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Canadian Manuscipt Report of
Fisheries and Aquat.ic Sciences 1680
September,1982
WATER REQUIREMENTS FOR
THE FISHERIES RESOURCE OF THE NICOLA RIVER,B.C.
·by
G.T.Kosakoski 1
Roy E.Hamilton
Department of Fisheries and Oceans
1090 West Pender Street
Vancouver,B.C.
lDepartment of Fisheries and Oceans
60 Front Street
Nanaimo,B.C.
ii
@Minister of Supply and Services Canada 1982 -1
_.J
Cat.No.Fs 97-4/1680 ISSN 0-706-6473
Correct citation for this publication:.
Kosakoski,G.T.,and Roy E.Hamilton.1982.Water Requirements ··1
for the Fisheries Resource o"f the Nicola River,B.C.Can......
MS.Rep.Fish.Aquat.Sci.1680:x +127p.
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ABSTRACT
KOSAKOSKI,G.T.,and HAMILTON,ROY,E.1982 "Water Require-
ments for the Fisheries Resource of the Nicola River,B.C."
Can.MS Rep.Fish.Aquat.Sci 1680.
The hydrology of the Nicola River system is examined and low
flows analysed.Data on the fisheries resource is summarized
including distribution,timing,and escapements of salmon stocks
utilizing the Nicola River and its principal tributaries,the
Coldwater River and Spius Creek.-rnformat.-i6n-on--ffie -economic
value of the fisheries resource is also provided.Spawning and
rearing habitat was studied in detail using 6 transects on the
Coldwater River and 16 transects on the Nicola River.Useable
habitat area versus discharge curves were prepared,from which
Fisheries Resource Maintenance Flow (FRMF)requirements were
determined for these systems.Tentative FRMF recommendations are
also given for the Upper Nicola River,Spius,and Guichon
Creeks.Temperature data were collected at 7 sites on the
Coldwater and Nicola Rivers in the summer of 1981,and suggest
that high water temperatures may be limiting salmonid production
in the Nicola River between Nicola Lake and the Coldwater
confluence,and in the -lower reaches near its confluence with the
Thompson River.Recommendations are made regarding regulation of
storage on Nicola Lake for the benefit of the fisheries resource.
KEY WORDS:Hydrology,Low Flows,Pacific Salmon,Fisheries Flows
RESUME
iv
KOSAKOSKI,G.T.,and HAMI.LTON,Roy E.1982 "La qualite de l'eau
requise pour les ressources poissonnieres de la riviere Nicola,
Colombie Britannique".Canada.MS rep.Fish.Aquat.Sci.1680.
Le present rapport porte sur l"hydrologie de la riviere Nicola et
sur ses faibles debits.Les donnees presentees au sujet des
res sources poissonnieres.y sont resumees,et cancernent la
repartition,les particularites chronologiques et les remontees
des populations de saumon dans la riviere Nicola et dans ses
principaux affluents,dans la riviere Coldwater et dans Ie
ruisseau Spuis.Des renseignements sur la valeur economique des
ressources poissonnieres y sont egalement fournis.Les frayeres
et les aires de croissance sont etudiees en details dans six
zones de la riviere Coldwater et seize de la riviere Nicola.Des
courbes de l'habitat utilizable en fonction du debit ont ete
tracees,courbes ~partir desquelles les conditions requises par
Ie programme de debits pour la preservation des ressources
poissonnieres ont ete determinees pour les rivieres Coldwater et
Nicola.Le programme de debits pour la preservation des
ressources poissonnieres tente egalement de donner des conseils
pour la riviere du Hau.t-Nicola,et les ruisseaux Spius et
Guichon.Des renseignements concernant les temperatures ont ete
receuillis dans sept zones des rivieres Coldwater et Nicola
durant l'ete 1981,et suggerent qu'il serait possible que les
hautes temperatures de I'eau limitent la production de saumons
dans la riviere Nicola entre sa confluence avec la riviere
Coldwater et Ie lac Nicola,et pres de 1 testuaire,pres de sa
confluence avec la riviere Thompson.Des conseils sont egalement
donnes ~propos des reglementations d'emmagasinnage sur la
riviere Nicola pour Ie benefice des ressources poissonnieres.
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Hydrologie,faibles debits,saumon du Pacifique,
debits pour la preservation des ressources
poissonnieres.
Mots-Clef:
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TABLE OF CONTENTS•
INTRODUCTION
WATERSHED DESCRIPTION AND HYDROLOGY
2.1 Optimum Flow Management
FISHERIES RESOURCE
3.1 Spawning Distribution
3.2 Freshwater Timing
3.3 Rearing Distribution
FISHERIES FLOW REQUIREMENTS
4.1 Transect Analysis
4.2 Habitat Suitability Criteria
4.3 Fisheries Resource Maintenance Flows
TEMPERATURE STUDIES
SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS
REFERENCES
APPENDIX A -Hydrograph
APPENDIX B -Nicola Lake Management Order
APPENDIX C -Salmon Catch and Values
APPENDIX D -Substrate Scale
APPENDIX E -Useable Width vs Q for
Transects 14 -17
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LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
1-NICOLA RIVER -Monthly Flows and deficits,1970,1971 35
2.NICOLA RIVER -Monthly Flows and deficits,1972,1974 36
3.NICOLA RIVER -Monthly Flows and deficits,1975,1976 37
4.NICOLA RIVER -Monthly Flows and deficits,1977,1978 38
5.FISHERIES FLOW REQUIREMENTS
for the Nicola River and Major Tributaries 39
6.NICOLA RIVER -Deficits in CfS days (short of
110 cfs flow requirements)40
7.NICOLA RIVER SYSTEM -Average and maximum recorded
escapements 41
8.NICOLA RIVER SYSTEM -Habitat suitability criteria 42
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
1.NICOLA RIVER STUDY AREA 44
2.NICOLA RIVER -Nicola Lake to Merrit 45
3.NICOLA RIVER -Merritt to Spius Creek 46
4.NICOLA RIVER -Spius Creek to Shakan Creek 47
5.NICOLA RIVER -Shakan Creek to Thompson River 48
6.NICOLA RIVER -Transects and measured flows
April 15-20,1980 49
7.NICOLA RIVER -Transects and measured flows
July 28-30,1980 50
8.NICOLA RIVER -Transects and measured flows
Sept 15-16,1980 51
9.NICOLA RIVER -Transects and measured flows
November 4-5,1980 52
10.NICOLA RIVER -Transects and measured flows
April 7 -1 1 ,1 98 1 53
11.NICOLA RIVER -Transects and measured flows
July 17-20,1981 54
12.NICOLA RIVER -Transects and measured flows
August 19-22,1981 55
13.NICOLA RIVER -Transects and measured flows
September 21-26,1981 56
14.NICOLA AND COLDWATER RIVERS -Relationships of
flows as measured at transects,1980 57
15 •.NICOLA AND COLDWATER RIVERS -Relationships of
flows asmeasured at transects,1981 58
16.NICOLA AND COLDWATER RIVERS -Flow profiles,1981 59
17.NICOLA RIVER -,Monthly hydrograph,1911-1963 60
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NICOLA RIVER -Monthly hydrograph,1963-1969
NICOLA RIVER -Monthly hydrograph,1969-1980
COLDWATER RIVER -Monthly hydrograph,1970-1980
GUICHON CREEK -Monthly hydrograph
SPIUS CREK -Mont,hly hydrograph,1973-.1980
NICOLA RIVER -Annual Escapements
COLDWATER RIVER -Annual Escapements
SPIUS CREEK -An.nual Escapements
NICOLA RIVER -Spawning Distribution
NICOLA RIVER -
Freshwater timing for Nicola River salmon
NICOLA RIVER -
Coho and chinook rearing distribution
NICOLA RIVER -
Reach N2 Transects 8-13,useable area versus Q
NICOLA RIVER -Reach N2,Transects 8-'3,
Historical September flows and corresponding
useable spawning areas
NICOLA RIVER -
Reach N3,Transects 1-5,useable area versus Q
NICOLA RIVER -
Reach N3,Transects 6-7,useable area versus Q
COLDWATER RIVER -
Transects 1-3l'useable area versus Q
COLDWATER RIVER -
Transects 4-6,useable area versusQ
COLDWATER RIVER -
Historical September flows and corresponding
useable spawning areas
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PROBABILITY OF USE CURVE -Juvenile chinook 79
NICOLA LAKE -Water temperatures near outlet,1977 80
NICOLA AND COLDWATER RIVERS -
Water temperatures,1981 81
NICOLA AND COLDWATER RIVERS -Relative water
temperatures,1981 82
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We would like to thank W.Field,R.A.McIndoe and J.Dobrazanski
for technical support in the office and field.In addition,the
ass istance of M.Hobbs,who prepared the economic analys is,is
gratefully acknowledged.
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1.INTRODUCTION
The Nicola River system (Figure 1),including its principal
tributaries,the Coldwater River and Spius Creek,is an important.
producer of chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha),coho
(0.kisutch),and pink salmon (Q.gorbuscha),as well as
steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri).Located in the interior
drybelt of B.C.,the system is sUbject to heavy irrigation
demands during the late summer -~arly fall low flow period,.when
instream flow requirements for salmon spawning and rearing are
particularly critical.
In 1977,in response to growing water use conflicts,a group of
local ranchers formed a committee (the Nicola Valley Resource
Management Working Committee)to represent their interests.The
Working Committee was instrumental in promoting a major study by
a consultant (Y.Bajard and Associates),with the objective of
developing a comprehensive water management system for the
basin.Responsibility for the project was subsequently assumed
by the B.C.Ministry of Environment,CUlminating in 1980 in the
M.O.E.Planning Branch's Nicola Basin Strategic Planning Study.
Basic information requirements for this study included flow
requirements for fisheries in each sub-basin,and,for purposes
of economic analysis,data on present and potential fisheries
- 2 -
production.
In response to this initiative ,cooperative fisheries studies
were initiated on the Nicola River system in 1980 by the
Department of Fisheries and Oceans,Habitat Management Division
(instream flow requirements),Fraser River,Northern B.C.and
Yukon Division (adult stock assessment),and by the M.O.E.Fish
and Wildlife Branch,Fish Habitat Improvement Section,
(enhancement opportunities).
This report documents the results of bio-engineering studies
conducted by the Habitat Management Division in 1980 and 1981 to
determine fisheries flow requirements for the Nicola and
Coldwater Rivers.
2.WATERSHED DESCRIPTION AND HYDROLOGY
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The Nicola River system,draining a wa.tershed area of 7,280
square kilometres (above gage8LG6),is located in the Thompson
River basin in south-central British Columbia (Figu,re 1).Nicola
Lake,with an area of 2,500 hectares,is the largest lake in the
watershed,and has been regulated in an irregular way for power
and irrigation purposes since construction of the present darn.in
1927 (Smyth,1967).Power is no longer being generated and at
the present time very little regulation of the darn is done.
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Streamflows are recorded for the Nicola River below Merritt at
stat ion 8LG7 and near the mouth at stat ion 8LG6,and for the
Coldwater River entering the Nicola at Merritt at station 8LG10.
These'stations have been operated continuously since 1957
al though records date back to 1911.Streamflow for the Nicola
River between Nicola Lake and Merritt has not been recorded.
Historical flows in this section have to be estimated by
subtraction of the Coldwater flows from the flows recorded at
8LG7.Average monthly flows obtained in this way are shown in
Tables 1 to 4,column 3.
For the purposes of this study,the Nicola River was divided into
several major reaches as shown in Figure 1.In 1980 and 1981
several representative study sites (Figure 1 and Figures 2 to
5)were chosen on the Nicola and Coldwater Rivers.Several
transects were surveyed at each study site and the flows were
metered several times.Figures 6 to 13 show schematically the
position of the transects relative to the tributaries and
hydrometric stations,the flows measured,and the dates.There
was considerable variation between the meterings themselves and
between the meterings and the flows as recorded at the
hydrometric stations.This is illustrated in bar graph form in
Figures 14 and 15.
- 4 -
Meterings on the Nicola above Merritt were usually less,with the
exception of transect 6,than the difference between 8LG7 and
8LG10 indicated.The flow profiles in Figure 16 show transect 6
in the Nicola and transect C4 in the Coldwater always reading
higher than adjacent transects.These various discrepancies in
the Merritt area indicate variable interchange of flow between
the channel and its gravel bed.This is a condition that seems
to be favoured by spawning f ish and may explain in part the
existence of the chinook spawning area just below Merritt.
Table 5 is a summary of fisheries resource maintenance flows for
the Nicola River and its tributaries.Details of the methods
used to determine fisher ies flow requirements are prov ided in
Section 4.
Monthly hydrographs for a number of years of record for the
Nicola (8LG7),Coldwater (8LG10),Guichon Creek,and Spius Creek
are shown in Figures 17 to 22.Superimposed on the hydrographs
are the fisheries resource maintenance flows.The shaded area
represents the deficit,that is when monthly flows were less than
the fisheries resource maintenance flows.It may be seen from
these that the fisheries resource maintenance flows are sometimes
greater than the monthly flows during very low months but still
less than the average.
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As monthly hydrographs do not always convey the correct low flow
severity a number of daily hydrographs for the Nicola and
Coldwater were prepared (Appendix A).Cross hatched areas
represent the def ic i ts between the bas ic fishery flows and the
recorded flow during those periods when the recorded flow was
less.
Low flows in the Coldwater,that is below 50 cfs,are rarely a
problem until August.August 1 to September 30,or perhaps into
October is a critical period because of irrigation demand.Tne
average flow in August is 76 cfs and in September is 51 cfs.Low
flows may however persist through the fall and winter and
occasionally until April.See hydrographs in Appendix A.
2.1 Optimum Flow Management
Using the Nicola River hydrographs in Appendix A the deficits
(resulting from flows less than the FRMF of 110 cfs below
Merritt)were calculated and tabulated for seven years of
records,Table 6.The extra storage that would have been
required to maintain the 110 cfs is represented by the totals.
On the average,only one extra foot of regulation would have been
necessary.In dry years 2 feet would have been necessary.
- 6 -
It should be kept in mind that these calculations include pr~sent
irrigation use and.present dam regulation,such as it is.It is
probable that with very little change to the operational rules of
the rese~voir the one or two feet of extra regulation could be
easily achieved.
The present order issued in 1948 requires that the lake level.be
kept to not more than 3.0 feet between April 1 and July 31,and
then redl:lced to 2.0 feet and kept at that level until September
30th (Appendix B).A more beneficial reservoir management
schedule using the existing structure but providing a low outlet
is given in Appendix B..
For the per.iod October to April no regulation is required for
irrigation.During this time of year the reservoir could be
controlled for fisheries use.Inflows during this period could
be beneficially controlled.
Tables 1 to 4 show,in column 4,the releases from the dam
which would have been required to maintain 110 cfs in the river
below Merritt for the period 1970 -1978.In addition to this
requirement there is a further requirement that flows below the
dam are not less than 40 cfs December to July,and 60 cfs August
to November.Column 5 shows the release required to satisfy both
these requirements.In general the release over and above the
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40/60 requirement to satisfy the downstream requirement of 110
cfs is not great.
Offsetting this release is the inflow to the reservoir.Assuming
the reservoir is full at the end of July,which should be the
case,releases out of storage are needed until the fol~owing
freshet (May-July).Offsetting the release from storage is the
net inflow to storage.The table shows an example for the
average year.Net release from storage worked out to 3,661 cfs
days or approximately 1.2 feet of storage between July 31 and the
following April 30th.
A high flow is needed once a year in June or July to clean the
gravels in the river.This occurs naturally in the Coldwater and
these high Coldwater flows will probably suffice for the Nicola
below Merritt.If a new dam is built there will be some control
of the runoff but it may be desirable to release the high flows
at a certain time to be most beneficial for flushing and perhaps
to better phase in with the Coldwater high flows.
It is believed that the flow requirement in the lower Nicola can
in general be met with the present irrigation use.A number of
tributaries and irrigation return flows contribute to this.
Histor ically,the qaqe at the mouth (8LG6)has recorded flows
approximately double those at the gage near Merritt (8LG7).
- 8 -
3.FISHERIES RESOURCE
The Nicola River system supports populations of chinook,coho,
and pink salmon,in addition to steelhead trout.Annual salmon
escapement data for the Nicola River,Coldwater River,and Spius
Creek are shown in Figures 23,,24,and 25,respectively.Average
escapement data,including maximum recorded escapements,for the
periods 1951-1960,1961-1970,and 1971-1980 are provided in Table
7.Al though comparable data is not available for steelhead,the
spawning population for the Nicola River system is estimated to
be about 1,000 fish.
It is evident that chinook and coho stocks have declined
significantly from historical levels.Although this decline can
be largely attributed to excessive exploitation rates,it is
likely that habitat problems related to water diversions for
irrigation,channelization,municipal waste discharges,logging,
and pipeline construction,have also contributed to a reduction
in system productivity.
The current economic value of the fisheries resource of the
Nicola River system has been conservatively estimated at
approximately $600,000 annually ($1982).This estimate does not
include economic benefits associated with the popular Thompson
River steelhead fishery,to which Nicola River stocks are thought
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Chinook
NICOLA RIVER
I
The salmon spawning distributions shown in Figure 26,and
discussed br iefly below,are based largely on reports by Starr
(1976),and Elvidge (1971),and on surveys carried out by Fraser
River,Northern B.C.and Yukon Division staff in 1980 and 1981.
SPAWNING DISTRIBUTION
0(?
3.1
It has been estimated that up to 75%of chinook spawning in the
Nicol"a River occurs in the 21 Km section between the Coldwater
River and Spius Creek junctions (Reach N2,Figure 1).The
remaining 25%is generally distributed equally between the
section downstream of Spius Creek (Reach N1),and the section
to contribute signif icantly.The total steelhead catch (f ish
killed plus released)reported for the Thompson in 1980-81 was
2,645 (Ford 1982).A summary of current and potential salmon
catch and values is provided in Appendix C.Potential production
figures are based on historical escapement data,and preliminary
estimates of system carrying capacity (Sebastian,1982).Best
estimates of current and optimum catch/escapement ratios for
Nicola stocks were provided by P.Starr (pers.comm.).
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between the Coldwater confluence and Nicola Lake (Reach N3).
Although the upper Nicola River,above Nicola Lake (Reaches N4
and N5),appears to have considerable fisheries potential,recent
escapements to this part of the system have been very low.
Coho---
Although escapement records indicate coho spawning in the Nicola
River,it is likely that the majority of coho spawn in the
Coldwater River and Spius Creek (particularly Maka Creek).
Elvidge (1971)reported a few coho spawners in the Nicola
mainstem above and below the Coldwater confluence.
Pink
A significant population of odd-year pink salmon spawn in the
lower reaches of the Nicola River.with the exception of the
area immediately upstream of the Thompson River junction,
utilization of this section appears to be limited by the
availability of suitable spawning gravel.
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COLDWATER RIVER
Chinook
Spawning is scattered,largely between Brodie and Merritt,
although a significant number of chinook spawn upstream of this
section.
Coho
Coho spawn throughout the Coldwater system with the area upstream
of Brodie being the most heavily utilized.
SPIllS CREEK
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Chinook
Spawning is sparsely distributed throughout,with the vicinity of
the bedrock canyon located approx imately 10 Km from the mouth
being the most heavily utilized area.Suitable spawning habitat
appears to be 1 imi ted,with substrates cons ist ihg pr imar ily of
large cobble and boulders.
-12 -
Coho-
The best coho spawning habitat in the Spius Creek system occurs
in Maka Creek.
3.2 FRESHWATER TIMING
Chinook
t
Upstream migration of chinook in the Nicola River normally begins
in August,with the peak of spawning occurring in mid-September.
In some years,however,an early July run,spawning in August,
has been reported.Fry emerge from the gravel in April,and based
on adult scale analysis,98%overwinter in fresh water (Starr
1976).Scale data collected in 1981 (Kalnin 1981)indicates that
approximately 90%of Nicola River chinook return at age 42.
Coho
Coho first appear in the system in September with migration
peaking in early October.Spawning occurs in late October and
November.Fry emerge in Apr i1 and May,and spend one or two
years rearing in fresh water before mig rat ing seaward in late
spring as smolts.Adult scale data collected in 1981 (Kalnin
1982)indicates the following age composition for Nicola system
coho:
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70%-32
30%-4 3
Pink
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In odd years pink salmon arrive in September and spawn in late
September and October.Fry begin their seaward migration shortly
after emergence from March to early May.
Steelhead
Adult steelhead appear to hold in the Thompson River until ready
to spawn in the Nicola River and various tributaries from April
to June.Juveniles normally spend 2 years rearing in fresh
water.
The freshwater timing of salmon in the Nicola River system is
summarized in Figure 27.
3.3 REARING DISTRIBUTION
The following brief summary is based largely on Starr (1976)and
Sebastian (1982).See Figure 28.
-14 -
NICOLA RIVER
Chinook
The highest densities of juvenile chinook are found in Reach 2
(Spius Creek to Coldwater River),contributing an estimated 40%
of total Nicola River smolt carrying capacity.Reach N1
(Thompson River to Spius Creek)contributes another 40%,with the
remaining 20%being distributed more or less equally between
Reaches N3 (Coldwater River to Nicola Lake),N4 (Nicola Lake to
Douglas Lake)and NS (upstream of Douglas Lake).The rear ing
potential of Reach N3,and the lower section of Reach N1,may be
limited by high summer water temperatures,particularly in
August.Present production in Reaches N4 and NS is limited
primarily by underseeding.
Coho
There seems to be very little mainstem rearing of coho in the
Nicola River,although this may be partly a function of low fry
recruitment,rather than an absence of suitable rearing habit~t.
Coho pre-smolts were captured in side pools and side channels in
Reaches N1 and N2 in April,1981.
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-15 -
SPIUS CREEK
COLDWATER RIVER
Steelhead
Shakan,Skuhun,and Guichon
significantly to steelhead
OTHER TRIBUTARIES
The highest rearing densities of chinook and steelhead occur in
the lower 8-10 Km,although inadequate fry recruitment may limit
utilization of the upper reaches.Maka Creek appears to
contribute the majority of juvenile coho production for the Spius
system.
Small tributaries such as Nuaitch,
Creeks are thought to contribute
Reaches N1 and N2 are the most important section of the mainstem
for juvenile steelhead production.
Populations of juvenile coho,chinook,and steelhead are widely
distributed throughout the Coldwater system,with average
densities for each species generally reflecting the spawning
distribution.Considerable underutilized rearing habitat exists
~
in the upper reaches.
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-16 -
production in the Nicola River system.In some cases,where the
available rearing habitat is limited,it is assumed that fry move
downstream to rear in the mainstem Nicola or Thompson Rivers.
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-17 -
4.FISHERIES FLOW REQUIREMENTS,
4.1 TRANSECT ANALYSIS
Bio-engineering studies were conducted on the Nicola River
(downstream of Nicola Lake),and the Coldwater River in 1980 and
1981.
On the Nicola River in 1980,three transects were established in
Reach N3,and four in Reach N2.In addition,two transects were
located on the Coldwater River near Merritt,and two more
upstream of Kingsvale.In 1980,all study sites were selected
primarily to represent chinook or coho spawning habitat.
In 1981 several additional transects were established to more
adequately represent all habitat types (i.e.pools,riffles and
runs).Some of the transects used in 1980 were deleted due to
changes in channel morphology which occurred during high flows in
December,1980.In total,data from 16 transects on the Nicola
River and 6 transects on the Coldwater River have been used in
the present analysis.Transect locations are shown in Figure 1
and Figures 2 -5.
-18 -
Transects were establ ished normal to the flow and permanently
marked at each end.Depths and velocities (at .6 the depth from
the surface)were measured at intervals ranging from 4 to a ft.
depending on the width of the transect.Using a modified
Wentworth particle size scale (see Appendix D),dominant (>50%of
area)and sub-dominant (if >25%of area)substrate types were
recorded over a one square metre area at each vertical.Data was
collected at each transect at several river discharge levels.
Using habitat suitability criteria for each species (see Section
4.2),the useable width at each transect was calculated for a
range of flows (see Appendix E for examples).For each flow,the
average useable width for each habitat type in a reach (ie.
pools,riffles,runs)was weighted according to the proportional
length of stream consisting of similar habitat,using biophysical
inventory data provided by Starr (1976).The resulting useable
areas for each habitat type were then summed to give a composite
curve of total useable area per unit length of stream,versus
discharge,for each species and life history stage in the reach,
as shown in Figures 29 to 35.
Composite curves were not developed for Reach N1 of the Nicola
River because the four transects selected in this 49 Km sect ion
were not considered to be an adequate sample,or suff ic iently
representative of certain habitat types (Le.deep pools and
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Chinook,Coho,and Steelhead Rearing
Spawning
The habitat suitability criteria used in the present analysis are
provided in Table 8,and discussed below.
The criteria used for rearing are based on the probability-of-use
curves developed by the Cooperat~ve Instream Flow Group (IFG)of
the U.S.Fish and Wildlife Service (Bovee 1978).A typical
14-17,however,
availability at
-19 -
Since steelhead spawning occurs during the normal freshet period,
adequate spawning flows were not considered to be a problem,and
habitat requirements were therefore not analyzed.
Depth and velocity criteria for chinook spawning were taken from
Thompson (1972).Since depth and velocity preferences for coho
are generally similar,it is assumed that the suitability
criteria used for chinook apply also to coho.
4.2 HABITAT_SUITABILITY CRITERIA
runs)~The individual curves for transects
(Appendix E)were used'as indices of habitat
different flows.
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-20 -
example is shown in Figure 36.In the IFG methodology,specific
depths,velocities,and substrates which occur over a given
stream area at a particular flow,are weighted according to their
probability-of-use (ie.suitability),in order to calculate the
weighted useable area at that flow (Bovee and Milhaus,1978).
In view of the generalized nature of the probabilty-of-use
curves,and in the absence of race and size specific
micro-habitat preference data for Nicola system salmon ids,we
have selected optimum ranges of depth and velocity within the
limits defined by the curves for each species,rather than
attemtping to weight specific values of each parameter.
The 0.5 level of probability,as shown in Figure 36,was used to
set the upper and lower limits for velocity,and the lower limit
for depth.With the exception of steelhead fry,it was assumed
that there is nb maximum depth limit for rearing.
Specific substrate or cover criteria were not used for rearing.
Observations indicate that juvenile chinook in the Nicola River
utilized a variety of substrate types ranging from very fine
material in pools to large cobble and boulders in runs.
Substrate preferences by rearing fish may be largely velocity
related,reflecting the relationship between substrate size and
cover value.For this reason,the data presented for juvenile
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-21 -
steelhead and chinook may tend to underestimate the useable
habitat area at higher discharges as average velocities
apparently become limiting.In reality,the curves may not drop
off as steeply as indicated where the bed material of sufficient
size to provide low velocity refugia.
4.3 FISHERIES RESOURCE MAINTENANCE FLOWS
The Fisher ies Resource Maintenance Flow is def ined here as the
discharge req ime required to maintain the fisher ies product ion
potential of a stream.Determination of the Fisheries
Maintenance Flow requires a consideration of the various habitat
requirements for each species and life history stage,in the
context of the hydrology of the system.
No attempt has been made to relate streamflow directly to
specific fish production levels.However,it is assumed that the
useable habitat area,which is related to streamflow,determines
production capability or potential.
Fisheries Resource Maintenance Flows have been specified for the
August to November salmon spawning ~nd rearing period,and for
the December to April incubation and juvenile overwintering
period (Table 5).Although specific incubation and overwintering
requirements were not invest igated,it was assumed that flows
-22 -
from December-April shold be similar to the f,lows recommended for
the August to November period,reflecting the natural hydro-
graph.In addition,flushing flows which normally occur during
the May-July freshet period are required to maintain system
productivity.
Nicola River
Reach N1 (Thompson R.to Spius Cr.)
Based on the useable width data for transects 14-17 (Appendix E),
a minimum flow of 200 cfs (8LG006)is recommended from August to
November in Reach N1 to satisfy the requirements for chinook
spawning in the upper section (Skuhun Cr.to Spius Cr.),and for
chinook and steelhead rearing throughout the reach.
Reach N2 (Spius Cr~to Coldwater R.)
We have assumed that Reach N2,comprising less than 25%by length
of the river downstream of Nicola Lake,yet supporting 75%of the
chinook spawn.ing,and 40%of chinook rearing populations,is the
most critical section in terms of flow requirements.Flow
requirements for Reach N2,therefore,dictate to some extent
upstream flows in Reach N3 and downstream flows in N1.
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-23 -
Since flows in the Nicola River downstream of Nicola Lake are
partially regulated (and may become increasingly so in future),
our objective was to defjne a minimum guaranteed discharge for
Reach N2 each month which was equivalent in terms of useable
habitat area and fish production capability to the existing flow
regime.
As shown in Figure 29,the optimum flow for chinook spawning in
Reach N2 is approximately 150 cfs.The optimum for both
steelhead fry and parr is 100 cfs.For chinook rearing the
useable habitat area curve peaks at 50 cfs (or less),and
decreases fairly rapidly above 150 cfs.
Since chinook spawning peaks in September,the lowest flow month,
and has the highest flow requirements,it was assumed to be the
most critical life history stage.It was also assumed that if
chinook spawning requirements were met,requirements for chinook
and steelhead rearing would also be satisfied.
In order to determine the discharge required for the maintenance
of chinook spawning habitat it is necessary to consider the
natural variation in streamflow,and,therefore,the amount of
spawning habitat that is available from year to year.
Using Figure 29 and historical streamflow data (WSC aLGOO?)the
useble spawning area was determined for each year of record based
on the mean monthly discharge in September (Figure 30).
-24 -
The average useable area for the period of record was then
calculated,and the corresponding discharge determined from
Figure 29,ie.110 cfs.A discharge of 110 cfs,guaranteed every
year during the spawning period,therefore,would be equivalent
to the historical streamflow regime in terms of chinook spawning
potential.From Fig~~e 29,it can be seen that 110 cfs also
provides near optimum rearing conditions for chinook and
steelhead.
Accordingly,a minimum discharge of 110 cfs (measured at aLGOO?)
has been specified from August to November in Reach N2.At
times,the actual discharge might have to be higher than this
depending on downstream inflow (i.e.Spius Creek and other
tributaries),in order to meet the requirement of 200 cfs in N1.
A minimum discharge of 110 cfs is also recommended from December
to April in N2.This would generally be attainable in most
years,based on average runoff during this period.
Reach N3 (Coldwater R.to Nicola Lake)
Section A -Nicola Lake outlet
to silt boils (2.9 Km)
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-25 -
This section of Reach N3 is a productive chinook spawning area~
Although suitable rearing habitat exists (Figure 28),utilization
appears to be limited by high water temperatures in summer.As
shown in Figure 31,optimum spawning conditions for chinook occur
at 60 cfs.
Section B -Silt Boils to
Coldwater R.(13.8 Km)
Although much of this section consists of slow runs with fine
substrates,chinook spawning occurs in sui table riffle areas.
Rearing potential,however,is limited by sedimentation and high
water temperatures in summer.As shown in Figure 32,the useable
chinook spawning area does not change significantly over a fairly
wide range of flows until about 80 cfs,at which point the
spawnable.area appears to increase.This is due to velocities
increasing in the runs to a point (1-2 ft ./sec.)where they
become useable (if substrates are suitable).At normal flows in
September,however,these areas are generally unsuitable for
chinook spawning,
In summary,for Reach N3,a minimum discharge of 60 cfs is
recommended from August to November (a gauge would have to be
established in this section of the river).When the Coldwater
River discharge was less than 50 cfs,flows in N3 would have to
be greater than 60 cfs in order to meet the fisheries
requirements of 110 cfs in N2.
-26 -
Coldwater River
A minimum flow of 40 cfs is recommended from December to April
for incubat ion.(Flows in this sect ion are normally lower in
.r
winter than in the fall.)
The relationship between useable area and·discharge is shown for
the Coldwater River near Kingsvale,and near Merritt,in Figures
33 and 34,respectively.
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the Fisheries Resource Maintenance Flow is
In a dry year,flows in August or September
At the present time,
not always attained.
The corresponding Fisheries Resource Maintenance Flow was then
determined from Figure 34,i.e.approximately 50 cfs.In
addition to maintaining adequate spawning conditions,a discharge
of 50 cfs in the Coldwater River at Merritt also provides good
rearing conditions for all species.Below about 30 cfs,chinook
spawning habitat is limited in the lower Coldwater.Optimum
spawning conditions would occur at approximately 120 cfs.
Using the data for the Coldwater at Merritt and historical
streamflow records (WSC 8LGO lO),the average area of chinook
spawning habitat available in September was calculated as shown
in Figure 35.
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-27 -
may drop well below 50 cfs.Since flows are often critically low
during this period,further diversions from the Coldwater River
should not be permitted unless fully supported by storage.
Upper Nicola,Seius Creek and Guichon Creek
The Fisheries Resource Maintenance Flows determined for the
Coldwater River and for the Nicola River downstream of Nicola
Lake represent from 16-22%of the mean annual discharge.Using
an average value of 20%of the mean annual discharge,fisheries
flow requirements were estimated for the upper Nicola River
(Reach N4),Spius Creek,and Guichon Creek (Table 5).Since
field studies were not conducted in these sub-basins,these
estimates must be considered provisional,but may be useful for
preliminary resource planning purposes.
5.TEMPERATURE STUDIES
Water temperatures were measured near the outlet of Nicola Lake
from August to October in 1977 (Figure 37).The warmest day was
August 14 with maximum and minimum temperatures of 83°and 80°F.
There was a relatively small spread,not more than about 4°F
between maximum and minimum daily temperatures during this period
of record,which shows the moderating influence of the lake on
water tempertures.On August the 25th (at 1400 hrs.)a spot
-28 -
temperture of 66°F taken in the NIcola River just above Merritt
shows that the river temperature increased only one degree
between the lake (at 65°F)and Merritt,a river distance of about
15 miles.
Between June 22nd and the 24th 1981,seven thermographs were
installed on the river at locat ions shown in Figures 2 to 5.
Water temperatures recorded .for the period June to December are
shown in Figure 38.As in 1977,maximum temperatures occurred in
the middle of August.Comparison of .the Chutter and Jurett
thermograph records shows,as in 1977,that very little change
took place in water temperature between the lake and Merritt.
The average Coldwater temperature was generally colder than the
Nicola River above Merritt (Figure 39).However,the flow in the
Coldwater during the summer was much less so its influence on
reducing the temperature in the Nicola mainstem was slight,only
one or two degrees cooler at Hannas than at Juretts (Figures 3
and 39).Below Merritt,the water continues to cool slightly as
it travels downriver.
Both.the 1977 and 1981 data show that average water temperatures
in the critical month of August are high at the outlet of Nicola
Lake.They tend to decrease slightly downstream of Merritt,
being generally cooled by the Coldwater (the amount of cool ing
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-29 -
being governed by the ratio of Coldwater to Nicola flows).Below
Spius C~eek temperatures increased again down to the Curnow
thermograph.There,temperatures exceeded those in the Nicqla at
Merritt.
Although the temperature regime in the Nicola will vary from year
to year depending on the weather and the relative flows in the
tributaries (in 1981 the August flow in the Nicola was higher
than average),it appears that increased flows out of Nicola Lake
durinq periods of hot weather (August)would not reduce "river
temperature downstream and furthermore,whenever the Coldwater
was colder,as it usually is,it would dilute the cooling effect
at the Coldwater confluence.Due to the configuration of the
Nicola Lake outlet,releasing cooler water from depth does not
appear to be practical.
Presently,high water temperatures appear to limit the salmoni~
rearing potential of the Nicola River between Nicola Lake and the
Coldwater confluence,and possibly in the lower reaches near its
confluence with the Thompson River,with mean daily temperatures
in August 1981 exceeding 74°F (23°C)in both cases.
-30 -
SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS•
The current economic value of the fisheries resource of the
"-
Nicola River system is approximately $600,000 annually,.not
including the contribution,believed to be significant,to the
popular Thompson River steelhead fishery.
Hydrological records and data collected during field studies in
1980-81 were used to determine Fisher ies Resource Maintenance
Flows (flows required to maintain the production potential)for
the Nicola and Coldwater Rivers.The results are shown in table
5.The val ues given for the upper Nicola (above Nicol a Lake)
Spius and Guichon Creeks are based on 20%of the mean annual
flow.
Superposition of these flow requirements on the historic
hydrographs (Appendix A)shows that the critical.low flow periods
are in the late summer -fall,and winter.The extra storage
(over that presently maintained in Nicola Lake)that would have
been required for the years I isted is shown in table 6.For an
average year this would have amounted to about one extra foot of
storage~for a dry year,about two feet.Calculations included
the effects of present water withdrawals from the system.Extra
storage could effectively be obtained by better regulation of the
pres~nt Nicola Lake dam.
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-31 -
Release of more water from the Nicola Lake reservoir may not be
beneficial because of high lake water temperatures particularly
during low flow periods in very hot weather (usually August)~It
is known that temperatures in the Nicola between the lake and
Merritt become critical in July -August and may be limiting
juvenile survival in that reach.
In order to ensure that the salmonid production potential of the
Nicola River·system is maintained,it is recommended that:
1.There be no increase in water diversion from the Nicola
mainstem,Spius Creek,and Coldwater River during low flow
periods,and no new water diversion licences unless·they are
supported by storage.
2.Nicola Lake be better regulated to ensure optimum use of
storage potential.This would be facilitated by upgrading
the Nicola Lake Dam.
3.The Fisheries Resource Maintenance Flows as given in table 5
be·provided.
4.The fishway at the Nicola Lake dam be improved or replaced.
-32 -
An hydrometric station be established just downstream of
Nicola Lake for monitoring flow releases out of the lake.
5.
6.The storage potential of Douglas Lake be
increased flows in the Upper Nicola River
considerable fisheries benefits.
assessed,as
would provide
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-33 --
REFERENCES
Smyth,Kennedy.1967.Report on Nicola Lake Inflow and
RegUlation.Water Investigations Branch,Department of
Lands,Forests,and Water Resources,B.C.
Ford,B.S.1982.Steelhead Harvest Analysis 1980-81.Fisheries
Technical Circular No.52.Fish and Wildlife Branch,
Victoria,B.C.
Distribution and Physical
River System During the Fall
Department of Fisheries and
Probability-of-use Criteria for the Family
Instream Flow Information Paper No.4.
Instream Flow Service Group,Fort Collins,
1976.Nicola River Feasibility Study.Unpublished
Department of Fisheries and Oceans,Vancouver,B.C.41
Thompson,K.1972.Determining Streamflows for Fish Life.In:
Instream Flow Requirements Workshop Proceed ings.Pac iITc
Northwest River Basins Commission.Portland,Oregon.March
15-16,1972.a5 pp.
Starr,P.
MS.
pp.
Bovee,K.D.and R.Milhaus.1978.Hydraul ic Simulation in
Instream Flow Stud ies:Theory and Techniques.Instream
Flow Information Paper No.5.Cooperative Instream Flow
Service Group,Fort Collins,Colorado.
EI vidge,R.1971.Spawning
Characteristics of the Nicola
of 1970.Draft Memorandum.
Oceans,Vancouver,B.C.
Kalnin,L.W.1982.NicolaRi~er project,1981.Memorandum to
B.Pearce,Management Biologist,Fraser River,Northern
B.C.and Yukon Division,Department of Fisheries and Oceans,
Vancouver,B.C.
Sebastian,D.C.1982.Nicola Fisheries Assessment:Interim
Enhancement Opportunities and Recommendations based on 1980
and 1981 Investigations.Fish and Wildlife Branch,Ministry
of Environment,Victoria,B.C.96 pp.
Bovee,K.D.1978.
Salmonidae.
Cooperative
Colorado.
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-36 -l~~
TABLE 2 [
NICOLA RIVER
Monthly Flows and Deficits l~1972,1974
i ,
I ( 1)I (2)I (3)I (4 )I (5)I [,r ,r I I,I I
I I ,Nicola Deficit*I Deficit*.:,I IINicolaIIaboveI above I below I,
I Below I ,Merritt ,Merrit t I Merrit t I [~I
1972 ,Merritt I Coldwater :(1)-(2)I 40/60 -(3)I 110 -(1)II
I I ,I ,f-28 ---iI<r
JAN ,82 ,26 56 I -[, ,I I I
FEB r 91 I 71 I 20 I 20 I 19 1,
MAR I 529 r 404 I 125 ,I III--
APR I 813 ,470 I 343 I -I -I,
MAY I 3090 I 2130 f 960 I -I -I 6,
JUN I 3380 I 1950 I 1430 I -I -I
I ,,I "-~
JUL I 1660 I 861 J 799 I -,-I
AUG I 464 ,158 ,306 I -I -f DSEPI188I52I136,-I -I
OCT I 103 I 54 ,50 ,10 ,7 I
NOV I 30 I 35 ,0 f 60 ,80 ,
0DECI67I14f53,-I 43 I
I I I I 1 I
I ,I I I ,
[1974 ,I I I I II
JAN I 150 I 90 f 60 f -I -I
FEB I 171 I 107 I 64 ,-,-I
MAR I 224 I 177 ,47 ,-f -I [APR I 689 I 658 I 31 I 9 I -!MAY I 2190 I 1310 ,880 I -I
JUN I 3210 I 1970 I 1240 I -I -I [JUL I 1470 I 814 I 656 I -I -I
AUG I 368 I 154 ,214 ,-I I
SEP I 146 I 34 ,112 ,-I
OCT I 114 I 34 I 80 I -,-.j [NOV I 127 I 53 I 74 I -I -I
DEC I 126 I 58 ,68 I -I,,,f ,,L
*The Deficit is that additional release that would have been required l'.to maintt in the following Fisheries Maintenance Flow schedule:
110 cfs below Merritt ..
60 cfs above Merritt-Aug.to Nov.
[,40 cfs above Merritt-Dec.to Apr.
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[-37 -
[TABLE 3
NICOLA RIVER
[Monthly Flows and Deficits
1975,1976
•
[I ( 1)I (2 )I (3 )I (4)f (5)I
I I I I I-• I I I -I I I
·l ,I Nicola I Deficit*I Deficit*III,Nicola I I above I above I below IIIIII
[I Below I I Merritt I Merritt I Merritt III
1975 I Merritt I Coldwater I (1)-(2)I 40/60 -(3)I 110 -(1)II
I I I I ~~I ,I "
,
JAN I 101 I 43 r 58 I -I 9 I[I
FEB I 115 I 43 I 72 f -,-I
MAR I 157 I 49 I 108 -I -,
I
APR I 307 I 179 I 128 -f -,
0 MAY , I 1430 I 1180 I 250 -I -l
JUN I 2270 I 1620 I 650 -I -,
JUL ,807 I 570 I 237 -I -I
U AUG I 212 r 69 I 143 -I -I
SEP I 117 I 40 I 77 -f -,
OCT ,151 87 ,64 -I -I
NOV ,426 341 I 85 -I -"
0 I
DEC I 343 331 I 12 28 I -,
I r , ,
I I I III,l
Q 1976 I I III
JAN ,230 197 I 33 7 I,
FEB I 197 146 I 51 I -I
I
C MAR I 154 87 f 67 I -I
APR I 300 I 247 I 53 I -I
MAY I 1460 I 1230 I 230 I -I
I r I
JUN I 1630 ,1120 I 510 -,
I
C JUL I 863 I 788 I 105 -III
AUG I 473 I 244 ,229 -Ir
SEP I 435 I 90 r 345 -,-I
E OCT I 199 I 37 I 162 -I -I
t
NOV I 185 I 66 I 119 -I -I
DEC I 133 I 59 I 74 -I -rrIIItI,
*The Deficit is that additional release that would have been required
l
to maintain the following Fisheries Maintenance Flow schedul..~:
110 cfs below Merritt
60 cfs above Merritt-Aug.to Nov.
40 cfs above Merritt-Dec.to Apr.
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-38 -
[~
TABLE 4 [jNICOLARIVER
Monthly Flows and Deficits
[1977,1978
I ( 1)
,(2)I (3)I (4)t (5),,I r r ,Il-I ,I I l~,,r Nicola r Deficit*,Deficit*I,
r Nicola r r above ,above ,below I,,
J
,,
Below ,Merritt r Merritt ,Merritt 1r,[~1977 I Merritt ,Coldwater ,(1)-(2)1 40/60 -(3)'110 -(1)1,
r I oJ I ,,,,(
I IJANf125,66 59 ,-I -, ,, ,I
FEB I 190 I 115 .J 75 I -,-I [I ,
MAR 1 142 r 73 I 69 t
I r,-,-
APR ,327 I 280 J 47 -I -,
r
MAY 1 819 I 513 r 306 ,-I -,
C,
JUN I 705 I 497 ,208 J -I -1
JUL ,185 1 68 ,117 ,-,-,
AUG ',77 I 15 r 62 J -I 33 I
SEP I 72 J 23 I 49 I 11 I 38 I CI
OCT ,88 f 39 J 48 r 12 ,22 ,
NOV J 166 .r 141 ·1 25 ,35 I -II
DEC .f 137 ,125 ,12 ,28 I -I C, , ,.f ,r,I .(I I II,
1978 I ,.(I r I,r CJAN191I61I30I10I19I
FEB 1 86 ,59 I 27 ,13 I 24 1
MAR 1 221 J 162 I 59 I -I -I
APR f 529 1 469 I 60 I -I -I [MAY J 1630 ,961 ,669 I -I -I
JUN ,1780 ,1010 I 770 J -I -,
I
JUL I 436 ,216 I 220 I -I -f [AUG ,138 1 41 f -97 J -J -I
SEP I 181 I 83 I 98 1 -,-1
OCT ,169 I 76 J 93 J -I -Ir LNOV,265 J 176 ,89 I -I -1
DEC ,124 1 55 J 69 I -1 -I,I I ((I
*The Deficit is that additional release that would have been required [
to maintain the following Fisheries Maintenance Flow schedule:
110 cfs below Merritt L60cfsaboveMerritt-Aug.to Nov.
40 cfs above Merritt-Dec.to Apr.
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-39 -
TABLE 5
FISHERIES RESOURCE MAINTENANCE FLOW REQUIREMENTS
FOR THE NICOLA RIVER AND MAJOR TRIBUTARIES
Stream/Reach Fisheries Resource Gage or
Maintenance Flows Point
Aug-Nov Dec-Apr of
.cfs (M3/S )cfs (M3/S )Measure-
ment
Nicola R
Nl Thompson R.to Spius Cr.200 1 (5.66)200 1 (5.66)SLG006
N2 Spius Cr.to Coldwater 1 10 1 (3.12)110 1 (3.12)SLG007
River
N3 Coldwater R.to Nicola 60 1 ( 1 .69)40 1 (1.13)Dam
Lake
N4 Nicola L.to Douglas L.2S2 (.7S)2S 2 (.7S)SLG049
Coldwater R.(Brodie-Merritt)501 (1.42)50 (1.42)SLG010
Spius Creek 78 2 (2.22)7S 2 (2.22)SLGOOS
Guichon Creek 7 2 (.2)7 2 (.2)SLG004
.
l Minimum flows
2Estimates based on 20%of mean annual flow
-40 -
TABLE 6
NICOLA RIVER
Deficits in CFS Days
(Short of 110 cfs flow requirement)
,,..d i
f 1970-71 i 1971-72 f 1972-75*,1975-76 ,1976-77 t 1977-78,,
J
,l .,
f'I ,
JUL 1 ,,,r ,,,r ,,
AUG 1 1 ,1 1 1 930,
SEP 1 400 I 450 ,,,,1200,r ,r
OCT 1 750 ,125 I 720 ,0 ,0 ,1000r,I
NOV ,1500 I 0 1 2400 1 0 ,0 1 300
DEC I 1860 I 360 1 1300 ,0 I 0 I 520
JAN I 1250 ,910 I 230 I 0 I·170 I 610
r 1 540
.,I 1 1 880FEB
MAR 1 I 1 1 1 I 210
APR 1 1 1 I 1 ~
MAY 1 ,I I I I
JUN 1 I I I I f
I I r r ,Ir2,385 T 4,650 I ,I r 5,65015,760 I 000 170
'I I I I I I
Average =(5760+2385+4650+0+170+5650)/6=3102 cfs days
=6,204 acre feet
*Data for 1973 -1974 missing
Combining data for 1972 and 1975 was assumed valid
,
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-41 -
TABLE 7
NICOLA RIVER SYSTEM -AVERAGE AND MAXIMUM RECORDED ESCAPEMENTS
.<,\
f ,Maximum ,
Average Escapements I Escapement IIII•J,..-I ,
r 1951-1960 ,1961-1970 t 1971-1980 i
I I I -J,,,
I ,I
I INicola,
I ,I
Chinook I 6,567 I 2,950 I 2,950 7,500Ir,
Coho I 1,230 I 1,108 I 367 3,500
Pink ,2,140 I 820 I 1,625 4,000,
I I I IrIIIII
Coldwat'er I I IIII
Chinook I 780 251 I 611 1,500 I
I
Coho I 2,400 1,461 I 518 7,500 I,I II,I II
Spius I I III
Chinook·I 528 118 I 343 1,500 IIII
Coho I 964 222 I 364 3,500 I
L ,,,
-42 -
TABLE 8
HABITAT SUITABILITY CRITERIA
~-
-
t t .,Dominant ,
r Depth r Velocity ISubstrate Irr(ft.)1 (ft./sec.)I Type IrrII.JII
Chinook spawning 0.8+fl.0 -3.0 r 4,5 I
I r r
I J I I
Chinook juvenile 1.0+I .25 -1.25 r I
I I
I I I I
I
Coho juvenile I 1.2+I 0.2 -.75 I I
I IrIII
Steelhead fry r 0.2 -1.4 r .25 -1.5 r I
I I
I I I Ir
Steelhead parr I 0.5+I .25 -2.25 I I
I I
f ,f I
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Kill 5 0 5 10 15 Km
Ie rl ' , ,
NICOLA RIVER
STUDY AREA
KEY
b.HYDROMETRIC STATION
~STUDY SITE AND~~f'6~TRANSECT NUMBER
~-REACH BOUNDARIES
CHAPPERON
LAKE I I•..
I
"-G')
c:
:0
fTI
r----'c=r---'--r----'I 1[1 ~r=J c:J .t ..L.J [L ..~.J L..I.ltD c=J ~.~r--,c-l c----:J
l ..,..,L .J L !'J'
-45-FIGURE 2
b5
NOTE Moo mode from uncontrolled oor phOlO mOSO'C \
Dote flown _July 27.1975
I
Q
/
o 1/4 1/2 3/4
I Kilometre
.....""?"Z"?"Z"Z"I5'Z5.......'F"'......"".~"""""",",,"=....l!
NICOLA RIVER
NICOLA LAKE TO MERRITT
)
\
\
"5 ,'-
*WATER TEMPERATURE RECORDER'
I TRANSECT
6
I
FIGURE 3
*A_....,,_.,,_""'ltltl LI••lhlll.r dl.
46-
RIVER
i
I*WATER TEMPERATURE RECORDER I
l TRANSECT
12
NICOLA
MERRITT TO •SPIUS CREEK
LOWER NICOLA
1/2 )'4
o 2 Kilometres
...~""'..................._........--.................-.-=_ll
2mlles
...-,--..-_----.------........I-d
o
~'------:::=:::::::
~~~~.-_...-~~.-------_..-----_..'--_..--'._--------,.'
NOT E Map mode from uncontrolled air photo mosaic
Dale flown _July 27,1975
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l -47-FIGURE 4
l
!
NOTE:Map made from uncontrolled Qlr photo mosolc.
Dale flown -July 27.1975.
o 1/2 2miles
~b-..-.....,...............-.J--......-......==~!
I 0 I Kilometre
151..;,.....-...............1&1 a....~~~kl~..J.',..."".""""==!
NICOLA RIVER
SPIUS CREEK TO SHAKAN CREEK
-----~f}-I--REACH NI --~I
~I
~~~~i..I
~3Q/,-i\..liM<J~,~(I*WATER TEMPERATURE RECORDER CJ)l'.
Rl1Ief _liS frOllll Hie••LOlli _lief 00111
FIGURE 5-48-
RIVER
•Iro"""'COllt La_.o."e,4C1f1l R.....m"..RECORDETEMPERATURE*WA~T_ER _
\
i
NICOLA
THOMPSON RIVERCREEKTOSHAKAN
I
\
\
TRANSECT)
i
)
2mlles
---d
I Kilometre
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0,
\
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I
)
mOSOICuncontrolledaIrphotoNOTE,Map made ~r~~y 27,1975,Dote flown
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HAMIL TON CR.
MERRITT
COLDWATER R.
FIGURE 6
NICOLA RIVER
-49-
SPIUS CR.
'=::::8 LG 8
TRANSECTS a MEASURED FLOWS
APRIL 15 -20,1980 (CFS)
8
9
10
II
F 12
G'13
GU/CHO.v CR.
8L~
srU4fSlCS CR
8 LG;;....
8LG'5 ~~2 25.2 Apr
72.A 24.0 '6Apr20,2.B '3 26.3
C 4
5
CLAPPERrON CR.'
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SPIUS CR.
COLDWATER R.
CR.
FIGURE 7
NICOLA RIVER
~.LG8
-50-
..
lS9l July 29
ISOJ-
- ,10 0\alTRANSECTS a MEASURED FLOWS
,,5 July2
~,,2 I JULY 28 -30 I 1980 (CFS)
MERRITT
6'UtClfo",C"i'
8~~
srU4I6'l.~s C"i'.
8L.G~OA -I
.~CI.
8
9
10
II
F 12
G 13
8 LG 15
CLAPPERrON C;•.....
CJl
UI .~•"0-
SPIUS CR.
8LG 8
COLDWATER R.
FIGURE 8
NICOLA RIVER
TRANSECTS a MEASURED FLOWS
SEPT.15-16,1980 (CFS)
HAMILTON CR.
8lG '5~13~SePt.
2 ~2 ,\6.A 3 188
C 4
5
Gu/c.HOI\!~C)j>.
3 cfa
,Sept·/5
MERRITT
...
-51-
srU.ff8£CS C~
8L~/R.
.~Cf.Sept.IS
8
9
10
II :l-22~Sept.15
F 12 --l--23sf
G 13
CLAPPERTON c,......
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FIGURE 9
161 efa
COLDWATER R.
NICOLA RIVER
HAMILTON CR.
MERRITT
8
9
10
"±~F 12 171 .
Nov 4
G 1'3 185
6'UIC,yON CIi'.
8L.~
·41 el,
-52-
8l G 15 1~4~ITRANSECTS a MEASURED FLOWS
•A '3 46 Nov 4
Be 45 I NOV.4-5,1980 (CFS)
4
5
sru"'e{~s CIi'
........,~
8 L.G 19 ..."~
.~el,
CLAPPERrON Q".
SP/US CR.
X:::::8 LG 8
L
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cD _
cDO~:.."o~~rCD...
....
FIGURE 10
RIVER
180 cfs ,A.pril II
8 LG 7 -256 cfs ,April 10
.....'"-:;.~."....~
.......0 '9..~
NICOLA
-53-
TRANSECT~a MEASURED FLOWS
APRIL 7 -II t 19-8.(CFS)
Apri I 10
SPIUS CR.
•
April 9 ~8lG 8 -
HAMILTON CR.-
74.~April II
64.COLDWATER R.
?~~~~...~
G'CS)
MERRITT -..--
8
9
10
II
F 12
G 13
6'(/ICIfON CIi'.
8L~2
~Qr;1 10 Cf,
srU4f81.cS
"-
8 LG '9 ..~
~Cf,~
8lG 15
3cfa~
CLAPPERrON CF/.
...~.
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l...:-~~k
Co.c
'<
RIVER
FIGURE
CAppro •.400 cfa )
8LG10-268cfs
SPIUS CR.
COLDWATER.R.·
July 19
NICOLA
798 cfs
Riff Ie too swift
1145 Joe's BridgeY --8 l-G 8
1288 camp9roun~JUIY 20
Not located
8
9
10"fOO deep
F 12 778
G 13 880
WICOLA
LAKE
,'355~
2 387 July ITRANSECTS a MEASURED FLOWS
.~..'3 324 17
C 4 383l-July 191 JULY 17-20 t 1981 (CFS)
5 411J
HAMILTON CR.
MERRITT
-S4~
GU/CHON C-9.
8L~
srU4f8lcS
"-,
8 LG /9 ~2
Cfaz
8 LG 15
9 cfl %:
Note:7 was best
metering of sites 1-7.
CLAPPERrON Q .....'-------
-55-
-.....
~.o""~.,..~
J>c:
to
SPIUS CR.
8 LG to
26.6 c15
8 LG7 -159 cfs ,Aug 19
CR.
NICOLA RIVER
~8LG8
FIGURE 12
TRANSECTS a MEASURED FLOWS
AUG.19 -22 t 1981 (CFS)
Aug 21
173Criffle)}Au g 19
III COLDWATER R.
Aug
19
)AuCJ 22
MERRITT
8
9
10
II
F 12
. G 13
G'U/CNOI\!C-9~.
srU4llJlcS
'"....8 LG /9
8lG 15
2 Cfs t
CLAPPERiON Q .................
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-56-
HAMILTON CR.
r-'
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8
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O\NN~u.!'-0\
0\'.~
(I)
N ..
-~-
RIVER
FIGURE 13
27.2 cfs t SeDt 25
150 c fs t SeDt 24
SPIUS CR.
NICOLA
TRANSECTS a MEASURED FLOWS
SEPT.21-26.1981 (CFS)
105.~6 eDt 23
83.COLDWATER R.
149.3}
191.0 SeDt 24
180.8 }
176.4 SeDt 25
20 I..,.
8
9
10
II
F 12
G 13
MERRITT
GU/CItON CI9,
8L.~'8~Cf,
,
8 L G 15 1
I Cfs t 2
.~-3--'"
c 4
5
srU"'8l cS"......8 L.G '9 ..2 .,.
Cf•...
CLAPPERrON Q .....
-57-
NICOLA a COLDWATER RIVERS FIGURE 14
"--'RELAl110NSH1P'iOF FLOWS"Aa".....---:..--.-\.-.--.!
.~~~:-..".:_-':A--"';'~-...'-·····::::·~·;:·~~-·:~:·l··:·--"'~.':'.'j
~---..-~.:=~~~.-]~~~=~'-;~:~=~.:j--~.~::~~:~:=~=::~J-.:::~:~~::~-~:==~t-·---'~=~...-.:::.~~--.~~::~-j=--=~=:=-~=d
-.---~:..-._.-------..';--''''''---+',-_.-r--.....----.---..·---:-----~-·-·..·.._·---·-1
~~~~~~;;~l?r}~-~-i:~;~-:~-.••.•~;i~:~:~~;~~~;Jl!:t~
==:~~~;;~~:=~.~h :::.=:~=d~-~·::~::~f~~~~:•".~••~....~~
~.~:~.:.-:_~.::'I'~:::":.:.~~-:-··l-··-:--:.'.~:..d::..:.':'-':":-~:::--....~--·::~l:-·:·:-=::~:=::~:~.:~~.......,...~_.-.-..--.in n-FJ:n·~::~--..1 :..-..•-..t\.~.-·1
~·~.·:··.·.·:_~-.I=:.~::..::::y·-·r:::::~.:b :.:....,.....•..::~~=:-:~=~b:~:=::~~§~:;~~~
:~:::::::.=~~~=~::b:~~:l·::::~~.~::~===:~==.~~-:;~E~i~~~~._-_----.---.---..----..:.,-.'i'-'-",-.--.------:--.-------'..----..-..-.--.--~~:~::'-;:':::-~::~1~:::·~:~-:;:~·:·-~~::::::~=:~~E.:::'~'_~~~:.i .:::~~:~..~~.=.:-=~::-:~-:=:~~T~:·==·:~:=-=~==:-~·==~l~~·~:::=·:~:~~~:~=;
::::L-:.:·.:.t~~~:::;i~:~:::=·H:..:.::::~:.~=·~~.::r:~~;:::~~-r :::_:=!
-=-::-~~~~j ~J2·-:-.!:::;:==y----:··:~..l=::-.=;0=~J~~.:.-~.~::J
--.I (j ---.I·.,...I"'l'..."",,•.--·1 ....------.."......J
[-..-_----:__..---;.i'1 nnnt\---..1:.-~'-'-'j'-.._-_.-.-.."-----!
1::::'=-"':...~::"r--.:;,::~~:~~.=:::~..;t 1--..~-~::..-T:.~~.·~:-r:-:--:-:==--~- .~:.1
I-.:-·"~~"··..:~~-:'-:~:.L~~~=:_.~··=~~~~:·;-::.:~:~=~~:~~:~:~~-1 ~=~~'~.:':.~:.::'-~r~~:~:·~~:=~=~~~l~~~;~~:::·~:~·.-·~f.:--~..::.--.~..::~:j
I i'I ,t.!
l~~--·--.....----.....-_....-...-._."_0_·1 .-:..__._.....·__·__·t-····--_···__·---···f -.-·_··--1
I:::::::I:::::::=:::,:::-:....••..•+"'::·~·~=d:~__~;::j:::=::~::
~L.:
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1
......;-.--..---1 _-·-:·..·1*·-I'l"~-........,.'''----.f-·..·r-------·-..-....~...n'n-·n -.:=-:-.~:::::=:--.:-~-::::=-:, .
.j
j
COLDWA'TER
,
i
1• 1
--:NICOl:Ai ·ABOYE:-.:·~-::·.NtCOt·A·BELOW'::
.__....;.........MERRIT'T';---.-......MERRITT
v
"---.....-.._-.._._,-._.--,.,...
...,...,...
\.
I ....
I....---..'uI:._.--.-
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i __
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-58-
NICOLA a COLDWATER RIVERS FIGURE 15 [
---:-------·--.-e£UTIQNSHtP:~bF-·FLOWS--As=:------·1------.,,----·--~~:--;...---=~~~~~~=.=:-=~~~iA1~-I:I~~:~-~AT-.:~~b~-~-~~~-eT~[~·:-·:~-:i<;~~::~~~:·:=-==-~-F:===~-~=-
~----:L=----.-::..~-----:~-=;:~-=-=-~:-t._=.:-:=-=:==--=--=-:k~=--=-:.:-:---=t=-=--::=-~--::::-·==t=:--~:-~=-:--=--_::-~-':-:::::~=:_--_':'-·-j~-~-,-,----,-;~_.n_~:~~,~~~:~~~~~it~~:~r~~1
-~--~.~-,;;,;-.-.--;----~-"""u;~"_-~F~----=1 m ;--at ---.~
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_~--~c--_:.~.~::-~:~=f~~;TffFfiii~~:-=-l __-~;~~?_----1
~----~t-==1=~~:;~~==~-:3~:~:~r~:-?~~~~~~~
--.-+-----.-~-+-.=:-=-=--~·l-·--'.-=~:--r---==::::--=~=;--"::::.:·-TI===-_=-~-~--r--·~=_=--1~--+---I -----r----·----------------·--·_-··-·----.·_--_·--------t·-·--====1~-··l--·.i .~------------ro 0••----_._'---~-,--••----:-.--.-----•__.---~'----r---~~
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NICOLA LAKE
-113-
AND I FURTHER ORDER YOU,on the 1st of August of each year to
fully open the said gates until the water level of
the said lake reaches the 2.00'mark on the said
gauge and up to this mark is allowed until Sept~30th
of any year.
It having been established by survey that certain Crown Lands
are flooded by the raising of the Nicola Lake water level
above a certain elevation,and the crops on these said lands
suffer if not drained by a certain date,and as the flooding
of these lands has been aggravated in the past by the control
exercised by the dam at the Nicola Lake outlet constructed
under Conditional Water Licence 13594 and held by the
Nicola Lake Stock Farms Ltd.:
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April 21st,1948
-,
515 Columbia Street
Ka~loops,B. C.
itA.G.Hotton"by .
Engineer for the
Nicola Water District
1948.
Original Signed
(SEC.34)
WATER ACT 1939
COpy
DATED AT KAMLOOPS this 21st day of April
078766
489B
THEREFORE I ORDER YOU,the Nicola Lake Stock Farms Ltd.to
control,as closely as your operations allow,the
water level of the Nicola Lake by adjusting the
gates in the dam and canal so that the water level
of the said lake is not above the 3.00'mark on the
gauge established by the Water Rights Branch on the
north shore of the said lake immediately East of
the dam,and up to this 3.00'mark is allowed
between April 1st and July 31st in any year.
S3nlVA GNV HJIVJ NOWlVS
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Spius S1:stem
Canadian commercial1
2 567 1,506 9,635 28,551
Sport Tidal 466 1,284 13,539 37,306
Sport Fresh 2 25 90 2,701 9,722
Native FoodS 46 126 1,326 .4,161
U.S.Commercia1 7 173 396 2,586 6,494
Sport?28 48 813 1,395
1,305 3,450 $30,600 $87,629
Total Catch 4 Net Wholesale Va1ue 6
Nicola River"pieces $1982
Current Potential Current Potential
Canadian commercial1
2 8,283 11,346 161,357 226,534
Sport Tidal 6,288 9,008 182,696 241,727
Sport Fresh;597 840 64,489 90,741
Native Food 627 897 24,375 34,525
U.S.Commercia1 7 2,064 2,716 31,366 46,780
Sport7 39 76 1,133 2,208
17,898 24,883 $465,416 $642,515
-115-
TABLE 1:CURRENT AND OPTIMUM SALMONID CATCH AND
ANNUAL VALUE FOR NICOLA,COLDWATER
AND SPIUS SYSTEM
75,517
108,085
19,444
9,992
21,128
6,973
$241,139
32,535
42,274
11,126
4,744
7,319
1,.569
$99,567
4,560
3,720
180
360
1,440
240
10,500
1,708
1,455
103
143
446
54
3,909
Coldwater System
Canadian Commercia1 1
Sport Tida1 2
Sport Fresh 2
Native FoodS
U.S.Commercia1 7
Sport 7
Footnotes presented on page 119.
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TABLE 2:
-116-
ESTIMATE OF THE CURRENT AND POTENTIAL SALMON
CATCH AND VALUE ASSOCIATED WITH THE NICOLA RIVER
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Estimated Catch 4
Pieces
Chinook
Average
Potential
Estimated
Estimated
Escapement (1976-80)
Escapement
Current Catch 14,940
Potential Catch 21,000
3,320
7,000
Current C/E Ratio 4.5:1
Potential C/E Ratio 3:1
Net Wholesale Va1ue 6
$1982
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Footnotes presented on page 119.
Escapement (1976-80)325
Escapement 950
Current Catch 975
Potential Catch 1,900
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209,574
244,062
90,741
33,643
Potential
35,211
$613,231
149,118
173,632
64,489
23,911
25,044
$436,194
7,268
4,121
$11,389
Current C/E Ratio 3:1
Potential C/E Ratio 2:1
9,240
8,400
840
840
1,680
21,000
Potential Current
817 4,971 9,692
608 9,064 17,665
57 464 882
342 2,201 4,·301
76 1,133 2,208
1";900 $17,833 $34,748
708 Current C/E Ratio 2:8
419
312
30
175
39
975
694
1,983
1,289
6,575
5,976
597
597
1,195
14,940
Current
Canadian
Commercia1 1
Canadian
Commercia1 1
Sport,Tida1 2
NativeS
U.S..7
Commercl.al
Pink
Average Escapement (1968-79)
Potential same a.'average
Estimated Current Catch 1,983
U.S.
--Commercia1 7
Canadian
Conunercia11
Sport Tida1~
Sport Fresh
NativeS
Coho
Average
Potential
Estimated
Estimated
U.S.
-COmmercia1 7
sport7
TABLE 3:ESTIMATE OF THE CURRENT AND POTENTIAL SALMON
CATCH AND VALUE ASSOCIATED WITH THE·COLDWATER SYSTEM
-117-
Footnotes presented on page 119.
Coho
Average Escapement (1976-80)
Potential Escapement
Estimated Current Catch
Estimated Potential Catch
Current C/E Ratio 3:1
Potential C/E Ratio 2:1
2,580 6,809 30,608
1,920 12,377 55,786
180 619 2,783
1,080 3,030 13,583
240 1,569 6,973
6,000 $24,404 $109,733
445
3,000
1,335
6",000
574
426
40
241
54
1,335
Canadian
Commercia1 1
Sport Tida1 2
NativeS
U.S.
-Commercia1 7
sport 7
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Commercial 1 298 516 3,534 6,121
Sport Tida1 2 222 384 6,450 1,157
NativeS 21 36 325 557
U.S.
---Commercial 7 124 216 1,559 2,718
Sport7 28 48 813 1,395
bTI"l;zrro $12,68r $21,948
Estimated Catch4 Net Wholesale ValueP
pieces $(1982)
Current Potential Current Potential
Canadian
Commercial 1 269 -990 6,101 22,430
Sport Tida1 2 244 900 7,089 26'.,:149
Sport Fresh 2 25 90 2,701 9,722
NativeS 25 90 1,001 3,604
U.S.
---Commercia1 7 49 180 1,027 3,776
612 2,250 $17,919
...
$65,681
TABLE 4:ESTIMATE OF THE CURRENT AND POTENTIAL SALMON
CATCH AND VALUE ASSOCIATED WITH THE SPIUS SYSTEM
136
750
612
2#250
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3:1
Current C/E Ratio 3:1
Potential C/E .Ratio 2:1
Current C/E Ratio
Potential C/E Ratio
-118-
Chinook
Average Escapement (1976-80)
Potential Escapement
Estimated Current Catch
Estimated Potential Catch
Coho
Average Escapement (1976-80)231
Potential Escapement 600
Estimated Current Catch 693
Estimated Potential Catch 1,200
Footnotes presented on page 119.
-119-
FOOTNOTES FOR TABLES 1 THROUGH 4
Salmon caught in U.S.are valued at Canadian prices.
its and
1980-81 =12.5 1981-82 =10.5
(expected)
1979-80 =10.1
Net wholesale values are reported for commercially caught
species.Harvesting and processing costs have been sub-
tracted from the wholesale value of the salmon.
Salmon caught in the native food fishery have been valued
at the highest price associated with "net caught salmon".
Salmonid Catch was allocated to the various fisheries using
Production Distribution Tables developed for S.E.P.
1978-79 =9.1
The Consumer Price Index was used to adjust values to reflect
current dollars.
Recreational methodology outlined in Appendix 6 of the same
report.Appendix 6.Evaluation of Incremental Recreational
Benefits from Salmonid Enhancement.A day of salt water
sport fiShing was valued at $15.00 (1976$)while a day of
freshwater chinook fishing was valued at $25.00/day (1976$).
One freshwater chinook is estimated to generate 2.5 angler
days of effort.
6.
4.
5.
3.
7.
2.
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-120-
3.It is assumed that 3,300 person days of processing employment are
generated for every million pounds of salmon commercially caught.The
multiplier is 2.45.
1.Methodology outlined in The Economic Rationale for Sa1monid
Enhancement Program and Appendices.Appendix 15.Economic Impacts
Associated with the Salmon Industry in B.C.Acres Consulting Services.
TABLE 5:ESTIMATES OF EMPLOYMENT IN THE HARVESTING
AND PROCESSING SECTORS GENERATED AS A
RESULT OF COMMERCIAL CATCH FROM THE
NICOLA,COLDWATER AND SPIUS SYSTEMS 1
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2.74
3.97
6.71
3.26
14.66
17.92
11.21
.52
10.69
3.64
1.77
7.98
1.49
2.15
.28 person years
5.83 II II
9075
6.11
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Person Years of Work at Person Years of'Work at
Current Production Levels Optimum Production Levels
2.It is assumed that 630 person days of harvesting employment are
generated for every million 1bs.of salmon commercially caught.The
multiplier is 21.5.It is also assumed that there are 232 wOl~ing
days in a person year.
Total Employment
Total Employment
Total Employment
Combined Processing
&Harvesting Sectors
Direct Employment
Indirect Employment
Harvesting Sector2
Direct Employment
Indirect Employment
Processing Sector3
Direct Employment
Indirect Employment
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-122-
APPENDIX D
Example:
a.Identify dominant material,ego small cobble (5)
b.Identify subdominant material (if greater than 25%of
substrate area),ego coarse gravel (4)
c.Coding for this example would be 5/4
Code
1
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SUBSTRATE SCALE (MODIFIED WENTWORTH)
Description
Silt-clay
Sand
Pea Gravel
Fine Gravel
Medium Gravel
Coarse Gravel
Very Coarse Gravel
Small Cobble
Large Cobble
Boulder
Bedrock
Size Range
rom.(inches)
0.62
0.62-2
2-16 (.1-.6)
16-64 (.6-2.5)
64-125 (2.5-5)
125-250 (5-10)
250+(10+)
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