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Fisheries and Marine Service
Manuscript Report 1484
November 1978
BLACK CREEK,VANCOUVER ISLAND,B.C.
HYDROLOGY,FISHERIES RESOURCE,
AND WATERSHED DEVELOPMENT
by
ROY E.HAMILTON
Habitat Protection Division
Resource Services Branch
Fisheries and Marine Service
Department of Fisheries and Oceans
Vancouver,B.C.V6E 2P1
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ABSTRACT
HAMILTON,Roy.E.1977."Black Creek,Vancouver Island,B.C.
Hydrology,Fisheries Resource,and
Watershed Development."Fish.Mar.Servo MS Rep.
The fisheries resource of Black Creek,a major
coho salmon stream on Vancouver Island is described.Infor-
mation on spawning escapement,distribution,and timing is
provided.Hydrology of the 28 square mile watershed was
.studied using data from 16 staff gages and 3 water level
recorders.The productivity of the system is attributed
to the multiplicity of swamps,swampy depressions,and
associated small tributaries characterizing the watershed
which provide ideal habitat for rearing coho.Loss of
this habitat occurs through swamp land reclamation and
other land development activities.The extent of land
development (logging~clearing,reclamation,ditching,
and urbanization)in the watershed,and the detrimental
effects on fish life is discussed.Recommendations for
preservation of the fisheries resource are given.They
include:restrictions·on future water licences,reser-
vation and development of storage,green strip reserves
on all watercourses and swamps,suggestions on zoning and
control of future land development.
Key words:Fisheries Resource,Hydrology,Habitat,Fish,
Coho,Land Development,Watershed.
RESUME
Nous decrivons les res sources halieutiques du ruisseau
Black,dans l'11e Vancouver,qui joue un role important lors
du frai du Saumon coho.Nous donnons des renseignements sur
Ie Saumon de remonte,sa r~partition et Ie calendrier de la
remontee.Des etudes hydrologiques du bassin hydrographique
de 28 mi 2 ont ete effectuees a partir de donnees provenant de
16 echelles limnimetriques et de 3 limnigraphes.La produc-
tivite du bassin depend du grand nombre de marecages,de
depressions marecageuses et de petits cours d'eau tributaires
qui en font un habitat ideal pour la croissance des alevins.
Cet habitat est cependant detruit peu A peu par l'assechement
des terres et d'autres projets de mise en valeur.Nous
discutons de l'importance de cette mise en valeur du bassin
(abattage,coupe a blanc,assechement,creusage de fosses et
urbanisation)et de son incidence sur Ie cycle biologique du
Saumon.Nous formulons des recommandations visant a preserver
cette res source naturelle;y compris,des restrictions portant
sur l'emission des futurs permis de mise en valeur,la pro-
tection ou la constitution de reservoirs et de corridors de
verdure pour tous les couis d'eau et les marecages et des
suggestions portantsur Ie zonage et la regulation des futurs
travaux de mise en valeur.
Mots cles:ressources halieutiques,hydrologie,habltat,
poisson;coho,mise en valeur des terres,bassin
hydrographique.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
_Watershed Description • • . • • • • • • • •
History of Watershed Development • • • • • • • •
Data Collection • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • .
WATERSHED HYDROLOGY • • • • • • • • • • • • • .
Watershed Characteristics • • • • • • • • • • .
Natural Storage • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Water Licences • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
FISHERIES RESOURCE • • • • • • • • • • . • •
Migration Timing • • • • • • • • • • • • ••• •
Spawning Gravel Distribution • • • • • • • • • .
Coho Spawning Distribution • • • • • • • • •
Obstructions to Upstream Migration • • • • •
Coho Rearing . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
LAND DEVELOPMENT • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Land Reclamation • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Ditching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Logging and Land Clearing • • • • • • • • •
Urbanization.• • • • • • • •
SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS • • • .
REFERENCES • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • •
APPENDIX A
Surface Flow at Recorders #1,2 and 3 •••
APPENDIX B
Description and Location of Gages • • • • •
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81
Plan Showing Land Development 1968 -1972 • • • • • .
Extent of Land Development in 1968 and 1972 • . •
Stream Profile
LIST OF FIGURES
1976 Coho Escapement and Stream Flow
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Spawnable Gravel Distribution •
Spawning Distribution .••• •
Coho Spawning Distribution in 1975
Agricultural Land Reserve and Zoning
Land Management Zones • •
Timing of Coho Spawning 1930 -1975 • •
Start of upstream Migration of Coho Related
to Daily Precipitation and Stream Flow,
1973 -1976 •••••••••.••••.
1975 Coho Escapement and Stream Flow
Start of Upstream Migration of Coho Related
to Daily Precipitation and Stream Flow,
1969 -1972 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Relationships Between Rainfall,Storage and
Runoff for the Millar Creek Area • • • • • •
Gage Location,Water Intakes,Dry Areas •
Coho Freshwater Life Cycle
Stage and Discharge for Sturgess Road
Recorder • • • • • • • • • •
Watershed "Areas"• •
Surficial Geology • •
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Figure-
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Table
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LIST OF TABLES
Monthly Precipitation • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • . .
Gage Data . • • . • . • • . • • • • • • . • . • • . . .
Gauge Readings
Water Licences
Escapement Record
Main Obstructions to Fish Migration •
Watershed Data by Area,Part 1
.Watershed Data by Area,Part 2
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to thank Bill Field who prepared the
drawings and took part in much of the field work;and
Tom Brown who compiled the biological field data.
W.J.Schouwenburg and R.A.Robertson in their
review of the report provided many helpful comments and
·suggestions.
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- 1 -
INTRODUCTION
Black Creek is located on the east coast of Vancouver
Island,approximately 10 miles north of Courtenay.It is one
of the most prolific coho producers on the east coast with an
average annual return of 5,000 to 10,000 adult coho.It also
supports some steelhead and considerable numbers of resident
cutthroat trout.In recent years,and particularly since
issuance of the first irrigation licence in 1958,there has
been a great deal of concern expressed by Fisheries Service,
local residents and conservation groups over low flow con-
ditions and obstructions in the creek and its tributaries.
There is a growing demand for irrigation water as the land is
cleared and developed for farming,and the pressure of urbani-
zation is beginning to be felt through increased water demands,
altered hydrology and stream degradation.
The objective of this report is to review the problems
associated with the fisheries resource and recommend the
controls necessary on land and water use within the watershed
to ensure future fisheries productivity.
- 2 -
Watershed Description
Black Creek watershed (Figure 1)has an area of
approximately 28 square miles and an average arinual rainfall
of 67 inches at elevation 200 feet.The source of Black Creek
is a series of swamps and small lakes at an elevation of 1,200
feet above sea level(Area 14).Most of the watershed,however,
is below the 300 foot level.It is characterized by a multitude
of small lakes,beaver ponds,swamps and depressions strikingly
aligned in a north-south direction roughly parallel to the
coastline.Figure 2,prepared from geological survey maps,
shows the extent of the various soil types.Generally,these
are marine or glacio-marine deposits overlying rock or glacial
till.These deposits are deeper in the depressions and near
the ocean,giving way inland to more frequent rock outcropping.
More silty and peaty soils are found around the lakes and in
the swampy areas.They vary from a few f~et up to 30 feet or
more in thickness.The glacio-marine soils occurring else-
where and through which the creek flows are very mixed because
of their origin.Lenses of gravel may be found interbedded
with clay,silt and sand.Stream action has washed gravel,
dispersed randomly in the soil,into the creek bed where
over time it has collected in sufficient thickness for spawning
purposes.These-deposits may be easily lost through ditching
and other in-stream activities.In other areas the creek
passes through predominantly gravelly soils where,in dry
weather,the residual flows may run underground.
Black Creek varies from a typical mountain stream at
higher elevations to a sluggish,meandering flow through
extensive swampy areas heavily overgrown and nearly impene-
trable at lower levels.Twelve miles of the 19 mile long ~ain
channel are below elevation 300.The water is characteris-
tically"tea coloured from the organic action in the swamps,
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FIGURE 2
D&",~AN.1976
011 .....110.
SCALI t I :50,000
p.4
BLACK CREEK
SURFICIAL GEOLOGY
R.HAMILTON
......WI\'
DEPARTMI!NT OF THE ENVIRONMENT
FISHERIES SERVICE•
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FLUVIAL DEPOSITS -grovel and sand commonly LnderlalO by sill and clay.
GROUND MORAINE DEPOSITS -till,lenses of grovel,sond,silt·.
BEDROCK -with patches of thin stony,loamy,and clayey morine-veneer deposits.
MARINE DEPOSITS -silt,cloy,stony Cloy.
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MARINE VENEER DEPOSITS -stony,grovelly,ond sondy.
...MARINE VENEER DEPOSITS -stony,loamy,and cloyey,
*generally less than 5 feet thick and overlying ground moraine deposits af gravel,sand,and
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I
causing visibility to become severely restricted as the water
becomes deeper.Observation of fish in the deep waters of
the swamps and lakes is nearly impo~sible.
As of 1972,approximately 17 percent of the water-
-shed had been cleared and sixty percent of this was under
some form of cultivation (Table G).
History of Watershed Development
Fisheries records on Black Creek go back to the 1920's
when log jams and beaver dams in the lower few miles of the
creek were the,primary concerns.By 1928 the middle reaches
of Black Creek had been ent~rely logged.In 1936 five permits
were issued for trapping beaver which were being blamed for
flooding of lands then being farmed.Debris from land clearing
also found its'way into the creek during this preri~d.Prior
to issuance of the first,and largest,irrigation licence in
1958 it was well known that lower sections of the creek went
dry in the late summer;an annual program had already been
underway for salvaging fry trapped in pools and transporting
them to nearby perennial lakes or swamps.In 1959 represen-
tatives of the B.C.Department of Agriculture and Federal
Fisheries met to discuss the problem of low flows and the
conflict between irrigation needs by the farmers and instream
flows for fisheries,but the problem was not resolved.In
1963 a report on flood control in the Northy Lake area was
prepared by.Mr.Calver of the Department of Agriculture
advocating widening of approximately a mile of Black Creek
immediately downstream of Northy Lake to permit faster runoff.
The improvement district necessary to implement the proposal
was not formed so that the proposal fell by the way.However,
some private work has reportedly been done on widening and
deepening of the channel.
- 6 -
The Water Investigations Branch investigated the
possibility of diversion from the Tsolum River into Black
Creek during their study of Tsolum River flood control in
1968.The suggestion was to pump water into the Black Creek
watershed from one of the reservoirs to be created on the
Tsolum.Apparently,up to the present time,these proposals
have not been economically justified.
Associated Engineering Services Limited have made
several studies for water supply in the area.Their latest
report,completed in 1974 for the"Regional District of Comox-
Strathcona,excludes the Black Creek watershed as a source
of regional water supply,although they do indicate the
possibility of an interim well water source in the vicinity of
Endall Road and Highway 19 for the immediate area.Their water
quality tests have shown the water to be of poor quality for
domestic use because of its high colour index and high iron
content.
Data Collection
In October,1968,a counting fence was installed
just"above tidal limit which produced definite data on timing!
species and number of migrating fish.In 1969,three water
level recorders were installed and have been maintained inter-
mittently since then.In 1974 a number of staff gauges were
installed in the main lakes and swamps and the creek was
metered to provide rating curves for the water level recorders.
In the fall of 1974 a study of spawning distribution was made
and in the spring and summer of 1975 a rearing study was
undertaken.
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In 1975 a new counting fence was installed for
enumeration of upstream migrants.Ten thousand fish were
counted.The fence was used again in the fall of 1976.In
the spring of 1977 a count was made of the downstream smo1t
migration.
For purposes of this report,the watershed was
divided into 14 "Areas",representing sub-watersheds -logical
subdivisions for study.
- 8 -
WATERSHED HYDROLOGY
Watershed Characteristics
~The Black Creek watershed is characterizeq by a
multitude of elongated lakes,swamps and depressions lying in
a near north-south alignment,parallel to the coastline.
Bedrock outcropping is common in the higher,eastern part of
the watershed.Overlying layers of mixed glacio-marine deposits
increase in depth in the depressions and at the lower ele-
vations.Lake and swamp basins contain up to 30 feet of silt
and clay deposits underlain by rock br·till (Figure 2).
The lower part of the watershed consists of thin
layers (up to about 5 feet)of varied s~ony to clayey deposits
overlying till containing lenses of gravel,sand and silt.
Water is lost out of Black Creek into these permeable lenses,
or aquifiers.During low flows,Black Creek goes completely
dry in some sections (Figure 5).Flows may reappear down-
stream,depending on ground water conditions and swamp levels.
The average annual rainfall at elevation 230 feet
above sea level is 66.7 inches.Average monthly rainfall is
given in Table A.
The upper part of the watershed,above recorder
No.3 (Figure 3)and consisting of Areas 12,13,and 14
(Figure 1),has the general characteristics of a mountain
stream.It is within an elevation range of 300 to 1,400 feet
and has an average annual precipitation of 85 inches.Because
of a flow sustained throughout the year (ex~ept for a reach
shown in Figure 5)and the prevalence of suitable substrate,
this section supports a substantial part of the salmon resource.
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-11 -
The central part of the watershed,between recorders
No.1 and No.3 and consisting of Areas 9,10,and 11,has a
very low profile governed by geology.The numerous swamps in
this region retain water throughout the year.
Black Creek at and below recorder No.1 usually goes
dry for a period in late summer (Figure 4).A combination of
low stream gradient and pervious subsurface strata results in
a disappearance of surface flow in some places and a reappear-
ance further downstream.
At a reading of 5.36 feet at No.1 recorder the flow
is zero (Figure 4).As the figure shows,the stream goes dry
in this location during August and September each year,on the
average;and may go dry,in extreme cases,any time between the
last part of June and the first part of November.Daily flows
at the three recorders for the years 1969 to 1974 are given in
Appendix A.
The swampy areas flanking Endall Road near Highway
19 always contain some water,even though the creek both above
and below may be dry (Figure 5).Apparently,there is good
potential for well water supply in this immediate area;
however,wells would tend to draw down the watertable and
cause the creek to go dry sooner than would naturally be the
case.
The swamps in Areas 3 and 6 (Figure 1)retain water
that maintains some flow in the tributaries in these areas
during the low flow period.
F"
I
BLACK CREEK
STAGE AND DISCHARGE FOR STURGESS 'ROAD RECORDER #1
1969-1975
P.12 FIGURE 4
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FEBRUARY
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MARCH
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APRIL
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JUNE
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JULY
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AUGUST
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SEPTEMBER
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-14 -
Natural Storage
The natural swamps of the Black Creek watershed
regulate storm water runoff.Peak flows are reduced and dry
weather flows are improved.The beaver population has played
an important part in the hydrology of the watershed by building
many substantial dams which have increased considerably the
total storage capacity in the system.
In 1974 sixteen staff gauges were installed to
record water levels in the swamps.Gauge locations are shown
in Figure 5;the drainage area tributary to each gauge and
its elevation above sea level are shown in Table B;gauge
readings to 1975 are given in Table C~
As an example of the effect of storage on stream-
flow,Millar Creek (Area 8)will be examined for the month of
May 1975.Figure 6 shows the rainfall,the estimated amount
of storage in the swamps of the Millar Creek watershed,and
the runoff at recorder No.2.A main rainfall event
occurred on May 2nd and 3rd which resulted in an increase in
flow,peaking to 31 cfs on May 4th.There was a corresponding
increase in level of 0.6 feet in the 465 acres of swamp,
representing a storage of 276 acre feet.Because of the
retention effect of the storage,it was not until May 20th
that storage and streamflow diminished to the values of May
2nd (other lesser rainfalls had occurred after the main event
which contributed to some extent in maintaining low flows).
If there had been little or no storage in the Millar Creek
watershed the peak streamflow would have occurred earlier
and been much higher,and the recession of the flow would
have been much faster after the end of rainfall.This example
shows the important effect of swamps in reducing peak flows
and maintaining dry weather flows.It is evident that
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-16 -
BLACK CREEK
GAGE DATA
DRAINAGE AREA GAGE ELEVATION
GAGE NO.ABOVE GAGE ABOVE SEA LEVEL
ac.ft.
(RECORDER).1.8778 235
(RECORDER)2 ..2815 265
(RECORDER)3.3040 270
4.8484 240
5.11066 200
6.18;334 4
7.1984 350
8.140 520
9.455 1000
11.330 3.75
12.109 360
13.°2148 280
14.184 270
15.370 240
16.164 270
17.484 248
18.4520 240
19.114 250
~~
TABLE B r
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[-17 -TABLE C
L BLACK CREEK
[GAUGE READINGS
[
[~GAUGE #4 1975 1975 GAUGE #6-
1972 Mar 23 6.35 Jan 3 3.38 1974L-Apr 1 4.24 Jan 6 3.98 -Nov.1 2.38 Apr 18 3.91 Jan 14 2.34 Aug 21 0.35Apr303.52 Jan 20 3.26 Sep 8 0.39
[19.73 May 7 5.84 Jan 23 3.82 Sep 24 \0.34
Mar.1 5.30 May 20 3.26 Feb 1 2.40 Oct 6 0.35
May 5 2.75 May 26 3.25 Feb 2 2.27 Oct 23 0.37
May 22 2.36 May 30 2.96 Mar 1 4.48 Oct 28 0.35
E Jun 9 2.51 Mar 2 5.15 Nov 5 0.36Jun32.94 Jun 18 2.21 Mar 22 4.44 Nov 6 0.40Ju152.32
Ju1 13 2.40 Jun 30 2.78 Mar 23 4.62 Nov 7 0.42
[Ju1 19 2.05 Ju1 7 2.00 Apr 1 1.94 Nov 8 0.40
Ju1 28 1.98 JulIO 1.90 Apr 10 1.86 Nov 9 0.75
Aug 6 1.62 Jul 13 1.80 Apr 11 1.80 Nov 10 0.70
Aug 18 1.16 Aug 2 1.20 Apr 18 1.69 Nov 11 0.82CSep70.96 Aug 21 1.20 May 7 2.30 Nov 12 1.55Oct31.98 May 8 2.00 Nov 13 1.49Oct81.26 Nov 1 6.40 May 20 1.24 Nov 16 1.20
E 1974 May 26 1.21 Nov 17 1.55--May 30 1.06 Nov 19 1.65Jan33.95 GAUGE #5 Jun 2 0.95 Nov 22 2.00
R Mar 7 4.75 Jun 9 0.85 Nov 23 2.12Apr85.90 1974 Jun 12 0.80 Nov 24 3.88May92.95 --Jun 18 0.74 Dec 2 2.00May212.82 Sep 9 0.40 Jun 21 0.70 Dec 9 2.00[Jun 10 2.44 Sep 23 0.36 Jun 25 0.73 Dec 12 2.30Jun172.18 Oct 7 0.36 Jun 30 0.98 Dec 13 2.85JulIO2.08 Oct 23 0.38 Ju1 3 0.96 Dec 17 3.10
C Ju1 17 2.82 Oct 28 0.40 Ju1 7 0.85 Dec 20 -2.36Nov5.0.40Ju1312.20 Nov 6 0.50 Ju1 12 0.78 Dec 23 1.88Aug91.84 Nov 7 0.48 Ju1 27 0.46 Dec 27 1.95
L Aug 16 1.20 Nov 8 0.52 Aug 2 0.44 Dec 31 1.70Sep61.05 Nov 13 2.26 Aug 21 0.48Sep91.15 Oct 2 0.60 1975Sep231.05 Nov 24 6.15 Oct 11 3.24[Oct 4 1.05 Nov 25 6.75 Oct 26 4.20 Jan 2 2.25
Oct 7 1.02 Dec 5 3.80 Nov 1 5.32 Jan 6 2.65
Oct 24 0.94 Dec 13 4.38 Nov 14 8.82 Jan 15 1.41
Nov 5 1.10 Dec 17 4.90 Dec 2 2.48 Jan 23 2.60LNov71.43 Dec 18 5.52 Jan 31 1.59
Nov 13 4.37 Dec 30 2.45 Feb 1 1.58
L
[
-18 -TABLE C
[
(cont'd.)[
BLACK CREEK
GAUGE READINGS [,
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GAUGE #6 Aug 27 0.38 Aug 7 1.90 GAUGE #11 [~
1975-
Aug 30 0.46 Aug 24 1.90(Con't)Sep 1 0.45 Aug 30 1.92 1974 r~
Mar 1 2.89 .Sep 11 0.42 Sep 7 1.86 --
Mar 11 1.80 Oct 2 0.40 Oct 4 1.92 Sep 10 1.83
Mar 23 2.73 Oct 3 0.60 Oct 10 2.72 Sep 23 1.51 [Mar 25 2.06 Oct 4 0.58 Oct 18 2.20 Oct 6 1.59
Mar 30 1.50 Oct 11 1.85 Oct 30 2.58 Oct 24 1.52
Mar 31 1.42 Oct 14 1.80 Dec 7 2.20 Oct 27 1.58
Apr 2 1.48 Oct 26 3.20 Nov 7 2.31 EApr51.80 Oct 27 3.05 GAUGE #8 Nov 13 2.84
Apr 7 1.60 Oct 29 3.25 Nov 23 3.18
Apr 10 1.40 Oct 30 3.25 1974 CApr111.40 Nov 1 3.05 --1975
Sep 23 0.59 -
Apr 15 1.28 Nov 14 5.10 Apr 17
Apr 16 1.25 Dec 3 1.78 Oct 6 0.52 2.85
Oct 24 0.53 Apr 28 2.76 UApr181.23 GAUGE #7 Nov 7 0.57 May 10 2.85
Apr 20 1.34 Nov 13 1.85 Ju1 13 2.46
Apr 23 1.28 1974 Aug 7 1.92
Apr 28 1.15 1975 Aug 24 1.80 CApr301.08 Sep 10 1.79 --Aug 30 2.46
May 5 2.15 Sep 11 1.78 Apr 17 1.43 Sep 7 2.42
May 7 1.65 Sep 23 1.75 Apr 25 1.40 Oct 11 4.14 CMay81.48 Oct 6 1.77 Jun 12 1.31 Oct 18 5.12 ..
May 20 0.95 Oct 24 1.79 Oct 31 3.74
May 26 0.92 Oct 27 1.82 GAUGE #9 Nov 20 3.04 [May 30 0.76 Nov 7 1.81 Dec 7 3.02
Jun 2 0.65 Nov 13 2.21 1974
Jun 9 0.57 Nov 23 2.16 Sep 10 2.39 GAUGE #12
Jun 11 0-.51 Dec 9 2.30 Sep 23 2.30 ['
Jun 16 0.48 Oct 6 2.45 1974
Jun 18 0.46 --1975 Oct 24 2.78Jun210.43 --Sep 10 2.44 ['Jun 25 0.44 Apr 11 2.42 Nov 7 2.88 Sep 23 2.29
Jun 30 0.60 Apr 17 2.43 Nov 23 2.87 Oct 6 2.27
Ju1 5 0.48 Apr 18 2.43 Oct 24 2.2'
Ju1 6 0.46 Apr 25 2.40 1975 Oct 27 2.25 [~.--
Ju1 8 0.45 Apr 28 2.30 Apr 28 2.92 Nov 7 2.40
JulIO 0.42 May 10 2.16 May 10 2.87 Nov 13 3.07
Ju1 12 0.42 May 11 2.19 Jun 13 2.96 Dec 12 4.18 r'Ju1 27 0.42 May 12 2.16
Aug 10 0.38 Ju1 13 1.90
L
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[-19 -TABLE C
(cont'd.)
~BLACK CREEK
r~GAUGE READINGS
[
1975 GAUGE #14 GAUGE #16--
[Apr 17 3.90 1974 1974
May 10 3.99
Ju1 13 3.02 Sep 22 0.60 Aug 22 2.00 Nov 7 2.01
[:Aug 7 2.70 Oct 7 0.60 Sep 8 1.80 13 2.46
Aug 24 2.58 Oct 25 0.60 9 1.89 24 2.62
Aug 30 2.76 Nov 7 0.85 23 1.77 Dec.27 2.46"
[Sept 7 2.68 Nov 13 1.43 Oct 6 1.74
Oct 10 2.96 Nov 24 1.73 Oct 23 1.75 1975
Oct 18 4.62 Dec.13 1.58 Nov 7 1.93
Oct 30 4.94 13 2.26 Jan 23 2.64
E Nov 8 4.88 1975 24 2.60 Apr 2 2.47
Nov 20 4.74 Dec 27 2.70 Apr 16 2.72
Dec 7 4.88 Apr 18 1.47 Jun 9 2.60
[1975
GAUGE #13 GAUGE #15 --GAUGE #18
Jan 23 2.76
C 1974 1974 .Apr 2 2.64 1974--Apr 16 2.64
Sep 10 1.78-Sep 10 1.68 May 5 2.70 Sep 24 0.43
Sep 22 1.73 Sep 22 1.53 Jun 9 2.46 Oct 7 0.53
E Oct 7 1.75 Oct 7 1.54 Jun 21 2.30 Oct 25 0.60
Oct 25 1.75 Oct 23 1.58 Ju1 12 2.15 Nov 7 1.42
Nov 7 1.81 Nov 7 1.89 Ju1 22 2.04 Nov 13 1.72
[J Nov 13 3.02 Nov 13 2.35 Nov 25 4.05
Nov 24 5.13 NoV'24 2.75 GAUGE #17 Dec.13 2.38
Dec 12 3.75 Dec.31 2.50 Dec.18 2.78
[1974 1975
1975 1975--Aug 22 2.00 Apr 1 1.70
Apr 1 3.08 Jan 23 2.62 Sep 8 1.80
[Apr 18 2.'8 S Feb 4 2.70 Sep 9 1.89 GAUGE #19
Apr 30 2.78 Apr 4 2.47 Sep 23 1.76 -
1974l"1ay 27 2.94 Apr 19 2.37 Oct 6 1.74
[Ju1 13 2.50 Jun 9 2.20.Oct 23 1.75 Oct 25 2.06Aug161.84 Nov 7 2.31Sep162.00 Nov 13 3.79
[Oct 2 .1.90 Nov 24 4.70Oct143.32 25 3.73
Dec.13 3.92
[18 4.00
30 3.82
1975
L Apr 1 3.78
18 3.60
L
-20 -
development of storage in some of the main swamps of the
Black Creek watershed would help considerably to improve low
flow conditions.The most likely prospects are described
below:
1.Swamp #17,Area 14
It should be possible to develop storage in this
swamp,or lake,because it is in an area of the watershed
undeveloped except for logging.Surrounding banks are steep
and the narrow outlet,presently dammed by beaver,appears
to be a good site for a permanent dam.There is road access
to within a short distance of the site.The property is owned
by Crown Zellerbach who have indicated a willingness to
co-operate in such a project.
A structure at the outlet might also be used to
control flow releases from upstream storage in swamp #5.
Flow control would benefit the heavily utilized section of
Black Creek in Area 13 and may significantly improve flow
conditions further downstream.
3..Millar Creek Watershed,Area 8
This subwatershed is almost entirely within T.F.L.
#2,owned by Crown Zellerbach and is undeveloped except
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-21 -
for some logging activity.Storage could be developed in
several locations above the power line where there are numerous
swamps and depressions.Crown Zellerbach may be favourably
disposed to storage development as it would provide water for
fire protection,but they would likely be concerned if high
water levels were to flood their logging access roads.
As there are coho spawning areas in this subwater-
shed (Figure 14),fish passage,both upstream and downstream,
may have to be considered,depending on dam locations.Wat~r
releases from storage could be allowed to flow directly into
Northy Lake or,possibly,diverted by a ditch to a point
downstream of Northy Lake.Storage in Millar Creek watershed
would benefit Millar Creek and Black Creek mainstem below
Northy Lake.As lower Millar Creek passes through developed
farm land and as Northy Lake itself is surrounded by developed
farm land,protective measures may have to be taken to maintain
water quality.
4.Swamps 150-151,Area 6
It is possible that a foot or two of storage could be
developed in these swamps to improve flows in the Kelland
Road tributary and in the lower mainstem of Balck Creek.There
could be some conflict,however,with existing and proposed
land development in the vicinity.
5.Swamp #166,Larkin Lake,Area 3
Storage in this swamp appears feasible because of
the higher surrounding land.As with other potential storage
sites in the lower Black Creek watershed there could be conflict
with future land development and irrigation demand.At the
present time,salmon do not migrate .above the swamp because of
existing beaver dams at the outlet.
-22 -
Parts of the Surgenor tributary and the lower main-
stem would benefit by storage in this area.
Each of the possible storage sites would require a
detailed study to check geological suitability,potential
storage volume,land ownership,and cost/benefit ratio.
Water Licences
Table D lists the water licences issued by the
Comptroller of Water Rights to June 1978.Additional appli-
cations have been made but have been turned down or held in
abeyance.Up to June 1978,irrigation licences totalled 205
acre feet.If all irrigation licences were being used at once
it would amount to a total withdrawal of about 1.02 cfs over
the irrigation period April 1st to September 30th.If all
domestic and stock watering licences (totalling 10,500 gal.
per day)were used at once it would represent a withdrawal of
0.02 cfs.Irrigation,then,is the major water use and can
represent a very significant part of the flow in Black Creek
in the dry period (Appendix A).Some of the diverted water
(perhaps 30 percent)will find its way back to the creek but
it may be contaminated with insecticides,fertilizers,and
other pollutants.
The first licence was issued in 1958 to Mr.B.Henrich.
It is by far the largest and most important licence on Black
Creek with 115 acre feet for irrigation use and 5 1 000 gal.per
day for domestic use and stock watering.The location of his
diversion is shown on Figure 5.
The many swamps or swampy depressions in the water-
shed suggests the possibility of development of storage for
irrigation or conservation purposes.The Water Act requires
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-24 -
that a separate licence be acquired for storage purposes in
addition to the licence for irrigation or conservation which
the storage supports~Certain areas in thefwatershed are more
suitable for storing water for conservation purposes than others.
A reserve could be placed on them or storage licences could be
obtained by the Department of the Environment for the purpose
of conservation (see Watershed Hydrology,Natural Storage).
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-25 -
FISHERIES RESOURCE
Black Creek is one of the major producers of coho
salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch)on Vancouver Island,with
annual escapements of up to 15,000 (Table E).Average timing
of the several phases of their freshwater cycle is shown in
Figure 7.Chum salmon (0.keta),last recorded in 1949,at
one time utilized the lower Black Creek area.Two resident
species of trout,coastal cutthroat (SaZmo cZarki cZarki)and
rainbow (SaZmo gairdneri),and their anadromous forms,sea-
run cutthroat and steelhead,are found in the system.They
tend to be concentrated in the lakes and beaver ponds.Steel-
head spawning begins in December or January,peaks in March,
and ends in April or May.
An accurate enumeration of salmon escapements has
been difficult in the past because of the poor access to the
many swampy areas and the dark tea coloured water.Since
installation of a counting fence in 1975,more accurate counts
have been made.
Migration Timing
Upstream migration is governed by the arrival of the
fall rains (Figures 8,9 and 12)as there is often insufficient
flow in Black Creek for upstream migration after the late summer
and early fall dry period and extensive reaches of the creek
below Northy Lake may even be dry.The flow at the mouth may
not be sufficient to allow access beyond tidewater for fish
wishing to migrate.It is not uncommon (as observed in 1974
when 250 dead unspawned fish were found)for coho to move in at
high tide and be trapped in tidal pools and logging debris as
the tide recedes.
\
\
BLACK CREEK
COHO FRESHWATER LIFE CYCLE
UPSTREAM MIGRATION
SPAWNING
N
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INCUBATION
EMERGENCE
1s t YEAR EMIGRATION
(ESTIMATED 95%)
~
2 nd YEAR EMIGRATION
(ESTIMATED 5%)
rJ r-:r--l.r-...,r:-J C""J ...--.,r-J CD c=J til.]LJJ r-----l r---:~C"l ~~lJ,j ',".;.'_~'.,i.J L J J
-27 -FIGURE 8
BLACK CREEK
START OF UPSTREAM MIGRATION OF COHO
RELATED TO DAILY PRECIPITATION a STREAM FLOW
1969-1972
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5 10 15.20 25
!........
AUGUST
5 10 15 20 25
~
SEPTEMBER OCTOBER
5 10 15 20 25
NOVEMBER
5 10 15 20 25
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DECEMBER
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III
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SEPTEMBER
5 10 15 20 25
OCTOBER
I
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NOVEMBER
lIdII
5 10 15 20 25
DECEMBER
1.0
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-28 -
BLACK CREEK
START OF UPSTREAM MIGRATION
RELATED TO DAILY PRECIPITATION a
1973 -1976
ITt'
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FIGURE 9 [
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DECEMBER
5 10 15 20 25
81~!"
_i+tlt+.+H
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STREAM FLOW
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5 10 15 20
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5 io 15 20 25
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L -29 -TABLE E
f~BLACK CREEK
[ESCAPEMENT RECORD
[
[YEAR COHO CHUM STEELHEAD YEAR COHO CHUM STEELHEAD
[~1935 7500 15000 -1956 1500 -.75
1936 15000 7500 -1957 7500 -200
[1937 3500 7500 -1958 1500 -750
0 1938 ---1959 7500 -400
1939 3500 3500 1960 400 ..,200--
0 1940 3500 --1961 7500 -300
1941 3500 7500 -1962 7506 -200
0 1942 3500 --1963 3500 -200
R 1943 750 --1964 15000
1944 3500 --1965 7500
C 1945 1500 400 -1966 15000
1946 1500 --1967 6000
L 1947 3500 --1968 4650
C 1948 1500 - -
1969 1200
1949 1500 750 -1970 8000
[1950 1500 --1971 10000
1951 1500 -200 1972 4500
L 1952 1500 -200 1973 6000
[1953 1500 -200 1974 8000
1954 1500 200 1975 10000-
L 1955 1500 -200 1976 3500
l
-30 -
As a rule,coho are ready to enter the river in
the 3rd or 4th week of October.As soon as it rains
sufficiently to bring the water level up to about the 0.7 foot
mark on gauge 6 (at Miracle Beach Road),the coho are pble to
negotiate their way upstream in large numbers (Figures 10 and
11).Up to 50 percent of the total escapment may be in the
initial run,which tends to spawn in the lower part of the
watershed below Northy Lake.Later runs follow;their timing
depends on rainfall and run-off conditions.Later migrants,
apparently induced by the higher flows,tend to go into the
upper watershed.
In 1974,migration was delayed by inadequate flow
until November 9th when the level at gauge #6 rose to 0.7
feet.A small number of coho moved upstream on this date.
A large number of adult coho were observed below the Miracle
Beach bridge on November 19th,and on the 11th,between 1500
and 1700 hours,at a gauge reading of 1.6,1,380 fish were
counted.Another surge in upstream migration occurred on
November 17 when the gauge reading rose from 1.2 to 1.6 feet,
but numbers of fish were not recorded.
Peak spawning took place in Black Creek below Northy
Lake between November 12th and 19th.On November 24th #6 gauge
(~iracle Beach bridge)read 3.9 feet,and on the 25th coho were
observed passing under the Duncan Bay Main road bridge in Area
13.Peak spawning above Northy Lake occurred between November
25th and 30th.The last spawning activity was seen in the
upper reaches on December 9th.By December 17th no live
spawning coho could be found in the system.
On October 9,1975,after a heavy rainfall,a large
number of upstream migrating fish (1,739 coho,1,413 jacks,
and 57 trout)were counted through the Black Creek counting
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-34 -
fence.On October 10th another heavy count (2,593 coho,
322 coho jacks,and 8 trout)was made.Each days count,up to
October 28th is shown in Figure 10.A total of 9,559 fish
(7,539 coh9!1,953 coho jacks,and 67 trout)was counted
through the fence up to October 28th.
Coho were spawning in the mainstem up to Northy Lake
and in lower Millar Creek by October 18th and they were
observed jumping in Northy Lake on October 31st.Peak spawning
above Duncan Bay Main Road took place about November 6th.
November 2nd to the 7th was the peak spawning period in Areas
3,6,8,9,and 11.Mr.Westdorp,a local farmer,observed
coho moving upstream towards Northy Lake on November 10th.
Figure 11 shows numbers and timing of upstream
migrants for 1976.The total count was 3,510 coho and 199
trout,although some fish escaped past the fence without being
counted.Coho were still being observed above Duncan Bay
Main Road in Area 13 on December 31st.
Spawning Gravel Distribution
There is considerable variability in the amount of
suitable substrate material in the watershed (Figure 13).
The substrate was visually apparaised and rated according to
the amount of "spawnable gravel"present."Spawnable gravel"
was defined as material consisting primarily of grain sizes ~
inch to 4 inch diameter.Sieve analyses were not made;
instead,gravel sizes were judged bv eye.Gravel quality was
considered to be generally satisfactory because the majority
of the accessible gravel beds were utilized by spawners.A
500 foot section of Drainage 66,composed of shale-like sub-
strate,was initially thought to have poor spawning potential,
but it was heavily utilized by spawning coho in 1974 and large
numbers of fry were seen in the same area on May 1,1975.
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Gravel distribution was rated as good,marginal,or
poor."Good"areas were those where over 5 per~ent of the
streambed had spawnable gravel."Good"areas generally had
gravel bars or banks.An example is the Upper Mainstem which
contained numerous gravel beds ideal for spawning.Approxi-
mately 30 percent of the bed had spawnable gravel.
"Marginal"areas had 1 percent to 5 percent spawnable
gravel.The marginal sections in the Kelland Road system,
with approximately 4 percent gravel,are typical.
"Poor"areas had less than 1 percent spawnable gravel.
Usually,the gravel was found to be in a few isolated pockets.
The poor section of the Surgenor system,containing about 0.2
percent gravel,is typical of a number of small drainages and
upper parts of tributaries.
Areas identified on Figure 13 as having no gravel
are typically ditches,or tributaries that have been ditched.
Tributaries without a rating were·not examined because of
inaccessibility or because they were not being utilized by
spawners.
Coho Spawning Distribution
A coho spawning area (Figure 14)was rated "good"if
it supported more than one spawner per 100 feet,and was
utilized every year;"marginal"if it supported one coho or
less per 100 feet,and utilized every year;"poor"if it
supported one coho ore less per 100 feet and was not utilized
every year.
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-38 -
Over 95 percent of the spawners utilized areas rated
"good";less than 5 percent utilized marginal areas;and only
a few fish were found in "poor"areas.
Approximately 38 miles of stream in the Black Creek
watershed is accessible to adult coho during fall high water,
but only 10 miles support spawning,of which 5~miles were
rated as "good".Mainstem Black Creek (Areas 1,5,13)
supports 75 percent to 80 percent of the total coho spawning
population (Figure 15).The tributaries above Northy Lake
support 15 percent to 20 percent of the run,while those below
support 4 percent to 6 percent.Approximately half the total
run spawn above Northy Lake.
Areas,2,3,4,6,and 7 support only 4 percent to
6 percent of the total run although,historically,they supported
a much larger proportion •.Area 4,Ployart Road,with 5.7
miles of accessible stream,at one time supported a substantial
run.The extensive degree of land alteration and ditching
affecting 4.5 miles of stream appears to have resulted in the
complete loss of spawning habitat.
The upper Mainstem (Area 13)supports high density
spawning along most of its accessible length.About half of
Northy Lake Mainstem (Area.5)supports high density spawning.
Most of the lower mainstem supports spawning,a third of which
is high density.
Obstructions to Upstream Migration
Swamp 163 on Surgenor Creek (Area 3)blocks upstream
migration at the present time (Table F).There is over 2,000
feet of stream with "good"substrate above the swamp which
could support an estimated 250 to 500 coho,but improvement of
this system may not be practical because of the increasing
pressure from land development.
FIGURE 15
UPPER MAINSTEM
39.
BLACK CREEK
COHO SPAWNING DISTRIBUTION IN 1975
O·5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 %
ESTIMATED PERCENTAGE OF COHO SPAWNERS
13
AREA
14 HEADWATERS
7 DRAINAGE 148
4 PLOYART ROAD
3 SURGENOR CREEK
10 MAINSTEM SWAMP 57-58
12 POWERLINE MAINSTEM
2 HAMM ROAD
II DRAINAGE 72
9 DRAINAGE 66
6 KELLAND ROAD SYSTEM
8 MILLAR CREEK
5~NORTHY LAKE MAINSTEM
LOWER MAINSTEM
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drainage 151 Dispersed and subterranean flow,
creates a complete obstruction.
above Surgenor Rd.Rock dam,partial obstruction access-
ible at higher flows.
swamp 17 A large beaver dam creates a complete
obstruction,no spawning was seen
above this point.
above Hy.#19 Ditch face,4 to 5 ft.drop,creates
a complete obstruction.No potential
spawning areas exist above this point.
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TABLE F-40 -
BLACK CREEK
Location Nature of Obstruction
MAIN OBSTRUCTIONS TO FISH MIGRATION
swamps 57 -58 Numerous beaver dams,log jams,and
widely dispersed flow creates a
partial obstruction accessible only
at high water.
swamp 19 Numerous inactive beaver dams produce
partial obstructions accessible at
high water.
swamp 163 Dispersed and subterranean flow,may
create a complete obstruction for
adults and smolts,(no spawning takes
place above 'this point).
mouth drainage Log debris from early booming activity,
covers spawning beds and may have been
major cause of chum salmon's decline
in escapement.Log debris also traps
and destroys coho which enter the
mouth and are unable to leave as the
tide recedes.
2
3
6
3
1
14
13
10
Area
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-41 -
The beaver dam at the outlet of swamp 17 in Area 14
appears to be a complete obstruction tQ upstream migration as
no coho adults or juveniles were observed above this point.
Removal of the dam is 'not recommended as the pond above helps
sustain summer flows and supports an excellent cutthroat
population."It may also be a good site for development of
additional,controlled storage.
Coho Rearing
Areas of good coho rearing do not correspond exactly
with areas of heavy spawning,especially in the lower water-
shed below Northy Lake,because of the drying up of extensive
reaches of the creek (Figure 5).Rearing habitat appears to
be a limiting factor in coho production in this area.It is
believed that survival of coho juveniles depends on the success
of displacement either into the estuary or into tributaries
that sustain a perennial flow.Many of them are trapped in
pools where they die from desiccation,rising temperatures,
predation,or other associated causes.On many occasions in
the past,Fishery Officers have had to rescue coho juveniles,
trapped in isolated pools,by moving them to permanent ponds
or swamps (such as swamp #170)•
.~
Observation of juvenile populations in the vicinity
of swamps 160 -171 at Endall Road indicates that they are
forced into this area as the mainstem dries up.Logging and
land development in this sensitive area within the last few
years has probably caused considerab~e damage to the fisheries
habitat.
During the summer months there is no sustained flow
in mainstem Black Creek below Northy Lake.Although this is
-"42 -
a natural occurrence it is aggravated by upstream irrigation
diversions.The only areas in the lower watershed that
maintain a sizable volume of summer water are:
1.Swamps 160 and 171 (including lower Ployart,
Area 4,and lower Kelland,Area 6,drainages}.
2.A few pools within the lower mainstem.
3.A few pools and a deep ditch within the
Surgenor system,Area 3,below swamp 163.
4.Swamps 166 (Larkin Lake)and 170 in Area 3.
5.Swamp 157 in Area 6.
Beaver dams,ponds,and natural channels are abundant
in the watershed above Northy Lake indicating that rearing
habitat for coho is not a limiting factor for this part of the
watershed.
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LAND DEVELOPMENT
Land reclamation,ditching,logging and clearing,
and urbanization,tend to cause a progressive degrad~tion of
the natural watercourse environment supporting fish life.
Most development activities result in a more rapid runoff
response of the watershed.Generally,peak flows are increased
and recession flows are reduced.This results in an increase
in erosion and incidence of flooding,coupled with reduced
low flows during the dry season.Low flows and increased
sediment loads resulting from erosion are particularly damaging
to fish life.Operation of equipment in<streams,construction
of barriers and stripping of streamside vegetation are direct
forms of degradation which also have severe effects on the
fishery and other aquatic life.The extent of land develop-
ment in the period 1968 to 1972 is shown in Figures 16 and 17,
and Table G.
Some control of development is presently exercised
through zoning,A.L.R.designation and tree farm licences
(Figures 18 and 19),but these controls are not directly related
to watershed characteristics and preservation of stream habitat
so that development allowed under all these controls could
result in progressive degradation of stream habitat.
Land development is discussed below under the separate
subject headings of:land reclamation,ditching,logging and
land clearing,and urbanization.Many developments,of course,
involve more than one of these activities.
Land Reclamation
The original swamp area in the Black Creek watershed
is estimated to have been approximately 3,186 acres (5 sq.miles).
4.
FIGURE 16
I.
DEPARTMENT OF THE ENVIRONMENT
FISHERIES SERVICE
BLACK CREEK
PLAN SHOWING LAND
DEVELOPMENT
1968 -1972
Mn JAN.~;;;;;;;W.F;e~••-~-I 1.55,"=I mile
--"".Field ••__.I
C:"ICJI R.Hamilt.n
p.44
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SCALE:
o 1/4 1/2 3/4 I MILE
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ACREAGE CLEARED ACREAGE +N CROPS
PERCENT
AREA WATERSHED SWAMP PERCENT PERCENT SPAWNING
NO.ACREAGE ACREAGE 1968 i972 INCREASE 1968 1972 INCREASE SUPPORTED
1.1446 35 230 259 13 56 167 198 30
2.549 23 200 200 0 76 114 50 1.3
3.3004 253 595 653 10 183 262 43 0.5 ~
4.2145 162 720 830 15 454 702 55 0 1-3
trJ
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5.881 112 373 393 5 192 222 16 12.5 Ul b::t
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6.1644 175 248 321 29 94 121 29 3.8 ):01 ~:::0 0
1-3 ):01 n ~
7.348 16 147 154 5 95 107 13 0 1-3 ~m.....):01
trJ Ib::t ~8.2835 465 46 118 156 20 20 0 10 t-<
):01
9.396 22 20 32 60 3 16 433 3 ~
):01
10.1231 292 92 126 37 60 96 60 0.3
11.598 55 ------3
12.1235 93 ----- -
0.6
13.1336 83 ------35
14.686 77 --- ---0
TOTAL:18,334 1,863 2,671 3,086 1,233 1,827
100
Percentage ,of watershed cleared:1968 -14.6 1972 -16.8 1-3
Percentage of watershed in crop:1968 -6.7 1972 -10.0 ~
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FIGURE 18
OII...WO •
ScaLI I I:50,000
p.47
DATC.JAN.1976
BLACK CREEK
LAND MANAGEMENT ZONES
..........,.......
",ilji:;:!~
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-.,
OlICK'R.HAMIL.TON
DEPARTMENT OF THE ENVIRONMENT
FISHERIES SERVICE
LEGEND
WATERSHED BOUNDARY
WESTERN LIMIT OF ZONING
TREE FARM LICENCE INSltE A.L.R.
TREE FARM LICENCE OUTSIDE A.L.R.
CROWN LAND
FOREST LAND PRIVATELY (IWNED
AGRICULTURAL LAND RESERVEA.L.R.
****
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~
fill
2~~(~~.r~~Sale l:SO,CIXl.~+125 ........'....--.~\~(I(l(t~k~~~Jl~~~~
DEPARTMENT OF THE ENVIRONMENT
FISHERIES SERVICE
BLACK CREEK
AGRICULTURAL LAND RESERVE
AND ZONING
FIGURE.19
DAn_.JAN.1976
8C4&.a t f:50,.000
.....110.
p.48
R.HAWILTON
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The swamp area remaining in 1975 was about 1,8p3 acres
{2.9 sq.miles}.Reclamation,then,has accounted for 1,323
acres or 42 percent of the original swamp area,up to 1975.
The main purpose of land reclmation has been for
agricultural development.Most of the reclamation has been
taking place in the southeastern half of the watershed for
vegetable and hay crops.As yet,land fills have not become a
factor;reclamation has been accomplished by land clearing,
removal of stream obstructions,and ditching.Approximately
56 percent of land bordering the accessible mains tern and
tributaries of lower Black Creek {from swamp 57 to mouth,
including Hendrick's ditch arid 1,000 feet of lower Millar Creek}
has been cleared on at least one side.
Swamps act as reservoirs to delay storm runoff so
that downstream flow decreases more slowly and persists for a
longer period.The beaver population has played an important
part in the hydrology of the watershed by building many sub-
stantial dams which have increased the total storage capacity
in the system considerably.Reclamation in the lower water-
shed has virtually eliminated the beaver·habitat in that area,
but in the more remote upper watershed active beaver dams
regulate the flows sufficiently to maintain small but important
flows through the summer low flow period.
The nature of discharge at the mouth,higher peaks
and faster reces~ions than the flow at recorder #1 {Figure 10},
reflects the effects of ditching,swamp reclamation~and clearing
in the lower watershed.As development proceeds,higher peak
flows,more erosion and lower low flows,or more extended dry
periods may be expected,especially along the lower mainstem of
Black Creek below Highway 19.
-50 -
Slaymaker and McPherson (1973)have reviewed the
work of a number of investigators showing that land clearing
for agricultural use inevitably results in an increase of
sediment yield.Bullard (1966)reports that,on the average,
0.25 rom of sediment (3 tons per acre)reaches the major streams
of the American Northwest wheat belt directly as a result of
agricultural activity.Jacobsen,Olafson and Roberts (1970)
in a study of soil erosion in New Brunswick 'showed that erosion
was slight under pasture,increased when corn was grown,and
was a serious problem where potatoes or other vegetables were
grown.Ursic and Dendy (1965)reported a range of annual
sediment yield of from 3.5 rom (.42 tons per acre)from corn-
fields to less than 0.0003 rom (0.0036 tons per acre)from pine
plantations.
Ditching
Approximately 70,000 feet (13.3 miles)of ditch
(Table H)associated with agricultural development and land
reclamation have been constructed in the lower part of the
watershed.
Ditch construction usually results in the removal
of streamside vegetation and the disturbance or destruction
of natural gravel beds.Ditches in the Black Creek watershed
are characterized by their muddy substrate.They are often
constructed in existing sluggish natural channels resulting
in faster runoff and a shorter runoff period.This is because:
1.Tne cross sectional area of the channel is
enlarged and "improved"in shape.
?.The frictional resistance of the channel is
reduced.
3.The slope of the channel is increased by
straightening.
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AREA TOTAL CLEARED DITCHED ACCESSIBLE1 SPA\VNABLE 2 COHO IN
LENGTH LENGTH LENGTH LENGTH LENGTH 1974
(ft.)(ft.)(ft.)(ft.)(ft.)
1.Lower Mainstem:23000 1000 -23000 3 21300 2400
i)Mouth Drainage.(600)--(400)(100 )(4 )
ii)Drainage #209.(1800 )--(1500)(1500)(4)
2.Hamm Road.11400 3780 3300 5280 1900 100
3.Surgenor Creek.22100 6000 7000 12540 5280 25 ~
8
4.Ployart Road.35000 23750 23000 30000 100 t"1-::0
u.l tl:l
5.Northy Lake Mainstem.14200 6900 7250 14000 5600 1000 :I:~t"1
6.Kelland Road.16700 10750 11100 16700 6150 300 t-e:J a ()
:J:l ~
::0 a
7.Drainage from:8 :J:l ()U1861i)Swamp #147.4000 3125 2975 4000 0 0 N:J:l I-'
ii)Swamp ·#148.4600 4600 4600 4600 0 0 t"1
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t<8.Ivli11ar Creek.206000 1000 1000 24000 23000 800 :J:l
9.Drainage #66.4000 3675 3675 4000 650 250 ::0t"1
10.Mainstem Swamp.25 :J:l194504300665019450100
11.Powerline Drainage.34000 0 0 3300 1300 250
12.Power1ine Mainstem:11700 0 0 11700 9250 50
i)Drainage Swamp #42.(8000 )--(4600 )(4600)(4 )
13.Upper Mainstem.20100 0 0 20100 20100 2800
14.Headwaters.24000 0 0 0 0 0
TOTALS:450,250 67,980 70,550 192,670 94,730 8,000
1.Accessible to migrating fish.8
2.Present length suitable for spawning.~
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3.Values in brackets refer to tributaries and are included in total for each area.t:-t
t"1
:I:
-52 -
Besides affecting the hydrology,ditches tend to
cause more erosion and transport greater quantities of
sediment because of the higher velocities produced.
Ditches,particularly new ditches,are poor fisheries
habitat for the follo~ing reasons:
1.Lack of shade,and resulting increased water
temperature.
2.Unsuitable substrate,muddy or silted.
3.Lack of cover (overhanging trees,other stream-
side vegetation,coarse gravel and boulders in
the stream).
An example of the effect of ditching is shown in
Figures 14 and 16 where a short reach of stream between swamps
155 and 157 has not been developed (because of different
ownership)and thus retains a natural stream still supporting
spawning.Fortunately,,some ditches rehabilitate in time,
providing the owner is not too diligent in their maintenance.
Coho may use ditches for spawning and rearing once gravel beds
and streamside vegetation become re-established.Some ditches
have been constructed with sudden drops or other obstructions
which hinder or pr-event migration.
Logging and Land Clearing
Large scale clear-cut logging of the watershed ~ook
place during the early 1900's and virtually all of the
extensive stands of coastal fir,western hemlock,and cedar
were removed by the late 1930's.Land clearing and settlement
followed in the wake of the logging operations,particularly
in the lower part of the"waters,hed.The nature of the terrain
made it especially suited to locomotive methods of logging,
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-53 -
and today old railroad grades can be found in all parts of the
watershed.In many instances,the network of old grades has
influenced the drainage pattern of storm runoff from tributaries
to Black Creek.In the upper watershed they have become fire
access roads and trails into reforested areas.A few are used
for present day log hauling operations.'In the lower populated
areas of the watershed,the old grades form the basis for the
local road system.
Approximately 15.4 square miles,or 52 percent of
the watershed is presently covered by'some form of forest land
tenure (Figure 18).Crown Zellerback own and control 11.5
square miles of forest land in the upper watershed,along and
mainly above the B.C.Hydro powerline,under Tree Farm Licence
No.2,dated January 24,1949.Logging within a T.F.L.is
controlled to some extent by the B.C.Forest Service.The
original T.F.L.2 permitted thinning only of timber under 100
years old,up to 1984,and after 1984 only mature timber may
be logged.On March 19,1979 Crown Zellerback revalidated
their licence for 21 years,up to 1991.Most of T.F.L.2
(8.2 square miles)is outside the A.L.R.(Figure 18).
Other Tree Farm Licences in the lower,more populated
part of the watershed account for 2.4 square miles of forest
land and the remainder,1.5 square miles,is privately owned.
The B.C.Forest Service has no control over logging practices
on private land not included in a T.F.L.
A piece of private land lying between Kelland Road
and Endall Road (Figure 18)was logged in 1975.The area of
watershed affected supported 400 to 1,000 coho spawners yearly
and was an excellent rearing area with a year-round water supply
from "Kelland Creek".Another area immediately east of the
intersection of Highway 19 and Howard Road was cleared in 1975.
-54 -
Clear-cut logging and land clearing,such as the
1975 activities,.have a number of adverse effects on water-
courses and the fish.The removal of forest cover,
destruction of undergrowth and forest litter,and disturbance
of the soil results in more flashy runoff.Large amounts of
soil and debris produced by logging operations are washed
into the stream,spoiling the spawning beds and disrupting the
aquatic organisms and insect fauna supporting rearing fish.
Soil disturbance and higher peak runoff causes further soil
erosion,turbidity,and siltation.Low summer flows may be
affected by changed draingage patterns;and summer water
temperatures,which may be very critical to rearing fish,
will be increased because of loss of stream bank shading.
Loss of stream bank cover also means loss of shelter from
predators and loss of desirable rearing habitat.Operation of
logging equipment in and across streams and road building
operations may cause problems.For example,an equipment
crossing over a spawning bed could destroy eggs incubating in
the gravel,and a road closely paralleling the stream may
contribute destructive quantities of silt and debris.
Urbanization
Urban development affects both water quality and
the hydrology.Natural cover is destroyed and the soil
structure disturbed during clearing and construction.Often,
there is excessive erosion during development resulting in
downstream siltation of spawning gravels and degradation of
water quality.Removal of forest cover,and replacement with
buildings,pavement and ditches or storm drains results in
faster runoff.Peak flows will be higher,increasing erosion
and the probability of flooding.Low flows may be further
reduced.Runoff from urban areas may be very toxic,par-
ticularly during a heavy rainfall after a long dry period.,
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-55 -
Higher population densities associated with urban development
results in more human interference with the physical environ-
ment of streams,the spawning grounds and the spawning fish.
Prior to 1974,the lower Black Creek watershed was
essentially a rural community with some minor building
activity taking place along Highway 19.Since then,several
developments have been started.An 88 acre area betwe~n
Surgenor Road and the extension of Howard Road north of Highway
19 (in Area 3)has been cleared and sold in 5 acre lots.
Most of the area between Kelland and Endall Roads on both sides
of swamp #160 and Black Creek has been cleared.It is under-
stood that this land will be subdivided.Landowners in Area
7 at the end of Kelland Road are contemplating building an
access road to their property near swamp #145.
There has also been some recent subdivision develop-
ment immediately to the north of the watershed at the end of
Macauley Road.It is probable that with the high growth rate
of the east side of Vancouver Island that urbanization will
soon become a·more serious consideration.
-56 -
SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS
A large proportion of the good spawning area in
the lower mains~em of Black Creek corresponds with seasonally
dry areas (Figures 5 and 14)that develop by the gradual dry
weather depression of the water table.This is a natural
occurrence,undoubtedly aggravated by irrigation withdrawals,
ditching,and ~wamp reclamation activities.It is not known
what flows would have to be released .from upstream storage to
maintain a suitable spawning flow because the water table
would have to be raised before surface flow in the stream
becomes stabilized.Once the ground water was replenished
by fall rains,storage could be used to augment natural surface
flows.
As the lower mainstem goes dry in the summer months
some of the juvenile fish may disperse into adjacent tribu-
taries or the estuary but many of them become trapped in
isolated pools as the surface flow diminishes.Attempts have
been made over the years to save the trapped juveniles by
capturing them and transporting them to more suitable habitats
in the system.Again,it would be difficult to maintain·
suitable rearing flows through the sections of the lower main-
stem that perennially dry out.Neither the storage required
nor the flows that would have to be released can be readily
calculated.Fortunately,certain "areas"or tributaries can
be treated separately;for example,Areas 13 and 14 (Figure 1).
These two cont~uous areas are in an undeveloped portion of
the watershed.Storage in Area 14 could be developed to pro-
vide guaranteed flows in Black Creek through Area 13 which
contains important spawning and rearing habitat.A more
detailed study of storage feasibility for this and the other
potential sites (pp 19)is necessary to determine the
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-57 -
economic balance between developable storage and suitable
fisheries flows.Releases from storage in the upper water-
shed would,of course,tend to improve conditions down through
the lower mainstem.
As flows in the lower mainstem have always been
critical,and are likely to remain so,it is inadvisable to
allow new water diversion licences unless they are to be
supported by storage.Swamps and depressions should be
reserved for this purpose.
Specific recommendations arising from this general
watershed study follow:
1.A study of storage potential of swamps and
lakes for fisheries and agricultural uses
should be undertaken •.Preferably,storage
for fisheries use should be in the less
developed,non-agricultural upper "areas"
of the watershed.
2.Suitable storage sites should be protected
by zoning,land acquisition,or other means.
3.Future water licences should be term licenses
or permanently cancellable (after a suitable
period of notice)by the Water Comptroller.
They should also contain clauses restricting
diversion to specific non-critical period~
of the year,if this is feasible,and pro-
viding for temporary suspension of the
licence if necessary for the preservation of
fish life.
4.All future water licences issued for purposes
commonly served by a municipal distribution
system should contain a clause to the effect
that they are cancellable when such a system
becomes available.
-58 -
5.Low level water storage in swampy areas should
be encouraged,providing suitable fish passage
and downstream flows can be maintained.Water
licences for storage should be for only the
high runoff period.
6.A green strip reserve should be placed on all
watercourses and swamps within the watershed
which are significant producers of trout and
salmon.This might be done by zoning or bylaw.
The green strip reserve should be defined by
linear boundaries,chosen during the legal
survey to enclose the meander belt wherever
possible and yet maximize the use of arable
upland.
7.Modfifications to green strips,such as removal
of tall trees shading farm lands,should be
permitted.Fencing of green strips should
only be necessary in those areas where concen-
trations of livestock could significantly
damage the stream and fish habitat.
8.Zoning or rezoning for land"uses associated with
concentrations of people,traffic,or pollution
should be located well away from important fish
producing waterways.
9.Guidelines should be developed for drainage,
ditching and land reclamation and a joint
arrangement made by the concerned agencies to:
a)Monitor drainage,ditching and land
reclamation work.
b)Check compliance with terms of water
licences.
c)Check operation of dams and other water
control works.
d)Read and maintain water level recorders.
e)Monitor logging and land clearing.
f)Monitor pollution sources.
A local resident guardian could perform these duties
with consultive help from the appropriate agencies.
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-59 -
10.The present Sturgess Road water recorder and
some of the critical lake or swamp staff
gauges should continue to be maintained and
read.
-60 -
REFERENCES
Associated Engineering Services Ltd.,"Regional Water Study,
School District 71 for Regional District of Comox -
Strathcona",1975.
B.C.Water Investigations Branch."Tsolum River Flooding,
Erosion and Irrigation Investigation",April,1968.
Bullard,W.E.1966."Effects of Land Use on Water Resources".
J.Water Pollution Control Fed.645-659.
Calver,G.L.,"Flooding Report".B.C.Department of
Agriculture,1963.
Chow,Ven Te,"Hydrologic design of culverts".J.Hyd.Div.
ASCE March,1962 p.39."
Jacobson,P.,Olafson,E.A.and Roberts,I.A.1970.
"Erosion Control in New Brunswick".Trans.Amer.Soc.
Agric.Eng.,459-461.
Slaymaker,H.O.,and McPherson,H.J.,"Effects of Land Use
on Sediment Production".In:Fluvial Processes and
Sedimentation,Proc.of Hydrology Sym.U.of A.
May 8 and 9,1973.pp.159-183.
Ursie,S.J.and Dendy,F.E.1965."Sediment Yields from
Small Watersheds under Various Land Uses and Forest
Covers".U.S.Department Agric.,Misc.Pub.970,47-52.
Van RySWyK,A.L.,and Bawtree,A.H.1971."Management and
improvement of meadows on organic soils of interior B.C.".
B.C.Dept.of Agriculture.
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Day .Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
1 15 5.5 0 0.2 25 55 46
2 25 5.5 0 0.4 32 49 42
3 23 7 0 0.4 28 44.5 48.5
4 17 8 0 0.3 24.5 60.5 69
5 n 8 0 0.1 20.5 no 70
6 9.5 7.5 0 0 18.5 181 64 (fl
7 8.5 6.5 0 0 21.5 366 57 c::
8 8 5.5 0 0 56 496 67 ~
9 6.5 4.5 0 0 63 351 74 ):lI
()
10 6 4 0 0 58 203 90 I:Ij
11 5 3.5 0 0 48.5 136 232 t'Ijto
12 4.5 4 0
0 40 105 540 Sf;
13 4 4 0 0 34.5 84 466 ()~()
14 3.5 3 0 0 29 67 432 •~
t'Ijt-o):ll 0'\
15 2.8 3 0 0 24 57 318 ..U)l-~()IV
(fl0'\~
16 2.2 2.5 0 0 21 50 192 •\0 ~I:Ij
17 1.6 2.2 0 1.3 19 45 149 ()~
18 1.2 2 0 1.4 17 43 172 0::u
19 0.7 1.4 0 1.2 16.5 52 191 t1
20 0.5 0.9 0 2.8 20 86 169 I:Ij::u
21 0.3 0.7 0 6.5 44.5 106 199 =#=
22 0.2 0.5 0 13.5 54 104 318 I-'
23 0.2 0.3 0 36.5 50 127 598
24 0.5 0.1 0 40 44.5 138 450
25 0.5 0 0 50 40 123 274
26 1.5 0 0 46 35 102 162
27 2.7 0 0 38 44 82 122
28 8 4 0 0.8 32 58 67 100
29 12 5.5 0 0.6 25 61 58 88
30 16 5.5 0 0.6 23 62 51 79
31 17 0 0.5 60 71
M 176.4 90.1 2.5 318.6 1169.5 3599 5949.5
r:--:r--n ~~r-J r----J r:-J ~L'"'J c=J c-:J IT1J ["""j r-----,r---n :J :J ~
r:r:rT ~r-'-~,r---"
l J c--l CJ ITTJ [[rJ l ....!J C"""J c-:J c-l ,------,,.---,,:-l r---'["':j ,----,
I
Day Jan Feb Mar Apr May .June .Iu1 Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
1 64 82 34.5 21.5 19.5 11.5 0.2 0.6 0 0 30 42
2 58 76.5 32 19.5 18.5 11 0.2 0.4 0 0 25 44
3 54 101 29 .18.5 17 9 0.1 0.4 0 0 22.5 43
-4 50 104 27 17.5 14 8 0.1 0.4 0 0 20 73
5 48 95 25 20 13 7 0 0.3 0 0 19 42
6 45 90 29 24 12 6 0 0.3 0 0 20 43
7 44 89 52.5 25 11.5 5.5 0 0.3 0 0 27 71
8 43 86 54 30 13 5.5 0 0.3 0 0 53 123 (J)
c:::
9 56.5 73 47 74 16 5 0 0.3 0 0 99 192 ~
10 54 69 41 95 16 4.5 0 0.3 0 0 125 208 ~
11 48.5 62 37 79 15 4.5 0 0.2 0 0.1 252 240 ()
t1j
12 44.5 56.5 71.5 65.5 14 4.5 0 0.2 0 0 334 459 I-Ijb:l
13 42.5 51 175 53 14 4 0 0.1 0 0 229 297 t"it"i
14 44 48 224 44.5 13 3 0 0 0 0 156 237 O~:E;()
15 42.5 60 218 38 12.5 2.5 0 0 0 0 149 368 ?::
().....~
16 39 115 175 34 12 2 0 0 0 O.1 112 525 •\0 1-3 ()0"1w
17.33.5 186 130 30.5 11.5 1.4 0 0 0 0.2 106 502 I-Ij-..J ~
•o~
18 30 177 99.5 28 11 0.9 0 0
0 ,1.5 101 366 en t1j·()?::
19 52 141 78 27 10 0.5 0 0 0 2.9 90 234 0
20 104 132 64 27 9 0.3 0 0 0 7.5 78 172 ~tl
21 129 87 54 27 9 0.2 0 0 0 20 66 136 t1j
~
22 163 71.5 47 26.5 9 O.1 0 0 0 54 54 110
220 43 25 0 0 0 0 123 45 90 =lI=
23 62 11 I-'
24 217 56 39.5 26 11 0 0 0 0 168 41 74
25 165 49 34.5 25 10 0 0 0 0 141 51 65.5
26 130 44.5 33.5 23.5 9.5 O.1 0 0 0 104 54 66
27 108 41 29.5 22 9 0.4 0 0 0 78 50 86
28 89 37 27.5 20 9 0.2 0.2 0 0 60.5 49 163
29 75 26 19.5 10.5 0.2 2.3 0 ,0 47 47 247
30 65 23.5 i9.5 '12.5 0.1 1.1 0 0 39 44 230
31 76 22 13 0.8 0 0 34.5 194
Total 2434 2342 2023 1005.5 386 97.9 5.0 4.1 0 881.3 2548.5 5742.5
Day Jan Feb Mar Apr May June Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
1 149 275 62 131 56.5 10.5 20.5 1 0 0.5 30.5 132
116 198 115 59 10 17.5 0.9 0 29.5 Ul
2 60 0.5 136 C
3 91 154 60 100 54 9.5 15.5 0.9 0 0.5 39.5 145 ~
4 74 130 58 88 49 9.5 14 0.8 0 0.6 42.5 138 :J::<n
5 65.5 107 56 78 47 9.5 13.5 0.7 0 0.6 38.5 138 tt:!
6 60.5 86 68 74 44.5 9.5 13 0.7 0.1 0.6
"37 127 t-r:ltxl
7 60 75 185 72 41 12 12.5 0.5 0.3 0.5 35 106 b~
8 65.5 65.5 310 109 36.5 17.5 12 O~4 0.4 1 101 93 ~n 0)
9 79 61 303 201 33.5 22 12 0.3 0.5 1.9 483 86 ~,J:.n ......:J::<
10 91 76.5 348 210 30.5 26.5 13.5 0.2 0.7 2.1 720 79 •1.08n1Tj~~11 87 91 380 169 29 27.5 16 0.1 1 2.1 515 69 ·......~
12 77 106 519 134 26.5 26 23 0 0.8 2.1 311 69 Ul tt:!tt:!·n~
""13 69 127 486 108 24.5 23 23.5 0 0.7 2.1 201 65.5 0
14 62 178 354 93 23.5 21 21 0 0.7 2.1 191 62 ~
15 60.5 264 314 82 24 19.5 17 0 0.6 2.1 176 59 tt:!
~
16 103 218 237 75 37 18 15 0 0.6 2 141 56.5 =It:
17 140 163 163 68 48 16.5 13.5 0 0.5 2 115 59 ......
18 201 132 127 62 46 15 12 0 0.5 2.5 93 60.5
19 273 117 105
58 43 13.5 10 0 0.4 9.5 97 61
20 251 103 88 57 39.5 12.5 9 0 0.4 19.5 113 60
21 181 92 76 58 34 12.5 8 0 0.3 26 121 58
22 135 91 72 61 29.5 12.5 7.5 0 0.3 53 "112 57
23 110 91 101 69 26.5 12.5 7 0 0.2 73 113 56.5
24 97 92 125 69 22.5 15.5 6.5 0 0.2 69 176 56
25 85.5 90 122 61 20 34.5 5.5 0 0.1 59 198 53
26 79 84 108 60.5 19 42.5 5"0 O.1 50 268 51
27 85.5 78 96 64 18 40 4.5 0 0.1 42 278 48
28 92 71.5 101 68 16 34 3.5 0 O.1 35 237 47
29 III 126 69 14 30 2 0 0.4 31 217 45
30 201 152 61 12 23.5 1.5 0 0.5 30.5 170 45
31 320 l47 12 1 0 30.5 48.5
Total 3672 3416.5 5509 2724.5 1016 586.5 356 6.5 10.5 553.8 5399.5 2366.5
r-:.~r-J r-----"['"J C--'l r:-J rJ r=-J r::-7J C':l rTTI ,----,,...----,r-----"r-J ~r-l ..-----,, J
r:T"':,r:-J r----:b,."'"rr:-J r-J rn rTJ [IT]DJrJ CTJ CJ r::=J LJ ,-------,["~r-J :-l c-J r-J
Day Jan Feb Mar Apr May June Ju1 Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
1 53 44 158 77 M 11.5 9.5,0.6 0 6 2.8 26.5
2 55 39.5 142 M M 11 8.5 0.5 0 6.5 3 23.5
3 53 '36.5 123 M M 10.5 8.5 0.4 0 8 4 19.5
4 53 34.5 109 M M 9.5 7.5 0.3 0 7.5 6.5 15.5
5 52 34.5 118 M M 9 7 0.2 0 7 8.5 13.5 Ul
6 51 38 141 M M 7.5 6.5 0 0 6 26 1l.5 c::
::0
7 51 54 146 M M 7 5.5 0 0 6 73 9.5 I-Ij
:P'
8 51 72 132 M M 6 5.9 0 0 6.5 122 8 n
9 52 76.5 130 M M 6 5.5 0 0 6.5 154 7.5 tz:l
10 52 76 205 M M 7 5.5 0 0 6.5 228 6.5 I-Ijttl
II 52 75 298 M M 19 7 0 0 6 M 6 b~
12 50 85 392 M 34.5 31 8.5 0 0 6 M 6 ~n
~
13 47 114 486 M 34.5 33 10 0 0 6-M 6 nl-':P'·\08n 0'1
14 45 124 402 M 33.5 29 10.5 0 0 6 M 5.5 I-Ij .......::0 U1
15 48 129 328 M 32 26 10.5 0 0 6 M 6 •N ~tz:lUltz:l
16 61 162 296 M 32 24 10 0.1 0 6 M 20 ·n~
0
17 70 196 269 M 33 22.5 9 0.4 0 6 M 99 ~
18 68 210 278 31 21.5 8 0.3 0 6 M 196 0
M tz:l
19 66 216 269 M 29.5 19.,5 7 0.3 0 5.5 M 400 ::0
20 69 284 226 M 27 18 5.5 0.2 1.7 5.5 M 350 =#:
21 79 304 182 25 16 0.2 3.5 6 M 221 I-'
M 5
22 79 269 180 M 24.5 15 3.5 0.1 2.5 6.5 M 143
23 77 236 179 M 23 15 3 '0.1 2.4 M M 119
24 81 198 191 M 21 14 2.4 0 2.2 M M 101
25 64 162 211 M 19.5 13.5 1.9 0 2.2 M M 137
26 57 142 182 M 17.5 13 1.7 0 2.1 M M 174
27 52.5 137 150 M 15.5 12 1.5 0 2 M M 179
28 49 156 126 M 14.5 1l;5 1.3 0 3 M M 148
29 47 168 108 M 14 11 1.1 0 4 M M 108
30 45 95 M 13.5 10 0.9 0 5.5 M 96
31 45 85 12 0.7 0 M 90
Total 1774.5 3872.5 6337.0 -(487)459.5 178.5 3.7 31.1 (l38)-2752
Day Jan Feb Mar Apr May June .Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
1 M 143 84 19.5 4 7 2.2 ·0 0 0 32 107
2 M 204 86 22 4 6 1.9 0 0 0 24.5 116
3 M 172 85.5 24.5 4 5.5 1.6 0 0 0 19.5 240
4 M 117 101 26.5 4.5 4.5 1.5 0 0 0 17 262
5 M 87 97 22.5 5.5 4.5 1.1 0 0 0 15 165
6 M 66 87 19.5 5 4 1.1 o.0 0 14 226
7 M 50 75 17 4.5 3.5 1.3 0 0 0 15 296
8 M 40 63 15.5 5 3.5 1.3 0 0 0 15.5 212
9 M 33.5 51 14 5 4 1.5 0 0 0 15.5 130 tilc:
10 M 30 47 13.5 5 4 1.7 0 0 0 18.5 95 ~
11 M 27 40 12 5 4 1.4 0 0 0 77 128 :J;:l
12 M 24 35 11.5 4 5 1.2 0 0 0 180 262 ()
t:t:l
13 M 21.5 31 10.5 3.5 6 1.2 0 0 0 179 384 t'1jttl
14 M 20.5 27 9 3
6 1.1 0 0 0 131 324 b~15 M 21 28 8.5 2.7 6 0.9 ·0 0 0 109 308 ()f-J:E:()
16 M 22 73 8 2.3 6 0.7 0 0 0 147 478 •\0 ~O"i
t'1j .......:J;:l O"i
17 M 22.5 93 8 2 6 0.6 0 0 0 156 378 •wl-3()
18 M 21.5 129 7.5 1.8 6 0.5 0 0 0 118 198
til ~~·19 M 20.5 262 7.5 1.8 5.5 0.4 0 0 1.2 82 114 ()~
20 M 19 218 7 1.8 5 0.3 0 0 6 73 180 0
21 M 18 138 6.5 1.9 4.5 0.2 0 0 12 97 295 ::tl1:1
22 M 17 94 6.5 2.1 4 0.3 0 0 12 100 237 t:t:l
::tl
23 M 15.5 71 6 8.5 3.5 0.2 0 0 10 81 150
24 M 15.5 55 5.5 52.5 3 0.1 0 0 17 67 129 =11=
I-'
25 M 15.5 43 5 59 3.5 0.1 0 0 26.5 60.5 127
26 M 28 35 5.5 42.5 3.5 0.1 0 0 25 56 102
27 M 57 29 5.5 28 3.5 0.3 0 0 30.5 79 79
28 M 71 24 5 19.5 3 0.2 0 0 55 112 65
29 M 21 4.5 15.5 2.8 0.1 0 0 60.5 115 56.5
30 124 19.5 4 11.5 2.4 0.1 ·0 0 51 107 46
31 129 19.5 9 0 0 0 42 38
Total -1399.5 2261.5 338 324.4 135.7 25.2 0 0 348.7 2313 5727.5
r-r----:r---r-J ~C-,[J [""'""J L"""J CD C"'J.Ldd,J ..----.,,J r---"1
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rT":~r-:r---J ri ~:-:TJ E'"TJ [[)CJ CJJ CJ r-J rJ c--;:-J :J I!~:-l
Day Jan Feb Mar Apr May .June Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
1 29.5 57 235 132 10.5 2.5 0 0.8 0 0 0 42
2 23 61 195 122 10 2.5 0 0.8 0 0 0 63
3 19 74 120 102 9 2.5 0 0.7 0 0 0 101
4 16 83 86 81 8,5 2.5 0 0.6 0 0 0 140
5 14 80 72 109 8 2.5 0 0.5 0 0
0 122 en
6 12 71 55 185 7.5 2.5 0 0.3 0 0 0 105 C
7 10.5 55 52 168 7.5 2.4 0 0.2 0 0 0 101 ~
8 9.5 48 36 126 7 2.3 0 0.1 0 0 0.3 89 :J:"(')
9 8.5 42.5 53 95 6.5 2.2 0 0
0 0 2.5 81 trJ
10 8.2 39 212 74 5..8 2.1 0 0 0 0 5 84 "%Jtl::l
11 8 36 222 71 6 2 0 0 0 0 12.5 113 t""t""
O:J:"
12 8 38 162 56 6.5 1.8 0 0 0 0 37 119 (')~~(')
13 8 90 127 44 6 1.6 0 0
0 0 36 141 •1.0 ~
"%J-....J:J:"~
14 42 204 101 35 6.5 1.4 0 0 0 0
28 142 •~t-3 (')-....Jen::tI
15 179 203 100 31 8 1.4 0 0 0
0 21 127 ·'~~
16 304 214 140 27 7.5 1.2 0 0 0 0 16 142 (')~
17 208 186 153 23 6.5 1.1 2.5 0 0
0 24 195 0
::tI
18 159 179 122 22 5.8 0.9 4 0 0 0 42 211 t:l
19 201 142 90 19 5 0.8 4 0 0 0 47 179 trJ
::tI
20 154 103 74 17 4.5 0.6 3.5 0 0 0 56 130 '*21 104 130 53 16 4 0.5 3 0 0
0 67 113 I-'
22 80 140 43 16 4 0.4 2.8 0 0 0
70 92
23 83 121 36 15 4 0.1 2.4 0 0
0 77 74
24 120 210 32 14 4.5 0 2.1 0 0 0 205 61
25 136 268 30 13 5.5 0 1.8 0 0 0 407 61
26 115 200 97 17.5 5.8 0 1.6 0 0 0 '284 69
27 99 124 296 18.5 5.5 0 1.4 0 0 0
150 71
28 83 152 318 17 4.5 0 1.3 0 0 0 92 60
29 71 245 14 4 0 1.2 0 0 0 65 53
30 57 204 12.5 3.5 0 1
0 0 0 49 49
31 48 144 3 1 0 0 43
2417.2 3350.5 3905 1692.5 190.9 37.8 33.6 4.0 0 0
1793.3 3173
DAY JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JOO JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
1 2 0.6 0.5 0.6 M M M
2 1.8 0.9 0.5 0.6
3 1.6 1.1 0.5 0~6
4 1.4 1 0.6 0.6
5 1.3 0.8 0.5 0.6
6 1.2 0.7 0.5 0.5
7 1 0.6 0.5 0.6
8 1 0.6 0.5
M (fl
0
9 1 0.6 0.4 M ~
10 1 0.6 0.4 M ~
11 1 0.6 0.5 M ()
tt:I
12 1 0.6 0.5 M
13 0.8 0.6 0.4 M
I-1jIl1
t'it'i
14 0.8 0.6 0.4 M O~
()I-'~()
15 1 0.6 0.4 M ·~~0'\
16 0.9 0.6 0.4 M 1-tj0'\~ex>
•\0 t-3 ()
17 0.7 0.6 0.5 M (fl ~~·18 0.9 0.5 0.5 M
19 0.9 0.6 0.5 M ()~
0
20 0.6 0.6 0.4 M ::tt
0
21 0.6 0.6 0.4 M I:I:I
22 0.7 0.5 0.4 M ::tt
23 0.9 0.5 0.4 M '*1=
N
24 0.8 0.4 0.4 M
25 0.9 0.5 0.4 M
26 0.9 0.5 0.5 M
27 0.7 0.5 0.7 M
28 0.7 0.4 0.7 M
29 3.8 0.7 0.4 0.6 M
30 2.8 0.6 0.4 0.6 M
31 2.2 0.5 0.6 M
TOTAL 29.4 18.6 15.1
r--~.~r-;-.r--l r:--J ~r-J r:-J1 r-::J r:-J Ld.LJ r--'--:-J ~J ~:-JlJ
r:TI r;'j ~rJ r-:~r---"1 L7TJ [J[;[J C-:TI c-J c-.J ~:-J ~~'J :-l c-l"_,_",,.J L j J
DAY JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
1 M M
M M 5 0.6 1 0.6 1 4
1 10
2 7 0.6 1 0.6 1 3.6 0.9 8
3 6.5 0.6 0.9 0.5 1 0.5 1.3 6.5
4 6 0.5 0.9 0.5 1 0.4 3.6 5.5
5 5 0.4 0.8 0.5 1.5 0.4 4 5
6 4.5 0.4 0.7 0.4 1.7 0.4 20.5 4.5
7 4 0.5 0.6 0.4 1.7 0.4 50 4 (Jl
c
8 3.7 0.5 0.6 0.6 2.5 0.4 59 3.5 ::0
9 3.1 0.5 0.6 0.6 2.3 0.4 76 3 "":!
:J:!
10 2.9 0.9 0.7 0.6 2 0.3 128 3 ()
tt:I
11 2.8 2.6 1 0.7 1.9 0.4 58 3 "":!tP
12 2.6 3.2 1.7 0.7 1.9 0.4 30 2.5 t"lt"l
13 2.4 2.8 1.6 0.6 1.9 0.4 18.5 3 .
O:J:!()I-'~()
14 2.3 2.5 1.4 0.7 1.9 0.4 13 2.5 •1.0 ~
IS 2.2 2.3 1.3 0.8 1.8 0.3 10.5 8 "":!-...J:J:!0'\
•N!-3()1.0
16 2.3 2.4 1 1.3 1.8 0.4 8 50 (Jl ::0·~~17 2.1 2.3 0.9 1.1 1.8 0.4 7 54
18 1.9 2.1 0.8 1 2.2 0.4 6 181 ()~
0
19 1.7 1.8 0.6 1 2.3 0.4 6 218 ::0t1
20 1.6 1.6 0.6 0.9 3.6 0.4 5.5 68 tt:I
21 1.5 1.3 0.5 1.1 4 0.5 5 43 ::0
22 1.5 1.5
0.5 1.2 3.9 0.5 5 31 '*N
23 1.4 1.5 0.5 1.2 3.9 0.6 8 29.5
24 1.3 1.4 0.6 1.1 3.8 0.6 8 27
25 1.2 1.5 0.6 1 3.6 0.6 9 62
26 1 1.4 0.6 1 3.6 0.6 9 56
27 4.5 1 1.3 0.6 1 3.5 0.6 8.5 51
28 5 0.9 1.3 0.6 1 3.8 0.7 11 35
29 5.5 0.7 1.3 0.5 1 3.8 0.6 11 27
30 5 0.6 1.2 0.6 1 3.9 0.6 10.5 27
31 0.7 0.6 1 0.6 27
TOTAL 81.4 42.8 24.9 25.7 74.6 21.2 591.8 1058.5
DAY JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
1 31 55 25 4.5 1.4 3.4 1.1 0.4 0.3 0.3 11 33
2 39 79 21.5 6 1.3 2.9 1 0.4 0.3 0.3 9.5 39
3 27 48 24 6.5 1.9 2.6 '0.9 0.3 0.3 0.3 8 163
4 20 29.5 25 7 2 2.3 0.9 0.4 0.2 0.3 8 68
5 14 20 24 6.5 2 2.1 0.7 0.4 0.3 0.4 7 48
6 11.5 14.5 21 6 1.8 2.2 0.9 0.2 0.3 0.4 6.5 130
7 10 11 16.5 5 1.8 2.2 1.3 0.3 0.2 0.4 7.5 130 en
8 11 10 14.5 5 2.2 2.2 1.2 0.2 0.2 0.6 7 55 c
~9 7.5 9.5 12.5 5 2.2 2 1
0.2 0.2 0.7 7 33 :t:"
10 5 8 M 4.5 2.1 2.2 1 0.2 0.1 0.7 10.5 27 n
11 5.5 7 4 1.9 2.2 0.8 0.2 0.1 0.7 52 55 ttj
tx1
12 10 6.5 3.9 1.8 3.9 0.7 0.2 0.1 0.8 63 148 I'%jt"'
t"':t:"
13 16.5 6 3.8 1.6 4 0.6 0.2 0.1 '0.7 42 187 on
14 66 6 3.5 1.5 3.9 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.7 29 79 ()I-'~~
•\D
233 0 0.6 29.5 160 I'%j-..,J:t:"n -..,J
15 '5.5 3.3 1.3 3.5 0.5 0.1 fnWI-3 G5
0
16 250 6 3.1 1.3 3.5 0.5 0.4 0 0.6 54 309
17 95 6 2.9 1.2 3.4 0.4 0.5 0.1 0.6 43 85 .G5~
18 47 5 2.8 1.1 3.1 0.3 0.5 0.1 0.9
29 39 n
0
19 44 5 2.4 1 2.6 0.3 0.4 0.2 1.8 20 24.5 ?j
20 181 4.5 2.2 1.1 2.3 0.3 0.3 0.6 4.5 21.5 95 t:l
ttj
21 178 4.5 2.2 1 2.2 0.3 0.3 0.5 7 29.5 148 ?j
22 85 4 2.2 1 1.9 0.7 0.3 0.4 6 24.5 66 "*
23 115 3.9 2.1 6 1.6 0.9 0.3 0.4 5 21.5 39 N
24 122 3.8 2 27 2.4 0.7 0.3 0.3 11 18 39
25 71 4 1.9 18.5 3.4 0.8 0.2 0.3 15.5 17 39
26 41 10 1.8 13 2.6 0.7 0.3 0.3 11.5 16 30
27 27 14 1.7 10 2.1 0.6 0.3 0.3 14 24 22
28 21 16 1.6 7 1.6 0.5 0.3 0.3 31 33 17
29 26 1.5 6 1.3 0.5 0.3 0.2 22.5 32 14
30 41 1.4 5 1.2 0.4 0.3 0.3 16.5 30 11.5
31 40 4 0.4 0.4 14 10.5
TOTAL 1891 .402.2 106.3 131 76.8 21.4 9.2 7.1 170.3 710.5 2343.5
r;r--1 r---"'
l-,.J r---l r---;r-;r-Jr-Jr:-:JC'""""Jc-lr"'"7Jr--l ,..----,:-l :-l :J :--J
~r--::r--'"'i,c-J ........---.
L ~:l CJl IJI1C !LTI ~Ll.),..----.,r-----:r-:,---,
J :-J ~•j
DAY JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
1 9 15.5 113 35 3.5 1.4 0.2 0.2 0 0.2 0.1 11
2 8
16 52 29 3.1 1.3 0.1 0.2 0 0.1 0.1 13
3 6 20 29 21 2.9 1.4 0.2 0.2 0 0.1 0.1 32
4 5 24.5 21.5 16.5 2.4 1.6 0.1 0.2 0 0.1 0.2 44
5 4 21.5 16;5 38 2.4 1.5 0.1 0.1 0 0 0.5 M
6 3.8 19 13 71 2.5 1.3 0.1 0.1 0 0 0.8 M
7 3.1 15.5 11.5 46 2.3 1.3 0.1 0.1 0 0 0.7 M
8 2.9 14 10 31 2.2 1.2 0.1 ..·0.1 0.1 0 1.5 M (/)
9 2.4 12.5 21 21 2.2 1.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 0 1.8 M c::
10 2.3 11.5 10.5 16.5 2.4 1 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 1.6 M ~
:J>I
11 2.3 11.5 62 15.5 2.5 0.9 0.6 0.1 0 0.1 5 M t"'
12 2.3 12 48 11.5 2.3 0.7 0.5 0.1 0 0.1 18 M
(')
tt:l
13 4.5 52 36 10.5 3.8 0.7 0.3 0 0 0.1 13 M ttl
14 22 118 27 9.5 3.9 0.6 0.2 0 0 0.1 9.5 M ~~
15 181 71 32 8.5 3.9 0.6 0.2 0 0 0 7 M (')1-'0(')
•\0 ~~
16 102 82 46 7.5 3.3 0.6 0.6 0 0 0 5.5 M 11j-...J -...J•of»:J>I (')
17 49 56 45 6.5 2.8 0.5 1.3 0 0 0 10.5 M (/)8:;d ~
18 98 62 29 6 2.3 0.3 1.2 0 0 0
19 M ·tt:l
:;dtt:l
19 75 45 20 5.5 2 0.3 1.2 0 0 0.1 18 M tt:l~
(')
20 40 34 14.5 5 2 0.2 1 0 ·0 0.2 21 M 0
21 24.5 51 11.5 5 1.8 0.3 0.8 0 0 0.1 21.5 M :;d
0
22 20 48 10.5 5 1.8 0.2 0.7 0 0 0 22 M t':J
:;d
23 24 49 9 5
2 0.2 0.7 0 0 0 26 M
24 36 144 8 4.5 2.4 0.2 0.6 0 0 0 169 M =ll=
IV
25 41 120 8 4.5 3.4 0~2 0.6 0 0 0 264 M
26 30 51 29 6 2.8 0.2 0.6 0 0 0 63 M
27 24 36 172 5 2.3 0.2 0.6 0 0 0.4 33 M
28 21 79 102 4.5 2 0.2 0.5 0 0 0.2 20 M
29 17 64 4 1.7 0.2 0.5 0 0 0.1 14 M
30 14 66 4 1.6 0.2 0.3 0 0 0.1 11.5 M
31 14.5 38 1.5 0.3 0 0.1 M
TOTAL 888.6 1291.5 1175.5 458.5 78.0 20.6 14.8 1.6 0.4 2.3 777.9
DAY JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
1 14 1.0 76 12 2.3 1.3 0.9 0.1 0.7 0.2
2 16.5 9 113 11.5 3 1.3 0.6 0.1 0.6 0.2
3 34 8 92 12 17 1.2 0.6 0.2 0.5
4 32 8 50 15 29 1.2 0.5 0.1 0.5
5 42 9.5 32 15 21.5 1.1 0.5 0.1 0.4
6 46 6.5 24 14 14 1 0.5'0.1 0.4 (J)c::
7 31 6 18 12 11 0.9 0.4 0.2 0.4 ~
8 23 6 15.5 11 9 0.8 .0.4 0.1 0.4,~
9 16.5 6 14 10 7 0.8 0.4 0.1 0.3 ()
t<:1
10 13 5.5 14 9 6 0.7 0.3 0.1 0.3 t'ljtJj
11 11 6 13.5 8 7 0.7 0.3 0.1 0.3 S~12 12 10 14.5 7 5.5 0.7 0.3 0.1 0.3 ()I--'~()
13 12 5.5 16.5 6 4.5 0.6 0.3 0.1 0.3 •\0 ~
t'Ij--.J~
14 8 6
17.5 5.5 4 0.6 0.3 0.1 0.3 •U1 1-3 ()--.J
15 7 6 35 5 4 0.6 0.4
0.1 0.3,(J)'~~N·16 7 6.5 48 4.5 3.7 0.6 0.3 0.1 0.3
t<:1t<:1
()~
17 10 7 52 4 3.1 0.5 0,3 0.1 0.3 0
18 12 8 56 4 2.9 0.5 0.3 0.1 0.2 El
19 14 14.5 41 4 2.6 0.5 0.3 0 0.2 t<:1
20 14.5 17 28 4 2.3 0.4 0.3 0 0.3 ~
,21 14.5 14.5 34 3.7 2.4 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.3 =#:
IV
22 16 14 82 3.9 2.9 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.3
23 28 27 58 4.5 3.2 0.6 0.2
0.2 0.3
24 28 30 34 5 2.9 0.6 0.2 0.1 0.3
25 22 24.5 21.5 4 2.6 0.6 0.2 0.1 0.2
26 17 .5 24 16.5 3,.8 2.3 1.3 0.2 0.6 0.3
27 13 23 13 3.3 2.1 1.2 0.1 0.6 0.3
28 11 31 11 2.9 1.9 1.3 0.1 0.7 0.3
29 10 10.5 2.4 1.7 1.3 0.1 1.0 0.2
30 8 10.5 3 2.1 1 0.1 1.0 0.2
31 8 10 1.6 0.1 0.7
TOTAL 551.5 349 1071.5 210 185.1 24.8 9.9 7.2 10.0
r---'r-rn r--;rl L""""""'!~rJ C'Jj C'J ~,CJj r----"'~~~:-l rJ rJ
r:T1 r""l r:J CJ ~C"J r=:J [IT]][][J ITJO L....J LJJ LJ ~;----;!~rJ :--j c-l
DAY JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
1 4.4 3.5 1.8 2.3 4.8 13 10
2 4.3 5.2 1.8 2.4 5.4 12 10
3 4 6 1.8 2.4 4 11 12.5
4 3.8 5 1.9 2.3 3.5 20.5 17.5
5 3.4 3.8 2.5 2.1 3.4 60 14.5
6 3.4 3.3
2.7 2.1 3.1 262 13.5
7 3.4 3.1 2.4 2.1 4.4 505 12
8 3.4 3 2.4 2 10 181 14.5
9 3.1 2.7 2.3 1.9 10 38 15 (J)c::
10 3 2.6 2.2 1.9 9.5 25.5 20.5 ~I'tj
11 2.9 2.7 2.2 1.9 7.6 20 372 :J;:l
12 3 3.1 2.3 2 5.9 17 286 0
tr:l
13 3 2.9 2.5 2.1 4.9 14.5 194 I'tjt:J:l
14 3 3.1 2.4 2.1 4.4 13.5 170 .t-t t-t
15 2.7 2.7 2.4 2.1 4.1 12.5 35.5 O:J;:l
Ol-':E:o
16 2.6 2.5 2.3 2.4 3.9 11.5 25 •1.0 ~....]I'tj0"l:J;:l
17 2.6 2.4 2.1 4.6 3.7 10.5 28 •1.01-:30 w
18 2.4 2.3 2.3 6 3.4 10 66 (J)~~·
19 2.3 2.2 2.4 5.2 3.9 11 38 O~
20 2.4 2 2.4 5.3 10.5 19 31 0
21 2.5 2 2.4 4.1 15.5 22 76 ~t:I
22 2.6 2 2.3 5.1 14 19 366 tr:l
~
23 3.5 1.9 2.1 9 12 29 344
24 6.5 10.5 28 51 =#:
5.1 1.8 2 w
25 4.1 1.7 2.4 7.7 9 21 31
26 4.1 1.6 2.6 5.4 8.5 17 25
27 3.9 1.7 3.3 4.2 14.5 14.5 21
28 6.1 4.7 1.8 3.3 3.4 17 13 20
29 9 4.5 1.8 2.8 3.2 16 12 19.5
30 5.9 4.1 2 2.7 3.9 15.5 11 18
31 4.7 1.9 2.5 14.5 17
TOTAL 102.2 84.3 73.5 107.7 257.4 1454 1374
DAY JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
1 15.5 14 9 7
6 3.8 3 3.3 1.7 2.8 8 16
2 15 15 8.5 6.8 5.8 3.4 3.2 3 1.7 2.8 8 13.5
3 14 18 8 6.6 5.4 3.2 3.3 2.7 1.9 2.8 1.5 13.5
4 13.5 16 8 6.5 5.4 3.1 3 2.6 2 2.9 7 13
5 13 15 8 7.7 5.1 3 2.6 2.5 2.1 2.8 7 17.5
6 12 15.5 10 8 4.7 3 2.3 2.5 2.6 2.6 7.5 28
7 12 16 12 7.6 4.6 2.8 2.3 2.4 2.8 2.6
10.5 120 (Jl
8 .12 15 11 10 6.1 2.7 2.2 2.5 3.1 3.2 17 116 d
9 14 14 9.5 18 6 2.8 2.1 2.6 3.2 6 31 37 !;d
~
10 12 13 9 14 5.7 2.9 1.9 2.4 4.1 4.8 42 192 :J:l()
11 12 12 8 12 5.2 3 1.9 2.2 4 4.5 64 308 tt:l
12 10.5 11 20 10.5 5 2.8 1.8 2.3 3.8 4.2 68 43.5 ~tJj
13 10.5 11 42 9 5 2.7 1.7 2.4 3.6 3.7 31 34 b~
14 11 11 47 8 4.7 2.6 1.6 2.2 3.5 3.4 23 118 ()I-'~()
15 10 14 31 7.6 4.9 2.6 1.5 2.1 3.5 3.4 23 270 •\.0 ~
~-..J:J:l
16 9 37 22 7.1 4.7 2.6 1.5 2 3.8 3.2 30 386 .O!-3()...,J
(Jl ~~~
17 8.5 37 16.5 7 4.5 2.6 1.4 1.9 3.3 3.5 25.5 148 .
18 9 24 14 7 4.2 2.5 1.4 1.9 3.1 8.5 21 50 ()~
19 19.5 18.5 12.5 7.8 3.9 2.4 1.4 1.9 3.2 11 17.5 34 0
!;d
20 21 16 11 7.4 3.7 2.3 1.5 1.7 3 18 15.5 31 1:1
21 34 14 10.5 7.1 3.9 2.2 1.5 1.7 3.3 25.5 13 25 tt:l
!;d
22 38 13 10 6.9 5.1 2.2 1.4 1.7 5.4 152 11 22.5 '*1=
23 47 12 9.5 6.6 4.8 2.1 1.2 1.6 4.3 204 13 19 w
24 29 11 9 7.1 4.1 2 1.1 1.6 3.5 47 15.5 16.5
25 22 11 8.5 6.6 4 2.3 1.2 1.6 3.3 24 14 15.5
26 19 10.5 8 6.6 3.7 3.4 1.9 1.7 3.1 17 14 16
27 17 10 8 6.1 3.5 5 3.8 1.9 3 13.5 15 24.5
28 15 9.5 8 5.9 4.1 3.3 6 2 3 11 13.5 56
29 14 7.5 6.1 5.8 3.1 12 2 2.9 10 13 52
30 13 7.5 6.2 5.4 2.9 7 1.9 2.8 9 13.5 41
31 15 7 4.4 4.4 1.8 9 30
TOTAL 517 434 410.5 240.8 149.4 85.3 83.1 66.6 94.6 618.7 599.5 2307
r-r-l ~L ...•rJ r---"r:-J ~r:J r.=J C"""J.r:-J.CJ r---:L j
r---:
l 'rJ r--J :--:l ~rJ
rrn r-::J rl ~L"l c-:l r-=J [[""1][JiLJ ITlO L ....J l.JJJ ~'L ...J ~c--J rl l3 LJ r-l
DAY JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
1 24 40 15 20.5 17.5 5.5 8.5 8 6 7.2 11 22.5
2 20 30.5 17.5 19.5 16 7.1 8 8 6.2 7.2 11 37.5
3 19.5 25 16.5 18 15.5 8.5 8 8 6.5 7.4 13 32
4 16 23.5 14.5 17 .5 15.5 9 8 8.5 6.9 8 13 28
5 15 20 13 18.5 15.5 9 8.5 8 8 8 13 .27
6 14.5 20 18 19 13'9 9
8 8 7.9 12 22
7 14 17 .5 116 20 12 14 9 7.9 7.5 7.7 12 18
8 15.5 15.5 37 62 11 14 9 7.6 8.5 7.5 32 28
9 19.5 14 56 56 10.5 13 9.5 7.3 8 7.4 720 22 (f)
c:::
10 20 19.5 63 35 10 13 9.5 7 8.5 7.4 370 18 ~
11 20 21 142 26 9 12 10 6.6 8.5 7.7 56 18 :J>I
12 18 28 330 22 8.5 11 9.5 6.7 8 8 30 24 ()
tIj
13 16.5 31.5 60 19.5 8 10 9 6.2 7.7 8 36.5 20 I-Ijt:tl
14 15 76 64 19 8 9.5 9 7.1 7.3 8 47.5 18 t"'lt"'l
15 23.5 58 43 19.5 10 9.5 9 7.2 7.1 8.5 31 15.5 ()O:J>l
5.I-'~()
16 44.5 32 29 18.5 18 9 9 7 6.7 _8 23 15 1-Ij\O ~•-.J:J>I
17 61 24 23.5 17 15 9 9
6.9 6.6 8 18.5 15.5 (f)1-'8()-.J
U1
16 16 .~~18 61 23 20 16.5 12 9 9
6.9 6.6 8
19 61 21 18.5 16.5 11 9 8.5 6.9 6.6 21 23 16 tIjtIj
()~
20 34 18.5 17 .5 18 9 8 8.5 6.9 6.5 14 30 15 0
21 25 18 16 18.5 8 8.5 8.5
7.1 6.3 12 26 15 E5
22 22 19.5 17 19.5 7.3 9 8.5 7.1 6.1 43 21 14.5 tIj
~
23 19.5 19.5 24 22 6.6 9 8 6.9 6.5 29 28 15 =11=
24 19 21 25.5 19 6.1 11 8 6.8 6.6 18.5 66 15 w
25 17 19.5 22.5 19 5.9 14 8 6.6 6.6 15 42 14.5
26 17.5 19 19.5 23 5.5 11 8.5 6.6 6.5 13 190 14
27 20 18 19 23 5.1 10 8.5 6.3 6.1 11.5 44.5 13.5
28 20 16 23.5 19.5 4.6 9 8 6 6 10.5 62 13.5
29 29 33 17.5 4.3 9 8 5.8 7 10 41 13
30 190 30 17.5 4.5 8 8 5.9 7.2 11 27 13
31 90 25 4.5 8 5.7 11 13
TOTAL 1001.5 709 1369 677 307.4 296.6 267.5 217.5 210.6 359.4 2066 582
DAY JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
1 13 M M 17 14 2.6 2.3 0.6 0.3 2 1.6 13.5
2 13 17 13"2.5 2.4 0.5 0.3 1.7 3.6 12
3 13 16.5 -12 2.3 2.4 0.5 0.3 1.7 6.2 10
4 13 16.5 12 2.2 2.3 0.5 0.3 1.3 10 8.5
5 12 .5 16 11.5 2.4 2.2 0.5 0.3 1.2 8.5 7.4
6 12.5 17 10.5 2.3 2.1 0.5 0.3 1.1 36 6.6
7 12.5 24 10 2.2 2 0.4 0.3 1.2 172 5.3
8 13 38 9 2.1 2.3 0.4 0.8 1.2 108 4.6 (J)
9 12.5 46 8.5 2.1 2.2 0.4 .2.3 1.3 258 4.7 c.:
10 12 43.5 8 5.2 2.5 0.4 1.3 1.3 250 4.2 ~
:J;,t
11 12 36 8 12 3.2 0.4 0.8 1.2 56 4.3 (1
12 12 29 7.2 6.6 4.3 0.4 0.7 1.1 29 4.1 I:tj
13 12 25 6.8 4.4 3.5 0.5 0.6 1.1 20 3.8 I'!jtxl
14 12 22 6.5 3.6 3.1 0.5 0.5 1.1 15 3.7 (1 8S;
15 12 23.5 61 20 6.6 3.5 2.6 0.4 0.5 1 12 4.2 •.....~(1I'!j~~
16 12 68 70 19 7.3 3.6 2.2 1.2 0.5 1 9 22 •--.J:J;,tCJ)N!-3(1
17 16.5 39 69 20.5 6.5 3.3 1.9 1.6 0.6 1 8 132 ·6l~~
0"1
18 16 29 136 19 6 3.2 1.6 1 0.7 1.1 7.1 226
19 15 41 74 17 5.2 2.7 1.3 0.8 1.4 1.1 7.3 354 (1~
0
20 15 76 42 16 4.7 2.3 1 0.7 2.4 1.2 6.6 90 ::0
21 17.5 41 34 15.5 4.2 2.2 0.8 0.6 8.5 1.5 6.1 49 0
I:tj
22 M 41 47 15 4.6 2.3 0.7 0.7 5.9 1.7 6 36 ::0
23 33 43.5 14 4.1 2.6 0.8 0.7 5.5 1.8 9 34 :#:
24 M 68 13 3.6 2.2 0.9 0.6 3.2 1.6 9.5 29 w
25 46.5 13 3.4 2.1 1.1 0.6 2.2 1.8 11.5 39
26 30 13 3.3 1.9 1.3 0.5 1.9 1.9 11 66
27 25 13 3.1 2.2 1 0.4 1.6 1.9 10 78
28 22.5 16 3 2.3 0.9 0.4 2 1.9 16 38
29 20.5 16 2.8 2.2 0.8 0.4 2.3 1.9 14 28
30 20.5 14 2.8 1.9 0.7 0.4 2.1 1.9 12 29
31 17.5 2.6 0.6 0.4 1.8 23
TOTAL (27Q)(391.5)e827)617.5 211.8 93 57 17.9 50.4 44.6 1130 1369.9
~r-1 r-:l'""r-J c-J r-:J rr:=:l t ....J C'J.rT'J ro r--"1L.J 'r-l r-l rJ ~~rJ
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k J c-J c:J nn L.lIlLJ L.~JJ U ...J C ...o r---J r---1,J
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DAY JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
1 31 47 ,29.5 19,M M M M M M M M
2 39 82 26 M
3 28 40 34
4 22 28.5 39
5 18 23 28
6 14 19.5 27
7 13 19 23.5
8 10.5 15.5 19
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9 9 14.5 17 ;:g
10 9 14 16 ~
11 11.5 13 15.5
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12 19 12 15 1-tjtl1
13 25 11.5 14 t"'it"'i
14 106 11 12.5
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15 368 12 13
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16 282 12 22 Ulw8n -...J
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17 59 12.5 21 ~~
18 38 12 56 n~
19 39 12 135 0
20 220 11 39
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21 106 11 26
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22 59 10 20.5
23 110 10 18
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24 184 10 16
25 54 10 14.5
26 33 19.5 13.5
27 27 29.5 13
28 27 23.5 12
29 38 11.5
30 36 12
31 34 19
TOTAL 2069 545.5 778
DAY JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
1 M M 124 50 6.9 2.3 0.9 0.3 0.1 0.6 4.1 14
2 39 37 6.5 2.3 0.8 0.2 0.1 1.6 4 32
3 27 29 6.1 2.4 0.8 0.2 0.1 0.8 4.1 59
4 24 24 5.5 2.6 0.8 0.2 0.1 0.6 4.3 49.5
5 22 54 5.4 2.3 0.8 0.2 0.1 0.6 5.6 29
6 18.5 82 -5.5 2.2 0.6 0.2 0.1 1.2 8 33
7 16.5 30 6 2.1 0.6 0.2 0.1 1.9 6.5 29 CIl
8 15.5 25.5 5.2 1.9 0.6 0.1 0.2 2.3 8 24.5 c:
9 37 22 4.4 1.7 0.7 0.1 1.4 2.3 10 25 ~
10 86 19.5 4.4 1.6 2.7 0.1 0.8 2.5 7.5 30 :J::I(')
11 38 19 5.1 1.6 3.7 0.1 0.5 2.9 16 39 ttj
12 32 17 4.7 1.5 2.8 0.1 0.4 3.1 25 37.5 I"1j
13 29.5 15 4.2 1.4 2.6 0.1 0.3 3 16.5 42.5 t"ltx:l
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14 69 26.5 13.5 5.1 1.3 1.5 0.1 0.3 3 13 40 •I-':e:
15 49.5 36 13 5.3 1.2 1.1 0.2 0.3 3 11 34 1"1j\O (')
•-...J.:J:>I ~-..J
16 148 70 12 4.4 1.2 2.1 0.2 0.3 3.1 9 102 CIlol:>o8 00.(')
17 44.5 44.5 12 3.9 1 8.5 0.2 0.3 3.3 16 84 ~~
18 48 30 11 3.7 0.9 3.2 0.2 0.2 3.3 24 80 (')ttj
19 33 25 10.5 3.6 0.8 1.7 0.2 0.2 3.4 21 39 O~
20 28 22 10 3.8 0.8 1.2 0.2 0.2 4.3 29.5 33 ~
21 69 20 9.5 3.3 1).8 1 0.2 0.2 3.9 32 34 ttj
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22 37.5 18.5 10 3.6 0.9 1.3 0.2 0.2 3.8 26 25 '*
23 32 17 9.5 3.7 0.8 1.1 0.2 0.2 3.7 27 20.5 w
24 "102 16 9 4.2 0.8 0.9 0.3 0.1 3.8 364 19.5
25 80 15.5 9.5 4.3 0.7 0.7 0.3 0.1 3.9 244 23
26 35 42 12 3.4 0.7 0.6 0.3 0.1 3.9 42 27
27 29 280 10 3.1 0.9 0.6 0.2 0.1 4.8 28.5 22
28 48 170 8.5 2.7 0.9 0.5 0.3 0.1 5.1 21 18
29 69 8 2.5 1.1 0.4 0~2 0.1 4.3 16.5 17.5
30 55 7.4 2.3 1.1 0.4 0.2 0.1 4.1 14 16.5
31 33 ,2.3 0.4 0.1 4.1 16.5
TOTAL (852.5)'1499 '599.4 135.1 41.8 45.6 5.9 7.4 92.2 1058.1 1095.5
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DAY JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP ocr NOV D~C
1 21.5 19 50 17.5 U.S 3.1 1.·7 0.2 1.5 0.3
2 26.5 16.5 114 19.5 13 2.9 1.4 0.4 1.5 0.3
3 29.5 15 65 22 72 2.9 1.3 1.2 1.1
4 26 14 34 25 43.5 3.2 1.1 0.6 0.8
5 42 13 26.5 23 24.5 3.2 0.9 0.3 0.6
6 32 13 .5 22.5 20 18 3 0.8 0.3 0.5
7 25.5 14 19.5 19 15 2.6 0.8 0.4 0.4 (J)
8 23 13.5 18 18 13
2.4 0.8 0.6 0.4 c::
9 18.5 13 17 19 1l.5 2.3 0.8 0.5 0.3 ~
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10'16 14 17 19 II 2.2 0.7 0.5 0.3 ()
II 15.5 13 17 20 14 2.1 0.6 0.4 0.3 I:Jj
12 19 14.5 19.5 22 II 1.9 0.5 0.3 0.3 I'tjtp
t"lt"l
13 15.5 15 21 22 9.5 1.9 0.5 0.3 0.2 ()O:t>'
14 14 13 20 19.5 8.5 2.1 0.6 0.2 0.3 •I-'~()I'tjI.O ~
15 14 14 34 18.5 8.5 2.3 1.4 0.2 0.5 •-....J:t>'
16 13 15 40 20.5 10 1.9 0.9 0.2 0.3
(J)U1~()-....J·:u~1.0
17 18 13.5 52 20 8 1.8 0.8 0.5 0.3 I:JjI:Jj
18 27 14 44 19 7.3 .1.7 0.8 0.5 0.2 ()~
0
19 28 23 33 23.5 6.7 1.5 0.7 0.3 0.2 :u
20 26.5 21 27·19.5 6 1.4 0.6 0.3 0.2 t1
I:Jj
21 24 17.5 41 16.5 6.3 1.4 0.5 0.3 0.2 :u
22 24 16.5 106 16 7.2 1.3 0.5 0.3 0.2 :#:
23 37 28 43 18 7.2 2 0.4 2.4 0.2 w
24 33 28 30 19 6.6 1.6 0.4 1.1 0.2
25 27 24.5 24.5 19 5.9 3.3 0.4 0.7 0.2
26 22.5 22 21.5 17 5.3 4.2 0.4 3.2 0.3
27 20 23 19 15.5 5.1 3.7 0.3 5.1 0.2
28 17 33 18 14 4.6 3.6 0.4 3.1 0.3
29 16.5 18.5 12.5 4.3 3.3 0.3 5.3 0.3
30 16 20 12 3.7 2.3 0.3 3.9 0.3
31 19 19.5 3.4 0.2 2.3
TOTAL 707 494 1052 566 382.1 73.1 21.8 35.9 12.6
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-81 -
BLACK CREEK
DESCRIPTION AND LOCATION OF GAUGES
(See Figure 5)
Staff Gauge *4 -Drainage area,8,484 ac.
An existing gauge located in Black Creek at the
point of outflow of Northy Lake.A second gauge with
identical readings was instailed on April 18,1975 in a
drainage ditch near Jensen's farm buildings to facilitate
reading high water levels.At very low waters levels,this
ditch is probably dry so that it is necessary to walk out to
Black Creek's channel to read the original gauge.Even at
low water the original gauge is in a deep pool of probably
3-4 ft.of water.The long board that this gauge is attached
to should be replaced by a long (18 ft.?)2'x 4'very soon.
The gauge is vulnerable to floating debris and ice.The
lake is frozen over during the winter months -usually
January to early March.The gauge is usually read when
recorders #1 and #2 are serviced or checked.The high
readings are similar to recorder *1.For example -on
November 13,1974 recorder #1 read 6.64'and gauge #4 read
6.79'.On November 10,1971 recorder #1 reached an extreme
high of 10.96'(approx.700 cfs)and it is assumed that gauge
*4 would read approximately 11 feet.This would mean that
Northy Lake was flooded to a level that was close to Jensen's
barn.
Staff Gauge #5 -Drainage area,11,066ac.
Installed September 9,1974,at a reading of 0.40',
on a bridge piling under the Endall Road bridge crossing of
Black Creek.The gauge is located in a pool beneath the bridge
so·that a reading can be taken even in extremely dry weather
conditions.Lowest reading was 0.36'on September 23,1974
and October 7,1974 during drought conditions.Highest
reading was 6.75'on November 25,1974.Metering was not
attempted here because of thick vegetation.Extreme high
water level in this location corresponds to a reading of about
9 feet.
Staff Gauge #6 -Entire watershed area of 18,334 ac.above
gauge.
Installed several years ago but was destroyed by
stream debris during high water during the winter of 1973-74.
A replacement gauge was installed on a tree at the same point
-82 -
upstream and under Miracle Beach bridge on August 21,1975 with
a reading of 0.34.Old and new gauge readings should be fairly
close.At extremely low water levels and no surface flow the
end of this gauge sits in a shallow pool of water.This gauge
is read most frequently because it is easily accessible and
passed most often.The highest recorded gauge reading was
3.88'On November 24,1974.Extreme readings probably range
close to 6 to 7'.Frequent meterings were carried out on the
downstream side of this bridge so that a "rough"discharge
curve can be determined for this location.Water discharge here
is roughly double the discharge at recorder #1.
Staff Gauge #7 -Drainage area,1,984 ac.
Installed September 10,1974 with an initial reading
of 1.79'.The gauge was attached to the bridge log cribbing
and set in a fairly deep pool of flowing water.The lowest
reading of the gauge was 1.75'on September 23,1974 and the
highest was 2.43'on April 17 and 18,1975.At extremely low
flows the stream was metered immediately upstream of this
bridge.At higher flows the metering was carried out about
40 feet upstream.The gauge is easily accessible and easy to
read.It was not read during the winter months because the
logging road to the site was closed by heavy snow.
Staff Gauge #8 -Drainage area,140 ac.
Installed September 23,1974 in a 6 acre swamp (#18)
approximately ~mile upstream from point "L".The initial gauge
reading was 0.59',the lowest reading was 0.52'on October 2,
1974,and the highest was 1.85'on November 13,1974.In the
spring of 1975,the reading on April 17 was 1.43'.Water marks
indicate that the water level was 3 inches higher or approxi-
mately 1.68'following snow melt.This swamp had a very small
trickle flow when the gauge was installed.At the higher
reading of 1.85'the flow was quite distinct since the gauge is
located at the narrowing of the swampy area upstream.This gauge
is remote and seldom visited.
Staff Gauge #9 -Drainage area,455 ac.
Installed September 10,1974 in a large,1.4 ac.,
beaver pond located at the northern end of 13.2 ac.swamp #17.
The initial gauge reading was 2.39'.The lowest reading was
2.30'on September 23,1974 and a high reading of 2.88'was made
on November 7,1974.The beaver dam controlling the pond level
up to 2.88'is very large (6 ft.wide and 300 ft.long)and
well maintained by the beavers.On November 7 a large hole was
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-83 -
made in the centre of the dam to allow extra water to escape
and within 10 minutes the pond level dropped from 2.88'to 2.85'.
Two weeks later on November 23,the beavers had repaired the dam
and the gauge read 2.87'.
Staff Gauge #11 -Drainage area,330 ac.
Installed in a small pond beside the Duncan Main road
about 2~miles south from Black Creek.The initial reading on
September 10,1974 was 1.83'.The lowest reading was 1.51'on
September 23,1974 and the highest was 3.18'on November 23,
1974.On April 17,1975 the gauge read 2.85'and water was
passing through a culvert pipe at approximately 0.75 cfs
(metered)into swamp #95.Water in the pipe was 0.3'deep and
flowing at approximately 1.47 ft/sec.The drainage area of this
gauge is doubtful now because the flow of 1 cfs through a
culvert pipe,that drains swamp #39 into swamp #41,indicates
that part of the high water in swamp #85 may drain both ways -
past gauge #11 and through swamp #39.There would be no flow
past gauge #11 at a reading of'2.55'or less.
/
Staff Gauge #12 -Drainage area,109 ac.
Installed in a large 6.2 acre pond -swamp #103 -
alongside Duncan Main about 3~miles south from Black Creek.
On September 10,1974 the gauge was attached to a stump in deep
water with an initial reading of 2.44'.The lowest reading was
2.24'on October 24,'1974 and the highest was 4.18'on December
12,1974.Ordinarily,the water in this pond would drain out
at the south end through an old wooden culvert beneath an
abandoned logging railroad grade.However,a small but well-
built beaver dam across the mouth of the culvert prevents
drainage to the point where there is little or no seepage through
the beaver dam at relatively low water levels.At the reading
of 4.18'the water was at the top of this dam but not flowing
across it.Swamp #103 drains into #104 and thence into #121.
On May 11,1975,when gauge #12 was 3.99'only a very small,
narrow,trickle flow coul~be found in the middle of swamp #121.
The drainage area for swamp #103 is fairly small but the steep
side hills surrounding this pond make it a possible water storage
site for Millar Creek.
Staff Gauge #13 -Drainage area,2,148 ac.
Installed September 10,1974 in a deep pool under a
small bridge at the point where the powerline road crosses
Millar Creek.The initial reading was 1.78'.The lowest reading
~84 -
was 1.75'on October 6,1974 and the highest reading was 5.13'
on November,24,1974 after two weeks of periodically moderate
to heavy rain.On April 1,1975 the reading was 3.08'.The
stream gradient is low and large pools of water are located
both upstream and downstream from the gauge,even in dry
weather.During high water flows,this gauge acts as a stream
gauge,and during low water levels in late summer it acts as a
gauge for swamp #130.The gauge is fairly remote (it requires
several miles of travelling)so it was not read as frequently
as gauges near recorders.
Staff Gauge #14 -Drainage area,184 ac.
Installed September 22,1974 in a small pool of water
at one end of swamp #140 beside an old logging access road.
The initial reading was 0.60'.The gauge is very remote and
difficult to approach within a half mile in wet weather due to
poor road conditions.There is the distinct possibility that
during high water the 38 acre swamp #140 drains into the
Tsolurn River.The lowest reqding was.0.60'on September 22,
October 7,and Octob~~25,1974.The highest reading was 1.73'
on November 24,1974.The gauge was not read during the winter
and seldom read during the spring and summer of 1975.
Staff Gauge #15 -Drainage area,370 ac.
This gauge was installed September 10,1975 on the
eastern edge of swamp #151,known locally as Cranberry Lake.
The initial gauge reading was 1.68'.The gauge is reasonably
accessible,but in wet weather the end portion of the road into
the site is covered by fairly deep pools of water.Most of this
97 acre swamp is covered by grasses and herbaceous vegetation
that is thick enough to walk on.Near the centre there is a
5 acre open area o£water.A depth of 13 feet and temperature
of 65.9 0 F were measured at the edge of this open water while
near the edge of the swamp at gauge #15,the water depth was
1.68'and the temperature was 53.70 F.The lowest reading at
this gauge was 1.53'on September 22,1974 and the highest _
reading was 2.7.5'on November 24,1974 after a period of heavy
rain.A small but active beaver darn blocking an old logging
railroad culvert prevents the flow of dater from 37 acre
swamp #150 into swamp #151.On April 19,1975 there was only
a small flow from swamp #150 into #151 at a high water level of
2.37'at gauge #15.
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-85 -
Staff Gauge #16 -Drainage area,164 ac.
Installed August 22,1974 at an initial reading of
2.00'in a 42 acre sawmp known locally as Halsteads pond.
This swamp contains water during long dry summers.The level
of this pond is controlled by a long 300 ft.active beaver dam.
Two more beaver dams control the outflow from the first beaver
dam!This pond has been used for salvaging coho fry removed
from isolated pools along mainstem Black Creek.A 9 lb.coho
was caught in this pond in November,1974.The lowest gauge
reading was 1.74'on October 6,1974 and the highest reading
was 2.76'on January 23,1975.
Staff Gauge #17 -Drainage area,484'ac.
Located beside an active beaver dam at the outlet
of 39 acre swamp #166.An 8 acre open area of water,known
locally as Larkin Lake occupies the centre of this swamp area.
The gauge'was installed August 22,1974 at an initial reading
of 2.00'.The lowest reading was 1.74'on October 6,1974 and
the highest reading was 2.72'on April 16,1975.Larkin Lake
is a natural reservoir area with rising ground on all sides
except at its outlet.
Staff Gauge #18 -Drainage area,4,520 ac.
Located beneath an old logging railroad bridge across
Black Creek approximately 1 3/4 miles upstream from Northy Lake.
The gauge was installed September 24,1974 with a reading of
0.43'.The lowest reading was 0.43'and the highest reading was
4.05'on November 25,1974.The gauge is fairly remote requiring
a 30 minute return walk to the vehicle.At low water levels
this gauge indicates water levels in swamp #57 immediately
upstream.At high levels the gauge measures stage height of
the stream.Swamp 57 is one of the largest swamps in the Black
Creek watershed and has the greatest water level variation.
Staff Gauge #19 -Drainage area,114 ac.
This gauge monitors 13 acre swamp #54 located beside
an old railroad grade about ~mile directly north of gauge #18.
The gauge was installed October 25,1974 at reading of 2.06'.
The lowest reading was 2~06'and the highest reading was 4.00'
on December 18,1974.Water marks on the gauge indicate a
level of 4.70'between November 13,1974 and November 25,1974.
It is possible that water from this swamp drains northward into
the Oyster River at high stage heights.A large overgrown beaver
dam separates swamp 54 from swamp 57 along Black Creek.