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R
E I D ( 707 A STREET. ANCHORAGE. ALASKA. 99501; (907) 279-4523
Reconnaissance Of Aquatic And Terrestrial
Habitats In The Capps And Chuitna
Coal Lease Areas
November 3-7, 1980
ARCTIC ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION AND DATA CENTER
Report for
DOWL Engineers
4040 B street
Anchorage, Alaska 99503
December 15, 1980
Reconnaissance Of Aquatic And Terrestrial
Habitats In The Capps And Chuitna
Coal Lease Areas
November 3-7, 1980
Submitted by
Arctic Environmental Information and Data Center
University of Alaska
707 A Street
Anchorage, Alaska 99501
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Reconnaissance of Aquatic and Terrestrial Habitat
In the Capps and Chuitna Coal Lease areas
November 3-7, 1980
This field trip report was prepared by:
William J. Wilson, Fishery Biologist
E. Woody Trihey, Hydraulic Engineer
Joseph LaBelle, Geomorphologist
Richard Hensel, Wildlife Biologist
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I.
II.
III.
IV.
v.
VI.
Report Contents
Introduction
The Proposed Coal-Methanol Project Development Scheme
Terrestrial Wildlife Overview
A. Mammals
B. Birds
C. Endangered Species
Fishery Resources Overview
A. Chuitna River Coal Lease Area
B. Capps Coal Lease Area
C. Nikolai Creek
D. Congahbuna Lake/Old Tyonek Creek Drainage
Aquatic Field Site Descriptions
A. Capps Creek Area
B. Upper Chuitna River Area
C. Congahbuna Lake Area
D. Chuit Creek Area
E. Streamflow Summary
F. Regional Hydrologic Data
Relationship of Aereal Geology to Alluvial
Systems in the Project Area
A. Chuitna River
B. Chuit Creek
C. Capps Creek
D. Congahbuna Lake Area
E. Nikolai Creek
Erosion and Its Effects on Alluvial Habitat
VII. Summary and Recommendations
VIII.
A. General
B. Fisheries
c. Wildlife
D. Erosion and Alluvial Habitats
E. Hydrology
References Cited
IX. Appendices
A. Staff Gage Descriptions and Streamflow Measurements
B. Photographs taken during AEIDC's Field Trip to the
Beluga-Chuitna Region November 3-7, 1980
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INTRODUCTION
During the week of November 3-7, 1980, the University of Alaska's Arctic
Environmental Information and Data Center (AEIDC), under contract to DOWL
Engineers, conducted a field reconnaissance trip within the Chui tna River
basin area. The field trip was undertaken to obtain seasonally specific
(autumn) hydrologic information and to obtain a first-hand general intro-
duction to the area's aquatic and terrestrial habitat characteristics to begin
establishment of a data base for environmental evaluation of the Cook Inlet
Region, Inc ./Placer Amex (CIRI/Placer) Beluga Methanol Project. The field
team consisted of a biologist, geomorphologist and hydrologist/hydraulic
engineer. Reconnaissance work was conducted by helicopter and foot-survey.
Field work focused primarily on the two CIRI/Placer coal leases and the anti-
cipated development corridors/sites within the Chuitna River drainage and
Granite Point areas. A reconnaissance flight was also made over the Nikolai
Creek drainage, the entire Capps Creek and Chichantna River drainages, and the
upper Beluga River system, including the Triumvirate Glacier/Strandline Lake
region, Coal Creek Lake and Coal Creek, and both Beluga and Lower feluga Lakes.
A summary of the week's activites is outlined in Figure 1. /
This report summarizes information gathered from a very brief pre-field
inhouse literature assessment and include~ transcripts of field data collected
during ~he one week field trip itself. Most information is organized by major
geographic areas: the Capps coal lease, the Chui tna River coal lease, the
Granite Point/Old Tyonek Creek (methanol plant) area, and the Nikolai-Stedatna
Creeks/Congahbuna Lake (townsite) area.
Since AEIDC's agreement with DOWL Engineers specified that this would be
a field trip report, very little analysis of information is contained herein.
Overviews are presented of the fishery and wildlife resources in the region,
and are followed by the field notes and a section on interpretive aquatic
habitat geomorphology.
Finally, this report identifies some significant knowledge gaps and lists
general recommendations for future study. Our recommendations, and insight
into environmental concerns surrounding the proposed coal extraction/methanol
· ~~~-----proJect,-~are-based on the development scheme as we-currently understand it.
1
Date
November 3
November 4
November 5
November 6
November 7
Figure 1. Activity schedule of AEIDC's field reconnaissance
trip to the Beluga project area
November 3-7, 1980
Activity:
Departed Anchorage 9:30a.m., arrived.Placer
Amex drilling camp around noon. Following a
brief overflight/orientation S.E. of Lone
Mountain (superior airstrip), visited Capps
Creek and North Capps Creek 1:00 to 3:30 p.m.
Reconnaissance of upper Chuitna and Wolverine
fork from Capps Creek lease area to confluence.
Reconnaissance of Chuitna lease area, Old Tyonek
Creek, and Congahbuna Lake area. General over-
flight of proposed townsite and railroad locations.
Reconnaissance of Granite Point-Congahbuna Creek,
Stedatna Creek, and lower Nikolai Creek during
the morning. Afternoon reconnaissance of Chuit
Creek from its headwaters to the confluence with
Chuitna River.
Return visits to several sites within the
project area with specific attention focused on
the lower Chuit Creek area at its confluence
with the Chuitna River. Overflight along
perimeter of the project area (upper Nikolai and
-Bei_uga drainages). ··Return to-Anchorage approx-
imately 4:00 p.m.
2
The Proposed Coal-Methanol Project Development Scheme
Placer Amex and Cook Inlet Region, Inc. would surface mine coal from one
or more seams in two lease areas called "Capps Creek" and "Chui tna River".
Coal would be transported from the lease areas via railroad to a methanol
extraction industrial complex in the Granite Point -Old Tyonek Creek area. A
town would be sited on the bluffs overlooking the Nikolai Creek-Chakachatna
River floodplain near Stedatna Creek, a tributary to Nikolai Creek or near
Congahbuna Lake. The strip mining sehedule, acreages to be mined, miles of
road to be constructed, quantities of water necessary for the methanol plant
as well as exact locations for the facilities are unknown at this time.
3
TERRESTRIAL WILDLIFE OVERVIEW
A two-hour overflight was conducted by an AEIDC wildlife biologist on 20
October 1980. The primary purpose was to map waterfowl distribution during
late fall; however, timing was such that the majority of birds had already
migrated. The only noteworthy observation concerned 200 to 300 mallard ducks
in the area of Trading Bay. Larger concentrations of waterfowl (i.e., mal-
lards, scaup, green-winged teal, and swans, believed to be whistlers) were
noted east of the project area (Seeley Lake) to include the Susi.tna Flats.
Poor weather precluded a complete reconnaissanc~ of the proposed project area,
and because of the late date, no subsequent field observations of waterfowl or
terrestrial mammals were attempted. However, a brief inhouse literature
review provided an overview of significant terrestrial fauna present in the
Beluga coal lease area.
Mammals
Extensive studies in the Cook Inlet basin aimed at defining local faunal
populations have yet .to be accomplished. Existing descriptions of the fauna
(Evans et al. 1972; Alaska Department of Fish and Game 1976; LeResche and
Hinman 1973) are based largely on extrapolation of scattered, site specific
data sets. Despite their limitations, these and similar reports provide a
tairly concise overview of major faunal components in the Capps-Chui tna
region.
Moose (Alces alces), brown bear (Ursus arctos), black bear (~
americanus), and wolf (Canis lupus) are the major species of large mammals
tound in the area of interest. Wolf numbers are seemingly low compared to the
rest of the southcentral Alaska (N. Steen, pers. comm.). Moose, however, are
widespread, common, and locally abundant, as are both species of bears (Hinman
1980 a; 1979 a, b; 1977 b). Figure 2 portrays seasonal concentrations of
moose reported in the area of interest. The information, taken from LeResche
and Hinman (1973), represents a portion of their statewide habitat mapping
effort. The accuracy of these maps is unknown, but they may lack precision
considering the broad scope of the effort and limited data •
• ~ ~ ~ -~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~R~·cent aerial surveys of moose dis-tribu-tion between -Granite Po-int and-the-
West Forelands in Trading Bay revealed an apparent seasonai concentration of
moose unreported by LeResche and Hinman (1973). Nick Steen (pers. comm.) ,
....:·
4
Alaska Dept. of Fish and Game (ADF&G) biologist, counted 67 adult moose, 30
calves, and a yearling in this area in late May 1980.
Available information implies that moderate-sized populations of both
brown and black bears also occur within the project area (Hinman 1977b, 1979b;
N. Steen, pers. comm.). Figure 2 portrays reported brown bear concentrations
along fish streams and areas suspected to be of value as denning sites. Aside
from those indicated, other streams may be important seasonal feeding areas
for both bear species. Other unmapped bear denning habitats may also occur in
the region. Streams between and including Nikolai Creek and Beluga River col-
lectively support natural runs of all species of Pacific salmon (Alaska Depart-
ment of Fish and Game 1978).
Other mammals present include the red fox (Vulpes vulpes), mink (Mustela
vison), land or river otter (Lutra canadensis), red squirrel (Tamiasciurus
hudsonicus), lynx (Felis lynx), snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus), flying
squirrel (Glaucomys sabrinus), muskrat (Ondatra zibethica), beaver (Castor
canadensis), and wolverine (Gulo gulo). The population status of these
species is unknown, but the area has historically supported a large furbearer
harvest, particularly beaver and wolverine (Hinman 1977a, 1979c, 1980b).
Birds
Trading Bay, a designated Alaska State Game Refuge adjacent to the pro-
posed project, encompasses 107 sq mi of habitat. It is an important waterfowl
production and staging area for migratory birds. Calculated density of breed-
. ing ducks in the refuge has varied yearly from a high of 108 birds per square
mile in 1977 (Timm 1977) to a low of 53 birds per square mile in 1978 (Timm
1978). Pintails (Anas acuta), mallards (~ platyrhynchos), and green-winged
teal (!:.._ creca carolinensis) comprise most breeding ducks. According to
ADF&G, most duck nesting occurs within one mile of saltwater (D. Timm, pers.
comm.).
Geese are not common within the Trading Bay Refuge, but Timm (pers.
comm.) believes the area's nesting habitat has good potential for both the
rare tule goose (Anser albifrons gambelli) and lesser Canada goose (Branta
: _____ ~ ~ ~ _ -canadensis ~ pa~rN~ipes)~.~-~ADE&G~~has~ p.lanned--a. ~-f-~eld--s tudjl'~of--the~ -'.G:Fad~ing ~Bay~-~ - -~ ~--~
Refuge in 1981 to evaluate this potential (D. Timm, pers. comm.).
Whistling (Olor calumbianus) and Trumpeter swans (Olor buccinator) also
breed and stage in the area. Timm (1978) estimated a breeding population of 86
5
~ .
Figure _z
// Suspected brown bear denning
Brown bear concentration on
fish streams
""" Seasonal moose concentration
""~1 =Spring and summer
2 = Fall
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trumpter swans in 1978. Most swans nest inland on numerous ponds· and sloughs
of the area. Nesting is typically first encountered several miles from tide-
water and continues westward to the base of the glaciers (D. Timm, pers.
comm.). According to D. Timm (pers. Comm.) bald eagles nest in the area,
making use of riparian habitat associated with salmon runs.
Endangered Species
Animals
The federal list of endangered species includes two races of peregrine
falcon and a curlew from Alaska. None of the forms breed in the Beluga area •
.l!'alco peregrinus tundrius, the arctic peregrine, breeds exclusively north of
the Brooks Range in Alaska. A second endangered race of falcon,~~ anatum,
commonly referred to as the peregrine, at one time bred throughout the major
river drainages of interior Alaska. Remnants of the race still return annual-
ly to breeding sites along the Tanana River, well to the north of Cook Inlet.
Peregrine falcons of an unknown race or races are reported seasonal migrants
in the Cook Inlet area. One other endangered bird, the Eskimo curlew
(Numenius borealis), has reportedly been sighted, but sightings are so rare
that some consider the form to be exterminated in Alaska. Actual breeding
records are not available from Alaska, but past distribution during the
breeding season apparently extended from Norton Sound in the west generally
eastward along the coast to the Mackenzie River delta in Canada. There are no
reports of the Eskimo curlew occuring in Cook Inlet (Arctic Environmental
Information and Data Center 1980).
Plants
At this time there is no official list of federally recognized threatened
or endangered plants in Alaska, although the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
reportedly is developing such a list. Dr. David Murray, a University of Alaska-
Fairbanks botanist, has compiled a list of proposed threatened and endangered
plants for the U.S. Forest Service and the U.S. Bureau of Land Management.
Murray lists eight endangered, 13 threatened, and 15 rare taxa (Murray 1980).
Only one of Murray's threatened species, the pale poppy (Papaver
~ -------ai:·boro-seumt,-·has ·been-identifi:ea from the JYtojec-t area:.· Spec1.mens were found
in the Alaska Range and in the Chugach Mountains near the head of Turnagain
Arm. These species have not yet been identified in the specific locations ot
the coal lease areas.
7
FISHERY RESOURCE OVERVIEW
Chuitna River Coal Lease Area
Five species of salmon are known to inhabit the Chuitna River: sockeye
(Oncorhynchus nerka), king (.2_. tshawytscha), coho (.2_. kisutch), pink (Q.
gorbuscha) and chum (0. keta). The main stem of the Chuitna River is an
important king (chinook) salmon spawning ground throughout its length within
the Chuitna coal lease area. Other species of fish present in ·the Chuitna
River system include rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) and Dolly Varden
(Salvelinus malma), both of which are distributed throughout the drainage.
Whitefish (species unknown) may also be present in this drainage. Figure 3
displays fish species distribution and spawning area.
Chui t Creek is a known chinook salmon spawning area, ·although the up-
stream extent of this spawning has not been well defined. Wolverine Fork,
above the Chuitna coal lease area, may also provide habitat for limited
chinook salmon spawning. Coho salmon spawning also is thought to occur in the
main stem of Ghuitna River near the lower edge of the lease area. Pink and
chum salmon are thought to spawn in the main stem of the Ghuitna River from
Lone Creek downstream to the estuary. Figure 4 summarizes spawning chronology
·in this area.
A comprehensive survey of the seasonal use, distribution, and abundance
of fish in the Chuitna River has not been performed. Therefore, uncertainties
about these characteristics will be present in the minds of resource managers
charged with oversight or permitting responsibilities. According to the ADF&G
the Chui tna system provides extensive habitat for chinook and coho salmon.
Both species are of particular importance to sport fisherman, as well as to
the subsistence fishery in the Tyonek area. Pink and chum salmon provide a
valuable commercial resource for west side Cook Inlet fisheries (primarily
set-net fishing). ADF&G estimates that approximately 50,000 pink and 50,000
chum salmon return to the Chuitna system on an annual basis, while approxi-
mately 2,000 coho and 5,000 chinook salmon escape to the system annually
(S. Kubik, pers. comm.).
8
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may be present in
this area
~~s. il Ps pawrnng area
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Fisher
Pink salmon
Chum salmon
King salmon
Coho salmon
Sockeye salmon
Arctic grayling
Hhitefish
Dolly Varden
Bur bot
Rainbow trout
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Species
Chinook
Salmon
Sockeye
Salmon
Coho
Salmon
Pink
Salmon
Chum
Salmon
Figure 4. General salmon run timing information
for Northern Cook Inlet streams
Life History
Stage*
Adults
Juveniles
Adults
Juveniles
Adults
Juveniles
Adults
Juveniles
Adults
Juveniles
(adapted from ADF&G 1976b)
Activity
Enter fresh water
Spawning
Outmigration
Enter fresh water
Spawning
Outmigration
Enter fresh water
Spawning
Outmigration
Enter fresh water
Spawning
Outmigration
Enter fresh water
Spawning
Outmigration
Dates
May 15 -July 15
Jun 20 -Aug 15
Apr 15 -July 15
May 20 -Aug 15
Aug 1 -Nov 15
Apr 15 -Aug 1
July 10 -Nov 1
Aug 1 -Feb 1
Apr 15 -July 15
Jun 20 -Aug 15
July 10 -Sept 1
Apr 15 -June 10
July 1 -Sept 1
Aug 1 -Oct 1
Apr 15 -July 10
*Juvenile chinook, sockeye, and coho salmon are present in streams or
lakes year round.
10
Capps Coal Lease Area
Knowledge of the fishery resource in the Capps coal lease area is almost
completely nonexistent. According to discussions with ADF&G personnel,
several species are suspected of occurring in the Capps Creek drainage, but no
field work has been conducted to verify or qualify their contentions. Due to
severe gradients in both Capps Creek and North Capps Creek above their con-
tluence, it is unlikely that any noteworthy fishery resource occurs within the
coal lease area itself. However, below the confluence fish may be present.
No information was obtained during our recent visit which would support
dismissal of the fishery resource in the lower 4 or 5 miles of Capps Creek.
In fact, our observations and field notes indicated that this reach offers
some fish habitat.
Nikolai Creek
Nikolai Creek provides spawning and rearing habitat for chinook, pink,
and coho salmon. Pink salmon use the middle portion of the river while the
upper portion supports spawning chinook salmon (Figure 3). Coho spawning
areas have yet to be identified. Figure 4 provides a summary of anadromous
salmon run timing for this region. Dolly Varden, rainbow trout, and whitefish
(species unknown) are also suspected of inhabiting this stream. Field studies
conducted (or likely to be) by ADF&G in this stream are rather limited. These
streams should, however, be investigated for seasonal use, distribution, and
abundance.
Congahbuna Lake/Old Tyonek Creek Drainage
According to ADF&G records, pink salmon spawn in Old Tyonek Creek, as
well as part way up Congahbuna Creek (Figure 3). Additionally, rainbow trout
and possibly coho salmon are also present throughout the system. The lower
portion of this stream is the principal pink salmon spawning habitat. Congah-
buna Lake, as well as the other lakes draining into this system, are known to
~ ~ ~· -~ ggqtp.J;g_ Q, _ r~s_ident_ rainbow trout .. po_p\llation_. It is unknown wh~th~r. __ oth_er __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
species occur in this system, or where the coho salmon· and rainbow trout
spawn.
11
AQUATIC FIELD SITE DESCRIPTIONS
The following is a detailed description of each site or group of sites
visited by AEIDC November 3 through 7, 1980. Figure 5 displays fishery and
hydrology site locations while Figure 6 illustrates locations of AEIDC staff
gages and streamflow measurement sites. Figure 7 shows U.S. Geological Survey
gage sites and miscellaneous streamflow measurement locations. Figure 7 also
shows preliminary suggested sites where installation of continuous streamflow
recorders would be beneficial.
Staff gages were installed at thirteen locations and a streamflow measure-
ment collected at each. Future efforts should be expended to gather at least
two more discharge measurements at these sites to construct a rating curve,
from which staff gage readings can be directly converted to discharge. All
streamflow data is summarized at the end of this section.
Capps Creek Area
Site 1. Upper Capps Creek Latitude:
Longitude:
61°19'05"
151u40'54"
This site, located_approximately 1/8 mile upstream from the east boundary
of the Capps Creek lease area, was visited November 3, 1980 at 12:30 pm.
Site 2. North Capps Creek Latitude: 61°19'05"
Longitude: 151u40'54"
This site, located approximately 150 ft above the mouth of North Capps
Creek, was visited November 3, 1980 at 2:15pm.
Site 3. Capps Creek Latitude: 61°19'00"
Longitude 151 u40'43"
This site, located approximately 1,000 ft upstream from the confluence
with North Capps Creek, was visited November 3, 1980 at 3:15 pm.
The region's stream gradients are moderate to very steep. Stream grad-
ients were only qualitatively appraised by AEIDC 's fishery biologist, steep
C-~-g:r;a_dj.~qt~s~ )'[e _ _rg_ cll.a:racterized QY: almost continual cwaterfalls, cascades+ Co_r
steep riffles; moderate gradients were described as intermittant cascades or
riffles with some pools; while low gradients were characterized as entirely
12
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• Aquatic habitat evaluation
and water sample collection
sites (sediment samples also
taken at some of these sites)
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slow runs or very few riffles among slow runs. Streambed materials within the
water course consist primarily of granite boulders and large pieces of coal
with gravels and sands filling the interstices. These streams consist almost
entirely of riffles and rapids, but a few pool areas can be found at the out-
side of streambends and among boulders at low flows.
Severe flooding likely occurs throughout this area in association with
breakout of ice and debris jams. Several highwater marks were observed 10 to
15 ft above the water surface elevation of November 3.
Both Capps and North Capps Creeks are already incised in narrow, steep-
walled canyons. Vegetatiqn is primarily grass and devil's club with an alder
brush overs tory. Hass wasting is a common natural process within these
canyons. North Capps Creek was moderately turbid at the time of our visit.
\vater temperatures were· near zero, with surface and anchor ice being well
established in both streams. Frazil ice was forming in Capps Creek, but had
not yet begun to form as extensively in North Capps Creek.
Although no major barriers to fish migration were observed along either
stream, steep gradients may preclude passage and use by many species. No fish
were observed in these streams. In a post-field trip discussion with Stan·
Kubik (ADF&G, Anchorage) it became apparent that little is known about the
fishery resources of the Capps Creek drainage.
A few mammal tracks were observed along both streams. Either brown or
black bear and fox tracks were observed along upper Capps Creek; otter tracks
and tracks tentatively. identified as possibly beaver were seen along North
Capps Creek.
Water samples were collected at sites 2 and 3 for suspended sediment
analysis, and an additional water sample was taken at the upper Capps Creek
site (# 1) for detailed chemical analysis. On-site water quality measurements
are presented in Figure 8. Figures 9 and 10 present suspended solids and
results of detailed chemical analysis. Staff gages were installed and stream-
flow measurements made at sites 2 and 3. Gage descriptions and streamflow
data may be found in Field Book 1, Appendix 1. At the time of our visit to
this area both streams were conveying the same amount of flow (16 and 17 cfs,
respectively).
16
""' Q)
..0 s ::s z
Q)
~ ....
00
Capps Creek Area 1
2
3
13
...... Upper Chuitna Are~ 4
'-.1 5
6
7
I
Congahbuna Lake ..(\rea 8
I 9
10
11
12
Chuit Creek 14
15
Figure 8. 'Summary of water quality data for all sites visited November 3-7, 1980.
,...... u ,...... 0 u '-'
0 ~ '-'
Q) .a ] ~
""' Q) ~
""' ~ ,......
Q) 5 s ~ s ~ ~
~ Q)
""'
'-'
Q) Q) ~ Q)
1a s ""'
~ 0 (';$ ~ .... ~ 0 0 <
11-3 12:30 5 0.2 13.25
11-3 2:15 5 -0.3 -
11-3 3:15 5 0.2 -
11-6 12:30 2.7 0 -
11-4 10:15 4 0 13.50
11-4 11:00 5 No water sample
11-4 12:00 5 0 -
11-4 12:30 5 0 -
11-5 12:30 6 1.5 -
11-5 12:40 6 1.5 11.00
11-5 1:30 5 1.2 -
11-6 10:15 2 0.5 -
11-6 10:45 3 1.8 11.75
11-6 1:25 4 0.2
11-6 2:15 2 0.3
,......
til
0
i
'-'
~ ....
:> ....
~ ~ .g
= 0 u
22
18
19
29
21
19
21
21
22
28
29
58
26
24
..t:: til ....
~
None
None
None
DV
DV
No fish observed
Slimy sculpin DV or SS
DV
RBSS
RBSS
RBSS
No fish observed
SSKS
SS KS DV
SS KS
til
0 ..t:: ~
Q)
I=Q
None
None
None
Caddisfly cases
Surber sample
None
Caddisfly
None
None
Surber sample
Caddisfly cases
Yes (unknown)
Caddisfly cases
and other un-
known benthos
No
§ ....
1a ~
Q)
~
Q) >
~ ....
1a ::s
0" <
None
Brown diatom slime
None
None
Brown diatom slime
None
Brown algae and green
filamentous algae
None
Submerged grass
None
Brown diatom slime and
green filamentous algae
No
Brown diatom slime
Brown diatom slime
Figure 9. Results of suspended solids analyses conducted
--~by-eh-emicai-and-@eoTog±cai-habora-tor-±es ---of-A-1-a-ska-,---lne .---------
Location of
Water Sample
Site lf9 Congahbuna Creek
Site ff6 Wolverine Fork
Site ttl Chui tna River
Site ffl3 Capps Creek
Site ff8 Muskrat Creek
Site ff2 North Capps Creek
Site ff3 Capps Creek
Site ffl4 Chuit Creek
Site lfl 0 Old Tyonek Creek
Site lf12 Nikolai Creek
Sitetfll Stedatna Creek
Site ff15 Chuit Creek
18
Suspended Solids
(mg/1)
8.4
1.0
21.3
30.0
4.7
2.5
15.3
2.0·
4.7
13.2
1.9
3.6
'
-.
~
.1
'!
..
~
j
'!
j
1
l
~
j
~
l
"
""
'"
Figure 10. Results of detailed water quality analyses for
Capps Creek and Chiutna River samples conducted by
Chemical and Geological Laboratories of Alaska, Inc.
(Sites No. 1 and 4).
Parameter Tested
(Units in mg/1 unless stated)
Ag
A1
As
Au
B
Ba
Bi
Ca
Cd
Co
Cr
Cu
Fe
Hg
K
Mg
Mn
Mo
Na
Ni
p
Pb
Pt
Sb
Se
Si
Sn
Sr
Ti
w
v
Zn
Zr
NH -N Kjeld~hl-N
N0 3 -N
NO -N Ort~o-P
C1
F
so 4 Total Diss. Solids
Suspended Solids
Total Solids
mg/1 as CaCO
· mg/T -as -ca:co~ Hardness
Krkarmny -
Beryllium
Turbid~ty
Color
Nephelometric Turbidity Units
Units
1
2 ND = not detected
pH was not measured in the field
19
Capps Creek
ND1
0.24
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
5.3
ND
ND
ND
ND
0.19
ND
0.7
1.2
ND
ND
2.6
ND
0.13
ND
ND
ND
ND
5.6
ND
0.06
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
0.32
0.34
0.35
ND
ND
4.0
0.17
1.5
27.0
35.0
62.0
18.5
n~o--
ND
4.4
20.0
Results
Chui tna River
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
2.3
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
0.6
0.73
ND
ND
2.2
ND
0.07
ND
ND
ND
ND
6.3
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
0.10
0.45
0.11
ND
ND
5.0
0.27
1.5
28.0
5.4
33.4
8.7
13.0
ND
0.4
ND
Site 13. Capps Creek Gage Latitude 61°19'46"
Longitude 151°37'36"
This site, approximately 1/i mile above the mouth of Capps Creek, was
visited November 6, 1980 at 12:30 pm.
The stream gradient is gentle through this stream segment. The stream
meanders at a moderate velocity throughout a glacial outwash type floodplain.
Streambank vegetation consists principally of a low alder and willow overstory
with a tall grass understory. Some scattered large birch and cottonwood trees
occur adjacent to the stream, and some moss covered cobble and gravel banks
with occasional spruce trees can also be seen. Overhanging alder shrubs and
gra~sy banks occur along the lower several miles of Capps Creek.
The predominate substrate material is much smaller than that found in the
upper reaches of Capps Creek. Substrate is principally cobbles and large
gravels about 50 percent embedded in small gravels and sand. Some scattered
coal pieces occur throughout the stream course, and some of the finer to
medium-sized gravel substrate is cemented with a heavy clay depositon.
High water marks were evident 3 to 5 feet above the November 6 water
surface elevation.
The stream is characterized as approximately 60 percent riffle, 40 per-
cent pool in this section. Interspersed are numerous sandy gravel bars, with
many silty clay deposits.
A juvenile Dolly Varden was observed in a backwater area along the left
bank of the stream. Benthos, consisting primarily of caddisfly larvae, was
observed beneath 8-to 10-inch cobbles No aquatic vegetation was observed.
Apparent signs of animal use included bear, fox, and otter tracks.
Beaver sign is extensive throughout this area as evidenced by active lodges,
newly created dams, and freshly cut shrubbery.
A water sample was taken at the water surface for suspended solids
analysis (Figure 9). Other on-site water quality data are presented in
Figure 8. No streamflow data were obtained at this location. The USGS
operates a continuous recording station at this site.
20
Upper Chuitna River Area
Site 4. Chuitna at Wolverine Fork Latitude 61°12'03"
Longitude 151°39' 15"
This site, located approximately 50 ft upstream from the confluence with
Wolverine Fork, was visited November 4, 1980 at 10:15 am.
Site 5. Chuitna below Wolverine Fork Latitude 61°12'05"
Longitude 151°39'15"
This site, approximately 100 ft downstream from the confluence with
Wolverine Fork, was visited November 4, 1980 at 11:00 am.
Site 6. Mouth of Wolverine Fork Latitude 61°12'05"
Longitude 151°39'17"
This site, approximately 200 ft above the mouth of Wolverine Fork, was
visited November 4, 1980 at 12:00 noon.
Site 7. Chuitna River above Wolverine Fork Latitude 61°12'03"
Longitude 151°39'28"
This site, approximately 400 ft above the confluence with Wolverine Fork,
was visited November 4, 1980 at 12:30 pm.
The stream gradients in this area are moderate, with a substrate consist-
ing predominantly of large cobbles and boulders with a gravel-sand base. Con-
siderably more sand-and silt-sized particles occur in the Chuitna River above
the confluence with Wolverine Fork.
The water courses in this area wind through distinct canyons covered with
grassy or muskeg meadows or patchy low willow and alder areas. Some active
landslide areas were visible on the Chuitna above the confluence with
Wolverine Fork, but streams were clear and contained little sediment.
No barriers to fish migration were evident in this area. Substrates
appeared suitable for spawning by salmonids. Several juvenile Dolly Varden
were observed in a small backwater to the Chuitna near Site No. 4, and a
~ ~ ----~ -~ "-~sc~.,Lpin--was -ohse.r:ve<L~in~Wol-ved.n~m:.k.~-A~surb~aampla___waa~taken~a_t~l>ita.~~--~-~--
'
No. 4 in a coarse gravel substrate. In addition to a brown diatomaceous
coating, larval chironomids, beetles and caddisflies, as well as stonefly and
mayfly nymphs were observed.
21
Water samples were collected at sites 6 and 7 for suspended sediment
analysis (Figure 9). A sample was obtained at Site 4 for detailed chemical
analysis (Figure 10).
Figure 8.
On-site water quality measurements are presented in
Staff gages were installed and streamflow measurements taken at sites 5,
6, and 7. Gage descriptions and streamflow data can be found in Field Book 1,
Appendix 1. During our visit to this area, streamflow below the mouth of
Wolverine Fork was 65 cfs, with 2/3 the flow in the Chuitna and 1/3 being
contributed from Wolverine Fork.
Congahbuna Lake Area
Site 8. Muskrat Creek Latitude 61°02'11"
Longitude 151°21 '06"
This site, located approximately 50 ft above the mouth of Muskrat Creek,
was visited November 5, 1980 at 12:30 pm.
Site 9. Congahbuna Creek Latitude 61°02'11"
Longitude 151°21 '06"
This site, located 100 ft downstream from the confluence· with Muskrat
Creek, was visited at 12:40 pm on November 5, 1980.
Site 10. Old Tyonek Creek Latitude 61°02'43"
Longitude 151°20'27"
This site, located at the confluence of Congahbuna and Old Tyonek Creeks,
was visited November 5, 1980 at 1:30 pm.
Site 11. Stedatna Creek Latitude 61 °04'8"
Longitude 151°30'59"
This site, located approximately 100 ft upsream from Tyonek Logging
Company's main haul road crossing, was visited November 6, 1980 at 10:15 am.
Site 12. Nikolai Creek Latitude 61°05'05"
Longitude 151 °35_! 54''
This site, located at the Nikolai Creek bridge, was visited November 6,
1980 at 10:45 am.
22
Sites 8 and 9. The stream gradients in this area are almost imperceptible.
Both Muskrat Creek and Congahbuna Creek meander slowly through a muskeg bog.
Streambank vegetation i-s principally tall grass, which overhangs the stream,
providing extensive cover for small fish. Muskrat Creek, which originates in
a small lake about 3/4 mile to the south, is a tea-colored stream with a
bottom comprised of organic silty-sand material. The entire course of this
tributary appears to be one long slow run, with no true riffles or pools.
(However, the uppermost section of this stream, where it originates from the
lake, was not observed.) Congahbuna Creek is also tea-colored and is char-
acterized by a long slow run with an organic silty-sand substrate. Submerged
grass is also visible. Downstream from this particular site, Congahbuna Creek
develops a series of riffles and pools, perhaps in a 50:50 ratio, an area
where pink salmon spawning reportedly occurs.
Several juvenile fish, probably rain~ow trout and/or coho salmon, were
observed along the stream margins in this area. Muskrats and muskrat burrows
were also seen.
Surface water samples were taken at each site for suspended solids
analysis (Figure 9). On-site water quality measurements were also made at
both locations (Figure 8).
No streamflow measurements were made at these sites because Muskrat Creek
was visually observed as contributing very little streamflow to Congahbuna
Creek. It is unlikely that Muskrat Creek would ever provide much more than
10 percent (usually about 5 percent) of the total streamflow in Congahbuna
Creek. Streamflow in Congahbuna Creek was estimated at 20 to 25 cfs through
this reach.
Site 10. The stream gradient was slight at this location, and the water very
tea colored. Tall grass was extensively-overhanging the streambanks; small
patches of willow and alder thickets with scattered birch, cottonwood, and
spruce trees provided the primary overstory. The substrate type is a medium
to fine gravel imbedded in sand. Isolated patches of armored substrates were
present. Flooding was evidenced by a water mark about 5 to 8 ft above the
water surface. Streambanks are deeply undercut, and some sloughing of bank
, ~--~ _____ _!11{1. t~rJ?-ls __ \ll:a_p_ o!>~e.rved_. With_ the sligl1t grag:i,_ept .P!~sent_ th-rough_o~t _ this
stretch, the river exhibits a ratio of about 60 percent run/pool to 40 percent
riffle. This appears to be an excellent area for salmon spawning, since
substrate materials appear suitable.
23
Several juvenile fish \vere observed along the stream margin, and in back-
water areas and eddies. These fish were thought to be rainbow trout or coho
salmon juveniles. Other animal evidence included tracks of bear and moose, as
well as willow branches, apparently recently cut by beavers.
A water sample was taken from the surface and retained for suspended
solids analysis (Figure 9). One Surber sample was taken from a depth of
approximately 0.5 ft. Observed were stonefly and mayfly nymphs, oligochaetes,
midge and biting midge larvae, and larval caddisflies. One small snail and
one water mite also were observed. Water velocity was one foot per second and
the substrate was medium gravel. On-site water quality. measurements are
summarized in Figure 8.
Staff gages were ins~alled and streamflow measurements taken at the mouth
of Congahbuna Creek and both upstream and downstream of its confluence on Old
Tyonek Creek. Streamflow below the confluence was 33 cfs with 1/3 of that
flow being contributed by Congahbuna Creek. Staff gage descriptions and
stream flow data are presented in Field Book 1, Appendix 1.
It should be noted that some flow measurements have been made periodi-
cally by the USGS at this location. Installation of the staff gages and our
streamflow measurements will contribute to that data base.
Site 11. The Stedatna Creek stream gradient just above the logging road is
moderate, and large boulders and cobbles are scattered throughout the stream
course. Although this stream reach had been channelized in association with
construction of the logging road, some grass lines the banks. Most of the
riparian shrubbery and trees had been removed. Substrate within the stream is
a heterogeneous mix ranging from sands through large boulders. The wa«er was
slightly tea-colored. Habitats upstream and downstream consist principally of
a meandering stream cascading over cobbles and boulders. It passes through a
cottonwood/birch/spruce forest with an alder and grass understory. This
segment is approximately 10 percent pool, 90 percent riffle. No suitable
salmonid spawning sites were apparent in the area.
Steep cascades downstream from the logging road crossing, as well as the
culverts beneath the road, create definite fish migration barriers. No fish
L ~ ____ ~-_ ~~r_e_ ~OP_2~r]~Q~!l:t::Jng :the Hvisi t, but a rich benthos community, principally_ __ ~----
caddisfly larvae, existed beneath the rocks in the stream. Some green fila-
mentous algae were also ·observed growing from rocks, as was a. brown dia to-
maceous coating on many of the large cobbles and boulders.
24
'
A water sample was taken for suspended solids analysis (Figure 9). On
site water quality measurements obtained during our visit are summarized in
Figure 8.
A staff gage was installed and streamflow measurement made in recognition
of the streams' proximity to the proposed townsite. The measured streamflow
was 5.8 cfs; the staff gage description and streamflow data are presented in
Field Book 2 of Appendix 1.
Site 12. The gradient of Nikolai Creek is very slight. The river meanders
extensively through a muskegy floodplain, and streambanks are alternately
characterized by thick muddy banks or grass-covered clayey banks. Clumps of
alder and some individual spruce trees are scattered along the stream course.
Substrate is principally clayey sand in the low energy deposition areas; in
other areas with higher velocities, considerably larger materials, specifi-
cally small to medium cobbles, are predominant. Considerable quantities of
branches and twigs are found lying on or embedded in the clayey banks along
the stream. High water marks were evident approximately 2 ft above the
observed water surface elevation. The water was turbid, with a visibility of
1 to 1-1/2 ft. Nearly 100 percent of this stream is a slow run in the lower
several miles. No barriers to fish migration occurred throughout this
particular stream site, although some barriers occur in the headwater reaches.
Some salmonid spawning may occur in the headwaters, although spawning grounds
appear to exist from approximately River Mile 16 downstream to the bridge
(RM 6). At this site, substrate is very silty and clayey. Beaver sign is
extensive in this area, as evidenced by the newly cut willow branches. Some
manmade pollution enters this stream in the form of suspended silts and clays,
as well as log debris, from upstream logging operations.
Several small fishes were noticed beneath the logging road bridge adja-
cent to the right bank, tentatively identified as juvenile coho salmon and
possible one chinook salmon juvenile. Benthic organisms were observed by
turning over substrate rna terial. Abundant organic litter occurs throughout
this stream, and appears to provide forage for certain benthos groups
(shedders).· No aquatic vegetation was observed.
~ __ ~ _ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~_A~ ~W~t.ex.:~.~s_ample~YiaS~~tak.en~u~uap_end.ecL__so.l.id~anaJ.~&i~~ ~Ji'~i&~r-e~9-),~ ~ ~.~-~--~ ~
Results of onsite water quality measurements are presented in Figure 8.
.25
ALASKA RESOURCES LIB RAE 1
U.S. DEPT. OF INTERIOR
A staff gage was installed just upstream of the bridge and a discharge
measurement taken (153 cfs). The staff gage description and streamflow data
are contained in Field Book 2, Appendix 1.
Chuit Creek Area
Site 14. Upper Chuit Creek Latitude 61°12 1 44"
Longitude 151°33 1 54"
This site, located approximately 5.4 miles above the mouth of Chuit
Creek, was visited November 6, 1980 at 1:25pm.
Site 15. Mouth of Chuit Creek Latitude 61°09 I 18 11
Longitude 151°30 1 11"
This site, approximately 750 ft above the mouth of Chuit Creek, was
visited November 6, 1980 at 2:30 pm.
Chuit Creek stream gradients are moderate (primarily riffles with
occasional pools or runs) as this creek meanders through a relatively wide
canyon. ,Riparian vegetation is predominantly low willow thickets and grass at
the higher elevations, spruce, birch, and cottonwood trees occur in the flood-
plain near the mouth of Chuit Creek. The stream is primarily riffles and runs
with some (approximately 10 percent) pool areas. Several beaver ponds occur
in the floodplain between RM 1.5 anc;l RM 4.0. The substrate materials are
principally gravels
large cobbles and
and small cobbles in the upper reaches grading toward
isolated boulders near the mouth. No barriers to fish
migration were evident along this stream, and several suitable salmonid
spawning areas were observed.
Several juvenile fish were observed along the stream margins and back-
water areas. These fish were tentatively identified as Dolly Varden and coho
and possibly chinook salmon. Other animal use evidence included otter and
several moose tracks. A river otter and five moose (two bulls and three cows)
were seen at the mouth of Chuit Creek. Approximately three miles above the
mouth of Chuit Creek a bald eagle was observed soaring the canyon.
~ ~ ~ ~· ~ ~ ·~ ~-~ ~ ~ !J'~!e~r_ ~.:l:rnp}-~~_f()r suspende~ solids ~naly15is were taken at both locations
visited (Figure 9). Other on-site water quality measurements are presented in
Figure 8.
26
Staff gages were installed and streamflow measurements obtained at both
locations. Streamflow measurements indicate Chuit Creek doubles in size while
tlowing through the lease area (from 27 cfs to 60 cfs). Additional streamflow
measurements obtained on the Chuitna River above and below the mouth of Chuit
Creek indicate that Chuit Creek contributed approximately 35 percent of the
total streamflow in the Chuitna River at this location (Chuitna above Chuit
Creek 73 cfs, Chuit Creek 42 cfs, Chuitna below Chuit Creek 116 cfs). Further
detail on staff gage descriptions and streamflow measurements is presented in
Field Book 2, Appendix 1.
The apparent contradiction in streamflow measurements at the mouth of
Chuit Creek (i.e., 60 cfs vs. 42 cfs) is attributed to diurnal temperature
effects on rate of glacial melting. Sixty cfs was measured in the late
afternoon of November 6, 1980 whereas the 42 cfs value was measured during the
cooler early morning hours of the following day.
Streamflow Summary
The following is a summary of streamflow measurements obtained from sites
visited in the project area. Refer to Field Books 1 and 2, Appendix 1, for
channel cross sections and site descriptions.
Streamflow Measurement Location
North Capps Creek
Capps Creek
Chuitna River, below Wolverine Fork
Wolverine Fork
Chuitna River, above Wolverine Fork
Congahbuna Creek, above Old Tyonek Creek
Old Tyonek Creek, above Congahbuna Creek
Old Tyonek Creek, below Congahbuna Creek
Congahbuna Creek, below Cortgahbuna Lake
Stedatna Creek
Nikolai Creek
Upper Chuit Creek
Chuit Creek mouth
Chuitna River, below Chuit Creek
~~ ~ ~ -~ ~ ~ ~ehui tna-River; above Chui t Creek
' Chuit Creek mouth
AEIDC Staff Gage
Readin.s_ (ft)
5.14
5.53
0.90
0.88
1.25
9.00
13.40
13.00
5.20
5.00
12'11.5"
13'0"
9.13
None*
None*
8.98
*No gage installed; streamflow measured, however.
27
Streamflow
(cfs)
17.3
16.4
64.0
14.8
45.1
10.6
21.7
33.1
5.8
5.0
152.8
27.3
60.1
116.2
72;8
42.0
Regional Hydrologic Data
Hydrologic data which has been obtained by the U.S. Geological Survey
(USGS) in the project area through June 1979 are presented in Open File
Report 80-1206 (Scully et al. 1980). USGS is currently in the process of
preparing an interpretive report on the hydrology of the Beluga, Peters Creek,
and Healy coal areas. This report is scheduled for completion in the late
spring of 19 81 .
28
RELATIONSHIP OF AREAL GEOLOGY TO ALLUVIAL SYSTEMS IN THE PROJECT AREA
Chui tna River
The Chuitna River and its upper tributary Wolverine Fork both head
in a plateau at about 2,000 ft elevation south of the Capps Glacier. The river
system flows southeastward into Cook Inlet. The streams initially course
through Quaternary deposits overlying the plateau area, consisting of a dis-
continuous cover of glacial debris. Erosion of this cover contributes sedi-
ments to the streams, consisting of gravel, silt, and some boulders.
Several of the upper, western tributaries to the Chuitna River have their
far upper headwaters in an area covered by dark-gray lapilli tuff and volcanic
breccia (Barnes 1966) (Figure 11). Alluvial sediments of this origin are
found in small quantities throughout the Chuitna River.
The streams soon become incised into Tertiary sediments that underlie the
area. Near their headwaters, the streams cut through the middle member of the
Kenai Formation, consisting of a non-marine sequence of gray and light yellow
claystone, siltstone, sandstone, and conglomerate, interbedded with subbitumi-
nous coal, and occasional layers of calcareous cemented siltstone (Barnes 1966)
(Figure 11). These sediments are poorly indurated and easily eroded, contri-
buting clay, silt, sand, gravel, boulders, and coal lumps to the streams •
• Within a few miles the streams cross into the lower member of the Kenai
formation, consisting of light gray to light yellow pebbly sandstones and
conglomerates (Barnes 1966). These sediments are also poorly indurated and
easily broken down, contributing sand, gravel, and boulders to the streams.
Both streams reenter Quaternary sediments for a few miles, then Wolverine Fork
joins the Chuitna River in this section.
About 6 to 7 miles downstream, the, Chuitna River crosses the Castle
Mountain Fault, reentering the middle member of the Kenai Formation, and
remaining in it for the next 15 to 16 miles. The Chui tna River is joined by
Chuit Creek after running about 4 to 5 miles through this section. The canyon
walls of the river in this section contain many large and small landslides and
slump deposits, composed of the overlying Quaternary sediments, including sand
__ c!u_f1~.c!~po_s:its, and tb_g middl~ m_emh~_r of the Ken11i F~_rma_t_:i.QJ:l. Tb~s_e_ cq_n_t_:i.nttal-...
ly contribute clay, silt, sand, gravel, boulders, and coal lumps to the
Chuitna River alluvium.
29
·.
'i'
Figure 11.
r;Q Quaternary unconsolidated deposits lo Landslide deposits of Tertiary beds
riO Tertiary volcanic deposits 1-
•! 1,@ Tertiary Kenai Formation, middle member
,,~ 1'\::S;9 Tertiary Kenai Formation, lower member
• ""> o'.-,"b,
• ~ ~ •..:" •oq".,•~·· .. ' I 'I... •• :"' :.~''; -'2t?Q~~~~G~:-;r~~~----J...::::::::::------~-~
•' 0 \><" ~· • • ,K I "' o, tO ,• • ._,' I , ._~ o • ,•• ;,)<\ J • \ • ... .,.;v. •• , ... ,. '\. . ~1_.:. :<''~'~"'\"• •• ,·, /"--._ - " "J(:·:··,,:. ·,., .,,, ' / -
,j~ Granitic Intrusive rocks
~
LJ :• ·~:,. • =• :, C:;:l '.o~•"G ~·· a. v; ,. : ..• , :.-,,,, cf' ... , ......
0 / ·, L!. ~ , . . .....
' o• • _.... ,, ..
' .. · . ·~· ;;, D <" . . \}n .
' ~ ·U• v:~ ~-, ~ ~} \~\.Q
'" ~ -· ··; ~ a 'o; \ - -.. J } ' " ,. ~~ p.c t!,J ·o: '> F'G'ii:''!.. ' o !' \ :~$.J.-' J ? > =.,e ~ . 7
ff' I • ~·
. """ ~ "'e:.
/
o~ ~p ~p
~ uo. ~.,
<:!; o Uo'\) . .
'\ ~ q'q~ ~""' I • ";~
"=~' ~ fb
,v·~
Do~
II 'c!.~
""O ' ,.."(;: 't>' ~·
' p ~ )1 ~~p""4 '~ .._oJ.r,~~ ~t~')'..,~•oO' ,,u,'~~ ~ .. •, 'Q'
flO~ IQ1 )''\!,..
'rl •• If!.
0 ,'II -)IJ.f<.,
?a '9,··1i
~
Do
~~ ~ d Aio'
ygo;,¢1 ·. ~ .~ /'/-J
Many upper tributaries to the Chui tna River are blocked by waterfalls
formed on coal seams, which appear to be the hardest strata in the area.
These waterfalls would serve as barriers to fish migration upstream.
The Chuitna River canyon at the confluence of Wolverine Fork is narrow
and side wall slopes average 35 to 40°. The walls are about 150ft high. The
walls here are composed of Tertiary conglomerate of a friable nature, con-
sisting of sand, gravel, cobbles, and boulders up to s.everal feet in diameter.
Many slide deposits are found along the valley walls, composed of these
Tertiary sediments and a shallow Quaternary cover.
At the confluence with Chui t Creek, the canyon of the Chui tna River is
relatively broad, with walls about 150 ft high, and side walls of 35 to 40°.
The walls here are composed of sandstone, claystone, and subbituminous coal,
with the sandstone layer being somewhat conglomeratic in places, and including
some discontinuous layers of well-indurated sandstone and concretions. Local
slides, abundant in the area, are composed of these sediments. Water seeps
are also common, often in conjunction with slides.
The lower 4 to 5 miles of the Chuitna River has cut through Quaternary
sediments consisti~g of unconsolidated glacial outwash sand and gravel. Slides
are less common here. The canyon walls, in the vicinity of the USGS gaging
station are 60 to 70 ft high; sidewall slopes average about 25 to 30°. The
valley then broadens and becomes gentler until reaching the Chui tna River
delta, about 2 miles northeast of the village of Tyonek.
Site 5. Chuitna River just below Wolverine Fork
Substrates are composed of sand, gravel, cobbles, and boulders, as much
as 10-15 ft in diameter. Most boulders are composed of Tertiary sandstone,
but some are of granite. The sandstone boulders are fairly well indurated and
contain some wood and coal fossils.
The stream gradient is moderate. Flooding was observed in October when a
partial ice-jam broke loose about a mile upstream, causing an ice-laden flash
flood that lasted several minutes. When the flood subsided, a veneer of fine
sand was found deposited over the substrate. Analysis of the fines fraction
is shown in Figures 12 and 13 (following this section).
Unnumbered Site. Lower Chuitna River, at USGS gage
.• ~ ~ ~ ~ __ ~ ~ ~ ~ -~uJ>§:!;:t;:_a~tg~ ~<!_I:_e~~QJ!!ROsed_Qj _ _panc,L, __ g!:9,Ye.1."-~<;_@l>l~li.,_ 3!l<L.P~JJ.Lcie_rQ,_ _a_p~ J!J!JCh __ ~ __ ~ ___ _
as 2-3 ft in diameter. A large portion of the cobbles is in the 6-10 inch
range; fines consist predominantly of medium sand. Stream gradient low •
. 31
Chuit Creek
Chuit Creek has its headwaters on a plateau at about 2,000 ft elevation
south of the Capps Glacier, about 3 miles east of the headwaters of the
Chuitna River. The stream flows southeastward about 10 miles to its conflu-
ence with the Chuitna River. The stream initially flows through Quaternary
glacial deposits of gravel, silt, and boulders. The stream shortly becomes
~ncised into the middle member of the Tertiary Kenai Formation, consisting of
poorly indurated claystone, siltstone, and conglomerate, interbedded with sub-
bituminous coal and occasional layers of cemented siltstone (Figure 11).
These sediments contribute clay, silt, sand, gravel, boulders, and coal lumps
to the stream.
Within less than a mile the stream crosses into the lower member of the·
Kenai Formation, consisting of pebbly sandstones and conglomerates. These
contribute to the river sand, gravel, and boulders. About 6 miles downstream,
Chuit Creek crosses the Castle Mountain Fault and reenters the middle member
of the Kenai Formation, remaining in it for about 5 more miles until its con-
fluence with the Chuitna River.
Chuit Creek canyon, within the Chuitna lease ar~a, is a relatively gentle
canyon with side walls about 150 ft high and averaging about 30°. Landslides
occur here, but appear to be fewer than in the Chui tna River. Just north of
the lease area (site #14), the sediments in the side walls consist of poorly
~ndurated gravelly sand, with cobbles up to 5 inches diameter. Near the con-
fluence with the Chuitna River, the sidewalls are composed of poorly indurated
sandstone, with some lenses of well indurated sandstone and occasional concre-
tions. They grade downward into claystone, which overlies thick, platy sub-
hi tuminous coal. _
Site 14. Chuit Creek just above Chuitna lease area
Substrate is sand, gravel, and cobbles, as much as 10 inches in diameter.
Gradient is moderate. Very few boulders were in evidence. Analysis of fines
fractions is in Figures 12 and 13.
Site 15. Chuit Creek near junction of Chuitna River
Substrate is sand, gravel, cobbles, and many boulders, as much as 1-2 ft
0-______ -in. _diame-ter_~ -&tr_eam._gradi.en.t....is~mo-dera.te~~~aLy.s.is_oL_fines__fr..actions~is_ ________ _
shown in Figures 12 and 13.
32
~
j
Capps Creek
Capps Creek and its principal tributary North Capps Creek, have their
headwaters on a plateau at about 2,000 ft elevation, south of the Capps
Glacier, and just northwest of the upper headwaters of the Chuitna River. The
creek flows northeast into the Chichantna River, joining it about 3 to 4 miles
below the Capps Glacier.
Both streams have their far upper headwaters covered by lapilli tuff and
volcanic breccia, which contributes a small amount of volcanic sediment to the
rivers' alluvium. The streams also pick up sediment from the Quaternary
deposits, which contribute boulders, gravel, and silt to the system.
Both streams quickly become incised into the middle member of the
Tertiary Kenai Formation (Figure 11), which contributes clay, silt sand,
gravel, boulders, and coal lumps to the system. Each stream runs through
about three miles of this formation.
Capps Creek and North Capps Creek then enter a deposit formed by land-
sliding and slumping of the middle member of the Kenai Formation and the
Quaternary deposits that cover it, including sand dune deposits. These
deposits contribute a variety of sediments to the rivers' alluvium, including
clay, silt, fine sand, gravel, boulders, and coal lumps. Both streams run
through this slump deposit for about three miles, with North Capps Creek join-
ing Capps Creek about a mile before the end of the deposit.
The canyons of Capps Creek and North Capps Creek, at their confluence,
are narrow and steep, with sidewalls about 150 ft high at a slope of approx-
imately 45°. Many local slides occur on the canyon walls, involving the
Tertiary and Quaternary sediments of the sidewalls. Overlying sand dunes, as
much as 20 ft thick, were noted here. Many sites of slides were noted to also
be the sites of water seeps from the canyon walls, which may have been the
slide triggering mechanism.
Capps Creek then enters a region of Qaternary and recent glaciofluvial
deposits of sand, gravel, and boulders, continuing for about 3 miles to the
Chichantna River.
Site 3. Capps Creek at junction with North Capps Creek
Substrates are -composed-of very coarse boulder and -cobb-le-alluvium, with
some sand and gravel. Fines appear to be predominantly sand of eolian origin
.33
(from nearby sand dunes that overlie the Tertiary sediments. Boulders are as
much as 6 ft in diameter; many composed of granite. Stream gradient is moder-
ately steep, with many riffles. Several alder logjams found about 6 ft above
normal October stage indicate probable occasional flooding. Analysis of fines
fraction is shown in Figures 12 and 13.
Congahbuna Lake Area
Old Tyonek Creek begins in a small lake, about 2 miles southeast of the
confluence of Chui t Creek and the Chui tna River, and runs about 9 miles to
Cook Inlet, emptying into the sea iri Beshta Bay. The creek's entire course is
through Quaternary glaciofluvial deposits of sand, gravel, and boulders
(Figure 11). The creek valley is relatively flat with low banks 6 to 10 ft in
height.
-~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~--Gell-ga£i'>u-n-a---8-f."eek--4s-a--sma±-l e reek--t-h-a-t----beg--:i:ns----ifl~€engah-bttna--hake--an-d----t-ftenr------
flows southeast and north to its confluence with Old Tyonek Creek, about 1 to
2 miles above Beshta Bay. The creek runs principally through a region of
peaty soils and muskegs, underlain by Quaternary sands and gravels (Figure 11).
Muskrat Creek is a small creek that begins in a small lake just north of
Granite Point and flows north for slightly more than a mile to its confluence
with Congahbuna Creek. Its course is predominantly across muskeg flats under-
lain by Quaternary sand and gravel.
Site 8. Muskrat Creek near junction of Congahbuna Creek
Substrate is silty fine sand with organic material and is stained red.
Stream gradient is low.
Site 9. Congahbuna Creek near junction of Muskrat Creek
Substrate near stream junction is silty fine sand; but upstream a few
hundred yards substrate appears (from the air) to be gravelly. Stream gradient
is low.
Site 10. Congahbuna Creek near junction with Old Tyonek Creek
Substrate is sand, gravel, and some cobbles, as much as 2 inch diameter.
Stream gradient is low. Streambank materials at this site consist of silt and
fine sand. Analysis of fines fraction is in Figures 12 and 13.
- - -~ - - --s--i~te ~ J::o~. ~-~md Tyonek Creek near junction~ with Congahbunan Creek
Substrate is sand,
Stream gradient is low.
gravel, and cobbles, as much as 3 inch in diameter.
Analysis of fines fraction is in Figm:es 12 and 13.
34
Site 17. Congahbuna Creek at road crossing below lake
Substrate is sand and fine gravel. Stream gradient is low. Analysis of
fines fraction is in Figures 12 and 13.
Stedatna Creek begins in a muskeg flat about 2 miles northwest of Congah-
buna Lake and flows southwest to its confluence with Nikolai Creek. The creek
flows over the Nikolai escarpment, cutting a canyon about 50 ft deep into
Quaternary deposits in the escarpment, consisting of gravelly sand with boul-
ders up to 8 ft in diameter.
Site 16. Stedatna Creek in canyon just below logging road crossing
Substrate is sand, gravel, cobb~es, and boulders, as much as 6 ft in
diameter. Stream gradient moderately steep. Analysis of fines fraction is in
Figures 12 and 13.
Nikolai Creek
Nikolai Creek has its headwaters on the plateau south of Capps Glacier,
in a small lake about 2-l/2 miles south of the glacier, and about a mile west
of the upper headwaters of Capps Creek and the Chuitna River. The creek flows
off the plateau in a narrow valley and then crosses a small, flat area before
plunging into a canyon it ~as cut through the Nikolai escarpment. The canyon
is cut into Quaternary glacial debris, consisting of gravel, silt, and boul-
ders.
The creek then follows a course southeastward along the foot of the
Nikolai escarpment for about 18 miles to empty into Trading Bay. Near the
logging rpad crossing, slightly more than a mile west of Stedatna Creek, the
creek is cutting only a few feet into Quaternary and Recent glaciofluvial
sediments of sand and gravel. At the bridge, the creek banks are about 2 ft
high, and composed principally of sand.
Site 12. Nikolai Creek at logging road bridge
Substrate is silt, sand, gravel, and small cobbles, as much as 3 inches
in diameter. Stream gradient is low. Streambanks at this point consist of
fine sand. Analysis of fines fraction is in Figures 12 and 13.
Granite Point is a prominence that protrudes into Cook Inlet. A high
bluff, averaging about 150 ft in 'height, extends from Trading Bay west through
'35
Granite Point to Beshta. Bay on the east. The bluff's name is a misnomer, as
it is composed of Quaternary glaciofluvial sediments consisting of sand,
gravel and boulders. The name Granite Point derives from granite boulders in
the bluff. The beaches and nearshore sediments in Beshta Bay and Trading Bay
are composed of these sediments, eroded from the bluffs.
36
Figure 12. Sediment samples, fines fractions
Fines fractions of sediment samples, coarse sand and smaller, were
analyzed by binocular microscope. All percentages were estimated by visual
observations. Grain size classes were determined according to the following:
Coarse Sand = .02-.08 inches dia., Medium Sand= .01-.02 inch dia., Fine Sand
= .0025-.01 inch dia., Silt= less than .0025 inch dia.
1. Alluvium, Chuitna River, below Wolverine Fork. Site No. 5
Coarse sand: approx. 25 percent. Mainly quartz; lesser dark minerals· and
feldspar. Angular to subround.
Medium sand: approx. 60 percent. Mainly quartz; lesser dark minerals and
feldspar. Angular to subround.
Fine sand: approx. 10 percent. Mainly quartz and feldspar; lesser dark
minerals. Angular to subround.
Silt: approx. 5 percent. Predominantly quartz; minor dark minerals.
Angular to subround.
2. Tertiary sediments in valley wall, Chuitna River, below Wolverine
Fork. Site No. 5
Coarse sand:
Medium sand:
Fine sand:
Silt:
approx. 40 percent.
Subangular to subround.
~
Mainly quartz; lesser dark minerals
approx. 30 percent. Predominantly quartz; minor dark minerals.
Subangular to subround.
approx. 25 percent. Predominantly quartz; minor dark minerals.
Angular to subround.
approx. 5 percent. Predominantly quartz; minor dark minerals.
Angular to subround.
3. Alluvium, Chuit Creek, just above Chuitna coal lease area. Site No. 14
Coarse sand:
Medium sand:
Fine sand:
approx. 40 percent.
Angular to subround.
approx. 50 percent.
Angular to subround.
approx. 7 percent.
~ ~ - - - - - - - - - - - - - --Angu-lar-to subround •
Mainly quartz; lesser dark minerals.
Mainly quartz; lesser dark minerals.
Predominantly quartz; minor dark minerals.
.37
Silt: approx. 2 percenL Predominantly quartz; minor dark minerals.
Angular to subround.
Crystalline spicules: approx. 1 percent. Small, thin spicules found clinging
to many particles; usually approx •. 01 inch long, and less than
.001 inch wide.
4. Tertiary sediments in valley wall, Chuit Creek, just above Chuitna
coal lease area. Site no. 14
Coarse sand: approx. 20 percent. Predominantly quartz; minor dark minerals.
Subangular to subround.
Medium sand: approx. 20 percent. Predominantly quartz; minor dark minerals.
Subangular to subround.
Fine sand: approx. 50 percent. Predominantly quartz; minor dark minerals.
Subangular to subround.
Silt: approx. 10 percent. Predominantly quartz; minor dark minerals.
Subangular to subround.
5. Alluvium, Chuit Creek, near junction of Chuitna River. Site No. 15
Coarse sand: approx. 65 percent. Mainly quartz; lesser feldspar and dark
Medium sand:
Fine sand:
Silt:
minerals. Angular to subround.
approx. 30 percent. Mainly quartz; lesser feldspar and dark
minerals. Angular to subround.
approx. 4 percent. Mainly quartz and feldspar; lesser dark
minerals. Angular to subround.
approx. 1 percent. About equal amounts of quartz and dark
minerals. Angul_ar and sub round._
6. Alluvium, Capps Creek, near junction of North Capps Creek. Site No. 3.
Coarse sand: approx. 5 percent. Mainly dark minerals; lesser quartz.
Medium sand:
Fine sand:
Silt:
Angular to subround.
approx. 50 percent. Mainly quartz and feldspar; lesser dark
minerals; minor mica. Angular to subround.
approx. 40 percent. Mainly quartz and feldspar; lesser dark
minerals, minor mica. Angular to subround.
approx. 5 percent. About equal amounts of quartz and dark
-~mtrreral:s;---Angular-·to subround-.;
38
•
7. Sand dune, above Tertiary sediments in valley wall, North Capps Creek
near junction with Capps Creek. Site No. 2
Coarse sand:
Medium sand:
Fine sand:
Silt:
approx. 30 percent. Mainly quartz; lesser feldspar and dark
minerals, minor mica. Angular to subround.
approx. 30 percent. Mainly quartz and feldspar; lesser dark
minerals. Angular to subround.
approx. 30 percent. Mainly quartz and feldspar; lesser dark
minerals. Subround.
approx. 10 percent. About equal amounts of quartz and dark
minerals. Angular to subround.
8. Alluvium, Stedatna Creek, in canyon below logging road. Site No. 16
Coarse sand:
Medium sand:
Fine sand:
Silt:
approx. 50 percent. Mainly dark minerals, especially augite
crystals; lesser quartz. Angular to subround.
Approx. 20 percent.
Angular to subround.
approx. 25 percent.
Mainly dark minerals; lesser quartz.
Mainly quartz and feldspar; lesser dark
minerals. Angular to subround.
approx. 5 percent. Mainly quartz; lesser dark minerals.
Angular to subround.
9. Unconsolidated deposits, valley wall above Stedatna Creek in canyon.
Site No. 16
Coarse sand:
Medium sand:
Fine sand:
Silt:
approx. 20 percent.
Subangular to subround.
approx. 15 percent.
Subangular to subround.
Mainly dark minerals; lesser quartz.
Mainly dark minerals; lesser quartz.
approx. 50 percent. Mainly quartz and feldspar; lesser dark
minerals. Angular to subround.
approx. 15 percent. Mainly quartz; lesser dark minerals.
Angular to subround.
10. Alluvium, Congahbuna Creek, at logging road crossing below Congahbuna
Lake. Site No. 17
Coarse sand: approx. 60 percent. About equal amounts of quartz and dark
minerals. Angular to subround .
:-----~--Me&ium -sand~ ~~approx-.~~~e~pe-rcen-t";-~~Abou-t~~equa-1--amou-n-t-s~ of-~qua"r-tz---and--if-ark--~---~----
i
minerals. Angular to subround.
39
Fine sand:
Silt:
approx. 17 percent. About equal amounts of quartz and dark
minerals. Angular: to subround.
approx. 3 percent. Mainly quartz; lesser dark minerals.
Angular to subround.
Entire sample dark stained, apparently from organics derived from peaty muskeg
soils.
11. Alluvium, Cogahbuna Creek, near junction with Old Tyonek Creek. Site
No. 10.
Coarse sand: approx. 50 percent. Mainly quartz; lesser dark minerals. Sub-
angular to subround.
Medium sand: approx. 30 percent. About equal amounts of quartz and dark
minerals. Subangular to subround.
Fine sand: approx. 15 percent. Mainly quartz; lesser dark minerals.
Angular to subround.
Silt: approx. 5 percent. Mainly quartz; lesser dark minerals.
Angular to subround.
Entire sample dark stained, apparently from organics derived from peaty muskeg
soils.
12. Alluvium, Old Tyonek Creek, near junction Cogahbuna Creek. Site No. 10
Coarse sand:
Medium sand:
Fine sand:
Silt:
approx. 40 percent. Mainly quartz; lesser dark minerals. Sub-
angular to subround.
approx. 25 percent. Mainly dark minerals, especially augite
crystals; lesser quartz and feldspar. Angular to subround.
approx. 32 percent. Mainly quartz; lesser dark minerals.
Angular to subround.
Approx. 3 percent. Mainly quartz; lesser dark minerals.
Angular to subround.
Entire sample dark stained, apparently from organics derived from peaty muskeg
soils.
13. Alluvium, Nikolai Creek at logging road bridge. Site No. 12
Coarse sand:
Medium sand:
approx. 55 percent. Mainly rock fragments; lesser quartz and
dark minerals. Subangular to subround.
approx. 30 percent. Mainly quartz; lesser dark minerals.
~-----~ -~-~---~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ An-!}u-la'I'--t-o~su-b-Feund~.-------------~--------------~-~-~ --------~-~--~~-~ -~ --~~~--~~-~----
Fine sand: approx. 14 percent.
Angular to subr9und.
Mainly quartz; lesser dark minerals.
40
Silt: approx. 1 percent. Mainly quartz; lesser dark minerals.
Angular to subround.
Entire sample dark stained, apparently from organics derived from peaty muskeg
soils.
14. Beach sand, Nikolai Creek at logging road crossing. Site No. 12
Coarse sand: None
Medium sand: approx. 10 percent. Predominantly quartz; minor dark minerals.
Subangular to subround.
Fine sand: approx. 80 percent. Predominantly quartz; minor dark minerals.
Subangular to subround.
Silt: approx. 10 percent. Predominantly quartz; minor dark minerals.
41
l..,c JJ.Ll.IIL,, ~H '"ol
Figure 13. Sediment samples, fines fractions analysis summary.
Coarse Sand Medium Sand Fine Sand Silt
'I
1. Alluvium,!Chuitna River, below Wolverine Fork 25% 60% 10% 5%
I
I
2. Tertiary s~diments in valley wall, Chuitna River below Wolverine Fork 40% 30% 25% 5%
3. Alluvium, !Chuit Creek, just above Chuitna coal lease area 40% 50% 7% 3% !
' 4. Tertiary sediments in valley wall, Chuit Creek just above lease area 20% 20% 50% 10%
5. Alluvium, Chuit Creek, near junction of Chuitna River 65% 30% 4% 1%
6. Alluvium, ;Capps Creek, near junction of North Capps Creek 5% 50% 40% 5%
7. Sand dunEj, above Tertiary sediments in valley wall, North Capps
Creek neaJ: junction with Capps Creek 30% 30% 30% 10%
..,.. 8. Alluvium, rStedatna Creek, in canyon below logging road 50% 20% 25% 5% N I
9. Unconsolitlated deposits, valley wall above Stedatna Creek in canyon 20% 15% 50% 15%
10. Alluvium, :congahbuna Creek, at logging road crossing below lake 60% 20% 17% 3%
11. Alluvium, iCongahbuna Creek, near junction with Old Tyonek Creek 50% 30% 15% 5%
12. I Alluvium, !Old Tyonek Creek, near junction with Congahbuna Creek 40% 25% 32% 3%
13. Alluvium, ,Nicolai Creek, at logging road bridge 55% 30% 14% 1%
14. Beach sand, Nicolai Creek, at logging road bridge None 10% 80% 10%
EROSION AND ITS EFFECTS ON ALLUVIAL HABITAT
Along most area streams, especially Chuitna River and Chuit Creek, ero-
sion and mass wasting of the valley walls occurs almost continuously and
rather rapidly. Chuitna River and Chuit Creek are deeply incised into poorly
indurated, friable Tertiary and Quaternary sediments consisting of silt, sand,
gravel, and boulders. Many landslides and slump deposits occur along the
steep valley walls at frequent intervals. During the one-week visit to the
area in Nov~mber 1980, many new landslides were observed that had apparently
occurred within the last few days. Many of the recent landslide sites were
associated with water seeps in the valley walls, where groundwater followed
planes of impervious rocks, such as coal seams, to the valley walls. These
seeps lubricated the sediments and induced slope failure and landsliding.
Deposits from landslides and from slumping find their way into the
alluvial systems of the streams. Microscopic analysis of the streambed
alluvium from area streams indicates that most, if not all, of the alluvium
originates from the Tertiary and Quaternary sediments in the area, principally
through stream erosion and mass wasting.
It is apparent from Figures 12 and 13 that the sandy Tertiary and
Quaternary sediments in the area contain a larger proportion of fine sand and
silt than do most alluvial systems of the area. This is especially true of
Chuitna River, Chuit Creek, and Nikolai Creek, important fish spawning streams.
Apparently, much of the fine sediment contributed to these streams through
erosion is carried through the system by streamflow and deposited at sea,
leaving the streambed substrate with a lower percentage of fines. Judging
from the importance of these streams as fish spawning habitats, the present
substrate must have a favorable sediment grade ratio for spawning, and fine
sediment input must be in balance with sediment carry-through.
Coal strip mining in the region, particularly in the upper Chui tna River
and Chuit Creek area (Chuitna River coal lease area), could cause accelerated
erosion of the valley walls of these two streams if mining encroaches on the
walls, either through the direct result of actions taken in the stream canyons
or through the indirect result of groundwater table changes or subsurface flow
---~--mocHfication.-~ ~Increased rates~ of erosion -in -the· val~teys would probably -cause-
an increase in the ratio of fine sediments in the streambed alluvium by intro-
ducing new sediments faster than they could be carried through the system.
43
If increased fines were to be deposited upon the spawning gravels used by
fish, they could significantly degrade the spawning habitat by reducing water
flow through the gravels, which can cause oxygen deprivation to fish eggs and
fry, and poisoning from waste metabolites that are not removed. Deposited
fine sediments can also block emergence of fish fry from spawning gravels, and
can bury stream benthos upon which fish feed •
.... -~ -------------=---,____ --------"--------=----' ---......=.--'=" --,___---=--""-""----'--'=---"'-----'~~-=
44
SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS
General
1. A thorough literature review should be conducted to assemble all avail-
able published and unpublished environmental knowledge (fisheries, wild-
life, vegetation, hydrology, geology, etc.) of the entire project area.
During this review, data gaps will become evident and a more detailed and
responsive study plan can be developed which will permit an adequate
appraisal of environmental effects of the proposed project.
2. The biotic potential of the project area in relation to the entire Cook
Inlet region should be evaluated in light of the number and scope of
proposed developments, including development of coal resources in the
remainder of the Beluga-Yentna region, extensive agriculture development
in the Knik area, tidal power development in the Turnagain-Knik area,
hydropower development in the Susitna River drainage, and general expan-
sion of existing regional municipalities. Such an overview would help
put the environmental effects of Beluga coal develop.ment in proper per-
spective to better assist land planning and resource management effort on
an ecosystem level.
45
Fisheries
1. Because of the extensive lack of specific knowledge about the species
composition, distribution and abundance, and seasonal habitat require-
ments of fish thought or known to occur in the project area, we recommend
that an extensive 2 year program be conducted to reconcile this defi-
ciency. Such a study should be coordinated with ADF&G activities in the
Beluga-Chuitna coal lease area. Since fish (and many other animals) may
be more abundant in one year than in another, two years would be required
to adequately document annual changes in habitat use. Also, additional
unforseen data gaps may be discovered in the first year, and can be
filled during the second year's field study.
Since many aspects of the proposed developments will have either a direct
or indirect effect on streams within the project area, early quantifica-
tion of the importance of mainstem, tributary and headwater streams to
the fishery resources of the area is essential for the orderly progres-
sion of the permitting process. This study would identify important
spawning, rearing, and seasonal habitat for the various species found to
inhabit the project area.
2. Reconnaissance level (one-year) fishery habitat evaluations should be
conducted in streams and selected lakes/ponds within those areas tenta-
tively identified as plant and townsite locations (Congahbuna Lake out-
let, Old Tyonek Creek and lower Nikolai Creek watersheds). Such surveys
should be done at all seasons of the year to determine species present
and to delineate specially sensitive areas. Extensive two-year fishery
habitat studies in these areas are unwarranted -at this time. However,
once alternative water supply sources and waste water disposal sites have
been suggested, a more in-depth assessment will be required, but that
assessment would be focused on specific stream reaches.
3. Because of the likelihood of a coastal facility for off-loading supplies
-~-~------~-and-equ"ipment ~for construction of-this-proJect, investigation should be -
conducted along the Granite Point coastline of Cook Inlet to delineate
predominant coastal marine organism communities. This assessment could
be conducted during a single field season, and should focus on whether
46
sensitive marine communities/habitats occur in the area of the proposed
port facility.
4. A reconnaissance level (one-year) fishery habitat survey should be con-
ducted at every stream crossing along proposed transportation corridors.
Short field visitations should be scheduled at various times over a one-
year period to document seasonal use/non-use of these streams. A fish
species distribution and habitat type survey should be conducted during
the normal peak use/migration periods. These studies would permit
appraisal of the size and composition of the fishery resource present in
any of these tributaries, information which will be necessary for proper
construction of trestles, culverts, or other means of river crossing •
.47
Wildlife
1. A definitive knowledge about mammal and bird species composition, distri-
bution, and abundance, as well as seasonal habitat usage will be required
to evaluate environmental ·effects of the proposed project. This informa-
tion should be obtained through an intensive 2-year field study program
in cooperation ~ith the Alaska Department of Fish and Game and the U.S.
Fish and Wildlife Service. Two years will be required to document annual
anomalies in wildlife use of the area. If knowledge gaps are found
during the first year, studies can be undertaken to fill these gaps
during the second year.
Mammals having key economic importance would be emphasized. Field studies
would be used to identify seasonal ranges of moose and bear within the
project area. Traditional and contemporary movement routes to and from
feeding habitats inside the project area would be determined for these
species. The magnitude of egress and ingress exhibited by moose and bear
in respect to the project site and adjacent areas should be assessed.
Calving and rearing habitat for moose should be delineated, and their
long-term importance to moose ecology evaluated. Brown and black bear
denning habitat should be delineated, and habitat values likewise deter-
mined. An analysis of game and fur harvest statistics, compiled by
ADF&G, would provide pertinent information on the socio-economic aspects
importance of these resources to local and regional human residents.
2. A reconnaissance level mammal and bird habitat evaluation should be con-
ducted in the lease areas, and those areas tentatively identified as town
site/plant locations. A vegetation community map should also be gener-
ated in order to determine habitat quality and potential for rehabili-
tation. These data will be necessary for future permit applications and
ultimately for mitigation design.
3. Because of the proposed coastal facility, attendant support activities,
----and~-vo-l:ume-of-waste·water disposal, investigations-. should be conducted
along the coastline from the West Foreland (west of Trading Bay) to the
outflow of the Beluga River to identify important wate;:fowl nesting
48
habitat. The potential of the Trading Bay area as tule goose nesting
habitat should ·be assessed. Recently, nesting tule geese have been
identified immediately south of Trading Bay in Redoubt Bay. This
breeding colony, numbering 2,000-3,000 (D. Timm, pers. comm.), may well
represent the entire world's population. While few white-fronted geese
(the tule goose is a variant) have been identified in Trading Bay, Timm
(pers. comm.) speculates the area is prime habitat for this species.
4. A reconnaissance level nesting habitat survey for waterfowl should be
conducted at all ponds and potholes inside the project area. The dis-
tribution of duck and swan nest sites should be documented, and a record
of site occupancy begun. Trumpeter swans in particular are reportedly
intolerant of disturbance, and since breeding pairs habitually re-use
nest sites, a downtrend in nest site occupancy could be associated with
human disturbance (Hansen et al. 1971). Breeding surveys, more intensive
than the yearly U.S. Fish and \.J'ildlife Service migratory bird surveys,
should be made to delineate trumpeter swan habitat use patterns, distri-
bution, and abundanc·e in this area.
Nesting studies would permit an appraisal of the size and composition of
the waterfowl resources among inland and coastal habitats which will be
necessary for proper disposal of soil overburden and waste water
materials.
5. A detailed survey of bald eagle nesting and production should be made to
insure that adequate safeguards would be developed and implemented during
construction and the operational phase of the proposed project.
6. The density and distribution of beaver should be documented. By virtue
of conspicuous lodge and food cache characteristics, this mammal lends
itself to direct enumeration more so than do most furbearers. These data
could be obtained incidental to other studies at little or no additional
cost.
'-----=-----------------=-----=------=--'-'--·--=-·-'----~·--=-··-~---'---'--=----·-·-·--'---""----.....=.. -'-·-= -=-~--=---'----------------------------
7. It would be important to gather information on the relative abundance of
microtine populations despite their propensity to fluctuate. A sample
49
plot series would provide data on population density which could be
extrapolated to analyze habitat values relative to raptor/carnivore
ecology. Additionally, this information would form a basis upon which
to evaluate habitat rehabilitation.
50
Erosion and Alluvial Habitats
1. Increased rates of erosion in the side walls of the Chuitna River valley
resulting from mining operations could result in an increase in the ratio
of fine sediments in the streambed alluvium by introducing new fine
sediments faster than they could be carried through the system. If these
fines were to be deposited on fish spawning gravels, they could signifi-
cantly degrade the spawning habitat.
2. Little is known about the actual rates of valley wall erosion in area
streams, especially Chuitna River and Chuit Creek, and rates of sediment
contribution to alluvial substrates in the steams. A study should be
instituted to determine the following:
a) Rates of valley wall erosion, landsliding, and slumping;
b) Rates of sediment contribution to streambed alluvium;
c) Rates of carry-through of fine sediments in the streams (balance of
input and output).
51
Hydrology
1. Gather two additional streamflow measurements at all AEIDC staff gages
(one each at medium and high flows) to complete the rating curve
initiated with this field trip.
2. The proposed location of the railroad corridor is not likely to be an
issue with respect to aquatic habitat, providing that construction
activity and practices comply with state permitting requirements (i.e.
Title 16). However, this statement does not mean that the proposed route
is compatible with respect to terrestrial habitats.
3. Construction of the methanot plant and townsite is not anticipated to
cause hydrology problems, provided that reasonable care is exercised in
controlling surface erosion and limiting sedimentation to the construc-
tion site. However, both short and long term effects of waste water
disposal and surface runoff from the townsite will need to be considered
from an aqua tic resources perspective. Nikolai Creek might become a
receiving stream, and most likely could accept some additional loading
(sediment, B.O.D., nutrients) without adversely affecting the existing
fishery resources. Specific study would be required if this were a
possibility.
The water supply requirements for both the community and methanol plant
need to be established fairly early in the environmental studies and
alternative sources of supply identified before any specific comment can
be made regarding project effects. Alternative means of disposing waste
water from the methanol plant must be considered as well as the character
of this waste (i.e. quantity, thermal, and chemical quality). It might
be discharged directly in to Cook Inlet through a submerged manifold, in-
jected into a suitable aquifer, or possibly pumped back to Congahbuna
Lake for re-use. If any of these scenarios were suggested, specific
studywould be required.
4. A great deal of study will be required to evaluate impacts of the surface
mining operations on the fishery resource. Of immediate concern will be
52
(a) the control of sedimentation on and off-site; (b) the disruption of
the existing interface between ground and surface waters; and (c) water
quality (toxicity) changes.
5. Compressed peat at the base of the muskeg surface layer that exists
throughout the lease areas appears highly effective in retarding infil-
tration to the underlying sediments. The sponge-like character of the
peat apparently holds most water falling on it as precipitation. Most
excess water apparently moves laterally within it rather than vertically
through it. The ultimate fate of this water is a function of slope, peat
thickness, and the shape of the underlying topography. The bulk of the
underlying overburden consists of permeable sands and sandstones. The
coal seams are impermeable and are even abutted by impermeable clay
layers. After mining operations have terminated at a particular loca-
tion, the open pit would most likely be backfilled with overburden,
contoured and revegetated. If revegetation efforts were unsuccessful in
reestablishing an impermeable surface layer (like the existing peat),
several problems could develop. The reclaimed area could be quite
permeable and absorb surface water like a leach field. Open pit opera-
tions being conducted down-gradient from the artificial recharge area
would be plagued with seepage problems. The additional infiltration
could potentially accelerate/aggravate mass wasting processes in the
Chuitna River canyon. It is quite possible that increased infiltration
in the lease areas would stimulate springflow and seepage along the
expo sed coal seams in the Chui tna River canyon walls. Such flow would
reduce the shear strength of the clay interbeds abutting the coal seams
and set the stage for massive slope failures all along the canyon walls.
6. Discuss with CIRI/Placer their willingness to fund .the Alaska Department
of Natural Resources to participate with the U.S. Geological Survey in a
cooperative stream gaging program. Continuous recording stations should
be installed at the mouth of Chuit Creek, and in the lower reach of
Nikolai Creek, perhaps at the Tyonek Logging Company bridge (Figure 7).
Chuit Creek provides important fishery habitat for many anadromous and
resident fishes, as does the Chuitna River above Chuit Creek. Streamflow
.53
data will be required throughout the Chui tna River basin in order to
assess impacts of mining operations on the fishery resources in this
area. Hydrologically, the upper Chuitna and Chuit Creek areas are quite
similar. Streamflow data obtained at the mouth of Chuit Creek could be
used for estimating average monthly streamflows at a variety of locations
within the Placer Amex lease area.
Nikolai Creek is also an important fishery stream which may be tapped for
a surface water supply or receive surface runoff and domestic wastes from
peripheral developments associated with the methanol plant. In either
case (water supply or receiving stream), streamflow data will be needed
in order to design for a particular level of development or to assess
related effects.
Hydrologically, the Nikolai Creek basin is significantly different from
the Chuitna River basin. Streamflow data obtained in the Chuitna basin
cannot be used to estimate average monthly streamflows for Nikolai Creek.
In order to obtain streamflow data of sufficient reliability to support
engineering studies or impact assessment, a stream gage should be instal-
led on the lower reach of Nikolai Creek.
7. Discuss with CIRI/Placer their willingness to fund a reconnaissance level
meteorological network throughout the project area to obtain data on rain-
fall, snow depth accumulation and water content, air temperature, and
wind patterns. These data are not available and would greatly facilitate
construction scheduling and project design. The rainfall and snowfall
data would be essential components for quantifying relationships between
surface and groundwater. Precipitation data, particularly on storm
events, would be essential information for est.imating the magnitude and
likelihood of both point and non-point sediment and toxic substance con-
centrations entering the stream systems. Storm data would also be
valuable for assessing the sediment transport characteristics of the
stream systems.
8. Discuss with CIRI/Placer their willingness to fund a basin-wide sediment
transport and water quality 'modeling investigation. The sediment trans-
54
port characteristics (background loading, influence on fisheries, and
potential to absorb additional loading) of the Chui tna River basin will
have to be quantified in order to satisfy concerned agencies about the
impacts of additional sediment loading from surface mining operations.
Considerable agency and public interest will also focus on a variety of
effects that might result from water quality (toxicity) changes (i.e.
acid runoff) often attributable to coal mining operations.
One approach to understanding the degree of change (sediment and
toxicity) that is likely to result at selected locations in the watershed
under alternative development scenarios is to model the stream system. A
common hydraulic model would serve as the backbone for the sediment
transport and water quality analysis. Hypothetical sediment and toxic
substance point loadings could be evaluated throughout the entire river
system based on the ability of the fishery resources to withstand them.
Such a study would need to be undertaken basin wide, irrespective of
property ownership or lease boundaries. It would be both unrealistic and
impossible to undertake a credible impact assessment without considering
the accumulative effects of activities on neighboring leases.
9. Discuss with CIRI/Placer their willingness to fund a basin wide surface
water hydrology study. Such an investigation would quantify seasonal
streamflow patterns, and identify the percentage contribution of impor-
tant tributaries to the total streamflow in the principal watersheds of
the Chuitna area.
This type of study would be a logical extension of those recommended in 5
and 6 above, as well as being an essential component of the riverine
fishery habitat, water quality, and sediment transport analyses that are
likely to be required. AEIDC's November 1980 field work laid a founda-
tion for such a hydrologic investigation through the installation of
numerous staff gages throughout the Placer Amex project area.
55
REFERENCES CITED
Alaska Dept. of Fish and Game. 1976a. Alaska's fisheries atlas. Anchorage,
AK. 2 vols •
• 1976a. A fish and wildlife resource inventory of the Cook Inlet-Kodiak -----areas. Vol. 1 -Wildlife. Juneau, AK. 265 pp •
• 1976b. A fish and wildlife resource inventory of the Cook Inlet-Kodiak -----areas. Vol. 2 -Fisheries. Juneau, AK. 443 pp.
Alaska, University, Arctic Environmental Information and Data Center. 1980.
Environmental impacts associated with coal development in the Kukpowruk,
Nenana, and Beluga fields, Alaska. Anchorage, AK. 52 pp.
Barnes, F.F.
Alaska.
1966. Geology and coal resources of the Beluga-Yentna region,
U.S. Geological Survey. Bulletin 1202-C, 54 pp.
Evans, C.D. et al. 1972.
available knowledge.
University of Alaska,
AK. 1 vol.
The Cook Inlet environment; A background study of
Arctic Environmental Information and Data Center,
Report for the U.S. Corps of Engineers. Anchorage,
Hansen, H.A. et al. 1971. The trumpeter swan in Alaska. Wildlife Monographs
No. 26. The Wildlife Society, Washington, DC. 83 pp.
Hinman, R.A., ed. 1980a. Annual report of survey-inventory activities. Part
II. Bison, caribou, moose, and muskoxen. Div. of Game, Alaska Dept. of
Fish and Game, Juneau, AK. Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration. ' Project
W-17-11, Jobs No. 9.0, 3.0, 1.0, 16.0, and 22.0 Vol. 10. 198 pp.
1980b. Annual· report of survey-inventory activities. Part IV. Fur-
bearers, upland game, wolf, and wolverine. Div. of Game, Alaska Dept. of
Fish and Game, Juneau, AK. Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration. Project
W-17-11, Jobs No. 7.0, 10.0, 14.0, 15.0, and 22.0. Vol. 10. 112 pp.
1979a. ~nual report of survey-inventory activities. Part I. Moose,
elk, deer. Div. of Fish and Game, Alaska Dept. of Fish and Game, Juneau,
AK. Federal Aid in Hildlife Restoration. Project W-17-10, Jobs No. 1.0,
13.0, 2.0, and 22.0. Vol. 9. 157 pp.
1979b. Annual report of survey-inventory activities. Part I. Black
·bear, brown bear and polar bear. Div. of Game, Alaska Dept. of Fish and
Game, Juneau, AK. Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration. Project W-17-11,
Jobs No. 17.0, 4.0, and 22.0. Vol. 10. l15 pp.
1979c. Annual report of survey-inventory activities. Part II. Fur-
bearers, wolf, wolvernine, small game.. Div. of Game, Alaska Dept. of
Fish and Game, Juneau, AK. Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration. Project
• ~ ~ ~--c ·~ ~ ·~ ~ ~ v:::.rr~To~ :Jol:ls No.~ ~,-~a~ r4:o, rs.o, · a:n.a 22~
56
Hinman, R.A., ed. 1977a. Annual report of survey-inventory activities. Part
IV. Bison, beaver, furbearers, walrus, wolf, wolverine. Div. of Game,
Alaska Dept. of Fish and Game, Juneau, AK. Federal Aid in Wildlife
Restoration. Project W-17-8, Jobs No. 7, 8, 9, 14, 15, and 22. 133 pp.
1977b. Annual report of survey-inventory activities. Part II.. Black
bear, brown bear, polar bear, caribou. Div. of Game, Alaska Dept. of
Fish and Game, Juneau, AK. Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration. Project
W-17-8, Jobs No. 3, 4, 5, 17, and 22. Vol. 7. 156 pp.
Kubik, S. 1980. Personal interview, November 1980. Alaska Dept. of Fish and
Game, Anchorage, AK.
LeResche, R.E. and R.A. Hinman, eds. 1973. Alaska's wildlife and habitat.
Alaska Dept. of Fish and Game, Juneau, AK. 1 vol.
Murray, D.F. 1980. Threatened and endangered plants of Alaska. U.S. Dept. of
Agriculture and U.S. Dept. of the Interior. 59 pp.
Scully, D.R., A. P. Krunhardt, and D.R. Kernodle. 1980. Data from a hydro-
logic reconnaissance of the Beluga, Peters Creek, and Healy coal areas,
Alaska. U.S. Geological Survey. Open-File Report 80-1206. 54 pp.
Spaulding, W.M., Jr. and R.D. Ogden. 1968. Effects of surface mining on the
fish and wildlife resources of the United States. Bureau of Sport
Fisheries and Wildlife, U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Washington, DC.
Resource publication 68. 51 pp.
Steen, N. 1980. Telephone conversation, November 28, 1980. Alaska Dept. of
Fish and Game, Palmer, AK.
Timm·, D. 1980. Telephone conversation, November 28, 1980. Alaska Dept. of
Fish and Game, Anchorage, AK.
1978. Report of survey-inventory activities -waterfowl. Div. of
Game, Alaska Dept. of Fish and Game, Juneau, AK. Federal Aid in Wildlife
Restoration. Project W-1"7-10, Job No. 10.0. Progress Report. Vol. 9.
27 pp.
1977. Report of survey-inventory activities -waterfowl. Div. of
Game, Alaska Dept. of Fish and Game, Juneau, AK. Federal Aid in Wildlife
Restoration. Project W-17-9, Job Nos. 11.0, 11.1, 11.2, 11.3 and 22.
Vol. 8. 37 pp.
.57
APPENDIX I
Staff gage descriptions and
streamflow measurements
Field Book 1: Capps Creek area
Chuitna River
Wolverine Fork
Congahbuna Creek
Old Tyonek Creek
Field Book 2: Congahbuna Creek
Stedatna Creek
Nikolai Creek
Chuit Creek
Miscellaneous notes
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DISTANCES FROM SIDE STAKES FOR CROSS-SECTIONING
Roadway of any Width, Side Slopes H'. to 1.
In the ll£'\lr"r bt-l ow: opposlt.e 7 under "Cut or Fill" and undt>r ,3 T't'ad 1 t .0, ·th• dlat.anee out
from th« aid• •tak• a\ leR. AI~. oppoalte 11 unc1er "Cut or Fill" and undrr, :1 rt'ad 16.7. tha
dlat.anc• out trom the aide •t.ake •t rl~rht ..
..,.. _.Slope S!.Jke
r £"":7 ., , Side Stoko
'"JJ"" '...f.i .I '\• "'r!.: -< 10 (J~ L ' '" .... Cradt 11.0~----~ --------+'
" Center Stake ' , : '.;.~ ...
~ './O '.,; . ,, ...
Side Stake ' -, / / .......... i;:
16:7--"l~~~ St~kt
~ 0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 ..
23 e-~= a~ Diatancc out from Side or Shoulder Stake :3;,..
0 0.0 0.2 0.3 0.5 -0.6 0.8 0.9 1.1 1.:2 1.4 0
1 1.6 1.7 1.8 2.0 2.1 2.3 2.4 2.6 2.'7 2.9 '1
2 3.0 3.2 3.3 3.5 3.6 3.8 3.9 4.1 4.2 4.4 2
\ " . 3ooJf' # 2_l
r-__ -_; -_ ().;yy}-;~--~--l~~.:--r~· -~--=-~r--:81~i~~~ -r'"rl:--~-
1_~--~---"--=-d-~~:~-~-2---J. __ ''l:_J-:_-==--f----.
-;. __ _L4j_,J!~,--u!_..ds x>-7-r-.c~L~ 11---
3 4.5 4.7 4.8 5.0 5.1 5.3 5.4 5.6 5.'7 5.9 3
4 6.0 6.2 6.3 6.5 6.6 6.8 6.9 7.1 7.2 7.4 4
5 7.5 7.7 7.8 8.0 8.1 8.3 8.4 8.6 8.7 8.9 5
6 9.0 9.2 9.3 9.5 9.6 9.8 9.9 10.1 10.2 10.4 6
7 10.5 10.7 10.8 11.0 11.1 11.3 11.4 11.6 11.7 11.!) 7
8 12.0 12.2 12.3 12.5 12.6 12.8 12.9 13.1 13.2 13.4 8
9 13.5 13.7 13.8 14.0 14.1 14.3 14.4 14.6 I4.7 I4.9 91
10 15.0 15.2 15.3 15.5 15.6 15.8 15.!) 16.1 16.2 I6.4 10!
11 16.5 16.7 16.8 17.0 17.1 17.3 17.4 17.6 17.7 17.9 II
12 18.0 I8.2 18.3 18.5 18.6 18.8 18.9 19.1 19.2 19.4 12
13 19.5 19.7 19.8 20.0 20.1 20.3 20.4 20.6 20.7 20.9 13
14 21.0 21.2 21.3 21.5 21.6 21.8 21.9 22.1 22.2 22.4 14
15 22.5 22.7 22.8 23.0 23.1 23.3 23.4 23.6 23.7 23.9 15
16 24.0 24.2 24.3 24.5 24.6 24.8 24.9 25.1 25.2 25.4 16
17 25.5 25.7 25.8 26.0 26.1 26.3 26.4 26.6 26.7 26.9 17
18 27.0 27.2 27.3 27.5 27.6 27.8 27.9 28.1 28.2 28.4 18
' __________ _A _E.__L __ p c;. ___ ---1---l---
: __ Y.lli_v_J--1 5--~~$_1_~~---+----
§===----~-----1
I "' ~-----1----1------
19 28.5 28.7 28.8 29.0 29.1 29.3 29.4 29.6 29.7 29.9 19
20 30.0 30.2 30.3 30.5 30.6 30.8 30.9 31.1 31.2 31.4 20
21 31.5 31.7 31.8 32.0 32.1 32.3 32.4 32.6 32.7 32.9 21
22 .33.0 33.2 33.3 33.5 33.6 38.8 33.9 34.1 34.2 34.4 22
23 . 34.5 3<1.7 34.8 35.0 35.1 35.3 35.4 35.6 35.7 '35.!) 23
24 36.0 36.2 36.3 36.5 36.6 36.8 36.9 37.1 37.2 37.4 24
25 37.5 37.7 37.8 38.0 38.1 38.3 38.4 38.6 38.7 38.9 25
26 39.0 39.2 39.3 39.5 39.6 39.8 39.9 40.1 40.2 40.4 26
27 40.5 40.7 40.8 41.0 41.1 41.3 41.4 41.6 41.7 41.9 27
28 42.0 42.2 42.3 42.5 42.6 42.8 42.9 43.1 4'3.2 43.4 28
29 43.5 4:!.7 43.8 44.0 44.1 44.3 44.4 44.6 44.7 44.9 29
30 45.0 4!>.2 45.3 45.5 45.6 45.8 45.9 46.1 46.2 46.4 30
31 46.5 46.7 46.8 47.0 47.1 47.3 47.4 47.6 47.7 47.9 31
32 48.0 48.2 48.3 48.5 48.6 48.8 48.9 49.1 49.2 49.4 32
33 49.5 49.7 49.8 50.0 50.1 50.3 50.4 50.6 G0.7 50.9 33
34 51.0 51.2 51.3 51.5 51.6 51.8 51.9 52.1 G2.2 52.4 3·1
35 52.5 52.7 52.8 53.0 53.1 53.3 53.4 53.6 53.7 53.9 35
36 54.0 M.2 54.3 54.5 54.6 54.8 54.9 55.1 55.2 55.4 3G
37 55.5 55.7 55.8 56.0 56.1 56.3 56.4 56.6 56.7 56.9 37
38 57.0 57.2 57.3 57.5 57.6 57.8 57.9 58.1 58.2 58.4 38
39 58.5 58.7 58.8 59.0 59.1 59.3 59.4 59.6 59.7 59.9 39
40 60.0 60.2 60.3 60.5 60.6 60.8 60.9 61.1 61.2 61.4 40
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__ L
APPENDIX II
Photographs taken during AEIDC's field trip to
the Beluga-Chuitna region November 3-7, 1980
Capps Creek Coal Lease Area
Chuitna River Basin
Congahbuna/Old Tyonek Creek/Stedatna
-Nikolai Creeks area
Granite Point
Beluga River Drainage
. .,;.: \
"'
~
"'
,;!
j
.,.
1. Confluence of North Capps Creek (flowing from left) with
Capps Creek. Significantly more surface, frazil, and
anchor ice was present in Capps Creek on November 3, 1980.
I -'·--... t:·· .. ·
·)]:aa.x:::> sdd-e:::> .xaddn 'Til o:l-1S :re TEO::> 11:n.M. (A:.:r-e"}::p:a:r,) ~-;:>o.:r a1qB"]:J:J pasodxa '7 v
.-,~<~~~~ r,"~...-.~!fi<\.~·
-. ;;I !!'. ' . ' ' ,.J -:;:~ . --~ - . ~~-' ,_~
7. Huge slumps on a scarp between the headwaters of
Wolverine Fork and Capps Creek.
_r.;:
"' (
\ \ . --.--· -~ -~ .... . ....... . ... _.···.:--""': ~ ... ~-. ·: ... -...
,, ~' ~1 4
9. Reading staff gage on North Capps Creek.
{ '< ,:, ' \ " ~
/., -·----"
I
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11. West Chuitna coal lease area slated for strip mining
first.
;:
. . . . . " ; -,~ ~ ·--<::: . ..;. 1-'{"-~----
·,.
12. Sandstone and conglomerate boulder in the Chuitna
River below Wolverine Fork.
·.: (. (.
13. Cliff of sandstone~ claystone~ and coal between
Chuit Creek and the Chuitna River at their con-
fluence.
I
I
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3
14. Suggested staff gage and streamflow measurement site on
an unnamed tributary to the Chuitna River draining the
"center ridge" part of the Chuitna coal lease area (T 13N,
R 13W,-S27). Severe ice conditions precluded obtaining
a discharge measurement.
(
.I
I
I I , I : ·, .,. \j
15. Chuit Creek above the Chuitna coal lease boundary.
,
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-,
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~
16. Turbulent streamflow in Chuitna River several minutes
after an ice jam broke (1 mile upstream). Estimated
instantaneous streamflow· was in excess of 700 cfs (be-
fore ice jam outbreak we measured 67 cfs at this site-
see Photo 19). See .field book 1, Appendix 1, for
field notes.
J
:-·
i 1 i1
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' .
. ,
17. Location of staff gage on upper Chuit Creek.
l
18. Confluence of Wolverine Fork with the Chuitna River.
Arrows illustrate locations of staff gages.
j-
1 i I I! B .~ ·~ I ~ B l I I I c
19. Chuitna River streamflow measurement site below the mouth
of Wolverine Fork. Discharge was 67 cfs November 4, 1980.
(Contrast with flow conditions in Photo 16.)
/·
'
I
20. U.S. Geological Survey streamflow gage, lower Chuitna
River. · ·
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i ~ I .
21. Active streambank at U.S. Geological Survey gaging
station on lower Chuitna River. Toe of bank requires
stabilization with gabions to prevent loss of cable
way.
1'
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-'
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~
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~-
_ _ _ _ _ ____ '-~22c. _ _c Right-'-bank~ of cclower "-Chui "Gnac Ri Vcer"' at =the ~U ·=S~c Geologiealcc = = ~ ·= _ =. -=.. =· .=. = = c .c.:~
Survey gaging station.
j-
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L c -,·~ ·~, ··~v -...~·~·· .,. -.• -_, ', .. ·: -... ;
,,
~
~
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"
, Congahbuna/Old Tyonek Creek/Stedatna-Nikolai
Creeks Area
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23. Confluence of Muskrat Creek (flo-o;.;ing in from top of
photo) with Congahbuna Creek.(Sites8 and 9).
..
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~
.
"
'
24. . D9wm:·iy~r fr9m _Photo 23 _is_ the confluence of _Congahbuna
Creek (flowing in from top of photo) with Old Tyonek
Creek. The staff gage sites are marked.
I
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,..-·-. \.
'
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25. Inlet to the 4 ft culvert installed in Congahbuna Creek
l/4mile below Congahbuna Lake to facilitate the Tyonek
4ogging Company road crossing.
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26. Same as Photo 25 showing staff gage on right side of
culvert.
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27. The slope overlooking Nikolai Creek and the Chakachatna
River basin is the proposed town site.
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28. Tyonek Logging Company road crossing of Stedatna Creek.
Flmv is from left to :r:ight •.
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29. Steda.tna Creek staff g<3_g_~_a,:r:>p_:J:"ox:Lma_t~e_lX~.1.()c9~:E-!:~l1P~1:.r-~am=~
~=~from~the==c-ufverY~~b~ene<iEfi-the-·tyonek Logging company _haul-
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30. Recirculating flow in a meander cut-off along Nikolai
Creek attests to avery flat stream gradient in this_
area (near the haul-road crossing)._
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31. Meandering pattern·of Nikolai Creek at approximately
-River Mile 8 ~---
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32. Timber bridge road crossing of Nikolai Creek approximately
6 miles above the mouth.
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33. A staff gage was installed Novernber 6, 1980 in Nikolai
Creek above the Tyonek Lo.ggin& Gcrrilpany haul road crossing.
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35. Quaternary sand and gravel in gravel pit near the
Stedatna Creek haui road cros.sing ...
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40. Active channel of the Beluga River (lower) at far left,
abandoned channel in center of photo. Mt. Susitna in
upper left of photo.
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41. Active slopes along the lower Beluga River. Considerable
bedload and vegetative debris is carried by this river ..
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