HomeMy WebLinkAboutAPA1565Susitna Joint Venture
Document Number
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··1 DOC~~E'N';~'o ercial
Business
ergyUse
S ey
Energy Forecasting and Analysis Section
Economics and Statistics Department
Office of the Vice President -Rates and Valuation February 1981
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PACIFIC GAS AND ELECTRIC COMPANY
COMMERCIAL BUSINESS
ENERGY USE SURVEY
Energy Forecasting and Analysis Section
Economics and Statistics Department
Office of "the Vice President -Rates and Valuation
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PACIFIC GAS AND ELECTRIC COMPANY
COMMERCIAL BUSINESS ENERGY USE SURVEY
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I.Surrmary
II.Analysis of Electric Energy Sales
Average Energy Intensities for Corrmercial Businesses
Seasonal Changes in Energy Use
•Climate Zone Effects on Energy Use
•Building Occupancy,Energy Use and Customer Orientation to
Conservation Actions
Premise Size,Operating Hours and Energy Use
III.Equipment Saturations,Fuel Shares and Conservation Measures
Space Conditioning
Space Heating
Air Conditioning
Conservation Measures for Space Conditioning
•Lighting
Equipment Saturations and Fuel Shares
Equipment Saturations
Equipment Fuel Shares
Page
1
6
10
16
23
28
35
35
42
51
58
67
67
75
IV.Appendix
Methodology
Page
84
85
,.\
Detailed Space Heating and Space Cooling Zone Distributions 105
References
Commercial Business Energy Use Survey Questionnaire
108
110
fI,
SECTION I
Table 1.1
SECTION II
Table 2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.S"
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
SECTION II I
Table 3.1
PACIFIC GAS AND ELECTRIC COMPANY
COMMERCIAL BUSINESS
ENERGY USE SURVEY
LIST OF TABLES
Average Annual Electric Sales per Square Foot by
Business Activity Group
Average Annual Electric Sales per Square Foot by
Business Activity
Commercial Survey and Published Average Annual
Electric Sales per Square Foot by Business Activity
Group
Average Monthly Electric Sales per Square Foot by
"Business Activity Group
Average Monthly Electric Sales by Business Activity
Group
Space Heating and Cooling Climate Zones
Average Annual Electric Sales per Square Foot by
Climate Zone and Business Activity Group
Characteri~tics of Customers by Business Activity
Group and Amount of Building Occupancy
Average Annual Electric Sales per Square Foot by
Participation in Audit Programs and Amount of Building
Occupancy
Average Annual Electric Sales per Square Foot and
Average Premise Size by Hours Open and Business
Activity Group
Heated Floor Space by Business Activity Group
3
7
9
12
14
17
19
24
27
32
37
Ii,
Table 3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
3.10·
3.11
3.12
3.13
3.14
3.15
Floor Space by Heating Fuel Type within Business
Activity Group
Floor Space by Heating Equipment Type within Business
Activity Group
Floor Space by Heating Fuel Type within Space Heating
Zone
Air Conditioned Floor Space by Business Activity Group
Floor Space by Air Conditioning Fuel Type within
Business Activity Group
Floor Space by Air Conditioning Equipment Type within
Business Activity Group
Floor Space by Air Conditioning Fuel Type within Space
Cooling Zone
Conservation Measures Employed for Space Heating and
Air Conditioning by Business Activity Group
Indoor Lighting Type by Business Activity Group
Outdoor Lighting Type and Customers with Business
Outdoors by Business Activity Group
Conservation Measures Employed for Lighting by
Business Activity Group
Miscellaneous Equipment Saturations:Percent of
Customers with Each Type of Equipment and Average
Number of Pieces of Equipment by Business Activity
Group
Floor Space for Equipment by Fuel Type
Floor Space for Equipment by Fuel Type within Business
Activity Group
40
41
43
45
·49
50
52
55
59
61
64
69
76
77
Ii•
PACIFIC GAS AND ELECTRIC COMPANY
COMMERCIAL BUSINESS
ENERGY USE SURVEY
4'..
SECTION II
Figure 2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
SECTION III
Figure 3.1 .
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
PACIFIC GAS AND ELECTRIC COMPANY
COMMERCIAL BUSINESS
ENERGY USE SURVEY
LIST OF FIGURES
Average Monthly Electric Sales per Square Foot by
Business Activity Group
Monthly Group Demand at Time of System Peak
Average Annual Electricity Use per Square Foot by
Climate Zone
Percentage of Commercial Customers Reporting an
Analysis of Energy Use
Average Size by Business Activity and Number of Hours
Open
Average Electric Sales per Square Foot by Business
Activity Group and Number of Hours Open
Business Activity Groups Ranked for Average Premise
Size and Average Electric Use per Square Foot
Average Size of Heated Floor Space by Business
Activity Group
Percentage of Floor Space by Type of Space Heating
Fuel
Average Size of Air Conditioned Floor Space by
Business Activity Group
Percentage of Floor Space by Type of Air Conditioning
Fuel
Percentage of Floor Space and Customers Reporting
Space Conditioning Conservation Measures
Percentage of Floor Space and Customers Reporting
Lighting Conservation Measures
11
15
18
26
29
31
33
36
38
44
48
54
63
Figure 3.7
r·APPENDIX
t\Figure A.1
I>
A.2
Q
0.1
Page
Equipment Saturations 68
Total and Filtered Customers by Business Activity
Group 94
Total and Filtered Floor Space by Business Activity
Group 95
Commercial Business Energy Use Survey 112
SUMMARY
During the late spring and summer months of 1978,a Commercial Business Energy
Use Survey was conducted by mail in conjunction with the California Energy
Commission (CEC)as part of Common Forecasting Methodology II requirements.
Pacific Gas and Electric Company along with Southern California Edison Company,
Sacramento Municipal Utilities District,San Diego Gas and Electric Company
and Los Angeles Department of Water and Power participated in this survey.
The demand forecast presented by the California Energy Commission in the second
and third Biennial Report hearings utilized statewide survey results.Previous-
ly,no separate analysis of the commercial sector survey results for the PGandE
service territory has been available.With this study,PGandE has learned a
great deal about how major factors known to influence non-residential energy
use apply to specific types of commercial businesses.
The report has been organized so that the text of Section II presents an
analysis of electr"ic energy sales.Equipment saturations,fuels for equipment
and conservation measures directed toward specific energy end-uses are discussed
in Section III.An analysis of the survey procedure is presented in the Appen-
dix A Methodology of Section IV.
The Commercial Business Energy Use Survey results summarized in this report
should not be viewed as representative of all PGandE commercial customer
accounts.The methodology employed in the survey was developed to meet Com-
mission objectives and all participating utilities were mandated to use a
common set of procedures for the survey effort.As a result,the design of
the survey was constrained by CEC requirements and not necessarily responsive
1
to PGandE's own'information needs.Generally,the survey responses of the
2,532 customers analyzed here best represent the larger customers in terms of
annual electric load in PGandE's Medium Light and Power commercial customer
category.Many characteristics of the sample relative to the PGandE system
are documented in Appendix A of Section IV.
The conclusions in the report are generally stated in terms of commercial
floor space rather than commercial buildings.Unless otherwise specified,
all energy consumption data presented in this report are in terms of average
annual electric use (in kilowatt-hours)per square foot of commercial floor
space.This measure of energy use is independent of the size of the premise
and allows comparisons to be made with other studies.
The most general findings of the study were:
Across different types of commercial business premises,average annual
electricity consumption varied from five (Non-refrigerated Warehouse)
to 65 kWh/Sq.Ft.(Restaurant)as shown in Table 1.1.
The energy use per square foot values obtained from the commercial
mail survey were found to be similar to those found in other studies
of electricity consumption in the commercial sector.
Within the commercial sector,type of Business Activity was the single
most important cause of differential electricity use per square foot.
Business Activity type was followed in importance by the number of
hours the premise was open per week and the geographical location
(winter and summer climate zone)of the premise in the PGandE service
territory.
2
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PACIFIC GAS AND ELECTRIC COMPANY
TABLE 1.1
AVERAGE ANNUAL ELECTRIC SALES PER
SQUARE FOOT BY BUSINESS ACTIVITY GROUP
(Kilowatt-hours)
')
Average Annual
Electric Sales
Business Activity Group per Square Foot
Office 18
Restaurant 65
Refrigerated Warehouse 40
Non-refrigerated Warehouse 5
School 13
Services 15
Hospital 24
Other Health 11
Grocery 57
Other Retail 16
Average 22
J
3
A
As expected,changes in monthly energy use were primarily attributable
to heavy air conditioning loads in the summer.
Commercial customers occupying an entire building and having higher
than average energy intensity per square foot were most likely to
have participated in an energy use conservation analysis program.
The results also showed that commercial customers who reported conser-
vation measures directed toward specific energy end-uses had larger
than average premises.No single Business Activity group was mere
likely to implement conservation measures than any other group.
Lighting conservation actions were slightly more common than space
conditioning conservation measures.This is probably due to the fact
that lighting actions are less costly to employ than space conditioning
actions.
Larger commercial buildings within each Business Activity group had
higher average kWh/Sq.Ft.values.This effect appeared to be caused
by differences in operating hours rather than sheer size effects.
That is,within Business Activity groups larger commercial premises
tend~d to have longer hours of operation and longer operating hours
increase kWh/Sq.Ft.values.
Commercial customers reported a greater variety of fuel types and
equipment types for space heating and water heating than was expected.
Commercial customers representing only 42 percent of floor space re-
ported natural gas as the sole fuel for space heating.Customers
comprising less than half of the total commercial floor space reported
natural gas as the only fuel for water heating.
4
r
Although the majority of respondents reported some air conditioned
floor space,there is room for growth in commercial air conditioning
loads if customers decide to air condition a larger proportion of
the average premise floor space.
Whereas few customers reported conducting business outdoors,the major-
ity of customers reported outdoor lighting.Commercial businesses
frequently use outdoor lighting for both advertising and parking areas.
An unexpectedly large number of customers,for whom food service is
not a primary commercial activity,reported food storage and preparation
equipment.Apparently,many businesses have such equipment informally
available for the convenience of their employees.
5
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AVERAGE ENERGY INTENSITIES FOR COMMERCIAL BUSINESSES
Commercial Businesses
For the purpose of sampling from PGandE records,commercial customers were
initially defined as those in Standard Industrial Classification (SIC)codes 40
through 97.In addition,customers were asked on the survey questionnaire
(Figure 0.1)to decide which of 21 categories properly described their Business
Activity.Details on the sampling of commercial customers can be found in
Appendix A.
While SIC codes defined commercial businesses as distinct from industrial or
agricultural endeavors,they did not always accurately reflect the primary
business activity at a particular commercial premise.Analyses of 2,532
questionnaires determined that Business Activity categories reported by the
customer provided a better method to disaggregate commercial floor space than
SIC codes.The 21 categories were classified into the 10 Business Activity
groups reported here.Table 2.1 presents the relationship between customer
defined business activity and the Business Activity groups analyzed in this
report.Also shown in Table 2.1 are the average annual kilowatt-hour sales
per square foot values for 1978 and the number of commercial customers in each
of the commercial business classifications.Two criteria were used for the
grouping of Business Activity'categories,similarity of customer's average
annual kWh/Sq.Ft.and substantive similarity in the commercial business ac-
tivity reported for the premise.
6
PACIFIC GAS AND ELECTRIC COMPANY
TABLE 2.1
AVERAGE ANNUAL ELECTRIC SALES PER SQUARE FOOT
BY BUSINESS ACTIVITY
7
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r
Energy Use
Because commercial businesses differ so greatly in size;energy using equipment
and activity patterns,average annual energy sales per square foot,rather
than total energy sales per customer,is typically used as a common denominator
to compare energy use between various types of commercial premises.In this
study,recorded data on each customer's annual electricity consumption was
divided by the customer's report of the size of his premise resulting in average
annual kWh/Sq.Ft.value.Although commercial customers reported end-uses
for electricity and natural gas on the questionnaire,recorded data on actual
consumption of natural gas was not available for analysis.
The average electric energy intensity for all commercial floor space was found
to be 22 kWh/Sq.Ft.Energy use per square foot values obtained~for the Business
Activity groups in the commercial mail survey are compared to energy use per
square foot estimates from other studies in Table 2.2.Despite the different
methodologies employed in the mail survey and other studies,the energy use
per square foot values were surprisingly close.Restaurants and Grocery stores
generally have the highest and Non-refrigerated Warehouses the lowest kWh/Sq.Ft.
values.
The kWh/Sq.Ft.value for Restaurants in Table 2.2 was higher in the 1978
commercial mail survey estimates than the energy intensity values found in
other studies.This difference is probably due to the fact that the average
size of Restaurants in the 1978 mail analysis was quite small,only 5,000
square feet.It is reasonable to assume that for Restaurants in the 1978
mail survey,the energy intense kitchen areas accounted for a relatively
larger proportion of each Restaurant's total floor space than would be the
case in larger Restaurants.
8
PACIFIC GAS AND ELECTRIC COMPANY
TABLE 2.2
COMMERCIAL SURVEY AND PUBLISHED AVERAGE
ANNUAL ELECTRIC SALES PER SQUARE FOOT
BY BUSINESS ACTIVITY GROUP
(Kilowatt-hours)
1-
.,.
California Energy Commission
August 1979 Demand Forecast
Commercial Computer fechnlcal Other Pub 1is hed
Business Activity Group Survey Simulation(a)Documentation(b)Data(c)
Office 18 19 14 15-33
Restaurant 65 39 37 19
Refrigerated Warehouse 40 ***
Non-refrigerated Warehouse 5 11 5 3-4
School 13 10 7 8-16
Services 15 ***
Hospita 1 24 35 18 *
Other Health 11 ***
Grocery 57 54 44 63
Other Reta i1 16 20 13 16-23,66
*No comparable data available.
(a)California Energy Commission values exclude electricity for space heat.
(b)See Reference 4 in Appendix C.
(c)See References I,2,5 and 10 in Appendix C.
,.
v.
9
Summary
The rank order,if not absolute size of energy use per square foot values
obtained from survey and billing information was found to be similar to other
studies.
SEASONAL CHANGES IN ENERGY USE
Monthly Energy Use
Considerable seasonal variability in energy intensity per square foot exists
within some Business Activity groups.Monthly average kWh/Sq.Ft.values for
each Business Activity are illustrated in Figure 2.1 and documented in Table 2.3.
Commercial sector customers,with the exception of Schools,have their highest
electric loads in the summer months.Schools,unlike other Business Activities,
are less likely to have air conditioning and tend to be closed during the
summer months.
While the seasonal variation in kWh/Sq.Ft.reported for Business Activity
groups is small on a per square foot basis,such changes should be viewed
in terms of percentage changes in electric load for the total floor space.
Thus,the .4 kWh/Sq.Ft.change between July and December for Office space
represented a 28.6 percent deviation in electric load.
Among the 10 Business Activity groups,Refrigerated Warehouses was closest to
having a singular,overwhelming energy end-use,i.e.,space cooling.Therefore,
10
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PACIFIC GAS AND ELECTRIC COMPANY
Flgu...2.1
Av.rag.Monthl,Electric Sales per Squa...
Foot b,.....n•••AcUvlt,Group
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...)/.....'.'.'..q'..··1'."..,.....I---,.......,,Relftger.led W...hous.,I,
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'\-/\J.......-..:_-....../'........__/
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1--'lli iiiiii -.---t51'Y1c's",..
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MONTHS
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.--......._-.............._.--........_//
---
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PACIFIC GAS AND ELECTRIC COMPANY
TABLE 2.3
AVERAGE MONTHLY ELECTRIC SALES PER SQUARE FOOT
BY BUSINESS ACTIVITY GROUP*
(Kilowatt-hours)
)...•,.,I ..
Business Activity Group JUL AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN
Offi ce 1.8 1.8 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7
Restaurant 6.3 6.3 5.5 5.3 5.1 4.9 4.7 4.9 4.9 5.3 5.7 6.1
.....Refrigerated Warehouse 4.8 4.8 3.7 3.1 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.5 2.5 2.7 3.4 4.4
N
Non-refrigerated Warehouse .4 .5 .4 .4 .4 .4 .4 .4 .3 .4 .4 .4
School .8 .9 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.1 .8
Services 1.4 1.4 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.3
Hospita 1 2.2 2.2 .2.0 2.0 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.9 1.8 2.0 2.1 2.2
Other Hea 1th 1.1 1.1 .9 .9 .9 .9 .9 .9 .8 .9 1.0 1.1
Grocery 5.0 5.1 4.7 4.8 4.7 4.7 4.4 4.5 4.5 4.7 5.0 5.0
Other Retail 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.4
Average 2.0 2.0 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.9 1.9
*Data covers period from July 1977 to June 1978.
•
it was not surprising that the greatest seasonal variation in electric load
was found for Refrigerated Warehouses.The average monthly kWh/Sq.Ft.for
Refrigerated Warehouses was 92 percent greater in July and August than in
February or March.
Another perspective on the seasonal energy use per square foot and floor space
is presented in Table 2.4 which shows the average monthly electric load for
each Business Activity calculated as a function of average premise size and
average monthly kWh/Sq.Ft.
For the "average"size Office in the commercial mail survey,the difference
in average monthly electric loads for July and December was found to be
12,200 kWh.
Demand Data
Although no exact equivalent information on commercial business seasonal electric
demand (kW)could be obtained,data on monthly group electric demand for commer-
cial customers which was available from the Rate Department is illustrated in
Figure 2.2.Differences in seasonal variability in kWh and kW are highlighted
-by comparing Figures 2.1 and 2.2.Restaurants,the Business Activity most
variable in kWh/Sq.Ft.by month,show relatively small variations in monthly
kW demand.Conversely,Offices,Services,and Other Retail Business Activities
show relatively small changes in monthly kWh/Sq.Ft.but large changes in
seasonal group electric demand.
Apparently,the relative contribution of different types of commercial premises
to peak and base electric load does not change in a parallel manner over the
year.
13
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PACIFIC GAS AND ELECTRIC COMPANY
TABLE 2.4
AVERAGE MONTHLY ELECTRIC SALES BY BUSINESS ACTIVITY GROUP*
(Megawatt-hours)
Business Activity Group ~~SEPT ....QfL NOV ~~..!!L ~...8f!..~JUN !iliL
Office 64.6 64.6 58.4 54.3 53.9 52.4 52.5 53.6 52.1 54.3 59.8 62.4 683.0
Restaurant 33.7 33.5 28.9 28.1 26.9 26.0 25.2 25.9 26.0 27.9 30.4 32.3 345.3
Refrigerated Warehouse 212.4 211.1 163.7 134.7 120.2 113.7 111.9 110.2 107.5 119.8 149.2 193.6 1748.1
Non-refrigerated Warehouse 17.0 20.6 14.6 15.0 15.4 16.2 15.8 14.6 13.4 13.8 13.8 13.8 184.3
School 72.4 83.9 101.6 106.9 108.7 98.9 106.9 105.2 98.9 .98.1 97.2 70.7 1149.4
Services 22.0 21.9 19.6 20.4 20.9 21.3 21.1 20.3 19.3 20.0 20.0 20.9 247.7
Hospita 1 380.0 381.7 350.6 336.8 324.7 331.6 317.8 323.0 316.1 345.4 364.4 378.3 3808.5
Other Health 18.2 17.9 14.8 14.0 14.5 14.0 14.0 13.9 13.5 14.8 16.3 17.3 183.4
Grocery 86.9 88.3 81.7 82.8 80.7 81.0 76.4 77.8 77.4 81.2 85.5 85.7 985.5
Other Retai 1 ~..1!:.i ~~~...lld .1b1..1bi .l!:.i 33.6 36.5 36.8 414.7
Average 63.3 63.3 57.2 56.0 55.4 54.4 53.1 53.8 52.5 55.4 59.2 60.8 684.4
*Average Monthly ~egawatt-hour Sales =Average Megawatt-hour per Square Foot x Average Business Activity Group Floor Space.
Data covers period from July 1977 to June 1978.
14
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MONTHLY GROUP DEMAND AT TIME OF SYSTEM PEAK IN .MEGAWATTS
f ....&'Sf',....
•=!/!!•!""!.....~-:I:
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1973 MAY
JUN
JUL
AUG
SEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
1974 JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
•Ii 1873 MAY
:D JUN•i JULI•AUG
!'
~SEPT
1 OCTi,.NOVn
DEC
1.74 JAN
FEll
MAR
APR
,-
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Sunmary
Conmercial customers showed considerable variation in monthly energy use per
square foot.For all Business Activity groups,except Schools,electric loads
were highest during the summer months.
CLIMATE ZONE EFFECTS ON ENERGY USE
Definition of Climate Zone
Climate zones reflect consistent,geographically based differences in average
winter and summer temperatures throughout the PGandE service territory.Average
annual kWh/Sq.Ft.was analyzed for nine space heating zones and five space
cooling zones.These space conditioning zones correspond to the weather reporting
stations throughout the PGandE service territory.The reports from the weather
reporting stations are the basis for calculating system-wide heating and cooling
degree days.Delineation of the space heating and space cooling zones in terms
of PGandE Division/Local Office is presented in Table 2.5.The average annual
energy kWh/Sq.Ft.values for all commercial businesses by space heating and
space cooling climate zones are illustrated in Figure 2.3.Overall,the average
energy intensity of 22 kWh/Sq.Ft.for all zones is displayed in Figure ~.3.
As shown in Table 2.6,the change in average annual kWh/Sq.Ft.values between
climate zones for Business Activity groups is dramatic.The average kWh/Sq.Ft •
value for Business Activity groups varied from 34 to 844 percent across space
heating zones and 1~to 431 percent across space cooling zones.The magnitude
16
PACIFIC GAS AND ELECTRIC COMPANY
TABLE 2.5
SPACE HEATING AND COOLING CLIMATE ZONES
Division:
Space Heating Zone Local Office
'"Eureka Humboldt
Fresno San Joaquin
Oak I and East Bay:
Alameda Hayward
Berkeley Oak land
Fremont Richmond
Sacramento Colgate East Bay:
De SabIa AntiochDrumConcordSacramentoLivermoreShasta
Stockton
Santa Cruz Coast Valleys:San Jose:
Monterey Half Moon Bay
Paso Robles Santa Cruz
Sal inas Watsonvi 11 e
San Luis Obispo
Santa Maria
San Francisco San Fr.ancisco
San Jose San Jose:Coast Valleys:
Gilroy Hollister
Los Gatos King City
Mountain View
San Jose
Sunnyvale
San Rafae I North Bay:
Benecia San Rafael
Mill Valley Vallejo
Novato
Santa Rosa North Bay:
Cloverdale Point Arena
Fort Bragg Santa Rosa
Guernevi 11 e Sonoma
Healdsburg Silverado
Lakeport Uk iah
Napa Wi 11 its
Petaluma
Space Coo ling Zone'
~.
Fresno San Joaquin
Red Bluff Colgate Drum
De SabIa Shasta
'1 Stockton Sacramento Stockton•
North and Soutn Bay North Bay San Jose
Coastal Coasta I Va 11 eys Humboldt
East Bay San Francisco
17
SPACE HEATING ZONES
PACIFIC GAS AND ELECTRIC COMPANY
Figure 2.3
Average Annual Electricity Use Per
Square Foot By Climate Zone
Eureka
<i'
4.Fresno
p
Oakland
Sacramento
Santa Cruz
San Francisco
San Jose
San Rata.
Santa Rosa
I
I
I
I
I
AVERAGE FOR
ALL ZONESI
I
I
I
SPACE COOLING ZONES
18 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
KILOWATT·HOURS PER SQUARE FOOT
24 25 26
Fresno
Red Bluff
Stockton
North •South Bay
Coastal
I
I
I
AVERAGE FORIALLZONES
I
18 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
KILOWATT·HOURS PER SQUARE FOOT
18
24 25 26 .
....
PACIFIC GAS AND ELECTRIC COMPANY
TABLE 2.6
AVERAGE ANNUAL ELECTRIC SALES PER SQUARE FOOT
BY CLIMATE ZONE AND BUSINESS ACTIVITY GROUP
(K i1 owatt-hours)
Spice Heating Zones(a)
San San
San SantaSanta
Business Activity Group ~Fresno Oakland Sacramento Cruz Francisco ~Rafael ~
Office 12 19 20 19 9 18 22 25 14
Restaurant 68 62 70 67 *53 71 *60
Refrigerated Warehouse 9 85 32 22 60 43 53 *47
Non-refrigerated Warehouse *8 6 4 3 3 3 5 1
School 36 15 6 14 *7 11 24 9
Services 21 12 11 20 35 11 15 7 12
Hospita 1 11 25 20 24 19 54 29 21 16
Other Health 6 13 11 11 8 10 11 8 13
Grocery 43 58 55 56 66 60 64 63 56
Other Retail 8 II 17 14 7 16 14 30 15
Average 22 23 20 23 20 19 24 23 18
*No data available.
(a)The distribution of customers and floor space by Business Activity group and Climate Zone
is found in Appendix B•
19
PACIFIC GAS AND ELECTRIC COMPANY
TABLE 2.6
(CONTINUED )
~.AVERAGE ANNUAL ELECTRIC SALES PER SQUARE FOOT
BY CLIMATE ZONE AND BUSINESS ACTIVITY GROUP
"(Kilowatt-hours)
'"
..
Space Cooling Zones(a)
Red North and
Business Activity Group Fresno Bluff Stockton South Bay Coastal
Office 19 17 17 19 19
Restaurant 62 67 59 64 69
Refrigerated Warehouse 85 16 19 59 33
Non-refrigerated Warehouse 8 5 3 3 5
School 15 15 14 11 12
Services 12 15 24 14 15
Hospita 1 25 23 36 19 28
Other Health 13 9 14 12 10
Grocery 58 52 59 62 54
Other Reta i]19 14 15 17 15
Average 24 21 25 21 20
(a)The distribution of'customers and floor space by Business Activity Group
and Climate Zone is found in Appendix B.
20
of the differences in kWh/Sq.Ft.values due to geographical climate zone
might be expected to parallel seasonal (summer-winter)changes in kWh/Sq.Ft.
values.However,the findings show that this was not the case.In the seasonal
change analysis,monthly energy inten~ity varied from 17 to 92 percent per
square foot depending on Business Activity group;whereas energy use per square
foot within Business Activity groups varied up to 844 and 431 percent in space
heating and space cooling climate zones,respectively.
The variation in energy intensity per square foot is much greater for climate
zones than for seasons.The most variability in kWh/Sq.Ft.as a function of
the climate zone was found for Warehouses,Schools and Services.Restaurant,
Grocery and Office floor space showed the least variability in energy use per
square foot as a function of climate zone.
Analysis of Climate Zone
There was no simple pattern of kWh/Sq.Ft.variability by either space heating
or space cooling zone in the results.Frequently,Business Activities in zones
with mild year round climates had kWh/Sq.Ft.values equal to or higher than
those Businesses in zones with colder winter and/or warmer summer temperatures.
For example,Office space in the Coastal space cooling zone with cool summer
temperatures had a higher kWh/Sq.Ft.value,19,than did Office space in the
warmer Stockton space cooling zone,17.However,Office space in the Coastal
space cooling zone had an energy intensity equal to that of Office space in
the Fresno space cooling zone.Since there are much higher summer temperatures
in the Stockton and Fresno space 'cooling zones compared to the Coastal space
cooling zones,it was anticipated that commercial floor.space in the Stockton
21
\.•
and Fresno climate zones would have higher energy use per square foot due to
greater air conditioning loads than in the Coastal region.
Two possible explanations for the unexpected climate zone results were tested.
It was expected that kWh/Sq.Ft.would generally be higher for commercial floor
space with electric space heating and/or air conditioning equipment than for
premises without such equipment.High kWh/Sq.Ft.values due to electric space
heating or air conditioning equipment could have been interacting with climate
zones in a manner which would obscure effects due to stable geographically
based differences in average year round temperature.For example,if Office
space in Oakland was much more likely to have electric space heat than that
found in San Francisco or Sacramento,it would explain the higher kWh/Sq.Ft.
values for the Oakland space heating zone.However,no syste~atic pattern
of high kWh/Sq.Ft.was obtained for commercial premises with electric space
heating or air conditioning equipment.Consequently,explanation of the pattern
of relationships between climate zone and kWh/Sq.Ft.was not possible in terms
of the saturation of electric space conditioning equipment.
A second explanation for complex climate zone relationships to kWh/Sq.Ft.
was investigated.Analyses discussed later in the report show a relationship
between size of premise,hours open and kWh/Sq.Ft.That is,although bUilding
size per se is not directly related to kWh/Sq.Ft.,larger commercial buildings
tend to have longer hours of operation and longer operating hours increase
kWh/Sq.Ft.values.If businesses located in mild climate zones have,on the
average,larger premises which are open longer hours than businesses located
in zones with more severe weather conditions,differences in average weekly
operating hours could obscure otherwise predicted climate zone effects.For
example,in the space cooling zone analysis,Office space in the Bay Area may
22
have higher kWh/Sq.Ft.values than that in Red Bluff and Stockton because
Bay Area Offices have longer weekly operating hours.However,analysis showed
no consistent relationships between space heating or cooling zone,operating
hours,average premise size and kWh/Sq.Ft.
Summary
Climate zone effects on kWh/Sq.Ft.were both larger than seasonal effects and
more complex than expected.
BUILDING OCCUPANCY,ENERGY USE AND
CUSTOMER ORIENTATION TO CONSERVATION ACTIONS
Building Occupancy
While some commercial customers are the sole occupant of a building,other
commercial businesses are likely to occupy only part of a building.For
instante,many retail stores are located in -shopping centers and restaurants
are often found on the ground floor of an office building.Thus,a commer-
cial customer mayor may not occupy 100 percent of the floor space of a free
standing building.
The relationship between Business Activity,building occupancy and premise
size is shown in Table 2.7.As would be expected,commercial businesses occu-
pying an entire building are usually considerably larger than businesses with
partial building occupancy.Although one-third of the commercial customers
analyzed here occupy only part of a building,their combined floor space
23
·'L"
PACIFIC GAS AND ELECTRIC COMPANY
TABLE 2.7
CHARACTERISTICS OF CUSTOMERS BY BUSINESS ACTIVITY GROUP AND
AMOUNT OF BUILDING OCCUPANCY
Average Premise Size
Occupy Entire Building Occupy Part of Building Thousands of Square Feet
Business Activity Group Floor Space Customers Floor Space Customers Entire Building Part of Building
Percent Percent Percent Percent
Office 91%67%9%33%51 10
Restaurant 73 80 27 20 5 7
N
~
Refrigerated Warehouse 100 100 0 0 44 0
Non-refrigerated Warehouse 97 80 3 20 49 6
School 96 94 4 6 90 70
Services 93 60 7 40 25 3
Hospita 1 97 98 3 2 172 184
Other Health 96 49 4 51 32 1
Grocery 91 85 9 15 19 10
Other Retail 93 60 7 40 42 5
Average 93%67%7%33%44 7
accounts for only seven percent of the floor space analyzed in this study.
Overall,businesses occupying an entire building average 44,000 square feet,
while businesses with partial building occupancy average only 7,000 square feet
in size.Among Business Activity groups,Other Health facilities (physicians'
and dentists'offices),as well as Retail Stores and Services are most likely
to occupy part of a building.
Conservation Orientation and Energy Use
It was expected that commercial customers with 100 percent occupancy of a
building would show greater interest in conservation actions than customers
with partial building occupancy.Customers with 100 percent building occu-
pancy are more likely to own the physical structure and have potential control
over a wider range of energy conservation actions.For example,in a shopping
center,individual store owners may have no direct control over ambient air
temperature nor do they have much incentive to insulate exterior walls.Addi-
tionally,data presented later in this report indicate that specific space
conditioning or lighting conservation measures are most likely to have been
taken by larger size businesses.
Apart from specific conservation actions,commercial customers'general interest
in reducing energy consumption can be inferred from their reports of having
performed a conservation oriented energy utilization study of their premise.
The distribution of customers reporting any analysis of energy use is presented
in Figure 2.4.Fifty-eight percent of customers report such an analysis with
audits conducted by the owner or manager as the most common method.
Table 2.8 presents the relationship between kWh/Sq.Ft.,building occupancy
and participation in conservation analysis programs.Whether occupying all
25
PACIFIC GAS AND ELECTRIC COMPANY
Figure 2.4
Percentage of Commercial Customers
Reporting an Analysis of Energy Use
&elf AudIt
38%
No Audit
42%
26
if
",
PACIFIC GAS AND ELECTRIC COMPANY
TABLE 2.8
AVERAGE ANNUAL ELECTRIC SALES PER SQUARE FOOT
BY PARTICIPATION IN AUDIT PROGRAMS
AND AMOUNT OF BUILDING OCCUPANCY
(Kilowatt-hours)
Occupancy of Building
Entire Partial
Amount of Participation
in Audit Programs
No Participation
Participation in Audit
Programs
Average
26
28
27
19
22
20
Occupancy of Building
Audit Agency Entire Parti a1
Util ity Company 30 29
Private Firm 36 25
Self 29 20
Multiple Agency 26 24
Average for All
Customers Participating
~'in an Audit Program 28 22
27
or part of a premise,customers who had participated in a conservation audit
had higher average annual kWh/Sq.Ft.values than those who had not participated.
Customers with 100 percent building occupancy that had retained private agencies
to perform the conservation audit had the highest average energy intensity,
36 kWh/Sq.Ft.For businesses with partial building occupancy,customers
requesting utility company energy audit programs showed the highest energy
intensity,29 kWh/Sq.Ft.
Summary
Commercial businesses occupying an entire building were on the average larger
than businesses who occupied only part of a building.Customers occupying an
entire building and having high energy intensity per square foot were most
likely to participate in an energy use conservation analysis program.
PREMISE SIZE,OPERATING HOURS AND ENERGY USE
Premise Size and Operating Hours
Larger commercial premises are generally open to the public for longer hours
than small businesses.As illustrated in Figure 2.5,as the number of weekly
operating hours of a business premise increases,the average size of business
premises increases.Offices,for example,demonstrated this principle.Offices
that averaged only 6,000 square feet in size were open for operation less than
40 hours per week.Offices averaging 29,000 square feet remained open from
40-60 hours per week.Offices operating over 60 hours per week were approximately
83,000 square feet in size.Larger Offices having more employees are more
28
PACIFIC GAS AND ELECTRIC COMPANY
Flgur.2.5
Average·Size by Business AcUvlty
and Number of Hours Open...-----r----.,----,.----,,....------r----....----.....----....
......
I"
""~.............,.......
(~~..).
NUMBER OF HOURS OPEN PER WEEk
J'-
likely to have varied work schedules,thus contributing to longer working
hours.Only in the case of Restaurants and Refrigerated Warehouses,was no
relationship found between average premise size and average hours open.
Operating Hours and kWh/Sq.Ft.
If two buildings are the same size and have similar energy end-use,the bUilding
with longer operating hours would be expected to have higher kilowatt-hour sales
per square foot.This effect is illustrated in Figure 2.6.Of all Business
Activity groups,Restaurants and Groceries showed the greatest increases in
energy use per square foot as the number of operating hours increased.Note
that Restaurants and Groceries had the highest electric energy usage per square
foot of all Business Activity groups.Non-refrigerated Warehouses showed the
lowest energy use per square foot of all Business Activity groups and had
virtually no increase in kWh/Sq~Ft.as weekly operating hours increased.
Table 2.9 presents a breakdown of average premise size by number of operating
hours and a breakdown of average annual electric sales per square foot by
number of operating hours.Figure 2.7 shows the results of simultaneously
ranking Business Activity groups for average premise size and kWh/Sq.Ft.
Commercial premises which are large in terms of floor space do not necessarily
have the highest energy use per square foot.For example,in Table 2.9,Res-
taurants have the smallest average size (5,000 Sq.Ft.)and highest energy
intensity (65 kWh/Sq.Ft.).
Summary
Without taking type of Business Activity into consideration,larger premise
size does not in itself increase kWh/Sq.Ft.Within most Business Activity
30
PACIFIC GAS AND ELECTRIC COMPANY
Figure 2.8
Average Electric Sales per Square Foot
by Business Activity Group and Number of Hours Open
. R....ur.nt ~70
•••••Refrlger.ted••0 III 80 Grocery••0 Warehouse a:
••0 <C
"• 0
~
•00 51•0 a:50 "•00 III..A.•
"•00 en•a:•
0
00 ~40•••0w:z:
"......•t;••I•30 "••9••i2 "••III
~20
Other He.lth III
~10
•••••••••••••••••••••Non-refrtger.ted
Warehouse
(40 40-80 )80 0 <40 40-80 >eo
NUMBER OF HOURS OPEN PER WEEK NUMBER OF HOURS OPEN PER WEEK
c,
PACIFIC GAS AND ELECTRIC COMPANY
TABLE 2.9
AVERAGE ANNUAL ELECTRIC SALES PER SQUARE FOOT
AND AVERAGE PREMISE SIZE BY HOuRS OPEN AND BUSINESS ACTIVITY GROUP
Average Annual Electric
Averaae Premise Size Sales per Square Foot
Thousan s of sguare Feet Kilowatt-hours
Less Than 40-60 ver 60 Less Than 40-60 Over 60
Business Activity Group 40 Hours Hours Hours Average 40 Hours .!:!Q!!.!:!Hours Average
Offi ce 6 29 83 37 8.2 16.2 31.4 18
Restaurant 2 8 5 5 19.2 52.9 68.1 65
Refrigerated Warehouse 0 44 45 44 0.0 34.2 61.0 40
Non-refrigerated Warehouse 5 33 104 40 5.8 4.3 5.3 5
School 40 77 126 88 7.1 11.3 15.0 13
Servi ces 1 4 37 16 9.5 10.8 23.1 15
Hospital*1*6*112*173 0.0 12.4 25.4 24
Other Health*1*6*112*16 7.8 12.3 13.9 11
Grocery 1 9 18 17 19.2 38.8 59.0 57
Other Retail 2 ...§.64 -ll ~12.6 ~16
Average 5 21 55 32 8.5 14.5 35.4 22
*Hospital and Other Health were combined for average size breakdown by number of hours open.
32
PACIFIC GAS AND ELECTRIC COMPANY
Figure 2.7
Business Activity Groups Ranked for
.Average Premise Size and Average
Electric Use per Square Foot
33
groups,larger buildings tend to operate longer hours and longer operating hours
increase the average electric load.
34
SPACE CONDITIONING
In the June 1980 report to the California Public Utilities Commission entitled
"PGandE Estimates of Energy Conservation Potential 1980-2000,"space heating
and"air conditioning were estimated to account for approximately 5 and 22 per-
cent,respectively,of electric use in the commercial sector.Additionally,
heating and air conditioning were estimated to account for approximately 58
and 9 percent of natural gas use in the commercial sector.The topics of space
heating and air conditioning are grouped for discussion in terms of floor space,
fuel shares*,equipment types and space heating or cooling zones.Lastly,
conservation measures for space conditioning are reported.
SPACE HEATING
Heated Floor Space
The average total floor space and the average heated floor space for each
Business Activity group is presented in Figure 3.1 and documented in Table 3.1.
Figure 3.1 indicates that the vast majority of floor space within commercial
buildings'was heated.Warehouses were the only exception.Reasonably enough,
only 10 percent of Refrigerated Warehouse floor space and 36 percent of Non-
refrigerated Warehouse floor space was heated.
Space Heating Fuel Shares and Equipment
The percentage of floor space broken into each type of space heating fuel is
illustrated in Figure 3.2 and is broken further into Business Activity groups
* A fuel share is defined as the percentage of floor space with each fuel/
end-use combination.
35
PACIFIC GAS AND ELECTRIC COMPANY
Figure 3.1
Average Size of Heated Floor Space by Business Activity Group
BUSINESS ACTIVITY
GROUP
OffIce
R....ted
Werehou..
Hospllel
Grac:ery
Oltler Relell
Tolel
20 ~M ~100 120 1~1~
AVERAGE FLOOR SPACE IN THOUSANDS OF SQUARE FEET
36
1~200
PACIFIC "GAS AND ELECTRIC COMPANY
TABLE 3.1
HEATED FLOOR SPACE BY BUSINESS ACTIVITY GROUP
~.
-<Average Size
Average Size of Heated".Percent of of Business Floor Space
Floor Space Thousands of Thousands of
Business Activity Group With Heat Square Feet Square Feet
Office 94%37 35
Restaurant 85 5 5
Refrigerated Warehouse 10 44 4
Non-refrigerated Warehouse 36 40 14
School 90 88 80
Services 80 16 13
Hospita 1 95 173 163
Other Hea 1th 96 16 15
Grocery 84 17 15
Other Retail 85 27 23
Average 88%32 28
37
PACIFIC GAS AND ELECTRIC COMPANY
Figure 3.2
Percentage of Floor Space by
Type of Space Heating Fuel
NaturalGu
42%
Natural Ga.
and
Other-
16%
Electricity
and
Otherb
1%
a-Natural Ga.and Other Includes gas and any other fuel.
b-Electrlclty and Other excludes natural gas.
38
"
in Table 3.2.Reports of natural gas as the only fuel for space heating were
less common than was expected;only 42 percent of the reported commercial floor
space relied exclusively on natural gas as a space heating fuel.This contrasts
with the residential sector where over 61 percent of dwellings used natural gas
as the sole fuel for space heat.1 By Business Activity,reports of natural gas
as the exclusive fuel for space heating vary widely from only 20 percent for
Other Health to a maximum of 61 percent of the Grocery floor space.
The second most frequently reported space heating fuel choice,16 percent of
the conmercial floor space,was IInatural gas and other,1I with electricity being
the most popular other fuel reported.Only 11 percent of residential dwellings
supplement their main natural gas space heating system with portable electric
heaters.1
Conmercial customers representing 12 percent of floor space reported electricity
as the sole fuel for space heat.This contrasts with the residential sector
where 16 percent of dwellings used electricity as the sole fuel for space heat.1
Restaurants and Other Retail stores were the Business Activities most likely to
rely on electricity for space heating.
Space heating equipment used by customers is reported in Table 3.3.As in the
case of fuel shares,a wide variety of equipment types was reported for space
heating.Customers representing 50 percent of commercial floor space reported
the use of boilers as the only space heating equipment type.
Heat pumps are of particular interest.While they are reported by customers
comprising only four percent of all commercial floor space,they are two to
three times more likely to be found in Restaurants,Non-refrigerated Warehouses,
Grocery,and Other Retail stores.
I See Reference 9 in Appendix C.
39
PACIFIC GAS AND ELECTRIC COMPANY
TABLE 3.2
FLOOR SPACE BY HEATING FUEL TYPE WITHIN BUSINESS ACTIVITY GROUP
(Percent)
Natural
Natural Gas and Electricity Fuel Oil Liquifi ed None/No Total
Business Activity Group ~Other(a)Electricity and Other(b)or Steam Petro 1eum Gas ~Percent
Office 41 13 12 0 12 21 100
Restaurant 45 6 25 3 0 3 IB 100
Refrigerated Warehouse 32 0 0 0 0 0 68 100
Non-refrigerated Warehouse 54 0 10 0 0 35 100
School 52 19 4 4 19 100
Servi ces 43 14 13 0 5 1 24 100
Hospita 1 38 20 0 0 32 0 10 100
Other Hea Ith 20 50 7 0 21 100
Grocery 61 3 13 0 0 2 21 100
Other Reta il 39 17 22 2 1 1 .!L 100
Average 42 16 12 1 8 20 100
(a)Natural Gas and Other includes gas and any other fuel.
(b)Electricity and Other excludes natural gas.
40
PACIFIC GAS AND ELECTRIC COMPANY
TABLE 3.3
FLOOR SPACE BY HEATING EQUIPMENT TYPE WITHIN BUSINESS ACTIVITY GROUP
'"(Percent)
~
c
Boiler
and F\lrnace Heat None/No Total
Business Activity Group ~Other(al Furnace and Other(bl Pump Other Answer Percent
Office 59 17 15 a 3 5 1 100
Restaurant 5 9 44 3 13 23 3 100
Refrigerated Warehouse 1B a 56 a a 13 13 100
Non-refrigerated Warehouse 1 4 66 2 8 5 14 100
School 50 35 9 a 1 5 a 100
Services 32 11 28 a 6 22 1 100
Hospital 91 3 1 2 a 3 a 100
Other Health 23 51 14 a 4 8 a 100
Grocery 7 1 59 3 13 16 1 100
Other Retail 41 8 ~1 9 13 .J.100
Average 50 16 19 1 ·4 8 2 100
(al Boiler and Other includes boiler .and any other equipment type.
(b)Furnace and Other excludes boilers.
c:
41
As shown in Table 3.2,the Business Activity groups who reported "oil or steam"
most often for space heating were Hospitals,32 percent of floor space,and
Offices,12 percent of floor space.These same groups reported boilers (Hos-
pitals,91 percent,Offices,59 percent of floor space)as their main heating
equipment (Table 3.3).
Space Heating Zone
The breakdown of floor space by heating fuel type within space heating zone
(previously defined in Table 2.5)is presented in Table 3.4."0i1 or steam"
as heating fuels were most common in the San Francisco and Oakland space heating
zones,22 and 9 percent of floor space,respectively.This result reflects the
direct steam service available to commercial customers in San Francisco.Less
obviously,the Oakland space heating zone was more likely to report electricity,
17 percent of floor space,and less likely to report natural gas,31 percent of
floor space,than any other area.Liquified petroleum gas (LPG),the main heat-
ing fuel for only one percent of the commercial floor space,was reported only
in the Eureka and Sacramento space heating zones.
AIR CONDITIONING
Air Conditioned Floor Space
The average size of premise and average size of air conditioned floor space
within each Business Activity group is presented in Figure 3.3 and documented
in Table 3.5.Additionally,the following information on customers with special
air conditioning equipment for computers is presented in Table 3.5:percentage
of customers with special air conditioning,average size floor space with special
air conditioning and percentage of air conditioned floor space with special air
conditioning for computers.
42
(a)Natural Gas and Other includes gas and any other fuel.
(b)Electricity and Other excludes natural"gas.
43
PACIFIC GAS AND ELECTRIC COMPANY
Figure 3.3
Average Size of Air Conditioned Floor Space
by Business Activity Group
BUSINESS ACTIVITY
GROUP
Olflce
Restaurant
Nor_trlgeratacI
W.rwIlouM
School
OlherH••1tlI
Other Rel.n
Tol.1
20 ~~~100 120 1~1~
AVERAGE FLOOR SPACE IN THOUSANDS OF SQUARE FEET
44
180 200
PACIFIC GAS AND ELECTRIC COMPANY
TABLE 3.5
AIR CONDITIONED FLOOR SPACE BY BUSINESS ACTIVITY GROUP
Customers With Special Air Conditioning
Equipment for Computers
Average Size of AVerage S1ze of Percent of Alr
Percent of Average Size Air Conditioned Floer Soece Air Corr.;ti:~e~Floor
Floor Space of Business Floor Space Conditioned Space With Special
With Air Thousands of Thousands of Percent of Thousands of Air Conditioning
Business Activity Group Conditioning Square Feet Square Feet Customers Square Feet For Computers
Office 1m 37 30 15~2.1 1.~
Restaurant 7B 5 4 3 0.5 0.4
Refrigerated Warehouse 34 44 15 5 0.2 0.0
Non-refrigerated Warehouse 14 40 6 14 1.1 0.6
School 41 sa 36 9 1.2 0.1
Services 58 16 9 3 0.2 0.0
Hospital 62 173 106 44 0.9 0.2
Other Hea 1th 41 16 7 0.5 0.4 0.0
Grocery 73 17 13 6 2.3 1.0
Other Reta 11 ~.1l ~_5 ..2 .2:.!.
Average 67~32 21 ~1.7 0.5~
45
While the majority of commercial businesses have space heat and the majority
of floor space within a building is heated,air conditioning shows a different
pattern.Although customers comprising 88 percent of commercial floor space
reported some air conditioning,the size of the air conditioned space within a
premise is frequently much less than the total size of the premise (Figure 3.3).
Thus,there could be growth in commercial sector electric loads if a larger
proportion of each customer's premise was air conditioned.For instance,the
average size Office in this study is 37,000 square feet,of which 35,000 square
feet are heated (Table 3.1)and 30,000 square feet are air conditioned
(Table 3.5).The air conditioned floor space of the average Office could
expand by 5,000 square feet if all 35,000 square feet of heated floor space
were air conditioned.
Overall,nine percent of commercial customers reported space cooled specifically
for computer equipment (Table 3.5).However,this represents only one half of
one percent of air conditioned commercial floor space.It is probable that
specially air conditioned floor space for computers will grow in the future
due to the indirect effect of energy conservation measures.In the past,the
acceptable ambient air temperature for both human comfort and computer equipment
requirements was similar.Consequently,if commercial floor space was air con-
ditioned at all,it was likely to be cooled sufficiently for efficient computer
operation.Employees in commercial businesses may become accustomed to warmer
temperatures in air conditioned buildings;however,computer equipment is less
likely to operate efficiently in warmer environments and is more likely to
require specially cooled floor space.
46
Air Conditioning Fuel Shares and Equipment
The percentage of floor space for each air conditioning fuel is illustrated in
Figure 3.4 and is broken into Business Activity groups in Table 3.6.The most
popular fuel for air conditioning was electricity (76 percent of floor space).
However,the use of natural gas as a fuel for air conditioning,whether to
supplement electricity (eight percent of floor space)or as the sole fuel
(four percent of floor space),was higher than expected.In the Residential
sector only two percent of households reported natural gas as a fuel for air
conditionirig.2
As with heating equipment,a wide variety of equipment (Table 3.7)was reported
for air conditioning.The most frequently reported equipment was the central
chiller (48 percent of floor space).The second most frequent type of air
conditioning equipment (27percent of floor space)was a combination of equip-
ment types,"central chiller and other"and "package unit and other.1I For
three Business Activity groups,Schools (45 percent of floor space),Hospitals
(46 percent of floor space),and Other Health (54 percent of floor space),a
combination of equipment types was the rule rather than the exception.
The use of package unit air conditioning equipment was reported by customers
representing only 11 percent of the entire commercial floor space.However,
it was the most popular equipment choice for Restaurants (53 percent of floor
space)and Refrigerated Warehouses (41 percent of floor space).
Only three percent of the commercial floor space reported the usage of heat
pumps for air conditioning.By Business Activity,heat pumps were most
frequently found in Non-refrigerated Warehouses.Customers representing
2See Reference 9 in Appendix C.
47
PACIFIC GAS AND ELECTRIC COMPANY
Figure 3.4
Percentage of Floor Space by Type
of Air Conditioning Fuel
EIectrtcIty
78%
None
12%
a-Electrtclty and Other includes electrtclty and any other fuel.
48
PACIFIC GAS AND ELECTRIC COMPANY
TABLE 3.6
FLOOR SPACE BY AIR CONDITIONING FUEL TYPE
WITHIN BUSINESS ACTIVITY GROUP
(Percent)
I.
Electricity Natural Oil or None/No Total
Business Activity Group Electricity an~Other (a)Gas Steam Answer Percent
Office 82 7 2 0 9 100
~Restaurant 78 2 6 0 14 100
1.0
Refrigerated Warehouse 30 0 2 0 68 100
Non-refrigerated Warehouse 44 5 9 0 42 100
School 70 10 5 0 15 100
Services 62 12 1 a 25 100
Hospital 81 7 8 3 1 100
Other Health 28 47 4 1 20 100
Grocery 76 0 4 0 20 100
Other Retail 88 1 4 0 7 100
Average 76 8 4 a 12 100
(a)Electricity and Other includes electricity and any other fuel.
PACIFIC GAS AND ELECTRIC COMPANY
TABLE 3.7
FLOOR SPACE BY AIR CONDITIONING EQUIPMENT
TYPE WITHIN BUSINESS ACTIVITY GROUP
(Percent)
·..,..-')•It..1.
Central Package
Central Chiller Package Unit Window Heat None/No Total
Business Activity Group Chi ller and Other (a ).Unit and Other (b>.Unit Pump Answer Percent
Office 60 18 7 6 2 2 5 100
Restaurant 27 3 53 3 2 2
10 100
U1
0 Refrigerated Warehouse 27 0 41 1 4 0
27 100
Non-refrigerated Warehouse 8 4 5 22 11 23 27 100
School 20 41 14 4 10 7 4 100
Services 34 14 20 0 12 8 12 100
Hospital 45 44 2 2 7 0 0 100
Other Health 14 53 17 1 2 3 10 100.
Grocery 59 0 22 0 3 5 11 100
Other Retail 64 16 11 0 3 2 4 100
Average 48 23 11 4 5 3 6 100
(a)Central Chiller and Other includes central chiller and any other equipment.
(b)Package Unit and Other i.ncludes package unit and any other equipment except central chiller.
".
eight percent of Non-refrigerated Warehouse floor space used heat pumps for
space heating and customers comprising 23 percent of Non-refrigerated Warehouse
floor space reported heat pumps for air conditioning.
Space Cooling Zone
The breakdown of floor space by air conditioning fuel type within space cooling
zone (previously defined in Table 2.5)is presented in Table 3.8.As illus-
trated in Table 3.8,space cooling zone was related to the fuel used for air
conditioning.The Fresno area was most likely (87 percent of floor space)and
the Bay Area least likely (71 percent of floor space)to rely on electricity
as the exclusive fuel for space cooling.
CONSERVATION MEASURES FOR SPACE CONDITIONING
In the September 1980 report to the California Public Utilities Commission en-
titled IIPGandE Assessment of Achieving Energy Conservation Potential 1980-2000,11
space heating was estimated from PGandE audit data to represent 54 percent of
potential natural gas conservation in existing commercial buildings.Air
conditioning and space heating were estimated to account for 17 and 1.5 percent,
respectively,of potential electric conservation in the commercial sector.
Potential conservation is defined to be the amount of conservation achieved
if the customer takes all cost-effective measures recommended by the PGandE
energy auditor.Generally,results from the September 1980 report indicated
that commercial customers were more responsive to conservation measures re-
Quiring less capital investment.
51
(a)Electricity and Other includes electricity and any other fuel.
52
C',
\'...
In the commercial survey questionnaire,customers were asked if they used or
employed six specific space conditioning conservation measures at their premise.
An analysis of this data was done both in terms of customers and floor space.
Figure 3.5 displays the percentage of customers who reported space conditioning
measures and the percentage of floor space represented by those customers.As
can be seen in Figure 3.5,commercial customers who utilized conservation
actions tend to have larger premises.
Regular review of equipment performance was the most frequently reported and
no doubt least costly space conditioning conservation action (51 percent of
customers representing 75 percent of floor space).At the other extreme,only
three percent of customers,comprising 10 percent of floor space,reported
electric demand controllers for space conditioning equipment.
Table 3.9 presents the percentage of customers and percentage of their floor
space with space conditioning conservation measures by Business Activity group.
Additionally,Table 3.9 presents the average size of premises with and without
particular space conditioning conservation actions and for comparison,the
average size of all premises within a Business Activity group.For example,
the average size pf all reported Office space is 37,000 square feet.Offices
with a regular review of equipment performance average 50,000 square feet in
size,whereas those without a regular review of equipment performance average
21,000 square feet in size.Fifty-six percent of Offite customers,who repre-
sented 75 percent of Office floor space,employed this space conditioning
conservation measure.
No single Business Activity.group was consistently found to have undertaken all
the space conditioning conservation actions listed.Hospitals most frequently
53
\.,
PACIFIC GAS AND ELECTRIC COMPANY
Figure 3,,5
Percentage of Floor Space and Customers .
Reporting Space Conditioning Conservation Measures
SPACE CONDITIONING CONSERVATION
MEASURE
Regular Review 0'heating and air
conditioning equipment performance
U..window bllnda.shading .llms.
or awnings
Installed wall or ceiling Insulation
Time clock control on heating or
air conditioning equipment
100%fresh air economizer on air
condllloners
Electric demand controller or
IImlllng equipment
75%'
~Percentage 01 1100{space
~with measure
R.Percentage 0'customers
__with measure
20 40 80 80 100
PERCENTAGE WITH MEASURE
PACIFIC GAS AND ELECTRIC COMPANY
TABLE 3.9
CONSERVATION MEASURES EMPLOYED FOR SPACE HEATING
AND AIR CONDITIONING BY BUSINESS ACTIVITY GROUP
-'1 •.t.•.i'...
Regular Review of Use of Windows,Blinds,
E1uipment Performance Shades and Awnings Electric Demand Controller
Average S ze Aver age Stze Average stze
Average Size of Business of Business of Business
of Business Thousands of Thousands of Thousands of
Thousands of s~uare Feet Percent With Measure s~uare Feet Percent With Measure S~uare.Feet Percent With Measure
Business Activity Group Square Feet wlh without Floor Space Customers Wlh without Floor Space Customers Wi h without Floor Space Customers
Office 37 50 21 ~5~561 46 32 451 371 159 33 151 31
Restaurant 5 6 3 76 64 6 5 57 52 3 5 4 6
Refrigerated Warehouse 44 69 26 51 28 74 36 36 21 33 44 4 5
tTl Non-refrigerated Warehouse 40 78 26 56 29 56 36 26 18 0 40 0 0
tTl
School 88 88 90 67 68 112 76 44 34 96 88 4 4
Services 16 34 7 70 33 26 13 41 25 108 14 12 2
Hospital 173 195 83 92 83 156 212 64 71 98 175 2
Other Hea lth 16 25 4 90 58 28 7 75 43 10 16 2
Grocery 17 21 12 72 60 21 16 33 27 21 17 7 6
Other Retail .1!...48 11 78 43 .lQ ~18 16 ~..1i 13 4
Average 32 48 16 75"511 43 27 421 31"94 30 lOS 31
PACIFIC GAS AND ELECTRIC COMPANY
TABLE 3.9
(CONTINUED)
CONSERVATION MEASURES EMPLOYED FOR SPACE HEATING
AND AIR CONDITIONING BY BUSINESS ACTIVITY GROUP
"v
Time Clock Control on 100%Fresh Air Economizer
Installed Wall or Ceiling Insulation Heatin~/Air Conditioning Equipment (Air Conditioning Equipment)
Average Size Average he Average si ze
of Business of Business of B!Jslness
Thousands of ThouSands of Thousands of
s~uare Feet Percent With Measure s~uare Feet Percent With Measure Square Feet Percent With Measure
Business Activity Group wlh without Floor Space C!Jstomers wlh wlEho!Jt Floor Space C!Jstomers With without Floor Space C!Jstomers
Office 32 38 14%16%63 26 52%31%106 30 28%10%
Restaurant 5 5 19 21 6 5 11 9 5 5 6 6
Refrigerated Warehouse 60 37 43 32 77 36 30 17 85 37 22 11
<.T1
0\Non-refrigerated Warehouse 67 35 24 14 B4 33 27 13 20 40 2
School 82 90 19 20 128 47 74 51 158 81 17 9
Services 28 14 23 14 58 11 41 11 69 13 20 5
Hospital 77 212 13 29 179 174 31 30 169 174 21 22
Other Hea lth 37 9 57 25 56 9 55 16 18 16 3 2
Grocery 24 15 40 29 24 16 28 20 27 16 21 13
Other Reta 11 26 27 12 13 88 16 50 15 100 22 23 6
Average 34 31 18%17%72 20 50%22S 90 27 22%8S
reported regular review of equipment performance (83 percent of customers com-
prising 92 percent of floor space);Refrigerated Warehouses least often reported
this conservatioo measure (28 percent of customers comprising 51 percent of
floor space).Apart from a regular review of equipment performance,which was
the most popular conservation action for most businesses,different conservation
measures appealed to different commercial customers.
The use of window blinds and shades and recent installation of insulation were
most likely to be reported by Other Health facilities and least frequently
reported by Other Retail stores.Time clock controls on spacing conditioning
equipment were most common for Schools (74 percent of floor space)and rarely
reported by Restaurants (11 percent of floor space).Offices were most likely
to report both fresh air economizers on air conditioning equipment and electric
demand controllers.The Business Activity least likely to report any space
conditioning conservation action was Non-refrigerated Warehouse.Obyiously,
Non-refrigerated Warehouses also were least likely to have space heating or air
conditioning and overall,have the lowest kWh/Sq.Ft.value of all Business
Activity groups.
Only 17 percent of commercial customers,comprising 18 percent of floor space,
reported installing insulation.However,caution should be used in the interpre-
tation of customer reports of insulation data.It is unclear whether customers
already having wall or ceiling insulation responded accurately to this poorly
phrased question.It would be reasonable to assume that the insulation satura-
tions are low estimates of existing insulation in commercial premises.
57
Summary
For both space heating and air conditioning,commercial customers reported a
wider variety of fuels and equipment than had been expected.Additionally,
there is rOom for growth in the commercial electric load if commercial customers
air condition a larger proportion of their floor space.
Larger size premises were more likely to take space conditioning energy measures.
No single Business Activity group was found to be more conservation minded on
space conditioning than any other group.
LIGHTING
Lighting needs are estimated to constitute approximately 51 percent of total
electric use in the commercial sector.3 This section on indoor and outdoor
lighting presents results for lighting in terms of equipment and conservation
measures.
Indoor and Outdoor Lighting Equipment
Table 3.10 presents information for both the amount of lighted floor space
and the types of indoor lighting preferred by each Business Activity group.
Table 3.10 also shows that virtually all commercial floor space,96 percent,
is lighted and that fluorescent equipment dominates 68 percent of floor space.
3See Reference 6 in Appendix C.
58
PACIFIC GAS AND ELECTRIC COMPANY
TABLE 3.10
INDOOR LIGHTING TYPE BY BUSINESS ACTIVITY GROUP
"
..
f'Percent of Lighted Floor
Percent of Space by Type of Equipment
Lighted Incandescent
Business Activity Group Floor Space and Other*Fluorescent
Office 97%26%74%
Restaurant 93 77 23
Refrigerated Warehouse 71 35 65
Non-refrigerated Warehouse 94 54 46
School 96 15 85
Services 94 64 36
Hospital 98 23 77
Other Health 97 72 28
Grocery 91 12 88
Other Reta i1 96 43 57
Average 96%32%68%
*Note:Incandescent and Other were combined together.Customers frequently
were unable to identify incandescent lighting.
59
.J'J:
Restaurants were least likely to report fluorescent lighting (only 23 percent
of lighted floor space),whereas Schools and Groceries were most likely to
report fluorescent light usage (85 and 88 percent of lighted floor space,
respectively).Since many Restaurants use low lighting levels to create an
appealing atmosphere,incandescent lighting satisfied the majority of their
illumination needs,77 percent of lighted floor space.In contrast,Schools
and Groceries have high level lighting needs and have a more functional at-
mosphere.Thus,they were the two premise types most likely to select fluores-
cent lighting.
Table 3.11 shows the percentage of customers reporting business conducted
outdoors,outdoor lighting equipment and a breakdown of commercial customers
by outdoor lighting equipment type and Business Activity group.Note that
for outdoor lighting the analysis is in terms of customers,not floor space.
As seen in Table 3.11,while only four percent of commercial customers reported
doing business out of doors;the majority of commercial customers,62 percent,
reported some outdoor lighting.Commercial businesses frequently use outdoor
lighting for both advertising and parking areas.Incandescent lights were
reported more frequently than either fluorescent or mercury vapor lamps.The
outdoor lighting equipment appeared to be related to Business Activity.For
instance,76 percent of Hospitals and 49 percent of Grocery stores reported
mercury vapor outdoor lights.Both these commercial sector customers are
likely to have large outdoor parking and service areas open during evening
hours •
60
PACIFIC GAS AND ELECTRIC COMPANY
TABLE 3.11
OUTDOOR LIGHTING TYPE AND CUSTOMERS WITH
BUSINESS OUTDOORS BY BUSINESS ACTIVITY GROUP
Percent of Percent of
Customers Customers Percent of Customers by TyPe of Outdoor Lighting
with with
Outdoor Outdoor Mercury None/No Total
Business Activity Group Businesses Lights Incandescent Fluorescent Vapor Other Answer Percent
Office 3 58 32 7 16 3 42 100O"l
~
Restaurant 2 91 52 20 13 6 9 100
Refrigerated Warehouse·5 84 48 5 26 5 16 100
Non-refrigerated Warehouse 11 50 28 4 16 2 50 100
School 1 85 49 7 27 2 15 100
Services 9 54 27 13 10 3 47 100
Hospita 1 0 91 12 3 76 0 9 100
Other Health 1 62 53 2 6 0 39 100
Grocery 0 80 13 15 49 3 20 100
Other Retail 6 53 18 17 16 2 47 100
Average 4 62 30 11 18 3 38 100
Conservation Measures for Lighting
Lighting is estimated from PGandE audit data to hold approximately 70 percent
of potential electric conservation in existing commercial premises.Generally,
the PGandE report on conservation potential indicated that commercial customers
were most likely to implement conservation measures requiring little capital
expenditure.Since lighting actions are less expensive to employ than space
conditioning actions,lighting conservation measures were found to be more
common than space conditioning measures.4
Figure 3.6 presents an overview in the PGandEmail survey of customers'reports
of lighting conservation measures.Results from the survey agreed with results
from the PGandE report on conservation in showing that lighting conservation
measures were more common than space conditioning ones.
As shown in Figure 3.6,reducing lighting levels,the simplest most cost-effec-
tive change,was the most popular lighting conservation measure.Sixty percent
of commercial customers,accounting for 80 percent of commercial floor space,
reported this action.The other four lighting measures:Switching to more
efficient light fixtures or bulbs,adding light switches,time clock controls
on indoor lighting,time clock controls on outdoor lighting,are more expensive
actions and thus have longer payback periods.
Table 3.12 presents by Business Activity a comparison of the average size of
lighted floor space for businesses implementing lighting conservation measures
to lighted floor space for businesses not implementing conservation measures.
Additionally,Table 3.12 presents the percentage of customers and floor space
4See Reference 7 in Appendix C.
62
l y..~..-~'.'$
PACIFIC GAS AND ELECTRIC COMPANY
Figure 3.8
Percentage of Floor Space and Customers
Reporting Lighting Conservation Measures
,rt •
LIGHTING CONSERVATION MEASURE
Reduced lighting levels
Switched to more efficient
light fixtures or bulbs
Added light switches
TIme clock control on Indoor
lighting
TIme clock control on outdoor
lighting
80%
r;;?'7J.J Percentage of floor space
~wlthmeasure
.•',Pen:entege of customers
~~"with measure
20 40 60 80 100
PERCENTAGE WITH MEASURE
PACIFIC GAS ANO ELECTRIC COMPANY
TABLE 3.12
CONSERVATION MEASURES EMPLOYED FOR LIGHTING BY BUSINESS ACTIVITY GROUP
Reduced Lighting Levels Use More Efficient Fixtures or Bulbs
Average SIZe Average SlZe
Average Size of Lighted of Lighted
of Lighted Floor s§ace Floor ssace
Floor ssace fhousan s of fhousan s of
fhousan s of s~uare Feet Percent With Measure s~uare Feet Percent With Measure
Business Activity Group Square Feet WI h wHhout Floor Space Customers &1!.wlthout Floor Space custDlilers
Office 38 49 22 781 601 67 29 42S 241
Restaurant 5 6 4 B5 78 6 4 57 49
Refrigerated Warehouse 37 44 17 89 75 57 32 29 19
Non-refrigerated Warehouse 41 58 26 66 47 34 44 22 27
School 88 108 52 80 66 124 62 59 42
Services 17 23 11 70 52 34 10 62 31
Hospital 173 177 40 99 98 181 145 81 78
Other Health 16 24 8 77 52 44 7 67 25
Grocery 17 19 14 75 69 19 16 39 35
Other Reta il 29 41 11 84 59 51 17 62 35
Average 33 44 16 80S 60S 57 22 541 311
64
PACIFIC GAS AND ELECTRIC COMPANY
TABLE 3.12
(CONTINUED)
CONSERVATION MEASURES EMPLOYED FOR LIGHTING BY BUSINESS ACTIVITY GROUP
Added Light Switches Time Clock on Indoor Lights
Average SlZe Average Slze Time Clock
of Lighted of Lighted on Outdoor
Floor s§ace Floor s§ace Lights
Thousan s of fhousan s of Percent of
s~uare Feet Percent With Measure s~uare Feet Percent With Measure Customers
Business Activity Group wih without Floor Space Customers W1h lli!!!!!!i Floor Space Customers With
Office 128 31 241 7%48 37 15%12%63%
Restaurant 12 5 17 8 5 5 13 13 48
Refrigerated Warehouse 0 37 0 0 25 38 4 6 38
Non-refrigerated Warehouse 46 41 7 60 41 3 2 44
School 114 86 13 10 80 91 19 21 72
Services 60 15 17 5 40 15 24 10 52
Hospital 315 156 18 10 197 170 14 13 71
Other Heal th 3 17 0 2 84 9 51 10 56
Grocery 17 17 6 6 19 17 16 14 66
Other Reta i1 128 19 40 9 76 17 52 20 63
Average 107 28 22%7%58 29 24%14%61%
65
~.
i
with a lighting conservation measure.As with space conditioning conservation
actions,Table 3.12 shows that businesses utilizing a particular conservation
action tend to be larger in size than those businesses without the measures.
This was found to be true overall as well as within Business Activity group.
For example,customers who reported reducing light levels averaged 44,000 square
feet of lighted floor space,while customers not implementing the measure aver-
aged only 16,000 square feet of lighted floor space.
By Business Activity group,Hospitals reported the most lighted floor space
with reduced lighting levels,99 percent,and switching to more efficient
fixtures,81 percent.Other Retail stores were more likely than any other
Business Activity group to add both light switches,40 percent of lighted
floor space,and time clock controls on indoor lights,52 percent of lighted
floor space.Hospitals and Schools were most likely,71 and 72 percent of
customers,respectively,to have installed time clock controls on outdoor
lights.As with space conditioning,Warehouses were again found to be less
inclined to take actions to reduce electric loads.Since Warehouses usually
have relatively low lighting requirements compared to other commercial busi-
nesses,low interest in these conservation actions was expected.
Summary
Overall,the majority of floor space reported in the survey is lighted by
fluorescent fixtures.Since lighting conservation actions require less capital
.outlay than space conditioning actions,lighting conservation measures were
more common.No one Business Activity group was more lighting conservation
minded than any other group.
66
EQUIPMENT SATURATIONS AND FUEL SHARES
EQUIPMENT SATURATIONS
An equipment saturation is defined as the percentage of commercial customers
with a specific equipment type.Saturations for 15 equipment types are il-
lustrated in Figure 3.7.Equipment is grouped for discussion in terms of the
following categories:water heaters,food storage,cooking appliances,laundry
equipment,and miscellaneous.Within each category,a review of the results
for all commercial customers is presented for each equipment category.Comments
on the Business Activity groups within the equipment type follow the overview of
the results.
For each Business Activity group and equipment type,both the percentage of
.customers reporting the equipment (rather than floor space)and the average
number of pieces of equipment (for customer~with such equipment)are shown
in Table 3.13.
Water Heaters
The most frequently reported appliance,61 percent of customers,was the water
heater.The average number of water heaters per premise was two.Within
Business Activity groups,Table 3.13,only Other Retail stores reported less
than 50 percent saturation of water heaters.Restaurants reported the highest
saturation,95 percent of water heaters.The high saturation of water heaters
for Restaurants was expected as Restaurants use large quantities of hot water
67
TYPE OF EQUIPMENT
Elevttor
Pump
WlterHelter
IceMlker
Laundry WI.her
Laundry Dryer
Open Refrtgerator
Closed Refrlgerltor
Wllk·ln Refrlgerltor
Closed Freezer
CookIng Oven
Mlcrowlve Oven
Grill
Deep Fit Fryer
PACIFIC GAS AND ELECTRIC COMPANY
Figure 3.7
Equipment Saturations
12301.t----.
161 01.11-----------_.
t-__.,,;1 18%
.......,1 1001.
__---------14901.
t-__.,,;118tlfo
~__...I22%
~__rtJI1'0I.
20 40 80
PERCENTAGE OF CUSTOMERS
68
80 100
PACIFIC GAS AND ELECTRIC COMPANY
TABLE 3.13
MISCELLANEOUS EQUIPMENT SATURATIONS:PERCENT OF CUSTOMERS WITH EACH TYPE OF EQUIPMENT
AND AVERAGE NUMBER OF PIECES OF EQUIPMENT BY BUSINESS ACTIVITY GROUP
/.,
Laundry
Elevator Pump Water Heater Ice Maker Washer Dryer
Customers Average Customers Average Customers Average Customers Average Customers Average Customers Average
Business Activity Group With Number With Number With Number With Number With Number With Number
Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent
Office 19%3.9 24%7.6 59%1.7 8%1.5 3%2.2 3%1.6
Restaurant 5 1.2 22 2.3 95 1.4 93 1.6 15 1.0 8 1.0
Refrigerated Warehouse 5 1.0 32 19.0 63 1.8 11 3.0 0 0.0 0 0.0
0'Non-refrigerated Warehouse 2 3.0 8 1.5 56 1.3 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.01.0
School 10 4.8 38 11.8 71 5.8 28 1.9 39 3.9 39 3.7
Services 6 3.0 18 4.7 52 1.7 18 3.1 19 3.6 18 2.9
Hospital 71 5.2 80 23.9 93 4.2 90 7.1 61 4.2 61 3.6
Other Hea lth 6 2.6 27 4.4 70 2.1 17 1.4 22 3.5 22 2.5
Grocery 2 1.0 27 1.9 81 1.2 26 1.1 0 1.0 0 2.5
Other Retail 9 2.2 14 ~46 h!!11 ~7 hl 6 hl
Average 12%3.6 23%7.1 61%2.0 18%2.1 11%3.1 10%2.7
,'»
PACIFIC GAS AND ELECTRIC COMPANY
TABLE 3.13
(CONTI NUED )
MISCELLANEOUS EQUIPMENT SATURATIONS:PERCENT OF CUSTOMERS WITH EACH TYPE OF EQUIPMENT
AND AVERAGE NUMBER OF PIECES OF-EQUIPMENT BY BUSINESS ACTIVITY GROUP-
Refr1gerator
Food Storage
Freezer
Open Closed Walb·ln Open Closed
Customers Average Customers Average Customers Average Customers Average Customers Average
Business Adivity Group With Number Wah Number With Number With Number With Number
Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent
Office 2%2.1 48%2.4 3%2.4 2%1.4 8%1.7
Restaurant 17 2.8 87 3.9 78 1.5 14 1.6 87 2.4
Refrigerated Warehouse 0 0.0 42 3.1 68 5.1 0 0.0 32 2.7
........
0 Non-refrigerated Warehouse 0 0.0 34 1.2 6 1.0 0 0.0 4 1.0
School 9 3.5 77 5.6 36 1.7 5 1.7 53 2.3
Services 4 2.7 40 3.5 9 1.8 3 1.3 18 2.1
Hospital 15 3.3 93 19.7 78 3.6 5 7.5 80 4.6
Other Health 2 3.0 65 2.4 9 2.7 1 1.7 19 1.6
Grocery 61 10.2 40 3.0 77 4.5 57 8.9 48 2.1
Other Retail 7 2.8 40 2.2 10 h1 4 2.6 13 bQ
Average 9%6.9 49%3.4 18%2.9 8%6.4 22%2.2
j 'J?J.
PACIFIC GAS AND ELECTRIC COMPANY
TABLE 3.13
(CONTINUED )
MISCELLANEOUS EQUIPMENT SATURATIONS:PERCENT OF CUSTOMERS WITH EACH TYPE OF EQUIPMENT
AND AVERAGE NUMBER OF PIECES OF EQUIPMENT BY BUSINESS ACTIVITY GROUP
Cooking Equipment
Cooking Oven Microwave Oven Gr;11 Deep Fat Fryer
Customers Average Customers Average Customers Average Customers Average
Business Activity Group With Number With Number With Number With Number
Percent Percent Percent Percent
'-I Office 28%1.8 12%1.2 10%1.8 5%2.1......
Restaurant 77 3.1 46 1.7 85 1.7 82 2.4
Refrigerated Warehouse 5 1.0 5 2.0 5 1.0 0 0.0
Non-refrigerated Warehouse 4 1.0 12 1.2 6 1.0 0 0.0
School 76 6.7 29 1.9 37 2.3 28 2.2
Services 23 3.6 10 1.4 13 1.7 10 1.7
Hospital 83 7.6 61 4.6 85 2.9 71 2.0
Other Health 32 2.1 5 1.0 19 1.6 5 1.5
Grocery 19 1.3 10 1.1 2 1.4 5 1.0
Other Retail 14 1.9 10 1.1 10 1.4 8 1.8
Average 29%3.1 13%1.6 16%1.9 11%2.0
",
for cooking and for dishwashing.Hospitals,which also use large amounts of
hot water for laundry,cooking,and cleaning have the second highest water
heater saturation,93 percent.
Food Storage
Refrigeration is the third largest electric end-use in the commercial sector
following lighting and space conditioning.It is estimated to account for
8.5 percent of electric use.5 In this survey,closed refrigerators were the
second most commonly reported equipment type.Forty-nine percent of customers,
encompassing 70 percent of commercial floor space reported closed refrigerators.
The average customer with such equipment reported more than three refrigerators.
Walk-in-refrigerators were reported by 18 percent of customers,overall.The
least commonly reported appliances were open refrigerators (nine percent of
customers)and open freezers (eight percent of customers).Within Business
Activity groups,walk-in-refrigerators were found in over 75 percent of Res-
taurants,Hospitals and Grocery stores.Predictably,high saturations for
open refrigerators and open freezers were found only in Grocery stores.An
average of 10.2 open refrigerators and 8.9 open freezers were reported by
Groceries.
Cooking Equipment
The four kinds of cooking equipment reported by commercial customers were
cooking ovens,grills,microwave ovens and deep fat fryers.Within Business
Activity groups,Restaurants,Schools and Hospitals were most likely to report
cooking equipment.Hospitals use food preparation equipment for their patients
5See Reference 6 in Appendix C.
72
or for the convenience of their employees.The usage of cooking equipment in
Restaurants is primarily for meal preparation for their customers.Schools
use cooking equipment for meal preparation for students.
Cooking ovens,the third most common equipment type,were reported by 29 percent
of customers comprising 68 percent of floor space.The average customer with
such equipment reported more than three cooking ovens.Within Business Activity
groups,Hospitals reported 83 percent,Restaurants 77 percent,and Schools
76 percent saturations of cooking ovens.
Grills were reported by 16 percent of commercial customers.As for Business
Activity groups,Hospitals,Restaurants,and Schools reported grills with sat-
urations of 85,85,and 37 percent,respectively.
Microwave ovens,on the average,were found in 13 percent of commercial busi-
nesses surveyed and their use is expected to rise in the future.The highest
microwave oven saturations were found for Hospitals,Restaurants,and Schools,
with results of 61,46 and 29 percent,respectively.
The last cooking equipment type,deep fat fryers,~ere reported by 11 percent
of commercial customers.Again,the three Business Activity groups,Restaurants,
Hospitals,and Schools,were most likely to report deep fat fryers with satu-
rations of 82,71 and 28 percent,respectively.
Laundry Equipment
Saturations of laundry equipment were low.Washers were reported by 11 percent
of customers,and dryers were reported by 10 percent of customers.As for
Business Activity groups,saturations for washers and dryers were high only for
Hospitals,61 percent,and Schools,39 percent.For each Business Activity
group,the saturations of washers parallel the saturations of dryers.
73
Mi sce 11 aneous
Only 12 percent of customers reported the use of elevators.Other miscellaneous
equipment such as pumps were reported by 23 percent of customers,and icemakers
were reported by 18 percent of customers.
By Business Activity group,Hospitals have the highest saturation of elevators.
Hospitals frequently have multiple floors and use elevators not only for em-
ployees but to transport patients and equipment from one floor to another.
Hospitals were also the Business group most likely to report pumps.Eighty per-
cent of Hospitals reported the use of pumps.This high percentage may be
because Hospitals depend on pumps to maintain water pressure,to use as part of
medical equipment,and possibly as part of their air conditioning equipment.
Icemakers,were most frequently found in Restaurants and Hospitals,93 percent
and 90 percent,respectively.
Business Activity Groups and Saturations
In addition to their primary health care and educational functions,Hospitals
and Schools have significant food service and laundry facilities.Consequently,
in terms of Business Activity groups,Hospitals were most likely to report high
saturations of all equipment types.Non-refrigerated Warehouses reported the
lowest equipment saturations.Also worth noting is that there was a consid-
erable number of commercial customers who kept food storage and preparation
equipment (apart from formal lunch rooms or restaurants)for the convenience
of their employees.For example,40 percent of Other Retail stores reported
closed refrigerators.
74
EQUIPMENT FUEL SHARES
Assuming that most of the miscellaneous equipment types reported here (e1eva-
tors,icemakers,etc.)operate with electricity,customers were asked on the
survey form to specify the operating fuel for only 5 of the 15 equipment types.
The five equipment types with a fuel type question on the survey were the
following:water heaters,refrigerators,ovens,grills,and laundry dryers.
The percentage of all commercial floor space with various fuels for each equip-
ment type is presented in Table 3.14.Table 3.15 further disaggregates fuel
shares for equipment by Business Activity group.The discussion of fuel shares
is organized in a manner similar to the discussion of Equipment Saturations.
Water Heater Fuel
The primary fuel for water heaters,48 percent of floor space,was natural gas.
Electricity was the sole fuel reported for water heaters by customers repre-
senting 19 percent of commercial floor space.For a significant minority of
commercial floor space,15 percent,natural gas was supplemented by another
'fuel (primarily electricity).Thus,as was found in the space heating analyses,
natural gas was considerably less common as the only fuel for water heating
than was expected.
Within Business Activity group,Restaurants were most likely (76 percent of
floor space)to report natural gas as the only fuel for water heaters.This
was unexpected as customers comprising only 45 percent of the Restaurant floor
space reported natural gas as the only fuel for space heating (compare
Tables 3.2 and 3.15).In contrast,Hospitals that have high boiler saturations,
were consistent in the use of "oil or steam"for both water (27 percent of
floor space)and space heating (32 percent of floor space).Other Health
75
PACIFIC GAS AND ELECTRIC COMPANY
TABLE 3.14
FLOOR SPACE FOR EQUIPMENT BY FUEL TYPE
(Percent)
I.
Type of Fuel
El ectri ci t.YNatural
No Natural Gas and and Oil or Total
Type of Equipment Equi pment Gas Other(a)Electricity Other(b)Steam Percent
.......
11 48 15 19 1 6 1000'\Water Heaters
Refrigeration 30 1 0 69 0 0 100
Cooki ng Ovens 32 27 15 26 0 .0 100
Gri 11 s 50 23 8 19 0 0 100
Laundry Dryers 61 13 5 21 0 0 100
(a)Natural Gas and Other includes gas and any other fuel.
(b)Electricity and Other excludes natural gas.
PACIFIC GAS AND ELECTRIC COMPANY
TABLE 3.15
FLOOR SPACE FOR EQUIPMENT BY FUEL TYPE
WITHIN BUSINESS ACTIVITY GROUP:WATER HEATERS
(a)Natural Gas and Other includes gas and any other fuel.
(b)Electricity and Other excludes natural gas.
77
PACIFIC GAS AND ELECTRIC COMPANY
TABLE 3.15
(CONTINUED)
FLOOR SPACE FOR EQUIPMENT BY FUEL TYPE
WITHIN BUSINESS ACTIVITY GROUP:REFRIGERATION
'"
Fuel For Refrigeration
Percent
Natural
Natural Gas and Total
Business Activity Group None Gas Other(a)Electricity Percent
Office 43 1 0 56 100
Restaurant 16 2 0 82 100
Refrigerated Warehouse 8 0 2 90 100
Non-refrigerated Warehouse 54 0 0 46 100
School 17 2 0 81 100
Servi ces 28 0 2 69 100
Hospital 6 0 0 94 100
Other Health 20 0 0 80 100
Grocery 21 1 1 77 100
Other Retai 1 26 0 0 74 100-
Average 30 1 0 69 100
D
(a)Natural Gas and Other includes gas and any other fuel.
78
PACIFIC GAS AND ELECTRIC COMPANY
TABLE 3.15
(CONTINUED)
FLOOR SPACE FOR EQUIPMENT BY FUEL TYPE
WITHIN BUSINESS ACTIVITY GROUP:COOKING OVENS
0
Fuel For Cooking Ovens
Percent
Natural
Natural Gas and Total
Business Activity Group None Gas Other(a)Electricity LPG Percent
Office 35 20 7 38 0 100
Restaurant 7 72 9 6 6 100
Refrigerated Warehouse 100 0 0 0 0 100
Non-refrigerated Warehouse 83 6 0 11 0 100
School 3 18 53 25 1 100
Services 27 50 2 21 0 100
Hospital 19 32 26 23 0 100
Other Health 12 32 45 10 1 100
Grocery 80 9 1 10 0 100
Other Retail 42"42 3 13 0 100-
Average 32 27 15 26 0 100
(a)Natural Gas and Other includes gas and any other fuel.
79
PACIFIC GAS AND ELECTRIC COMPANY
TABLE 3.15
(CONTINUED)
FLOOR SPACE FOR EQUIPMENT BY FUEL TYPE
WITHIN BUSINESS ACTIVITY GROUP:GRILLS
"
Fuel For Gri 11 s
Percent
Natural
Natural Gas and Total
Business Activity Group None Gas Other(a)Electricity LPG Percent
Office 60 16 6 18 0 100
Restaurant 5 78 3 8 6 100
Refrigerated Warehouse 100 0 0 0 0 100
Non-refrigerated Warehouse 96 0 0 4 0 100
School 31 21 9 38 1 100
Services 41 40 9 9 1 100
Hospital 19 37 21 23 0 100
Other Health 25 28 45 1 1 100
Grocery 96 1 0 3 0 100
Other Retail 48 32 2 18 0 100
Average 50 23 8 19 0 100
(a)Natural Gas and Other includes gas and any other fuel.
80
-to
PACIFIC GAS AND ELECTRIC COMPANY
TABLE 3.15
(CONTI NUED )
FLOOR SPACE FOR EQUIPMENT BY FUEL TYPE
WITHIN BUSINESS ACTIVITY GROUP:LAUNDRY DRYERS
Fuel For Laundry Dryers
Percent
Natural
Natural Gas and Oil or Total
Business Activity Group None Gas Other(a)Electricity Steam LPG Percent
Office 80 7 2 11 0 0 100
Restaurant 87 2 0 11 0 0 100
Refrigerated Warehouse 100 0 0 0 0 0 100
Non-refrigerated Warehouse 99 0 0 1 0 0 100
School 25 8 8 59 0 0 100
Services 39 30 3 28 0 0 100
Hospital 42 33 10 12 3 0 100
Other Health 20 16 55 8 0 1 100
Grocery 99 0 0 1 0 0 100
Other Retail 61 16 0 23 0 0 ~
Average 61 13 5 21 0 0 100
(a)Natural Gas and Other includes gas and any other fuel.
81
premises were also consistent,49 percent of customers representing Other
Health floor space reported "natural gas.and other"as water heating fuels.
Fifty percent of customers comprising Other Health floor space reported this
fuel mix for space heating.
Fuels for Food Storage and Preparation
Refrigeration equipment was utilized by customers representing 70 percent of
all commercial floor space.Natural gas usage rather than the use of elec-
tricity was reported by customers comprising only one percent of the commercial
floor space.
In general,fuel shares for cooking (ovens and grills)were about evenly divided
between "natural gas"and "electricity."Most Business Activity groups reported
both "electricity and natural gas"for cooking.Only Restaurants showed a
decided preference for natural gas as a fuel for both ovens (72 percent of floor
space)and grills (78 percent of floor space).
Laundry Equipment Fuel
In general,for commercial floor space,electricity (21 percent of floor space)
was preferred to natural gas (13 percent of floor space)as the primary fuel for
laundry dryers.Within Business Activity groups,Services (30 percent of fioor
space)and Hospitals (33 percent of floor space)were more likely to report
natural gas as a fuel for laundry dryers as compared to the average (13 percent)
for Business Activity groups.Schools,however,reported 59 percent of elec-
tricity as a fuel for laundry dryers as compared to the average (21 percent)
for all Business Activity groups.
82
Summary
In general,fuel types differed according to the equipment.Natural gas was
the primary fuel reported for water heaters.However,a significant number of
customers reported a combination of II na tural gas and other"as fuel for water
heating.On the average,fuel shares for cooking equipment,ovens and grills,
were about evenly divided between II na tural gas ll and "e l ec tricity.1I Overall,
for laundry dryers,electricity was preferred to natural gas.
83
APPENDIX A
METHODOLOGY
84
METHODOLOGY
The Commercial Business Energy Use Survey reported here was conducted in
conjunction with the California Energy Commission (CEC)as part of Common
Forecasting Methodology II ,Requirements.Five utilities:Southern California
Edison CompanYt Sacramento Municipal Utilities District t San Diego Gas and
Electric CompanYt Los Angeles Department of Water and Power and Pacific Gas and
Electric Company participated in this survey.The major components of method-
ology (i.e.t questionnaire design t sampling plant and mailing schedules)were
developed primarily by Hittman Associates t Inc.t a contractor to the CEC.
Sampling and Data Collection
A presentation of the commercial mail survey sampling plan developed by Hittman
Associates t Inc.for the CEC can be found in Hittman report number HIT-706-3.1
Procedures were outlined to stratify customers by weather zone t SIC Code t kWh
and kW demand.For the purpose of sampling from PGandE records t commercial
customers were initially defined as those in Standard Industrial Classification
(SIC)Codes 40 through 97.
PGandE provided the CEC with a machine readable tape containing account number t
SIC Code and energy history information for all non-residential electric ac-
counts for the period of October 1976 through September 1977.The CEC t in turn t
provided PGandE with a machine readable tape of 13 t 614 account numbers of PGandE
customers to be included in the survey.
1See Reference 3 in Appendix C
85
The subsequent history of this initial sample during the data collection process
is outlined in Table A.l.Approximately 11,000 commercial accounts were actu-
ally surveyed in a mail-out/mail-back procedure during the summer months of 1978.
Customers who did not respond to the first mail effort were sent a follow-up
questionnaire.
A 20 percent response rate to the mail survey was anticipated by the CEC.
This projection proved to b~too low.Actually,51 percent (5,582)of accounts
surveyed returned a questionnaire.As was found in the PGandE Auxiliary Power/
Co-generation Survey conducted in late 1978,the response rate was highest
(56 percent)for Large Light and Power Customers and lowest (39 percent)for
Small Light and Power Customers.
Weighting of Responses
In order to derive population estimates from the stratified sample,some weig~t
ing scheme for customers responding to the survey was necessary.Although
repeated requests were made to the CEC,PGandE staff received neither a machine
readable tape of the appropriate weights for each commercial mail respondent
nor sufficiently detailed documentation of the sampling plan to reconstruct the
appropriate weights.
The August 1979 Biennial Demand Forecast published by the CEC incorporated
responses from PGandE customers to the Commercial Business Energy Use Survey.
Although the technical documentation for the CEC forecast outlined two dif-
ferent procedures for weighting customer responses,neither weighting procedure
appeared to take the original sampling plan into consideration,nor were the
weighting schemes considered appropriate for the data by the PGandE staff.
86
PACIFIC GAS AND ELECTRIC COMPANY
TABLE A.1
COMMERCIAL CUSTOMERS SURVEYED AND RESPONDING
554 4
1,622 12
453 3
2,629 19
10,985 81
5,582 41
5,403 40
Customers Selected
Customers Selected by the California
Energy Commission in April,1978 from
December,1977 PGandE records.
Accounts with no match to April,1978
PGandE records.
Accounts which were not commercial
business.
Accounts which duplicated premises
already surveyed.
Subtotal
Customers Surveyed
Respondents
Non-respondents
Number of
Customers
13,614
Percent
100
True response rate is 51 percent (5,582)of actual customers
surveyed (10,985).
Distribution of Customers by Customers
Electric Revenue Account Customers Selected Response·Rate Responding
Percent Percent Percent
"'-....
Small Light and Power 60 39 55
•Medium Light and Power 37 48 43,.
Large Light and Power 2 56 2
Other 1 36 1
87
Since the original sampling information was unavailable and considerable
response data could not be analyzed,it was decided not to use post-hoc mea-
sures to try to force the commercial mail survey data into a representative
description of all PGandE commercial accounts.Rather,the strategy undertaken
was to compare the characteristics of commercial customers in the survey to
the characteristics of all PGandE commercial accounts.Thus,the biases in the
survey data could be understood.
Representativeness of Sample
The results of comparing commercial mail survey participants to all PGandE com-
mercial customers are presented in Table A.2 by two-digit SIC Code.Two types
of comparisons were done;the commercial mail sample and all PGandE commercial
customers were compared in terms of the distribution of customers across commer-
cial SIC Codes and in terms of the average electric sales per customer within
SIC Code.
SIC Code group 40-49 will be discussed to illustrate the interpretation of
Table A.2.Customers in SIC Codes 40-49 comprised 11.9 percent of all PGandE
customers in commercial SIC Codes 40-97.The CEC over selected customers
from SIC Codes 40-49 relative to all PGandE commercial customers,as 15.9 per-
cent of customers sampled fell into these codes.However,customers in SIC
Codes 40-49 comprised only 8.5 percent of the respondents to the survey.In
relation to the PGandE system,customers in the 40-49 SIC Codes were over
selected in the sample and under represented in the respondent group.The
40-49 SIC Code groups had both the highest response rate,92 percent for the
U.S.Postal Service (SIC Code 43),and the lowest,13 percent for Communication
(SIC Code 48).
88
PACIFIC GAS AIlO ELECTRIC CllMPMY
TABLE A.2
COMPARISOIl OF COIIlERCIAL CUSTOMERS SELECTED AND RESPllllOIIl6 TO PGandE SYSTEM VALUES
BY STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION CODE (SIC CODE)
Distribution of C_clal Average Annual
~by SIC Coda Cliss Electric Sales Inder
SIC N...ber of Customers Response P6andt Cust_s Cus~s Cusf_Cust_
Code Tttle seleded RespondIng Rate ~)'St"'t Selected Respondl!!9 h!!5!!!!Respondl!l9
(percent ercen Percent Percent
40-49 Transportation,C_Icatlon,Uti II ties 2,OD7 458 231 11.91 15.91 8.51 3.2 2.1
.f:-40 Railroad Transportation 44 8 18 .1 .3 .1 13.8 8.0
41 Local Passen9er Transit 3S 10 28 .2 .3 .2 .1 0
42 Trucking and Warehousing 128 73 57 1.4 1.0 1.4 11.4 15.2
43 U.S.PostaI Service 48 44 92 .3 .4 .8 12.4 9.9
44 Water Transportation 56 27 41 .4 .5 .5 8.2 10.2
45 Air Transportation 79 38 48 .3 .S .7 .7 1.3
46 Pipeltnes IS 3 19 0 .1 .1 2.S 0
47 Transportation 52 23 44 .2 .4 .4 .8 1.2
48 CQllII\Il/1icatton 991 130 13 .3.8 7.9 2.4 S.l 21.9
49 Electric,Gas and Sanitary Services 547 102 19 4.3 4.3 1.9 3.5 2.S
50-59 Wholesale and Retat!Trade 3,912 1,854 47 33.4 31.0 34.4 4.3 4.9
50 Durable Goods 344 198 58 3.15 2.7 3.7 1.5 2.8
51 Non-durable Goods 225 123 55 2.2 1.8 2.3 2.1 2.5
52 Buildtn9 Haterlals and Garden Supplies 237 106 45 1.9 1.9 2.0 2.5 4.1
53 General Merchandise Stores 272 153 56 2.8 2.2 2.8 5.2 6.9
54 Food Stores 874 358 41 6.4 5.9 5.S 4.8 4.9
55 Auto Dealers and service Stations 304 135 44 2.4 2.4 2.5 3.1 3.4
56 Appare I Stores 334 163 49 2.9 2.7 3.0 1.5 1.4
57 Furniture lIld HClllII Furnishing Stores 285 155 54 2.8 2.3 2.9 1.5 2.2
58 Restaurlllts 482 210 44 3.8 3.8 3.9 4.9 5.8
59 Miscellaneous Retail 555 253 46 4.5 4.4 4.7 3.5 3.5
60-57 Finance.Insurance,Real Estate 845 445 53 8.0 5.7 8.2 7.2 8.0
60 Banking 93 60 65 1.1 .7 1.1 10.1 8.0
51 Credtt Agencies 193 93 48 1.7 1.5 1.7 2.0 .4
62 Securtty and Co.-dity 8rokers 5 2 33 0 0 0 .3 1.1
63 Insurance 117 57 57 1.2 .9 1.2 3.4 4.1
64 Insurance Brokers 57 36 63 .5 .5 .7 5.1 14.0
65 Real Estate 334 168 50 3.0 2.7 3.1 19.2 24.366RealEstateandInsurance9555.1 .1 .1 .9 4.567OtherInvestmentOffices351439.J .3 .3 2.5 5.1
70-79 Services -Personal and 8uslness 2,685 1,022 38 21.4 21.3 18.9 5.1 9.S
70 Hate Is and Other Lad9 I n9 513 212 41 3.0 4.1 3.9 7.4 12.97ZPersonalServices539270505.7 4.3 5.0 1.9 2.773BusinessServices755145193.4 5.0 2.7 4.2 ZO.775AutoRepairandServices14853433.8 1.2 1.2 4.4 4.176RepairServices387191491.5 3.1 3.5 .9 1.478Hovles752939.4 .5 .5 2.9 3.979AmusementServices268111413.5 2.1 2.1 7.1 10.5
80-89 Services -Health,legal and Social 2,419 1,325 55 15.3 17.2 24.5 5.3 5.9
80 Health Services 896 540 60 4.5 7.1 10.0 8.0 9.681LegaIServlces1406849.5 1.1 1.3 1.1 1.582Education674331493.3 5.3 6.1 7.5 6.88JSocialServices231123531.2 1.8 2.3 4.5 6.084Museums158530.1 .1 .4 .6IJ6MembershipOrganizations275151555.7 2.2 2.8 3.3 5.289Misce11aneousServices187105551.0 1.5 1.9 7.9 3.9
90-97 Government 733 292 40 8.5 5.8 5.4 4.8 5.2
91 Government 222 75 34 .7 1.8 1.4 5.3 10.892LegalandPoliceProtection12773575.2 1.0 1.4 21.9 34.993FinanceandTax12433.1 .1 .1 .1 .294AdministrationofHUllIanResources684059.3 .5 .7 2.3 2.895EnvironmentandHousin9762432.5 .6 .4 1.9 1.796AdlllnistrationofEconOllllcPro9r_139 48 35 .5 1.1 .9 4.5 8.297NattonalSecurityandInternationalAffairs~--1!.ll .-:lI -:1.1 -:11 M ..!&"v Subtotal 12,601 5,397 43
Other ~...ill.~
Total or Average 13,060 5,582 .431
f *Within two-dl9it SIC code average annual electric sales per customer selected or responding divided by average electric
annual sale per custOlOll'for 'the PGandE syst....
89
..:
'-..
Representativeness can also be viewed in terms of energy use.Within each two-
digit SIC Code,average annual electric sales per customer were calculated for
the PGandE system,customers surveyed and customers who responded.An index was
constructed by dividing average electric sales for the sample by average sales
for the PGandE system.If the average annual kWh consumption by customers that
were surveyed and customers who responded in SIC Codes 40-49 was representative
of all PGandE customers in these SIC groups,the index would be 1.0.In fact,
as seen in Table A.2,for SIC groups 40-49,the average annual kWh per customer
sampled by the .CEC was 3.2 times greater than the average annual kWh load of
all PGandE customers in these groups.Similarly,respondents to the survey in
these SIC Codes had average annual electric loads 2.1 times greater than the
average system value.
With few exceptions both customers surveyed and responding had greater electric
loads than randomly selected customers.
Data Preparation for Analysis
Respondent surveys were reviewed,edited by hand and analyzed for a number of
variables essential to the report.Reliable data on customer Business Activity,
floor space and energy use were the key variables required for the analysis.
Problems were encountered with these variables.Initial analysis of the data
eliminated customers reporting indeterminate or no Business Activity,or a non-
response to the floor space question.This reduced the respondents from 5,582
to 4,018 (28 percent).Characteristics of these remaining 4,018 customers in
terms of Business Activity group and total and average floor space are presented
in the "Total"columns of Table A.3.Characteristics of the 2,532 respondents
actually used in this report are shown in the "Filtered"columns of this table.
90
)0i:l.
PACIFIC GAS AND ELECTRIC COMPANY
TABLE A.3
COMPARISON OF TOTAL AND FILTERED CUSTOMERS BY BUSINESS ACTIVITY GROUp·
o ....-sf ,-
Number of Electric
Bills Received Average Size of Average Annual
Percent of Percent Total Floor s¥ace Percent of Business Kilowatt-hour
Number of Total Unknown Thousands 0 Total Thousands of Sales per
Customers Customers Single Multiple Num,ber Square Feet Floor Space Square Feet Square Foot
Business Activity Group Total Ff ltered Filtered -lliL Bills of Bills Total Ffltered Filtered Tota I Ff ltered Total Ff ltered
Office 1,285 846 66S 67S 23S lOS 49,034 31,253 64S 3B 37 47 18
Restaurant 156 9B 63 64 24 12 2,380 521 22 15 5 95 65
)
Refrigerated Warehouse 50 19 3B 44 54 2 2,1B8 834 38 44 44 36 40
Non-refrigerated Warehouse 100 50 50 58 33 g 4,439 1,977 45 44 40 363 5
School 254 128 50 44 40 16 31,410 11,308 36 124 8B 15 13
~Services 643 392 61 65 29 6 16,808 6,255 37 26 16 217 15.....
Hospital 112 41 37 41 56 3 16,980 7,082 42 152 173
27 24
Other Hea lth 294 218 74 75 20 5 8,617 3,517 41 29 16 56 11
Grocery 291 212 73 69 21 10 4,552 3,664 BO 16 17 55 57
Other Reta il 833 528 63 6B 26 6 28,592 14,170 50 34 27 ...i!16
Total or Average 4,018 2,532 63S 65%27S 8%165,006 80,581 49%41 32 81 22
•Total includes all respondents with Business Activity and floor space reported.Filtered includes respondents with reliable data on
Business Activity,floor space and energy use.
.'
Another major concern was the accuracy of the kWh/Sq.Ft.calculations.Clearly,
as seen in Table A.3,the results of the energy intensity analysis for the 4,018
respondents indicated that a review of the energy use data (customers with ex-
tremelylow or high kWh/Sq.Ft.)was necessary.Results such as 363 kWh/Sq.Ft.
for Non-refrigerated Warehouses were simply absurd.A filtered value of five
kWh/Sq.Ft.for Non-refrigerated Warehouses was closer to expectations.
The first major difficulty with energy history data was that the information
for many customers'total electric loads was incomplete.Due to the sampling
procedure,sales data for only one electric account was available for each
respondent.However,27 percent of respondents reported on the survey question-
naire that they received more than one electric bill and eight percent were
either unsure how many bills came to the premise or gave no answer.Table A.3
shows the percentage of customers reporting multiple bills by Business Activity
group.Groups such as Hospitals and Refrigerated Warehouses commonly reported
more than one electric account.Since customers were asked to report their
total electric load on the questionnaire,this source of data on energy use was
investigated.In fact,59 percent of customers simply did not answer this ques-
tion and only 12 percent of customers reported electric loads within 10 percent
of recorded energy consumption figures.In view of these difficulties,a
decision was made to analyze survey data and kWh/Sq.Ft.for only those cus-
tomers (65 percent)who reported one electric account at their business premise.
The next step in the review of customer kWh data was to eliminate those re-
spondents who did not have a complete 12 month record of energy use for the
July 1977 through June 1978 period.By this criteria,4.4 percent,or 246 of
the original 5,582 respondents were deleted.
92
Following these procedures,the remaining customer kWh/Sq.Ft.values were
reviewed and compared to previously published estimates of kWh/Sq.Ft.for
commercial buildings.Unusually high or low kWh/Sq.Ft.values were investi-
gated.
Before deciding an acceptable high and low bound for kWh/Sq.Ft.,the effects
of alternative choices on the mean value were examined:
Range of Data
o to 97400
1 to 300oto265
1 to 200
1 to 150
1 to 100
1 to 50
1 to 265
2 to 265
3 to 265
4 to 265
Average kWh/Sq.Ft.
102
22
21
21
20
18
13
22
23
24
25
Once the upper outliers were deleted,the data was reasonably insensitive to
the specification of the lower outlier range.Based on these considerations,a
lower limit of 1 kWh/Sq.Ft.and an upper limit of 265 kWh/Sq.Ft.was selected.
This range of acceptable kWh/Sq.Ft.values eliminated 191 respondents.
The net results of these filtering procedures are documented in Table A.3 and
illustrated in Figures A.l and A.2.Almost half the customers and total re-
ported floor space were eliminated.The Business Activity group most affected
was Restaurants.Unlike other Business Activity groups where the average size
of the premises analyzed was roughly equivalent to the size of the premises in
unfiltered data (see Table A.3),the average size of Restaurants analyzed was
only 33 percent as large as all restaurants that responded.The high kWh per
square foot values for Restaurants in this analysis undoubtedly are related to
the relatively small size of the premises retained for analysis.
93
PACIFIC GAS AND ELECTRIC COMPANY
FlgureA.1
Total and Filtered Customers by
Business Activity Group
~NUMBER OF CUSTOMERS
~USED IN ANALYSIS
O NUMBER OF CUSTOMERS
LEFT OUT OF ANALYSIS
Other RetaU
Other Health
Hospital
Grocery
Non-refrlgerated
Warehouse
SChool
Restaurant
Refrigerated
Warehou.
BUSINESS ACTIVITY
GROUP
Offlce
200 400 800 800 1000 1200 1400
TOTAL NUMBER OF CUSTOMERS
94
PACIFIC GAS AND ELECTRIC COMPANY
FlgureA.2
Total and Filtered Floor Space by
Business Activity Group
BUSINESS ACnVITY .--~
GROUP
Office
Restaurant
Refrigerated
Warehouse
Non-refrigerated
Warehou..
SChool
Hospital
Other Health
Grocery
Other Retail
~flOOR SPACE USED
~IN ANALYSIS
O flOOR SPACE LEFT
OUT OF ANALYSIS
10 20 30
TOTAL FLOOR SPACE
IN MILLIONS OF SQUARE FEET
95
40
Table A.4 relates characteristics of customers analyzed and their kWh sales to
PGandE Electric Revenue Account data.Although 53 percent of customers had
Small Light and Power Accounts,they represented only five percent of floor
space and two percent of electric sales in the commercial survey data.Medium
Light and Power customers dominated the respondents in terms of both floor
space (57 percent)and total electric sales (57 percent).
Average annual electric sales figures per customer by Revenue Account can be
compared to the commercial mail survey customers analyzed in this report and
all PGandE commercial customer values.
Average Annual kWh per
Customer (in Thousands)
Revenue Account
Small Light and Power
Medium Light and Power
Large Light and Power
Commercial
Mail Survey
20
805
8,789
15
451
7,999
Again,as found in the SIC Code analyses,customers in the commercial mail
study have heavier electric loads than the "average"PGandE commercial customer.
Grouping Commercial Floor Space
A customer's commercial activity could be classified by either the SIC Code
found in PGandE records or by the customer's self-report of Business Activity
found in the questionnaire (Figure 0.1).Analyses of respondent data were
done in order to determine the best method of grouping commercial customers
to study patterns of energy use.While SIC Codes define commercial businesses
as distinct from industrial or agricultural endeavors,they do not necessarily
reflect the primary Business Activity at a particular commercial premise.For
96
(:'•.D-
PACIFIC GAS AND ELECTRIC·COMPANY
TABLE A.4
CHARACTERISTICS OF CUSTOMERS BY BUSINESS ACTIVITY GROUP AND ELECTRIC REVENUE ACCOUNT
Aver age She of Percent of Total Average Annual
Percent of Total Business in Thousands Annual Kilowatt-hour Megawatt-hour Sales
Percent of Customers Floor Space of Square Feet Sales by per Customer by
bf Revenue Account bf Revenue Account bf Revenue Account Revenue Account Revenue Account
Business Activity Group Sma 1 Hedl um Large Sma 1 Medium large sma 1 Medium large small Medium large Small Medium large
Offlce 52%44%4%3%47%50%2 40 419 1%44%55%18 705 8,884
Restaurant 20 80 0 7 93 0 2 6
0 4 96 0 58 327 0
Refrigerated Warehouse 11 79 10 3 63 34 12 35 140 0 54 46 15 1,174 7,573
Non-refrigerated Warehouse 66 34 0 12 88 0 7 102 0 9 91 0 22 400 0
School 27 66 7 2 61 37 8 82 462 52 47 38 907 7,682
Services 72 28 0 14 76 9 3 44 550 6 81 13 16 569 10,195
1.0 Hospital 0 81 19 0 47 53 0 102 466 0 35 65 0 2,126 16,281'"Other Hea lth 76 24 0 47 46 2 32 1,600 7 66 28 14 437 9,528
Grocery 10 90 0 97 2 2 .19 56 0 98 2 45 1,144 4,237
Other Reta 11 67 30 3 ~60 31 3 .M 317 4 g 34 24 ~..2..1!l
Average 53%44%3%5%57%38%3 42 415 2%57'.1:41%20 805 8,789
example,SIC Code 40 which is Railroad Transportation would include railroad
ticket offices as well as track switching facilities.
Average annual electric sales per square foot were first calculated for the
21 Business Activity categories and 47 two-digit SIC Code groups.Results of
these analyses are shown in Table A.5 and A.6.
Classification of customers into the 10 Business Activity and 10 SIC Code
groups as seen in Table A.7 was done in terms of similarity in average annual
kWh/Sq.Ft.and substantive similarity in the commercial Business Activity
at the premise.
SIC Code/Business Activity Group Relationships
A second analysis checked the relationships between SIC Code and customers'
self-reported Business Activity.This was done in two ways.Customers floor
space was first classified by SIC Code and then distributed across Business
Activity as shown in Table A.B.Next,initial classification was done by
Business Activity group with floor space in each Business Activity group broken
into SIC Code groups as shown in Table A.9.
As can be seen in Table A.B,customers within the same SIC Code group may have
reported very different busi~ess activities at their establishments.For
example,the majority of flQor space,76 percent,in the Public Administration
SIC group 90-97 is used for Offices.However,Services,Hospitals,and Schools
represent significantly distinct uses of floor space in this SIC Code group.
The best results,in terms of consistent use of floor space,were found for the
Finance and Education SIC Code groups.Ninety-seven percent of the Finance
floor space was described by customers as Office space and 95 percent of the
Education SIC Code floor space was described as Schools.
9B
PACIFIC GAS AND ELECTRIC COMPANY
TABLE A.5
AVERAGE ANNUAL ELECTRIC SALES PER SQUARE FOOT
BY BUSINESS ACTIVITY
(K 11 owat t-hours)
Average Annual
Electric Sales
Business Activity Group per Square Foot
OFFICE IB
Private Business 17
Government 22
RESTAURANT 65
Fast Food 71
Table Service 61
REFRIGERATED WAREHOUSE 40
NON~REFRIGERATED WAREHOUSE .J.
SCHOOL .ll
Preschool and Elementary 9
Junior or Senior High 15
College or Trade 16
SERVICES II
Hotel/Motel 19
Entertainment Facility 26
Personal 13
Repair/Maintenance 12
Transportation Office/Terminal 16
HOSPITAL 24
OTHER tfEAL TH II
Skilled Nursing or Residential Care 15
Ambul atory Care 11
GROCERY 57
OTHER RETAIL 16
Specialty Merchandise 15
\...:.Department Store 16
Shopping Center 19
Average 22
99
PACIFIC GAS AND ELECTRIC COMPANY
TABLE A.6
ANNUAL ELECTRIC SALES PER SQUARE FOOT
BY STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION CODE
(K 11 owatt-hours)
Standard
1<-'Industrial Average Annual
Classification Electric Sales
Code Short Title per Square Foot
40-49 TRANSPORTATION.COMMUNICATION.PUBLIC UTILITIES 1§.
40 Railroad Transportation 33
41 Local Passenger Transit 4
42 Trucking and Warehousing 25
43 U.S.Postal Service 22
44 Water Transportation 47
45 Air Transportation 19
47 Transportation 18
48 COI1II1Unication 46
49 Electric.Gas and Sanitary Services 61
50-51 WHOLESALE TRADE J.
50 Durable Goods 7
51 Non-durable Goods 13
52-57,59 RETAIL TRADE ~
52 Building Materials and Garden Supplies 11
53 General Merchandise Stores 18
54 Food Stores 54
55 Auto Dealers and Service Stations 26
56 Apparel Stores 12
57 Furniture and Home Furnishing Stores 13
59 Miscellaneous ~etail 16
58 RESTAURANT B
60-67 FINANCE.INSURANCE.REAL ESTATE 18
60 Banking 22
61 Credit Agencies 19
62 Security and Commodity Brokers 26
63 Insurance 15
64 Insurance Brokers 19
65 Real Estate 19
66 Real Estate and Insurance 4
67 Other Investment Offices 14
70-79 SERVICES -PERSONAL AND BUSINESS 16
70 Hotels and Other Lodgin9s 27
72 Personal Services 12
73 Business Services 14
75 Auto Repair and Services 24
76 Repair Services 7
78 Movies 22.79 Amusement Services 35
80 HEALTH SERVICES 11
81,83-89 SERVICES -LEGAL AND SOCIAL 10
81 Lega I Servi ces 7
\.r-83 Soc 1a I Services 11
84 Museums 5
86 Membership Or9anizations 10
89 Miscellaneous Services 10
r.82 EDUCATION £';-
""90-97 GOVERNMENT 22
91 Government 22
92 Legal and Police Protection 24
94 Administration of Human Resources.15
95 Environment and Housin9 14
96 Administration of Economic Programs 2397NationalSecurityandInternationalAffairs21
100
PACIFIC GAS AND ELECTRIC COMPANY
TABLE A.7
AVERAGE ANNUAL ELECTRIC SALES PER SQUARE FOOT BY BUSINESS
ACTIVITY AND STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION CODE GROUP
(K i 1owatt-hours)
Business Activity Reported
by Customers on Mail Survey
Office
Restaurant
Refrige~ated Warehouse
.Non-refrigerated Warehouse
School
Services
Hospital
Other Health
Grocery
Other Retail
Average
Standard Industrial Classification
Code Group (2 Digit Code)
Transportation (40-49)
Wholesale Trade (50-51)
Retail Trade (52-57,59)
Restaurant (58)
Finance (60-67)
Personal Services (70-79)
Health (80)
Education (82)
Legal and Social Services (81,83-89)
Public Administration (90-97)
Average
101
Average Annual Electric
Sales per Square Foot
18
65
40
5
13
15
24
11
57
16
22
36
9
27
62
18
16
13
21
10
22
22
PACIFIC GAS AND ELECTRIC COMPANY
TABLE A.8
FLOOR SPACE WITHIN EACH STANDARD INDUSTRIAL
CLASSIFICATION CODE GROUP BY BUSINESS ACTIVITY GROUP
(Percent)
Business Activity Group Total
Refrigerated Non-refrigerated Other Other SIC Code
SIC Code Group Office Restaurant Warehouse Warehouse School Services Hospital Health Grocery Retail Group
Transportation
(40-49)82 0 8 4 0 5 0 0 1 0 100
Wholesale Trade
(50-51)14 0 4 50 0 2 0 0 1 29 100
Reta 11 Trade
......(52-57,59)9 0 1 2 0 2 0 0 18 68 100
0
N Restaurant
(58)42 51 0 0 0 4 0 0 1 2 100
Finance
(60-67)97 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 100
Personal Services
(70-79,80)11 0 0 1 0 31 36 20 0 100
Education
(82)5 0 0 0 95 0 0 0 0 0 100
Legal and Social Services
(81,83-89)63 1 0 0 4 22 0 10 0 0 100
Public Administration
(90-97 )76 0 0 0 6 1 17 0 0 0 100
PACIFIC GAS AND ELECTRIC COMPANY
TABLE A.9
FLOOR SPACE WITHIN EACH BUSINESS ACTIVITY GROUP
BY STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION CODE GROUP
(Percent)
Standard Industrial Classification Code Group
Transportation,Services -services -Total
Conmunication,Wholesale Retai I Finances,Personal and Legal and Pub lic Business
Public Utilities Trade Trade Restaurants Insurance Business Education Social Administrat ion Activity
Business Activity Group (40-49)(50-51)(52-57,59)(58)(60-67)(70-79,80)(82)(81,83-89)(90-97)Group
Office 17 1 5 45 5 2 5 19 100
Restaurant 3 0 87 0 6 0 3 0 100
Refrigerated Warehouse 71 10 19 0 0 0 0 0 0 100
Non-refrigerated Warehouse 14 53 20 0 6 7 0 0 0 100
.....Schoo I 0 0 0 0 0 0 95 4 1000wServices50770 8 100
Hospital 0 0 0 0 0 81 0 0 19 100
Other Hea lth 0 0 0 0 92 0 6 100
Grocery 98 0 0 0 0 0 0 100
Other Reta 11 0 4 93 0 2 0 0 0 100
The results of grouping commercial floor space first by self-reported Business
Activity and then grouping with respect to SIC Code are shown in Table A.9.
Although the majority of Hospital floor space,81 percent,was found in Personal
and Business Services SIC Codes,a significant minority of this floor space,
19 percent,was found to be Veterans Administration facilities in the SIC Code
group for Public Administration.The vast majority of floor space for Schools,
Services,Restaurants,Groceries,Other Health,and Other Retail categories
generally was found in a single SIC Code group.Office space was present in
virtually all SIC Code categories but concentrated in Finance,Public Admin-
istration,and Transportation SIC Code groups.
In attempting to disaggregate all reported commercial mail survey floor space
into categories of substantively similar patterns of energy end-use,it was
decided that customer reports of Business Activity provided a more reliable
guide to homogeneous uses of commercial floor space than grouping of floor
space by SIC Code.
104
APPENDIX B
DETAILED SPACE HEATING
AND SPACE COOLING
ZONE DISTRIBUTIONS
105
!-.
PACIFIC GAS AND ELECTRIC COMPANY
TABlE B.1
DISTRIBUTION OF CUSTOMERS AND SQUARE FOOTAGE
BY HEATING ZONE AND BUSINESS ACTIVITY GROUP
".:
)-.Heating Zone
San San San Santasanta
Business Activity Group*~~~Sacramento f!:!!L Francisco ~!!f!!l ...!2!!..
Office
AVE 14 16 75 12 4 128 31 10 21
',I T 260 l,B47 7,880 3,130 72 12,802 2,691 284 2,286
N 18 118 105 263 18 100 87 29 108
Restaurant
AVE 2 10 6 4 N/A 5 6 N/A 6
T 10 143 45 154 N/A 40 66 N/A 63
N 5 15 II 40 MIA 8 11 N/A 11
Refrigerated Warehouse
AVE 20 22 57 38 16 29 150 N/A 53
T 20 44 200 225 31 58 150 N/A 106
N 1 2 3 6 2 2 1
N/A 2
Non-refrigerated Warehouse
AVE N/A 27 50 51 8 56 31 14 8
T N/A 159 698 514 16 282 249 43 17
N N/A 6 14 10 2 5 8 3 2
School
AVE 16 82 103 55 N/A 220 83 47 139
T 65 982 1,026 2,979 N/A 1,984 1,161 189 2,915
N 4 12 10 54 N/A 9 14 4 21
Services
AVE 8 5 19 11 5 39 10 16 14
T 102 201 842 1,442 42 2,346 327 234 718
N 12 41 45 128 8 60 32 15 51
Hospital
AVE 17 131 263 112 95 226 338 189 158
T 17 1,051 1,842 899 286 678 1,015 189 1,105
N 1 .8 7 8 3 3 3 1 7
Other Hea 1th
AVE 11 6 9 9 6 17 7 15 49
T 70 1'5 213 500 44 305 130 136 1,824
N 4 31 24 69 8 18 18 9 37
Grocery
AVE 8 20 18 17 23 16 20 27 16
T 117 649 353 1,2'3 116 268 464 133 270
N 15 33 20 77 5 17 23 5 17
Other Reta 11
AVE 12 27 37 17 16 34 54 9 17
T 297 1,701 3,124 2,491 126 2,488 2,730 167 1,046
N .l!64 ~-!!!.-!74 -ll 19 -.---JQ
Avera!e
AVE 11 21 51 17 14 72 36 16 33
\;T 958 6,973 1',224 13,727 734 21,250 8,991 1,375 10,349
N 14 330 321 7'8 54 296 248 85 316
~'
'0 *KEY:AVE •Average Size in ThousanGs of Square Feet
T •Total Square Feet (in ThousanGs)
N•N~er of Customers
N/A •NIt Available
106
PACIFIC GAS MIl "ELECTRIC COMPAIIY
TABLE B.2
DISTRIBUTION OF CUSTOMERS AIID SQUARE FOOTAGE
BY COOLING ZONE AIID BUSINESS ACTIVITY GROUP
~I
Coolfng Zone
North iIidIIRea
Business Activity Group*!r.!.!!!!!!!!!!Stockton South BII ~
OfficI
AVE 16 6 12 23 68T1,847 563 1,109 5,066 22,668
"118 91 89 216 332
Restaurant
AVE 10 4 3 6 5T143Sf54129141
"15 14 18 21 30
Refrigerated Warehouse
AVE 22 50 27 51 51
T 44 99 81 Z05 405
"2 2 3 4 8
Non-refrigerated Warehouse
121AVE276 23 45
T 159 24 485 319 .990N64 4
"14 22
School
AVE 82 47 49 109 112
T 982 945 979 3,799 4.603
N 12 20 ZO 35 41
Services
AVE 5 8 11 13 23
T 201 259 524 1.285 3.986
"41 32 47 99 173
Hospital
AVE 131 55 Z9 197 225T1.051 277 zg 2.562 3.135
"8 5 1 13 14
Other Health
AVE 6 7 13 31 10T1951152522,128 832
"31 16 ZO 68 83
Grocery
AVE 20 10 16 21 17T6492155299601.310
"33 22 33 45 78
Other Retall
AVE 27 8 23 30 29T1.701 334 1,166 3,895 7.073
\"---!!44 -l!.~~'4:.;;
Average
AVE 21 12 18 32 44
T 6,973 2,885 5,209 ZO.344 45.170
G'"330 250 286 645 1.021
\i
*KEY:AYE •Average Size in Thousands of Square Feet
T •Total Square Feet (in Thousands)
N•"umber of Customers
107
APPENDIX C
REFERENCES
108
REFERENCES
Consultants Computation Bureau,"Buildings Energy Analysis for Nine Typical
Buildings,"California Energy Commission,1977.
Jack Faucett Associates,Energy Consumption in Commercial Industries by
Census Division -1974,Springfield,Virginia,National Technical Informa-
tion Service,1977.
Hittman Associates,Inc.,Development of a Data Base and Forecasting Model
for Commercial Sector Electricity Usage and Demand.Preliminary Survey
Sampling Methodology,Final Report HIT-706-3,December 1977.
1.
~~
2.
V
3.
4.Lann,R.B.et al,Technical Documentation of the Commercial Sales Forecast-
ing Model:Electricity and Natural Gas,California Energy Commission,
October 1979.
5.Arthur D.Little,Inc.,"Energy Conservation in New Building Design.An
Impact Assessment of Ashrae Standard 90-75,"National Technical Information
Service,1976 (end-use requirements adjusted to PGandE survey data satur-
ations for space and water heating and air conditioning).
6.Arthur D.Little,Inc.,PGandE Estimates of Energy Conservation Potential
1980-2000,June 1980.
7.Arthur D.Little,Inc.,PGandE Assessment of Achieving Energy Conservation
Potential 1980-2000,September 1980.
8.Pacific Gas and Electric Company,Rate Department Research Section,Commer-
cial Service:Electric Load Characteristics Study Part I,September 1974.
9.Pacific Gas and Electric Company,Energy Forecasting and Analysis Section,
Economics and Statistics Department,1979 Residential Appliance Saturation
Survey,July 1980.
10.SRI International,Estimated Structural Equations of a Forecasting Model
for Construction Activity by Building Type in California's Commercial
Sector,for California Energy Commission,1978.
109
1
v
APPENDIX D
COMMERCIAL BUSINESS
ENERGY USE SURVEY
QUESTIONNAIRE
110
PACIFIC GAS AND ELECTRIC COMPANY
-+-77 BEALE STREET·SAN FRANCISCO,CALIFORNIA 94106 •(415)781-4211 •TWX 910-372-6587
.JOS!!PH V.DE VOUNC3
V,C[Pllt('iIO[NT.cU~JrO"'(1I CPI"UION'
Dear Customer:
May 17,1978
Meeting the energy needs of California requires effective planning for which
accurate data is necessary.Your business has been selected as part of a
random sample from which to gather this needed data.
Under regulations adopted by the California Energy Commission,the utilities
of .the State are participating in a statewide survey to gather information
about energy usage.From this data,patterns of current and future energy
use will be developed to aid us in planning new facilities to meet your
future energy needs and in developing approaches to energy conservation.
Before the data is compiled and submitted to the California Energy Commission,
all individual names,addresses,and other identifying information will be
removed to ins~re confidentiality of your individual response.
To maintain the statistical accuracy of this survey,all answers should pertain
to the service location specified on the survey questionnaire.Please complete
the questionnaire and return 'it to us in the enclosed postage paid envelope by
June 7,1978.
If you have any questions,please do not hesitate to call us at our toll free
number 800-792-8072;if you are calling from area code 805,call collect to
(415)543-1788.
Your prompt and accurate answers on the enclosed questionnaire will be greatly
appreciated.Thank you very much for taking the time and effort to return the
survey form.
Sincerely,
111
I
I"
l
Commercial Business
Energy Use Survey
Instructions:
Please answer all of the questions.I
Your answers should pertain to
the address shown here •
In answering the questions,please
use the following definitions:.L
1·7
.J
(a)Business:the economic activity you are engaged in at the above address.
(h)Facility:the location (shown above)where you carryon your business.
(c)Building:the physical structure where you conduct your business.
It is important that all questions be answered.If you are unable to answer a question,please route
the questionnaire to the manager or other person (s)at the above address and ask him to
complete the missing information.
Please return the questionnaire to Pacific Gas &Electric Co.,77 Beale St.,Room 1045,
San Francisco,CA 94106.A postage paid envelope has been provided for your convenience.If you
have any questions or problems with the survey,please dial P G &E toll free at 800-792·8072;
if you are calling from area code 805,call collect to (415)543-1788.
Thank you for your cooperation and assistance.
1.Check (v')the single category which best describes your business activity.
Office Building
a.AO Private Business
BO Government
Restaurant \Varehouse
JO Fast Food LO Refrigerated
KO Table Service MO Non-refrigerated
Hospital/Medical Care
CD Acute Care or ReseR-reh Hospital
DO Skilled Nursing or Residential Care
EO Ambulatory Care (MD,DDS,other)
Retail/Wholesale Sales
FO Specialty Merchandise
GO Grocery
HO Department Store
10 Shopping Center
School
NO Preschool and Elementary
DO ,J unior or Senior High
PO College or Trade
Services
aD .Hotel/Motel
RO Entertainment Facility
sO Personal (hair,laundry,etc.)
TO Repair/Maintenance
uO Transportation Office/Terminal
VO Other:(please describe)9 19
112 (over please)
2.Is your business conducted primarily out of doors?
(for example:drive-in movies,nurseries,used-car lots,etc.)
20.10 Yes 20 No
3.How many hours is your business open during a typical business week?
21.10 Less than 40 hours 20 40-60 hours 30 More than 60 hours
4.Does your business occupy or manage this entire building?
22-10 Yes 20No
5.a.How much floorspacc is occupied or managed by your business
at this address?
_23 31 square feet
32b.What percentage of this floor space is:Heated?
35
Air Conditioned?
Lighted?
48
6.How many square feet of specially air conditioned floors pace are
used for computer equipment?
41 0 None (or)4_2 47 square feet
7.a.How many full-time and part-time people are presently employed
at this facility?
53 Full-time employees 54 59 Part-time employees--------------
b.Approximately how many man-hours were worked at your facility
during calendar year 1977?
60 68 Man-hours
8.Check (V )the types of energy used by your facility for each of
the uses listed below.
Natural Fuel Purchased Propane,Don'tUsesNoneElectricityGasOilSteam-Butane Know
C'1.Space Heating 69 0 70 0 71 0 72 0 73 0 74 0 75 0
2.Air Conditioning 76 0 770 76 0 79 0 80 0 81 0 82 0
.;3.Boilers 83 0 84 0 85 0 86 0 87 0 880 89 0
\:4.Oven/Stoves 90 0 91 0 92 0 93 0 94 0 95 0 96 0
5.Grills 97 0 98 0 990 100 0 101 0 102 0 103 0
6.Refrigeration 104 0 105 0 106 0 107 0 108 0 109 0 110 0
7.Laundry Driers 1110 112 0 113 0 114 0 115 0 116 0 117 0
8.Water Heaters 118 0 119 0 120 0 121 0 122 0 123 0 124 0
113
10.Indicate how the majority of your indoor and outdoor lighting needs are met.
check one in each column
Indoor Outdoor
137-10 138-1 0
20 20
3D 3D
40 40
50 50
!,
9.Check (V)the type (s)of equipment used for heaJing and air conditioning:
Heating:'25 0 Boiler126 0 Furnace 1270 Heat Pwnp 1280 Other 1290 None 130 0 Don't Know
Air Conditioning:131 0 Central Chiller 132 0 Packaged Multi-Room Unit
.133 0 Individual Wall or Window Unit 134 0 Heat Pwnp
'135 0 None 136 0 Don;t Know
Lighting Type
Incandescent
Fluorescent
(Mercury Vapor
/Other
I None
/
It Do you receive more than one electric bill for this facility each month?
139-10 Yes 3D Don't Know
.
12.Please refer to your monthly energy bills for calendar year 1917 and write in
the total quantities of energy consumed at this location for the entire year.
Also,indicate by a check (V )whether the amount shown is only
for your facility or if it is for the whole building.
Amount UsedTypeofEnergy
Electricity '_40 '4_8 kwh
Natural Gas { ',4
5
9
8
157 th:,nns
___________1_68 cu.ft.
Fuel Oil 169 175 gallons
Purc:hased Ste~176 183 pounds
Propane or Butane Gas 184 190 gallons
Cunsumption sho\\'l1 is for:
Only my Whole
facility Building Other
191·'0 20 3D
192-10 20 3D
193-10 20 3D
194-10 20 ...3D
195-10 20 3D
201
13.How many linits of each of the following types of equipment
are used at your facility?
196 197 198 199 200
Cooking Ovens/Stoves Cooking Grills Microwave Ovens _
202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209Deep-Fat Friers Elevators Pwnps Water Heaters _
"'0 211 212 213 214 215Ice-Makers'Laundry Washers Laundry Driers _
'16 217 218 219 220 221OpenRefrigerationCabinets",Open Freezers Closed Refrigerators _
222 223 224 225ClosedFreezersWalk-In Refrigerators (including warehouse)_
114
(over please)