The track in the vicinity of LRX-30, where the
ri'\/er channel bends to the west, has been damaced often ..
Rock rip-rap has·· been dumped to retard active bank erosion
during breakup aJong the far left bank.
Another section that appears vulnerable during breakup is
that area below Curry from LRX-23 to below LRX-21. Ice .
jams of varyi.ng magnitude form through this . reach nearly
every year, causing flooding of the tracks or other damage ..
Farther downstream, active bank erosion is threatening the
tracks in the vicinity of LRX -20. Rip-rap has been dumped
to prevent further erosion.
Rip-rap ha.s also been dumped through the entire reach from
LRX-18 to below LRX-13 along the left bank. Thls reach
suffers nearly ev~ry year from flooding, ice on the tracks
and scouring of the banks.
susi5/s 4-16
The sharp bend in the river channel between LRX 9 and 10 has
also been the site of ice jams several times in the past. Wat~r
flooded the tracks and ice was pushed up on top of the bankS 1 •
with some scouring occurring.
Data from National Weather Services (NWS) Records
Records from NWS observers are included in the following pages,
showing breakup dates for the Susitna River at Talkeetna and
Curryr and the Talkeetna River at Talkeetna. The records are
not continuous 1 but help document the. pattern of ice cover decay
and breakup over the past twenty years.
The average dates listed on the Tab I.e 4. 6 are based on an
assumed key date of February 28. This date is used as a zero
point. For each category on the table the difference in days
between the key date and the observed date is added to the
r·ecord total -and divided by the number of years of record to
fi'gure the av~rage date. For example, on Table 4.6, the date of
last ice on the Susitna River at Talkeetna in 1971-72 was observed
to be May 27th. This means last ice was observed 88 days past
the key date of February 28th. To figure the average date,
88 days must be added to the running total which was 1,427 days
in 1970-71. This gives a new total of 1,515 days up to and
including '1971-72 which can be divided by the period of record
(22 years) giving an average date 69 days past the key date of
t•
February 28, or an average date for last ice of May 8.
Based on these National Weather Service records, last ice in the
Susitna River at Talkeetna for 1980/1981 matched the average date
of May 8th.
susiS/~ 4-17
(b) 1981 Breakue
.•
The breakup process on any river begins in the spring as
solar radiation and increasing air temperatures beg~n to melt
the snowpack and cause river discharge to increase.
The rising water level puts pressure on the ice, causing
fractures to develop in the ice cover. In addition, the solar
radiation reduces the insulating snow cover on the ice and
thermally degrades crystal bonds in the ice sheet (candling).
Gradual reduction of the low elevation snowpack in the
Susitna Basin began earHer than usual in the spring of 1981
due to warmer than normal early spring air temperatures and
cloud free davs . ..
Breakup on the Susitna was predicted by the NWS to be one
to two weeks early, based on these early climatic conditions.
There was no significant precipitation during early spring to
increase runoff in the watershed.. Therefore, river discharge
did not increase sufficiently to create strong forces on the ice
cover and initiate break.up. Instead, the ice began to slowly
disintegrate in place with long open leads developl~g through
the length of the river.
A return to normal temperatures by April slowed the breakup
processes occurring in the Susitna Basin, and 19 predictions of
timing for breakup returned to near normal. Also, breakup
was expected to be very mild due to the minimal to non·
existent snowpack left in the basin by the end of Aprft and
the deter.iorating condition of t~ae river ice ..
susi5/s 4-18
Pre~breakup conditions observed during a reconnaissance trip
on April 23-rd are referenced on Plates 15 through 22. At
that time, open leads were growing by ice calving off the lead
perimeter. Ice floes would accumulate at the downstream end.
No floes wer·e observed being carried underneath the ice
-;t
cover. There was 'also little evidence of rising water level
increasing _pressure on the ice cover.
By May 1st there were clear signs that the ice cover had
undergone first movement. Ice accumulations were developing
in several locations.
For the next few days changes in the character of ice accu-
mulations and water levels along the river were monitored,
especially at Gold Creek. Increased overflow on top of the
ice and fracturing of the ice cover indicated that the water
level was steadily rising during the first week of May. Open
leads continued to grow and connect.
By May 3, the rise in water level and ice movemen·t created
ice jams upstream of the Parks Highway Bridge, above Curry
where the channel bends sharply and begins to constrict, at
LRX-29, above Sherman, downstream from the Gold Creek
bridge near LRX -43, above the Indian River in the vicinity of
LRX-51 and LRX-52, and upstream at a constrict~on in the
channel through LRX-56 and LRX-57.
Plates 15 through 22 show the locations of these ice jams and
trace their development during early May. Table 4. 7 shows
water surface elevations in the vicinity of these jams during
the same period of time.
On the morning of May 4th, it was observed that most of the
previous days ice jams had released and new jams reformed at
several different sites ..
susi5/s 4·19
The· jam through the reach at LRX-56 and LRX-57 released
sometime overnight, adding more ice and increasing pressure
on the ice jam upstream from the Indian River.. A sharp
bedrock outcrop along the left valley wall at LRX-51 appeared
to be. the principal factor holding the lee. The far~ right
"" channel was acting as an overflow channel, conveying flow
around the ice and relieving pressure on the jam. Flow in
this channel increased noticeably with the addition of ice from
ipstream. It also appeared that the center of the ice jam had
sagged due to a change in water level~ Parallel shear lines
:auld be traced through the ice jam along the boundaries of
the main chann«al on May 4th. This apparent drop in water
level may ·have been related to increased flow spilling into the
far right channel or the release of the ice jam below Gold
Creek.
Append~x B shows the USGS streamflow . chart from Gold
Creek during early May. Timing and maximum water surface
elevations resulting from the jam which keyed ·at the rock
point near LRX -43 can be easily read from the chartc On the
morning of May 4th remnant ice W.::Js stacked up to 6 feet high
along both shores upstream and downstream of the bridge.
Average thickness of the ice chunks was three feet1 but much
of it was candled and easHy broken apart.
From Gold Creek downstream, the main channel was free of
ice accumulations until just below Sherman. Sometime during
the night of May 3, the ice jam above Sherman released .. Ice
from that jam combined with upstream ice packed into the
main channel through the reach just below Sherman. The ice
jam key was located above a reach of shallow, turbulent flow
near. LRX-32, where the channel bed was extrem¢1y irregular.
These features apparently instigated jamming. In this reach
of divided flow, the left channel provided overflow relief,
susiS/s
carrying flow around the ice so there was JittJe effect on
water levels upstream. This jam held in place until sometime
during the night of May 7th, as the channel was clear of ice
on the morning of May 8th.
""' The ice jam downstream of Curry released during the early
morning hours of May 4th. The ice· sheet that previously
existed at Curry broke up and accumulated in the reach at
LRX-21 and LRX-22.
Over the next few days water t~vels through_ the jam were
measured along with water velocities and are shown on
Table 4. 7. Figure 4.5 graphically shows the water surface
profiles based on field measJ.Jrements. Water levels above the
key of the jam dropped approximately 7 fee~ after the ice jam
released. Prior to release of the jam, ice floes were forced
up along the. left bank during jam consolidation. ~res sure .
ridges also developed as the floes continued to be
compressed. Strong streamflow through and around the jam
in side channels persisted throughout the period the jam was
in place.. Approaching water velocities did not appear to
decrease.
Another ice jam keyed near LRX-17 and extended upstream to
the confluence with Lane Creek. On May 4th, there ·was a
noticeable incr~ease in overflow on the upstream ice indicating.
a rise in water levef. t=low had atso spilled into the right
channel below LRX.,.17. The ;ce jam held until the early
morning of May 6th, wh~n the jam released. Ice floes packed
Into the channel extending from approximately LRX-3 up to
river MHe 101.81 above LRX~7. On the morning of May 8th
the jam Wc~s still in place. Examination of streamgaging
chal"ts from Sunshi~~ indicate the jam released sometime later
on the 8th or early· on the 9th causing the peak recorded on
the Sunshine gage chart.
susi5/s
The similarities of the peaks from the two charts at Gold
Creek and Sunshine on May 8th and 9th suggest that the last
of the ice jams released sometime during this two day period.
The large lee jam above the indian River appears to have
released , late on May 8th., It is possible that the ice floes
"' were again stopped in the vicinity .of the bridge causing the
peak on the Gold Creek chart. During the night, water
levels dropped :--s the ice compressed through that reach
and/or water began spilling into the overbank area and
flowing around the jam. Water levels rose again and
sufficient forces built up to initiate movement of the jam.
New ice floes adding to the upstream edge of the jam at the
confluence and the flood wave associated with release of the
jam at Gold Creek aggravated conditions at the confluence.
Water levels were already high through this reach/ with water
and ice well up into the vegetation on both sides of thr~ .
floodplain. The accumulating ice floes and rising water level
---
created on unstable situation and the jam released on the
morning of May 9th.
From the USGS streamflow chart it appears that the same
process occurred. at the Parks Highway Bridg~; that was
hypothesized for Gold Creek. Ice jammed through that reach
raisir:tg the water level at the gage. Compression .of ice floes
or increased flow in the overbank temporarily reduced water
levelsr but late on May 9th water levels had built to a point
where the jam became unstable and released.
Review of Appendix C, a summary of breakup observatiqns on
the Lower Susitna River, shows that water levels peaked in
the early morning hours of May 10th, presumably associated
with rel~ase of the ice jam upstream at the bridge .•
susiS/s
Ice cov,::r in the lower river had broken up and been washed
out several-days before the ice moved do~wn from above
Talkeetna. First movement of the ice cover· .on the Deshka
River and the lower Susitna River at thf~ confluence was
reported on the morning of May 2nd. Sporadic movement
"' continued throughout the day in this area. By early evening
ice movement was also 'reported down'stream at Susitna
Station.
For the next few days observers re:ported continued ice
movement in the Susitna, rising water levels and breakup of
the ice cover. On May 3rd, the Deshka was 95% ice-free, but
a jam had developed at the confluence with the Susitna. The
Yentna River was al~o ice-free except for a jam at the con-
fluence with the Susitna River.
By mid-day on May 5th 1 the r·iver at Susitna Station was
reported free of ice and the jams at the Desh.ka-Susitna and
Yentna-Susitna confluences had released ..
Through the · length of the river channel, remnant ice was
stranded on shore or packed into side channels with little or
no flow. Over the following weeks ris'ing water levels flushed
out the rest of the ice or it melted in pJace.
Overall, breakup during 1981 on the Susitna River was mild ..
Ice scarring of trees from the release of ice jams was noticed
in a few iocations 1 most dramatically in the vicinity of LRX-7 :t
on the vegetated islands in the channel. However, no major
changes in channel configuratjon or significant scouring of
river ban'ks due to ice were observed during-the breakup
process.
susi5/s 4""23
WATER TEMPERATURES DURING. FREl!ZE-UP ( 1980 )
BeLOW 1.SUSITNA
CHULITNA ABOV£ TLK.
DATE' :::. ·coNi:.··.~ .• CONF. R/VE.R TIME
a .. a s3· ' ...
A . .
8-19 SO a ..
c. -~-Z7 <;t-.30 'I;< 7iqt:!AM
9-28 42" 2--30PI-.1
9'"29 400 (S:oo~tM .
9-2~ 42° J:3SP.14 .
9-30 4-:30 7--:30AM.
9-30 43° IZ:45PM
I0-1 43° 1:30PM
/0-8 aa·o JJ:BOAM
/0-..3 3~" II·-.30Al¥1
10-4 42D
/0-7 39° 2:ooPM
10-SI 39° to:stJAM
10-9 .SSe 4-'00PM -
10": II 34'0 ·/1:3oAM
10-1/ ...3/D 2:15PM
/0-/1 34"' 2·:30,~M
~~·
' 10-11 84" 6·'00PM
'-''1/·~ ,,...._
"' 10-IZ .32 .. 7:00AM
10-/2 31~ Z:IG" ~.;1
/0-13 32D 7·'00Aiv1
10-13 32g 7-·30AM
10-}4 .:52. 2:..!30 PM
·-!-'-·--··
* FIRST FRAZIL IC~ !AI SUSt/11/,.,q
ABOVE CHUL. CONFL.USNC!ii'
OWN. .P.A. ......__.""'-· -----.......
CKO. L .. G. R&M CONSULTANTS. INC.
DATE. 7·115-81 ENGINEER& OSO&.OGI&T.S nLANNEIIIS iiiUIIIVEVORC
·. fl/0
&>ESCRIPT!ON -L.RX ··4-5 GOI..O CR. -R; M W.G-TICIP
LRX-4S GOLO l:J?.-·osas W.Q;. TICIP .
LRX-1-L/B OF EAS7' CH ~ TLK.MtJTE:L
1-RX-4 ALONG L/B oF It/lAIN CIIAN.
If.> TLI<. St::J'C.TI.ANDING, li/.S OF' liif'..R~ S~IDG
@ TLK. BOAT LANOING'J l.I/S OF R..R~ SRIL:>G
L,RX-1 ALON8 L/B • MOTEL-
LRX-/3 ALONG o/B
i.R;<-4,4 ALO}./G L/B
IN SI-IERMAN CREEK
Ll<X-35 ALONtS L/B
L.RX-4 ALONG FAR L£FT BANK -LRX-46 GOLD CR. -l.JSGS t-1/.Q. TRIP
L.RX-13ALONB ~/B
1-RX-1 ALONG L/B --
P/.!5 OF l .. RX-16 AT TIP o;:::-I.SL../tlN&>
Al..t::JNG L/B ol=" RT. C!H..tfN,VGL,
'rAK~IV /11.3£1-0U/.Sl/RFACE 1/VMAIN C# .
OF" ~5VStrNA viJSTABOVE" Tl:..":K CoN;:::
-~~ ~~""'-
t.IUSI .0/S oF Tt..K. R-fi>. SR!~E ....
t..RX-1 AL.OfJG L/B
__ ....... if?'_
L~-1 ~ON(; L./S
LRX-3 -TAKEN I' BELCJW.SlJRN4CE IN
MAlA! CHAN/VEL <::JUST ABOVE CONJ:"'•
LRX-1 ALONG L./B
TLK. BOAT LANDIN(;. (1=1/?ST F.I('AZIL )
LRX-4S GO'-P CR. -AVERA6EAc.
CH41VNE'-DVR//VG W.Q.SAMP.L./NG
~B. -
GRtO.
PRO-J.NO. OSZ306
DWG.NQ SCALE. .ScALE:
~~-----~----~------· '.
Date
Dec~ 1
Dec. 2
Dec. 3
Dec. 4
Dec. 5
Dec. 8
Dec. 12
TABLE 4.3
ICE COVER PROGRESSION ON
THE SUSITNA RIVER ABOVE TALKEETNA
FIELD OBSERVATIONS
Time Location of Leading Edge
2:30 pm RM 104.3 below LRX-10
12:30 pm 107~8 below LRX-12
1:40 pm 108.15 II n n
11:00 am 112 .. 9 below LRX-18
10:00 am 115.9 below LRX-19
10:00 am 118.8 below LRX-21
10:00 am 126.35 above L RX -29
1:00 pm 126.5 u Jl II
11:00 am 136.4 below LRX -45
1 ;00 pm 136.8 above LRX-45
2:00 pm 136.9 n n u
Average Rate of Jce Cover Formation = 2. 7 Miles/Day
susi5/s 4-25
Cross
Section
LRX-9
10
11
12
13
16
17
18
TABLE 4.4
FIELD MEASUREMENTS OF THE WATER
SURFACE PROFILES ON THE SUSITNA
RIVER IN THE VICINITY OF CHASE
Water Surface Elevations
River October 7
Mile Survey Dec. 2 (Time)
103.32 378.01 381.50 (2:05 pm)
104.75 391.88
106.68 407.66 409.37 (1 :35 pm)
108 .. 41 421.73 421,.47 (1 :10 pm)
110". 36 436.41 434.23 (12: 45 pm)
(10/9)
112.34 455.13
(10/10)
. 112.69 458.41
(10/10)
113.02 460.67
(10/10)
Oec. 3 (Time) -
423.14 (12:30 pm)
437.58 (11 :55 am)
457 .. 84 (10:50 am)
460.88 (10:30 am)
450.80 (10:15 am)
462.05 (11 :15 am)
0 Leading edge on Dec. 2 at RM 107.8 at 12:30 pm and at RM 108.15
at 1:40 pm
0 Leading edge on Dec 3 at RM 112.9 at 11:00 am just D/S from LRX-18
susi5/s 4-26
Cross
Section
LRX-27
28
29
30
31
TABLE 4'"5
FIELD MEASUREMENT OF WATER SURFACE PROFILES
ON THE SUSITNA RIVER
NEAR LRX~29
Water Surface E!evatlons
River Nov. 6 & 7
Mile S;Ji''Vey Dec. 8 (Time) ->
123.3 542.89 546 .. 80 (11 ;00 am)
124.4 553.86 556.99 (10:45 "'am)
126.1 568.37 572.74 (10:00 am)*
127.5 578 .. 18 581 .. 97 (11 :50 am)
128.7 594a06 594 .. 13 (1?~ 15 pm)
By 12:45 pm water level had risen to 573.56
Leading edge of the ice cover was at river mile 126 .. 5 by 1 pm ..
susiS/s 4-27
STATION-· ·Talkeetna ffiJ!tt l n""S • • · V"-1-#
Prior to 1949, data in unsafe for man
column was considered as break-up and
opening navigation date.
'.
Season Body of water Unsafe Record
for Total &
Vehicle Years
~ ·-
1960-61 Susitna River /
5'
17t/ 1'1,1-/, 2---I( ........... ll
r~~ ll~ i/i~ /'/{,2-?3 z· jr I(
(:tlf 7
IY'IJ· 6 '-/ /( 25'1; lt
J;
• {~ ~l
/ltt/~?J-(.
,. f I f ra; 285
....-1.#0 <-
'.;. 1'~~4 If{,5,tt ,.,;) t~ (( . ,
~Al'~'· it ltltt-~7 t( I{ f-_~8_ ~
. --... ·• ,q
1'&7-tY '/f.l . ' ' ( I t _:g I '7 -,Ill
l_tj6 ~'-69 .... ..., 3/.')..o 337 . . • /1
/f?o ... ·11 .., of ¥-?..a 38 8
JZ.
. ' 7'/.:'. 3 11° L~71--7?-~ "'1
l
..
... .
-•t l . . , .
' 't.
-· BREAK-W"·KEY ·nATE·~-2k-g .. .. . -. . . ·~ .. ··-·· . . D:LviSION NO: . -5 ..
U. S. DEFARTMENT OF COMMERCE lf1EATH~R BUREAU
IlliASKA CLIMATOLOGICAL SECTION CENTER
Avg. Unsafe Record Avg. Date ice Record
'{>ate for Total & Date ends permit Total a
Man Years shipping Years
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BREAK-UP KEY DATE ;36_/ _.. • .
U o S. DEF ARTMENT OF COMMERCE lt1EATHER BUREAU
ALASKA CLIMATOLOGICAL SECTION CENTER
.~ . DIVISION NO. 5 • ._., r
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ALASKA CLIMATOLOGICAL SECTION CENTER .
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for Total & Date ends permit Total
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DEVIl,. I BETWEEN I (OLD lt.ANE CREEK I CANYON SHER~1AN .
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APPENDIX A
CLIMATOLOGICAL DATA FOR TALKEETNA~ ·ALASKA
PHOVIDED BY THE NATIONAL WEATHER SEHVICE 1
OCTOBER '1f~80 -MAY 1981~WITH ANNUAL SUMMAF4Y
4-39
OC TDBEEl f '190
TAlKEETNA, AlASKA
NATIONAL ~£ATHER SERVl~E OFC
TALK~ETNA AIRPORT
Local. Clim<ttologlcal Data
MONTHLY SUMt1ARY
L~tiTUOe b2 '18 'N LONG ITUD£ 150 ~ l:l6 1 It EttY l Tl Cll I GROUIIO I 34$ rr. StANDA!lO fl'lf; USED: AI.ASKAN UBIIH 12hS28
lltGREE .041$ IIEATHC:Il lYP.ES $JiOW, AYt. ~UIISHl~~ SICT CDYE!l TEHPERATURE 'F VASE t;~ 011 DATE$ 01' ICi PRECIPltATIOII STAT! Off WJHO " . · TENTHS OCCI!RR~E 'll.\tlt Pill:$• FASTI'Sr !>= s-: I 1'011 4~ lllt£11 ~I!W. SU~£ a: 0 I!IL£ \ ..... 2 Jl£4n ro; w ...J ~~ ;~ ICE. Gil I !f. 0 ::.; .... ... := c l tlll/liCUSTORII ... s 0 w oc .... -,~ "'ot f ICE P£tltTS tllO!illo tGUIYh l(t . .. ... .... .,.. ... "" ... --a:"" "1:: z "" . ~ ~ r "" ':> CJ' ~ ·~ ... -... -s; 11~11. At 'ltl.tll (L('t. c ~I: .... . .,. ... "' w ::."" ~ "' t-Z "'" ,.,,. -~ O$AI1 LENl 351> ,,.. ... ::: :;:z: ... .., :0:"' "',... !22 <. a< . ..::>. -"" -jg $ CUlE -' 5a ... C> • ... ;; we _.., .... >< a:. <%: ffi:x ..... 7 OllSTSTO~ft ::::0 ...... ... c .w u c. «"' ::e"' .... ::e w a..o -c~ !~ 111 llr, F[Et "' ., ... ... ·' *'; ~ ;z; "' %% QQ c c x; .. "'"" """' ... ~ I SliOK£, ~lE .... w,;.. !Cr ii ... ~ ::::0 ::> :Xi: Q 'lC -< Q~ ~Q :::. ... 9 8LllWJIIC SliOII '"· ft.S.L, "" "'., c:> Q,Q 'en"-.'"')
I 2 3 4 5 s· 1A. 79 s 9 10 ll 12 13 14 15 16 [7 te 19 20 21
i l SB• 38 4Ba 8 40 17 0 0 0 v 2'),20 01 t.& r..r. 10 15 f. 1
4E. 31 39 0 3') 2E. 0 1 0 .24 0 2'l.JC. 12 3,5 5.£. 14 If. 'l 7
4'l 30 40 1 35 25 0 0 .01 0 2').05 0£. 3.4 &.5 10 18 " 4
51 30 41 3 34 211 0 0 T C· 2'l. H> 02 r..2 £..5 12 3& 8 a
5 41 31 3& . -2 35 2'l 0 ., 0 ,45 0 28,72 OS t.4 2.'J (, 2f tO 10
& 51 35 43 (, 39 22 0 0 .01 0 28.h7 01 4.5 5,3 ') 31
7 4£, 3£, 41 .c 24 0 I a ,48 0 s 18 10
8 3& 32 34 -2 32 31 0 t l .22 1.7 29',27 17 s.o 5.G t3 17 10 10
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10 34 29 32 -3 29' 33 0 t T T 29,3.3 17 1.7 4.2 c; 15 10 to
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21 43 30 37 7 28 0 0 0 0 21 03 ') 2t
22 47 3£> 42 13 21 23 0 0 0 0 29.33 35 £>.2 £..'3 13 3!. 10 g 22
23 45 32 3'3 It 30 2o 0 0 0 0 2'l.07 J£. 4.' 5.8 13 3£. 10 tO 23
24 51 31 41 13 31 24 0 0 0 0 2S.~'l 01 3.8 4,'3 10 0.3 7 7 24
25 4E. 28 37 tO 30 2S 0 0 0 0 2'.1.37 J(o t.S. 4.3 B 13 5 5 25
2E. 41 23 32 5 2E. 3~· 0 0 0 0 2'3.38 02. 3.0 3.5 7 02 5 7 2&
27 .\5 25 35 'l 24 30 0 0 0 0 2'3.03 03 5.0 5.3 15 OJ 8 9 27
28 34 2l. .30 4 ~5 0 1 T ,07 1,1 r. 20 10 29
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30 3£. 20 . 29 3 2£. 37 0 2 i T 2'.1,&~ 01 4.9 5.2 'l 02 0 ~ 30
31 39 <J• 24a 0 1£> 41 0 2 0 0 2'!.11 02 (,_J e.a f4 03 ... 0' Q 3\
SUM SUH TO~lL JOUL t--. -TOTAL ICITlt FOR Tl!f !'.OlfT!I! TOTAL l SUI! SUI'! . 1318 . .
2.14 2tl 03 f'OR 8")-:1 8')<;1 0 N~oll.oi1! OF OAlS 4.3
.ave "'VG AVG OEP AYG .OEP OEP I'RECIPITAT!Oll OEP --~ -:t'DlT£; 21 HUIIL£ f,oijf~ .\VG ns .
42.S 29.0 35.8 3.7 -121 0 > 01 lNCII 12 -0.41) --I· ·I -StASOII; 10 1lH[ SHOll, I C£ PEl. letS ·-
Iiili! ~~--OF DAY ron lDU ): .J 0 INCH 3 IH[M.EST IN ;H HOURS AND GAlES {;R;~r~~; o~:"' o~cr'~~:oo?~l'~ .. 11.Al(IMIJ l£11D IIINIIIUH TEru> 2Ut5 'i TNU!IDERS TuRIIS 0 PRECWIUflOll SliD II ICE PE VfS IC 9 lt <f OR li U > 70 ... < .? ..... i 3i • ( 0 DEl' ()[p IIEAYJ FOG 0 .1>7 7-9 I 1. 7 a 2 ~h
0 ) ~4 Q -tt4 .. , CLEAR PlqT ClOIIOY CtniH1\' ·-
SUMMARY BY HOURS
• UlR£11t: ~~~ THE IIONTII -tA.'if OCCORPElitE IF
tiOR£ TW 4 ON£. .
T lRAt£ I IOUllt
+ ~LSI'-":.4 ~~ EARLl Ell DATE. Gil OATES.
I-IEAYY rOOt -YlStBIUH 11• l!llE OR lESS,
FtGUllES roll 1111<!0 OHiECUONS ARE TEllS 01' .OE-
'R££S ClOC~Ili~E TROll TRUE IIORlll, 00 = t'.\1.11.
O~TA 111 COLS, S AIIO 12-IS·.ARI: BASED ON 1 OR
t!OR£ OBSE,RUJlOIIS P£1! OAt A.T 3·110Ult IHTEAYALS,
FASTEST IItlE IIINO SPCEOS. ARE F'A$r£Sr OBSEAYEO
0N£·tiiNUi£ VAlUES lill£11 DIRECTIONS l~E II! 1£1iS
Or tlttREES, THE I IIITH THE DIRECTib!f IIIOit.\lES
I'[Ait COST SPEED.
Alit tRRORS. llETECT£0 WILt BE CORI!.tCT£0 AHD
CHANGES IIi SUllt!ARl' DATA lilll B£ AI!~OJAJEO til
flit ANNUAL Slll!IIART
RECORDS OF' ~EATHER TYPES, FASTESi 09Sf;11Vtll 1-IHNUTE ~tHO SPEEDS,
& VARtOUS OTHER OATA t1AY BE lNCOHPLE:T( OUE; tO VAR.ABLE SC~EOULE
P~R1 TIME OPERATION.
J.YERAGES
lEI!PEiiATUI!f
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OS 8 2'l.2f. 33
DB 8 2'1.21 ~:
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32 2'3
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HOURLY PRECIPITATION !WATER EQUiVALENT !N INCHES! -NOT RECORDED . ... A II HOUR ENDING U I' II -llolm IIQIN;U ~ I 2 3 4 5 6 1 i e g 10 ll n I 2 :l ~ " 4> 1 .R 9 C> , I l I
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S£3011~ 511011, 1C£ PELLETS
• 7 NlJ!'!9£1NlF DAT lOU TOTAL ) I a INCII 5 ~~[H Sf IN 2~ '!~fliS nro OATES I G>'O.l~:~~(Pfll Dllr~IID:o0Q~S" SNOV •
lilt !lUll nl!P 'Pi!lll"'!"l'~r~ 31S7 5 THUN&tRSJCAIIS 0 PRECJ!fll!IOif II~, tt£ HlL£!5 I f(r.._ II T$ 011 IC &H .l.l _ > 10 • < 3'1-.-< ~ < G • ·O£P : ll(P iYur ro' , ~_'JT 1b-t1 "·-" 13 4 to JO• .,p~~ .. ~." 30 'i~ -Jio7 _, CLI:AR s PART~ f 'LQJ/Ot 2 CLDUOY ~J. ~~'\ .·::J -SUHHARY SY HOURS ~4 "\; (lli!E!!t FOR' 110111!1 ~ UST ':lttURR(IIt( IF !lORi: 09S£RVAJID1lS PElt OU ~~ )'H(IUR INTERVAL$, ... .:~.,~$ llt~Ulll 11011[ THAN 011(:\ FASTEST IIIL£ tflND SP(~DS AqJ; F Uf(Sf DBSEAYEO Itt .a &}~ T lR~t( .\MOUNT ii~~E-IIINUT£ Yll\1£S 1111£11 OlRI;,IM~!l: U£ Ill l£1!$ a ·~ fE!!P£1U lURE .. 0 + AlSO ON liLHRl £R OUI;, 011. DltES. or DEGREES. Til£ I IIITH Til( !1111£1:11011 IJ«liUTt~ II' "' ... ....... ... ~I e~ ""r:r ... . ... II£All FOG: • ~~ Ill tf Ita '!liLt DR L($$, P£l1C JOUS l SPEtD ~ !5= o=><• ~ . .... ,.._ a,%
;::: ft:lt~ '-ca _.,z a. --... .{ FICUR£S ro~ IIIND lHAEtll DIIS, ARE lENS or 0£* ANY EwRORS li£TEtlED Ult.l Cf CG-Ii(;:tED Mit ~:{ ,..; ,_.,_ ... ... -C> t-l-~:a:-< ... "" ,._,.J ~· OC'-c tREES CLDI:XIIIS 11'01'1 lROE II(JRtll, 01) "' C:AU1, CIIAIIC(S fN SU!!!!AR\' DAT.l WII,.L lilt llliiOl&TED llf ~ -:,': ... c: w '::> ... _. r :z: 'Iii: '""-• ~ "' "'a. ... :O.m C> ... ~ q:""~ 04TA 1N C:DLS:• AIID 12·15 ARE IIISEO Qll 1 Oil Til£ ANNUAL SU!IIIIRY a: 'X :::0 ... 02 7 2'?.13 25 23 1'J 7')
• R£CO,!Ir:f~ ~ [i\lHER HPE$., r•sr~ST OBSERVEa t-HI!WTE I.UNO !>PEE OS OS ~ ;t".f3 24 23 tB 80 ~-5 \\\i ~-"
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FOR IIEST. ENTRY ~r 00 lN
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..
nttEHBER 1<!60
\'ALK£ElNA, Al'-SKA Loca:f Climatological Data
NEA SVC CONtRACT MET OBSY
TALKEETNA AIRPORT MONTHLY SUMMARY
UTil!i!l£ l!.2 • lEI 1N I,OHGttUOE 150 ' 0& 1W 345Ft. SUiltiARD Tit'.( USED: At.ASiiA!f
1
2
3
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9
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10
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12
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14
15
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20
21
22
23
24
25
2~
27
29
2'3
30
31
lEI1PERA lURE 'F TlEG!IEt DAYS
BAS£ Sst
2
2
5
l
:1
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1'3
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-23
-7
11:. a
0
-1
lll
~8
SUK
-3
-4
-5.
-E.
-'l
·~ 1
10
17
7
4
-\0
-22
-17
-17
-30
-32•
-25
-Hi
-12
-1&
-24
-21
-12
'3
21
14 ..
5
7
20
Jt•
5 6
-15
-15
-tEo
-11
-20
-'3
0
7
-3
-E.
-1'3
-31
.-2&
-2E.
4J'l
•40
-33.
·24
-20
-24
-32 -:e'l
-20
1
\3
r,
-2
-3
-t
12
23
12
12
l-14
<j
2
0
9
21
31
22
113
37
35
-30'
25'
25
32
2'3
I
3
3 ..,4
tS
5
3t
IN,
78 9
,8 8 : o -~ 30.03 or, •.t 4,3 'I ae : I 1 ~~ g ~ g g ~;:;~ g; §:~ ;:~ !1 ~i :.
1
.. !
74 o 'l o o 2'3 .7't 04 2. 7 2. 7 {o.~l1S 1 t 'S
E.4 o e. o. ~ <!'l.7r. 01 9.1 a.a IB 02 2 t.. t.
55 () 9 0 0 2·~.58 02 14.0 14.5 ~ 02 0 0 ?
•a o 9 o o 2'3.&4 OJ t?.s 12.1 21~1 l1S o . i! ~~ ~·. ; ~ g 2~.1'3 36 9.£, '3,2 g.~~ g ~~~
7S 0 7 0 1l 29,0'3 35 '5,4 1>.0 10 3:! 0 l1
87 o r, o o 2'.1.40 o" 4.4 s.:l' to ::u o o 12
92 ;) £. T T 28.91> 3'i ~.t 2.<J ~ l$ 2 5 1.3. ~! ~ ~ ! .i ::::: :: ::: ::: ! ~ i .,, g
81 0 {, 0 0 30.21 02 :l.'3 4.9 ll 34 0 1$ 77 0 .r. o o 30.12 01 4.3 s.s ts, OJ o o f1"
91 o E. ~ o· 30.05 o3 2.4 2.'.1 e~ 04 t o ;.:?o
9'3 0 6 0 02<.l.B004 1.4 2.2 ?J04 0 0,~1
ae. o b o ~ 2'l'.7'l 04
1
.... 2 4.3 ., !J7 o .. n.22
77 I) {, 0 " 1 1& 0 ~~3 sr. o Eo o o 2'3.18 02 '3.2 '.1.9 .20 v4 o ·-e•
44 0 (, 0 0 2'3.20 OJ 13.8 14,1 21 04 0 R.?S
st o s o o :!'3.14 · 02 10.2 to,e .2J OJ o c H2s.
S'l 0 £, 0 0 2'3.11 03 tl.E. 14.0 21 02 0 ~ M27 e.o o s o o 2'3.24 36 10.2 11.1 2tt al s 2 i29 ~~· ~ .; =~~ i:~ 28.88 3& 7~3 8.5 !; ~i .g ·~
34 () L ,, .30 3.0 2'3.1!1 03 '5.3 5.8 10 1' •o n3~
TOT'!. TOTAL TOUL TOTAL Fill! TJ.IE I'!ONTI!: TOTAl :t S!JK SUI'i'; .l}
2 I 44 0 NUIISER Of OATS • 51> .'~, 1 ~ 2~ 1:15 FOil 17 .Jl.
AVO OEP AVG O£P UEP !:R£CIPITA.UON IIEP :!.CUE: 09<' "'nr11,r ~1~ AVG. us;_y"'
•4,2 ·13.2 408 0 > 1l1 lt!CII 3 -1.1~ -'2.5 !\
~ EXTREM£ FOR THE J10HTH " UST Oi:CU!IIIEJif;t IF'
.,._1!£ Til AN ONE. ll<!llE 1lBS£RVAfiOIIS PER DAY n NI\IUII Ult£RYALS,
. F'ASTEST !llt.E' IUNO SP££0$ ARE f'Atft$f OBSERVED
ONE~II!KIITE liAlli<'.S ll!-!Ell !llll£CHO.HW Mit; IN ID.S
Of bEGA£ES. TlfE J WITH IHE Dll!teftOII lHOltATES
!I£AJC GUST ;J>EED.
SU!t'14f.'t'f BY HOURS
T TRACE MtOUNT
't J,LSO 0~ A~ '£ARt.IEII OlTE, 0~ DUEs.
t~tAYT ro;: -wmm.nr tt~ 11tt.t 011 LEss.
FIGUR£s f.OII lUND Olil(CT\Qfls ARE TEllS Of OE"
GllEES ClOCI<tltSE fi!Oii til\/£ NOIIT!f. 00 " tALif,
DATA Ill COt.S. S. AHO 12·15. t.RE BASED Olf 7 01\
A.Kr £RRO!lS 0ET£1~TED IIlLI. ~E tllllRtCfCO ANO
tHANCES 1N Slim\1'!1' DATA lltl.l. Bt ~OUTED 1H
TilE ANNUAl SUm1411Y
REtOROs OF fiEATHER HPES, FASTEsT OastR'IEb 1-ti!IIUTE: 111110 SPEEOS,
& VARIOUS OTHER ()AlA l1AY BE INCOHPl.Elt tll.lt TO 'iARlASLE SCJ.i£DUt.E
PART TlhE OPERATION.
02 l 2'1.5<1
05 t ~lt.S2
~l:l 1. 2'1.55
It 2 2'l,57
H 3 2'3.55
t:1 3 2'l.SS .co :2 2'3.5<1
2) 2 29.55
HOURLY PRECIPITATION tWATER EOUtVALENT IN INCHES) • NOT RECOAD£0'.
= A II IIOUR ENO HG AT p II IIOUR (HD I NG U I '-;' .. 1' .L J 4 ~ .Jl. _L 8 !I lll. '·' ..R 1 ( _i_,;t L tl ..!!. _L ·gc l'g ·10 11 1'2' ' ... I I I " t 2
I 2; 3 . ) 3 4
1 l . l '* 5
l 'S b .·
r 1
i j 7 1l , ,a q
l ' l "! 10 > ,10 1l
I t
I ! ,, ~~ ; '\~ 13 I r
14
tS I ,. H.
t
:u:. t1
11 19
f
l:a 1'3 ·~"t 20
~I) .21
I ~~ 22
2!>
>il 24 <ill ~5
~5 2E.
~~ 27
~a ~1
2';1 ~:a
30 :2'!
l '3f) 31 ,. ...L )l
SUBSCI!!l'ITIOH fllUCE: $3,30 PEA lEAR lNCt.UtllNG ANNUAL SUMARf. :tORtlGtf tt.\ltlNG't1.'95 EXTRA. 'Slliiit.E COP't; 25 WitS r~m i!!OHlJi!.Y ISSUE, 30 CE!tl$ fOR ~NNUAl SUIUiAR't • THERE IS 1. li!N:It!Uit Cl!ARG~ OF S3,00 >OR EACti OllDtll. OF' Sf.£ll:·~sTOCl(EO ISSUES OF PUBt.lCATlO~s. m~ O!t:tllt; P;t't'ABLE lO D£PAR11€,1U ill!!'
COlmERCE,. NOM. SEIIO P~THENtS, ORDERS, AN!l (IIOUlRIES TO HATJOkA.l Ct.l"-'llC: 'C(IH~R. FEDERAL BUillltiiG, ASIIE'it~!.t. ~fH tAf«lt.fiiA 21!!0$,
1 cti!TI.Ft TJIAt 1\US IS AN OFFttlAL PUBLlC.ATtOrc OF' tHE lt.\TlONAl 'OCEANIC ANO ATI'IOSPHERIC J.DIIINISJliATUiil, AHO l$ ~(t.£0 F'RO!t Att:Ol;DS 0~ Fllt: U lH£
.lfATIONAL CUI14HC CENTER, AS~'ltt.t.E, NORTH CAROLINA 28801. . . LJ • ./1 . . . . .. no··aa NATIONAL OCEAIHC AND =7-.. s. ENVtRONt!ENTA_L. DATA .I,NQ ~(;{ ~
•
1
·. · AUIOSPtmHC ADHUHSlRAnON . lNfOIUtAtllfint:RVICE t:IJRECTOR, 1fUt1JH.\L CLtl1AHC l'~IITER
USCQI1H··~t!.\A;-JSf!£'ill.L£ .OHluu ~t.S
.....
U)
en
0
JI\NUA.Rl f"lEH
TALKEETNA. ALASKA
W£A 'YC CONTRACT MET tSS1
'TALKEt H!A AIRPORT
local Climatological· Data
MONTHLY SUMMARY
LOMGilUbE tSO 0 Ot. 1 ~ EltVA T1 ON HlRiiUNO I 34S n. -•F I)£GREE DAYS IIEI(ffl~R TYPES s"o~, 41d, TEMPERATURE B~SE' &s.' ON DAlES OF" ·~£ PRECIPITHiON smrou lHN!J ~!ll!Sllti<E OCCURREIICE itltlUI ,..,. . f~SfESt ·-... OR ~' .... ~ . I FOG 114TE~ SIIOV, !!; t:) I!!LE ;~ .... l "£~~~ ro; ~ .... ~ ~:~" I~ Gil Ill, ... t! ... .. 3 ~UJIO£RSTO~II _, wx: ... CROUHO £QUI VA• Itt ~ #. .... ... ..; ., :z: !!! "'"' .z -;: -I! 4 l(t PUlETS "' "' . e s :: .... ~~ w-"'-¥• ! !14(l ~f l'Elt.£Ii fL(V, ;! ..... r .... . ::.: "" '"'"' E CJ "'0 "'"' OaAt1 l[llf 351> ~.0 ~ :; ... .... ""'"' ~ ... a: ...... ;::~: i! l Ct4Z£ 5 d• u .... t.:V'O .... "" -.c:z: cr l IIIIStstORII ::.w «A wa.. w !:>' ........ ... X z "' 0..0 ... "" c-II( JM, lf.Jf "' "'w .... ...... !:; ~ "" ~ c = > ·w·cr >"' ~i ... i t SI!OKE', JIAZt Til. ... .. , ... .. J: a..:: ....... o. :: < ., ... <C
• 1\.0IIIKG SY.41i lt.._t~i., a: cc.., .... .... 0 c..o
I 2 J .c 5 6 n ?B e 9 10 11 12 13 14 t5 18 17 18 19 1 40 2& I 34 2!. 30 31 Q 13 T T :i'J,OB 03 5.0 r..J' ~ 3f. 2 31 14 23 15 n 42 0 13 0 Q 2?.32 03 s.s S#t. 13 OS 3 1'3 5 1'2• 4 8 53 0 13 0 0 2'.1.31 01 4,") S.ft ~ 34 4 32 18 25 T7 23 40 0 13 0 0 2'J.47 3!. t.,l "·"' ~ 02 5 32 2; 27 l'i Hi 39 4 .13 0 0 2'l.50 01 S.t f.) 12 03 £> 3.5 2.2 1a 20 37 0 12 0 0 {4 02 7 39 :u. 32 24 2£> 33 0 12 T 0 2B.'ll Ol &.$ <J. 1 t7 03 a Jt,. ~;: 32 24 27 33 0 (, H r 0 2~.t£. 02 5.3 ... 3 121 01 'l :n 20: 31 23 22 34 0 11 0 0 2&.78 Ol 3.~ 1..2 i!f 03 10 31 29 33 25 25 32 0 '11 0 0 2'l.Ot n2 S.<J ., .II tt. 04 1l lS 27 31 23 .2£. li.i ·o ttl .20 2.'1 2'l,l1 Jr. J.tl 5.3 t2 34 12 33 * JO 22 2'3 35 0 14 .14 1.''!1 2'.1.44 02 £..1 ··r 02-13 313 27 IS 38 0 15 T 0 l:'t )f. a .tl 30 3& 27 30 2') 0 IS. T 0 2a.77 Ot 7.CJ e.'· 15 3& 15 39 31 35 2!. 34 30 0 14 .23 Q 29.79 0£. 1.1 3.0 7 \4 IE. 37 25 ~I 22 2.& 34 Q ll 0 0 28,'14 02 s..~ b.G 12 ()I l t7 41 33 l~'j ~e 28 28 0 13 0 0 2a.ll1 (j1 1.~ 7,8 tl 04 te 4111 a 21. 1 .. 2') 30 0 13 (I 0 28.52 02 4 ·s t:..s 12' 3;. }') 34 ICJ 27 . 17 28 38 1) 13 .17 t.O 2a.1t 18 1.5 3.5 11 re 20 30 12 21 n 44 0 14 T T e 05 21 '23 t2 18 a 18 47 0 1 13 •. 20 3.7 28.a3 01 \ . ! 1.2: 13 0'1 I 22 JS 2'3 2'3 1'3 25 3& 0 1!. T t 2a.ae. 01 1 • .e. 3.7 8 01 23 :u. 2a 32 22 2'3 33 0 15 ,IH T 2'1.03 Ot 5,4· l..O 13 05 24. lS 21 33 22 2'3 32 0: b 15 r 0.29.ta 3£. 7.2 7.8 13 ()4 25 3.5 27 31 2{} . 24 J.r-· 0. e. 15 T r 2e.9o 03 4.2 5.'3 ')· 04 2!. J() 11 3;! 21 I 2'3 33 0 Er< t5 T • 2'l.l1 ~'" 1.1 2.5 a ll3 27 31 25 29 n 37 0 11 .22 3.4 .. (13 28. 21> ... 1'5 4 'l 'SO 0 17 0 0 2"1.42 02 5.4 5.9 IS Cl 29 33 22 2& 1& 18 37 0 I& .02 .a 2<;.12 03 15.3 15.7 .25 0\\ 30 )e_ 2? 33 :n 2& 32 0 IE. 0 0 2CJ.24 03 8.1 B.'S t4 03 :31 38 2) 33 21 2'3 32 0 1& T 0 29.55 02 &.'3 7.2 14 03 SUP! '5U'.-I --. TOUt TOUt TOUt lOUt fOR TilE J'iCIIT!U lOUt ~· 1074 1<:11 -111!. Q NUH!IER OF OAfS t.l'l 13.2: I 25 !14 fOR UG. 1YO, ,lYG llEP AVG. 0£1> OEP PllEClPUATION OEP. ---r ~\C4TF:! 2<i too.~ k11111 34.1> ~:l.!l 8.7 1CJ.J •S.OS {} ;: 01 lliCII a -0.44 --i + ..
SNOW, ICE PELLEIS
SKY COVER
l(lltMS
C) :e .... ... _ .... ~a ...... _..., ;; a"' """" C>~ :> :> r~ "'"'
20 2f
10 s 5 a 4 to '} ,
·-~
10
If
$ 10
(, 11
'3 T
')
to
10
10-
'l 'l
10 lQ
10 tQ
!Q
10
10
10
t'(i ,
10 10
8 ~
10
JO
3
lO
10 '3
10 JO
SUI! S1ll'l
2H
AVG AVG
9,'3
SEl.SOll fO ~~ !ilJI!SEA or O&f ' TOTM: TOf• ; I 0 !NCII 5 Gil UESf 111 . ..£.4 ~OURS .I.IID OU£~ il Gl!OTESJ (lfli'TH ''~ 'IIOUNQ0~f SNll~. !UXJ."-11'\ f£~ MINI11U!I ltnl' (;,441 o. T!lUHOERSTORIIS 0 PRECIPtTAfiOII SIIDW IC~ ;>£tL£fS ~ ICE' PE'U,tf'! mt ft£ lNO tl: ):lo • 1 ( :t2 < 32 • I ~ 0. OEP i)£P ~<nvr >OG {) .34 ,,.,, 4.31 H•l2 11 J 28• 0 I a )0 0 -5!.1 £)
t. nll!£11t: FOR f~E trolillt • LAST QCCJllRE~i:E IF'
liOR£ liiAc.ll PH£,
T TRACE l.HOUHf
• ~tSC Cllt All fARliER OAl£, OR OATES,
HEA'IT FOlH -VISI9llllf 114 HllE 1JR t.ESS.
HGIJRES. fOil lllliO lllllECTlDHS AilE tEllS OF bE~
GllEES tt1ltr'IIS~ F'ROtr TRUE liO~fll, 00 -: CALli.
DATA 1!1 COLS. 6 AND 12•1S ARE B4SED Oil 7 OR
.CtHR 1 PART T CLOUOT 3 ClOUD
I!ORC OBSERYAHOIIS PEl! O~Y AT J·HOUil lllttAYALS, nsn:st I'IILE WINO SPEEDS ARE FA.SlESt Qe&tlh'£1>
C~t·ltlliUlE VALUES ll'r!Elf Dli!ECTION$ ~~~£ Ill fENS
J!F' O~GRtts. THE I IIIli! T~E lltllEr:TlON lllj)ff!U£S
Jl£~~ &liST SPEED.
·AIIr (jlROI1S DETECTED IIIli. BE CDRREtl£0 AIIO
tlf~liG£$. IN SUIIIIART 04U IIILl B£ Ali!IOtl.f(O IN
flit ~IIIIIJAL SIJIIIIART
RECORDS Of j,j(AlHER TYPES, FAST~ST OBSEIWf!l' 1•MtNUT£ ~UNO SPEEDS,
& VARlO'JS OtHER OATA H ... T BE lltCOt\PL,£TE OUE TO VARIABLE SCHE:OULE
PART TU•.E OPEfl"llON.
21
HOURLY PREC{PlTATtON !WATER £{)UfVALfhl IN iNCHESJ -NOT fiECDROED. .... A 11 l40U~ £Nl)IHil U p " . t 3 .t !> .6 ' 8 !I I II 12 I 2 3 4 C>
l
2
3
4 s
(, ..
1
9
':!·
til.
tl
12
13
14
IS
lEo
11
.Ia .
I~
20.
21
22
23
24
25
2f.
27
28
2')
30
31 ,,.,
SU~MARY BY HOURS
"HDUR fk!HIIC A"r
5 ti i 1 .s 9 ~ .':.-
" I I I
l
! f }
I I
J
I
l
.
llESUt.TAIIt
Ill NO
11 li!:
.... -~
i2
t
~
3
" s
(,
';' e.
')
10
ll
t2
t:l
H
~~
tt,
~~
lB
t'l
~Q
i(t
~~
2~
24
25
20.
27
28
2'3
3t)
31
:::
~ ,
~
~
4 s
\
~·
·~ .,
'~ ll
\.)
\:)
l~
t~
'~ \~
l\l
tit
.10
~\
:z~
~l
~ ..
~¥-
~(. n
~11
~'it
30.
H
SUBSCAtPTtllll PRICE: U.~O'II£A Y£.\li lNCLUOlliG AltiiUAl SUtu14RY. FOREIIlll HAILING Sl.95 tXTRA. SlliGL£ COPt; 25 t:EMtS fOR HOIIli!U' !SSOE. 30 CENt$ J'QR ANN\I~l Stll111ARl'. ti!Eil£ lS A l11HU1UI'I C~.\AGt -oF' S3.1JO fOR tACH ORDER Of SHEli'~STOCKEil !SSU£S OF' PUBLICAHQ!I$. ~KE tMECKS PAUSl£ ro OEP4RftlttH Of .CO!tliERCE~ IIOU. SEilD PAYl-\EifTS. llRDERS, .ANO 11-!0UIRtES 10 ffAftONAL tllMATJC CENTER, fEDERAL SUli.OtNG, ASNtY!t.LE, fiORlll CAR!Il!R4 21!~~,
z
t CERTlfY WAf 1H1S 1$ All OfFICIAl PtiBL ICAllOll or: TftE NAtlOl-lAL Oi:(AtUC AND ATtiOSPHERlC' AOi1!1HSTR4HCif~ ANO lS tOIIPitEO fROH I!ECOROS OIHlL( U lHE •
IIATlONAI. tt.lt!AHC CENTER• A$11£Yll! .. E, NORTtl CAROL lilA 28801.. . ~ ,() " ~ . . _
noaa NAflONAL OCEANIC .AND I £Nl:!~ON11ENJJ.L DATA AND .~(;;5: ~
. · . ATMOSPI-IERIC .\OtltN.tSTRAHll!i · INFOilfiATJON SEJl'llt£ OlRF.CTOR, :HUlll!iAL Cl..lH.UH.' CENTER .
uscnttt~-JaJU-·.ASIJEVIlt.£ <~l•,•••r 2t..~
l...lt.TtTUQE
l) .. WAXI~ .., MU ..
f 'Z
U. i.l!CP~ll J'"(HT Of' c;a .... t:ll" -~·4Y<l)><
H.-,TlO_NAL 'CCI:ANtC: AJ~O ~ f""'t)\ .... (G:tC o\~Vi"tl'$1'A'~l'.t:!.,b
't-.YtQHAC.,. Wi,Att'lt.fit S"E.N.Vtq
PREli/<IINARY LOCAL CliMA.TOlOCICAl !lATA
62 O 18 I N 1~0°
PqE;CfPITA'fl011flfn..1
.,.,.JcEGRI£1!: c.r.vs
MIN'• oii.VER. ~--. <D•'• a.s•J TOTAL
To•t. ('lhta"
lbtLi"' "GE ~~ow <quo-
~Q ... -f'+E~T'~ COO\.: knll ... ~ t!iG tHY
3 .. 5 ~· n "1
$ 1 'f ' tz_ ·'> ~ 1 12. 0 • )2. -r 21 ! rs:-I ) 2 oz_ J ~~ 1 ~ /o I I ' I
•• I 7 -~t; ~'~ Its I I iJ o o /9' 111. 1 flt' o'f ' o
~~ 10 -11 -'f G.9 o c.J a 1/9 f?d 1'1 o'f"~ · I o i
' AllltR4GI: "'O"T"I..V ____ 2e..,.l._, • ._o~-
C£,.• .. •u>ri!' ·~•o~o-..o~ .. •~ !Zi 7
KUj .. ES'r lf )_. ON ·----J~-
• c•En -Z. 3 O" / L
'':J"'8Ett. :(),. OA Y' lltlTH *
... ~ u-a• R~tl..o-_____ ..~.1 ... 1~-
"""' to•l)tt •nove:: ----'-"=0'--......._
.,. ... n 1)A "'~o" ____ ..... ., v
"'iit ll!l''l'!lt ft~LO" ____ ._~_oo,r_ ... _
"'t .. ,,,.~bc.o,.r;a: t"~"'" ~o.-• .-os.·~
•<:<r•t. r ... , .. o"r"' . . . /;l. 2;:.~
,Ot;~AitTU•It l'•a.a H~MiiA\.., -=--1.. f.? .. I'_
~ ... ,o•cl•~-tc'U .. _ -z 4:1. 1 ......
:;t;11AfltlURC' F*OJI!t NQJI.f'IIA\.. -=--.::JJ_C
TO~AI. T'4" "'' .. T.. Q.__
oe..#,.,uu .. e; r,.o,.lio" .. "" __._'?____,
S( .. $>:1;,111. TOTA'-0
'IA.XIIIUiol I'III!CIPIT A.TfOo< •
I
I
i
t
l
* I
f
l
' I
i
• 0 1
t
i
j
t
i
I
I
WSP0A"'P-1-
1t-nt
. U.S. CEJf.lill'I'ME>tT 01' CC"t&"'~" HA'ttOH
NATtC: .. ~L 'OC:SANlC .HO ~t.1WCSP"EJUC .,\Q .. (fdST~•T;;.~
"A1"JO~.t.'-" "flf£ATtoolttA $o1,A,!~
PRELIMINARY LOCAL. CUiolAiOLOGICAl DATI<
LCffG.ITUDE;
Ol:• D£Git!U!: OATS
PA.... (1Jaa•6J•)
Ttl" I:
#'JIO•
l<D,._ '*EA'I"-. C:COI..
IIAL ·lNG 'tKC.
TOTAL
(lt'----l
sNo..
~.ALL.
lC~
PELLC.TS
s ... •• 7 • ' '!b 1t 'U
• iq~ 7 2.5" .ilo b n n 2. ~ 17.1.: ·,/... rr.J. f ~-
• l¥2. 19 11 ~tf o .rJ _~".) '1 ~{7.n} ~~ 1-ii i ~ ~-Fo
:• l./2. fl.J '?7 .i ~y !n .f'\C'"' .., t:. I~-.... ..-'J ~ ~~-; j, T-,,
u ¥2. >;,.s + 'l ,,_ b "' ,., ,_r-• i-' &# ;..~-t!i ~
TOTaL 1'01! TH& IOONTH __ ,._, ..,;;~H-~--IN.
Ot!.PARTUA" .,.JtoM· 140JIIMA~~'J-,N.
GIUta TEST IH 24 >'Rt·. 1 ~ :;2 OH J.!J-
... UliBIEft a.-0AY~,~t1'M·• "fO:'r~L. .. Oflf TkC MOH1"f.li 2.. 7 ....
..... ". ~c,.ec~.oo•-------'/..____ <:!tUTitST•"au<,.s. I,' o~
""II -.o• OI<C.ilitOVIt ·0 0"tA'ti\ST OEjOOtJ• 011 C .. OliNDU-Q .. a
"'" u•'OJ'0-111!\.0W ,2..~ l'IIUSUIU Dl, U
. wt'J ... 'O .. elti..OAI 0 ·MIG"UTSitA'-\.t:Vi]O,/¥" lJ< a .. L:Z._
.. CAhtJtO .OE;CJII!:I: DAY$ r8••••J•}
'ro)fAt.. T"OSNO"TH . j t>Jft:
. -I '-7 ""'"7
Ol:lt .. A.TU~t ~"ON HQ .. "'At.~.S.:·~
~·~••o"'"" •ora._ ---.J.f'"--.l7r...;0:::_7.4--
ot.o••"Tu"f: ... .,.. .. a .... •'t' / 0 ?z
L.OIIICST S.~A-t.I ... V~-IN, <JN,_L/.-.
10 ..
.•fAfHEII
tcUMal:Jt f(:if'' CAYS -
ca.t:..,. &.,. ~J)
111AIIl1"j,..,.~CUC)~ #S"<al• ~-11
CI.C>\61',. ~141 l-ID)
WI~H •trt~ ott ... OR!£. ~,eO'_.,.
WOT,.,,$.\I$~>f C"' .. CAit -t:C:II'
"t't.W 5~ m<:M: pft_ tiOIIC. ,.tii.Cf ....
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l.981
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to WSQfOt TAL.~, .tL\SU
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PRELfMINARY LOCAL CLIMATOLJGIC.U. DATA . .IP.RIL 1931
LA'TtT.UOE. LOHGITUD~ "0UN0 C'.L.CVA'1"JOI f-«J .lsu"o""o -.:~>•tt 1,, o 1A' .. 1~fl 0 n" .. "l.t,(' ~T. !T_P,c::r:<"Hi
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1t"I'Ell~fi1~E. 04TA PRf:CIPlt4T1011 bAt A •E .. THf.lll :n .. aou uu:o '" co~ou"" ·~
•VttRAG.E. llilb"'f1Hl,.¥ .,.. .U.f:' TOTAL F'OR THE MtiNTtf .[Z
' ... ....... C .. ~bA'I'S-' .. "1!0
=:::=~~:or.;~ !":t~ t.;.~=~w -n v o;:r~RTUiut ~qo;;; ~u~~\.oi .:;:; ,/f DU ... 4<:\,~····.,.,.,..,...,, . .41 z '*' -J<Otl MC.bUCt.,O VtSI•t\ol'f'Y ..
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r...=»•Z:\!'·-·--:l-OH SHo..-,A\.\.•·•i::C, "CLi...CTS. Cf..Oil:;i1f .,-<••• 1-101 d:t. • ~ •c:~~: 1'(\.\.1oT$
lo.lt.ftt .. (.A Olf D.t. .. \ iflf'M.., TOTM. 'Oit To<lt .,O,.'fH. 3.l .... WIJ'W 'i $f. $ .. C.M Ollt ,.OJrC: _.Uilfll'., I ""'""''" -.-.)¥. U"' O" fU~.l,f)111r Q QIOI[#.U:SY IN,. .. .., . L I ON ..L •ut ..... ' fl f.i. fNC.H OJt WO"C: lrft%0_., l ... Q .. Iitlt·tl!<lO• .. t;
(l_ C:ltEATUTOEpU•OH <:.AOUI<O~ Q>l _i)! •tr~~t lt~iNC'i Oll'f t~tt)iltit.: ~LCJflil (2 ... 0 .... >14> f>l.i\'t .,,. 81.0'"1"0
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.• ~Ol,.t.._~ Cf:C"-«C OA'I'\ 1U••• :t.••J to,.t! ! 1 ~ ! I I .. . ~
"'!'Q~AL T~t' ¥0itTW r D
:u.410 r.1.,E ,.,.0 ,. .,0 ,.,..'-··--· .Q_ r,{T8r&ga..1d nd llpMd !te'W ezl· 2(, hOUI'.S 'U:ll•aa O~~t.rKl,....-
-~~toJit ona min"te llind apood· .... its diractio14 \l:A.\0-.•LTOTA"-,-. -· ..!-< 0-.. , . · , . ~ :: , . -.. . ··. · .. · ~"·· .. ~u~~c. _,..,;. .,0 ..... \. _a._ .·.· S,JDQ~o..Jiata h based on .ii,,~ ~,mhn ~otlumriaa4lxiiu~ .. ~
. lXJW.a.ata is ObtaiMd ~OB.OO.l .. vbere.i~ica:ted.
iY Indicat.clll. only the laat or HVer•l oeeurrcnc;ea.-1 ........... ~_ .......... ~K;o•a ........ •v,....,. ..,._.. ,. ................ "" .. .:1v._, .,·E....,,. ... ~"*'.._"" .... t.• ~: . ..,.,., .-~, .,. "'._,..., ••.• ~ . ' t • ... • ¥>: · ....... ~ , ... . .
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HA"TtOkAl. •£~J',.£M .S(ttVJC.C
P{!EUMINARY LOO.L CUJU.TOLOClP,L Dt\T4 MlY
, 1/4/ 37 ~~ 7-Y 0 .10 .o 0 '\,J.J JO /&~ t tQt
• 5' (;p.} 11 Ll) ).() (;). 0 0 u '.j_.'$'1 l .1'1_-.., t ;J..If /#:1
s &3 2r l/6 11 o o o o .s;& 12 zy ~ 1211 1'11.
10 b
, &lf I '17 !l7 .'<"-7i . 70 0 0 t./ I )1, q J 7 ~ . I /0
""f:ltiluc:"'o"'"""' _____ 5.L-.~<:0:..~:•.::0::. .•
Ot:f'&ttt'Yt'lt 'FiiiO¥ NQAht•L -.::J-t=i.-___.lLW•L...>.L·-
MIOHC~t__J._::(:_ .,., __,_ __ __.kt=-C..::;,._
<.owen~ otr ____ _.C!:.-_
.. ~.~ .. ea-. C' o-. ... ; •l'fM ....
"""· U'?" ec-.ow ---------=0::;,.-
. "/fl ~-.
. ~~ »OIIIA80VI£ _,_. --~__;-L~...._
'""' 13'040 et:-.o•-·---------4.2-· _
....... o' o• ec .. cwr _,...__.._ _ _.__.~oooO~
>42"i.l'i"tG OEOIUlt OAY'l· fif•r• eJ•)
.,,. ........... .
1981
n •• '" l
I
i
l u y
1
I
r:l ·~
I !
"J4a\.~•tHd SJfOW
l,•Y".Q~t,CAOO
I .
I
I
•·t-£r·~l. AL4~~~ •.. ~,~8
!•l lC'II\tll Of tttOI"~ •. Jt'~r$, thtii'•'O'l ~·.t
c .r .. o•t ).N·r '-"lfi.s o\N·r.ur li'J~I!c!,
t;.,·.t 4 ·II" .!lt . .~.n·.r o~tl.
t~l 1J' Jl••l 4!l.!.~ .-r .n!•~l .. l\ !t~Uv;~,
• \H~ t~~~ ve li~H~
t ltJt<'•
Meteorological Data '"'"' The Current Year
·:
Normals, Means, And Extremes
tr,;I>".:.Ls • 9~~ed 1111 recorc! t'Jr the. 1!'141·1970 pe.rtod.
M1t llf' Nl tURCI!'.t • 'rl-e ron recEnt ilf c~~d 4f 111111tfp1t
Ot(llrt~nce.
1'1\1 \'.\ll IM '.:I••D D;t<tCTW; • 'Recore! throur,ll 1963.
ii!I,O IJ!L.rtWl!l -li•~~rab lr.dkate tens ot der,rees c:lottwlse
(ru,.. truce Mrth, 0~ i11diutcs calm.
r>~~'rCSt li!l.t ~m•n ~ S;:1:t<d ls fnte~t t.bt,rv~d l·!llfn:~t\' va\.ul'
l!llt'Jl tf•e 1ltrt:GtiO!l h In t~ns Q( ecs.r~~s.
t\OT£.! tluc 1:0 less than Cull t!mc np('rlltiOt\ on a vzu·.tnbll.' Dcl\rdul~.c, lf.lliJu.tlty tcc:rrdod dcttcnt:i! .arc ,(;rl<,':'l'
broken ,c,.uvnc:tos tn incomplete records. Dully tl!t:l!••n~nt:ur,• cxtr'll~.t·• 11nd rr.-c:ipH•ttr.n tut.:ll!~ t ... .~;;
~edc>ns oC tht." l'~·cord 1'1'1)' bo-fur otr.N· thlln " clllt:ndnt dny. 'l'hll r<•ei..od of ncerd fo!' ::4•t,Jr ••l...:c ...
e>t•nts I~ for c•tlll!r lhlln c~'"""'.:ut ivt• Y''••r!O.
$ f'ot cttlt-ndnl' llny Ot obs1•rvnctunnt dny l'ri\lr to 19GI:1,
7. for \!w 1•••do!l t<.)!.G•l95~ nnd .llllliU•r>' \9(.8 ~CI d!ltl!
\o'h~~.n !lllnillt\-lh•. •
I' Fe~ \c fk•.tl.od l'J!tl•l9!1J 11nd JDnutlt')' 1968 to d:ttc:.
I; !tOc!>td ii\C:IIlllJil('tt;! dUC tU lo.:o::l:l t}llln fut\ .ttl~
Ql'l.>tlltit>ti'IJ( st~tlt:n.
..
APPENDIX B
STREAMFLOW RECORDS FROM THE USGS
susiS/s 4 ... 40
Aver~ge Monthly Stre~mflow for the Susltna River at Gold Creek
based on USGS measurements:
September October November December Januarv F_ebruary . March
' .
\/;;
13280 9057 2!.l80 2000 2200 1680
(cfs)
No streamffow data is available for the month of December, 1980.
Streamflow records are based on periodic discharge measurements
taken at Gold Creek during tha w~nter ·months:
seetember
11900
(cfs)
susiS/s
Dates of measurement
1980
October' 1 {USGS)
October 14 ( R&M)
Novemb•~f4 (USGS)
Measured
Dischar·ge ·-
9057
7290
2980
'S historical streamflow records, the average mor(thly flow
riod of rE.~cord (1949 -Present) is as follows:
October Nc.lvember December January February March
' 5600 2500 1700 1450 1200 1400
4-41
f ~+ ..
f. :r
I fi1'R) I
·~---..... ~--
+·
T -.-.
; .• ___ or
CONTJ#UOt>S STRGFIMF~:..ow CH'1RT
r~OM U.St;$ t;RG.I; ;:lr <; OLb CREEk'
Mll-Y I-;o 1 1'18/
t .
T'
·'
MRY 3
...... "
I-
I·
• ·f+
iT"
• :.t:
.: ·[I 1:1:·1·
• ··--1..1. .•...• , ·--IT· . I·
f+
t
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\.,:....
r'-i [!. I+
l-
·, ·•·' -t-. ·+
I
·I' rr 1•-
for· lr
.L.
~
"1
r. .,. ..
• ..1.. •
... ..1
±
.J, • . T n·-
. r . "I
:,-
g,
----· -. ~.._ --.__.o; ___ ---
GJf~ Duchuge Di!Ter• ·Gage Disc huge. Differ~
Jt•,;ht ence height ence
f«l Cfi Cft F~tt Cft Cfs
f .00 --··-----·-S.oo -~2~ .L?-Q_ ---.... S..Qgg_ ... .to --·--·----.10 .Li?Q ............ --
.• ..3.t..4..Q_ .20 ----------.20 _L{!Q --·-----
.)0 ·---------.}0 .. ..3-Z~ .L#.Q ... ----__ 3.4?.Q .40 ---···· .-40 _Lt;.Q_ ·---
,,0 ----.,0 --.3.S !3!2. .ltf!.Q_ ~-->-·----
.60 .60 .. .J .. Z4P-_ .. ------.l~Q .., ......... -
.70 ·-·--------.70 .. 3.9.QQ.. __ ?_9..<2 r----·-
.rso .so ••• 4..LQfL --------• 29.9--·---··-
.90 ------·-----.90 #.=Ioo __ Z..QQ -----v ... -----------··
~ 00 .. Z9..M -~.!?.~ G.oo ____ 4_~C2C!.,
_i?.,$/2
.10 __ ?./..e.Q_ .10 ___ 4:z9.e. .~12.-----·-
.20 __ gf.~Q 80 .20 5000 ---------~---····,--t----···
.}0 •. !?.?.4.!2 ... B..9. •. .30 ---~!?29. --··--
.-40 .. i?.~gQ .. B.Q_ .40 ·--~?.9.2 -··--··· .,0 .. i?..4Q.? ·oo .~0 ... ?.:?.-?.~ _g~ .1 ........
.ro •. ?..S.QQ .w GO (X) ...,00 ··---.. ···-----··t·· _.., ___ ,_
.7(f __ ;f§2?. .70 ---~3.QQ --+--·~· ·-·
80 1-•· Z-.7'22 '80 ... GG.Q2 ,._.,., _____ ...... 41flft·-· .... ...:~..):)
J11 I iJ ~i.Qft& oei Al'tMEM I lSF Tr-rM?HERTrnl
GeoLOGiCAL SURVEY (WATER R:£SOURC£S otvtstoN)
Gage Discharge Differ~ Gage Discharge Differ· Gage Discharge height cnC'e height ence hcighc
Fdl Cfi Cfi Fur Cft Cft Fttr Cfi
7.00 __ Z£CJ..9.. "'00 __ ..::2 ___ 9-00 LS.QQQ_ _§_r)Q //.00 ~zQgg_
r---Z-2f?Q --+---
15500 _g_t.EJ..9C!. .10 .10 r-----------.10 ·t··· r---Z8Q2 LkQQQ 286oO .20 .... o .20 ____ _, _____ ....... ____ ---,.,
.;o r---.-8L9!!. _,.2QQ. ~30 -'-~-~92 .30 :Z.~4fr?.. --------
.40 8400 r-----------.8..~?. .40 _L?QQQ .5..QQ .40 .2..C?..?..f!!?
,,0 t----87!2!2 -+---.~0 .t.ZS..C?.Q _6_QQ ,,0 .f}_(_f!.f?.Q_
.60 ___ 2_/_C)_Q .60 _L8L9-Q .60 ..3.1.~-______ .,_ -----··-
.70 ... 2.4..~ • ..3.~Q.. .70 .t.8...7..Q_t2 .70 .SZ.€.9.9.. ------.so ~---2f?_~ 400 .81) _/_23.92 .so ·33_4..QQ
-------·-------
.90 t--'0.6.9..~ .90 .• 1..9...9.92 .90 a4g_92, -------------s.oo ... :taf?_Q2 /().00 .:eQ5...C?f: /Z. .oo ,.Z.;£Q!;Q ---..... -----
.10 lLaPO.. -. .JO -~·.?·LLQ!?.. .10 3..5..9f2.9.. ---r-·-----<"!-·
.20 Lt..i£C2.. .20 .Z.LZQQ ,20 3.~_8_Qg_ ---........ -----
.30 ILE!:?J2. .30 2 .. 4:.3~ .30 .f?_?..ZQQ. ---__ _.,.., ----·---
•• 0 r2.ff.0?. .40 2..6 .. $~.QQ -~Q:Z .40 ~8.€92 1---------
.,0 !.~-~Qq .£.o .. Q
,,0 . ?: :11?1.'??.. ,,0 .22!iQ9. _7Q.Q
.60 / .. ze?..e .5.Qg_ .60 Z4Zo~ .60 4o4oo --.. ___ .., ___ "'~-
t--'· ·--------------
.70 i-l~_G..Qe -+·-.10 Z4.9_C?Q .70 . iL3..tz9.. ----·--
;SO i-l4.@J?. .80 Z56co .so _!;ggqf, ______ ....,..,. ___ .... ,;. .. _-:~ . -----
Differ~ Gage Discharge cnce height
Cft Fut Cft
,...Bc:lQ /.3.~ 44cco ~--------;;:_
,_ _ _j_ f-£fdLOQ .10
:--~· 4G2oo .20 ~--------------------
.30 47Soo ----------------.. -1.fl.4_qg Ao ----·
,,0 49.~f!!?.. -------
.60 r.SQ.G-QQ -------
.70 S/700 -.. ~------. ., ....
.so {f..g~ . ..~ ..... _ .. _
-~12/2. .90 ""fi~9.-~
__ 9_Q2 14.00 ... £-2Q~
.10 l-5.t?3..QQ ---.......
.20 ~--S..ZG..QQ ------
.30 £'29..£.~ ------
AO -~C2.?-0.2 -------
.~o ~1500 f------------......... ·---
.60 ~-~g~-~ ---___ ...
. .10 ~-4_LO?!
-~-----
.so ~!5.40C ... 2.,..... __ .....,.. ...... ______ ,...
Sfow flo. L .;2 :?2 ~QQ 0
Table flo. L Q
-
Differ• G1~ Discharge Differ•
ence height ec~e
C/s Fut Cft Cft
.ILQCJ JS.oo ~~.a~ .L..!le 0
GS3~i .to
-;---l7f2GYi2 .20 -------... --
.)0 71,.9..9.!?.. : -.... _._-.....
~.3.ZQQ AO .L3e._ t--
,,0 .. z~_S.P.f .£5.· -·""'~ ... ·-.._.
.60 ~.G..Q2Q .• ---r---· --.~ -.70 f-27..fig? -------.. so L7.2C.C~ . ----...... -.-........._
.90 ,_B_Q2_t?.f .!Lf!Q -··· .... _ _,.
.i~C?-9. r /6.oo I-8.ZQS?.f ----
.10 8..~5-QQ -----...
..20 B.5..QCX2 -------· .. .._ ............
.30 8..~€~
I ---.,. ___ --. -.40 $_8_Q..g;, ---· ............ ·-~ .. ,.
.,0 8..9..!2..t:?Q -------~~"-'!'\ ....
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APPENDIX C
SUMMARY OF BREAKUP OBSERVATIONS
ON THE LOWER SUSITNA RIVER AT THE
OESHKA-SUSITNA CONFLUENCE
4•42
•
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18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1 2 3 4 5 5 7 8 ' ID II 12..
APRIL MAY
4LEVEL OF WATER OR ICE SURFACE BASED ON ARBITRARY DATUM ESTABLISHED BY LEON DtCI( . . -
THE DESHKA -SUSrrNA OWN. OEP
CKO. LG
DATE, 5-14-81
R&.M CONSULTANTS, INC ..
I!N~INI\I!R8 (lii!DI.C:II:JII~TB PLANNI!IIl& 'IIUAVIiiVc:::JRiil
F. B. NA ...
GRID. N/A ' -~
...
PROJ.NQ. 052303
SCALE. N/A
CONFLUENCi: SRI:AKUP REPORT
BYLEONDJCK t>WG.NCl '
Date
Ap.ril 18
April 19
April 20
April 21
April 22
April 23
SUMMARY OF BREAKUP OSSERVATIONS ON
THE LOWER SUSJTNA RIVER AT THE
DESHKA-SUSITNA CONCLUENCE *
Time
3:00 a.m.
3:00 p.m.
3:00 a.m.
7:30 a.m .
. 3:00 p.m.
2:00 a.m.
7:30 a .. m.
12 noon
7:00 p.m.
7:00 a.m.
8:00 p.m.
1:00 a .. m.
3:00 a .. m.
7":00 p.m.,
susi7/a
Air T (°F) Observations
Deshka River: 46 11 from top of ice to
. river bed, 32 11 ice thickness, lower 2/3
of ice is clear and hard 3 11 from top of
ice to water level in auger hole
Deshka River: drilled new hole 20 11
east Of preViOUS hole 1 53n frOffi tOp Of
ice to river bed/ 26 11 ice thickness,
warm day 1 melt water on top of ice,
overflow ice getting .soft
.sunny morning, rain clouds and showers
in p.,m,., raining in Talkeetna Mts .. and
north
Susitna River: drilled hole 85 feet off
Oeshka-susitna shelf into Susitna 10. 3'
from top of ice to river bed (rocks), 28 11 .
. ice thickness, 2 .. su from top of ice to
water surface in auger hole, top 9ll of ice
opaque and grainey 1 bottom ice clear· and
hard (splinters off auger), water clear
water and ice in Dashka and Susitna have risen
1 11 , water flowing out of auger holes in
Deshka, water 2.511 below top of ice in
Susitna auger hoJef ice thickness
same 1 ice audibly cracking, water and
ice have risen another 1 u
sunny day
. _water and ice raised 211 overnight in
both· Deshka and Susitna 1 water flowing
out of auger hate in Oesh ka but not
Susitna (water stilt -211 below top of lee)
water and ice reached zn above starting
reference point in both Deshka and Susitna
susitna:
point
Deshka:
point
(.! •t· ~USI na:
point
Deshka:
point
4 ... 43.
water and tee 7 11 above reference ·-
water and ice 911 above reference -
water and ice 11u above reference -
water and ice 12° above reference -
Date
April 24
April 25
April 26
April 27
April 28
April 29
April 30
May 1
May 2
SUMMARY OF BREAKUP OBSERVATIONS ON
THE LOWER SUSITNA RIVER AT THE
DESHKA .. SUSITNA. CONCLUENC-E *
(CONTINUED)
Time
2:30 a.m.
7:00 & .. m.
7:00 a.m.
7:00 p.m-:
7:00 a.m,.
7:00 p.m.
7:00 a.m.
7:00 p;m.
7:00 a.m.
7:00 p.m.
7:oo a.m.
7:00 p.m.
a.m.
p.m.
7:00 a.m.
5:00 p.m.
9:30 p.m.
a.m.
10:40 a.m.
susi7/a
58°
Observations
sunny, high thin cloudiness
Susitna: .1£11 above reference point
ice = 26 11 thick
l)esh ka: 1411 CJbove reference point
ice = 25 11 thick
Susitna:
·oeshka:
Susitna:
Deshka:
Susitna:
Deshka:
Susitna:
Dishka:
22 11 above reference
23 11 ~bove reference
17 11 above reference
l811 above reference
18 11 above reference
1411 above reference
staff dislodged
20 11 above reference
Dish ka: 21u above reference
local ice broke loose from sides
Deshha: 22 11 above reference
· Deshka: 22 11 above reference
Susitna: Tee has floated up 1 water not
flowing out on top of ice
Deshka: 23u above· reference J.ower level
sand bars flooding
Deshka: 2411 above reference
Desh ka: 24. 5" above reference
frosted last night
daily high temperature
Desh ka: 25 11 above reference
Desh ka: 26 11 above reference more water
on ice edges in both Susitna and Oesh ka
raining early
Desh ka: 28 11 above reference
Susitna: ice jam u/s at cutbank breaking
up, beginning to move downstream
Deshka: 35 11 above reference
Deshka: 36 11 above reference point
Susitna: lee broke at curve and moved
Deshka: ice broke at island," movement
~ StOpped 1 estimated mOVement : 1 QQQJ 1 no.
rise in_ water level lee pieces grounded on
4-44
uate
May 3
May 4
SUMMARY OF BREAKUP OBSERVATIONS ON
THE LOWER SUSITNA RIVER AT THE
DESHKA-SUSITNA CONCLUENCE *
(CONTINUED)
Time
6:05 p.m.
10:30 a.m.
11:10 a.m.
12:30 a.m.
2:30 p.m.
3:55 p.m.
2:45-3:45
9:30 p.m.
10:15 p.m.
2:30 a.m.
3:30 a.m.
10:.45 a.m.
susi7/a
Air T C~F) Observations
shallow -bar at bend in Susitna •
Deshka: moved sporadicaJJy throughout
the afternoon, 1:40/2:20/3:00 p.m. Trapper
Creek reported movement and jarn at
4:00p.m .. , large, thick ice in jam, water
level rise. of 8-10 ft ...
ice movement reproted at Susitna Station
Deshka: fast and powerful move
Susitna: ice moved at first bend, all
open but still solid ice cover u/s from
1st bend
Deshka: 95% ice fr-ee~ intense movement
and grinding of ice Into smaHer pieces
(4 to 10 ft. square), then cleared out,
water velocity estimated to be 10-12 MPH
velocity slowed by early afternoon
Susitna: water level rising, channel stH-1
jammed d/s. from confluence of Deshka
Deshka: . water level 91 11 below TBM (naH
in stump)
Susitna: ice released between first bend
and slough ( Kroto slough)
On flight to Susitna Station noticed Yenta
River almost ice free except at confluence
with Slsitna, in the Susitna noticeable ice
movement, ice floes moving in 11 bu.nches"
Deshka: rejammed again 1 ice tightly
packed
Deshka and Susitna jam released~ ice at
second bend in Susitna broke and moved
d/s (rainy and cool an day)
ice jamming and moving in both Desh ka
and Susitna, water level appears unchanged.
from previous day (too dark to see well) -
water level dropped drastically 1 ice pieces
stranded along shore, anchor ice exposed
along banks where previously under water
water level 160u below TBM, water level
appears to still be dropping, more sand bar
exposed off point1 (estimated highest wate·r
level to be 4 11 above yest£:~days reading at
2:30) 1 still have anchor ice >along shore,
banJ<s stifl frozen cannot put in staff gages
yet
·4-45
Date-
May 5
May 6
May 7
May 8
May.9
May 10
May 11
May 12
SUMMARY OF BREAKUP OBSERVATIONS ON
THE LOWER SUSITNA RIVER AT THE
OESHKA-SUS~TNA CONCLUENCE *
(CONTINUED)
Time
9:00 a.m ..
1:30 p.m.
2:00 p.m.
7:00 p.m.
9~30 a.m.
-2:00 p.m.-
5:.00 p.m.
4:00 p.m.
8:30 p.m.
8:00 a.m.
1:15 p.m.
3~00 p.m.
4:00 p.m.
7:30 p.m.
9:45 a.m.
7:00 p.m.
7:00 a.m.
2:00 a.m.
10:30 a.m.
10:00 p.m.
9:00 a.m.
a~oo p.m.
8:00 a.m.
,,
Observations
Deshka: water level 155;1 below TBM
Susitna Station reports river free of ice,
water leve1 rising, dislodging ice from
banks on first bend, ice floes moving
throughthis reach of the Susitna aU morning
form u/s ·
Deshka:. water level 14911 below TBM
Susitna: increased ice floes in Susitna
channel
Deshka: water level 15011 below TBM, wate·r
velocity slower -
Susitna: water velocity appears the same,
sti II flowing ice and debris
Susitna: channel f.illded bank to bank
with flowing ice
snad bar off point just underwater~
Deshka: water fevef 121n below TBM
Susitna: amount of ice-moving in channel
has decreased by 9:00 p .. m.
Deshka:
Susitna:
'susitna:
Susitna:
Dishka:
water level 138n below TBM
no ice flowing in channel ·
heavy ice flowing ~n channel
amount of ice flowing decreased
water level 13211 below TBM
Oeshka: 12411 below TBM
115.. below TBM
Deshka: 111 11 below TBM, most shore
ice has melted or froated away
Oeshka: 85 11 below TBM -water level
peaked and receded
Deshka: 95n below TBM
100 below TBM
Deshka: '102 11 below TBM
106 11 below TBM
Deshka: 10811 bet ow TBM
* Sumroary ltased on obse-rvations and me~asurements ·made by Leon Dick
susi7/a 4-46 '
REFERENCES
Bilello, Michael A. 1980. A Winter Environmental Data Survey of
the Drainage Basin of the Upper Susitna River, Alaska;
Special Report 80-19, · U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, ...
Hanover, New Hampshire, April 1980.,
Bishop, t)aniel, M. 1975. A Hydrologic Reconnaissance of the
Susitna below Devil Canyon; · Environaid, Juneau, Alaska,
October 1975.
Michael, Bernard. 1971. Winter Regime of Rivers and Lakes i
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Hanover, New Hamsphire,
.April 1971.
R&M Consultants, lnc. 19'81. Prelimina·ry Channel Geometry,
Velocity & Water Level Dilt..1' for the Susitna River at Devil
Canyon, April 1981.
susi4/L
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