HomeMy WebLinkAboutAPA2658....
-
'.J ••••••
REPORT NO.5
WINTER AQUATIC INVESTIGATIONS
(SEPTEMBER 1983-MAY 1984)
Volume 1:An Evaluation o~the Incubation
Life-Phase of Chum Salmon In the
Middle Susltna Rlver,Alaska
ALASKA DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME
SUSITNA HYDRO AQUATIC STUDIES REPORT SERIES
,.".l~
14?:-5-~S '2?
A-&~
jIl{J,'2-b
,.".
ALASKA DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME
SUSITNA HYDRO AQUATIC STUDIES
REPORT NO.5
WINTER AQUATIC INVESTIGATIONS
(SEPTEMBER 1983-MAY 1984)
-
Volume 1:An Evaluation 0'the Incubation
Life-Phase of Chum Salmon In the
Middle Susltna Rlver.Alaska
Prepared for.
ALASKA POWER AUTHORITY
334 W.FFTH AVE.
ANCHORAGE.ALASKA 99501
ARLIS
Alaska Resources
Library &InformatIOn ServIces
Anchorage,Alaska
PREFACE
This report is one of a series of reports prepared for the Alaska Power
Authority (APA)by the Al aska Department of Fi sh and Game (ADF&G)to
provide information to be used in evaluating the feasibility of the
proposed Susitna Hydroelectric Project.The ADF&G Susitna Hydro Aquatic
Studies program was initiated in November 1980.The five year study
program was divided into three study sections:Adult Anadromous Fish
Studies (AA),Resident and Juvenile Anadromous Studies (RJ),and Aquatic
Habitat and Instream Flow Studies (AH).Reports prepared by the ADF&G
on this subject are available from the APA.
Beginning with the 1983 reports,all reports were sequentially numbered
as part of the Alaska Department of Fish and Game Susitna Hydro Aquatic
Studies Report Series.
TITLES IN THE ADF&G REPORT SERIES
-
Report
Number
1
2
3
4
5
Title
Adult Anadromous Fish Investigations:
May -October 1983
Resident and Juvenile Anadromous Fish
Investigations:May -October 1983
Aquatic Habitat and Instream Flow
Investigations:May -October 1983
Access and Transmission Corridor Aquatic
Investigations:May -October 1983
Winter Aquatic Investigations:
September,1983 -May,1984
Publication
Date
April 1984
July 1984
Sept.1984
Sept.1984
March 1985
.-
co
o Ico
C'J
"d"
"d"
ooo
LO
LO.......
M
M
___..__1:
This report (report number 5)provides results of the 1983-1984 winter
studies conducted by the ADF&G to evaluate and compare existing chum
salmon incubation conditions in selected slough,side channel,
tributary,and mainstem habitats of the Susitna River between Talkeetna
and Devil Canyon (River Miles 98-152).The types of data presented in
this report include development and survival data for chum salmon
embryos,surface and intragravel water quality data (pH,conductivity,
temperature and dissolved oxygen),and substrate composition data.
This report is composed of two separately bound volumes.Volume 1
(presented here)presents an evaluation of the incubation life-phase of
chum salmon in the middle Susitna River.Volume 2 (Appendix F)presents
an independent evaluation of the surface and intragravel water
temperature conditions for incubation study sites identified in Volume 1
as well as additional water temperature monitoring sites located within
the middle Susitna River.
ARLIS
Alaska Resources
Library &InfonnatIoll SeIVlces
Anchorage.,Alaska
....
.....
"....
r
I
HI NTER AQUATIC INVESTIGATIONS:
SEPTEMBER,1983 -MAY,1984
REPORT NUMBER 5
VOLUME 1
AN EVALUATION OF THE INCUBATION LIFE-PHASE OF CHUM SALMON
IN THE MIDDLE SUSITNA RIVER,ALASKA
By:
Leonard_J.Vining,
Jeffery S.Blakely,
and
Glenn M.Freeman
1985
Alaska Department of Fish and Game
Susitna Hydro Aquatic Studies
620 E.10th Avenue
Anchorage,Alaska 99501
ABSTRACT
An evaluation of the pattern of survival and development of chum salmon
embryos incubated in artificial redds in slough,side channel,
tributary,and mainstem habitats of the middle Susitna River was
conducted in conjunction with an assessment of the currently available
chum salmon incubation habitat conditions within these habitat types.
Chum salmon eggs obtained from local stocks were artificially
fertilized,placed within modified Whitlock-Vibert Boxes (WVBs)and
then implanted in artificial redds in the streambed at selected study
sites.At each of these sites,a polyvinyl chloride standpipe was also
installed to obtain instantaneous intragravel water quality measurements
of temperature,dissolved oxygen,pH,and conductivity which were later
correlated to the percent survival of embryos (100%hatched)at each
site.In addition,representative substrate samples were obtained at
selected study sites using a modified McNeil substrate sampler to
characterize the substrate conditions present at incubation study sites.
i
The survival rates of embryos in slough,side channel and tributary
habitats were 17,9,and 11 percent,respectively.Survival of embryos
in mainstem habitat was 19 percent but did not reflect the effects of
dewateri ng and freez i ng due to a di fference in the method of site
location.Thus,estimates of percent survival for this habitat type are
probably higher than would be expected for natural conditions.
The largest demonstrated cause of embryo mortal ity at study sites was
due to dewatering and subsequent freezing of the streambed.Greater
than 47%of the total number of WVBs used to estimate survival became
frozen.This effect was greatest in side channels and least in sloughs,
and was observed to be directly related to the presence and quantity of
upwelling water.Areas particularly vulnerable to the effects of
dewatering and freezing include large portions of side channel habitats
as well as the mouth areas of slough and tributary habitats which may
lack sources of upwelling water.
A quantitative analysis of the effect of each variable on survival was
hampered by the high embryo mortality due to dewatering and subsequent
freezing of substrate.When frozen embryos were removed from the
survival data base,no significant correlations were obtained between
measured water quality variables and percent'survival of embryos
(p<0.05).However,the correlation between dissolved oxygen (mg/l)and
percent survival of embryos decreased to zero at dissolved oxygen
concentrations below 3.0 mg/l.The percent survival of embryos was also
correlated to the percent of fine substrate particles «0.08 in.
diameter)contained within WVBs.Although there was no significant
correlation,the percent survival of embryos decreased to zero when the
percent of fines exceeded 18%.
The rate of embryoni c development at study sites was found to be
strong1y influenced by the degree of upwelling present.Chum salmon
embryos which were fertilized on August 26,1983,and incubated in an
upwelling area in a side channel,reached the 100%hatch in late
December,whereas those incubated in a non-upwelling area in the
mainstem Susitna River experienced delayed development and did not reach
100%hatch unti1 mid-April.Therefore,the presence of upwelling water
in middle Susitna River habitats appears to be a key component which
maintains the integrity of chum salmon incubation habitats by preventing
substrate from dewatering and freezing and by maintaining suitable
incubation temperatures which a1low embryos to develop properly.
A comparison of the rates of in situ embryo development observed in this
study to those observed in the laboratory study of Wangaard and Burger
(1983)was hampered by problems encountered with temperature recorders
installed at each site.Incomplete temperature records were obtained at
study sites used to compare thermal unit requirements for development.
However,based on a quantitative assessment of development data
collected in these study sites and a previous ADF&G study (ADF&G 1983),
it is the opinion of the authors that the predictive equation of
Wangaard and Burger are an adequate model to use in predicting rates of
chum salmon development of the middle Susitna River.
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
VOLUME 1 Page
ABSTRACT....... ... ... ... ... ...... ... ... ... .. ... ... ..•.. ... .. .. i
TABLE OF CONTENTS.............................................iii
LIST OF FIGURES...............................................vi
LIST OF APPENDIX FIGURES......................................xiii
LIST OF TABLES................................................xvi
LIST OF APPENDIX TABLES .
LIST 0F PLATES ..
xvi i
xviii
1.0 INTRODUCTION.............................................1
r-,
1.1 Background ..
1.2 Objectives ..
1
5
2.0 METHODS......................................................................................................7
2.1 Selection of Study Sites •..~..•..........•.......•.~...7
2.2 Procedures for Evaluating Physical and Chemical
Variables...............................................10
2.2.1 Physical Variables.................................14
2.2.1.1
2.2.1.2
2.2.1.3
2.2.1.4
~la ter Temperature ..
Substrate Compos iti on •..•..•....•.....•.•......
Water Depth and Velocity ...........•..•.•......
Turbi di ty ..
14
14
16
16
2.2.2 Chemical Variables.................................16
2.2.2.1 Dissolved Oxygen...............................16
2.2.2.2 pH..........18
2.2.2.3 Conductivity...................................18
2.3 Salmon Embryo Development and Survival.~...............18
2.3.1 Whitlock-Vibert Incubation Boxes .•.................18
F"'"
i
2.3.2 Analysis of Development and Survival
of Embryos.........................................21
iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
2.3.2.1 Embryonic Development..........................21
2.3.2.2 Embryonic Survival.............................29
2.3.2.2.1 Handling Mortality.........................30
2.3.2.2.2 Flatworms ft....................30
2.4 Interpretation of Figures..............................30
3.0 RESULTS..................................................33
3.1 Comparison of Physical and Chemical Characteristics
of Study Sites and Habitat Types.......................33
3.1.1 Physical Characteristics...........................33
3.1.1.1 Water Temperature..............................33
3.1.1.1.1 Instantaneous Intragravel Water
Temperatures.... . . .... .. ..•.. . ..... . . . .....33
3.1.1.1.2 Comparison of Instantaneous Surface and
Intragravel Water Temperatures.............33
3.1.1.1.3 Continuous Intragravel Water Temperatures..41
3.1.1.2 Substrate Composition..........................41
3.1.2 Chemi ca 1 Cha racteri st i cs.. . . . . .. . .. . . .. .. . .. . .. . . . .58
3.1.2.1 Dissolved Oxygen...............................58
3.1.2.2 pH '"..,Co • • • • • • • • • • • • • •58
3.1.2.3 Co ndu ct i vi ty.. . . . . .. . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . .. . ..70
3.2 Comparison of Embryo Survival and Development
at Study Sites and Habitat Types.......................70
3.2.1 Embryo Survival....................................78
3.2.1.1 Accumulation of Fine Substrate Particles.......78
3.2.1.2 Survival Estimates.............................78
3.2.2 Emb ryo Deve 1opment.. . .. .. . ... .. . . .. . .. . .. .. . . .. . . . .83
3.3 Effects of Physical.Chemical and Biological Habitat
Variables on Embryo Survival at Study Sites and
Ha b;ta ts ....G •0 ••III ••••'"II ••e Ie.,•0 CI ••e (l III Co • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ••85
3.3.1 Physi cal Variables.................................85
3.3.2 Chemical Variables.................................89
3.3.3 Biological Variables...............................95
iv
99
-
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
4.0 DISCUSSION.............................................................................................96
4.1 Assumptions and Limitations............................96
4.2 Physical,Chemical,and Biological
Habitat Conditions Associated with Chum
Salmon Development and Survival •••••.••••••••••••••.•••
4 ..2 ..1 Upwe 11 i ng .
4.2.2 Dewatering and Freezing ••••.••••.•••••••••••.•••••.
4 ..2 ..3 Substrate ..
4.2.4 Water Temperature ..
4.2.5 Dissolved Oxyge.n .
4.2.6 pH ~.
4.2 ..7 Conductivi ty .
4.2.8 Turbidity ,.
4 ..2 ..9 Fl atwo rms -.,
99
100
101
105
110
111
114
115
115
4.3 Conclusions/Recommendations............................116
4.3.1 Conclusions........................................116
4.3.2 Recommendations '....................118
5.0 CONTRIBUTORS ;...................................120
6.0 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ••.••••.••••••.••••••.•.•.••~............121
7.0 LITERATURE CITED.........................................122
8.0 APPENDIC'ES...............................................131
-
Appendix A.Embryo Development and Survival Data •..••••••
Appendix B.Study Site Maps •••••••••••••.•••.•.••.••••••.
Appendix C.Water Quality Data •••••••.•••••••••••••••.•••
Appendix D.Substrate Data •••.•••••••.•••.••••••.•.••••••
Appendix E.Additional Habitat Data •.•••...•••••••••.••••
VOLUME 2
Appendix F.Winter Temperature Data
v
A-I
B-1
C-1
D-1
E-1
LIST OF FIGURES
Fi gure
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Map of the Susitna River Basin,with deline-
ations of the basin drainage area and the
middle reach of river .
Genera 1i zed 1i fe cycle of a chum salmon
indigenous to the middle Susitna River,Alaska .
Locations of study sites within the middle
reach of the Susitna River (RM 98-152).
Diagram of a polyvinyl chloride (PVC)standpipe
used to evaluate intragravel water conditions
in streambeds of salmon spawning habitats in
the middle Susitna River,Alaska .
A modified McNeil substrate sampler used to
evaluate substrate conditions of salmon
spawning habitats in the middle Susitna River,
Alaska.Sampler not drawn to scale .
Summary of methods used to evaluate substrate
conditions obtained with a modified McNeil
substrate sampler ...•........•..................•...
Flow di agram depi cti ng the sequence of events
which occurred during the artificial fertili-
zation of salmon eggs and the subsequent
installation of artificial incubation chambers
(Whitlock -Vibert Boxes)in the streambed .
Definitions of symbols used in boxplots which
summarize water temperature,dissolved oxygen,
pH and conductivity data .
Summary,by habitat type,of the intragravel
water temperature data (OC)periodically
measured within standpipes during the 1983-84
winter period in the middle Susitna River,
Alaska (refer to Section 2.4 for detailed
explanation of figure symbols).......•..............
Summary,by study site,of the intragravel
water temperature data (OC)periodically
measured within standpipes during the 1983-84
winter period in the middle Susitna River,
Alaska (refer to Section 2.4 for detailed
explanation of figure symbols).
vi
2
3
8
11
15
17
20
32
35
36
-
LIST OF FIGURES (Continued)
Fi gure
Mean daily intragravel water temperatures (ec)
recorded duri ng the 1983-84 wi nter peri od at
Side Channel 10 (RM 133.8),middle Susitna
River,Alaska ......•.............i..................45
r
....
:
!
r
I,
r
i
-
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
Relationship between intragravel and surface
water temperatures (ec)measured at standpipes
within slough habitat of the middle Susitna
River~Alaska (refer to Section 2.4 for
detailed explanation of figure symbols)..........•.•
Relationship between intragravel and surface
water temperatures (OC)measured at standpipes
within side channel habitat of the middle
Susitna River~Alaska (refer to Section 2.4 for
detailed explanation of figure symbols).•....•......
Relationship between intragravel and surface
water temperatures (ec)measured at standpipes
within tributary habitat of the middle Susitna
River~Alaska (refer to Section 2.4 for
detailed explanation of figure symbols)...•.••.•...•
Relationship between intragravel and surface
water temperatures (ec)measured at standpipes
within slough~side channel~and tributary
habitats of the middle Susitna River~Alaska
(refer to Section 2.4 for detailed explanation
of fi gu re symbo 15)..
Mean daily intragravel water temperatures (ec)
recorded during the 1983-84 winter period at
Slough 10 (RM 133.8)~middle Susitna River~
Alaska ..
Mean daily intragravel water temperatures (ec)
recorded during the 1983-84 winter period at
Slough 11 (RM 135.3)~middle Susitna River~
Alaska .
Mean daily intragravel water temperatures (ec)
recorded during the 1983-84 winter period at
Slough 21 (RM 141.8)~middle Susitna River~
A1as ka 41 ..
Mean daily intragravel water temperatures (ec)
recorded duri ng the 1983-84 wi nter peri od at
Upper Side Channel 11 (RM 136.1),middle
Susitna River~Alaska ...........•..•................
vii
37
38
39
40
42
43
44
46
LIST OF FIGURES (Continued)
Figure
20.Mean daily intragravel water temperatures (OC)
recorded during the 1983-84 winter period at
Side Channel 21 (RM 141.0),middle Susitna
River,Alaska .47
21.Mean daily intragravel water temperatures (OC)
recorded during the 1983-84 winter period at
Fourth of July Creek (RM 131.1),middle Susitna
River,Alaska.......................................48
22.Mean daily intragravel water temperatures (OC)
recorded du ri ng the 1983-84 wi nter peri od at
Mainstem (RM 136.1),middle Susitna River,
Alaska...........................................................................................49
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
Percent size composition of McNeil substrate
samples collected at study sites in the middle
Susitna River,Alaska .......•.....•.................
Percent size composition of McNeil samples
collected in various habitat types in the
middle Susitna River,Alaska ................••.••...
Percent size composition of fine substrate
«0.08 in.diameter)in McNeil samples col-
lected at study sites in the middle Susitna
River,Alaska ..
Percent size composition of fine substrate
«0.08 in.diameter)of McNeil samples col-
lected in various habitat types in the middle
Susitna River,Alaska .........................•.....
Percent si ze compositi on of McNei 1 substrate
samples collected at chum salmon redds during
May 1984,in the middle Susitna River,Alaska .
Percent size composition of McNeil substrate
samples collected at chum salmon redds during
May 1984,in various habitats of the middle
Susitna River,Alaska .......•.......................
Percent size composition of fine substrate
«0.08 in.diameter)in McNeil samples col-
lected at chum salmon redds during May 1984 in
study sites of middle Susitna River,Alaska ........•
viii
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
LIST OF FIGURES (Continued)
Fi gure
r
i.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
Relationship between intragravel and surface
water dissolved oxygen concentrations (mg/l)
measured at standpipes within slough habitat of
the middle Susitna River,Alaska (refer to
Section 2.4 for detailed explanation of figure
symbol s)..
Relationship between intragrave1 and surface
water dissolved oxygen concentrations (mg/l)
measured at standpipes within side channel
habitat of the middle Susitna River,Alaska
(refer to Section 2.4 for detailed explanation
of figure symbols).
Rel ationshi p between i ntragrave1 and surface
water di ssol ved oxygen concentrati ons (mg/l)
measured at standpipes within tributary habitat
of the middle Susitna River,Alaska (refer to
Section 2.4 for detailed explanation of figure
symbol s)..
Relationship between intragrave1 and surface
water dissolved oxygen concentrations (mg/1)
measured at standpipes within slough,side
channel,and tributary habitats of the middle
Susitna River,Alaska (refer to Section 2.4 for
detailed explanation of figure symbols)....•....•...
Summary,by study site,of the intragrave1
di ssol ved oxygen data (mg/l)peri od;ca lly
measured within standpipes during the 1983-84
winter period in the middle Susitna River,
Alaska {refer to Section 2.4 for detailed
explanation of figure symbols)••....•..••.•••..•.•..
Summary,by habitat type,of the intragrave1
dissolved oxygen data (mg/l)periodically
measured within standpipes during the 1983-84
winter period in the middle Susitna River,
Alaska (refer to Section 2.4 for detailed
explanation of figure symbols)..•••....•...•..•.•...
Relationship between intragravel and surface
water pH levels measured within slough habitat
of the middle Susitna River,Alaska (refer to
Section 2.4 for detailed explanation of figure
symb 0 1s)..
ix
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
LIST OF FIGURES (Continued)
Figure
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
Relationship between intragravel and surface
water pH levels measured within side channel
habitat of the middle Susitna River,Alaska
(refer to Section 2.4 for detailed explanation
of figure symbol s).
Relationship between intragravel and surface
water pH levels measured within slough and side
channel habitats of the middle Susitna River,
Alaska (refer to Section 2.4 for detailed
explanation of figure symbols).
Summary,by study site,of the intragravel pH
data periodically measured within standpipes
during the 1983-84 winter period in the middle
Susitna River,Alaska (refer to Section 2.4 for
detailed explanation of figure symbols).
Summary,by habitat type,of the intragravel pH
data periodically measured within standpipes
during the 1983-84 winter period in the middle
Susitna River,Alaska (refer to Section 2.4 for
detailed explanation of figure symbols)..........•..
Relationship between intragravel and surface
water conductivity 1evel s (umhos/cm)measured
within slough habitat of the middle Susitna
River,Alaska (refer to Section 2.4 for
detailed explanation of figure symbols).
Relationship between intra~ravel and surface
water conductivity levels (umhos/cm)measured
within side channel habitat of the middle
Susitna River,Alaska (refer to Section 2.4 for
detailed explanation of figure symbols).
Relationship between intragravel and surface
water conductivity level s (umhos/cm)measured
within tributary habitat of the middle Susitna
River,Alaska (refer to Section 2.4 for
detailed explanation of figure symbols).
Relationship between intragravel and surface
water conductivity levels (umhos/cm)measured
within slough,side channel.and tributary
habitats of the middle Susitna River,Alaska
(refer to Section 2.4 for detailed explanation
of figure symbols)..........•.........•.............
x
66
67
68
69
71
72
73
74
LIST OF FIGURES (Continued)
Figure
-
I'"">
i
i
-
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
Summary,by study site,of the intragravel
conductivity data (umhos/cm)periodically
measured within standpipes during the 1983-84
winter period in the middle Susitna River,
Alaska {refer to Section 2.4 for detailed
explanation of figure symbols).....•................
Summary,by habitat type,of the intragravel
conductivity data (umhos/cm)periodically
measured within standpi pes duri ng the 1983-84
winter period in the middle Susitna River,
Alaska (refer to Section 2.4 for detailed
explanation of figure symbols).....•................
Comparison of the dry weights (g)of fine
substrate «0.08 in.diameter)obtained from
paired samples collected with McNeil and
Whitlock-Vibert Box samplers .......•..•........•....
Comparison of percent dry weights of fine
substrate «0.08 in.diameter)obtained from
pa ired samp 1es co 11 ected wi th McNe i 1 and
Whitlock-Vibert Box samplers ....••..•...............
Comparison of percent survival of salmon
embryos removed from artificial redds in study
sites in the middle Susitna River,Alaska •..........
Comparison of percent survival of salmon
embryos removed from artificial redds in
various habitat types in the middle Susitna
River,Alaska ,.
Comparison of the timing of development of chum
salmon embryos placed within slough,side
channel and mainstem habitats ..•.............•......
Comparison of the timing of development of chum
salmon in two types of side channels;one
strongly i nfl uenced by upwell;ng (Upper Side
Channe 1 11)and one where upwell i ng wa s not
observed (Side Channel 21)••.••.•..•.•••.••••.•.•.•.
Comparison between the percent survival of
embryos for all samples collected within a
habitat type (frozen and unfrozen)to the
percent survival after frozen sarnpl es are
removed ..
xi
75
76
79
80
81
82
84
86
87
LIST OF FIGURES (Continued)
Fi gure Paae-~-
54.Comparison between the percent survival of
embryos for all samples collected within a
study site (frozen and unfrozen)to the percent
survival after frozen samples are removed .88
55.Relationship between percent survival of salmon
embryos and the percent of fine substrate
«0.08 in.diameter)within Whitlock-Vibert
Boxes removed from artificial redds within
selected habitats of the middle Susitna River,
Alaska...............................................90
56.Relationship between percent survival of salmon
embryos and intragravel water temperatures
determined at artificial redds within selected
habitats of the middle Susitna River,Alaska .91
57.Relationship between survival of salmon embryos
and concentration of intragravel dissolved
oxygen (mg/l)measured at artificial redds
within selected habitats of the middle Susitna
River,Alaska.......................................92
58.
59.
Relationship between survival of salmon embryos
and intragravel pH levels measured at
artificial redds within selected habitats of
the middle Susitna River,Alaska .
Relationship between survival of salmon embryos
and intragravel conductivity levels (umhos/cm)
measured at artificial redds within selected
habitats of the middle Susitna River,Alaska .
xii
93
94
i""'"
!
LIST OF APPENDIX FIGURES
APPENDIX B
Figure
B-1.Study site location at Mainstem LRX 9 (RM
103.2).8-4
B-2.Study site location at Deadhorse Creek (RM
120.9).8-5
B-I0.Study site location at Indian River (RM 138.6).
B-ll.Study site location at Slough 17 (RM 138.9)and
Mainstem sites (RM 138.7 and RM 138.9).•............
B-12.Study site location at Side Channel 21 (RM
141.0)~Slough 21 and Mainstem LRX 57 (RM
142.2).....................•........................
B-8
B-9
8-6
B-7
B-I0
B-11
B-12
B-13
8-14
8-15
Study site location at Slough 8A (RM 125.9)and
Mainstem LRX 29 (RM 126.1)........•.•......••...•...
Study site location a Slough 9 (RM 128.3).
Study site location at Fourth of July Creek (RM
131.1).
B-6.
B-7.
B-3.
B-8.
Study site location at Slough 9A (RM 133.6).
Study site location at Slough 10 and Side
Channel 10 (RM 133.8)..............•..•.............
Study site at Slough 11 (R~1 135.3)~Upper Side
Channel 11 (RM 136.1)and Mainstem (RM 136.1).
B-9.Study site location at Mainstem (RM 136.8)....•.•••.
8-4.
B-5.
.....
I
-
-
xiii
Fi gure
C-1.
C-2.
C-3.
APPENDIX C
Relationship between percent saturation of
intragravel and surface water dissolved oxygen
measured within slough habitat of the middle
Susitna River.Alaska .
Relationship between percent saturation of
intragravel and surface water dissolved oxygen
measured within side -channel habitat of the
middle Susitna River.Alaska .
Relationship between percent saturation of
intragravel and surface water dissolved oxygen
measured within tributary habitat of the middle
Susitna River.Alaska .
C-19
C-20
C-21
C-4.Relationship between percent saturation of
intragravel and surface water dissolved oxygen
measured within slough.side channel.and
tributary habitats of the middle Susitna River.
Al aska..............................................C-22
xiv
"...
I
l
r
I
I
r
-
-I
-
Figure
0-1.
0-2.
0-3.
0-4.
0-5.
0-6.
0-7.
APPENDIX 0
Comparison of dry weights (g)of fine substrate
(0.08-0.02 in.diameter)obtained from paired
samples collected with McNeil and Whitlock-
Vibert Box samplers ..•..•..•..•..•......~.
Comparison of dry weights (g)of fine substrate
(0.02-0.002 in.diameter)obtained from paired
samples collected with McNeil and Whitlock-
VibertBox samplers .•...........•.......•...........
Comparison of dry weights (g)of fine substrate
(<0.002 in.diameter)obtained from paired
samples collected with McNeil and Whitlock-
Vibert Box samplers .
Percent composition t by size class t of
Whitlock-Vibert Box samples collected at study
sites in the middle Susitna River t Alaska ••••..•.•..
Percent substrate composition t by size class t
of fine substrate (<0.08 in.diameter)in
Whitlock-Vibert Box samples collected at study
sites in the middle Susitna River t Alaska •••..•...••
Percent substrate composition t by size class t
of Whitlock-Vibert Box samples collected in
various habitat types in the middle Susitna
River,Alaska .......•................•..............
Percent substrate composition t by size class t
of fine substrate (<0.08 in.diameter)in
Whitlock-Vibert Box samples collected in
various habitat types in the middle Susitna
River t Alaska .
xv
0-3
0-4
0-5
0-6
0-7
0-8
0-9
LIST OF TABLES
Table
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Reference list of study sites providing rela-
tive site priority,river mile location and
type of data collected .
Stages of embryonic development for chum salmon
identified for use in this study.Stages
correspond to information reported for sockeye
sa 1mon by Vel sen (1980).
Summary of physical and chemical water quality
data collected during the 1983-84 incubation
study presented by study site and habitat type .
Summary of the timing of events for installing
and removi ng Whitlock-Vi bert Boxes (WVBs)for
analyses of embryonic development and survival .
Documented effects of sediment and substrate
size on salmonids,based on a review of
selected literature ~.
Observed temperature ranges for embryo/alevin
1 ife-phases of Pacific salmon [table derived
from AEIDC (1984)J ..
Documented effects of low dissolved oxygen (DO)
levels on incubating salmonids,based on a
review of selected literature .
xvi
9
25
34
77
103
106
112
LIST OF APPENDIX TABLES
Table
APPENDIX A
....
A-I.Stages of development of live chum salmon
embryos and alevins removed from middle Susitna
River habitats,Alaska .......•..•..•.......•....•...A-3
A-2.Percent
embryos
placed
Susitna
survival of hatched and unhatched
recovered from Whitlock-Vibert Boxes
in selected habitats of the middle
River,Alaska ..........•.........•...•......
APPENDIX B
A-7
r
r
.....
-
-
-
8-1.
C-l.
C-2.
0-1.
0-2.
E-1.
E-2.
E-3.
List of study sites used to evaluate the
incubation life-phase of chum salmon in the
middle Susitna River .........•...•..................
APPENDIX C
Surface water quality data collected from
August 1983 to May 1984,Susitna River,Alaska .
Intragravel and surface water quality data
collected at standpipes from September to
December 1983,Susitna River,Alaska •.......••......
APPENDIX 0
Substrate composition of samples collected with
a modified McNeil substrate sampler in spring
1984,Susitna River,Alaska .......•...........•.....
Substrate composition inside Whitlock-Vibert
Boxes placed in,and retrieved from artificial
redds,August 1983 to May 1984,Susitna River,
Alaska ..
APPENDIX E
Physical data collected at pr"imary and secon-
dary sites in the middle Susitna River,Alaska .
Substrate classification code used to assess
general substrate conditions at standpipe
locations (Vincent-Lang et al.1984).
Criteria used to assign a rank for the relative
degree of embeddedness of substrate .
xvii
B-3
C-3
C-8
0-10
D-11
E-3
E-17
E-18
LIST OF PLATES
Plate
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Method for installing polyvinyl chloride
standpipes in the streambed using a sledge-
hammer and driving rod .
Ice plug removed from a standpipe in Fourth of
July Creek ........•............•....................
Whitlock-Vibert Boxes each containing sorted
gravels and 50 chum salmon embryos,wrapped
with a nylon cord.The nylon cords were later
used to remove boxes from the substrate .
Various stages of embryonic development of chum
salmon from fertilization to complete yolk-sac
absorption .•.............................•........•.
Chum salmon embryo late in the cleavage stage •......
Chum salmon embryo at late gastrulation ...•.....•...
Head (A)and body (B)of a chum salmon embryo
at late organogenesis •.......•...•..•...............
xviii
12
13
22
26
27
27
28
r""
II
I""'"
i
I
-
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
The pr"imary purpose of this report is to compare development and sur-
vival of incubating chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta)embryos within
selected slough,side channel,tributary,and mainstem habitats of the
Susitna River between Talkeetna and Devil Canyon (RM 98-152;Figure 1).
The report is based on the results of field studies conducted from
August,1983 to May,1984.
The middle reach of the Susitna River was selected for study because the
most significant changes in existing physical characteristics of fish
habitats are expected to occur within this reach due to development of
the Susitna Hydroelectric Project (Acres 1982).Within this reach of
river,slough and side channel habitats were selected as the primary
focus of study because they (primarily sloughs)are used by several
species of salmon for spawning and are likely to be directly influenced
by project construction and operation.Chum salmon were selected as the
target species for this study for two reasons.First,they are the
numerically dominant species of salmon which utilize slough and side
channel ha~itats for spawning and incubation in this reach of the
Susitna River.Secondly,their habitat requirements are similar to
those of adult sockeye salmon,the other salmon species of significance
which also utilize these habitats for spawning and incubation.
There are four basic life-phases in the life cycle of chum salmon:adult
migration,spawning,incubation,and rearing.The freshwater period of
the life cycle includes all four life-phases,\'thereas the saltwater
period includes only portions of the rearing and migration life phases.
In general,chum salmon spend approximately 20%of their life in
freshwater (Figure 2).
In the middle reach of the Susitna River system,upstream passage of
adult chum salmon generally peaks during the last two weeks of August
and the first two weeks of September (ADF&G 1983b:Appendix B;Sautner
et al.1984).During this time,the salmon migrate into a variety of
aquati c habitat types (mainstem,slough,si de channel,tributary,and
tributary mouth)within this reach of the river to spawn.Major
concentrations occur in slough and tributary habitats.
Once on the spawning grounds,female chum salmon select a suitable
spawning site,often in areas of upwelling (ADF&G 1983b:Appendix B;
Vincent-Lang et al.1984).The female normally excavates a depression
in the streambed (i.e.,redd)by turning on her side and rapidly flexing
her body,creati ng strong water currents with the caudal fi n.Once a
depression is completed,the female and one or more attending males
simultaneously release eggs and milt into the depression.The eggs are
then fertilized,thus beginning a new generation of chum salmon.After
fertilization,the female swims immediately upstream of the depression
to begin excavation of another depression.In this way,the fertilized
eggs deposited in the previously attended depression are covered with
1
N
o
•••••,..,#
I
I
J
,./
.",
/
I
I
I
/
/
/
/
,./
",---..-._~.....~
I.
I
I
I
I,
I
\,
'......
.......,
'.............,
".
\.l
",
".......
......................,
\
\
\,
I,,
I
I
I
~J
/
/,--......./
,,;'"'-----.."
SUSITNA RIVER
•
MIDDLE RIVER
.STUDY AREA
t»RIVER MILE (RM)
- -DRAINAGE BOUNDARY
o 25,.
MILES
(Appro •.Scole)
Figure 1.Map of the Susitna River Basin,with delineations of the basin drainage area and the
middle reach of river.
r
\
\,
i
\
substrate materials that are excavated from the new depression.This
process is successively repeated until the female has released all her
eggs and covered them with gravel,thus completing the formation of the
redd.After spawning,both sexes usually die within a few days (Morrow
1980).
The fertilized eggs (embryos)remain in the substrate and incubate for
several months.The length of this period is highly variable depending
upon environmental conditions,particularly water temperature.
Generally,this period of time from fertilization of the egg until
active feeding by fry,is referred to as the incubation period (McNeil
and Bailey 1975).
While in the gravel,the embryos undergo a developmental process v/hich
can be divided into three phases:cleavage,gastrulation,and organo-
genesis (Velsen 1980).During cleavage,the embryo undergoes a period
of prolific cell division and ends as a flattened multicellular disc
called a blastodisc.During gastrulation,the cells formed during
cleavage develop into recognizable tissues which form the basic struc-
ture of the embryo.Thi s phase ends when the yol k becomes completely
enveloped by a thin sheet of cells,resulting in the closure of the
blastopore (external opening in the main cavity of an embryo during
gastrulation phase).During the organogenesis phase,fins and internal
organs are formed and the circulatory system becomes developed.It is
during this phase that embryos be.come "eye dll
•The organogenesis phase
ends when the embryo hatches out of the protective egg shell.At this
point,embryos are called alevins,pre-emergent fry,or sac-fry.
Newly hatched alevins (post hatching)remain in the gravel until spring.
During this time they obtain nutrients by absorbtion of their large yolk
sac.When yolk sac absorbtion is nearly complete,the alevins emerge
from the gravel and begin to actively feed thus beginning their rearing
1ife-phase.Upon emergence from the gravel s,they are referred to as
fry.After spending only 1-2 months rearing in freshwater,the seaward
migration and smoltification process begins.Once at sea,they grow
rapidly,generally reaching adult size in three to five years.Upon
reaching this stage,they return to freshwater,cease feeding,and
migrate upstream to their place of origin to spawn and die,thus com-
pleting their life cycle (Figure 2).
During much of the incubation period,chum salmon embryos remain within
the streambed and are unable to move actively to other areas or away
from unfavorable conditions.This immobility results in a close
dependence of the embryos to the multitude of environmental (i .e.,
physical,chemical,and biological)conditions in the immediate area.
The result is that this life-phase would be particularly vulnerable to
changes in physical,chemical,and biological conditions which may
occur from the construction and operation of the Susitna Hydroelectric
Project.
Environmental changes which may impact incubating chum salmon in slough
and side channels of the middle reach of the Susitna River include
decreased and stabilized flows during the open water periods,increased
flows in the winter (Acres 1982),and a marked change in seasonal water
4
l"""
I
I
r
I
r
!
-
terlperatu res and ice processes (AEIDC 1984).In additi on,seasonal
reductions in upwell ing and increases in the frequency of overtopping
during winter,which are anticipated in sloughs and side channels,could
impact incubating salmon embryos (Woodward-Clyde 1984).Changes such as
lower or higher intragravel water temperatures and changes in the
concentration of dissolved gases could have secondary effects on the
development and/or survival rates of pre-emergent fry (Combs 1965;
Baxter and Glaude 1980;Velsen 1980;Heming 1982;Chevalier et al.
1984),as well as affecting the timing of fry emergence (e.g.,Koski
1966)•
Present environmental conditions within the middle reach of the Susitna
River are characterized by a high degree of environmental variability.
Seasonal discharge levels in the mainstem river often drop sharply in
the fall shortly after chum salmon complete their spawning.This
results in the exposure of relatively large areas of potential incu-
bation habitat to the harsh subarctic temperature conditions which
persist during much of the incubation period.Much of this newly
exposed habitat later becomes frozen.Areas that remain unfrozen appear
to be restricted to localized areas around upwelling vents or areas
located downstream of upwell ing water.In addition to the beneficial
effects of preventing the dewatering and subsequent freezing of embryos,
upwelling increases the rate of replenishment of water to incubating
embryos and provides a relatively stable thermal environment (Lister et
al.1980).
The extent to which upwelling is required for successful incubation of
chum salmon embryos in the middle Susitna River is presently unknown.
However,it is known that chum salmon frequently choose upwelling areas
in the middle Susitna River for spawning (ADF&G 1983b:Appendices C,0;
Vincent-Lang et al.1984).That is,they appear to actively select
areas where upwelling water is present over similar available habitat
where it is absent for spawning.This characteristic fea.ture of chum
salmon spawning has been reported for other locations in Alaska
(Sheridan 1962;Kogl 1965;Francisco 1977;Wilson et al.1981;~1erritt
and Raymond 1982),as well as for the Amur River in Russia (Sano 1966),
several river systems in southern British Columbia (Lister et al.1980)
and in the Columbia River (Burner 1951).
1.2 Obj ect i ves
The most complete sources of information on the incubation life-phase of
chum salmon specific to the middle Susitna River are reported in ADF&G
1983c and Wangaard and Burger 1983.The studies conducted by ADF&G
provided good information on the general timing of embryonic development
in natural redds in selected Susitna River habitats,but did not include
a thorough record of associated water quality conditions during the
incubation period.Also,the precision of the timing information was
limited because it \'/as based on an assumed date of initial fertili-
zation.The laboratory study conducted by Wangaard and Burger provided
specific information on the timing of embryonic development at four
different thermal regimes.The results of these two studies were
basically consistent.
5
The objectives of the present study were formulated to compliment the
perceived gaps in the existing data base.The primary focus of this
study was therefore placed on estimating embryonic survival rather than
development,by collecting a more extensive record of existing water
quality conditions present in various habitat types used for chum salmon
incubation,and by supplementing the in situ estimates of embryonic
survival previously reported by ADF&G by obtaining survival estimates
from artificially fertilized eggs for which the specific time of
fertilization was known.
Therefore,this study was designed to address the following two
objectives:
1)~'onitor selected physical and chemical conditions at chum
salmon incubation sites in selected slough,side channel,
tributary,and mainstem habitats of the middle Susitna River;
and,
2)Evaluate the influence of selected physical,chemical,and
biological variables on the survival and development of chum
salmon embryos placed in artificial redds in slough,side
channel,tributary,and mainstem habitats of the middle
Susitna River.
6
2.0 METHODS
2.1 Selection of Study Sites
Sixteen sites were selected for study in slough,side channel,tribu-
tary,and mainstem habitats within the middle reach of the Susitna River
(Figure 3,Table 1,Appendix Figures B-1 to B-12).Each study site was
classified as either primary or secondary based on the type and quantity
of data that were collected.In general,greater effort was expended
for data collection purposes at primary study sites.
Primary Sites
Data collected at primary study sites included water quality,substrate
compositi on,continuous water temperature,and embryoni c survival and
development.The data provide a basis for comparing the rate of devel-
opment and percent survival of chum salmon embryos among habitats types
and the factors that affect these differences.Of the ei ght primary
study sites selected,seven were used to evaluate embryo survival,
and five were used to evaluate embryo development (Table 1).
In general,primary sites were selected to:
1)represent a wide range of chum salmon spawning densities
(i.e.,in high and low density areas);
2)ensure that side slough,upland slough,side channel,
mainstem,and tributary (including mouth)habitats were repre-
sented;
3)represent a wide range of upwelling conditions;
4)depict areas differing in patterns of seasonal intragravel
water temperatures (i.e.,areas with and without upwelling);
5)represent a wide range in the
substrates (0.08 in.diameter)
gravels;and,
relative amount
present in the
of fine
spawning
6)include locations that were previously used for the incre-
mental spawning habitat analyses in sloughs and side channels
(Vincent-Lang et al.1984).
Secondary Sites
Secondary sites were selected to provide additional winter water quality
data in selected habitats used for chum salmon incubation.A limited
amount of water qual ity,substrate composition,and conti nuous water
temperature measurements were call ected at these study sites.In the
selection of these secondary sites,priority was given to sites which
were known to be used as spawning sites and/or sites used as water
qual ity stations during the previous winter (as reported in ADF&G
7
SUSITNA RIVER
WINTER STUDY SITES
1983 -1984
o ~
...1 ----:M':7'7'-L£;:-;5:-------"
(Appro •.Scale)
~SLOUGH 21
SIDE CHANNEL 21
~~=~=MAINSTEM (RM 136.8J(j\is'GOLD CREEK STATION
,.0 ...0"CO,••".
SLOUGH II,UPPER SIDE CHANNEL II,
MAINSTEM (RM 136.0)
SLOUGH 9A
v....-----SLOUGH 9
2/.~--SLOUGH SA
4th OF JULY CREEK ..y~7"'"
Figure 3.Locations of study sites within the middle reach of the
Susitna River (RM 98-152).
8
1 ~J 1 j ]1 1
Table 1.Reference list of study sites providing relative site priority.river mile location,and type of data collected.
TYPE OF DATA
Rivera Water b Continuous
Site Substrate Water Embryo Embryo
Site Mile Priority Quality Composition Temperature Survival Development
Fourth of July Creek 131.1 Primary X X X X X
Slough 10 133.8 Primary X X X X X
Side Channel 10 133.8 Primary X X X X X
Slough 11 135.3 Primary X X X X X
Upper Side Channel 11 136.1 Primary X X X X
Mainstem (RM 136.1)136.1 Primary X X X X
Si de Channe I 21 141.0 Primary X X X X X
\.0 Slough 21 141.8 Primary X X X X X
Slough 8A 125.9 Secondary X X
Slough 9 128.3 Secondary X X
Slough 9A 133.6 Secondary X
Mainstem (RM 136.8)136.8 Secondary X
Indian River 138.6 Secondary X X
Mainstem (RM 138.7)138.7 Secondary X
Slough 17 138.9 Secondary X
Mainstem (RM 138.9)138.9 Secondary X
a Source:R&M Consultants (1982)
b Water quality variables include pH,conductivity,dissolved oxygen and temperature.
1983c).Secondary sites include Sloughs 8A,9,9A,and 17,three
mainstem sites at RM 136.8,RM 138.7 and RM 138.9,and Indian River.
2.2 Procedures for Evaluating Physical and Chemical Variables
Methods presented in the following section are a summary of those
presented in the FY84 ADF&G Procedures Manual (ADF&G 1984).Specific
details are provided only for methods which differed slightly from those
presented in the ADF&G Procedures Manual (1984)..
The development and survival of salmon embryos is influenced by a
variety of interacting physical and chemical variables of the
intragravel incubation environment.For the purposes of this study data
\vere collected for selected physical and chemical variables to establish
baseline conditions in the intragravel and nearby surface water
environment,and to provide information for evaluating development and
survival of chum salmon embryos.These variables include water
temperature,dissolved oxygen,pH,conductivity,turbidity,water
velocity,and substrate composition.
The measurement of physical and chemical variables (ather than continu-
ous intragravel water temperature data)of intragravel water required
the use of polyvinyl chloride (PVC)standpipes installed into the
streambed.Standpipes designed for this study had 40 perforations 0.3
mm (one eighth inch)in diameter,located within a 7.6 cm (3.0 inch)
band at one end of the standpipe.When the standpipe was installed
within the streambed,the perforations allowed intragravel water to pass
through the standpipe allowing water quality measurements to be
obtained.Construction of the driving rod and standpipe were modified
from designs presented in Gangmark and Bakkala (1958)and McNeil (1962)
and had the advantages of being inexpensive and easy to install (Figure
4).
Standpipes were driven in the substrate using a driving rod and sledge
hammer (Plate 1).Each standpipe was pounded into the substrate to a
depth of approximately 37 cm (14.5 inches)centering the perforations
approximately 25 cm (10 inches)below the substrate surface.This is
the average depth at which chum salmon place their eggs in some Alaskan
and British Columbian stream systems (Kogl 1965;Merritt and Raymond
1982).
After a standpipe was properly installed,a cork/wei ght assembly \'las
placed inside each standpipe to aid in removal of ice plugs formed
during freezing weather conditions.This assembly was suspended inside
each standpipe from a nylon cord attached to the standpipe cap (Figure
4).Ice plugs were removed by gently heating a small metal heat shield
attached to the exteri or of the standpi pe at the water surface.The
metal shield was heated with a propane torch while exerting upward
pressure on the pipe cap.After a few minutes of heating,the ice plug
partially melted and allowed the cork/weight assembly with attached ice
plug to be withdrawn (Plate 2),thereby allowing intragravel water
quality measurements to be obtained.
10
pEBEORATI ON S:Allows inflow of
intragravel water.
I.Total of 4.hal ••
(1/.·d lo",.t.r).
Z.lIour rin,.(12 hoi..
•Slcll)of "01 •••paced
I a parf.
•z
•~•
~PVCCAP:
CORI<~WEIGHTASSEBLY:
TEN INCHES:
EXTENS ION:
Prevents debris Qnd
s"ow from enter In~pIpe.
Aids in removal
of ice plugs and
red uc..the surface
area at the air /
water interface.
Estimated mean depth
of chum and sockeye
salmon embryoL
Allows for settling
if fine materials
ar.present.
Figure 4.Diagram of a polyvinyl chloride (PVC)standpipe used to
evaluate intragravel water conditions in streambeds of
salmon spawning habitats in the middle Susitna River,Alaska.
11
Method for installing polyvinyl chloride standpipes in
streambed using a sledgehammer and driving rod.
12
Plate 2.Ice plug removed from a standpipe in Fourth of July Creek.
13
2.2.1 Physical Variables
2.2.1.1 Water Temperature
Instantaneous surface and intragravel water temperatures were measured
at all primary and secondary study sites using a Yellow Springs
Instrument (YSI)dissolved oxygen/temperature meter (Model 57)and a YSI
conductivity/temperature meter.Water temperatures were measured both
inside and outside the PVC standpipes at all water quality study sites.
On each sampling day,each YSI meter was calibrated with a Hydrolab
Model 4041 water quality meter which was calibrated before and after
field sampling trips following the procedures outlined in the ADF&G
Procedures Manual (1984)~
Continuous water temperature data were collected at selected primary
study sites using either Olllnidata datapod recorders (Model No.2321)and
thermister probes (Model No.2321),or Ryan (Model J90)thermographs.
Due to the limited number of continuous temperature recorders available
they were not used at all sites.·Specific methods pertaining to these
instruments and their use are presented in Appendix A of this report.
2.2.1.2 Substrate Composition
The freeze-core sampler and the McNeil core sampler (McNeil 1966)are
two of the primary methods that have previously been used for collecting
substrate data in streams (Platts et al.1983)which were considered for·
the collection of substrate samples in this study.In a review of the
two sampling methods,Platts etal.(1983)concluded that when time and
money are considered,the McNeil sampler is the most economical method
available to obtain estimates of channel substrate particle size
distributions in water up to 12 inches in depth.In this review,he
also discussed a laboratory study (Walkotten 1976)in which substrate
samples were obtained with both methods (McNeil and single-core methods)
which showed that both devices provided representative samples of known
sediment mixtures.In addition,freeze-core substrate sampl ers al so
involve the use of more costly and elaborate equipment (e.g.,CO
bottles,hoses,manifolds,probes and sample extractors)than the McNeif
sampler and are therefore more expensive and difficult to operate in the
field.In contrast,the McNeil sampler is a relatively simple piece of
equipment which can be more easily transported in the field and is not
subject to as many mechanical and operational problems as is freeze core
sampling equipment.Considering these factors,the McNeil sampler was
selected for use as it was determined to be best suited towards meeting
the study objectives,and for reasons previously mentioned was a more
practical sampler for evaluating substrate composition in this study.
Substrate samples were collected at selected study sites using a mod-
ified McNeil substrate sampler (Figure 5).At each site,the sampler
was pushed down into the substrate to an approximate depth of 20-25 cm
(8-10 inches).Substrate materials were then removed with a small
shovel and placed into plastic five gallon buckets for storage.After
14
MODIFIED McNEIL SAMPLER
/ANOLE
-------------------~
I"<~----24..-----+)1
AIR
Figure 5.A modified McNeil substrate sampler used to evaluate
substrate conditions of salmon spawning habitats in
the middle Susitna River,Alaska.Sampler not drawn
to scale.
15
-
-
-
-
.....
r
I
....
the non-suspended porti on of the substrate materi a1s was removed "from
the sampler,the remaining water (containing the suspended sediments)
was agitated to bring additional fines into suspension taking care to
avoid formation of a vortex.After thoroughly agitating the water
column,a one liter aliquot was removed.placed in plastic containers
and returned to the laboratory for further processing.The
non-suspended and suspended portions of each substrate sample were
subsequently analyzed for size class distributions.
At the laboratory.the non-suspended portion of the substrate samples
were dried in an oven for approximately 24 hours at a uniform tempera-
ture of 110 a C.Once dried.samples were gravimetrically analyzed using
a series of six sieves of the following mesh sizes:12.5.7.6.2.5.
0.2.0.05.and 0.0062 cm (5.0,3.0,1.0.0.08.0.02.and 0.0025 in.
respectively).Sieve size selection was based upon recommendations of
Platts et ale (1983)and those previously used by ADF&G personnel for
assessment of substrate materials in spawning areas (Vincent-Lang et ale
1984).After sieving,the dry weight of each size class of non-
suspended sediment was measured to the nearest gram and expressed on a
percentage basis.
The amount of suspended sediment in each sample was determined by
estimating the amount of suspended sediment in the one liter aliquot of
water taken at the time of sampling.This amount was then extrapolated
to the entire volume of water inside the McNeil sampler.This quantity
was added to the quantity of substrate which passed through the smallest
sieve size to determine total weight for this sieve size.
The procedure for determining the amount of non-suspended and suspended
material in each substrate sample is summarized in Figure 6.
2.2.1.3 Water Depth and Velocity
Water depth and velocity were periodically measured to provide addi-
tional information on the physical characteristics influencing incu-
bation conditions at each study site.Water depths were obtained using
a top-setting wading rod;water velocities were obtained with a
Marsh-McBirney (Model 201)flow meter using procedures described in
AOF&G (1984).
2.2.1.4 Turbidity
Turbidity samples were collected in clean 250 ml Nalgene bottles.
Bottles were filled approximately two-thirds full and stored in a cool
environment until analysis could be completed.Samples were analyzed
using an HF Instruments (Model 2100A)turbidimeter.
2.2.2 Chemical Variables
2.2.2.1 Dissolved Oxygen
It was necessary to measure intragravel DO values directly within the
PVC standpipe to obtain the most accurate values.Therefore.
intragravel dissolved oxygen (DO)measurements were obtained inside the
16
McNEIL SUBSTRATE
SAMPLE
~~
NON-SUSPENDED PORTION SUSPENDED PORTION
SEDIMENT REMOVED FROM SEDIMENT REMAINING SUSPENDED
SAMPLER VIA SMALL SHOVEL.IN WATER INSIDE SAMPLER.
~It ,It
TRANSPORT SAMPLE TO LAB-DETERMINE TOTAL VOLUME OF
WATER INSIDE SAMPLER:REMOVEORATORYiOVENDRYAT1I0·C I LITER fl TRANSPORT TO LAB-
FOR 24 h OR UNTIL DRY.ORATORY.
.j,It
WHILE CONTINUOUSLY SHAKING OVEN DRY SAMPLE AT 93·C FOR
SAMPLE,SIEVE THROUGH 48 h OR UNTIL DRY.WEIGH TO
VARIOUS NESTED SIEVES.NEAREST GRAM.
~~'Ir
DETERMINE DRY DETERMINE DRY EXPAND RESULTS OF I LITERWT.&.OJ.OF WT.OF MATERIAL SUBSAMPLE FOR TOTAL VOLUMETOTALSAMPLEPASSINGTHROUGHWITHINMcNEILSAMPLERATFOREACHSIZESMALLESTSIEVETIMEOFSAMPLEREMOVAL.CLASS OF NON-(0.0062 cm).SUSPENDED SED-
IMENT.
~Ir
CALCULATE TOTAL DRY WT.Et.%-OF TOTAL SAMPLE COMPRISED BY
SUSPENDED SEDIMEN~
Figure 6.Sumnary of methoos used to evaluate substrate conditions
obtained with a rrodified McN'eil substrate sampler.
17
.....
~,
-
-
-
....
I
PVC standpipes using a YSI (Model 57)dissolved oxygen/temperature meter
because this meter has a probe that is the proper diameter to fit inside
the standpipes used in this study.Dissolved oxygen measurements were
obtained by lowering the probe to a depth of 85 cm (33.5 inches)inside
the standpipe,whi ch pl aced the probe in near proximity of the per-
forations in the standpipe (refer to Figure 4).The probe was then
gently agitated to circulate water over the DO membrane and measurements
were recorded when the reading stabilized.The meter was calibrated at
each sampling site by adjusting the observed reading to match that of a
calibr~ted Hydrolab (Model 4140)water quality meter.
A Hydrolab was used to collect surface water DO measurements of surface
water outside the standpipe at each site following procedures described
in ADF&G (1984).
2.2.2:2 B!!.
Surface water measurements of pH outs ide standpi pes,and i ntragravel
measurements,were obtained at each site with a Hydrolab (Model 4041)
water quality meter following procedures described in ADF&G (1984).
Intragravel measurements were obtained by withdrawing a water sample
from inside a PVC standpipe with a Geofilter peristaltic pump (Geotech
Environmental Equipment)and then measuring pH with the Hydrolab meter.
2.2.2.3 Conductivity
Intragravel and surface water measurements of conductivity were obtained
inside of,and outside of standpipes at each site using a YSI specific
conductance/temperature meter (Model 33)accordi ng to procedures pre-
sented in ADF&G (1984).A calibration curve was developed by comparing
conductivity values obtained with the YSI meter to those obtained with a
calibrated Hydrolab meter over the range of temperatures encountered in
the field.All values measured in the field were then adjusted on the
basis of the calibration curve.
2.3 Salmon Embryo Development and Survival
2.3.1 Whitlock-Vibert Incubation Boxes
Whitlock-Vibert Boxes (WVBs)have been used in previous studies as
experimental incubation chambers for evaluating the effects of
environmental variables in survival of salmon embryos (e.g.,Reiser and
Wesche 1977;Reiser 1981;Reiser and White 1981a).As originally
designed,each WVB is constructed from molded polypropylene which is 145
x 90 x 60 mOl in size and contains two chambers.The upper chamber used
for egg incubation is separated by a grid-like partition from the lower
nursery chamber.This two-chambered design has been found to result in
an excess accumulation of fine sediment inside the boxes (D.Reiser and
R.White,personal communication).For this reason,the two-chambered
design was structurally modified to form a single incubation/nursery
chamber.
18
The modified WVBs were also filled with spawning gravel (1.35-2.5 cm;
0.5-1.0 in.diameter)as an additional measure to reduce the accumu-
lation of fine substrate particles in the boxes and also to simulate
near-natural conditions favorable for embryo incubation.The size range
of gravel selected provided interstitial spaces large enough to separate
eggs and allow free movement of intragravel flow,and yet was small
enough to pack conveniently into the WVB's.Fifty fertilized eggs were
placed between alternating layers of gravel within each WVB.
To evaluate the degree to which these modifications were successful in
reducing the accumulation of fines,a comparision was made between the
composition of fine substrates obtained within WVBs (resident in the
streambed for a period of 3-5 months)to substrate samples obtained with
a McNeil sampler at the same location.Each Whitlock-Vibert Box sample
was analyzed in the same manner as the non-suspended sediment portion of
the McNeil substrate samples (refer to Section 2.2.1.2)with the
suspended portion of the substrate sample being taken as the sediment
portion passing through the smallest substrate sieve.The dry weights
of fine substrate particles less than 0.2 cm (0.08 in.)were compared to
dry weights of this size class obtained with the McNeil substrate
sampler to determine if the two sampling methods were providing
comparable data on substrate fines to insure that the WVBs were not
accumulating excess fines that might affect survival of incubating
embryos.
Modified WVB's were used as experimental embryo incubation chambers to
assess development and survival of chum salmon embryos at the eight
primary study sites.Methods used to obtain and ferti1izechum salmon
eggs for implantation in the WVBs followed those presented in Smoker and
Kerns (1977)and are generally consistent with those presented in McNeil
and Bailey (1975)and Leitritz and Lewis (1976).A flow chart depicting
the general procedure for obtaining and artificially fertilizing eggs is
presented in Figure 7.Details of these methods are presented in ADF&G
(l984)•
Care was taken to protect the fertilized eggs from exposure to light and
mechanical shock prior to,during,and after the time they were placed
in ~JVBs.Embryos were allowed to water-harden for two hours and were
gently transferred from a large container to the WVBs.The entire
process of placing embryos and sifted gravel within the WVBs was
conducted inside a dome tent to shield the eggs from harmful ultraviolet
rays from the sun (Smoker and Kerns 1977).Embryos were kept in a water
bath maintained at local ,water temperatures.
The WVBs charged with fertilized eggs and gravel were placed in
artificial redds at each of the eight primary study sites.Six of the
primary study sites were used to evaluate embryo survival.In these
sites,WVBs were placed within the streambed based on a random selection
of grid coordinates on a site map.Such areas represented a range of
environmental conditions present at each site.At the other two sites,
WVBs were primarily used to evaluate embryo development.At these
sites,WVBs were placed at a single location in the streambed to allow
embryos in all WVBs to be exposed to similar environmental conditions.
One additional site used to assess embryo development was physically
19
-
-
-
-
-
Artificial Fertilization Proced u re
STAItT
Capture Mature Fi.II
al Two Male.
b)Three Female.
Verify Rlpene..of Fi.h
Kill and Bleed FI.h
Oft Rack
Fertilize Egg.
Bucket I
First Female
and BothMaln
Fertilize EiV'
Sucnl2
Second Female
and Botll Male.
Fertilize Egp
Bucket 3
Third Fema~
and Both Male.
.-
.-
P'ool Embryos and Mix Gentl y
in Coleman Cooler
Fill Each Whitlocll:-Vibert Bl*With
Miature of 50 Embryos and 1/2,"-I-Grovel
In.tall Boxe.in Substrate
.-
.-
I
FINISH
Figure 7.Flow diagram depicting the sequence of events which
occurred during the artificial fertilization of
salmon eggs and the subsequent installation of arti-
ficial incubation chambers (~hitlock-Vibert Boxes)
in the streambed.
20
located within the same site used to evaluate embryo survival in Slough
11.For specific details on the site selection procedures,refer to
Section 2.1.
At each study site,streambed materials were loosened with a high
pressure jet of water generated by a Homel ite gas-powered water pump.
After thoroughly loosening the substrate,a plastic bottomless bucket
(l9 liter;5 gallon capacity)was forced into the loosened substrate
while the contents were extracted by hand to a depth of 20 to 25 cm (8
to 10 in.).The bucket prevented substrate fromcollapsing into the
excavated hole and allowed holes to be excavated for several locations
on the day prior to installing WVBs.Two WVBs and one PVC standpipe
were placed in each excavated hole;the holes were subsequently refilled
with the surrounding gravel.A nylon cord marked with orange flagging
was attached to each WVB and to a large steel spike (30 cm;12 in.)
for future reference.The location of each WVB was al so determined
using standard survey techniques.
Whitlock-Vi bert boxes were 1ater removed by 1ocati ng each metal spi ke
and nylon cord and tracing the nylon cord to the point where the cord
entered the substrate (Plate 3).Gentle upward pressure on the cord and
simultaneous removal of surface substrate materials allowed the box to
be withdrawn from the substrate.Upon withdrawal,each box was
immediately placed inside a plastic container to retain fine materials
and placed inside a large cooler with water which kept boxes and embryos
from freezing.After all boxes were removed at a site,the cooler was
transported to a heated work space,at which time the embryos present in
each box were removed and preserved.Substrate and fine materials from
the boxes were bagged,frozen,and stored for late,!analysis.All
unhatched embryos were preserved in Stockard 1 s Solution.An unbuffered
solution of 10%formalin was used to preserve alevins.
2.3.2 Analysis of Development and Survival of Embryos
2.3.2.1 Embryonic Development
Embryonic development data collected during this study focused on
comparing the rate of embryonic development between slough,side
channel,and mainstem habitats.For the purposes of this study,embryo
development only included the period of development from fertilization
to hatching and did not include the alevin yolk sac absorption period.
Embryonic development was evaluated in this study using both
artificially fertilized and naturally fertilized embryos.Because of
the advantage of knowing the exact date of fertilization,the majority
of the evaluation was devoted towards assessing development of
artificially fertilized embryos.
Artificially fertilized embryos were placed in four selected study sites
(Slough 11,Upper Side Channel 11,Side Channel 21,and Mainstem RM
136.1)considered representative of embryonic development conditions in
1 One liter of solution is comprised of 50 ml formalin,40 ml glacial
acetic acid,60 ml glycerin and 850 ml distilled water.
21
-
-
-
-
'"'"
......
N
N
Plate 3.Whitlock-Vibert Boxes each containing sorted gravels and 50 chum salmon embryos,
wrapped with a nylon cord.The nylon cords were later used to remove boxes from the
substrate..
,
\,
,...
I
-
..-
slough~side channel,and mainstem habitat types.Slough 11 and Upper
Side Channel 11 were selected to represent slough and side channel
habitats which are strongly influenced by upwelling water that have
previously been used by chum salmon for spawning.Side Channel 21 was
selected as a comparative side channel site to provide a contrast to
Side Channel 11.These two side channel sites are of the same habitat
type,yet differ markedly in hydrological characteristics.The site
where embryos were installed in Upper Side Channel 11 was strongly
influenced by upwelling water,whereas the site in Side Channel 21 did
not have observable upwelling vents.The site at Mainstem,RM 136.1~
was selected to represent a typical mainstem habitat which was not
influenced by upwelling water.
Embryos were implanted in WVBs at three of the above mentioned sites
(Slough 11,Upper Side Channel 11,and Mainstem RM 136.1).Embryos for
implantation into these sites were obtained from adult chum salmon
captured on August 26~1983 in Slough 11.Embryos were artificially
fertilized,placed in WVBs,then temporarily stored in streamside
incubators in a small tributary at Slough 9.This temporary storage
measure -was necessary for two reasons:(1)to allow the stage at
Mainstem (RM 136.1)to become low enough to enable WVBs to be properly
installed at a location which would not later become dewatered;and (2)
to ensure that embryos had developed beyond the stage where they would
be adversely affected by near-zero mainstem water temperatures.Since
this temporary measure was required in order to implant embryos in the
mainstem site,embryos intended for implantation in the other two sites
were exposed to identical conditions in order to maintain a uniform
experimental design.
The streamside incubators consisted of plastic 30 gallon garbage cans
which were modified by cutting numerous vertical openings in the sides
to allow ample circulation of water.These incubators were then secured
in a deep pool in the tributary at Slough 9 along with a Ryan-Peabody
thermograph which was used to obtain a continuous temperature record.
The WVBs placed inside the two incubators were left until 1 October,at
which time the stage in the mainstem decreased sufficiently by October
1,1983 to allow field personnel to install WVBs at the Mainstem RM
136.1 site.Also~by this time,embryos had developed past the point
where they would be adversely affected by low mainstem temperatures.At
this time the WVBs were transported by boat to each of the three study
sites.At each site at least 15 WVB were placed in a trench
approximately five feet in length.Boxes were placed at an approximate
depth of 10 in.(25 cm)and covered with surrounding substrate.Three
polyVinyl chloride standpipes were installed at the upstream side of the
trench to allow intragravel water quality variables to be measured.
Temperature data was collected at each site with continuous temperature
recorders.Ryan-Peabody thermographs were buri ed in the substrate at
Slough 11 and Mainstem (RM 136.1)sites whereas,a datapod temperature
recorder was used at Upper Side Channel 11.Procedures for the
installation and maintenance of these continuous temperature recorders
are summarized in Appendix F.
23
The WVBs at these sites were removed throughout the embryo incubation
period.At this time,embryos were removed from WVBs and preserved in
the same manner described above.
Embryos were then transported to a laboratory where the stage of
embryonic development was determined.Embryos for implantation into
Side Channel 21 were obtained on September 13,1983 from adult fish
captured in Slough 21.Artificially fertil ized embryos were placed
without using WVBs in two artificial redds dug with a shovel in a
portion of the channel which was not expected to dewater.Two
standpipes were located in each redd.Embryos were later removed by
digging in the redd with a shovel and capturing the dislodged embryos
with a small hand net.Embryos were preserved and returned to the
laboratory in the manner described above in order to determine other
stages of embryonic development.
The stage of development of embryos was determined by observing pre-
served embryos under a dissecting microscope at 3X magnification.
Stockard1s solution wa~selected as a preservative because of its
reported excellent clearing properties of the outer egg membrane (Vel sen
1980).In this study,however,the solution did not adequately clear
the outer egg membrane.Therefore,it was necessary to remove the outer
membrane of the majority of preserved embryos to determine the stage of
development.
The four basic periods of embryonic development (cleavage,gastrulation,
organogenesis,and post-hatching)were further subdivided into twelve
distinct stages as identified by laboratory examination of preserved
chum salmon embryos (Table 2).These particular stages were selected to
establish a basis for comparisons between sites.The first eleven
stages correspond to the period prior to hatching.Stage 12 is a
general category which includes all post-hatching alevins.Plates 4
through 7 show chum salmon embryos at selected stages of development.
It was intended that comparisons of embryonic development between sites
would includj a presentation of the rate of accumulation of temperature
units (TUs).However,the temperature data which was collected at many
sites was fragmentary which eliminated this approach as a viable option.
As an alternative,comparisons of embryonic development between sites
were made by plotting the stage of development at each site on the Y
axis and date of collection on the X axis.In cases where several
samples were obtained at a site on the same day,the number of embryos
at a ,particular stage were summed and the stage having the largest
number of embryos assigned to it was the only stage which was plotted.
Embryo development was also assessed at Fourth of July Creek,Slough 10,
Side Channel 10,and Slough 21.Data obtained at these sites,however,
did not provide a consistent record of development because data obtained
a Temperature units are derived for a specified period of time by
calculating and summing the differences of the mean daily
temperature above O°C for each day in the specified period.
24
-
"'""
-
-
-
)J
Table 2.Stages of embryonic development for chum salmon,identified for use in this study.Stages correspond to information reported
for sockeye salmon by Vel sen (1980).
Developmental
Period
Stage
Number Brief Description Start
Characteristics of Stage
End
N
U1
Cleavage
Gastrulation
Organogenesis
(early)
(1 ate)
A1evin
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
all of cleavage
embryo formation
blastopore formation
blastopore closed
caudal bud free
initial yolk
vascul ari zati on
eyed
anal fin formation
dorsal fin
formation
pelvic bud
formation
body pigmented
alevin
ferti 1 hed egg
terminal caudal
bud present
1/2 epiboly
blastopore closed
caudal bud free
from yolk surface
initial vascular-
ization
eye pigment visible
through egg membrane
anal fin faintly
visible
dorsal fin faintly
v;sible
pelvic buds faintly
visible
pigment present on
dorsum of head
just hatched
blastula
embryo c1 early
visible
3/4 epiboly
blastopore closed
parts of brain
visible
2/3 yolk vascular-
ization
3/4 yolk vascular-
ization
anal fin distinct
dorsal fin distinct
pelvic buds distinct
pigment present on
dorsum of head and body
yolk sac completely
absorbed;ventral
suture remaining
EYED-LATE
ALEVIN
ALEVIN
Plate 4.Various stages of embryonic development of chum salmon
from fertilization to complete yolk-sac absorption.
26
MUL TICELLULAR
DISC
STAGE 1
Plate 5.Chum salmon embryo late in the cleavage stage.
LOCATION OF
DEVELOPING
EYES
STAGE 4
LOCATION OF
CLOSED
BLASTOPORE
Plate 6.Chum salmon embryo at late gastrulation.
27
HEAD OF EMBRYO WITH.
WELL DEVELOPED
EYES
YOLK
VASCULARIZATION
WELL DEVELOPED
STAGE 10
A
STAGE 10
B
DEVELOPING
PELVIC FIN
Plate 7.Head (A)and body (B)of a chum salmon embryo at late
organogenesis.
28
,r;:;r;lQ
at these sites was primarily used to evaluate survival.Because of
this,the time of removal of WVBs from these sites did not conform to a
uniform pattern.For this reason,development data from these sites are
not used in further analyses but are reported in Appendix A.
2.3.2.2 Embryonic Survival
Embryonic survival data collected during this study focused on (1)
comparing differences in the survival of embryos in slough,side
channel,tributary,and mainstem habitats and (2)evaluating the
influence of selected physical,chemical,and water quality variables on
the survival of chum salmon embryos.Variables evaluated included
substrate fines,pH,conductivity,dissolved oxygen,and temperature.
The survival of chum salmon embryos for this evaluation was determined
at all primary sites except upper Side Channel 11.At each site,
artificially fertilized chum salmon embryos were placed in WVBs and
buried in artificial reddsfollowing procedures outlined in Section
2.3.1.At estimated 100%hatch,WVBs containing embryos were removed,
placed in a cooler,and transported to a heated field station where
embryos were removed from the boxes.Embryos were placed in Stockard1s
solution and returned to the laboratory for analyses.In the
laboratory,live and dead embryos were distinguished by visual
inspection and enumerated.In most cases,live embryos were easily
disti ngui shed from dead ones by appearance.Live embryos were rather
.trans 1ucent and free from fungus whereas dead embryos were often opaque
and colonized by fungus.Missing embryos were considered to be dead
since field observations indicated that it would be unlikely for hatched
alevins to escape the WVB with any portion of the yolk-sac attached.
At many of the study sites,the water level dropped significantly during
September and October,resulting in the dewatering and subsequent
freezing of many locations where WVBs were installed.Because it was
observed that all embryos died in areas that became dewatered and
subsequently frozen,the analysis of embryo survival data was separated
into two parts to distinguish between the deleterious effects of
dewatering and freezing and effects of other habitat variables on embryo
surviva 1.The two ana lyses performed were:(l)one in which the
percent survival of chum salmon embryos were determined for all WVB
samples;and (2)another in which the percent survival of embryos was
determined after all "dewatered and frozen"WVBs were removed from the
analysis.Determination of the "dewatered and frozen"condition of WVBs
was made by visual observations while in the field.
To compare differences in the survival of embryos at study sites and
habitats,histograms of embryo survival at individual study sites and at
study sites grouped by habitat were constructed.Equal weight was given
to each study site in the development of these histograms regardless of
the number of WVBs at a study site.Separate histograms were
constructed for both the "complete"and "frozen eliminated"data groups
discussed above.
29
.J!l'itW,
that percent substrate fines,pH,con-
and temperature have on embryo survival,
versus these habitat variables were
data from the unfrozen data group were
a coefficient of linear regression was
described in Snedecor and Cochran (1980).
To evaluate the influence
ductivity,dissolved oxygen,
plots of embryo survival
constructed.Only survival
plotted.For each plot,
calculated using procedures
2.3.2.2.1 Handling Mortality
To assess embryo mortality due to handling,three additional WVBs from
each incubation study site were charged with fertilized eggs and handled
in the same manner at each study site.These WVBs were placed in Slough
11 in an area that appeared to represent highly favorable incubation
condit;ons.After two to ten days,one of the three WVBs from each
study site was removed and assessed in the same manner as that pre-
viously presented for assessing percent fertilization.Any differences
in percent fertil ization between eggs not handled (i .e.,in stream
incubation trays)and those handled during placement of WVBs (i.e.,the
first control box removed)were attributed to handling mortality.One
of the remaining two WVBs was removed at eye-up stage and the other at
100 percent hatch stage.These survival estimates were assumed to
represent survival under optimal incubation conditions.
-
2.3.2.2.2 Flatworms
During the course of the field sampling program,it was noticed that
rel atively 1arge numbers of embryos were mi ss i ng from Whitlock-Vi bert
Boxes retrieved from several study sites.Based on visual assessments
at the time of retrieval,an abundance of flatworms (Turbellaria)
appeared to coincide with the absence of embryos within the ~JVBs.In
1ight of these observations,an effort was made to determine if there
was a relationship between the presence of flatworms and the absence of
embryos within WVBs.
To determine whether the presence of flatworms could be correlated to
the absence of embryos in WVBs the abundance of flatworms in each
retrieved WVB was visually assessed in the field and subjectively
assigned a rank from one to four (one =highest abundance).This rank
was later correlated to the number of missing embryos using a Spearman
rank correlation coefficient (Snedecor and Cochran 1980).
2.4 Interpretation of Figures
Results in this section are shown in several types of figures of which
three warrant a description of symbols used.These are referred to as
box-and-whiskers plots (or boxplots),scatter number plots,and scatter
box plots.
-
Boxplots are used in this report to summarize water temperature,dis-
solved oxygen,pH,and conductivity data.The format basically follows
that used by Velleman and Hoaglin (1981).The boxplots,as presented
30
-
r
Ii
-
,....
Ii""'"
here.were computer generated by the microcomputer program SYSTAT
(1984).Measured values (i.e .•dissolved oxygen.water temperature.
etc.)from each study site comprise a data batch.which is ordered from
lowest value to highest.Specific symbols used in the boxplot figures
of this report are explained in Figure 8.
Scatter number plots are used in a number of figures in this report to
summarize water temperature,dissolved oxygen.pH.and conductivity
data.Each number in a figure represents the number of occurrences
in single integers (1-9)at that point.Letters are used to denote 10
or more occurrences,beginning with nAn (A=10,8=11,C=12,etc.).
Scatter box plots are used in several figures in this report to sum-
marize survival data.Each box represents one occurrence at that point.
31
outside value (outside of the adjacent values)
lower and upper hinges (about 25 percent of the
way in from each end of an ordered batch)
notches (represent approximately a 95 percent
confidence limit about the median):
median :t 1.58 x (H-spread)/vrr
-,o*"
lower hinge -(3 x H-spread)
upper hinge +(3 x H-spread)
far outside value-outside of the following
range:
H-spread (the difference between the hinges;
middle half of the data batch)
median (middle value of the batch)
maxi.Itun adjacent value
[upper hinge +(1.5 x H-spread)]
minimum adjacent value
[lower hinge -(1.5 x H-spread)J
Representative Term
----+------__________1 (+)1 _
t /---...-----~~\
d a ~b e
c
c
*
o
e
d
+
( )
*"
a,b
Symbol
-
Figure 8.Definitions of syrrbols used in boxplots which sUIlll'arize
water temperature,dissolved oxygen,pH and conductivity
data.
32
r
-
-
3.0 RESULTS
This section is divided into three parts:(1)a description of selected
physical and chemical characteristics of individual study sites and
various habitat types evaluated (i.e.,slough,side channel,tributary
and mainstem);(2)a summary of embryo survival and development data
collected at individual study sites and habitat types evaluated;and (3)
an evaluation of the influence of selected physical,chemical and
biological characteristics on the survival of chum salmon embryos at
study sites and among habitat types.
3.1 Comparison of Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Study
Sites and Habitat Types
Detailed results of the physical and chemical characteristics of study
sites are presented in this section.A summary of these data are
presented in Table 3.
3.1.1 Physical Characteristics
3.1.1.1 Water Temperature
Water temperature data presented in the following sections include
instantaneous surface and intragravel water temperatures measured at
both primary and secondary sites,and continuous intragravel water
temperatures measured only at prima ry sites.
3.1.1.1.1 Instantaneous Intragravel Water Temperatures
Comparisons of instantaneous intragravel water temperatures (OC)
measured within standpipes,grouped by habitat type and study site,are
presented in Figures 9 and 10,respectively.Because temperatures
undergo marked variations over time,median values presented for study
sites and habitat types are strongly influenced by the time of year at
which individual temperature measurements were recorded (refer to
Appendix C).For this reason,comparisons between median values have
not been made.The figures can be used~however,to show differences in
the range of intragravel water temperature variations associated with
individual study sites and habitat types.
Generally,the data show that instantaneous intragravel water tempera-
tures were least variable in mainstem and slough habitats and most
variable in tributary and side channel habitats.
3.1.1.1.2 Comparison of Instantaneous Surface and Intragravel
Water Temperatures
A comparison of instantaneous surface and intragravel water temperatures
measured at standpipe locations in slough~side channel,and tributary
habitat study sites are presented in Figures 11-13,respectively.The
combined data from the three habitat types are presented in Figure 14.
Data used to develop these figures are presented in Appendix C (Table
C-2)•
33
Table 3.SUlmIary of physical and chemical water aual ity data collected during the 1983-84 incubation study p,-esent"d by study site and habitat type.
RanTe of Surface Water Variables Range of I ntragrave 1 Water Vorl ab 1eso5501veaoissolvea
Study Site Temperature Ooygcn Conductivity Temperature Ooygen Conduct I vi ty
or Habi tat Type Sampling Period (OC)(mg/l )pH (umha/cm)(OC)(mg/l )pH (umho/cm)
Fourth of Jul y Creek 09/14/84 -12/03/84 -0.3 -11.1 9.3 -14.8 6.3 -7.6 19 -162 0.0 -8.2 9.6 -13.8 6.3 -7.2 24 -150
Slough 10 09/15/84 -12/06/84 0.1 -9.1 8.1 -10.9 6.6 -7.4 106 -226 0.2 -7.0 0.4 -8.3 6.2 -7.5 134 -659
Side Channel 10 09/15/84 -12/06/84 0.1 -12.7 4.0 -13.4 6.6 -7.8 217 -269 0.0 -12.5 3.3 -13.4 6.9 -7.9 160 -290
Slough 11 09/15/84 -12/05/84 0.1 -8.6 10.5 -12.8 6.9'7.6 226 -244 0.2 -7.0 3.8 -13.5 6.8 -7.6 195 -259
Upper Si de Channel 11 11/09/84 -12/08/84 0.2 -12.0 8.5 -11.3 7.3 -7.8 138 -203 2.0 -3.0 5.5 -5.7 7.2 -7.6 116 -143
Hainstem (RH 136.1)11/09/84 -12/08/84 -0.3 -0.8 13.5-14.1 7.2 -8.4 138 -268 0.3 -1,0 7,,9 -12.8 8.1 -8.3 185 -226
Side Channel 21 09/14/84 -12/03/84 -0.3 •11.0 10.8 -14.9 7.3 -7.9 119 •194 0.0 -7.2 6.5 -14.7 6.6 -7.5 54 -184
Slough 21 09/13/84 -12/02/84 0.8 -11.9 6.2 -11.6 6.6 -7.8 122 -213 0.9 -7.0 1.4 -10.7 6.9 -7.5 100 •237
(.oJ Sloughs 09/14/84 -12/06/84 -0.3 -11,9 6.2 -12.8 6.6 -7.8 75 -244 0.2 -7.0 0.4 -13.5 6.2 -7.6 100 -659
.J::>
Side Channels 09/14/84 -12/08/84 -0.3 -12.7 4.0 -14.9 6.6 -7.9 119 -269 0.0 -12.5 3.3 -14.7 6.6 -7.9 54 -290
Mainstem 11/09/84 -12/08/84 -0.3 -7.0 5.7 -14.3 6.7 -8.4 80 •268 0.3 -1.0 7.9 -12.8 8.1 -8.3 185 -226
Tributaries 09/14/84 -12/03/84 -0.3 -11,1 9.3 -14.8 6.3 -7.6 19 -162 0.0 -8.2 9.6 -13.8 6.3 •7.2 24 -150
a Only primary study sites are presented.
].)l J J J )),J 1 J I )J J _J
--1 -1 )..~--~l -~)
• •
..-........-r-------:I • I :0-__•••_-d ~c:..:::;;"""'"--~....~
• . b \
o •a-LOWER HINGE
b-UPPER HINGE:
C-H-SPREAD
d-MINIMUM ADJACENT VALUE
••MAXIMUM ADJACENT VALUE
+-MEDIAN
I ,-'SOf.C.I.ABOUT
THE MEDIAN*-OUTSIDE VALUE
0-FAR OUTSIDE VALUE
MAINSTEM (n::;4)
TAIBUT AAY (n =28)
(n=228)
w
CJ1
SLOUGH
SIDE CH.(n=88)
-----+-----------------------------------1 (+I 1--------------------
-----t-------------------------------------------------t------------------------1 (t I:-----------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------t--------------------------------------------------------------------t-------I (t :---------
l :-~==----------------------------------------------------t----
H+1--
-t--
I -r---r-----.----'-_·_--·-----T-..-....."f------,
o 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
INTRAGRAVEL WATER TEMPERATURE ee)
Figure 9.surrmary,by habitat type,of the intragravel water temperature data (OC)
periodically rreasured within standpipes during the 1983-84 winter period
in the middle Susitna River,Alaska (refer to Section 2.4 for detailed
explanation of figure symbols).
••---+..._-
,---_••_-:f •I 'd .('6';::::-----\....~
G b.
Q'LOWEII HINGE
II.UPPER HINGE
C·H·SPII£AD I
d.IUHIMUM ADJACENT VALUE
••MAXIMUM ADJACENT VAI.UE
+.MEDIAN
I ).111"1.C.I.ABOUT
THE M£DIAN
....OUTSIDE VALUE
O'FAil OUTSIDE VAI.UE
SLOUGH 10 (n =55)
SLOUGH 11 (n =105)
SLOUGH 21 (n =68)
SIDE CH 10 (n =39)
w
CI"I
U.SIDE CH 11 (n =1)
SIDE CH 21 (n =53)
4TH OF JULY CR (n::28 )
MAINSTEU 136.1 (n::4)
----t----------------
---------------------(+):-----------------------+----------------
-----t---------------------------------:It)1----------------------
-----t------------------t---------------------------------(--It )1-----------------
-t-----------------------------------------------t---------------------------------
-------:(t )1--------------------------------------------
-------------------------t---.-----------------------------t---
( t I:i
t---
--------------------------------------f-------------1 (tl------)----
--------------------------------------t-----.--------------------------------------------------t----
---:(+1---------
-------------------------------------------------------t-----t--
(-:t )--
-t--
_.,--------,I .,--.-----.
o 2 4 6 8
-_._-,----
10
,--I
12 14
INTRAGRA VEL WATER TEMPERATURE CC)
Figure 10.St:ntU:Iary,by study site,of the intragravel water temperature data (Q C)
periodically maasured within standpipes during the 1983-84 winter period
in the middle Susitna River,Alaska (refer to Section 2.4 for detailed
explanation of figure syrrrols).
.)I J J )1,-~]-J >1 I -I _.)J c ..J .I J -)
WATER TEMPERATURE {SLOUGH]
INTRAGRAVEL VS SURFACE
4.000
2.000
.00(1
5.000
7.000
3.000
0.000
1.000
8.000
n =208
r =0.93
P <0.0 I
I l I
I 22
I I
,
.~IQI)+/"
4.000 +,,,
,
·,··
,,
2.000 +,,,·,,,,,,
1.000 +
3.000 +,,,,·,,,
.000 1.000 2.000 3.0UO 4.000 5.000 11.000 7.000 8.000 9.000
a.000 ~+----------+----------+---------+----------+----------+----------+---------7+----------+---------+-~·',.,',,,,,,,,,,,.,,
7.000~/1 II r,,,,,,·,:/:
11.000 ~,'/ 2 ~
2 I
1 ONE TO ONE I /i REFERENCELINE~Y
5.000 +yl ~I 2 3 I 2171:i 1
12
L I
Il/
II #22 5 I I 5 .41
I I 2
21 51 ~2 'I12711233I~"l I
1511 11 I I
2 I
154212 II Lt II I
I I /1
1
1
1/
122K
11/
IX
a:w
I--<(,)
~•-..J W
W a:
>::)
<I-
a:<
"a:
<w
a:a.
I-:EzW
I-
r-
,
-+----------+----------+---------+--------..._+---------..+----------..----------+...-------....+----------+--
_,),,0 1.000 2.0UO 3.000 4.iJOO 5,000 ~.OOO 7.000 8.')00 9.000
SURFACE WATER
TEMPERA TURE (Oe)
Figure 11.Relationship bebveen intragravel and surface
water temperatures (0 C)rreasured at standpipes
within slough habitat of the middle Susitna
Ri.ver,Alaska (refer to section 2.4 for
detailed explanation of figure syrrOOls).
37
-
WATER TEMPERATURE (SIDE CHANNEll
"IHTRAGRAVEL VS SURFACE
1 /Io>!\
1 +8.000:,,,,
1 ,,-2 1 ,,,
1 1 +b.(li)O
8.000 +,,
o.t)OO +,,,,,,,,,,,,
4.0.00 +
-
-
~.ooo
2.000
.000
12.NrCI
10.600
14,0')0
I 1/
:_~.,.~11 11 I /"n _-7 8
2.0(1)+1 /
:Iii /,r =0.93:'1 '
;2.(-P <0.0 I :
t 1."3 :
:IV 1 :
.000 +Al +
f :--+-------------+-------------+-------------+----------+------------+-------------+------------+--
•(1)0 2.&00 4.OliO b.(lOO 8.fIiJO 10.000 12.000 14.000
,LiVV 2.000 ~.(l00 1>.000 8.000 10.000 12.0QO 14.000
14.000 r-+-------------+------------.-------------·-------------+-------------+----------+-/------------+-~
,,,,,,,,.,
:I :,,,,
12.0(10 .../...
I "I
;t/~
i ~I i
10.000 ~ONE TO ONE +
:REFERENCE LINE ~
,
ce
W,..
~gO;:......
W...Ice
W::J>1-«cece
<!'w<Q.
ce:::E
I-Wzl-
SURF ACE WATER
TEMPERATURE (eC)
Figure 12.Relationship between intragravel and surface
water temperatures (OC)measured at standpipes
within side channel habitat of the middle Susitna
River,Alaska (refer to Section 2.4 for detailed
explanation of figure symbols).
38
WATER TEMPERATURE (TRIBUTARY]
INTRAGRAVEL VS SURFACE
.')00 1.000 2.000 ~.OOO 4.000 S.OOO 0.000 7.000 8.00(;---.-----------.-----------+-----------.-----------+----------+-----------+---------.----------+---
9.(10('•+9.0vO
6.001i +,,
,,,,,
7.iJVV +
:,,.
0.(;01)~
a:w .....;I-0 5,;,JO')t'<•-3:"w
..J a:
W :)4.(ll)~+>I-
<<a:a:,
"W ,
<a.3.(i'.!)+
a::E
~W
I-,.
2.(10(;+,,
,,,,,
~.i)w +
:2
:1 //
r 1 j ......
.O(oi;•X J
V
ONE TO ONE
REFERENCE LONEY
n =23
r =1.00
p<0.0 I
7.000
b.O(IO
5.00(;
4.000,···,,,,.
+3.000
2.000
1.0(;0
.000
,,
-i.vNt.,+-I.O(~O
---+----------+----------+-----------+--_....._-----.;.-----------.....---------+----------.,...----------+---
.vO i)1.00(;2.0(4)~.OOO 4.(;0(1 S.(;O(I iI.OOO 7.000 8.000
SURFACE WATER
TEMPERATURE (OC)
Figure 13.Relationship between mtragravel and surface
water terrperatures (OC)measured at standpipes
within tributal:y habitat of the middle Susitna
River,Alaska (refer to section 2.4 for
detailed explanation of figure symbols).
39
--
~,
WATER TEMPERATURE [COMBINED HABITATS]
INTRAGRAVEL VS SURFACE
.000 2.000 4.000 6.000 8.000 10.000 l2.000 14.000--+------------+-------------+----------+------------+------------+------------+-------------+-14.000 ++
I,,,,,,,,,
12.000 ~
14.000
:2.000
.000
S.OOO
';'.000
.......,..
I..y;.i"n =309
r =0.93
p<0.0 I
I
I
l
1 I
2 I
2 21
III
222
12 3 l2 I
l2 I I
I I
I
4.000 +I
I I
I 25 L 17
2 2 351 14
1 128225 4 1
1 S 1l 2
2.i)00 +=176122 .,
l 2li
223'3
2
6.000 +
a.ooo +
::,1)00 +
ONE TO ONE
REFERENCE LINE
,,--+-----------_...+--_.....-------+------------+_.._----------+-------------+-------"!"-----+-------------+--
•000 2.000 4.000 6.000 a.ooo 10.000 l2.000 14.000
c:w_
....0
0:(•;:;
-l CC
W :)>....
0:(0:(
CC c:
CJ w
0:(a.
CC :::E....wz....
Figure 14.
SURFACE WATER
TEMPERATURE (GC)
Relationship between intragravel and surface
water temperatures (OC)measured at standpipes
within slough,side channel,and tributary
habitats of the middle Susitna River,Alaska
(refer to Section 2.4 for detailed explanation
of figure symbols).
-
40
"""
,..."
-
,..
In each figure,there appears to be a direct relationship between
surface and intragravel water temperatures.The effect appears most
pronounced in slough habitats (Figure 11)which is likely related to the
relatively greater influence of upwelling in this habitat type.
3.1.1.1.3 Continuous Intragravel Water Temperatures
Continuous intragravel water temperatures were measured at 18 sites in
the middle Susitna River during the period from September 1983 to June
1984.A complete presentation of these data is included in Appendix F
(Volume 2 of this report).This section is limited to a summary of a
portion of these data,focusing only on intragravel water temperature
data collected at the primary study sites in slough,side channel,
tributary,and mainstem habitats used to evaluate chum salmon embryo
survival and/or development.
Figures 15 through 17 present the intragravel water temperature data
collected at primary slough habitat study sites.From these data,it is
apparent that intragravel water temperatures in slough habitats remain
relatively stable from October to May,typically ranging from 3-4°C.
These relatively warm temperatures indicate that the source of the
intragravel water is likely upwelling.
Figures 18 through 20 present the intragravel water temperature record
collected at primary side channel habitat study sites.These data show
that although intragravel water temperatures in side channel study sites
remain relatively stable from October to May,they undergo greater
variability over time c~mpared to slough habitats.
In Figure 21,intragravel water temperatures measured at three sites
located in Fourth of July Creek are presented.Although the data record
contains several gaps,the pattern of seasonal temperature variation is
evident.Intragravel water temperatures are relatively high in early
September (6-8°C),decrease rapidly to near O°C in late October,and
remain at or below laC for several months before increasing in March and
April.The gradual increase in March and April is followed by a rela-
tively sharp rise in temperature in early May.This indicates that the
source of the intragravel flow at Fourth of July Creek is likely subsur-
face flow originating from surface waters rather than upwelling.
The intragravel water temperature record collected at the primary study
site at Mainstem RM 136.1 is shown in Figure 22.Although the record is
di scontinuous,the seasonal temperature pattern is evi dent.In 1ate
September and early October,intragravel water temperatures decrease to
near O°C and remain relatively constant until early May when they begin
to rise.This indicates that the source of the intragravel flow at this
mainstem site is likely subsurface flow originating from surface waters
rather than from upwelling.
3.1.1.2 Substrate Composition
The percent dry weight,by size class,of substrate samples obtained
with the McNeil sampler over the range of substrate conditions observed
41
15
14
13
12-IIu
0 10-9
LLI
0::8
::t
~7<t
0::6
.;::.LLI
N Q.~
2
LLI 4....
0:
I&J
l-
e(
~
10 5LnG"Ie -~RTt£ftST
10 5LlUlH Ie -~Rttt£51
~.,~-_....._-...,.--.~~.................~.,-...-..",...-..-...
SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN
Figure 15.Mean daily intragravel water temperatures (OC)recorded during the 1983-84
winter period at Slough 10 (RM 133.8),middle Susitna River,Alaska.
~'-J J )•J J }))J I -1 J .!I J J !
---)-1 l --]I -~-1 J J J 1 1 1
.......
...A.
~~
I I' ,iii iii i t I
JAN 'FEB MAR APR MAY JUN
10 5LOUOH II -51Tt 2•15-
14-
13-
12--11-
u
0 10--9-w
0::::8-
:J
~7-et
0::::6-w
+:>Q..5-w :::E
w 4-
~
3-.
0::
W 2-
~l-et
~0-
-1-1
-2-
-3-,,
SEP OCT NOV DEC
Figure 16.Mean daily intragravel water temperatures (OC)recorded during the 1983-84
winter period at Slough 11 (RM 135.3),middle Susitna River,Alaska.
4 _.,,-'1 _..'.._,,-_..,_~-,.,."",_, ___,.,.._.._,._1""'.'."',·"".,,,_""__"'.,"'__",__ __,_,.
IQ LOH[R 3LOUBH 21 -51TE 2
-0
0-
W
0:
~
l-
e{
0:
W.j::>a...1::0
:E
W
I-
0::
LLI
l-
e{
:t
15
14
13
12
II
10
9
8
7
6
!5
3
2
1
o
-1.'
-2·
I
SEP
-.
OCT
I
NOV
I.
DEC
I
JAN
I
FEB
I
MAR
I
APR
I
MAY
I
JUN
Figure 17.Mean daily intragravel water temperatures (OC)recorded during the 1983-84
winter period at Slough 21 (RM 141.8),middle Susitna River,Alaska.
J I I J )].1 J j J J I ••I J
])I J )i
-,,"~---"--'\-_"'",,.
;
IG 510[CHANNCL 10 -SITt I
I~i IG 510[OHA"NCL 10 -'ITt 2----_.....------...
14
13
12-II
0
0 10-
l1J
Q:
j
t-7ct
Q:6
w
-1::0 D-Sc.n ~
l1J 4....
3
Q:
1&1 2
t-1ct
~0,~-I j
-2
•i
SEP OCT NOV DEC
~,;'-
I.I",,......',.
\'.-
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN
Figure 18.Mean daily intragravel water temperatures (DC)recorded durlng the 1983-84
w~'nter period at Side Channel 10 (RM 133.8),middle Susitna River,Alaska.
1&urPDR SIDC DHnNNCL II -SIIE I
10 urf'tR :5IDC OflIINU.II -Silt 2
15
14
13
12-II
0
0 10.-9w
0:8
':::l
t-
'!':>oct
0'1 0:
W
Q..
~
w
t-
1&urfER SlDC DflttNn.II -,m:]
,'.,"
."..'..".,:...'....'..",,,..,...,....,,-..(.
"",,,,',,._••••'._'.'~I,,..It ,.L-/".•
".,'"".'.'..'"'"-.,,",."~'..",'"'"
,.,,:v..~.,".....""rJ··1 -
"--.~"".1..._'_./......,......•J,---_#-;',"-:".-:,:"
MAYAPRMARfEBJANDECNOVOCTSEP
3
2
I 1
o .',JIJNiI
I
I
-ILICi-2
0::
L&J
t-
oct
:it
.Figure 19.Mean daily intragravel water temperatures (OC)recorded during the 1983-84
winter period at Upper Side Channel 11 (RM 136.1),middle Susitna River,Alaska.
)),!I I )I J J I J 1 !I 1 J ~
1 -1 -1 ----J ---1 ~-~--~1 --~--~--1 1 1
19 51DE CHRNNCL 2\-SITt I
19 51DE CHANNeL 21 -SITt 2
19 51DE 01""PC.21 -5IT[J
\',-
V"\:
I,
I ..,
•,
•,,..
.,._-.,."~'.'II .,'",.,".",'--.',..
-.I
,
JUN
1\I :
.~I ~
:\
J :: II:yt
I
MAY
I
APRMARFEB
..........
JAN
f
DECNOVOCTSEP
15·
14-
13·
12-II
0
0 10-9w
a:8
::;)....7
cta:6
W
Q.5
-Po ~'-I W 4....
3
0:
W 2....Ic;(
~0.,
-I,
-2·
Figure 20.Mean daily intragravel water temperatures (OC)recorded during the 1983-84
winter period at Side Channel 21 (RM 141.0)~middle Susitna River~Alaska.
15
14
13
12
-IIu
o 10-
IA 1TH or JULT PLUMC -sire J
10 iTH or JULT CR[[k -'Ire 1
fUURTH or JULT CR[[k -'ITC 2
.f:>o
::tJ
W
0::
::>
l-
e:(
0::
W
Q.
::IEw
I-
0::
I&J
l-
e:(
~
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
I
o
-I
-2
,,
'.,.]
".,-.'\,,'I
,-~,~"_.,,-,,._'(
,.._---
.'-,..',..-.-.,_..,-....-"..• _••_,.__""""_...~....--../'...".....,.v r'...--..-/,-.,---)~
SEP OCT NOV DEC f
JAN
I
FEB
r
MAR APR
I
MAY
I
JUN
Figure 21.Hean daily intragravel water temperatures (OC)recorded during the 1983-84
winter period at Fburth of July Creek (Rr·l 131.1),middle Susitna River,
Alaska.
J .1 J I ..1 ))_l .....J I J J I
J ]]J '-J ~-~C'>-l 1 '1 ]j
15-1
14
13
12
-II
0
0 10-9w
0::8
~
I-7cr
0::6
.1==0 W
\.0 Q.5
::IEw 4
I-
3
0::
W 2
l-Icr
~0
-I
-2
IG MAIN STEM (RM 18S.1)-8ITE 1
I~_~~!~!J:r~_~_(~8S.1)-MEAN
,,,
I,,,,_.'.,."~-'..'__...,-''-_-,-,-:'.:,---.-_......___---J,/
SEP OCT NOV
I .
DEC
I
JAN
I
FEB
I
MAR
I
APR
I
MAY JUN
Figure 22.Mean daily intragravel water temperatures (DC)recorded during the 1983-84
winter period at Mainstem (RM 136.1),middle Susitna River,Alaska.
at the nine primary study sites [with the exception of Mainstem (RM
136.1)],are presented,by study site and habitat type in Figures 23 and
24,respectively.The data used to construct these figures are provided
in Appendix D (Table 0-1).Data for the Mainstem (RM 136.1)site are
not available because the excessively large substrate particles at this
site prevented proper use of the rkNeil sampler.Two McNeil samples,
however,were obtained at an alternative mainstem location (RM 138.9)
which had substrate similar to that typically selected by chum salmon
for spawning.These two samples have been included in the Figure 23
presentation for comparative purposes.In addition,the percentage of
substrate materials in each of the three smallest substrate size classes
(hencefoY1'la rd termed II fi nes ")for each of the above nine prima ry study
sites,grouped by study site and habitat type,are presented in Figures
25 and 26,respectively.The total height of each bar represents the
combined percent of fines,whereas the internal bar divisions correspond
to individual size classes.
In general,these data illustrate that slough habitat study sites
contain smaller substrate materials and greater amounts of fines than
other habitat types.Thi s is 1i kely the result of lower water vel DC-
ities allowing for the accumulation of fines within these habitat types.
The mainstem habitat study site had the largest substrate materials and
least amount of fines present whereas the side channel and tributary
habitat study sites contained intermediate amounts.
The percent composition of substrate materials collected using the
McNeil sampler in areas utilized for spawning by chum salmon at study
sites and grouped by habitat type,are presented in Figures 27 and 28,
respectively.In addition,the percent substrate composition of fine
substrates collected US"j ng the McNei 1 sarnpl er at study sites uti 1i zed
for spawning by chum salmon are presented in Figure 29.In all cases,
except the site at Mainstem (RM 138.9),the substrate samples were
collected within approximately 5.0 feet of a natural chum salmon redd.
The data for Mainstem (RM 138.9)were not collected at a chum salmon
redd,but rather,at a site that appeared to have a similar substrate
composition to that in areas util ized for spawning by chum salmon.It
is included for comparative purposes.
The variation in substrate composition at salmon redds is relatively
greater for the three 1argest substrate categori es than for the three
smallest (Figure 27).For example,for substrates 1.0-0.08 in.dia-
meter,the percent composition varies from a low of 23%for the mainstem
site to a high of 47%for Slough 10.This represents a difference of
24%.In contrast,for the three finer substrate categories,the
greatest variability between the sites in each category is 3.0%,6.0%
and 15.0%,respectively.
Substrate composition for the three smallest size categories are
compared between study sites in Figure 29.Of all sites evaluated,two
sites [Fourth of July Creek and Slough l1(Subsite B)J contained less
than 10%total fines.Three additional sites [Slough 10,Mainstem (RM
138.9),and Slough 21J contained less than 15%fines,and one site
(Upper Side Channel 11)contained greater than 20%fines.It is
50
-
~I
1 ..]'~1 _....•)'1 1 "--')····1 "'~··"1 I "~1 ·,,······1 i '1 ~"]'.')
SUBSTRATE
McNEIL
::'.":.,
F
[....
-•.J,...
j-:::,
t.·:
i';....
i·....·1(1 t··,
f~~
,n f"
f't,·
.J
.1,.,\
SL 11 (8)UPPER SIDE MAINSTE..
CH 11 (RM 1....)
(J1
I-'
I-
Z
W
U
II:
W
D.
.'.:",
..1'-',...\'I
1:1
.['
'.",-I r ,·1
",1 ...fJI
·1"1
It1
..~n ..1 fl .•j'_.-1 I t
..fT:,
.j II+L11)·1,.1'1·H[·.;I'"'1'+"::1
o Jllth
FOURTH Of
JULY CREEK
SIDE
CH 10
SL 10
rj
~-....i
~"'j
r~
t"l,-.1
t)
i A
[1
I~(:4
,..11,Llf·l.·.I ..i jr
ttl;+1
fElt'l:l
!'Y1i'"i....j
..ftl.fj
r··!Ilt,;
,l kTt.l J..,VlLI-~:1 ,~·t::l
I
SL 11 (A)
['1,.j
fli:Jt.,f.j
I I V'jI:lti
'..r .,·1
·t+j
:It·:LII':!
t:j::!:I:\.:..,
;")
l:...l
,"i
:···i
r···~.r
~"t
C·~!~.1 [l'r:tll"
,..v
SIDE
CH 21
I.
SL 21
.1 >'.0 '.0-1.0 ;>Lo-o.ol 0.01-0.02
.[":
0.02-0.002L.<0.002
SUBSTRATE SIZE CATEGORY (In)
Figure 23.Percent size composition of McNeil substrate samples
collected at study sites in the middle Susitna River,
Alaska.
SUBSTRATE
McNEIL
..!.-:'=r .
F·;·:j
r..·····":·l"'.,".:
l)il.
I ../t """,·····/·1.•...'."of'.'~,"
:__\..L:J:.:.1;·....1·..".:........",.,.]I....\'"j/....1·.·,1.·~···""":.:J i /.....r.i.·'·'·,:-'-I/··!c""!....I·····.t'-"'\,,:'-:1 :<k -:J_iii.
c.)_.
?.~)
'·;n
I-Z ,','W ;:.~.J
oa:
~?CJ·
U1
N
SLOUGH SIDE CHANNEL TRIBUTARY MAINSTEM
..:>8.0 8.0-1.0 1.0-0.08 E;;:~:;::~j 0.08-0.02
-,
SUBSTRATE SIZE CATEGORY (In)
0.02-0.002 l;']:;:,<1 <0.002
Figure 24.Percent size composition of McNeil samples collected
in various habitat types in the middle Susitna River,
Alaska.
J J J J ]J J ..J J ]J .]]J .I :~.J J
-1 1 ~)1 ~-l -1
SUBSTRATE
McNEIL
1 -)··~l j )~j
t.n
W
I-
Z
W
Ua::w
D.
~--.~';
.:1-t-,-
.".I .
:1')"-J....---
CI I.,"i I/!L I I !~I.·!I .."....j i I l.~'f ~
FOURTH OF SIDE
JULY CREEK CH 10
SL 10 SL 11 (A)SL 11 (8)UPPER SIDE MAINSTEM 81DE
CH 11 (RM 138.8)CH 21
8L 21
i 0.011-0.02 0.02-0.002'·',';<0.002
SUBSTRATE SIZE CATEGORY (In)
Figure 25.Percent size composition of fine substrate «0.08 in.
diameter)in McNeil samples collected at study sites
in the middle Susitna River,Alaska.
(J"I
~
I-
Z
U.io
It
U.ia.-
.:1
Sfi
SUBSTRATE
McNEIL
SLOUGH SIDE CHANNEL TRIBUTARY MAIN STEM
0.08-0.02 0.02-0.002'<0.002
SUBSTRATE SIZE CATEGORY (In)
Figure 26.Percent size composition of fine substrate «0.08 in.
diameter)of McNeil samples collected in various habitat
types in the middle Susitna River,Alaska.
]J J }J I J -]J J I J J j .,.~I I
'))-1 1 "1 -~1 1 '-"j '1 "'1 -1
SUBSTRATE IREDDI
McNEIL
.'.::
n l~il ii!'>~--.!_."!
IV ".11 lJI·,.·j f·1 I,J·j'L I
I k;..).l .!:f "'1
1
Iv..·.·l j...i·.·.,.;fl.··.·..,J "I ,·'I 't··t ,.,I.,t'".:'·.Ll /1".:..'[,I\J.::[···....r•.J.·l't 1.~l~:ltc:11 !!tl'+::1'[..'.t'jl::1 1':1 +::.1'j-1'1 '(.f:,:,
')"r:f\I:~tt ItJ
I.1 PI'f,"f .".j I'j',1 ···I·j t l .,....." [,_'t ,,-j .._I 1,'"F;'~':1 11 'j'++,!"r,-,>r'l t""k!';ITi):'.~
:)'..".,!::l-r':"'J~bi I.,r-il·ll,1:.t.1:1.:,t rlfj-l:I..t 1,'"'"
1 D
.::~~.~~l
~~c!-
4··1."!.
2~,_.
.'~"j...zw
(J
a:w
0.
U1
U1
FOURTH OF
JULY CREEK
SL 10 8L 11 (8)UPPER SIDE MAINSTE'"
CH 11 (RM 138.•)
SIDE
CH 21
SL 21
L""j ;>8.0 8.0-1.0 t.0-0.08 ",0.08-0.02 f 0.02-0.002"<0.002
SUBSTRATE SIZE CATEGORY (In)
Figure 27.Percent size composition of McNeil substrate samples
collected at chum salmon redds during May 1984,in the
middle Susitna River,Alaska.
"
'.)
;1'!
SUBSTRATE IREDDI
McNEIL
Ul
0\
I-
Z
W
Ua:wa..
':1
>:~'::1 .
::iJ '
.~F~
;....
1 Ct .
:.,,!
SLOUGH,SIDE CHANNEL TRIBUTARV
._.,',i )8.0 8.0-1.0 'I 1.0-0.08 ;,0.08-0.02 0.02-0.002 <:0.002
SUBSTRATE SIZE CATEGORY (In)'
Figure 28.Percent siz~corrposition of McNeil substrate sarrples
collected at chum sal.rron redds during May 1984,in
various habitats of the middle susitna River,Alaska.
'J ~]I J )J ~.3 c_.J J )~~j J I !J I J ]
1 I J -1 --)~--l J )]1
SUBSTRATE IREDDI
McNEIL
I
SL 21
k,
SIDE
CH 21
<;0.002
SL 11 (B)UPPER SIDE MAINSTEY
CH 11 (AM 181.8).,,.
.~!0.08-0.02 >0.02-0.002 i
SL 10
::~
"--:~
FO'-'RTH OF
JULY CREEK
'o.t
,:3 -
j -_:
!7 .
L).
1 .::1.-
t-
Z
W
Ua:w
D.
U1
--J
SUBSTRATE SIZE CATEGORY (In)
Figure 29.Percent size composition of fine substrate «0.08 in.
diameter)in McNeil samples collected at chum salmon
redds during May 1984 in study sites of middle Susitna
River,Alaska.
noteworthy that both of the sites with the greatest amounts of fines
(Upper Side Channel 11 and Side Channel 21)also contain extensive areas
of upwelling.These upwellings undoubtedly act to reduce the
deleterious effects of increased amounts of fines in the streambed.
The substrate composition of chum salmon redds is compared between
samples collected in different habitat types in Figure 28.In general,
slough and side channel sites contained greater amounts of fine sub-
strate materials and lesser amounts of large substrate materials com-
pared to tr"ibutary sites.However,the areas where salmon established
redds (Figure 28)contained fewer fines than the range of substrate
materials available in each habitat type (Figure 24).This is likely
due to the sorting of gravels by salmon during the digging of th~redd.
3.1.2 Chemical Characteristics
3.1.2.1 Dissolved Oxygen
Comparisons of dissolved oxygen concentrations (mg/l)measured in
surface and intragravel waters in slough,side channel,and tributary
habitat study sites are presented in Figures 30-32,respectively.The
same data,grouped for all study sites,are presented in Figure 33.
Similar plots for dissolved oxygen,expressed as percent saturation,are
included in Appendix C.Raw data used to construct both sets of plots
are also included in Appendix C.
In each figure,there is a general relationship between surface and
intragravel dissolved oxygen levels indicating a relat.ionship between
upwelling water and surface waters.The relationship appears strongest
for tributary sites (Figure 32)and weakest for slough sites (Figure
30).The relationship for slough habitat sites does not appear uniform
over the entire range of concentrations,being much weaker (i.e.,wider
scatter of points)at low and intermediate values than at higher values.
Summary data on intragravel DO concentrations show that median levels
are generally lowest for slough habitat study sites,intermediate for
side channel and mainstem habitat study sites,and greatest for
tributary habitat study sites (Figures 34 and 35).
3.1.2.2 .E.!!
Comparisons of pH levels measured in surface and intragravel waters in
slough and side channel habitat study sites are presented in Figures 36
and 37,respectively.These data grouped for all study sites are
presented in Figure 38.Because this variable was not measured at all
standpipe locations,there were insufficient data for comparable plots
for tributary and mainstem habitat study sites.In general,these data
show that there is a relationship between pH values measured in surface
and intragravel waters in each of these habitat types,with the rela-
tionship being weakest for side channel habitats (Figure 37).
A summa ry of i ntragrave 1 pH 1eve 1sis presented by study site and
habitat type in Figures 39 and 40,respectively.These data show that,
58
-
-
-
-
-
-
,..,.
I
DISSOLVED OXYGEN (SLOUGHI
INTRAGRAVEL VS SURFACE
0.000 7.000 8.000 9.000 10.000 11.000 12.000 13.000 14.000---+-----------+-----------+-----------+---------+-----------+----------+----------+-----------+--+14.000:,,
:,,
I
0,
ONE TO ONE
,+12.000
REFERENCE LINE ~
1 1
12 2
1
1 41 11 1 1 1
.+10.000
11 1 11 1 ,
1 1 1 112 ,
I
11 1 2 3 I 1 ,,
1 21 343 12 211 ,,
I 1 2 3 11 1 I II .,
1 11 12 1 I ,,,
11 1 1 I I 11 1 +8.000
1 I 1 I I
11 I
1
1 1 111 3 2 ,
1 2 I I 2 1 11 1 I 1 1 :
1 1 ,,
1 1 1 +0.000
1 1 1
1 1
1
11
1 I 4.000
1
I
1 2.000
1 I 1 n =2081II
1 r =0.52I11
I 1 p<O.OI
.000
,,
.000 +,,,,---+-----------+-----------+-----------+----------+---------+--------+----------+----------+---
1>.000 7.000 8.000 9.000 10.(100 11.000 12.000 13.000 14.000
SURFACE WATER
DISSOLVEO OXYGEN (mg/J)
14.000 +::,,
I,,,
:
12.000 +
0
0,,,,,··,,
10.(100 +
~:....,
Cl
,
0:Ie·,
W ,-,
I-,
Z ,<·
==
W 8.000 +
C':
...J >:,
w X ·,
>0 ,,,<,
C ,
0:0.000 +I 1
C'W>,
<:
0:...J ,
0 ,
I-,
C/)
,
Z ,
C/)
,,,
C 4.000 +,·,··,,,,,,
2.000 +
r
-
Figure 30.Relationship between intragravel and surface
water dissolved oxygen concentrations (m~/l)
measured at standpipes within slough habitat
of the middle Susitna River,Alaska (refer to
Section 2.4 for detailed explanation of
figure symbols).
59
DISSOLVED OXYGEN (SIDE CHANNELl
INTRAGRAVEL VS SURFACE
6.000 7.000 a.ooo 9.1j00 lG.OOO 11.000 12.000 13.000 14.Q00 15.000 10.000-t---------t---------t---------+--------+--------t--------t---------t--------+---------t---------t-
16.000 t 1/>.000
1
2
I t 8.000
I ·,
I ·,·,-,
1 1 1 ,,
1 ,,
1 I I +11.000
II 1
-
-
4.000
2.000
14.000
10.000
12.000
ONE TO ONE
REFERENCE LINE
,,,,,
10.000 +,,
,·.,·,·,·,
8.000 +I,··,,·,,,,,,
0.000 +I;.·,,,,,
::
4.000 ++
l I:n =74 :,,
~r =0.80 t
;p <0.01 I
2.000 t +,,,,
-+---------+---------+---------+----------+---------+---------+-------+---------+--_.....__..+--------+-
a.iliiO .7.ilOO a.iloo 9.000 10.000 11.000 12.000 13.000 14.000 15.000 16.000
SURFACE WATER
DISSOLVED OXYGEN (mg/l)
,,,
,··,,,,
14.000 t:,,,·,·,,,,
12.000 +
~....a:CDwe
I--<Z3:w
...J 0w>>X<0
a:c
c:I w<>a:...J
I-0Zen
!Ec
Figure 31.Relationship between intragravel and surface
water dissolved oxygen concentrations (mg/1)
measured at standpipes within side channel
habitat of the middle Susitna River.Alaska
(refer to Section 2.4 for detailed explanation
of figure symbols).
-
60
-
-
I"'"
I
DISSOLVED OXYGEN (TRIBUTARY]
INTRAGRAVEL VS SURFACE
13.VOO
13.500
14.000
+,,,,,,,,
+,,,,,,,,
+12.500
+12.000,,,,,,,,
+II.500
11.000
lO.500
10.000
n=23
r =0.88 +9.500
P <0.0 I :,,,,,,
1.
ONE TO ONE
REFERENCE LINe ~
,,,,,,
10.500 +:,,,,,,
Hi.OOO +,,,.,,,
9.500 +,,,,,,,
12.000 +,,,,
,
11.500'~,,
;,,,,,,
13.000 +,,,,,.,
I~.500 +
1l.0VO 11.500 12.000 12.500 13.000 13.500 14.000---+--------------+--------------+------------+--------------+--------------+-------------+--
14.000 ++,,,,,,,,
13.500 +
-....a:CDwE
J--<Z
~W
CJ
...J >W x>0<a:0o..w<>a:...J
J-0
Z en-rn
o
f."'"
I
!"""
!
9.;100 ++9.00(1---+---------------+--------------+---------------+-------------+--------------+---------------+---
11.0(1)11.500 12.000 12.500 13.000 13.500 14.000
SURFACE WATER
DISSOLVED OXYGEN (mg/l)
Figure 32.Relationship between intragravel and surface
water dissolved oxygen concentratiOns (rng/l)
measured at standpipes within tributary
habitat of the middle Susitna River,Alaska
(refer to Section 2.4 for detailed explanation
of figure symbols).
-61
....
-
DISSOLVED OXYGEN ICOMBINED HABITATSI
INTRAGRAVEl VS SURFACE
a.OOO 7.000 8.000 9.000 10.000 11.000 12.000 13.000 14.000 IS.OOO 16.000-+---------+--------+-------+--------+---------+---------+--------.---------+---------+---------+-
16.000 +16.000
-
-
8.JOO
~
6,jOO
,-;,
..-,..,,~
1".'~'.".J -
:.(il)!}-.
.01)0 -
10.000
n =305
r =0.69
p<0.01
I 1
lIll
I -1 I 112
I 13 I
I I
I 2 5231 I I
11 II 1 I
2 22 II I 1m
11 2 21 311m I 22 I
2 11 I 2 2 22 2 2 21
I 2 I II 12 11 I 2 I
112 I I 2 I 111 I I
2111 I I
I I
I II 2 2 I
1111112111
I I 2 I Il
I I 2 I I
2 I
I
I I
I
I
I
12
I 11
I I
I I
.ONETO ONE
REFERENce LINE
I
I I I I
I 11 I
1 I 2 I I
I I
I
I
III
2.000 +,,,,
:,,,
.000 +,,,,,-+-----_...--+-----_.._-.,.--......._--....+--..._..._-..-+---------+-----.....--+---------+--------+--------+---------+-
6.000 7.000 8.000 9.000 10.000 11.000 12.000 13.000 14.000 IS.OOO 16.000
b.OOO +
,
~2.0C;)+
4.;)00 +'
SURFACE WATER
DISSOLVED OXYGEN (mgfl)
Figure 33.Relationship between intragravel and surface
water dissolved oxygen concentrations (mg/l)
measured at standpipes within slough,side
channel.and tributary habitats of the middle
Susitna River.Alaska (refer to Section 2.4 for
detailed explanation of figure symbols).
l~.OOO r 14.000
,,,,
10.000 ~,,,.,,,,
B.000 ~I
~
"-
a:Ol
w E.......,
<Z
~w
~
...J >
W x>0<0a:
~w
<>
a:...J
....o·
~U)
U)c
-62
}J 1 ~1 C)....]1 )))
••
-1
---t---......._...._..., , • I •J :'c::;:i~b------\
c •
)
,•t I I)
I
o~LOWER HINGE
b.UPPER HINGE
C'H-SPREAD
d.MINIMUM AD~ACENT VALUE
••MAXIMUM AD~ACENT VALUE
+.MEDIAN
(I'95"10 C.I.AIOUT
THE MEDIAN
....OUTSIDE VALUE
O'FAR OUTSIDE VALUE
----------------------------t----------------1 (t 11--------------
----------------------------t-------
SLOUGH 10 (n=IU5)
SLOUGH 11 (n =105)·
SLOUGH 21 (n =88)
SIDE CH.10 (n =39)
0"1 U.SIDE CH.11 (n:8)w
SIDE CH.21 (n =49)
4TH OF JUL V CR.(n =28)
MAIN STEM 13e.1 (n =4)
o
---~-t---------1 f 1---------------------1 (t)1---------------------I
-----t--------------t---
I I II -------------1 (t)1-------------
-----t--------t-------------------------------------(1 t)1----------------------------------------t-------------------t-
t)
t-
--------t-------------------------------------1 (t)1---------------------------t------------------------t----------------..:-1 (t 1---
------------t--------------------t-----------------(-1 t 1---
----------------t------
'r I I ",r I i --Io248810121416
INTRAGRAVEL OISSOL VEO OXYGEN (mg/l)
Figure 34.sumnary,by study site,of the intragravel dissolved oxygen data (rrg/l)
periodically measured within standpipes during the 1983-84 winter period
in the middle Susitna River,Alaska (refer to Section 2.4 for detailed
explanation of figure syrrbols).
••..--t...--...
,-----••:I I)•n---'-.".-~';'::':'··---·-~• "I !l
d •~\
C ".
Q'LOWER HINGE
b-UPPER HINGE
C-H-SPREAD
d-MINIMUM ADJACENT VALUE
.-MAXIMUM ADJACENT VALUE
+.MEDIAN
(I-15%c.I.A'OUT
THE MED'AN
• -OUTSIDE VALUE
0-FAR OUnlDE VALUE
0'
~
SLOUGH (n=228)
SIDE CH.(n:::94)
TRIBUTARY (n=21)
MAINSTEM (n=4)
---------------+-----~-
II III II -------------------------------1 (+):--------------------------f
---------------+--------------------------+------------------------------------------1 (+)1---------------------------
-------------------+------------------------------+------------------1 (+)---------------+----
----------------+-----------------(-1 +:---
----------------+------
o 2 4
T
6
r ---------,----T------.-,
8 10 12 14 16
INTRAGRA VEL DISSOLVED OXYGEN (mgll)
Figure 35.Summary,by habitat type,of the intragravel dissolved oxygen data (mg/1)
periodically measured within standpipes during the 1983-84 winter period
in the middle Susitna River,Alaska (refer to Section 2.4 for detailed
explanation of figure symbols).
».I ,j J .1 )J I )}I ))I J I
,....
pH [SLOUGHI
INTRAGRAVEL VS SURFACE
7.300
7.000
7,400
7.600
7.700
+7.200
l,,,,,,,,
+7.100
5
2
n =32
r =0.71
p<0.01
2
,,,,
i,,,,
+,,,
---+---------------+--------------+-------------+---------------+---------------+-------------+--~
7.100 7.200 7.300 7.400 7.500 7.600 7.700
SURFACE WATER pH
7.100 7.200 7.300 7.400 7.500 7.600 7.700---+-------------4-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+--------------+-
i.700 +,,,
I,
I,
I,,
6.900 +
7.500 +,,,,··,·~,
I
Q.7."00 +J,,,·a:··W ,
1
I-,,
<7.300 +
~
...J ,
W ,,>,
4(7.200 +,
a:··CJ ·,,<,,a:,
I-7.1W +
~,·,
,,,,
7.000 +I
-
f""
!
--
-Figure 36.Relationship between mtragravel and surface
water pH levels rreasured within slough habitat
of the middle Susitna River,Alaska (refer to
Section 2.4 for detailed explanation of figure
symbols).
65
pH [SIDE CHANNEll
INTRAGRAVEL VS SURFACE
-
-+7.400
I,,
I,
I
I ~,
:,
I
I
I
+7.200 -
a:w
I-<
3=
~w><a::
"<a:
I-
~
7.300 7.400 7.500 7.bOO 7.700 7.800---+---------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+---
7.800 +,,,,
I,,,
:.ONE TO ONE
7.60\0'REFERENCE LIN~
1
7.200 +
f,,
l,,
I
I,
I,
:
7.000 +,
I,,
I
I,,,,
I,,
I
6.800 +
7.900----------+---
,+7.81)0
7.bOO
7.000
b.800
-
n=9
r =-0.02
6.000 +P >O.I0 +
,l
I I
I ,
I ,---+--------------+---------------+-------------+--------------+--------------+---------------+---
i.300 7.400 7.500 7.600 7.700 7.800 7.900
SURFACE WATER pH
Figure 37.Relationship between intragravel and surface
water pH levels measured within side channel
habitat of the middle Susitna River,Alaska
(refer to Section 2.4 for detailed explana-
tion of figure symbols).
66
b.bOO
.....
-
-
pH {COMBINED HABITATSI
INTRAGRAVEL VS SURFACE
i.BOO
7.ovO
7.ZOO
7.000
2
2
,,
7.400 :
,
oo,
o,,
o,,
i .200 +
,
J
7.600 +
7.100 7.200 7.300 7.400 7.500 7.1100 7.700 7.800 7.~00•__+__..__..__...__+-__. +++-.._...__++_......<fo__-------+-....
7.Boo ++
o
i,,,,
o.
1
7.000 +
a:w
I-<~
-oJ
W><a:
~a:
I-
Z
6.800 +
n =41
r =0.24
p>O.IO
6.1100 +:
oo---.-----------+---------+---------+-----------..._--------+---------+----------+-----------+-......
7.100 7.200 7.300 7.400 7.500 7.1100 7.700 7.800 7.900
SURFACE WATER pH
Figure 38.Relationship between intragravel and surface
water pH levels measured within slough and
side channel habitats of the middle Susitna
River,Alaska (refer to Section 2.4 for
detailed explanation of figure symbols).
67
• •
---
..-------••:I • I '--J (""c;.0~-----\.....0)
C b.
-----------t----------------I t 11--------------------
-----------t---------------------------------------------t------------------1 I t I
-----------------------------t-----
O'l
.:0
8LOUGH 10 (n =17)
8LOUGH 11 (n ::115)
8LOUGH 21 (n =9)
81DE OH.10 (n =9)
U.81DE OH.11 (n =4)
81DE OH.21 (n =8)
4TH OF JULY OR.(n =8)
MAIN8TEM 138.1 (n =3)
f
CI'LOWER lUNGE
b-UPPER HINGE
C-H.8PREAD
d-MINIMUM AD~ACENT VALUE.
•-MAXIMUM AD~ACENT VALUE
-----------t----------I (t I 1------
-----------t----------t-------------
I ------I----t I 1--------
t----------------------------t-----------1 I t------I
---------------t-----t-------------------------------1-----1 t )r-----------
-----t------------------------t---------I:t 1---
--------t--
+.MEDIAN
I I'95"10 C.I.ABOUT
THE MEDIAN
••OUTSIDE VALUE
O'FAR OUTSIDE VALUE
--t---
I --I t :-)
--+---
8.0
~I I I 1 -----I·--···---~
8.5 7.0 7.5
INTRA GRAVEL pH
1 -...
8.0 ~
Figure 39.Surrmary,by study site,of the intragrave1 pH data periodically neasured
within standpipes during the 1983-84 winter period in the middle Susitna
River,Alaska (refer to Section 2.4 for detailed explanation of figure
synbo1s).
,)I .I I .,J 1 ••,)J j J j 1 "
1 }))1 1 ~-~1 1 -)1 1 1 ,
••---+••_-.
,••__..._-:I t J :-_......_...1"4--.....:•••-...,,I I I I ~
II •'-..-'\o b.
Qo LOWER HINGE
ba UPI'ER HINGE
CaH.SPREAD
d a llINI.IIUII AD~ACENT VALUE
•aliAXIliOll'AD~ACENT VALUE
+.MEDIAN
('a '5%C.I.AIIOUT
THE MEDIAN
••OUTSIDE VALUE
Oa FAil OUTSIDE VALUE
TRIBUT ARY (n:;8)
O'l
~
SLOUGH
81DE CHo
(n =41)
(n =18)
----------+-----
t -------.--.-----,(+Il-----------
----------t---------------------t--------------------------------1 (t 11---------------------
----------------+-------------------------.-.------------+------------------1 (+I
-----------------------------+-----
MAINSTEM (n=3)
--t---
(--I +H--t---
8.0
r------I --
6.5
,.-----~--·-"·~·----·-I------·_,__---____r_~-·--,--.
100 705 8.0
INTRAGRA VEL pH
~----.
8.5
Figure 40.Surrma.ry,by habitat type,of the intragravel pH data periodically ffi::!asured
within standpipes duririg the 1983-84 winter period in the middle Susitna
River,Alaska (refer to Section 2.4 for detailed explanation of figure
syrrbols).
Jf.J!,.....-----
with the exception of Side Channel 21,slough and side channel habitat
study sites exhibit relatively similar median pH values which are
intermediate between the lower tributary habitat study site levels and
the higher mainstem habitat study site levels.Slightly lower pH values
were recorded in Side Channel 21 compared with other sites.
3.1.2.3 Conductivity
The rel ati onshi ps between conductivity 1evel s (umhos/cm)measured in
surface and intragravel water in slough,side channel,and tributary
habitat study sites are presented in Figures 41-43,respectively.These
data are also-grouped for all study sites and presented in Figure 44.
In general,the relationship between conductivity levels measured in
surface and intragravel water appears to be well defined for all habitat
types except sloughs.In sloughs,the relationship appears to be "'Jell
defined for surface water conductivity values greater than approximately
200 umhos/cm.but is less defined for values below this point (Figure
41),indicating that surface water conductivities in these habitat types
are influenced by intragravel conductivities to a higher degree in areas
of upwell i ng.
A summary of intragravel conductivity data (umhos/cm)is presented by
study site and habitat type in Figures 45 and 46,respectively.Slough,
side channel,and mainstem habitat study sites have similar conductivity
ranges in contrast to the tr"ibutary habitat study site,which exhibits
distinctly lower conductivity values.
3.2 Comparison of Embryo Survival and Development at Study Sites
and Habitat Types
Table 4 provides a summary of the timing of events for installing ar.d
removing WVBs used for determinations of embryonic survival and/or
development at each study site.A total of 308 WVBs were installed,of
which 285 were successfully retrieved.Of the 295 WVBs retrieved,220
were used to evaluate embryo survival and 111 WVBs were used to evaluate
embryo development.
Embryo survival data for the seven primary study sites previously
identified in Table 2 are presented in Appendix Table A-I.Embryonic
development data is presented for each of the above mentioned sites as
well as for Upper Side Channel 11 and a small number of natural redds
located in Fourth of July Creek,Slough 21 and Side Channel 21 are
presented in Appendix Table A-2.Data presented in this table may
include data presented in Appendix Table A-I since embryos at a specific
used to calculate development may also have been used for determining
survival.With the exception of data obtained at two sites,all data
reported in Appendix Table A-2 were derived from embryos removed from
WVBs.Data reported for natural redds were obtained from embryos placed
naturally in redds by the adult salmon.Data obtained at Side Channel
21 (subsite C)was obtained from embryos which were artificially
fertilized and placed in an artificial redd and then later removed to
evaluate development.
70
-
-
-
-
-
CONDUCTIVliY ISLOUGHI
INTRAGRAVEL VS SURFACE
12MOO I~O.OOO 16MOO IBO.OOO 200.000 220.000 240.000 2bO.000
--+-----------+----------+------------+------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-~
SURFACE WATER CONDUCTIVITY (umhos/cm)
2b~.000
aO.OGO
...'!'.',',j".':
,.,~,.,\",',
I.........'...,....
280.000
200.000
140.00,)
180.000
13l
3 ',..
n =206
r =0.67
p<0.01
I
I
100.000 +,,
o,··,
~.:+--+-----------+------------+-----------+-----------+------------+-------------+-------------+--
120.000 140.000 160.000 lBO.OOO 200.000 220.000 240.000 2bO.000
2BO.000 +,
0,,
i
0
0
260.000 r
0
0
0
0,
240.000 +
11
,,
2 I220.000 +1 I-0 I,
E ,
0
U 0 Ia::,....0 If""'"W en 0
I-0 20il.000 +I
<oJ::I I I
E 0
3:,
:::J i 1
0 I-0..J >180.ilOO +IW0III-0>,
:>,<,I 1 I I 1
,a::i=0 2 1 I
,
CJ IbO.OOO +I 121 I
<(,)0 1 I II 1 I~0
a::i I I I0,1 I 2I-0Z,I IZ0
0 140.000 +12
(,),I0,III0·I I,,1 11,
120.000 +II
ONE TO ONE 1 1 1
I
REFERENCE LINE I I II
I I
-
......
t
Figure 41.Relationship between intragravel and surface
water conductivity levels (umhos/cm)measured
within side channel habitat of the middle Susitna
River,Alaska (refer to Section 2.4 for detailed
explanation of figure symbols).
71
-
CONDUCTIVITY (SIDE CHANNEll
INTRA GRAVEL VS SURFACE
50.000 100.000 150.000 200.000 250.000 300.00(1-t------------------+----------------+------------------+-----------------+------------------+-
-
-
50.000
250.000
200.000
150.000
100.000
300.000
,,,,
:
+,,
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
+
11
1
I
1 I
11 3
111
1 1
1 I
I
21
1
1 I 1
1
1 1
1 1
ONE TO ONE ~
REFERENCE LINE''I "'"
1
/ 1 1 1 n=72
11 12 \/~r =0.90
/'p<O.OI
//1
:/1 ;
50.000 Y'+-+------------------+-----------------+------------------+-----------------+-----------------+-
50.000 100.000 150.000 200.000 250.000 300.000
100.000 +,
300.000 •:,,,,,,,,,·,,,,,
250.000 •,,
:,,,
,-,
e l,
U ,
cc .....i
l'I),
W .,...0 200.000 •.:,<e ,
~,
.3-,,,
-I ·,
W >·,
>...,,
<,
~,
a:,,
C'...,
(.)150.000 +<a:~...C
Z Z
0
(.)
SURFACE WATER CONDUCTIVITY (}Jmhos/cm)
Figure 42.Relationship between intragravel and surface
water conductivity levels (umhos/cm)rreasured
within side channel habitat of the middle
Susitna River,Alaska (refer to Section 2.4
for detailed explanation of figure synbols).
-
-
72
CONDUCTIVITY ITRIBUTARYJ
INTRA GRAVEL VS SURFACE
20.0':11)40.000 60,000 80.000 100.0(11)120.000 140.000 160.000--+-------------t------------...+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+_
i~0.(;Oi);.16(;.OOu
,,,
,,
-I
140.0(;0 •,140.01)0
120.(;00 +ONE TO ONE,
REFERENCE LIN~-ex:Ew()
I-....
CD<0 tOO.OOO +/3:.c
E
..J 3 /r-w>><I-0,
a::s:80.000 •
~j::I,
<,
0 ,
ex:0
:::)0
I-0
0 0
~,
Z ,
0
0 Oi).OOO +
0
120.00('
100.000
8(1.000
60.000
,,,,
4(1.00(1 +n =23
r =I.00
p<0.01
20.(i(~(i +,..-20.(;00
(,
-....------------+...------------+-------------+--..----------+-------------+-------------t-------------+--
20.')01)40.000 60.000.80.000 100.OM 120.000 140.000 100.000
SURFACE WATER CONDUCTIVITY (prnhos/cm)
Figure 43.Relationship between intragravel and surface
water conductivity levels (umhos/cm)rreasured
within tributary habitat of the middle Susitna
River,Alaska (refer to Section 2.4 for
detailed explanation of figure symbols).
73
CONDUCTIVITY [COMBINED HABITATSI
INTRAGRAVEL VS SURFACE
-
.000
lSO.000
300,000
2S0.000
n =30 I
r =0.89
p<0.0 I
1 21
I 1 I
L
1 1
1
11 1 1 11.)
I L 393"11 I
1 m lL2
L 231 3"22
32 III
I L2 L
1
11
1
1
I LU111
21 12 1
221 L
2 II
11 121 11
22
1 2 1
1 1 111
L 121
1
1113
I
I
2
I
I
11
1
L l
1 1
I
12 I
I .
.11
1
I 3
2
221
1112
11 I I
11 1 I
I
1
1
ONE TO ONE .
REFERENCE LIN~
200.000 t
··,,
1,·,·,,
150.000 t
,,,,
i,,·,
,
:l0.000 t
,,
i,,,,,,,,
50.000 t
,,,·,,,·,·,·.000 +,
.000 50.000 100.000 150.000 20MOO 250.000 300.000---+------------+------------+--------------+---------------+--------------+---------------+---~r ·,·1·,
i,,,,
250.000 +
-Ea:()w ....
J-II'J<,g
~E3..J
W >>t:<>
a:~CJ (,)<:Ja:cJ-~~
(,)
,
~--+---------------+-----------+--------------+---------------+--------------+--------------+---
.000 50.000 lOO.OOO 150.000 200.000 250.000 300.000
SURFACE·WATER CONDUCTIVITY (umhos/cm)
Figure 44.Relationship between intragravel and surface water
conductivity levels (umhos/cm)measured within slough,
side channel,and tributary habitats of the middle
Susitna Rivers Alaska (refer to Section 2.4 for
detailed explanation of figure symbols).
......
-
74
J ))J 1 1 1 --1 j J
t t
---t..._••
.,----...........:I •I 'd r""\.-•••.•~._;.;.:::------\t",U.~\a b.
.......
(Jl
SLOUGH 10 ("=I')
SLOUGH 11 (n=10l)
SLOUGH 21 (n =17)
SIDE CH.10 (n =,,)
U.SIDE CH.11 (n=l)
SIDE CH.21 (n =10)
4TH OF JULY CR.(n=21)
MAIN8TEM 138.1 (n =4)
+
+-
+
----+--
--------1 (+)/-----------+--
-+-
If---(+I---I
-+-----+-------I (t)1-----f----+---
------+-----------:( + )1-----
------+--------+--
( +I)---+--
------+---------1 (+)1-------
------+----
o 0
--+---
(I +II--+---
Q'LOWER HINGE
b.UPPE"HINGE
CIH-SPREAD
dl MINIMUM ADJACENT VALUE
• I MAXIMUM ADJACENT VALUE
o
+.MEDIAN
I ).95"/0 C.I.ABOUT
THE MEDIAN
••OUTSIDE VALUE
O'I"A"OUTSIDE VALUE
o
o 100
r--
200
--,------------_.[....
300 400
r---'~.-....--.I"I
500 600 700
INTRAGRAVEL CONDUCTIVITY (umhos/cm)
Figure 45.Summary,by study site,of the intragravel conductivity data (umhos/cm)
periodically measured within standpipes during the 1983-84 winter period
in the middle Susitna River,Alaska (refer to Section 2.4 for detailed
explanation of figure/symbols).
f f
..-....-.._-
l·-·?Q~~m-.\
a •
,•I t I)
MAINSTEM (n :::4)
TRIBUT ARY en:::21)-....J
O'l
SLOUGH
SIDE CH.
en:227)
en ~81)
+
t-
+
--------t--------------1 (t),-----
--------t---------t-------------------1 (t)1---------------
------t---------
o 0
--t---n t I)
--+---
Q'LOWER HINGE
b.UPPER HINGE
C·H.!PREAD
d·MINIMUM AD~ACENT VALUE
••MAXIMUM AD~ACENT VALUE
o
+.MEDIAN
II'lISoto C.I.AIOUT
THE MEDIAN
••OUTSIDE VALUE
O'FAR OUTSIDE VALUE
o
o 100
"----
200
r-----~,.-._r___..,------'-_r_-.....--..--r
300 400 500 600
I
700
INTRAGRAVEL CONDUCTIVITY (umhos/cm)
Figure 46.Summary,by habitat type,of the intragravel conductivity data (umhos/cm)
periodically measured within standpipes during the 1983-84 winter period
in the middle Susitna River,Alaska (refer to Section 2.4 for detailed
explanation of figure symbols).
J J I I I I 1 .~)I }1"J J l i I I,~
1 "~--]-1 -}T '.,--1 '---~]1 J
Table 4.SUlMIary of the Hmlng of events for I,nstalling and removing Whltlock-Vlbert Boxes (WVBs)for analyses of embryonic survival and development.
InsUllatlon and Removal of WBs Removal of WBs for Evaluation of Survival and Development
Total Total WBs NOt
Survival aDateofWVBsWBsAccounted Number Deve I opment Number
Site Subslte Egg Source Instol htlon Instelled Removed For Remove I Period Removed Remova I Period __Removed
Fourth of July Creek A Fourth of 08128/83 30 2.8 2d 03/30/84 -05/10/84 22 10/09/83 -11/02/84 6
July Creek
Slough 10 A Fourth of 09/09/83 40 40 0 02/08/84 -0~/25/84 34 10/29/83 -02/29/84 6
July Creek
Side Channel 10 A Fourth of 09/09/83 38 38 0 03/01/84 -05/10/84 34 10/09/83 -03/02/84 10
July Creek
Slough 11 A Slough 11 08126/8~40 40 0 01/18/84 -03/28/84 34 10/09/83 -02/09/84 9
B Varlede Varied 30 30 Of 02/01/84 10 08128/83 -02/01/84 27
C Slough 11 08126/83 10 8 2 ----10/09/83 •12/30/84 8
Upper SI de Channel 11 A Slough 11 08126/83 10 6 4
f ----10/24/83 -01/19/84 6
......Halnstem (RH 136.1)A Slough 11 08/26/83 20 19 If 03/30/84 -04/17/84 8 10/09/83 -04/25/84 19......
Side Channel 21 A Slough 21 08/24/83 40 38 2g 03129/84 -06/01/84 34 10/09/83 -10/27/83 4
B Slough 21 09/13/83 20 20 0 03129/84 •06/01/84 20 3/28/84 -4/19/84 l~hCSlough2109/13/83 --------_.10/25/83 •5/10/84
Slough 21 A Slough 21 08128/83 30 28 29 01/17/84 24 10/26/83 -01/17/84 10
Natural Redds -Aug-Sept Aug-Sept ------..--09121/83 -04/13/84 gh
~Data provided In Appendix A (Table A-2)
Data provided In Appendix A (Table A-I)
~Some WVBs used to evaluate development were also used to evaluate survival (refer to Appendix A,Tables Al and A2l.
\IIVBs were sli 11 frozen I nto the substrate on 05/10/84.Embryos were presumed to be dead.
e Embryos from FOurth of Ju 1y Creek,Slough 11 and Slough 21 were I nsta II ed at this subsl te.Oates of I nsta 11 at Ion correspond to those presented In the above table for each
Individual site.
f Excess WVBs not requl red for anal yses.
g Became burled In silt and lost.
h This number refers to the number of times embryos were collected rather than the number of \IIVBs removed,and Is not Included In the column total.
3.2.1 Embryo Survival
3.2.1.1 Accumulation of Fine Substrate Particles
In order to properly estimate embryo survival at study sites,the
following two hypotheses had to first be proven:(1)that WVBs did not
accumulate fine substrate particles in excess of that of the surrounding
substrates;and (2)that the disappearance of embryos from withn \NBs
between times of installation and removal was not attributable to
alevins leaving the WVBs.·Data supporting the first hypotheses are
presented below.A complete presentation of the rational supporting the
second hypotheses is presented in Section 4.1.
To determine whether WVBs accumulated fine s.ubstrate particles in excess
of that present in the surrounding substrates,the dry weights and
percentage of substrate particles less than 0.2 cm (0.08 in)in diameter
collected using the McNeil sampler were compared to the dry weights and
percentage of substrate particles less than 0.2 cm (0.08 in)in diameter
observed in the WVBs at the time of their removal (Figures 47 and 48,
respectively).In both cases,there appears to be relatively good
correlations (0.81 and 0.76,respectively)indicating WVBs did not
accumulate excess fine particles compared to quantities of fines found
in the surrounding substrates.
3.2.1.2 Survival Estimates
The percent survival of chum salmon embryos at individual study sites is
presented in Figure 49.Two estimates of survival are provided for
subsites A and B in Side Channel 21 and SloU9h 11.Subsites A and B in
Si de Channel 21 are di stingui shed from each other because WVBs con-
taining fertilized eggs were installed at two different times on August
24,1983 !ind September 13,1983,respectively.Subsites A and B in
Slou9h 11 are di sti ngui shed from each other because they represent two
distinct areas within this slough,and contained embryos originating
from different parental sources.Subsite A contained embryos from
salmon captured in Slough 11,whereas subsite B served as a control site
and contained embryos originating from salmon captured at Slough 21,
Side Channel 21,Fourth of July Creek,and Slough 11.
Four of the eight study sites evaluated [Side Channel 10,Slough 11
(Subsites A and B),and Fourth of July CreekJ had survival rates between
10%and 15%.Of the remaining sites,two [Side Channel 21 (Subsite A)
and Slough 10J had survival rates lower than 10%and two [Side Channel
21 (Subsite B)and Slough 21]had survival rates greater than 15%.
Survival of embryos in Slough 21 was more than twice that in any other
site.
Differences in percent survival of chum salmon embryos and alevins
within slough,side channel and tributary habitat types are presented in
Figure 50.Equal weight was given to each study site,regardless of the
number of WVBs within each site.Slough,side channel and tributary
habitats had survival rates of 17%,9%and 11%,respectively.
78
-
-
-.
-
l 1 --r 1 "1----l }---1 1 ~
"~~.}
.::..~-,
,.~.,1..::"..-
.......,....,-'~o <'C .,C
oo ~:'J
~
)C 1 ::3
SUBSTRATE
McNEIL VS WHITLOCK-VIBERT BOX
CATEGORY:<0.08 In
~:.!
.":
!1 L1
-.....I
l..O
...Qiii-1(':,z ...
~;1.4.,
W 1 r,~,,;-;.
>-11J
II:
Q 8-L lJ o
[]
[J
[}
L1
1:.1
L.~L';
t J
~J []fJ []
°DC']~:!
4··
2
[1
u
UJ
[J
L1 tJ
[j[]
[~m
[J u [J
C~,_.r
D
r,
r-l-"':
'-~
!"]Ui._.!
;'-1
CJ
I
1 i]D 2 uri r-11 i J
WHITLOCK-VIBERT BOX
DRY WEIGHT (g)
Figure 47.corrparison of the dry weights (g)of fine substrate
«0.08 in.dianeter)obtained from paired samples
collected with ,McNeil and Whitlock-Vibert Box samplers.
SUBSTRATE
McNEIL VS WHITLOCK-VIBERT BOX
CATEGORY:<0.08 In
,.~-_-~._.-,.---,-.-._.~,",.._.~._"·.._~M_,.._-~..~__._~---.-,__,_._._I_'..~------"""'"f
t I
,1..)
i,:i.J
em
r::~lJ
;JO
o
...
I-.JzWWzoua:
::lEw
11.--
:"'.I
2 fJ -
1 :.:.1 .
1.1
[]]
,,
I...;
[J
!.J
~.,LL)'~]rJ u
c!n
r
:J
LJ Lf i L~1 [J
t}:...J ~_J.J ~....
["1
[j [~:
,....i ..·...
L-',.~>
I:.'
I;;
Cl
fJ
c:L.',
j.!"I
!.,!.-~.i "f ;·'1
WHITLOCK-VIBERT BOX
(PERCENT)
Figure 48.Comparison of percent dry weights of fine substrate
(<D.DB in.diameter)obtained from paired samples
collected with McNeil and Whitlock-Vibert Box samplers.
,l ~)I }.J I )).1 !,..~1 ]I ),J
1 ·--1 '..",')~l
SURVIVAL
.,"")"')J
co......
-I
«(
>
>a:
;:)en
I-z
Woa:w
Do
l
'"J......~'
"'"1
!t.:
,,-.".,
,
SIDE
CH 10
SIDE SIDE SL 10
CH 21 (A)CH 21(8)
SL 11 (A)SL 11 (8)SL 21 FOI,IRTH OF MAINSTEY
,JULY CREEK (RM 181.1)
Figure 49.Comparison of percent survival of salmon embryos removed from artificial
redds in study sit~s in the middle Susitna River,Alaska.
00
N
-J
c(
2:>a:
:J
UJ
t-
Z
Woa:w
Q.
..."::.:;;
~:::'::)
~L
~~~iJ
"1 (3
.,J.
;)..:..
;.:::
SURVIVAL
I I
SLOUGH SIDE CHANNEL TRIBUTARY MAINSTEM
Figure 50.Comparison of percent survival of salmon embryos removed from artificial
redds in various habitat types in the middle Susitna River,Alaska.
.1 --I ,_...1 I .t .,.'t :J 1 ).1 J )I cl j J )
-
Survival data for the mainstem habitat study site (Mainstem RM 136.1)
are presented in Appendix Table A-2.Although these data show that the
mainstem site had a survival rate of approximately 19%these resul ts
should not be.compared with survival rates from other habitats and
therefore are not presented in Figures 49 and 50.The primary objective
of this study emphasized the comparison between slough and side channel
habitats.As such,mainstem sites were not specifically selected to
evaluate embryo survival.The mainstem site was selected to compare the
progression of embryo development between a mainstem,slough,and side
channel site.Because of this,the mainstem site was specifically
selected to avoid problems of dewatering and freezing and
WVBs containing embryos were therefore placed in a carefully selected
area (i.e.,not randomly placed).For this reason,the higher survival
rates observed in the mainstem habitat study site may be an artifact of
the study methodology.
3.2.2 Embryo Development
A comparison of the pattern of accumulation of temperature units (TUs)
at each embryonic development study site could not be presented (refer
to Appendix F for temperature data)here because of problems encountered
with the continuous temperature recorders.The recorder placed in
Slough 11 malfunctioned and no data was obtained at this site until
December 30,1983,at which time a second thermograph was installed.At
the mainstem site,the river staged in early January and completely
submerged all visual location markers at this site.This prevented the
repl acement of the thermograph unit or from 1ocati ng the embryos and
installing another thermograph.
An alternative analysis,a progression of the rate of development of
embryos placed in Slough 11 (Subsite C)Upper Side Channel 11 (Subsite
A)and Mainstem (RM 136.1)(Subsite A),however,is presented in Figure
51.Eggs were fertilized on August 26,1983 and then temporarily
incubated in a tributary at Slough 9 until October 1,1983 after which
the embryos were incubated separately in each of the three habitat
types.
Based on the data in this figure,the pattern of embryonic development
in Slough 11 and Upper Side Channel 11 was similar.The pattern in both
of these sites,however,differed substantially from that of the
mainstem site.Completion of hatching (100%)appears to have occurred
in Upper Side Channel 11 and Slough 11 by late December 1983 and late
January 1984,respectively (Figure 51).In contrast to these sites,the
rate of development in the mainstem site was much slower.Hatching at
the mainstem site was not completed until mid-April.This is more than
a three month delay in development at this site as compared to Upper
Side Channel 11 and a two month delay compared to Slough 11.
Such differences in development rates are undoubtedly related to the
differences in thermal regimes at these sites.Slough 11 and Upper Side
Channel 11 both contain significant upwelling water,whereas no
upwell ing was detected at the mainstem site.Since upwell ing water
provides significantly warmer winter water temperatures,it provides an
increase in the rate of accumulation of temperature units (TUs)which
would accelerate the rate of development of embryos.
83
ESTIMATED
100%
HATCHED
/
~
/
~
/
/
/
STAGE II
STAGE 12
STAGE 10
STAGE 7 +-EYED STAGE r:p-f.~--t."'-~---:::::>'":::>""'"--frttr:-:.-_-----------~-------------
STAGE 5
STAGE 9
STAGE 8
STAGE 6
zo
:>l::i=
.J n-
O 0:
>-£
m ~~«I HATCHING BEGINS :;»-""'=:..7":..7"
fI)
fI)w:zw
(!)oz«
(!)
0:o
co :z BLASTOPORE
.j::o O-STAGE 4 CLOSED I...«I o SLOUGH II (SUBSITE CI.J STAGE 3
::>I ~UPPER SIDE CHANNEL II0:...STAGE 2 /•MAINSTEM (RM 136.11fI)--w-«I(!)(!)- -EMBRYOS TEMPORARILYgSTAGEI/INCUBATED AT SLOUGH 9«IN SMALL TRIBUTARYw--d-FERTILIZATION
20 30 10 20 30 10 20 30 10 20 30 10 20 30 10 20 30 10 20 29 10 20 30 10 20 30
AUG I SEP I OCT I NOV I DEC I JAN I FEB I MAR I APR I
Figure 51.Comparison of the timing of development of chum salmon embryos placed within
slough,side channel and mainstem habitats.
J .~J t D t :e ~..~I .J J •)J )},J
.....
-
-
-
l"""I
!
A comparison of the rate of embryonic development between Upper Side
Channel 11 and Side Channel 21 is presented in Figure 52.Upper Side
Channel 11 represents a side channel which is strongly influenced by
upwelling water whereas,Side Channel 21 is not strongly influenced by
upwelling water in the area where embryos were placed.Although the
dates of fertilization were separated by 18 days,the difference in the
time of hatching differed by more than 100 days.
rhis large difference in time of hatching is undoubtedly related to two
factors:(1)the difference in the relative influence of upwelling;and
(2)the difference in the seasonal pattern of TU accumulation.However,
it is not possible to clearly distinguish between these two effects.
Upwelling not only provides a more uniform pattern of TU accumulation,
but it also provides a faster rate of TU accumulation during the winter
months.This factor probably accounts for much of the 100 day
difference in hatching between the sites.In the fall,during the time
when embryos were implanted,water temperatures were warmer -in Side
Channel 21 than they were later in the season.Because of this,the
accumulation of TUs and development of embryos would be expected to be
more rapid for a given period of time.Thus,if embryos were installed
18 days earlier at Side Channel 21 they would have received a
substanti ally greater number of TUs over thi s 18 day peri od than they
would later in the winter.This probably would have reduced the 100 day
delay in hatching by more than 18 days.
3.3 Effects of Physical,Chemical,and Biological Habitat Variables
on Embryo Survival at Study Sites and Habitat Types
The effects of selected physical,chemical,and biological habitat
variables on embryo survival at study sites and habitat types is
addressed in this section.A quantitative evaluation of the effects of
selected physical and chemical habitat variables on embryo survival in
this study was limited as large numbers of WVBs at study sites dewatered
and froze resulting in the total mortality of embryos in the affected
WVB's.Therefore,in order to discern the differences between effects
on survival due to dewatering and freezing versus other habitat vari-
ables,dewatered and frozen WVBs were removed from further analyses.
This resulted in reduced embryo survival data to analyze the effects of
other physical and chemical variables on embryo survival.
3.3.1 Physical Variables
The effects of dewatering and freezing on embryo survival within habitat
types and at individual study sites are depicted in Figures 53 and 54,
respectively.In each figure,the estimate of the total percent sur-
vival of embryos in study sites and habitat types are presented as the
left bar,and the percent estimate of survival of embryos at the same
study site or habitat type after eliminating dewatered and frozen
samples as the right bar.The difference between the left and right
bars within a study site or habitat type represents the proportion of
the embryo mortality attributable to dewatering and freezing.The
mainstem study site (Mainstem RM 136.1)is not discussed here because
this site was not specifically selected to make these types of
comparisons (see Section 3.2).
85
30 10 20 30IAPRI
...UPPER SIDE CHANNEL \I
•SIDE CHANNEL 21
- -EMBRYOS TEMPORARILY
INCUBATED AT SLOUGH 9
IN SMALL TRIBUTARY
Figure 52.Comparison of the timing of development of chum salmon in two types of side channels;
one strongly influenced by upwelling (Upper Side Channel 11)and one where upwelling was
not observed (Side Channel 21).
I J I I i ..J I -I -""~...~.I J J I 1 J
]--)])1 -J -1 J J )-1
-I
0(
>:;;a:
:J
U)
....z [.."',w
0a:w
co
Q.
-....l
.-
'::i
.")
I
SLOUGH
SURVIVAL
,
SIDE CHANNEL TRIBUTARV
COMBINED [~~_:J UNFROZEN ONLY
FROZEN AND
UNFROZEN
Figure 53.Comparison between the percent survival of
embryos for all samples collected within a
habitat type (frozen and unfrozen)to the
percent survival after frozen samples are
removed.
SURVIVAL
I:,
I
8L 21.FOIJRTH OF
JULY CREEK
8L 11 (B)8L 11 (A)
.,1
8L 10
('
81DE
OH 21(1)
81DE
CH 21(A)
SIDE
OH 10
u
--j \
.J
:
~..
<
t
>:>
~
a:
:::)
en II-
Z
.;
w "i
0 J:::'i !
'.,
f
a:w
:JJ
Q.
co
i 'J
UNFROZEN ONL Vl..•.-.~OOMBINED
FROZEN AND
UNFROZEN
Figure 54.Comparison between the percent survival of embryos
for all samples collected within a study site (frozen
and unfrozen)to the percent survival after frozen
samples are removed.
J I I J I j I J I I J 1 I J -J ~~~i
-
r
The data in Figure 53 show that when dewatered and frozen samples are
taken into account,survival is highest in slough habitats and lowest in
tributary and side channel study sites.However,when dewatered and
frozen samples are excluded from the survival estimates,side channel
habitat study sites exhibit the highest survival rates followed by
slough and tributary habitats.Such differences are likely attributable
to differences in the degree of influence upwelling has in each of these
habitat types.
The data also show the variable nature that dewatering and freezing
effects had on embryo survival at individual study sites ofa particular
habitat type.The absence of any bars associated with Side Channel 21
(Subsite A)indicates that all implanted embryos at this site dewatered
and froze.The study sites least affected by dewatering and freezing
included Sloughs 11 (Subsite B)and 21.Lack of freezing in the two
slough study sites was largely due to the influence of upwelling which
served to keep the sites buffered from both dewateri ng and freezi ng.
Of the remaining study sites,Side Channels 10 and 21 (Subsite B)were
influenced most by dewatering and freezing,followed in decreasing order
by Slough 11 (Subsite A),Fourth of July Creek,and Slough 10.
The relationship between survival of embryos and the percent of fine
substrates (0.08 in.diameter)within ~JVBs removed from artificial
redds within study sites is presented in Figure 55.In general,embryo
survival decreases with increasing amounts of fines in the substrate.
The four points in the upper right hand portion of this figure which
appear to contradict this trend were located in areas of major concen-
tration of upwelling.It is likely that the relatively high survival at
these sites,which have high concentrations of fines,is related to a
relatively higher rate of intragravel flow at these sites.
The relationship between survival of embryos and intragravel water
temperature at the study sites is presented in Figure 56.Over the
limited range of data presented in this figure,there does not appear to
be a relationship between these variables.
3.3.2 Chemical Variables
The relationships between selected water quality variables (dissolved
oxygen,pH,and conductivity)and embryo survival at all study sites are
depicted in Figures 57-59.Plots in each figure are derived from data
presented in Appendices C,D,and F.In cases where multiple measure-
ments of water quality variables were present,the lowest measured value
was used in the plot because this value was considered to be most
limiting to survival of embryos.
There was no strong correlation identified between any of the water
quality variables evaluated and the percent survival of embryos.For
this reason,plots grouping study sites by habitat types were not
constructed.In the plot for conductivity,no correlation was evident
(r=0.08).The plot for pH contained too few data points to enable any
firm conclusions to be made.However,the absence of high survival
89
SURVIVAL
SURVIVAL VS SUBSTRATE FINES
[J
1.J
[J
1.0a
9r-1
;;;!J
..oj
..J (,D --c(
~
>a:~5D -I C]:::)
en
I-
4-C)-z
UJ
0a:
~2,!J -
2~~!.-.
1 !]--
D --,
4
iJ
[]
[J
p
I c_
8
tJ
'-1
o
c....I
1 ~~
lJ
I
"j 6
r-P
20
I "'I
24-
r1
=1 I-......J
2e
[]
.~~l :.~
Figure 55.
SUBS TRA TE FINES ("<0.08 In)
Relationship between percent survival of salmon embryos
and the percent of fine substrate «0.08 in.diameter)
within Whitlock-Vibert Boxes removed from artificial redds
within selected habitats of the middle Susitna River,Alaska.
)J 1 I I .J J )I I ]]J J !,1 J
1..~1 -.)J J
SURVIVAL
J I J 1 .~J I )1
1.0.....
t'~(-,
hCl
.,f]
..J<.:·f·,>'.
>0:::;:)~.,IJ .CI)_.
I-Z _
UJ 4·u-o
0:::
UJ
~3!]
2ei
o
b []
r···'
L~
o
LJ
D
[1
[]
o
SURVIVAL VS WATER TEMPERATURE
[J
[]
[]0
[]
C 0
[]
[]
o
o
[]
o
[J
1 '·I.P [J
o
f.J
[J
D
[j
Ci .+-lJ
c
[J c f.:!n5f.,£$::~3]EJ ~'ip
.-,...::..
T
'~..
T
~3
I
e
WA TER TEMPERATURE (Ge)'
Figure 56.Relationship between percent survival of salmon embryos
and intragravel water temperatures determined at artificial
redds within selected habitat~of the middle Susitna River,
Alaska.
SURVIVAL
SURVIVAL VS DISSOLVED OXYGEN
(~(-I
L.:
1,0
N
f.~(_~!-
7U _.
-J (=.n··0(--
>>§5 f::,.
en...
Z 4.:J-woa:
~5!J-
20 -
L1
o
[.1
[)
o
o
C.i
IJ
[)
o ~]
o 0
[]
IJ U
D
o
[1 0
o
[l
1 Ci .
CJ o []
[J
0°
-,"~
CI
r I
T
r",.:.:.
fJ
T---"--"
~:..
",L"I'lrP []
F-E:I Ll!::Ill Li I..l..\
~::;
(J
fl [J ["J
I b I
ti
~:I
~
L"[I CI
I 1-I
1 0 1 2
DISSOLVED OXYGEN (mgll)
Figure 57.Relationship between percent survival of salmon embryos
and concentration of intragravel dissolved oxygen (mg/l)
measured at artificial redds within selected habitats of
the middle Susitna River,Alaska.
J j I I J !-]•J a J __J ...J J i )J a I
--1 --~--1---~-1 '-----1 1
SURVIVAL
SURVIVAL'VS pH
9 C)"I [J I
[]
f~CJ ..,
7:)
4iJ -
~~,;]-
..0
W
~i3D
~>a:
:::)
(/)
t-
Z
Woa:w··--a.~lU
[]
o
,~
2D
'itJ -
o
,[J o
Cl
13',j8,17,~:t/./
...+r-'1:..1 fel ,Ii U ILJ-,i i i 'jJ :4'ttl (11 I ~j I I I iii
6,3 6.5 G.7 6,9 7,1 "73 :1,5
pH
Figure 58.Relationship between survival of salmon embryos and intragravel
pH levels measured at artificial redds within selected habitats
of the middle Susitna River,Alaska.
SURVIVAL
SURVIVAL VS CONDUCTIVITY
,-,
'_J
~:::("l
4·i J ..
';J ..
l.D
-I::>
i!
-'c(
~>
§':,'CJ
CI)
I-
Zwoa:wa..
L1
Li
L ,
fJ
L.;
L'''\
[-::
CJ
t."_J
[]
Lj
[J
L1 ::,,1
I]
[1
,,
l ..:
::J
...'J
!L~~L.J
u
u
CJ
u
[','.I
c
"!..,.:
D
[J
"!.,,!i !i c,lJ ~':;r,1)_~;i;~f,E{i;'d6 I !
'''-,'',."i ~.t.'I iii;1'1 Ci i [:0 ~~:~':2 C\;"-'~.::!."1
Figure 59.
CONDUCTIVITY (pmhos/cm)
Relationship between survival of salmon embryos and intragravel
conductivity levels (umhos/cm)measured at artificial redds
within selected habitats of the middle Susitna River,Alaska.
j ;1 J I J J I ..1 ,_.1 .)I J J
-
-
.~,
I
-
i
r
values at low pH indicates that pH may affect embryo survival at low pH
values.A similar pattern is evident with dissolved oxygen.No strong
relationship is evident between embryo survival and dissolved oxygen
(DO)at DO concentrations greater than 2.5 mg/l,whereas at DO concen-
trations less than 2.5 mg/l survival rates are near zero.
3.3.3 Biological Variables
During the course of the field sampling program a problem was
encountered which involved the disappearance of salmon embryos from
WVBs used to determine survival estimates at study sites.Originally,
each WVB contained 50 fert i1i zed eggs.After mi d-November,when WVBs
were retrieved from the streambed,a relatively large proportion of
embryos were missing.The number of embryos missing from each of these
WVBs is reported in Table A-2 of Appendix A.The mean number of embryos
missing at each site expressed as a percent of the total for each site
is as follows:Fourth of July Creek (22%);Side Channel 10 (1.2%);
Slough 10 (35%);Mainstem (RM 136.1)(9%);Upper Side Channel 11 (80%);
Slough 11;Subsite A (32%);Slough 11,Subsite B (73%);Side Channel 21,
Subsite A (1%);Side Channel 21,Subsite B (8%),and Slough 21 (9%).
At the time when embryos were removed from WVBs,it was cons i stently
observed that 1arge numbers of fl atworms were present in boxes where
large numbers of embryos were missing.Therefore,the relative number
of flatworms present in each WVB was ranked at the time of removal and
correl ated to the number of mi ssing embryos in the box.With a sampl e
size of 207,the Spearman's rank correlation coefficient was significant
at the p<0.01 level with an r of -0.64.Although this does not
necessarily indicate that flatworms consumed dead embryos,it is strong
evidence which supports that conclusion.
95
4.0 DISCUSSION
A discussion of selected physical t chemical,and biological habitat
conditions affecting chum salmon incubation in habitats of the middle
Susitna River is presented in this section.Incubating chum salmon
embryos require a supply of water which is of suitable temperature,
contains an ample concentration of dissolved oxygen t and is free of
toxic substances.In addition,the supply of water which reaches the
embryo must be replenished at a rate sufficient to remove metabolic
waste products.Therefore t the successful development and survival of
embryos is directly related to both the physical and chemical charac-
teristics of the source of water surrounding the developing embryos.
The following sections within this chapter describe those variables
required for the survival and development of incubating chum salmon
embryos including the assumptions and limitations from which the
analyses are derived.
4.1 Assumptions and Limitations
Several assumptions were ma.de in this study to evaluate the influence
that selected environmental variables have on the rate of development
and survival of chum salmon embryos placed within WVBs in selected
habitats in the middle Susitna River.These assumptions are:
1.The hydraulic characteristics at artificial redds were similar
to those encountered at natural redds.
2.Intragravel water quality data measured within PVC standpipes
was representative of the intragravel water quality conditions
encountered by embryos within the WVBs installed near that
.standpipe.
3.Embryos were removed from each site at 100%hatch enabling
estimates of embryo survival to be made between all sites.
4.Embryos missing from within WVBs at the time of retrieval were
consumed by egg predators or scavengers (primarily fl atworms).
5.The composition of fine substrates «0.08 in.diameter)
withi n WVBs was representative of that of the surroundi ng
streambed during the incubation period.
6.There is no significant difference between the rate of
development and the percent survival between pink and chum
salmon embryos installed in WVBs in Fourth of July Creek.
The first assumption is difficult to evaluate since there are numerous
factors which may influence the flow of water through a salmon redd
(Burner 1951 t Vaux 1962).The most obvious differences between
artificial redds and natural redds involve the way in which the
substrate materials are disturbed during the process of egg deposition.
However t the methods used for preparation and placement of the WVBs
96
'"""
p!Ji
-
1fPJt·
~.
r
within the substrate were designed to simulate natural incubation
conditions as closely as possible.Therefore,this assumption appears
justified.
The second assumption is difficult to evaluate because of the absence of
alternative available methods for confidently obtaining true water
quality values.The methods used in this study were derived from the
methods employed by other researchers (e.g.,Wickett 1954,Gangmark and
Bakkala 1958)and represent methods which are currently accepted.
However,we believe that the data obtained using standpipes may be
biased to some extent by surface water contamination.The extent to
which this bias may have occurred,however,is not known.
The third assumption was violated in that embryo mortality occurs
throughout the process of embryoni c development.Therefore,1n order
for valid comparisons of survival to be made between various study sites
or habitat types,embryos must be removed from various sites at the same
point in their development.In this study,we attempted to remove
embryos at the point of 100%hatch.However,this was not always
possible.Thus,estimates of survival are probably somewhat higher for
sites removed before 100%hatch,and lower for sites removed after 100%
hatch.
Since an estimate of percent survival of embryos at each site was the
central focus of this study the fourth assumption,accurately accounting
for embryos missing from WVBs,is an important task.For the purpose of
this study,missing embryos were presumed dead.The following account
pre~ents the evidence which provided the basis for the assumption that
embryos were missing from WVBs primarily because dead embryos were being
scavenged by invertebrates (primarily flatworms).Four potential means
of embryo loss were hypothes i zed:(l)1i ve embryos were consumed by
predators (vertebrate and/or invertebrate);(2)embryos hatched and
escaped from the WVBs;(3)embryos died within the boxes and were
subsequently consumed by vertebrate (scul pins)or invertebrate
scavengers;or (4)a combination of the above factors.
Loss of live embryos due to predation by vertebrate and/or invertebrate
predators was eliminated as the primary factor accounting for the
missing embryos because the pattern of loss of embryos over time did not
support this hypothesis.If live embryos were being consumed by
predators,one would expect the magnitude of loss to progressively
increase over time.This,however,did not occur.Instead,the pattern
of loss of embryos from WVBs was characterized by an abrupt change from
few or no missing embryos during the incubation period from late August
to mid-November,to a relatively large number of missing embryos by mid
January (based on field observations at the time of removal of WVBs).
Also,large numbers of potential vertebrate or macroinvertebrate
predators were not consistently associated with WVBs from which embryos
were missing during this period.Although the absence of potential
predators does not preclude their involvement,it supports the idea that
they are not of primary importance.Thus,it was concluded that
predation by vertebrate and invertebrate predators was not the primary
mechanism accounting for the loss of embryos within WVBs.
97
Alternatively,the relatively abrupt increase in the loss of embryos
from WVBs could potentially result from either the hatching and
subsequent escape of embryos from WVBs or from decompositi on and/or
scavenging of dead embryos within WVBs by saprovoric organisms.
Hatching and subsequent escape of embryos from WVBs was eliminated from
consi~eration for the following reasons.
1)Generally,WVBs were removed from sites during the period when
embryos were beginning to hatch (prior to 50%hatch)with the
exception of Fourth of July Creek and Slough 11 (Subsite B).
2)Hand digging with a shovel in the gravel which immediately
surrounded the WVB did not consistently result in locating
alevins indicating that they were not escaping from the WVBs.
The large yolk-sac of these newly hatched alevins probably prevented the
movements of alevins out of the boxes until a substantial portion of
yolk was absorbed.This assumption is consistent with our field
observations.
For the purposes of this study,embryos missing from WVBs were assumed
to have died from unknown causes and were later consumed by flatworms.
Decomposition of dead embryos by microorganisms was undoubtedly
occurring at each site as documented by the large number of flatworms
observed in WVBs where 1a rge numbers of embryos were mi ss i ng.The
significant correlation between the rank abundance of flatworms in WVBs
and the number of missing embryos is the most direct evidence suggesting
that flatworms may be consuming dead embryos (refer to Section 3.3).
The fifth assumption was dependent upon the degree of confidence in the
substrate sampling technique which was used.Although the McNeil
sampler was determined to be the best sampler for use in this study,
Platts (1983)identified the following disadvantages and limitations of
this device,(1)it is limited in particle size diameter to the size the
coring tube can trap;(2)it completely mixes the core materials so no
interpretation can be made of vertical and horizontal differences in
particle size distribution;(3)it is limited to the depth the core can
enter the channel substrate,a factor controlled by the water depth,
length of the collector's arm,and the depth the core sampler can be
pushed into the channel;(4)it is biased if the core tube pushes
larger particle sizes out of the collecting area;(5)it allows
suspended sediments in the core to be lost;and (6)it cannot be used if
the particle sizes are too big or the channel substrate too hard or
cemented that the core cannot be pushed to the required depth.Despite
these limitations,the results of substrate samples (particularly fines)
collected with the McNeil sampler and from WVBs showed that the
substrates from each were comparable,indicating that this assumption is
justified.
98
-
-
-,
-
-
,-
Application of assumption six is restricted to the study site at Fourth
of July Creek.At this site,pink salmon embryos were placed in five of
the fifteen artificial redds.Although this assumption may not be
entirely valid,the fact that the ranges of environmental conditions
affecting incubation which are selected by Pacific salmon broadly
overlap (Reiser and Bjornn 1979)suggests that requirements for
successful incubation are also similar indicating assumption six is
valid.
4.2 Physical,Chemical,and Biological Habitat Conditions Associated
with Chum Salmon Development and Survival
4.2.1 Upwell i ng
In the middle Susitna River,adult chum salmon have been observed to
favor upwelling areas as sites for spawning (ADF&G 1983b:Appendix C,0;
Vincent-Lang et al.1984).This characteristic of chum salmon has also
been reported elsewhere (e.g.,Kogl 1965;Lister et al.1980),indi-
cating that upwelling is a key environmental factor affecting the
ultimate survival and development of embryos.The importance of
upwelling to incubating embryos is due to several reasons:
1)
2)
3)
it reduces the likelihood of dewatering and freezing of
incubating embryos;
it provides a relatively stable incubation environment (espe-
cially temperature)insuring that developing embryos are less
affected by variations in local climatic conditions;and
it increases the rate of exchange of water over the developing
embryos,enhancing replenishment of dissolved oxygen and
removal of metabolic wastes.
"'"'I
-
The relationship between surface and intragravel water,and upwelling is
not clearly understood in habitats of the middle Susitna River.
Interchange between the surface and intragravel water is highly vari-
able,depending on the turbulence of water in the stream and physical
characteristics of the streambed (Vaux 1968).Factors \'/hich enhance
high levels of dissolved oxygen in intragravel environments include high
streamflow,high streambed gradient,uneven streambed surface,and
coarse bed material (McNeil 1969).In addition to these factors,the
composition of the substrate also affects the rate of exchange of water
to incubating embryos based on the permeability of the substrate
(Pollard 1955).
In general,slough habitats in the middle Susitna River appear to be
affected by upwelling to a greater extent than are other habitat types.
Upwelling areas are also evident in side channel,tributary,and
rna i nstem habitats,but due to the hi gher flows in these habitats the
effects of upwelling are less evident.As a result,the beneficial
effects of reduced dewatering and freezing of substrate,relatively
stable intragravel temperatures,and increased intragravel flow to
incubating embryos is afforded to incubating embryos within slough
habitats over other habitat types.
99
4.2.2 Dewatering and Freezing
Freezi ng of artifi ci a1 redds associ ated with surface dewateri ng was
determined to be the most important factor contributing to the high
mortality of chum salmon embryos in this study.However,it was
observed that upwell i ng water prevented substrates from freezi ng in
areas where upwelling was active,as well as adjacent downstream areas
which were hydrologically influenced by water originating from upwelling
vents.Changes in natural Susitna River discharge conditions may affect
the presence,absence,or rate of upwelling and may therefore have an
influence on dewatering and freezing of habitats.,Higher than normal
flows during the winter may reduce areas normally affected by dewatering
and freezing resulting in increased incubation habitat while lower than
normal flows may decrease incubation habitat,due to increased
dewatering and freezing of habitats.
Dewatering of the intragravel water environment of a salmon redd results
in significant changes in the incubation environment within which
embryos develop (Reiser and White 1981a,b;Neitzel and Becker 1983;
Neitzel et al.1984).Two primary effects of these changes are the
direct exposure of the embryos to desiccation of respiratory structures
and to increased temperature fluctuations,especially freezing (Neitzel
and Becker 1983).
The effects of desiccation on embryo survival varies with the stage of
embryonic development (Becker et al.1982).Experimental studies
indicate that incubating embryos are more tolerant of dewatering than
alevins,primarily because of the differences in their respective means
of respiration (Neitzel and Becker 1983).,Alevin respiration involves
delicate gill structures that cannot function without a water medium;
whereas,respiration of pre-hatched embryos involves a transfer of
oxygen across the egg membrane,requi ri ng only that the membrane remain
moist.
The deleterious effects of temperature fluctuations,especially freez-
ing,to embryos resulting from dewatered salmon redds in the mi ddl e
Susitna River involve cold and/or freezing temperatures during the ice-
covered season.Cold,but nonfreezing temperature conditions,can
contribute to embryo mortality in dewatered redds if the conditions
occur prior to the embryonic stage when the blastopore closes (this is
further discussed in Section 4.2.3).In comparison,freezing tempera-
tures cause embryo mortality regardless of the stage of embryonic
development prior to hatching.The ability of alevins to transport
themselves through gravels to favorable environments,however,reduces
the effects of localized freezing relative to unhatched embryos.
Although the length of time from initial dewatering of an area which is
lacking upwelling to the time when the substrate was frozen to a depth
of 8-10 in.(depth at which WVBs were placed)is unknown,it undoubtedly
depends upon site specific features such as ambient ai r temperatures,
proximity to thermal influences of upwelling,and the depth of the snow
cover.
100
-
-
-
-
~:
-
-
I"""
j
i
r-'
)
,...
[
The areas which were observed as being the most susceptible to high
embryo mortality due to surface dewatering and freezing in this study
were those most directly influenced by mainstem stage at the time when
fish were actively spawning (mid August -mid September)and which
lacked an upwelling water source.These areas include the mouths of
sloughs and tributaries,major portions of side channels,and peripheral
areas in the mainstem river.In each of these areas,water levels were
significantly higher during the spawning period when fertilized eggs
were deposited.However,as the mainstem stage decreased with winter
flows,these areas progressi vely became dewatered and were exposed to
freezing ambient temperatures.This ultimately resulted in freezing of
the substrate environment and the salmon embryos deposited within the
dewatered redds.Areas which are thermally influenced by strong
upwell ing sources (e ..g.,mouth area of Slough 11)or dewatered areas
adjacent to areas of flowing water (e.g.,Side Channel 21)were
protected from the winter surface dewatering and associated freezing
conditions.
The effects of dewatering and freezing of embryos on survival was
clearly evident in the progression of seasonal events which occurred in
Side Channel 21.Forty Whitlock-Vibert Boxes containing chum salmon
embryos were initially placed in this.side channel at the end of the
spawning season in late August.These WVBs were buried approximately
8-10 inches in the substrate outside the deeper section (thalweg)of the
site.At this time,the mainstem discharge was approximately 27,000cfs
at Gold Creek causing this side channel to be breached.Approximately
two weeks later,the discharge in the mainstem dropped to 11,100 cfs
resulting in the side channel being no longer breached and the local
flow in this side channel being significantly reduced.The majority of
the locations lacking an upwelling source ,where WVBs had been implanted
two weeks earlier had dewatered.Therefore,twenty additional WVBs were
installed in the remaining wetted area of the channel in the same manner
as during the high flows.As the flow continued to decrease throughout
the winter,the majority of locations at which these additional WVBs had
been installed remained wetted.All the embryos in the forty WVBs which
were initially installed during the earlier period (August 26)died due
to dewatering and freezing whereas,in the latter set of 20 WVBs in-
stalled after the water level dropped,11 WVBs contained living embryos
at the time of sampling.This example clearly indicates that the water
level at the time when fish are spawning is important in determining the
amount of wetted habitat available for spawning,but that the effective
area in which embryos survive depends upon either water levels which
occur after the spawning period or the presence and persistence of
upwell ing.
4.2.3 Substrate
The composition of substrate is of critical importance in determining
the survival of embryos to emergence.Substrate provides the physical
structure within which embryos are placed and thus is the medium through
whi ch the i ntragravel water must flow in order to supply embryos with
necessary oxygen and to transport waste metabolites away from the
101
embryos.These two processes occur simultaneously and are both depen-
dent upon a variety of physical factors such as the composition of the
substrate~gradi ent of the streambed ~rate of exchange between surface
and intragrave1 water,relative importance of upwelling,depth and
permeability of the grave1~and the configuration of the surface of the
streambed (Vaux 1962).Although each of these factors may influence the
rate of intragrave1 flow to various degrees,the composition of the
substrate has received the most attention by researchers.In general ~
researchers agree that the amount of fine substrate particles in the
spawning gravels is a primary factor affecting mortality of embryos and
a1evins (Table 5).High levels of fines reduce the intragrave1 flow
whi ch may result in oxygen deprivati on and toxi c buil d-up of waste
metabo 1ites.However ~despite the general consensus that "1 arge"
amounts of "fine sediments"are detrimental to survival of salmon
embryos,there is much variation in the literature in defining what
constitutes 111 arge"amounts and what parti c1e sizes shou1 d be regarded
as "fines".
In addition to restricting the intragravel flow of water~large amounts
of fines also restrict fry from emerging from the substrate (e.g.,Dill
and Northcote 1970a).Fi ne substrate reduces the i nterstiti a1 spaces
between larger substrate particles.This results in entrapment of
emerging fry,especially large fry (Wells and McNeil 1970).
The composition of substrate varies extensively between habitat types in
the midd1eSusitna River.This characteristic is evident in the amount
of fines reported for McNeil samples collected in each habitat type
(refer to Figure 26).Based on the small number of samples co11ected~
slough habitats contained more than twice the percent of fines as
tributary and mainstem habitats.Side channel habitat contained
intermediate amounts of fines.However,spawning salmon within each
habitat type apparently succeed in selecting redd 1ocati ons with
substantially less fines.For examp1e~even though slough habitats
contained more than 35%fines for combined slough samples (Figure 26),
the percent of fines present in chum salmon redds obtained at various
sites did not exceed 16%(refer to Figure 29)in five of the six sites
evaluated.(Samples from the mainstem site were not obtained at redds).
Substrate data obtained with Whitlock-Vibert Boxes revealed similar
results.With the exception of four out1 ier points~the data repre-
sented in Figure 55 indicate that embryo survival approaches zero when
fines exceed 16%.
Of the four middle Susitna River habitats eva1uated~the greatest risk
for adverse effects involving substrate/dissolved oxygen interactions
exist for slough habitats.Slough habitats are used extensively by
chum and pink salmon for spawning;yet~they contain the highest levels
of fine substrates and lowest levels of intragrave1 dissolved oxygen.
This apparent contradiction is best explained in terms of the amelior-
ating effects of the upwelling systems which apparently maintain an
adequate flow of water through the gravels even though the DO levels are
relatively low.In addition,as stated previously,the upwelling water
prevents the substrate materials from dewatering and freezing.Thus~it
102
-
-
1 1 1 1 1 ,
Table 5.Documented effects of sediment and substrate size on solmonlds,based on a review of selected literature.
.....ow
Species
Chum
Autumn Chum I PI nk
Pink
Sockeye
Chinook
Method of
Substrate Collection/Evaluation
VI bert Boxes
not specifi ed
acetone/dry I ce frozen
core technl que;5 sieves,
percent of total wei ght
grab samples,scoop/
5:creens
McNeil cores/coefficient
of permeabi 11 ty
hydrauli c sampl er for embryo
and alevin collection
sieves
sieves/percent of total
sample (weight)
low (test)vs.high (control)
flows
particle size distribution
plotted on log -probability
paper (linear)
Substrate/Sedi ment
Si ze.Cl asses
large gravel (5.1-10.2 em)
small gravel (1.0-3.8 em)
sand
5 classes:<0.074-9.55 mm
11 size classes:
0.05 nrn -)100 om
<0.833 ...
not specified -upper
to lower creek (3 stream
segments)
<3.36 om
15 size classes:<0.007~
<10.16 Cm
<0.84 mm
0.42 -9.5 mm
Results
Survival to emergence was less in small
gravel (31\)than large gravel (100');
lower survival due to entrapment of
alevins,siltation-not reduced DO levels
Survival to emergence significantl.y
decreased with increasing proportions of
fine sands
Survival to fry stage was negatively
affected by fl nes accumulated from
logging
Survival of embryos decreased with
increasing proportions of sand
Potenti al fry producti on of a spawni ng
bed was di rect 1y related to its
permeability (high permeability when
substrate contal ns <5'materi als
<0.833 1IlIII)fry emergence was Inversely
related to percent substrate 0.833 om
Highest survival to hatching,largest
embryos and alevins were produced in
coarsest gravels studied (with high
intragravel water DO)
Survival of embryos was negatively
affected by silt deposition on spawning
gravels and fine substrate «10\
survival when particles <3.36 om
comprised 2.35\of substrate)gravel
uniformity reduced embryo surv;val,
except possibly coarse gravels
Survival of eyed embryos was negatively
correlated with percentage of particles
finer than 0.336 em
Survival from "green"embryo to hatchi ng
was most negatively affected during low
flows at the sediment level 7\<0.84 mm
Survi va 1 of eyed embryos to emergence
was negatively correlated with
percentage of particles 0.85 to 9.50 mm
in di ameter,predicted embryo survival
approached "0"when>20\of substrate
..as <0.85 mm
Reference
Di 11 and Northcote
(197Da)
Koski (1975)a
Scrivener and Brownlee
(1981)
Rukhlov (1969)
McNeil and Ahnel1
(1964)
Wells and McNeil (1970)
Cooper (1965)
Pyper b
Rei ser and \'/hi te
(1981)
Tappel and Bjornn
(1983)
I-'o.r-:-
Table 5 (Continued).
Spec!es
Chi nook,Steel head
Coho
Steel head
Method of
Substrate Collection/Evaluation
not specifi ed
not specifi ed
concentri c ri ng traps/
VI bert Boxes
McNeil cores/si eves/nylon
nettl ng fry traps
sieves/percent of total
sample (volume)
not specified
experimental troughs
simulating hatching
condi tl ons
not specified
not speel fi ed
particle size distributions
plotted on 1og-probabi 1ity
paper (linear)
Substrate/Sedi ment
Size Cl asses
<6.4 "'"
<0.B5 11m
large gravel (3.2-6.3 cm)
small gravel 11.9-3.2 em)
<0.83 11m,I-311m
<3.327 11m
4 size classes;0.64-
3.18 cm
8 sand and gravel mixtures
<0.85 11m
4 size classes:0.64 -
3.18 em
0.42 -9.50 mm
Results
RecOlM1ended 1 imit <25\fines for success-
ful incubation of salmonld embryos:
Survival of embryos to emergence rapidly
decreased when \fine substrate «0.85 11m)
exceeded natural levels of 10\.
Emergence WllS significantly delayed by
small gravel;downward movement was more
marked In large than small gravel
Success of fry emergence was inversely
proportional to concentrations of
sediment I-311m;survival to emergence
apprOached "0"when >30\of substrate
waS <0.83 mm
Survival to emergence decreased with
Increasing proportions of fines In
gravel,particularly fines <3.327 11m
Emergence was restricted at gravel sizes
smaller than 1.91 •2.54 em
Survival to emergence was Inversely
related to quantity of sand and fines
«3.3 "",);premature fry emergence was
related to higher concentrations of
fi nes
Survival from embryo deposition to
emergence decreased in natural redds
when>20'11 of substrate was 0.85 ifill
Emergence was restricted at gravel sizes<1.27 •1.91 cm;only smaller steel head
emerged from 0.64 -1.27 em gravel
Survi val of embryos to emergence was
negatively correlated with percent
substrate <0.85 mm
Reference
Rei ser and Bjornn
(1979)
Cederholm et al.(19Bl)
0111 and Northcote
(1970b)
Hall and Lantz (1969)
Koski (1966)
Phillips (1964)a
Phillips et a1.(1975)
Tagart (1976)a
Phillips (1964)a
Tappel and Bjornn
(1983)
a cited in literature review paper by Iwamoto et a1.(1978)
b cited in paper by Cooper (1965)
J J J I I ).1.,I J ;t l !»,J J
r
I
\
appears that the single most important feature which maintains the
integrity of the incubation habitat in sloughs (and localized areas in
side channel and mainstem habitats)is upwelling.If there is an
alteration in the quality or quantity of water supplied to sloughs via
the upwell ing system,it will undoubtedly result in alterations in the
quality of the habitat for incubation of chum salmon embryos.In
particular,if the quantity of water is reduced,the rate of exchange of
intragravel DO may also be reduced.
Another factor,although not considered in this report,is the effects
of flushing flows necessary to provide suitable substrate composition
for spawning.Estes (1984)and Reiser and Ramey (1985)discuss flushing
flows and methods for determining them.It is suggested that the need,
or lack of need,for flushing flows be considered in future preproject
evaluations of substrate and associated incubation survival.
4.2.4 Water Temperature
Two primary effects of water temperature on the development and/or
survival of salmon embryos involve the effects of temperature on the
rate of embryo metabol ism and the effects of temperature as a stress
factor.The water temperature of the intragravel environment in which
embryos are incubated is a primary determinant of the rate of basic
embryonic metabolism within the tolerance limits of a given species of
fish.A rise in temperature will result in a corresponding rise in
the fish's metabolic rate.This development is more rapid at higher
temperatures.However,the ecological effects of an altered rate of
development is varied.For example,if the average daily intragravel
water temperature is increased in mai nstem-affected habitats it woul d
undoubtedly result·in a corresponding increase in the rate of
development of incubating embryos in these habitats.
Another direct effect of water temperature is its role as a stress
factor.Thermal stress resulting from excessively high or low tempera-
tures may result in increased mortality of embryos.These effects are
most pronounced in salmon during the period of development before the
closing of the blastopore (Combs 1965;Barns 1967;Vel sen 1980).For
chum and sockeye salmon from the middle Susitna River,3.4°C was
reported as the temperature below which mortalities were observed to
increase (Wangaard and Burger 1983).[In chum salmon,blastopore
closure is compl ete when embryos have accumul ated approximately 140
thermal units (TUs)(Combs 1965)J.For pink salmon,Bailey and Evans
(1971)defined a lower threshold temperature of 4.5°C (Table 6).Below
this temperature,mortality of embryos is increased.
In addition to dewatering and freezing of salmon embryos,thermal stress
in incubating habitats in the middle Susitna River is likely to result
from the occurrence of "overtopping"or "breaching"of the upstream end
of slough and side channel habitats with cold water from the mainstem.
The inundation of these habitats with water from the mainstem Susitna
River may result in a rapid and significant reduction in the intragravel
water temperature.Such an event would alter the timing of develop-
105
~
Table 6.Observed temperature ranges for embryo/alevin life stages of Pacific
salmon [(table derived from AEIDC (1984)J.
...
Incubation
Species Reference Location Temperatures (OC)a
'""':
Chum McNei 1 (1966 )Southeast Alaska 0-15.0
Merritt &Raymond (1982)Noatak River,Alaska 0.2-9.0 -,
Sano (1966)Japan 4
McNeil &Bailey (1975)Southeast Alaska 4.4
Kogl (1965)Chena River,Alaska 0.5-4.5
Francisco (1977)Delta River,Alaska 0.4-6.7
Raymond (1981)Clear,Alaska 2.0-4.5
AOF&G (l983c)Susitna River.Alaska 0-7.4
Wangaard &Burger (1983)laboratory 0.5-8.0
Pink Bell (l973)4.4-13.3
Bailey &Evans (1971)Southeast Alaska 4.5 -Combs &Burrows (1957)Laboratory 0.5-5.5
McNeil et ale (1964)Southeast Alaska 1.0-8.0
Godin (1980).Laboratory 3.4-15.0
.."
Sockeye Bell (1973)4.4-13.3 b
Combs (l965)Laboratory 4.5-14.3,1.5
ADF&G (l983c)Susitna River,Alaska 2.9-7.4 -Waangard &.Burger (1983)Laboratory 2.0-6.5
Chinook Bell (l973)5.0-1~.4
Combs (l965)laboratory 1.5
Alderdice &Vel sen (l978)2.5-16.0
Coho Bell (l973)4.4-13.3 c -\
McMahon (1983)4-14,4-10
,..,.
a Single temperature values are lower observed thresholds.
b After eggs had developed to the 128-cell or early blastula stage at 5.5°C.
c Optimum range.
106
-
-
....,
'""
.-i
r,
I
mental processes and could be lethal to embryos if overtopping occurred
before embryos have developed past the point of blastopore closure.
Thus,the deleterious effects of overtopping will be greater during the
early weeks of the incubation period.For example,if chum salmon eggs
were fertilized on September 1,and are incubated at 4°C,closure of the
blastopore would occur during the first week of October (approximately
35 days later).If overtopping occurred after the first week of
October,and affected the temperature of intragravel water of a redd
site,the likelihood of mortality due to thermal stress would be greatly
reduced.
Temperature may also affect embryos indirectly through its influence on
other variables such as dissolved oxygen.In addition to increasing the
metabolic demand for oxygen by embryos,an increase in temperature
reduces the saturation level of oxygen in water.Thus,there is less
oxygen available and the demand is greater.Since oxygen concentrations
can also affect a large variety of developmental factors (see Section
4.1.5)this relationship to water temperature could be critical,partic-
ularly in areas where dissolved oxygen values are near threshold levels.
If incubation temperatures are hi gher,the increased metabol ic demand
for dissolved oxygen may result in higher embryonic mortality in sub-
optimal habitat where the intragravel flow of water is restricted.This
effect would be expected to be greatest in incubation habitats contain-
ing relatively large amounts of fine particles and also in areas lacking
upwelling.Such areas include the mouth areas of slough,side channel
and tributary habitats..
The seasonal pattern of variation of intragravel water temperature
varies distinctly between habitat types in the middle Susitna River.
Differences appear to be linked to the relative contribution and source
of the upwelling water system supply in each habitat type.Areas
heavily influenced by upwelling water which exhibit a high degree of
thenna 1 stabi 1ity are buffered from the hazards of surface dewateri ng
and freezing (previously discussed).Sloughs such as 10, 11,and 21 fit
this pattern.Salmon embryos incubating in these areas accumulate TUs
at a relatively uniform rate.
In contrast,the intragravel thermal regime of tributary habitats and
probably most of the mainstem habitats is influenced primarily by
surface water.In these habitats,the seasonal variation in intragravel
temperatures is much greater.Tributaries typically have relatively
high intragravel water temperatures during the fall when spawning
occurs.These intragravel temperatures seem to be nearly identical to
the surface water temperatures which decline sharply in late October to
near freezing levels.Temperatures remain near freezing levels until
warming spring waters cause a sharp rise in temperature.The pattern of
accumulation of TUs for developing embryos is thus very much dependent
upon the time when spawning occurs and the ambient temperatures which
control the surface and intragravel water temperatures.
In early September,during the chum salmon spawning season,temperatures
in Fourth of July Creek were nearly BOC (refer to Figure 21).However,
by early October,intragravel water temperatures dropped to less than
107
2°C.Temperatures in this range may result in mortality of embryos if
blastopore closure is not completed.This pattern of rapid decrease in
water temperature during September may account for the observed differ-
ences in the timing of the arrival of chum salmon which spawn in slough
and tributary habitats.Although the difference in time of arrival is
not large,it appears that fish which spawn in tributaries arrive
earlier than fish which spawn in sloughs.
The thermal regime in the mainstem is similar in pattern to that of a
tributary.However,the water temperatures in fall and spring are not
as high.As a result,this habitat type is not used extensively by
spawning chum,presumably because they cannot acquire an adequate number
of TUs to complete their development.
Areas in the mainstem which are presently used by chum salmon for
spawning appear to be restricted to areas where upwelling occurs.
Presumably these areas afford a more favorable thermal regime and enable
development to be completed.An increase in the water temperature in
this habitat type may be beneficial to the incubation of chum salmon in
that a greater amount of habitat may be thermally suitable for complet-
ing development.This increase in area is likely to be closely linked
to areas of upwelling.
Side channel habitats are characterized by a high degree of thermal
variability.They typically undergo extensive dewatering,which is
generally followed by the freezing of the substrate.The primary areas
which provide suitable habitat for spawning chum salmon are relatively
small"localized areas of upwelling (e.g.,areas in Side Channel 10),
and the relatively narrow,unfrozen channel'which flows throughout the
winter (e.g.,Side Channel 21).In general,this habitat type provides
poor incubation conditions.
An attempt was made in this study to compare in situ estimates of
embryonic development rates recorded in slough,side channel,tributary
and mainstem habitats with rates predicted in a laboratory study
conducted on Susitna River chum salmon by Wangaard and Burger.In order
to make this comparison,it was necessary to obtain a complete record of
water temperatures at the locations where salmon incubation chambers
were i nsta 11 ed.However,due to techn i ca 1 problems wi th temperature
recorders and problems of freez"j rig of temperature probes,these data
were not obtained.Because of these problems,comparisons of the
results of this study to those presented by Wangaard and Burger (1983)
can only be done on a qualitative basis.
Wangaard and Burger (1983)compared development rates of chum salmon
embryos at four different temperature regimes.These regimes were
designed to simulate winter incubation conditions encountered in
selected middle Susitna River habitats.Average incubation temperatures
ranged from 2.1°C (representing mainstem habitats)to 4.0°C
(representing slough habitat strongly influenced by upwelling water).
The average temperatures of the two intermediate temperature regimes
were 2.9 and 3.9°C.From these and other results derived from available
108
-
-,
~"
f""\
i
t
-,
1 iterature,Wangaard and Berger concl uded that the rate of embryoni c
development to 50%hatch and to complete yol k sac absorbtion were
predictable from the average incubation temperature.They computed
regression equations according to the model Y=mx+6 where the rate of
development is expressed as (lOOO/days)and X equals the average
incubation temperature.In each equation,r equals 0.99 and is
statistically significant at P =O.OOt.
1)Rate of development to 50%hatch =1.4X +3.23
2)Rate of development to complete yo"lk sac absorbtion =0.59X +
2.25.
From these relationships,it is possible to calculate the number of days
required to reach 50%hatch or complete yolk-sac absorbtion for a given
average incubation temperature.For example,at an average incubation
temperature of 4.0°C the number of days required for embryos to reach to
50%hatch may be computed by using the proper regression equation given
above.If X=4.O°C,the rate of development is computed to be 8.83
(1000/days).By dividing 1000 by 8.83,the estimated number of days to
50%hatch is derived as 113 days.
The data presented in thi s report are not of suffi ci ent reso 1uti on to
quantitatively evaluate the predictive equations developed by Wangaard
and Burger 1983.However,in light of the fact that no data·collected
during this study conflicted with data presented by Wangaard and Burger,
and that their data was generally consistent with embryonic development
data obtained from natural redds reported in ADF&G 1983,it is the
opinion of the authors that Wangaard and Burger's predictive equations
are an adequate model to use in predicting rates of development of chum
salmon under present environmental conditions.This study did not
involve the period of yolk absorbtion,and therefore it is not possible
to formulate opinions regarding this equation.There are,however,
certain limitations in the application of both equations when attempting
to predict rates of embryonic development in middle Susitna River
habitats.
Water temperature conditions in middle Susitna River habitats during
\llinter do not conform to a conceptual model of a thermal regime as
described in Wangaard and Burger 1983.Thermal conditions at most sites
evaluated in this study could be more accurately described as a
IIcompositell or IImosaicll of thermal conditions.For example,the
presence of upwelling spring areas formed localized areas which had
distinctly different thermal characteristics than nearby areas.This
resulted in a high degree of variability in intragravel water
temperatures which varied from a condition of frozen substrate to
intragravel temperatures of 2-4°C.This variability was not quantified
in this study and is not obvious when only one or two continuous
temperature recorders are placed at each site.Thus,use of the
equations in predicting rates of development at particular sites must be
accompanied by a quantification of the variability in intragravel
temperature conditions within the given site or habitat.
109
4.2.5 Dissolved Oxygen
Although researchers generally agree that low concentrati ons of di s-
solved oxygen (DO)result in deleterious effects in the development and
the survival of salmon embryos,there is considerable question as to the
precise level of DO which may be considered harmful.A summary of
documented effects of low dissolved oxygen on incubating salmon embryos
is presented in Table 6.Numerous studies have shown that low,but
non-lethal concentrations of DO may result in a decrease in the rate of
embryonic development (Garside 1959),an abnormal progression of tissue
differentiation (Hayes 1949),a reduction in size of a1evins at hatching
(Silver et a1.1963;Shumway et a1.1964),premature hatching (Alderdice
et a1.1958),and increased mortality (Wickett 1954,1958;Alderdice et
a1.1958;Coble 1961;Phill"ips and Campbell 1961;McNeil 1962;Koski
1975).
Consumption of dissolved oxygen by salmon embryos progressively
increases from the time of fertilization to hatching,with lower thresh-
old levels ranging from 1.0 -7.0 mgj1,respectively (Alderdice et a1.
1958).There are two stages of embryonic development which are particu-
larly sensitive to DO levels.These include the period just prior to
the development of a functional circulatory sYstem [approximately 200
Thermal Units (TUs)for chum salmon]and the period just prior to
hatching (Alderdice et a1.1958).Of these two periods,the latter
appears to be most sensitive to low dissolved oxygen-levels.The.
reasons for increased sensitivity to low DO levels during these two
periods is related to the physiology and the timing of development of
the circulatory system in relation to changes in the biological demand
for oxygen in developing tissues.
During the first of the two sensitive periods,DO consumption for basal
metabolism is lower and embryos possess a physiological plasticity which
enables them to compensate for hypoxia1 conditions by delaying develop-
ment.This compensatory ability,however,is apparently lost after
embryos have acqui red 200 TUs and developed a functi ona 1 ci rcu1 atory
system (Alderdice et a1.1958).Thus,the increased sensitivity of the
second sensitive period (just before hatch"ing)results primarily from
its relatively higher DO requirement for basal metabolism compounded by
the loss of ability to compensate for increased DO consumption by
delaying embryonic development (Alderdice et a1.1958).
The respiratory exchange at the surface of pre-hatched fish embryos is
influenced by the processes of diffusion and convection (Daykin 1965;
O'Brien et a1.1978).As the respiring embryo acts as an oxygen sink by
removi ng DO from the diffus i on 1ayer surroundi ng the outer surface of
the egg capsule,oxygen is replenished to the diffusion layer via
convection (O'Brien et a1.1978).In turn,the rate of replenishment of
DO to the surface of the egg capsule membrane is influenced by a variety
of other environmental factors,including the concentration of DO in the
intragrave1 water,the gradient of the stream surface profile,per-
meability of the gravel,and interchange of oxygenated surface water.
110
-
--
-
-
....
-
Both the concentration and the rate of exchange of dissolved oxygen are
important characteristics which determine the suitability of the habitat
for successful incubation of salmon (Coble 1961).However,recommended
levels for both criteria differ.For example,McNeil and Bailey (1975)
recommend threshold DO levels of 6.0 mg/l whereas Reiser and Bjornn
(1979)recommend 5.0 mg/l.Similarly,the recommended rate of intra-
gravel flow proposed by Reiser and Bjornn was 20 cm/h whereas Bell
(1973)recommends a rate of 110 cm/h.It is 1 ikely that these differ-
ences in estimates arise from differences in experimental conditions.
However,the criteria provided by Reiser and Bjornn seem to be a bit low
when compared to the experimental results performed on chum salmon by
Alderdice et al.(1958).In these tests,7.19 mg/l DO at an intragravel
flow rate of 85 cm/h was established as the critical oxygen level,below
which the respiratory demand would not be adequately met (refer to Table
7).These threshold criteria were developed for embryos nearly ready to
hatch (452 TUs)and thus are estimates at the time when the demand for
dissolved oxygen is greatest.
The concentration of DO in the intragravel environment is a result of
the relative contribution of DO from surface and ground'l,ater sources.
In the middle Susitna River,the relative contribution of these two
sources of water vari es between two extremes.In general,upwell i ng
apparently dominates as the primary intragravel water supply of slough
habitats whereas surface water dominates in tributary habitats (mainstem
and side channel habitats seem to vary between these two extremes).
In general,the concentration of dissolved oxygen (DO)in intragravel
water was consistently lower than surface water concentrations in each
habitat evaluated.However,the difference between intragravel and
surface water DO levels was greatest for slough habitat and least for
tributary and mainstem habitats.Differences were intermediate in side
channel habitats.Thus,with the possible exception of sloughs,the DO
levels in most of the incubation habitat evaluated appear to be above
the recommended levels of 7.19 mg/l established by Alderdice et al.
(1958).However,in sloughs,the potentially adverse effects of lower
DO levels are undoubtedly ameliorated by the possible influence of in
providing a relatively consistent intragravel flow.In turn,the rate
of intragravel flow is intimately related to the permeability of the
substrate and is therefore discussed more fully in section 4.1.3.
4.2.6 E!:!.
A relatively broad range of pH values are considered acceptable for
successful "incubation of salmon embryos.Leitritz and Lewis (1976)
report that values between 6.7 and 8.2 are acceptable,and that values
outside this range should be regarded with suspicion.They note,
however,that this range of values does not account for varying degrees
of sensitivity to pH between species and/or species life-phases.
Rombough (1982)evaluated the sensitivity of pacific salmon embryos to
low pH levels (3.5 to 6.0)and found that sensitivity to pH varied with
species and developmental stage.He compared the sensitivity of each
111
la~'.-7.Doc"mented .ftech of 10 ..dluolved o'ygon IDOl lev.h on Inc"b.tlng uhlOnld••b..ed on •revl ...01 .elected IIter.t"r ••
Ooy.A,"oc-
Appro.lmne At lor Itted
St.ge of Fertlll-Tetllper-Te~~~~:iure 00 v.lu••A..oel.ted
Speele.Loc.t 10nlH.bi tit Develo_nt utlon .ture I"CI Img/II He5ul ts.Cnndt tt on,~e't".ncf'
Ch...Nile Creek,pre-eyed 8 ~Thre.hold to Ju.t m.lnt.ln tull .pp.rent velocfty WI ckett
Brltl.h Columblt ....t.boli.m 2Smm/hr;n<IO (19S~I
eltlbryol
Nile Creek,pre-eyed 0 3.7-5.2 0.72 Crltlce'velu••at DO,bolo..apparent velocity WI ek.tt
Brl t I.h Columbl.pre-eyed 5 8.0-8.2 1.67 ..hlch b"lc metabolism I.not .vereg.d 5 to 36 (19S~I
pre-eyed 12 0.1-0.7 I.I~met.00 level.belo..the.e mm/hr
..rly eyed 85 1.6--.9 1.70 volue,cOl\tributlt to ',",creased
O1Ortoli ty.
(I.boratory Ib N.n.lmo Stttiun.12 10 121.2 3.96 Critic.1 0'Y9.n l.vel,(tho.e .pp.rent v.loclty AI derdl ce
British Columblt 10 268.2 5.66 •t whl d,respl ratory d.m.nd I,•8S0 """/hr el .1 .
10 353.0 6.60 jUlt .otlsfi.d):•me"Ufe of (19581
~8 10 ~52.~7.19 00 requl r .....nt.tor .ucc...tul
lncob.tion.
(l.boratory lb N.n.I01O St.tlon,12'~8 10 121.2·~52.~O.~·I .~H.dlen leth.l DO lev.l,wh.n .pp.rent velocity Ald.rdlce
Brltl.h Colubml.e.po ••d to the.e condition.tor •850 """/hr et ".7 d.y ••(1958 J
(1 iboratory ,b Chen.RI v.r,.mbryo.2 Cood ,urvlv.1 ret",strong I ntr.·Kog](1965)
Alnk.gravel ...aler
flo..
I-'hrMJr R'ver I post-h.tch 0.28 O.yg.n threshold:.1evln.s.trong intrd·Le ....dnidO\i
I-'Siberlt I.orlyl ,-"rv'ved gr.ve'water 1195.)
N flo..
Not .pec i t ted pre-.y.d 3.0 Timing of emeroenc~was )(o:.ld
to emergence dr.layed;surviva)dacredsed 11915 )c
rapidly bela..3.0 mgll DO
Sockeye Swe1ti.r Cr ••k n...l y ha tch.d 8 1.200 3.0-11.9 Crowth and developn,ent w.-:re .ppar.nt veloci ty Or a(tnon
(l.borttory)b Field St.tlon,.levlns r.t.rded .t low DO •'800 cm/hr 11?6S)
Br I thh Col u.,bl.conc.ntratlon,.
Chinook Oregon State fertlll ..tlon 11 1.6-11.7 Cood httching (nur 91',)bot apparent velocity 5i )ver et .1.t ,.borHorylb Unlveral ty to h.tchl ng del.y.d .-5 d.y,..h.n re.r.d in •82-1310 cm/h'(1963 )
Corv.llis ,2.5 mg/l 00 ...ter,"0"h.tching
Oregon .t 1.6 109/I DO.
Chinook,not specl tied tertl1l ..tlon varioul R.duced '.vel,ot 00 or al known water 5i I ver d
Steelhe.d to try "oloelty deloyed h.tchlng,velocltie,(1%01
produced .m.Iler fry.
Coho Oregon St.te fortillut.;on 9-11 3.0-11.0 Hypo.i.l .tr..,.t the lOwer 00 dpparenl velocity MHO"(1969)
(loborttory lb Unlv.rslty,to fry r.ng.res"lted In •.,.ller fry,•223 c ../t.,
Corv.llIs.higher O1Ort.lI ty.
Or.gon
Coho,AI,••RI v.r e ..bryo.-3.5'10 Intr.grav.l DO mu,t .v.r.ge 8 Phi lIip.,nd
Ste.l he.d 6,,1 n,Or.gon "'911 for high .ur-iv.l,Campb·l'
positive correl.tlon b.t....n (19G1)
percent Iu,rvfval .nd lI'Iean 00.
J !I 1 ,I )J t J J ,I }J )
(laboratory)b Orego~St.t.tertlli zat ton 9.5 1.6-2.6
u~t ....,ty,to h.tcht ng
Cor ••llll.
Oregon
At Ian'\;ic Not speclfi.d .y.d 25 10 ).1
S.lmon h.tcht nv SO 10 7.1
..............
W L.ke Trout O~tlrlo,teNd.terttllzatton 2.5-10 2.5-10.5(l.boratury)b to h.tcht ng
A"oclolcd
Condl lion.Re f erellce
Phllli p ••nd
Ca"'Pbel'
(1961 )
.ppar.nt velocity Sh""""y
•)-SOO cm/hr et "I.
(1964 )
apparent velocity (oble
•S.S-IOS.S cm/hr (1961 )
hble 7 (Co~ll~ued).
Appro.tm.to
Stage ot
Spect ..Loc.t t o~/H.b I t.t Dev.'opment
CohO,~ot .p~c If led embryos
R.t~_Trout
Coho,O.k Cr ••k,tertt 1 i zatlo~
Su.lhead Or.go~to try
(laboratory)b
Ste.lhe.d AI ...RIver tertt 1t ..tto~
On t ~,Orego~to h.tchlng
D.y.
Atter
fertIli-
zation
Auoc-
"ted
lemper-
.tur.I'C)
9.0-10.S
5.6-12.2
Temperasur.
Unit.
DO ••lu..
(mv/Il
(7 (••g.)
2.5-11.2
2.6-9.2
Ruult.
Sur....l to h.tchl~V ....(25\
Hedt.n h.tchlng time .
del.y.d 1-'ks .t 10 r DO;
•he I ncr d ..I th DO
conC'f'ntr.tion.
EMbryonic sur.I ••1 (rang ••
16-62\)....posltl.ely corre-
l.t.d ..Ith DO concentr.tion;
ettect.trom Intr.gravel
velocity and DO ...r.Inter-
depe~dent.
Good h.tchlng (ne.r 60\)but
d".yed )-4 d.y ...hen re.r.d In
2.6 mg/1 DO ...ter;"0"h.tchlng
.t 1.6 109/I.
Crltlc.1 DO ,•••1••
R.tarded vrowth .nd
de.elopment,delaY'd h.tchlng,
he.d .nd trunk .bnorm.lltles at
10..DO le'els (2.5-4.5 mgl1);
tot.1 mort.,lty Ju.t prior to
h.tchlng .t 2.5-4.2 109/I DO .nd
10·C.
apparenl velocity
•6-750 cm/hr
In.e.tlgated
developme~t
(IS n.ge.)
5 i loyer
et ,I.
(1963)
Haye:!lo
et "I.
(1951 )9
C.,r '"i dr
(1959)
S.lmontd.Not .p.clfled embryos 5.0 Lo...r thr ••ho 1d (r,cOlmlended
Itmlt)
at or near
uturatlon
Re f $e"r 4nd
BJor""
(1979)
T...peroture (ther...I)U~ft ••I degree C/24 hr (e.g.,6 d.y,tncub.tton .t S'C.)0 TU',)
b A laboratory tncludes artlftcl.l or stmulated co~dlttons
c Cited In p.per by 1II1ckett (1954)
d Ctted I~p.per by Coble (1961).
Cited t~revte..p.per by Reher .nd BJor~~(1979)
Cited In p.per by HeNen (1966)
9 Cited In p.per by lIIickett (1954)
species at three specific developmental stages (eyed embryos,newly
hatched alevins,and buttoned-up alevins),and found that the sensi-
tivity to low pH levels increased for each species with increasing stage
of development,but that the relative sensitivity of each species varied
depending on developmental stages.For example,chum and pink salmon
were the most sensitive during the eyed and buttoned-up alevin stages,
but were less sensitive than coho,chinook or sockeye salmon during the
stage of nearly hatched alevins.In each of the three developmental
stages tested,pH levels were below 6.0.However,Rombough (1982)also
reported that he observed aberrant behavior in buttoned-up alevins of
pink and chum salmon at pH levels of 6.0-6.1.
Levels of pH in the 6.0 to 6.5 range are not typical of habitats in the
mainstem of the middle Susitna River.Natural pH levels in the mainstem
Susitna River typically vary between 7 and 8 during the winter,occa-
sionally dropping below 7 (Acres,1982).However,adjacent slough,side
channel,and tributary habitats generally have lower pH values,often
ranging below 7,with occasional values below 6.5.In this study,low
survival rates occurred with low pH values,indicating that pH may have
an effect on embryo survival at lower pH values.
In the.spring,a drop in the pH levels in the mainstem river coincides
with increased runoff from the Susitna Basin (Acres 1982).This phenom-
enon is common to Al askan streams where tundra runoff is typi ca lly
acidic.If mainstem flows in .the Susitna River are reduced during the
spring runoff period during project operations,a relatively greater
proportion of the flow in the mainstem will originate from acidic tundra
runoff.This relationship is likely to result in pH values which are
lower than present and historical values.
The effect of lowered pH values in the mainstem may be indirectly
harmful to embryos or pre-emergent fry,depending upon the levels of
other variables.For example,Bell (1973)reports that low levels of pH
affect the tolerance of fish to low concentrations of dissolved oxygen
and that the sensitivity of fish to toxic levels of sodium sulfide,
cyanide,ammonia,and various metallic salts increases with decreases in
pH.Also,the synergistic effects of two or more elements (particularly
metallic ions)may have adverse effects at much lower levels than either
one individually (Bell 1973).Thus,the effects of lowered pH values
cannot be evaluated independently,but must be cons i dered in concert
with anticipated changes in the overall ionic composition of the water
in each habitat where embryos are present.
4.2.7 Conductivity
Conductivity is a measure of the capacity of water to conduct an elec-
tric current.As such,it is an indication of the total concentration
of dissolved ionic matter in the water and is also directly related with
both water hardness and alkalinity (Lind 1974).However,this variable
is not of di rect consequence to fi sh,but rather is a general water
quality indicator which is intricately related to the variables above.
114
-
-
"""
Below Devil Canyon,winter conductivity values in the mainstem river
range from 160-300 umhos (micro-mhos)while corresponding values of
total hardness and total alkalinity range from 60-120 mg/l and 45-145
mg/l,respectively (Acres 1982).These values are at the lower end of
the suggested 1I 0p timal range ll for fish (120-400 111g/1)provided by Piper
et al.(1982).This is significant,because at very low alkalinities
water loses its ability to buffer against changes in acidity and may
result in wide fluctuations in pH values which in turn may be detri-
mental to fish.In this study,however,there does not appear to be any
relationship between observed conductivity values and embryo survival
(Figure 54).
4.2.8 Turbidity
The specific effects of various turbidity levels on the incubation
life-phase of salmon in the middle Susitna River are presently unknown.
However,excessive turbidity levels can have adverse effects on the
i ncuba t ion 1ife-phase by smotheri ng fi sh embryos (Pi per et a 1.1982).
This problem is treated as part of a larger problem involving the
evaluation of the role of fine substrate composition on the availability
of dissolved oxygen to developing embryos.
4.2.9 Flatworms
There are many biological variables which could potentially affect the
development and survival of incubating salmon embryos.Among these are
effects due to vertebrate egg predators such as sculpins,and
invertebrate egg predators such as caddisfly and stonefly larvae.In
addition,loss or death of embryos can occur due to bacterial,viral,
protozoan,or fungal agents.This section is limited to a discussion on
flatworms,which appeared to be associated with a decrease in the number
of salmon embryos implanted in WVBs at some study sites.Evaluation of
other biological variables was outside the scope of this study and
therefore are not discussed in this report.
Relatively large numbers of embryos were discovered to be missing from
WVBs used to assess survival at the time of removal.Missing embryos
were assumed dead for the purposes of this study;but the actual cause
of their disappearance remains undetermined.Because relatively large
numbers of flatworms were present in WVBs in which embryos were missing,
it was suspected that they were scavenging on dead embryos.Field
observations indicated that a several week period was required for
flatworms to remove dead embryos from WVBs.
The role of planarians in the removal of embryos from Vibert Boxes was
previously investigated by Heard (1978)in a stream in southeast Alaska.
After conducting tests with various combinations of planarians and live
and dead salmon eggs and alevins,he concluded that the test planarians
did not prey on and were not toxic to live embryos,and did not feed on
dead eggs unless the chorion was broken and egg contents exposed.Based
on the field observations made during this study and the conclusions
presented by Heard (1978),the following hypothesis is proposed as a
plausible explanation for the disappearance of embryos.
115
The most familiar type of feeding pattern followed by planarians in-
volves the protrusion of a muscular pharynx out through the mouth where
soft and disintegrating animal tissues are sucked up into the gastro-
vascular cavity (Pennak 1978).Thus,if the egg capsule is intact,it
is likely that planarians are not able to utilize them as a food source.
This is consistent with Heard's conclusion that planarians did not feed
on dead eggs unless the chorion was broken or egg contents exposed.
Additional evi dence from observati ons made dur"j ng thi s study suggests
that colonization of dead eggs with fungi may be a necessary "con -
ditioning process"which must occur before planarians can successfully
scavenge dead eggs.Presumably,the fungal hyphae penetrate the egg
capsule and cause the egg to "break apart.1I After this occurs,the egg
contents would be exposed and suitable for successful scavenging by
planarians.Although the initial "processingll of the egg capsule by
fungi appears to require at least five weeks,it is suspected that
complete removal of the egg contents by planarians would be a much more
rapid process in areas where planarian densities are high.
4.3 Conclusions/Recommendations
-
--
-
4.3.1 Conclusions
1.Dewatering and freezing of salmon redds were identified as the
most important factors contributing to the high level s of
embryo mortality found in habitats used for chum salmon
incubation in the middle Susitna River.In general,these
factors were most pronounced in side channel habitats and
least pronounced in slough habitats which were protected from
cold surface water overtopping and where upwelling was more
prevalent.
2.Upwelling was the most significant physical variable affecting
the development and survival of salmon embryos incubating in
slough and side channel habitats of the middle Susitna River.
The importance of upwell i ng to incubati ng embryos is due to
the following reasons:
a)It eliminates or reduces the likelihood of dewatering or
freezing of the substrate environment from occurring;
b)It provides a relatively stable intragravel incubation
environment,buffering it from variations in local
surface water and climatic conditions;and,
c)
3.
It increases the rate of exchange of intragravel water
over the embryos whi ch enhances the rep 1eni shment of
dissolved oxygen and the removal of metabolic wastes.
Because of the effects of dewatering and freezing,the amount
of available habitat at the time when adult chum salmon are
spawning is a poor indicator of the amount of actual habitat
116
-
-
-
~
I
r""
I
I
i
that is available as potential incubation habitat.Estimates
of available incubation habitat must take into account the
differential effects of dewatering and freezing in various
habitat types.
4.The pattern of accumulation of thermal units for developing
salmon embryos varies between spawning habitat types for the
middle Susitna River.A general thermal regime describing the
incubation period for each habitat type can be stated as
foll ows:
a)Tributary habitats typically have intragravel water
temperatures whi ch are strongly i nfl uenced by surface
water temperatures.This results in relatively high
intragravel water temperatures during the fall and spring
months with near freezing water temperatures during the
intervening winter months;
b)Slough habitats generally have relatively high,and more
stable intragravel water temperatures during most of the
incubation period due to the influence of suitable
upwelling sources;
c)Mainstem habitats are similar to tributary habitats;
havi ng wi nter intragravel water temperatures whi ch are
strongly i nfl uenced by surface water temperatures.
However,they differ from tributary habitats by having
co 1der water temperatures duri ng the fall and spri ng
peri ods;and,
d)In general,winter intragravel water temperatures in side
channel habitats are quite variable and may reflect any
of the'patterns exhibited by the other habitat types
depending upon the relative influences of and
relationships between upwelling and surface water
sources.
5.Significant mortalities of salmon embryos due to thermal
stress are anticipated if altered discharges increase the
incidence of cold mainstem water overtopping slough and side
channel habitats having insufficient sources of warmer
upwelling or local surface waters in the middle Susitna River
during fall and winter.If post-project mainstem water
temperatures are·substantially warmer than existing winter
temperatures,this thermal problem associated with overtopping
may be ameliorated.
6.Embryos fertilized on August 26,1983 and placed in slough,
side channel and mainstem habitats reached 100 percent hatch
at approximately late January,late December and mid-April,
respectively.Embryos in slough and side channel habitats
were influenced by warmer upwelling water,whereas embryos in
the mainstem were not.
117
7.In general,slough habitats of the middle Susitna River
contain greater amounts of fine substrate (38%)compared to
side channel,tributary and mainstem habitats (19%,13%,and
12%respectively).However,the substrate composition of
established salmon redds in each habitat type contained fewer
fi nes than the range of substrate materi a1s present in each
habitat type of the middle Susitna River.
8.~lith the exception of slough habitats,dissolved oxygen (DO)
levels in most incubation habitats of the middle Susitna River
during the winter period are generally above the recommended
levels of 7.19 mg/l established by Alderdice et al.(1958).
Although DO levels in intragravel water of slough habitats are
generally lower (0.4 to 13.5 mg/l),the potential adverse
effects of low DO are most likely buffered by the influence of
upwelling,depending upon site specific conditions.
9.The pH levels present in incubation habitats of the middle
Susitna River (6.2 to 8.3)do not appear to be detrimental to
embryo survival and development.
10.Conductivity values in incubation habitats of the middle
Susitna River (24 to 290 umhos)do not appear to have any
direct adverse effects on incubation embryos.
4.3.2 Recommendations
The results of this study have provided some preliminary conclusions
describing the environmental conditions affecting the incubation life-
phase of chum salmon in the middle Susitna River.The recommendations
outlined below are designed to strengthen and expand these conclusions.
One area requiring additional investigation is an evaluation of the
lI effective spawning ll area.Mil hous (1982)defines this concept as the
spawning area that does not dewater during the following incubation
period.Previous studies have developed weighted useable area curves
describing the spawning habitat area available over a range of natural
discharge conditions for habitats in the middle Susitna River (Vincent-
lang et al.1984).However,spawning habitats will not produce salmon
fry if the intragravel environment becomes dewatered and frozen during
the incubation period.Consequently,the survival of salmon should not
be based only on the spawning habitat evaluations previously mentioned.
Spawning areas must also be evaluated based on the effects of mainstem
discharge on dewatering and freezing of redd sites during the winter
months.With the present understandi ng of the del eteri ous effects of
freezing on dewatered spawning habitat,the need to fully evaluate the
lI e ffective spawning area ll becomes more apparent.
In addition to evaluating the lI effective spawning area ll
,the effect of
t1power peaking or load following ll on incubating salmon embryos in the
middle Susitna River requires investigation.The concept of power
peaking refers to the change in stage of mainstem flows throughout the
\l/inter as a function of energy demand during project operations.Of
118
-
-
,~
r
-i
-
particular interest,is the extent to which the proposed winter flows
will \<Jaterjdewater incubating embryos based on fl uctuating flows from
power peaking.Since the results of this study indicate that dewatered
areas invariably freeze,power peaking effects may increase the propor-
tion of embryo mortalities caused by freezing.
Insufficient data are available to project the influence of mainstem
discharge on sources of local flow such as upwelling during unbreached
conditions.An evaluation of the significance of flushing flows to
Susitna River habitat suitability for incubation and other life-phases
is also recommended.If determined to be a significant factor for
habitat suitability,an understanding of the duration and magnitude of
flushing flows and their relationships to mainstem discharge is
required.This information will be required to refine these analyses
and is essential for evaluating the impacts of altered temperature and
flow regimes of the Susitna River.
119
-
r
t':;
r
I
5.0 CONTRIBUTORS
Aquatic Habitat and Instream Flow Studies
(AH)Project Leader and Principal Contact
Data Processing Project Leader
Graphics
Typing Staff
Editors
Data Collection
Data Analysis
Text
120
Christopher Estes
Allen Bingham
Carol Hepler
Roxann Peterson
Peggy Skeers
Christopher Estes
Joseph Sautner
Doug Vincent-Lang
Jeff Blakely
Christopher Estes
Andy Hoffmann
Theresa Kekl ak
tarol Kerkvliet
Isaac Queral
Craig Richards
Sheryl Salas ky
Gene Sandone
Don Seagren
Kathy Sheehan
Rick Sinnot
Kim Syl vester
Len Vining
Tommy Wi throw
Allen Bingham
Alice Freeman
Len Vining
Kathrin Zosel
Jeff Blakely
Glenn Freeman
Len Vining
-
-I
-
-
6.0 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Special appreciation is extended to the following people for their
contributions to this study.
D.Reiser,Bechtel Group Inc.,and R.White,~lontana State
University,for their valuable technical advice on matters
involving the use of Whitlock-Vibert Boxes and options for
measuring variables of theintragravel environment.
R.Uberuaga,U.S.Forest Service,Thorne Bay Ranger District,
Tongass National Forest,for his advice and information
regarding the use of the McNeil substrate sampler.
State of Alaska,Department of Transportation,for assistance
in analyzing substrate samples at their laboratory facility.
Funding for this study was provided by the State of Alaska,Alaska Power
Authori ty.
121
-
-
~
)
\
-Ii
11"'"\,1
-
7.0 LITERATURE CITED
Acres American,Inc.(Acres).1982.Susitna hydroelectric project:
FERC license application.Exhibit E,Volume 1,Chapter 2.Prepared
for Alaska Power Authority,Alaska Department of Commerce and
Economic Development.Buffalo,New York,USA..
Alaska Department of Fish and Game (ADF&G).1983a.Susitna Hydro
aquatic studies phase II basic data report.Volume 4 (1 of 3:Parts
I and II).Aquatic habitat and instream flow studies,1982.Alaska
Department of Fish and Game Susitna Hydro Aquatic Studies.
Anchorage,Alaska,USA.
·1983b.Susitna Hydro aquatic studies phase II report.Synopsis
------of the 1982 aquatic studies and analysis·of fish and habitat
relationships (2 of 2:Appendices A-K).Alaska Department of Fish
and Game Susitna Hydro Aquatic Studies.Anchorage,Alaska,USA.
·1983c.Susitna Hydro aquatic studies phase II data report.
---~Winter aquatic studies (October 1982 -May 1983).Alaska Department
of Fish and Game Susitna Hydro Aquatic Studies.Anchorage,Alaska,
USA.
·1984.Susitna Hydro aquatic studi es (May 1983 -June 1984)
----procedures manual (1 of 2).A1as ka Depa rtment of Fi sh and Game
Susitna Hydro Aquatic Studies.Anchorage,Alaska,USA.
Alderdice,D.F.,and F.P.J.Velsen.1978.Relation between temperature
and incubation time for eggs of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus
tshawytscha).Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada
35:69-75.
,W.P.Wickett,and J.R.Brett.1958.Some effects of temporary
--e-xposure to low dissolved oxygen levels on Pacific salmon eggs.
Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 15:229-250.
Arctic Envi ronmental Information and Data Center (AEIDC).1984.
Assessment of the effects of the proposed Susitna hydroelectric
project on instream temperature and fishery resources in the Watana
to Talkeetna reach.Draft Report.Prepared for Harza-Ebasco
Susitna Joint Venture.Anchorage,Alaska,USA.
Bailey,J.E.,and D.R.Evans.1971.The low-temperature threshold for
pink salmon eggs in relation to a proposed hydroelectric
installation.Fisheries Bulletin 69:587-93.
Barns,R.A.1967.A review of the literature on the effects of changes
in temperature regime on developing sockeye salmon eggs and alevins.
Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 949:14-22.
Baxter,R.M.and P.Glaude.1980.Environmental effects of dams and
impoundments in Canada:experience and prospects.Canadian Bulletin
of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 205.
122
Becker,C.D.,D.A.Neitzel and D.H.Fickeisen.1982.Effects of
dewatering on chinook salmon redds:tolerance of four developmental
phases to daily dewaterings.Transactions of the American Fisheries
Society 111:624-637.
Bell,M.C.1973.Fisheries handbook of engineering requirements and
biological criteria.Fisheries Engineering Research Program,United
States Army Corps of Engineers,North Pacific Division,Portland,
Oregon,USA.
Brannon,LL.1965.The influence of physical factors on the
development and weight of sockeye salmon embryos and a1evins.
International Pacific Salmon Fisheries Commission,New Westminster,
Canada.
Burner,J.1951.Characteristics of spawning nests of Columbia River
salmon.United States Fi sh and Wild1 ife Servi ce Fi shery Bull eti n
52:97-110.
Cederholm,C.J.,L.M.Lewis and E.O.Sa10.1981.Cumulative effects of
logging road sediment on sa1monid populations in the Clearwater
River,Jefferson County,Washington.Pages 38-74 in State of
Washington Water Research Center,editor.Salmon-spawning gravel:a
renewable resource in the Pacific Northwest?Report 39,State of
Washington Water Research Center,Washington State University,
Pullman,Washington,USA.
Chevalier,B.,C.Carson,and W.J.Miller.1984.Report of engineering
and biological literature pertaining to the aquatic environment;
with special emphasis on dissolved oxygen and sed"iment effects on
sa 1monid habitat.Colorado State University.Fort Coll ins,
Colorado.
Coble,D.~l.1961.Influence of water exchange and dissolved oxygen in
redds on survival of steel head trout embryos.Transactions of the
American Fisheries Society 90:469-474.
Combs,B.D.1965.Effects of temperature on the development of salmon
eggs.Progressive Fish-Cu1turist 27:134-137.
,and R.E.Burrows.1957.Threshold temperatures for the normal
-----;-development of chinook salmon eggs.Progressive Fish-Cu1turist
19:3-6.
Cooper,A.C.1965.The effect of transported stream sediments on the
survival of sockeye and pink salmon eggs and a1evin.International
Pacific Salmon Fisheries Commission,Bulletin 18,New Westminster,
Canada.
Daykin,P.N.1965.Application of mass transfer theory to the problem
of respiration of fish eggs.Journal of the Fisheries Research
Board of Canada 22:159-171.
123
-
-
-
.....
I~
-,,
Dill,L.M.,and T.G.Northcote.1970a.Effects of some environmental
factors on survival,condition,and timing of emergence of chum
salmon fry (Oncorhynchus keta).Journal of the Fisheries Research
Board of Canada 27:196-201--.---
.1970b.Effects of gravel size,egg depth,and egg density on
-----rintragravel movement and emergence of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus
kisutch)alevins.Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada
27:1191-1199.
Estes,C.C.1984.Evaluation of methods for recommending instream
flows to support spawning by salmon.Master's thesis.Washington
State University,Pullman,Washington,USA.
Francisco,K.1977.Second interim report of the
Fish-Technical Evaluation Study.Joint State/Federal
Wildlife Advisory Team.Special Report Number 9.
Alaska,USA.
Commercial
Fish and
Anchorage,
r
,r-
.~.
Gangmark,H.A.and R.G.Bakkala.1958.Plastic standpipe for sampling
streambed environment of salmon spawn.United States Fish and
Wildlife Service Special Scientific Report Fisheries 261.
Garside,E.T.1959.Some effects of oxygen in relation to temperature
on the development of lake trout embryos.Canadian Journal of
Zoology 37:689-698.
Godin,J.G.1980.Temporal aspects _of juvenile pink salmon
(Oncorhynchus gorbuscha)emergence from a simul ated gravel redd.
Canadian Journal of Zoology 58:735-744.
Hall,J.D.,and R.L.Lantz.1969.Effects of logging on the habitat of
coho salmon and cutthroat trout in coastal streams.Oregon Agricul-
tural Experiment Station.Pages 355-375 in Symposium on Salmon and
Trout in Streams,University of British COlumbia,Technical Paper
2570,Vancouver,Canada.
Hayes,F.R.1949.The growth,general chemistry and temperature
relations of salmonid eggs.Quarterly Review of Biology 24:281-308.
,LR.Wilmot,and D.A.Livingstone.1951.The oxygen con-
--s-umption of the salmon egg in relation to development and activity.
Journal of Experimental Zoology 116:377-395.
Heard,W.R.1978.Probabl e case of streambed overseedi ng-1967 pi nk
salmon,Oncorhynchus gorbuscha,spawners and survival of their
progeny in Sashin Creek,southeastern Alaska.Fishery Bulletin
76:569-582.
Heming,T.A.1982.Effect of temperature on utilization of yolk by
chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)eggs and alevins.
Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 39:184-190.
124
Iwamoto,R.N.,E.O.Salo,M.A.Madej,and R.L.McComas.1978.Sediment
and water quality:a review of the literature including a suggested
approach for water quality criteria.United States Environmental
Protection Agency,EPA 910/9-78-048.
Kogl,D.R.1965.Springs and ground-water as factors affecting sur-
vival of chum salmon spawn in a sub-arctic stream.Master's thesis.
University of Alaska,Fairbanks,Alaska,USA.
Koski,K.V.1966.The survival of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch)
from egg deposition to emergence in three Oregon coastal streams.
Master's thesis.Oregon State University,Corvallis,Oregon,USA.
.1975.The survival and fitness of two stocks of chum salmon
-----r(O'ncorhynchus keta)from egg deposition to emergence in a controlled
stream environment at Big Beef Creek.Doctoral dissertation.
University of Washington,Seattle,Washington,USA.
Leitritz,E.,and R.C.Lewis.1976.Trout and salmon culture (hatchery
methods).California Fish and Game,Fish Bulletin 164.University
of California,Berkeley,California,USA.
Levanidov,V.Y.1954.Ways of increasing the reproduction of Amur chum
salmon.Translated from Russian.Akademiya Nauk SSSR,Ikhtiologi-
cheskaya Komissiya,Trudy Soveschanii 4:120-128.Israel Program for
Scientific Translations.United States Department of Commerce,
Office of Technical Services PST Catalog Number 8,Washington,
District of Columbia,USA.
Lind,0.1.1974.Handbook of common methods in limnology.The C.V.
Mosby Company,St.Louis,Missouri,USA.
Lister,D.8.,D.E.Marshall,and D.G.Hickey.1980.Chum salmon
survival and production at seven improved groundwater-fed spawning
areas.Canadian Manuscript Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
Number 1595.
Mason,J.C.1969.Hypoxial stress prior to emergence and competition
among coho salmon fry.Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of
Canada 26:63-91.
McMahon,LE.1983.Habitat suitability index models:coho salmon.
United States Fish and Wildlife Service FWS/OBS-82/10.49.
McNeil,W.J.1962.Variations in the dissolved oxygen content of
intragravel water in four spawning streams of southeastern Alaska.
United States Fish and Wildlife Service Special Scientific Report
Fisheries 402.
1966.Distribution of spawning pink salmon in Sashin Creek,
Southeastern Alaska,and survival of their progeny.United States
Fish and Wildlife Service Special Scientific Report 538.
125
-
-
-
-
-\
•1969.Survival of pink and chum salmon eggs and a1evins.
-----.;P:O-ages 101-117 in T.G.Northcote,editor.Symposium of salmon and
trout in streams.University of British Columbia,Vancouver,
Canada.
,and J.E.Bailey.1975.Salmon Rancher's Manual.United States
-~,...National Marine Fisheries Service,Northwest Fisheries Center,Auke
Bay Fisheries Laboratory,Processed Report,Auke Bay,Alaska,USA.
,R.A.Wells,and D.C.Brickell.1964.Disappearance of dead
--p"""ink salmon eggs and larvae from Sashin Creek,Baranof Island,
Alaska.United States Fish and Wildlife Service Special Scientific
Report Fisheries 485.
__~,and W.H.Ahnel1.1964.Success of pink salmon spawning
relative to size of spawning bed materials.United States Fish and
Wildlife Service Special Scientific Report Fisheries 469:1-15.
Merritt,M.F.,and J.A.Raymond.1982.Early life history of chum
salmon in the Noatak River and Kotzebue Sound.-Alaska Department of
Fish and Game,Juneau,Alaska,USA.
Milhous,R.T.1982.The application of the physical habitat simulation
system to natural resources management.United States Fish and
Wildlife Service.Prepared for the 1982 Summer Computer Simulation
Conference,Denver,Colorado.Fort Collins,Colorado,USA.
Morrow,J.E.1980.The freshwater fishes of Alaska.Alaska Northwest
Publishing Company,Anchorage,Alaska,USA.
Neitzel,D.A.,and C.D.Becker.1983.Effects of dewatering on chinook
salmon redds:tolerance of four developmental phases to temperature
changes and reduced humidity.Batelle,Pacific Northwest Labora-
tory,Richland,Washington,USA.
,C.D.Becker,C.S.Abernathy,D.W.Carlile,and E.W.Lusty.-~1=984.Laboratory simulations of chinook salmon redd dewatering:an
assessment of potential impacts at Vernita Bar.Battelle,Pacific
Northwest Laboratories.Prepared for the Public Utility District of
Grant County,Washington.Richland,Washington,USA.
O'Brien,R.N.,S.Visaisouk,R.Raine,and D.F.Alderdice.1978.
Natural convection:a mechanism for transporting oxygen to incu-
bating salmon eggs.Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of
Canada 35:1316-1321.
Pennak,R.W.1978.Fresh-water invertebrates of the United States,
second edition.John ~li1ey and Sons,Inc.,New York,New York,USA.-Phillips,R.W.1964.The influence of gravel
emergence of coho salmon and steel head trout.
Fifteenth Northwest Fi sh Culture Conference,
sity,Corvallis,Oregon,USA.
126
size on survival to
In Proceedings of the
Oregon State Univer-
•and H.J.Campbell.1961.The embryonic survival of coho salmon
--a-nd steel head trout as influenced by some environmental conditions
in gravel beds.Pages 60-73 in the 14th Annual Report of the
Pacific Marine Fisheries Commission.Portland,Oregon,USA.
,R.L.Lantz,LW.Claire,and J.R.Moring.1975.Some effects
--o~f gravel mi xtures on emergence of coho salmon and stee'l head trout
fry.Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 104:461-466.
Piper,R.G .•LB.McElwain,L.E.Orme,J.P.McCraren,L.G.Fowler,and
J.R.Leonard.1982.Fish Hatchery Management.United States Fish
and Wildlife Service.
Platts,W.S.,W.F.t~egahan,and G.W.Minshall.1983.Methods for
evaluating stream,riparian and biotic conditions.United States
Forest Service General Technical Report INT-138,Ogden Utah,USA.
Pollard,R.A.1955.Measuring seepage through salmon spawning gravel.
Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 12:706-741.-
Pyper,J.(MS).Physical and biological features of natural and artifi-
cial spawning grounds of Fraser River 'sockeye and pink salmon.
International Pacific Salmon Fisheries Commission.
R&M Consultants,Inc.(R&M Consultants).1982.Su s itna Ri ver mil e
index:mouth to Susitna Glacier.Alaska Power Authority Susitna
Hydroel ectri c Project.Attachment D,prepared for Acres Ameri can,
Inc.Anchorage,Alaska,USA.
Raymond,J.A.1981.Incubation of fall chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta)
at Clear Air Force Station,Alaska.Alaska Department of Fish and
Game,FRED Division.Juneau,Alaska,USA.
Reiser,D.W.1981.Effects of streamflow reduction,flow fluctuation
and flow cessation on salmonid embryo incubation and fry quality.
Doctoral dissertation.University of Idaho,Moscow,Idaho,USA.
__.1981b.Effects of flow fluctuations and redd dewatering on
salmonid embryo development and fry quality.Idaho Water and Energy
Resources Research Institute,University of Idaho,Moscow,Idaho,
USA.
.1983.Development and testing of an intergravel sampling---'d~evice for quantifying fine sediments in streams.Preliminary
Research Proposal.
,and M.P.Ramey.1985.Review of flushing flow requirements in---regulated streams.Bechtel Group Inc.Prepared for Pacific Gas and
Electric Company.San Francisco,California.
,and R.G.White.1981a.Influence of streamflow reductions on---,salmonid embryo development and fry Quality.Idaho Water and Energy
Resources Research Institute,University of Idaho.Research
Technical Completion Report,Project A-058-IDA,Moscow,Idaho,USA.
127
.....,
,and T.A.Wesche.1977.Determination of physical and hydraulic
----p-references of brown and brook trout in the selection of spawning
locations.Water Resources Research Institute,University of
Wyoming,Laramie,Wyoming,USA.
,and I.C.Bjornn.1979.Influence of forest and rangeland
---m-anagement on anadromous fi sh habitat in western North Ameri ca.
Number 1.Habitat requirements of anadromous salmonids.United
States Forest Service General Technical Report PNW-96.Portland,
Oregon,USA.
Rombough,P.J.1982.Effects of low pH on eyed embryos and alevins of
Pacific salmon.Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
40:1575-1582.
Rukhlov,F.N.1969.Materials characterizing the texture of bottom
material in the spawning grounds and redds of the pink salmon
[Oncorh nchus Jorbuscha (Walbaum)J and the autumn chum [Oncorh*nchus
keta Walbaum)on Sakhalin.Problems in Ichthyology 9:635-64 .
Sano,S.1966.Salmon of the North Pacific Ocean -Part III.A review
of the life history of North Pacific salmon.Chum salmon in the Far
East.International North Pacific Fisheries Commission Bulletin
18:41-57.
Sautner,J.S.,L.J.Vining,and L.A.Rundquist.1984.An evaluation of
passage conditions for adult salmon in sloughs and side channels of
the middle Susitna River.Chapter 6 in C.C.Estes and D.S.Vincent-
Lang,editors.Aquatic habitat and-i nstream flow i nvesti gati ons
(May -October 1983).A1askaDepartment of Fi sh and Game Susitna
Hydro Studies.Report Number 3.Prepared for Alaska Power Authori-
ty.Anchorage,Alaska,USA.
Scrivener,J.C.,and M.J.Brownlee.1981.A preliminary analysis of
Carnati on Creek gravel quality data,1973-1980.Pages 195-226 in
Proceedings of a Conference on Salmon Spawning Gravel:A Renewable
Resource in the Pacific Northwest.State of Washington Water
Resource Research Group.Seattle,Washington,USA.
Sheridan,W.L.1962.Waterflow through a salmon spawning riffle in
southeastern Alaska.United States Fish and Wildlife Service
Special Scientific Report No.407.
Shumway,D.L.,C.E.Warren,and P.Doudoroff.1964.Influence of
oxygen concentration and water movement on the growth of steel head
trout and coho salmon embryos.Transactions of the American
Fisheries Society 93:342-356.
Silver,S.J.1960.The influence of water velocity and dissolved
oxygen on the development of salmonid embryos.~lasterls thesis.
Oregon State College,Corvallis,Oregon,USA.
128
,C.E.Warren,and P.Doudoroff.1963.Dissolved oxygen
------r-equirements of developing steel head trout and chinook salmon
embryos at different water velocities.Transactions of the American
Fisheries Society 92:327-343.
Smoker,W.W.,and C.L.Kerns.1977.Artificial salmon spawning:a
manual.University of Alaska Sea Grant,Marine Advisory Bulletin 7,
Juneau,Alaska,USA.
Snedecor,G.W.and W.G.Cochran.1980.Statistical Methods.Seventh
Edition.The Iowa State University Press.Ames.Iowa.
SYSTAT,Inc.(SYSTAT)1984.The system for statistics.Evanston,
Illinois,USA.
Tagart.J.V.1976.The survival from egg deposition to emergence of
coho salmon in the Clearwater River.Jefferson County,Washington.
r'laster 's thesis.University of Washington.Seattle,Washington.
USA.
Tappel.P.D.,and T.C.Bjornn.1983.A new method of relating size of
spawning gravel to salmonid embryo survival.North American Journal
of Fisheries Management 3:123-135.
Vaux,W.G.1962.Interchange of stream and intragravel water in a
salmon spawning riffle.United States Fish and Wildlife Service
Special Scientific Report Fisheries 405..
-
-
1968.
streambed.
66:479-489.
Intragravel flow and interchange of water in a
United States Fish and Wildlife Service Fishery Bulletin
Velleman.P.F .•and D.C.Hoaglin.1981.Applications.basics.and
computing of exploratory data analysis.Duxbury Press.Boston,
Massachusetts,USA.
Velsen,F.P.J.1980.Embryonic development in eggs of sockeye salmon
(Oncorhynchus nerka).Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic
Sciences.Special Publication Number 49.
Vincent-Lang.D••A.Hoffmann.A.E.Bingham,C.Estes,D.Hilliard.C.
Stewart.E.W.Trihey.and S.Crumley.1984.An evaluation of chum
and sockeye salmon spawning habitat in sloughs and side channels of
the middle Susitna River.Chapter 7 in C.C.Estes and D.S.Vincent-
Lang.editors.Aquatic habitat·and-instream flow investigations
(May -October 1983).Alaska Department of Fish and Game Susitna
Hydro Studies.Report Number 3.Prepared for Alaska Power Authori-
ty.Anchorage,Alaska.USA.
Walkotten.W.J.1976.An improved technique for freeze sampling
streambed sediments.Department of Agriculture.Forest Service.
Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station.Research Note
PNW-281,Portland,Oregon,USA.
129
-
Wangaard,D.B.,and C.V.Burger.1983.Effects of various water
temperature regimes on egg and alevin incubation of Susitna River
chum and sockeye salmon.United States Fish and ~Jildlife Service,
National Fishery Research Center,Alaska Field Station,P,nchorage,
Alaska,USA.
Wells,R.A.,and W.J.McNeil.1970.Effect of quality of the spawning
bed on growth and development of pink salmon embryos and alevins.
United States Fish and Wildlife Service Special Scientific Report
Fisheries 616.
Wickett,W.P.1954.The oxygen supply to salmon eggs in spawning beds.
Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 11:933-953.
.1958.Review of certain environmental factors affecting the
--production of pink and chum salmon.Journal of·the Fisheries
Research Board of Canada 15:1103-1126.
Wilson,W.J.,W.W.Trihey,J.E.Baldrige,C.O.Evans,J.G.Thiele and
D.E.·Tri edgen.1981.An assessment of envi ronmenta 1 effects of
construction and operation of the proposed Terror Lake hydroelectric
facility,Kodiak,Alaska.Instream Flow Studies final report.
Arctic Environmental Information and Data Center.University of
Alaska,Anchorage,Alaska,USA.
Woodward-Clyde Consultants (Woodward-Clyde).1984.Susitna hydro-
electric project first interim mitigation plan for chum salmon
spawning habitat in side sloughs of the middle Susitna River.
Prepared for Alaska Power Authority.Anchorage,Alaska,USA.
130
8.0 APPENDICES
Page
Appendix A.Embryo Development and Survival Data A-I
Appendix B.Study Site Maps B-1
Appendix C.Water Quality Data C-l
Appendix D.Substrate Data 0-1
Appendix E.Additional Habitat Data E-l
Appendix F.Winter Temperature Data (presented in Volume 2)
131
"'"'I
~
I
;;.
i
AP PEN DI X A
EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT AND SURVIVAL DATA
A-I
APPENDIX A
EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT AND SURVIVAL DATA
This appendix presents information on embryo development and survival
obtained from selected Susitna River habitats.Appendix Table A-I
presents the stages of development of chum salmon embryos in middle
Susitna River habitats.Percent survival of embryos is presented in
Appendix Table A-2.Data is reported for eight study sites:Fourth of
July Creek,Sloughs 10,11,and 21,Side Channels 10,21 and Upper Side
Channel 11,and Mainstem (RM 136.1).
A-2
~\
/Mil
Appendix Table A-I.Stages of development of live chum salmon embryos and alevins removed from middle
Susitna River habitats,Alaska.
Staaes of Development
)')-)
Site
(River mile)
I Sampling IStand
ISub I Date I pipe
Isitel y/m/d I No.
Box I
No.I
Number of I Cleavage I Gastrulation I Organogenesis I"Alevin •
Embryos I I I Early I Late I
Evaluated I 1 I 2 3 4 I 5 6 7 I 8 9 10 11 I 12
Fourth of July
Creek
(131.1)
A 831009
A 831009
A 831102
A 831102
A 831102
A 831102
003
003
007
007
012
012
1
2
1
2
1°
2
12
14
40
42
39
.38
12
14
07 33
15 27
21 18
38
:P-
I
W
Side Channel 10 A
(133.8)A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
831009
831009
831031
831031
840301
840301
840301
840301
840301
840302
001
001
011
011
002
002
005
005
009
013
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
1
42
44
40
39
40
41
8
44
9
1
07 03 32
44
40
39
01 31 08
10 31
01 07
02 42
01
09
Slough 10
(133.8)
Slough llb
(135.3)
A 831029
A 831031
A 831031
A 840208
A 840229
A 840229
A 831009
A 831009
A 831031
A 831031
A 831031
A 831031
A 840209
A 840209
A 840210
002
017
017
015
013
013
005
005
002
002
015
015
001
001
012
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
1
26
43
4
7
17
49
53
35
8
46
48
46
44
3
01
03
10
04 19
11 22
02 05
06
49
53
07 28
03 05
10 36
06 42
04
07
46
44
02 01
04
Appendix Table A-I.(Continued).
----------------------------------------------~---------------------------------------------------------------------
Stages of Development
18amplingl8tand I Number of I Cleavage I Gastrulation I Organogenesis I Alevin
Site ISub I Date I pipe I Box I Embryos I I Early I Late
(River mile)Isitel y/m/d I No.I No.I Evaluated I 1 I
2 3 4 I 5 6 7 I 8 9 10 11 I 12
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Slough 11 b B 830828 511 1 25 25
(continued)B 830828 511 2 25 25
B 830828 821 1 25 25
B 830828 84 1 2 25 25
B 830901 4TH 1 25 25
B 830901 4TH 2 25 25
B 830915 810 1 25 25
B 830915 510 2 23 23
B 830922 C21 1 21 21
B 830922 C21 2 23 23
B 831031 4TH 1 37 37
B 831031 4TH 2 37 37
):>0 B 831031 510 1 45 02 27 16
I B 831031 810 2 37 03 22 12.p.B 831031 511 1 47 16 31
B 831031 811 1 47 16 31
B 831031 C21 1 21 02 19
B 831031 C21 2 20 03 17
B 831031 821 1 42 42
B 831031 521 2 41 01 40
B 840201 C21 1 1 01
B 840201 C21 2 2 01 01
B 840201 821 1 3 01 02
B 840201 521 2 4 02 02
B 840201 510 1 28 02 02 03 21
B 840201 510 2 18 01 01 16
B 840201 511 2 1 01
C 831009 DEV 1 44 10 34
C 831009 DEV 2 47 23 24
C 831024 DEV 1 52 44 08
C 831024 DEV 2 39 30 09
C 831110 DEV 1 44 01 17 26
C 831122 DEV 1 38 04 01 33
C 831204 DEV 1 36 26 10
C 831230 DEV 1 34 34
c~JI.~t J .'I j t>t ~~.1
-l ------;\
.V ~~l i.\1
Appendix Table A-I.(Continued).
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Stages of Development
ISamplinglStand I Number of I Cleavage I Gastrulation I Organogenesis I A1evin
Site ISub I Date I pipe I Box I Embryos I I Early I Late
(River mile)Isitel y/m/d I No.I No.I Evaluated I 1 I 2 3 4 I 5 6 7 I 8 9 10 11 I 12
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Mainstem A 831009 DEV 1 32 19 13
(136.1)A 831009 DEV 2 44 22 22
A 831025 DEV 1 6 06
A 831025 DEV 2 29 01 28
A 831025 DEV 3 21 04 17
A 831110 DEV 1 26 26
A 831122 DEV 1 17 01 13 03
A 831204 DEV 1 34 12 22
A 831229 DEV 1 26 02 21 03
A 840330 DEV 1 17 13 04
A 840330 DEV 2 15 09 06
A 840330 DEV 3 14 09 OS
A 840410 DEV 1 1
01
:l:>A 840410 DEV 2 16 04 12
I A 840417 DEV 1 10 10Ll1
A 840417 DEV 2 2
02
A 840417 DEV 3 4
04
A 840425 DEV 1 5 05
A 840425 DEV 2 6
06
Upper Side A 831024 DEV 1 47 33 14
Channel 11 A 831024 DEV 2 49 25 24
(136.0 A 831110 DEV 1 41 02 39
A 831122 DEV 1 42 42
A 831204 DEV 1 43 16 27
A 831230 DEV 1 48 02 46
Side Channe 1 21 A 831009 002 1 11 01 10
(141.0)A 831009 002 2 24 01 10 13
A 831027 014 1 42 01 38 03
A 831027 014 2 38 20 18
B 840328 OOC 1 28 02 26
B 840328 OOC 2 19 19
B 840329 OOD 1 10 10
B 840329 OOD 2 11 11
B 840419 OOA 1 12 12
B 840419 OOA 2 2 02
Appendix Table A-I.(Continued).
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Stages of Development
ISamplinglStand I Number of I Cleavage I Gastrulation I Organogenesis I A1evin
Site ISub I Date I pipe I Box I Embryos I I Early I Late
(River mile)Isitel y/m/d I No.I No.I Evaluated I 1 I 2 3 4 I 5 6 7 I 8 9 10 11 I 12
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------~---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Side Channel 21 C 831025 DEV 2 19 04 08 07
(continued)C 831110 DEV 1 14 07 07
C 831122 DEV 1 12 01 11
C 831204 DEV 2 20 20
C 840119 DEV 1 3 03
C 840329 DEV 2 17 14 03
C 840329 DEV 2 10 10
C 840411 DEV 1 8 08
C 840417 DEV 1 12 09 03
C 840426 DEV 1 11 11
C 840502 DEV 1 14 14
C 840510 DEV 1 14 14
Slough 21 A 831026 001 1 38 03 35
~'::o 041.8)A 831026 001 2 39 39
I A 831229 014 1 41 41O'l A 840113 014 2 13 01 01 11
A 840117 003 1 40 11 29
A 840117 005 1 42 30 12
A 840117 005 2 43 38 05
A 840117 008 1 5 01 01 02 01
A 840117 008 2 26 05 14 07
A 840117 010 1 1 01
Natural Redds 831002 S21 1 4 04
831025 S21 2 6 06
831026 S21 3 10 03 07
831202 S21 3 10 02 08
840413 S21 4 8 08
831024 S11 1 7 02 05
831024 Sl1 2 8 07 01
831025 C21 1 11 11
831102 4TH 1 4 03 01
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
a Boxes noted with an asterisk contained pink salmon embryos.
bBoxes removed from Subsite B during 830828 to 831031 were used to evaluate embryo handling mortality.
Twenty-five embryos were inspected from each box,only the number of living is reported.
J .l 1t ,1 J I>}I J),cl I
J =····1 -1
Appendix Table A-2.Percent survival of hatched and unhatched embryos recovered from Whitlock-Vibert Boxes placed in
selected habitats of the middle Susitna River,'Alaska.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Hatched a I Unhatched a I I F1at-I Total O IFrozen I
--------------------------------------------1 I worm I------------------Icondi-I
ISamplinglStand I I Live I Dead I Live I Dead I Missingbl Abun-ISurvivallMortalityl tion 1
Site ISub I Date 1 pipe I Box --------------------------------------------1---------I dance 1------------------1 of I
(River mile)ISitel y/m/d I No.1 No.1 No.1 %I No.I %1 No.I %1 No.I %I No.1 %I Rank 1 %I %I WVBsCI
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Fourth of July A 840330 015 1 24 48 13 26 0 0 13 26 0 0 04 48 52 1
(131.1)'A 840330 015 2 22 44 13 26 1 2 13 26 1 2 04 46 54 1
A 840419 010 1 0 0 33 66 0 0 11 22 6 12 04 0 100 1
A 840419 010 2d 8 16 10 20 0 0 15 30 17 34 04 16 84 1
A 840419 013 1 16 32 2 4 0 0 10 20 22 44 03 32 68 1
A 840419 013 2 15 30 5 10 0 0 10 20 20 40 03 30 70 1
A 840419 014 1 12 24 2 4 0 0 26 52 10 20 04 24 76 1
A 840419 014 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 100 0 0 04 0 100 1
A 840426 006 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 61 100 0 0 04 0 100 3
A 840426 006 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 100 0 0 04 0 100 3
>A 840426 008 1d 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 20 40 80 03 0 100 1
~A 840426 008 2 1 2 0 0 0 0 25 50 24 48 03 2 98 1
A 840426 009 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 20 40 80 01 0 100 1
A 840426 009 2 d 0 0 0 0 0 0 21 42 29 58 04 0 100 1
A 840502 005 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 100 0 0 04 0 100 3
A 840502 005 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 49 98 1 2 04 0 100 3
A 840510 001 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 49 98 1 2 04 0 100 3
A 840510 001 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 100 0 0 04 0 100 3
A 840510 004 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 51 100 0 0 04 0 100 3
A 840510 004 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 100 0 0 04 0 100 3
A 840510 011 1 12 24 7 14 0 0 21 42 10 20 04 24 76 1
A 840510 011 2 d 11 22 5 10 0 0 18 36 16 32 03 22 78 1
Side Channel 10 A 840301 002 1 0 0 0 0 40 80 10 20 0 0 04 80 20 1
(133.8)A 840301 002 2 0 0 0 0 41 82 9 18 0 0 04 82 18 1
A 840301 003 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 100 0 0 04 0 100 3
A 840301 003 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 52 100 0 0 04 0 100 3
A 840301 005 1 0 0 0 0 8 16 42 84 0 0 04 16 84 1
A 840301 005 2 0 0 0 0 45 88 6 12 0 0 04 88 12 1
A 840301 006 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 100 0 0 04 0 100 2
A 840301 006 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 100 0 0 04 0 100 2
A 840301 007 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 100 0 0 04 0 100 3
A 840301 007 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 100 0 0 04 0 100 3
A 840301 008 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 49 98 1 2 04 0 100 2
A 840301 008 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 .50 100 0 0 04 0 100 2
-------------------------~--------------------------------------~-------------------------------------------------------------------
Appendix Table A-2.(Continued).
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I Hatched O I Unhatched Q !I F1at-1 Tota1°IFrozenl
--------------------------------------------1 I worm I------------------Icondi-I
ISamplinglStand 1 1 Live I Dead I Live I Dead 1 Missingbl Abun-ISurviva1!Mortalityl tion 1
Site ISub I Date 1 pipe I Box --------------------------------------------1---------I dance 1------------------1 of I
(River mile)ISitel y/m/d 1 No.1 No.1 No.I %I No.I %I No.1 %1 No.I %I No.1 %I Rank 1 %I %I WVBscl
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Side Channel 10 A 840301 009 1 9 18 16 32 0 0 14 28 11 22 04 18 82 1
(continued)A 840301 009 2 8 16 26 52 0 0 8 16 8 16 04 16 84 1
A 840301 010 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 100 0 0 04 0 100 2
A 840301 010 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 100 0 0 04 0 100 2
A 840301 012 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 100 0 0 04 0 100 2
A 840301 012 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 100 0 0 04 0 100 2
A 840302 013 1 0 0 0 0 1 2 49 98 0 0 04 2 98 1
A 840302 013 2 0 0 0 0 39 78 11 22 0 0 04 78 22 1
A 840302 014 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 100 0 0 04 0 100 2
A 840302 014 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 100 0 0 04 0 100 2
:~A 840302 018 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 100 0 0 04 0 100 3
~o A 840302 018 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 49 98 1 2 04 0 100 3
A 840330 004 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 100 0 0 04 0 100 3
A 840330 004 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 100 0 0 04 0 100 3
A 840502 015 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 100 0 0 04 0 100 3
A 840502 015 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 100 0 0 04 0 100 3
A 840502 019 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 51 100 0 0 04 0 100 3
A 840502 019 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 100 0 0 04 0 100 3
A 840510 016 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 100 0 0 04 0 100 3
A 840510 016 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 52 100 0 0 04 0 100 3
A 840510 017 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 51 100 0 0 04 0 100 3
A 840510 017 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 51 100 0 0 04 0 100 3
Slough 10 A 840208 015 1 0 0 0 0 3 6 4 8 43 86 01 6 94 1
(133.8)A 840228 014 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 10 45 90 04 0 100 1
A 840228 015 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 4 48 96 04 0 100 1
A 840228 018 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 6 47 94 02 0 100 1
A 840229 006 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 100 0 0 04 0 100 3
A 840229 006 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 51 100 0 0 04 0 100 3
A 840229 008 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 100 0 0 04 0 100 2
A 840229 008 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 100 0 0 04 0 100 2
A 840229 009 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 100 0 0 04 0 100 1
A 840229 009 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 100 0 0 04 0 100 1
A 840229 010 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 12 44 88 03 0 100 1
A 840229 010 2 0 0 2 4 0 0 7 14 41 82 03 0 100 1
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
J i )).-~).._l J .~}•J J.)
1 )"1 ""~)~""~1 c'C"c~]ec cc ),c c']1 "CC)
Appendix Table A-2.(Continued).
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Hatched °I Unhatched °I I Flat-I TotalO lFrozenl
--------------------------------------------1 I worm I------------------Icondi-I
ISamplinglStand I I Live I Dead I Live I Dead I Missingbl Abun-ISurvivallMortalityl tion I
Site ISub I Date I pipe I Box --------~-----------------------------------I---------I dance 1------------------1 of I
(River mile)ISitel y/m/d I No.I No.I No.I %I No.I %I No.I %I No.I %I No.1 %I Rank I %I %I WVBs C I
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Slough 10 A 840229 011 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 100 0 0 04 0 100 1
(continued)A 840229 011 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 100 0 0 04 0 100 1
A 840229 012 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 20 40 80 01 0 100 1
A 840229 012 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 18 41 82 02 0 100 1
A 840229 013 1 0 0 0 0 6 12 41 82 3 6 03 12 88 1
A 840229 013 2 4 8 0 0 13 26 25 50 8 16 02 34 66 1
A 840229 014 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 28 56 22 44 03 0 100 1
A 840229 016 1 0 0 32 64 0 0 11 22 7 14 04 0 100 1
A 840229 016 2 0 0 36 72 0 0 10 20 4 8 03 0 100 1
A 840229 018 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 10 45 90 03 0 100 1
A 840229 019 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 6 47 94 03 0 100 1:>A 840229 019 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 26 37 74 01 0 100 1I
1.0 A 840229 020 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 28 36 72 02 0 100 1
A 840229 020 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 26 37 74 02 0 100 1
A 840301 003 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 100 0 0 04 . 0 100 3
A 840301 003 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 100 0 0 04 0 100 3
A 840330 005 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 52 100 0 0 04 0 100 3
A 840330 005 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 100 0 0 04 0 100 3
A 840410 001 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 61 100 0 0 04 0 100 3
A 840410 001 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 100 0 0 04 0 100 3
A 840425 004 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 100 0 0 0 100 3
A 840425 004 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 100 0 0 0 100 3
Slough 11 A 840118 010 1 0 0 0 0 45 90 2 4 3 6 02 90 10 1
035.3}A 840201 010 2 2 4 1 2 25 50 3 6 19 38 01 54 46 1
A 840209 001 1 0 0 0 0 46 92 3 6 1 2 03 92 8 1
A 840209 001 2 0 0 0 0 44 88 3 6 3 6 03 88 12 1
A 840209 003 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 100 0 0 02 0 100 3
A 840209 003 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 49 98 1 2 03 0 100 3
A 840209 004 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 100 0 0 03 0 100 3
A 840209 004 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 48 96 2 4 01 0 100 3
A 840209 006 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 100 0 0 03 0 100 3
A 840209 006 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 49 98 1 2 03 0 100 3
A 840209 007 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 47 94 3 6 02 0 100 3
A 840209 007 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 100 0 0 01 0 100 3
---------------------------------------------------------------------------~-----------------------~-------------------------------
Appendix Table A-2.(Continued).
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I Hatched Q I Unhatched Q I I Flat-1 Tota1 Q IFrozenl
------~-------------------------------------I I worm I------------------Icondi-I
ISamplinglStand I 1 Live 1 Dead I Live I Dead !Missingbl Abun-ISurvivallMortalityl tion I
Site ISub 1 Date I pipe 1 Box --------------------------------------------1---------I dance 1------------------1 of I
(River mile)ISitel y/m/d I No.I No.I No.I %1 No.1 %I No.I %I No.I %I No.1 %I Rank 1 %1 %I WVBsCI
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Slough 11 A 840209 008 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 41 82 9 18 02 0 100 2
(continued)A 840209 008 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 49 98 1 2 03 0 100 2
A 840210 009 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 47 94 3 6 01 0 100 2
A 840210 009 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 100 0 0 01 0 100 2
A 840210 011 1 0 0 0 0 2 4 1 2 47 94 02 4 96 1
A 840210 011 2 0 0 0 0 1 2 7 14 42 84 02 2 98 1
A 840210 012 1 0 0 0 0 3 6 41 82 6 12 01 6 94 1
A 840210 012 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 47 94 3 6 02 0 100 1
A 840210 013 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 100 01 0 100 1
A 840210 013 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 6
47 94 02 0 100 1
):>0 A 840210 014 1 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 49 98 2 98 1I84021001420 0 0 1 1 2 48 96 98......A 0 2 02 2 1
0 A 840210 016 1 0 0 0 0 1 2 15 30 34 68 01 2 98 1
A 840210 016 2 0 0 0 0 2 4 0 0 48 96 01 4 96 1
A 840210 017 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 49 98 01 0 100 1
A 840210 017 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 10 45 90 02 0 100 1
A 840210 020 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 45 90 5 10 02 0 100 1
A 840210 020 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 44 88 6 12 03 0 100 1
A 840301 018 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 37 74 13 26 03 0 100 3
A 840328 018 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 43 86 7 14 0 100 3
A 840328 019 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 47 94 3 6 01 0 100 3
A 840328 019 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 49 98 1 2 01 0 100 3
B 840201 4TH 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 4 48 96 03 0 100 1
B 840201 4TH 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 8 46 92 02 0 100 1
B 840201 S10 1 21 42 0 0 8 16 3 6 18 36 02 58 42 1
B 840201 S10 2 16 32 2 4 3 6 6 12 23 46 01 38 62 1
B 840201 811 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 10 45 90 02 0 100 1
B 840201 811 2 1 2 0 0 0 0 1 2 48 96 02 2 98 1
B 840201 e21 1 0 0 0 0 1 2 5 10 44 88 02 2 98 1
B 840201 e21 2 1 2 O.0 0 0 13 26 36 72 01 2 98 1
B 840201 S21 1 2 4 0 0 1 2 25 50 22 44 01 6 94 1
B 840201 821 2 2 4 0 0 2 4 11 22 35 70 01 8 92 1
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
J J J J 01 .t I J ,I I J I
1 ]1 -1 1 1 I ·"t J J
Appendix Table A-2.(Continued).
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 Hatched O 1 Unhatched Q I I Flat-1 Total °IFrozenl
---------------------------------~----------I I worm I------------------Icondi-I
ISamplinglStand I 1 Live !Dead I Live I Dead !Mi6sing b l Abun-ISurvivallMortalityl tion I
Site ISub 1 Date I pipe I Box --------------------------------------------1---------I dance 1------------------1 of 1
(River mile)ISitel y/m/d I No.I No.I No.1 %1 No.1 %1 No.1 %I No.I %1 No.1 %1 Rank 1 %I %I WVBs C I
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Mainstem A 840330 DVA 1 4 8 0 0 13 26 33 66 0 0 04 34 66 1
(136.1)A 840330 DVA 2 6 12 1 2 9 18 22 44 12 24 04 30 70 1
A 840330 DVA 3 5 10 0 0 9 18 28 56 8 16 04 28 72 1
A 840410 DV1 1 1 2 0 0 0 0 44 88 5 10 04 2 98 1
A 840410 DV1 2 12 24 2 4 4 8 34 68 0 0 04 31 69 1
A 840417 DV1 1 10 20 1 2 0 0 33 66 6 12 04 20 80 1
A 840417 DV1 2 2 4 1 2 0 0 51 100 0 0 04 4 96 1
A 840417 DV1 3 4 8 14 28 0 0 27 54 5 10 04 8 92 1
~Side Channel 21 A 840329 012 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 52 100 0 0 04 0 100 3
I (141.0)A 840329 012 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 100 0 0 04 0 100 3
~A 840329 013 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 100 0 0 04 0 100 2
A 840329 013 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 48 96 2 4 04 0 100 2
A 840329 015 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 100 0 0 04 0 100 3
A 840329 015 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 100 0 0 04 0 100 3
A 840329 OS4 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 100 0 0 04 0 100 3
A 840329 OS4 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 100 0 0 04 0 100 3
A 840329 OS5 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 100 0 0 04 0 100 3
A 840329 OS5 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 100 0 0 04 0 100 3
A 840417 003 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 49 98 1 2 04 0 100 3
A 840417 003 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 100 0 0 04 0 100 3
A 840417 OS2 1 0 0 0 0 '0 0 50 100 0 0 04 0 100 3
A 840417 OS2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 100 0 0 04 a 100 3
A 840417 OS3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 49 98 1 2 04 0 100 3
A 840417 OS3 2 0 a 0 0 0 0 50 100 0 0 04 0 100 3
A 840502 007 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 100 0 a 04 0 100 2
A 840502 007 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 49 98 1 2 04 0 100 2
A 840502 008 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 100 0 0 04 0 100 2
A 840502 008 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 100 0 0 04 0 100 2
A 840502 OSl 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 49 98 1 2 04 0 100 3
A 840502 OSl 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 49 98 1 2 04 0 100 3
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Appendix Table A-2.(Continued).
------------------------------------------------~----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 Hatched a 1 Unhatched a 1 1 Flat-1 Total a IFrozenl
--------------------------------------------1 1 worm I------------------Icondi-I
ISamplinglStand 1 1 Live 1 Dead 1 Live !Dead 1 Hissingbl Abun-ISurvivallMortalityl tion 1
Site ISub 1 Date 1 pipe 1 Box --------------------------------------------1---------1 dance 1------------------1 of 1
(River mile)ISitel y/m/d 1 No.1 No.1 No.1 %1 No.1 %1 No.1 %I No.I %1 No.1 %1 Rank 1 %1 %1 WVBs c 1
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Side Channel 21 A 840510 005 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 100 0 0 04 0 100 3
(continued)A 840510 005 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 100 0 0 04 0 100 3
A 840601 004 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 100 0 0 0 100 3
A 840601 004 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 100 0 0 0 100 3
A 840601 006 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 46 92 4 8 0 100 3
A 840601 006 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 47 94 3 6 0 100 3
A 840601 009 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 49 98 1 2 0 100 3
A 840601 009 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 49 98 1 2 0 100 3
A 840601 010 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 100 0 0 0 100 3
A 840601 010 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 100 0 0 0 100 3
A 840601 011 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 100 0 0 0 100 3
A 840601 011 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 100 0 0 0 100 3»B 840329 OOB 1 0 0 0 0 5 10 41 82 4 8 03 10 90 1i
I-'B 840329 OOB 2 0 0 0 0 32 64 16 32 2 4 03 64 36 1
1',,)B 840329 OOC 1 0 0 0 0 27 54 21 42 2 4 03 54 46 1
B 840329 OOC 2 0 0 0 0 19 38 25 50 6 12 03 38 62 1
B 840329 OOD 1 0 0 0 0 10 20 40 80 0 0 03 20 80 1
B 840329 OOD 2 0 0 0 0 17 34 33 66 0 0 03 34 66 1
B 840329 OOF 1 0 0 0 0 26 35 48 65 0 0 03 35 65 1
B 840329 OOF 2 0 0 0 0 15 30 35 70 0 0 03 30 70 1
B 840419 OOA 1 12 24 0 0 0 0 11 22 27 54 03 24 76 1
B 840419 OOA 2 2 4 0 0 0 0 15 30 33 66 02 4 96 1
B 840419 OOH 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 51 100 0 0 03 0 100 1
B 840419 OOH 2 0 0 0 0 2 4 48 96 0 0 03 4 96 1
B 840502 OOG 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 49 98 1 2 04 0 100 3
B 840502 OOG 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 49 98 1 2 04 0 100 3
B 840510 OOE 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 100 0 0 04 0 100 3
B 840510 OOE 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 100 0 0 04 0 100 3
B 840510 OSA 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 100 0 0 04 0 100 3
B 840510 OSA 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 100 0 0 04 0 100 3
B 840601 OSB 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 49 98 1 2 0 100 3
B 840601 OSB 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 49 98 I 2 0 100 3
Slough 21 A 840117 002 1 27 54 0 0 0 0 11 22 12 24 01 54 46
042.0)A 840117 002 2 6 12 1 2 11 22 14 28 18 36 04 34 66
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
~!i J )1 I il ~]I !~,I ,.!J I
J ]-·~1 -1 ]1 ~--l ~-~l ----1 ---1 ]1
Appendix Table A-2.(Continued).
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 Hatched a 1 Unhatched 0 !1 Flat-I TotalO IFrozenl
--------------------------------------------1 I worm I------------------Icondi-I
ISamplinglStand 1 1 Live I Dead I Live 1 Dead 1 Missingbl Abun-ISurvivallMortalityl tion 1
Site ISub I Date 1 pipe 1 aox --------------------------------------------1---------1 dance 1------------------1 of 1
(River mile)ISitel y/m/d I No.1 No.1 No.I %1 No.I %1 No.I %I No.1 %I No.1 %I Rank I %I %1 WVBs c 1
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Slough 21 A 840117 003 1 29 58 0 0 11 22 5 10 5 10 02 80 20 1
(continued)A 840117 003 2 21 42 2 4 12 24 9 18 6 12 02 66 34 1
A 840117 004 1 17 34 1 2 19 38 11 22 2 4 03 72 28 1
A 840117 004 2 13 26 1 2 12 24 16 32 8 16 01 50 50 1
A 840117 005 1 12 24 0 0 31 62 8 16 0 0 02 84 16 1
A 840117 005 2 5 10 1.2 38 76 6 12 0 0 03 86 14 1
A 840117 006 1 32 64 5 10 2 4 11 22 0 0 03 68 32 1
A 840117 006 2 22 44 3 6 7 14 17 34 1 2 02 58 42 1
A 840117 007 1 16 32 3 6 2 4 3 6 26 52 03 36 64 1
A 840117 007 2 35 70 1 2 8 16 4 8 2 4 04 86 14 1
:l:>A 840117 008 1 1 2 0 0 4 8 45 90 0 0 03 10 90 1
I A 840117 008 2 7 14 0 0 18 36 25 50 0 0 04 so SO 1
t-'A 840117 009 1 0 0 28 56 0 0 9 18 13 26 04 0 100 1w·A 840117 009 2 14 28 23 46 2 4 9 18 2 4 03 32 68 1
A 840117 010 1 1 2 0 0 0 0 49 98 0 0 03 2 98 1
A 840117 010 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 100 0 0 04 0 100 1
A 840117 011 1 5 10 13 26 2 4 28 56 2 4 01 14 86 1
A 840117 011 2 33 66 5 10 1 2 8 16 3 6 03 68 32 1
A 840117 012 1 1 2 26 52 0 0 20 40 3 6 03 2 98 1
A 840117 012 2 0 0 33 66 0 0 16 32 1 2 04 0 100 1
A 840117 013 1 20 40 10 20 0 0 18 36 2 4 40 60 1
A 840117 013 2 24 48 9 18 0 0 17 34 0 0 04 48 52 1
o Percentages are calculated based on an initial total of 50 embryos placed in each WVB.
b Missing embryos are assumed to be dead.
C 1 =unfrozenj
2 =pcesumed frozenj
3 =verified frozen.
d Boxes contained p ink sa Imon embryos.
.....
f""
i,
AP PEN D I X B
STUDY SITE LOCATIONS
B-1
APPENDIX B
STUDY SITE LOCATIONS
Appendix B includes a table of study site locations and site maps
identifying all study areas presented in this report.Appendix Table
B-1 provides a list of all study sites,arranged by incrementing river
mil e 1ocati on,and i ncl udes the primary study conducted at each site.
Detailed maps of each study site are presented in Figures B-1 to B-12.
B-2
-
-
-
~I
Appendix Table 8-1.List of study sites used to evaluate the incubation life-phase of chum
salmon in the middle Susitna River.
r
....
Site
Mainstem LRX 9
Deadhorse Creek
Slough 8A (lower)
Mainstem LRX 29
Slough 9
Fourth of July Creek
Slough 9A
Slough 10
Side Channel 10
Slough 11
Upper Side Channel 11
Mainstem (RM 136.1)
Mainstem (RM 136.8)
Indian River
Mainstem (RM 138.7)
Slough 17
Mainstem (RM 138.9)
Side Channel 21
Slough 21 (lower)
Mainstem LRX 57
River Mile
103.2
120.9
125.9
126.1
128.3
131.1
133.6
133.8
133.8
135.3
136.1
136.1
136.8
138.6
138.7
138.9
138.9
141.0
141.8
142.2
B-3
Primary Purpose
Winter Temperature Study
Preliminary Mitigation
Study
Incubation and Winter
Temperature Studies
Winter Temperature Study
Incubation and Winter
Temperature Studies
Incubation and Winter
Temperature Studies
Incubation Study
Incubation and Winter
Temperature Studies
Incubation and Winter
Temperature Studies
Incubation and Winter
Temperature Studies
Incubation and Winter
Temperature Studies
Incubation and Winter
Temperature Studies
Incubation Study
Incubation and Winter
Temperature Studies
Incubation Study
Incubation Study
Incubation Study
Incubation and Winter
Temperature Studies
Incubation and Winter
Temperature Studies
Winter Temperature Study
Appendix
Figure
Number
8-1
B-2
B-3
B-3
8-4
B-5
B-6
B-7
8-7
8-8
B-8
8-8
B-9
8-10
B-11
B-11
8-11
B-12
8-12
B-12
-
-
-
o 500
I I
FEET
(Appro_.Seal.)
SUSITNA RIVER
AT LRX 9
ail OATAPOD TEMPERATURE
RECORDER
A LRX 9 -Site I
B LRX 9 -Sit.2
C LRX 9 -Site 3
:eAOF&G'
;CAMP
-
EBRM 103
I
Q::o
!I.I.~~.
""Q::o
t
LRX 9 I
~.
:.
..'
Figure B-l.Study site location at Mainstem LRX 9 (PM 103.2)•
"""I
!
B-4
-
.....
P'"
I
E9RM 121
DEADHORSE CREEK
T RYAN TEMPERATURE RECORDER
o 500
FEET
(Appro•.Scale)
Figure B-2.Study site location at Deadhorse Creek (RM 120.9).
B-S
to
I
O'l
SLOUGH SA a
rnJ DATAPOD TEMPERATURE RECORDER
A Lower S10uQh lA-Sit.3
8 Main.tem at LRX 29-Sit.2
C Maln.t.m at LRX 29 -Sit.I
D Upper SlouQh IA.Slt.2
E Upp.r SlauQh IA·SIt.3
o 2009
I I J
FEET
(ApprOL Scal.)
IrN4
NIVeN
/
Figure B-3.Study site location at Slough 8A (RM 125.9)and Mainsteni.LRX 29 (RM 126.1).
)I J J J ]J I I 1 I J J I )t J I
1 -)--1 1
SLOUGH 9
CD RYAN nWPUATUIU
REC~D[R
A 8IoUIlII.I/lcubatloll
811.
mJ DATAPOD nw P£RATUR[
RECORDER
•1I01lt"t.51 ..3
o 750
I I I
'EET
lA",...'..'e)
ED RM 129--RiVER
'-'.!
5 -i,I ••\.~••;:.V;I'~(.~'S:!....,;,..~...•:.-;....
;:"
~.......~~..:....;../.".'~·I··'···
~
fB RW
...~..'...
OJ
I-..
Figure B-4.Study site location at Slough 9 (RM 128.3).
.ctt onne '....
f JulY Side
....---4f t'lO
,....-~..'pi'........
It'--i ..."...-.~
'::-:!:,J.'::'1i\~"••~""''''''·''~·.'''.;i I ....._._i I ~~~~jo-...
Ell RM 131.1 I ___~.nn'.-....."'/I 0'.JUly S,d,Clio
,~
•-:·..~o ..-~.~r ..·.
\J\c:.
'"-:...-z.
""P'
~...."""~~
'-
\
4th OF JULY CREEK MOUTH
•Embryo Survival Sit.
lID Datapod Temp.ratur.Recorder
A 4th of Jut,Plume·Site t
B 4th of Jul,Crllll •Sit,I
C 4th of Jut,Cr,,11 •Sit,Z
?3f O
FEET
(Appro ••Scal')
CD
I
00
Figure B-5.Study site location at Fourth of July Creek (RM 131.1).
..._J .J J J .J J J I -),I ]]J .J J ~I .,J
1 1 1 1 --1 ]J ••
~.-.--J )J
··:W(t1'i1~}~~~1~·i:
.-:.,~••~':.,.:1'::·
SLOUGH 9A
~~
()
6Sl20.::;-~
.•'••'t ,";••:.~•••;;/V
ALASKA
RIVER
s ,rNA.
K
...-
OJ
I
l.O
o 500
I I
FEET
(Appro •.Scale)
Figure B-6.Study site location at Slough 9A (RM 133.6).
o::J
I
I-'
a
'-
/
,""--,
~SUS/TNA R/VER--
Ql RM 134
,-..
SLOUGH 10 8 SI DE CHANNEL 10
tIJ Embryo Su'rvivol Site
[Q]Oatapod Temperature
Recorder
A SIou9h 10 Norlhwu'
B SIou9h 10 North,oll
C Sid,Chonn,'10·Site 3
(Inlton ton 'OUI)
o Sid,Chann,1 10.Sit,2
E Sid,Chonn,1 10.Sit,I
o 500
l t
FEET
(Approx.Scol,)
~;{hJ(r)··b·i·"""~'''J.J,..:.
,-,.......
Figure B-7.Study site location at Slough 10 and Side Channel 10 (RM 133.8).
.J J I J ~~D I J J J I I I J J i J ,
1 1 ----)-)1 1 1 -J ~I ~-·-1
co
I......
I--'
..----,f N ~
S ()S
"
e:R
R'
/
SLOUGH II,UPPER SIDE
CHANNEL II a MAINSTE M (RM 136.1
RYAN TEMPERATURE RECORDER
A SlouVh II Incubolion SileoMolnstem(RM 136.11
ID DATAPOD TEMPERATURE RECORDER
8 SIoU9h 1\-SU,2
C Molnet,m (RM 136.11
E Upper Side Channel 1\-Site 3
F Upper Side Chonnel II -Site 2
G Upper Side Chonnel II -Slit I
.EM8RYO SURVIVAL liTE
m!CONTROL SITE
o ~o
t .11.1
Figure B-8.Study site at Slough 11 (RM 135.3)I Upper Side Charmel 11 (RM 136.1)and Mainstem
(RM 136.1).
OJ
I.....
N
Figure B-9.Study site location at Mainstem (RM 136.8).
MAINSTEM SITE
(RM 136.8)
o 7~O,.
FEET
(Approll.Scale)
J J I ].1 )J ~I .I I J J I J 1 -j
1 '-~~1 1 ~-1 j .~J -~]-,-~~,
1:0
I
~
W
.........."
'-'-Standplp.
Figure B-lO.Study site location at Indian River (RM 138.6).
INDIAN RIVER
(Q]DATAPOD TEMPERATURE
RECORDER
A Sit.3
a sao
I I I
FEET
(Approl.Sea I.)
~,""""""
,.'4 y.,,~.'"..
o::J
I
f-'
..j:::>
ED
Mainstem
Site
(RM 138.7)
ED
RM 139.0
"'~t-U"/j.
""'4 /f'/y
~.;p------
SLOUGH 17
a
MAINSTEM SITES
RM 138.7 a RM 138.9
o 500
I I
FEET
(ApprOlt.Seole)
Figure B-1!.Smdy site location at Slough 17 (RM 138.9)and Mainstem sites (RM 138.7 and RM 138.9).
J J J _J .J I I J J .J -]]J -J J I
--1 -1 J 1 --~·-I 1 -.------)----)J
W
I......
<..11
:...;.-..·.·f.;,•..,,'.·4 ~i;"..iW.:.
eRM 141
SLOUGH 21.SIDE CHANNEL 21 a LRX 57
[Q)DATAPOD UMP(ftATUftE RECORDER
A Sid,Chonn,1 21·Sit,4 (lnatonton,oull
B SI d,Chonn,1 21-Sit,2
C Sidl Cha"",'21·Sit,I
D Sid'Chonn,1 21·Sit,3
E Lower SlouOh 21-Sit,2
F Upper SlouO h Z I·Sit,I
G Malnlt,m at LRX 51·Sit,I
H Mainlt,m at LRX 51.Sit,2
•EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT ~TE
ElliliJ EMBRYO SURVIVAL s,no 1000
I I
'Iif
(""roo.hall'
Figure B-12.Study site location at Side Channel 21 (RM 141.0),Slough 21 and Mainstem LRX 57
(RM 142.2).
,..,.
I
r
I
i
-
A P PEN D I X C
WATER QUALITY DATA
C-I
APPENDIX C
WATER QUALITY DATA
Water quality data presented in Appendix C consist of surface and
intragravel measurements of water temperature.di sso1ved oxygen
concentrations,pH,conductivity and turbidity.Surface water quality
data collected at all study sites are presented in Appendix Table C-l.
Intragravel water quality measurements are presented in Appendix Table
C-2.
C-2
-
-
-
-.
-
--
.....
-
.....
-
""'"
-
-
C-3
-Appendix Table C-1.Contl.nued.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sampling Temperature Dissolved Oxygen
---------------------Site Date Time Air Water pH Conduetl.vity Turbidity
(River mile)(y/m/d)(OC)(OC)(mg/i)%Sat.(umbos/em)(NTU)
---------------------------------------------------------,
---------------------------------------------------------------
SIDE CHANNEL 10 830915 8.6 9.8 085 7.4 217 .0
(133.8)830923 1108 2.2 4.1 10.4 083 7.2 255.0 0.3 ~
831009 1215 0.2 0.8 9.4 067 7.1 256 .0 0.6
831028 1300 0.4 0.7 10.0 072 7.5 268.0 0.3
831207 1130 -14.0 0.1 4.0 028 6.9 218.0 0.8
840228 1255 0.1 0.7 9.4 068 7.3 265.0 ~
840228 1315 1.0 0.2 13.4 095 7.8 269.0
840330 1245 8.3 3.8 9.9 078 7.3 251.0
840411 1630 10.6 9.7 10.1 091 7.4 260.0
840425 1220 5.4 11.6 9.5 088 6.6 251.0 0.6
840502 0940 4.2 4.7 11.0 089 7.2 251.0
840511 1545 8.2 12.7 7.2 253.0 0.3
SLOUGH 10 830909 1227 9.1 10.5 093 178.0 ~
(133.8)830909 1240 5.2 10.4 084 209.0
830909 1250 5.7 8.9 072 172.0
830915 5.4 8.4 068 6.7 172.0
830915 5.0 9.7 077 7.0 223 .0
830923 1047 1.0 2.6 10.9 083 6.7 187.0 0.3
831009 1230 0.2 0.8 9.1 065 226.0
831028 1330 0.9 7.3 220.0 0.3
831028 1345·0.5 7.3 167.0 0.4
831110 0.3
831110 ----0.2
831110 1.8 1.8 9.3 068 7.4 170.0
831206 1130 0.4 1.9 9.0 065 7.1 178.0
831206 1555 0.0 1.8 9.5 069 7.3 219.0 0.3
831206 1610 0.0 2.2 8.5 063 7.1 169.0 0.3
840120 1125 0.2 10.7 075 7.2 187.0
840208 1530 -16.0 0.9 9.9 072 7.1 177 .0 -840228 1230 -4.5 1.6 9.5 071 7.4 221.0
840228 1245 -2.4 2.0 8.4 063 7.•2 171.0
840330 1135 8.8 3.8 9.0 070 7.2 172.0 0.2
840330 1140 7.8 3.4 9.9 077 7.4 221.0 0.3 ~
840330 1150 7.2 4.0 9.9 078 7.3 183.0 0.3
840411 5.0 3.7 9.1 070 6.7 176.0
840411 5.1 2.4 9.6 072 7.2 217.0
840411 0950 1.8 2.8 9.8 074 7.1 180.0 .....
840412 0915 0.3 1.3 8.1 059 6.6 106.0
840425 1310 7.2 10.0 083 6.9 181.0 0.4
840425 1415 6.0 8.8 072 6.9 223 .0 0.5
840425 1420 6.1 7.0 9.1 075 6.7 172.0 0.4 -840511 1550 8.0 6.7 6.9 148.0 0.4
840511 1555 1.0 0.1 6.9 219.0 0.5
840511 1600 8.1 6.9 6.7 152.0 0.3
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
~
C-4 -
....
I
!
-Appendix Table C-l.Cont1.nued.
--------------------------------------------------
Sampling Temperature Dissolved Oxygen
-----------------
Site Date time Air Water pH Conduet1.vity Turbidity
(River miLe)(y/m/d)(8C)C·C)(mg/})%Sat.(wOOs/em)(NTU)--------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------
SLOUGH 11 830811 1115 14.8 6.1 6.0 050 7.0 232.0
<135.3)830816 1430 17 .6 8.6 14.6 126 7.0 238.0
830827 16.6 8.6 10.7 095 7.3 230.0 0.3
830915 0840 4.8 4.3 10.8 085 7.2 244.0
830922 1035 7.3 4.7 11.6 094 6.9 242.0 0.7
r 831009 1250 1.1 0.5 12.8 091 231.0 0.3
831101 1105 -2.1 1.2 11.2 081 7.3 241.0 0.8!831109 2.2 1.2 11.4 080 7.6 233.0 0.4
831205 1200 -5.0 1.3 10.5 075 7.6 241.0 0.3
l""'"831230 -18.0 0.4 10.6 077 7.4 243.0!
\840201 1310 -7.0 0.7 10.9 079 7.5 239.0
\840209 1550 -26.0 0.1 11.4 082 7.5 240.0
840328 1440 10 ..9 4.1 12.5 098 7.5 232.0 0.2
.~840410 1520 7.8 4.7 12.5 100 7.5 227.0
840412 1425 9.7 4.9 11.7 094 7.2 226.0
840427 1510 10.0 .6.3 10.9 090 7.2 232.0 0.3
840503 1035 7.2 4.9 11.4 092 7.3 229.0
840511 1530 8.7 8.5 7.1 238.0 0.2
MAINSTEH 831027 1.0 -0.3 14.1 098 8.0 190.0
036.0 831109 1300 -0.2 14.0 098 8.4 235.0 0.718312071620-8.0 -0.2 13.5 093 7.7 242.0
831208 1400 -12.0 -0.3 13.5 095 8.1 251.0 0.8
840331 1015 11.4 0.1 14.0 098 8.0 268.0
840410 3.0 0.2 13.6 095 7.9 260.0
840417 1415 8.2 0.1 7.8 'JiJ7.0
840425 1605 5.2 0.2 13.5 093 7.9 257.0 0.5
840511 1520 7.3 0.8 7.2 138.0 17.0
r UPPER SIDE 830823 1530 14.2 8.9 11.1 098 7.8 138.0
CHANNEL 11 831109 0.7 11.3 081 7.8 182.0 0.7
(136.0 841208 1315 -13.0 0.2 8.5 060 7.3 235.0 0.4
r-840328 1630 6.4 4.7 10.6 085 7.7 179.0
,840427 1500 11.0 8.3 9.4 081 7.3 194.0 0.3
840503 1400 10.0 9.9 9.7 089 7.3 197.0
840511 1522 9.3 12.0 7.3 203.0 0.4
HAINSTEK 831025 1300 -2.0 1.2 10.8 077 7.0 198.0 0.5
(136.8)831025 1330 -2.0 2.1 5.7 042 6.7 209.0 0.8
831108 -1.2 2.5 8.5 063 7.0 197.0 0.2
831214 1415 -20.6 0.2 10.8 074 7.3 200.0 0.4
840427 1440 0.8 6.1 8.8 072 6.7 159.0 0.3
840427 1445 0.8 2.3 12.2 090 7.4 216.0
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
C-5
-
Appendix Table C-l.ContLnued......
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sampling Temperature Dissolved Oxygen--------------------------
Site Date Time Air Water pH ConductLvity Turbidity
(River mile)(y/m/d)(oe)(aC)(mg/L>%Sat.(umhos/c:m)(NTU)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
840511 1515 7.0 7.0 6.7 150.0 3.2 -
INDIAN RIVER 830727 1200 23.6 9.6 11.4 103 6.8 44.7
(138.6)8307 '1.7 1340 21.8 9.9 11.3 103 6.8 45.7
830727 1449 23 .8 10.5 11.3
104 6.9 46 .6 ~
830727 1540 24.0 11.0 11.1 105 6.6 45.7
830728 1035 20.9 11.1 11.0 103 7.1 47.6
830728 1225 24.5 10.1 11.3 6.8 64.0
830728 1445 26 .2 11.3 10.6 6.8 63.0 -830728 1645 22.4 12.0 10.9 6.9 63.0
830728 2000 14.1 10.5 105 7.0 48.6
830729 1945 17.0 10.0 10.5 096 7.2 54.4
831025 1130 -2.8 0.1 14.2 098 7.1 57.0 0.8
831108 0.3 11.9 083 6.8 59.0 0.3
831213 1420 -5.2 -0.3 14.3 097 7.1 69.0 0.3
840427 1420 8.4 3.0 12.1 091 7.1 72.0 0.4 -840511 1415 8.2 4.3 12.1 095 6.9 54.0 0.9
MAINSTEM 831025 1100 -3.8 0.1 14.3 099 7.5 176.0 1.3
(138.7)831108 -5.0 0.5 11.9 083 7.4 164.0 0.3
831213 1300 -6.8 1.6 12.1 088 6.7 80.0 0.8
840427 1405 7.2 3.8 10.9 085 6.8 125.0 0.6
840511 1505 6.9 1.9 6.8 123 .0 16.0
SLOUGH 17 830820 1440 10.2 4.5 5.7 77.0
(138.9)830901 0920 9.1 4.7 75.0
831025 ·1030 -3.8 1.8 11.0 080 6.6 84.0 1.2
831108 -2.4 1.9 11.8 086 6.8 79.0 0.3
831213 14SO -6.0 1.3 11.1 080 6.8 86.0 0.6
840427 1355 9.2 7.8 10.7 092 6.8 86.0 0.4
840511 1455 8.0 6.0 6.4 86.0 0.3
SIDE CRANNEL 21 830825 1400 12.0 8.1 10.8 094 7.5 119.0 75.0
(141.0)830911 1600 8.3 13.3 113 7.5 164.0
830914 1525 6.9 11.6 094 1SO.0
830923 1200 2.8 5.1 13.2 106 7.3 152.0 23.0 ""'"831009 1405 0.2 0.4 14.4 101 149.0 1.7 !
831027 1350 1.0 0.2 14.9 103 7.7 161.0 0.2
831108 1330 0.2 -0.3 154.0 0.2
831204 1305 -3.4 0.0 12.8 088 7.6 156 .0 0.4 _.
840329 1105 5.2 0.7 13.0 093 7.9 0.4
840417 1535 9.2 6.7 7.4 172.0
840427 1340 9.6 6.5 11.9 098 7.4 172.0 0.5
840502 1335 7.6 2.6 12.4 095 7.6 194.0
840511 1445 7.4 11.0 11.1 103 7.5 169.0 1.0
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------...
C-6
-
Appendix Table C-l.Contl.nued.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sampling Temperature Dissolved Oxygen-----------------------------------
She Date 'lime Air Water pH Conduetl.vity Turbidity
(River mile)(y/m/d)(OC)(oC)(mg/l)%Sat.(umbos/em)(NTU)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SLOUGH 21 830819 1500 18.0 9.6 9.9 087 6.8 201.0
(141.8)830825 1200 7.7 11.9 10.9 103 7.8 122.0 85.0
830831 1315 12.0 5.1 6.2 050 196.0
830831 1546 12.0 5.0 8.2 066 196.0
830913 1345 6.0 9.8 081 6.9 194.0
830913 1345 6.1 9.3 077 184.0
830913 1500 6.1 9.8 080 184.0
830921 1130 8.7 4.7 11.6 094 6.6 199.0 0.4-831009 1340 0.2 1.8 8.9 066 190.0 0.3
831026 1300 -0.4 2.3 10.7 078 7.2 201.0 0.3
831108 1230 -0.6 2.0 10.5 077 7.6 193.0 0.3
831202 1115 -5.0 1.4 9.4 067 7.3 200.0 0.4
831229 1320 -16.0 0.8 9.9 071 7.8 204.0
840117 1210 -3.0 1.4 10.9 079 7.2 199.0
840413 0945 2.4 1.9 10.5 078 7.2 201.0
840426 0915 .3.6 3.2 10.5 079 7.3 206.0 0.2
840511 1435 10.0 9.6 9.0 082 6.9 213.0 0.3
----_.-.---------------------------------------------------
C-7
Appendix table C-2.lntragravel and .urface vater quality dat.·collected .t .tandpipea trom Sept~ber to Dec~ber
1983,Su.itna River,Ala.ka.
---------------------------------------------------------------------~---------------------------------------------------
lntragravel Water Surtace Water
------------------------------------------------------------------------
SampUng DO DO
Site Sub Standpipe ------------tup.------------Conductlvity temp.------------ConoucLlvity
(River mile)Site No.Date ti_(DC)(mg/l>%Sat.pH (umbo./cm)(OC)(-g/O %Sat.pH (umbo./cm)
(y/./d)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SLOUGH 8A A 001 831109 1610 2.0 3.8 ·28 7.2 214
<125.9)A 002 831109 '1610 3.0 5.1 39 7.4 159 1.5 8.8 65 7.2 203
A 003 831109 1610 4.0 4.1 32 7.3 154 2.0 8.2 61 7.2 223
A 001 831214 1205 0.8 6.2 44 7.5 283 ------------------A 003 831214 1205 1.9 4.3 31 7.3 274 0.9 6.8 48 7.1 265
SLOUGH 9 A 001 831109 1535 3.0 6.5 50 7.1 147 1.5 10.4 76 1.3 100
(128.3)A 002 831109 1535 3.0 6.2 47 1.2 171 1.5 10.4 76 7.3 118
A 003 831109 1535 3.0 6.4 49 7.0 171 1.5 9.6 70 7.3 127
A 003 831214 1310 2.2 6.3 46 ----181 0.1 9.3 64 7.3 193
roullm or JULY A 001 830914 1840 8.0 9.8 85 ----37 7.8 11.3 97 ----33
CREEl A 002 830914 1840 8.2 10.4 90 ----37 7.8 11.4 98 ----33
(131.1)A 003 830914 .1840 7.8 10.9 94 ----33
n A 004 830914 1840 7.0 12.0 100 ---134
I A 005 830914 1840 6.8 12.9 108 ----150 6.8 13.0 108 7.5 150
00 A 006 830914 1840 7.2 12.0 100 33 7.2 11.8 99 7.5 33
A 007 830914 1840 7.2 11.6 91 ----33 7.2 11.7 98 ----33
A 008 830914 1840 7.2 11.4 96 ----33 7.2 12.3 104 ----33
A 009 830914 1840 7.2 11.7 98 ----33 7.2 11.7 98 ----33
A 010 830914 1840 7.2 11.5 97 ---33 7.2 11.8 99 ---33
A 011 830914 ·1840 7.2 11.4 96 ----33 7.2 12.0 100 ----33
A 012 830914 1840 7.2 11.3 95 ----33 7.2 12.2 102 ----33
A 013 830914 1840 7.2 10.8 91 ----33 7.2 12.3 104 ----33
A 014 830914 1840 7.2 12.2 102 ---33 7.2 12.0 100 ----33
A 015 830914 1840 7.2 9.6 81 ----33 7.2 12.2 102 ----33
A 002 831102 1100 0.5 13.3 96 6.6 26 0.2 13.0 92 7.0 25
A 004 831102 1100 0.5 13.7 99 6.3 24
A 005 831102 1100 0.5 13.1 95 ----34
A 007 831102 1100 0.8 13.7 99 ----24 0.2 13.7 98 7.0 25
A 008 831102 1100 0.2 13.7 98 6.5 29 0.2 13.8 99 7.0 27
A 009 831102 1100 0.8 13.8 100 .----26 0.2 13.7 98 7.0 23
A 012 831102 1100 0.8 13.8 100 ----28 0.8 13.8 100 7.0 28
A 014 831102 1100 0.8 13.8 100 ----28 0.6 13.9 100 7.0 28
A 002 831109 1500 0.0 13.4 93 7.2 29
A 007 831109 1500 0.0 13.6 95 7.2 29
A 012 831109 1500 0.0 13.5 94 7.0 29 0.0 13.5 94 7.2 29
A 012 831203 1415 0.1 13.3 93 7.2 32 0.0 13.3 93 7.0 34
A 014 831203 1415 0.0 13.2 92 7.2 34 0.0 13.3 93 7.0 34
A 015 831203 1415 0.0 13.3 93 ----34 0.2 13.3 93 7.0 34
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
J ~]I I .1 J I J J .]..1 i J .~I
1 ~-]'---1 1 -1 1 --1 --.-1 1 J 1 ---:1
Appendix Table C-2.(Contlnued)•
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Intragravel Water Surface Water
------------------------------------------------------------------------Sampling DO DOSiteSubStandpipe-----------Te.p.------...-----Conductivity T..,p.------------Conduet>vity
(River .ile)Site 110.Date Ti_(OC)(.g/l)ISat.pH (ualloale.)(OC)(ag/l)ISat.-pH (uabo./ea)
b/a/d)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------~------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SLOUGH 9A A 001 831109 ---4.0 6.3 49 7.1 259 3.0 10.0 76 6.8 155
(133.6)A 002 831109 ---3.5 9.9 76 7.0 255 2.5 6.4 48 6.8 193
A 003 831109 ----3.5 10.0 77 7.0 127 2.5 10.0 75 6.8 184
A 001 831214 1345 2.9 9.4 70 ----317 1.2 9.4 67 7.3 261
A 002 831214 1345 3.0 7.6 57 ----316 1.3 11.2 80 7.3 260
A 003 831214 1345
SIDE CHANNEL 10 A 001 830915 ----7.2 9.1 76 7.3 235
(133.8)A 002 830915 ----8.0 7.7 66 ----264 10.2 9.9 89 7.4 216
A 003 830915 --8.2 5.9 51 ---287 11.0 9.7 89 7.4 246
A 004 830915 ----5.2 7.4 59 ----266 10.0 10.0 89 7.4 238
A 005 830915 --~-6.0 6.0 49 ......-264 10.5 9.9 90 7.4 234
A 006 830915 ---7.0 6.7 56 ----244 10.8 9.8 89 7.4 223
A 007 830915 ----7.0 5.1 43 ----290 11.8 9.4 88 7.4 228nA008830915----5.8 5.5 45 6.9 269 10.0 8.4 75 7.4 234IA009830915----6.5 6.3 52 ----148 10.0 9.4 84 7.4 210(,0 A 010 830915 ----5.5 6.5 52 ----231 9.5 10.1 90 7.4 196
A 011 830915 ---6.5 7.7 64 ----232 8.8 7.8 68 7.4 204
A 012 830915 ---9.5 9.3 82 ----186 9.5 10.1 90 7.4 192
A 013 830915 ----12.5 10.9 103 ----163 12.0 11.1 104 7.4 161
A 014 830915 ----9.2 7.9 70 ---.172 11.2 10.1 9J 7.4 149
A 015 830915 --.-11.1 10.9 100 ----160 11.5 11.0 102 7.4 155
A 016 830915 ---11.0 10.7 98 ----161 11.5 11.0 102 7.4 159
A 017 830915 ---10.5 10.6 96 ----163 11.0 11.0 100 7.4 161
A 018 830915 ----11.8 10.8 100 ----161 12.0 11.0 103 7.4 153
A 019 830915 ----8.2 4.2 36 7.1 191 10.0 10.3 92 7.4 156
A 001 831028 _1330 0.5 6.6 47
A 002 831028 1330 0.5 3.3 24
A 003 831028 1330 0.5 3.3 24 7.4
A 005 831028 1330 2.2 4.8 36 -------1.5 8.2 60 7.5 250
A 006 831028 1330 2.5 5.3 40 ----228 2.0 8.0 60 7.5 246
A 007 831028 1330 1.8 7.9 59 ----261 0.5 6.2 44 7.5 273
A 008 831028 1330 3.1 5.8 45 7.3 241 3.0 7.3 56 7.5 2lJ
A 009 831028 1330 3.8 6.0 47 ----202 2.4 8.0 61 7.5 194
A 010 831028 1330 3.0 6.2 48 ----216 1.2 10.2 75 7.5 220
A 011 831028 1330 2.2 6.5 49 ----222 1.2 11.2 82 7.5 239
A 013 831028 1330 1.0 6.3 46 ----203
A 014 831028 1330 0.3 6.5 46 ----199
A 016 831028 1330 0.3 9.6 68 ----193 0.3 8.8 63 7.5
-------------------------------------------------_~_---------------------------------------------------------------------
Appendix Table C-2.(Continued).
-----------------------------------------------------------------------..-------------------------------------------------
Intragravel Water Surface Water
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sampling DO DO
Site Sub Standpipe ------------Temp.--------.----Conductivity Temp.------------Conductivity
(River mile)Site No .•nate Time ("C)(mgl1)%Sat.pH (umhol/cm)(OC)(111&11)%Sat.pH (umhol/cm)
(y/rJd)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.------------
SlD!CIIANNEL 10 A 017 831028 1330 0.5 8.8 63 .---169 0.8 8.2 59 1.5
(cont1nued)A 019 831028 1330 1.5 3.1 21 1.5 221 0.8 1.6 55 1.5 186
A 004 831110 1340 0.5 8.2 58 1.9 263 ---- --------------
A 005 831110 1340 1.0 6.0 43 1.9 ,259.1.0 6.3 46 ----233
A 006 831110 1340 1.0 5.1 41 1.1 255
A 013 831206 1315 0.6 13.4 94 ----210
A 016 831206 1315 0.0 10.8 14 ----215
SLOUGH 10 A 001 830915 ----5.5 1.3 11 ----242 8.2 9.5 82 ----203
(133.8)A 002 830915 ---6.2 4.8 39 ----233 ------------------
A 003 830915 ----1.0 6.8 51 .---206 1.5 8.8 14 ----211
A 004 830915 ----6.0 3.4 28 ----243 ------------------
A 005 830915 ---5.0 1.8 14 6.2 202 5.5 9.2 14 ----191
A 006 830915 .--.5.5 0.1 6 6.3 231 1.0 9.2 71 ----152
A 001 830915 ---5.0 2.3 18 ----202 6.5 9.0 14 ----155nA008830915---.5.2 2.1 22 .---211 6.5 9.0 14 ----155IA0098309155.0 1.1 14 186 6.2 8.6 10 156I-'------------
a A 010 830915 ---4.8 6.1 48 ----195 6.2 8.6 10 ----156
A 011 830915 --5.0 4.5 36 ----118 6.0 8.5 69 ----157
A 012 830915 ----4.8 1.2 52 ----119 4.0 1.2 55 ----116
A 013 830915 ----4.8 4.6 36 ----182 6.2 8.4 69 ----155
A 014 830915 ----4.8 4.4 35 ----161 6.0 8.6 10 ----130
A 015 830915 ---4.2 5.8 45 6.3 166 6.0 8.6 10 --.-130
A 016 830915 ----4.5 8.3 65 1.1 211 5.8 9.6 18 ----191
A 011 830915 ---4.5 4.6 36 ----214 5.5 9.8 19 ----191
A 018 830915 ----5.0 5.4 43 ----218 5.5 9.6 11 ----199
A 019 830915 ----4.5 5.8 45 ----222 5.5 9.9 80 ----191
A 020 830915 ---4.5 5.4 42 ----214 5.5 9.9 80 ----199
A 004 831029 1150 1.1 1.6 12 ----501 ------------------
A 005 831029 1150 2.5 0.8 6 7.5 156 3.0 10.1 11 1.3 195
A 006 831029 1150 2.8 0.1 5 ----195 2.8 9.5 12 1.3 150
A 001 831029 1150 2.8 0.8 6 ----211 3.0 9.6 13 1.3 149
A 008 831029 1150 2.8 1.1 8 7.3 114 3.0 9.5 12 1.3 150
A 009 831029 1150 2.9 0.4 3 ----194 3.1 8.9 68 1.3 148
A 010 831029 1150 3.1 6.3 48 ----198 3.1 8.9 68 7.3 151
A 011 831029 1150 3.0 0.5 4 ----201 3.1 8.6 66 1.3 151
A 012 831029 1150 3.0 1.1 54 ----181 3.2 7.4 51 1.3 180
A 013 831029 1150 3.0 3.1 28 ----154 2.9 8.8 61 1.3 140
A 014 831029 1150 3.2 6.3 48 ----146 2.8 8.1 66 1.3 132
A 015 831029 1150 3.5 6.5 50 1.4 146 2.8 8.1 66 1.3 121
----------------~----------------------~~-~~---------------~-~--~~~---~--------------------------------------------------
~..__t J J J J lr J ~l t )J I J J I
--1 1 ]._--,1 -J --,I
Appendix Table C-2.(Continued)•
---------------------------------------------------------------..-------------------------------------------.------------
Intra&ra~e1 Water Surface Wlter
------------------------------------------------------------------------SalDpling DO DOSiteSubStandpipe----.-------t_p.----------.-Conductivity TelDp.-----------.Conductlvity
(linr .ite)Site 110.nate Tille ("C)(-a/1>%Sat.pH (umhollelD)("C)(./1>%Sat.pH (UlDbOl/clD)
(,I./d)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------~--------------------------------------------------------------------.---------------------------------------------
SLOUGH 10 A 016 831029 11 SO 3.0 6.8 S2 ----211 2.9 10.3 78 7.3 194
(cant luued)A 017 831029 11 SO 3.0 S.9 4S ----207 3.0 10.3 78 7.3 197
A 018 831029 11 SO 3.4 6.2 48 7.2 208 3.0 10.4 79 7.3 19S
A 019 831029 11 SO 3.2 6.S SO ----209 3.0 10.8 82 7.3 19S
A 020 831029 11 SO 1.2 6.7 SI 7.2 204 3.0 10.8 82 7.3 193
A 007 831110 ----2.0 1.3 10 7.S 22S 2.0 9.4 70 7.4 IS9
A 008 831110 ----2.0 1.6 12 7.S 229 2.S 9.3 70 7.4 lSI
A 018 831110 --3.0 6.1 47 7.4 214 2.S 9.7 73 7.4 204
A 019 831110 --2.S 6.3 48 7.4 218 2.0 10.0 7S 7.4 204
A 004 831206 130S 0.2 3.S 24 ----660 ------------------
A 008 831206 HOS 1.S 2.7 20 ---211 2.S 10.1 7S 7.1 163
A 009 831206 HOS 2.4 1.7 13 ---261 2.S 8.4 63 7.1 209
A 010 831206 HOS 2.3 S.9 43 7.0 23S 2.8 8.4 63 7.1 US
A 011 831206 1305 2.6 1.2 9 ----206 2.8 8.3 62 7.1 179
A 012 831206 130S 2.8 6.9 S2 7.0 184 ----------------~-
"A 013 831206 130S 2.4 6.4 47 ----173 2.S 8.1 60 7.1 lSI
I A 014 831206 1305 2.9 4.7 3S ----1S3 2.S 7.8 S8 7.1 144......A 015 831206 1305 2.8 6.1 46 ----1~2.S 7.7 S7 7.1 137......A 017 831206 130S 1.2 6.S 47 ----218 1.9 9.2 6S 7.3 211
A 018 831206 130S 2.2 6.6 49 7.3 232 1.9 9.8 70 7.3 211
A 019 831206 130S 1.8 6.6 48 ----218 1.9 10.0 71 7.3 206
A 020 831206 130S 1.9 6.8 48 7.2 217 1.9 10.1 72 7.3 203
A 011 831206 130S 2.2 S.8 43 ----13S 1.8 6.S 48 7.1 128
SLOUCH 11 A 001 83091S ----S.O 11.7 93 7.2 222 S.O 11.6 92 ----223
(US.3)A 002 83091S ----S.O S.3 42 .---230
A 003 8309lS ----4.8 10.2 80 ----212
A 004 83091S ---S.O 8.S 67 ----212
A OOS 8309lS ----S.O 10.9 86 ----231
A 006 83091S ---S.O 6.S S4 ----199
A 007 8309lS ----4.8 9.2 73 ----212
A 008 83091S ----4.S 10.2 80 ----214 S.2 12.0 9S ----224
A 009 83091S ----S.O 8.9 70 ----218 ------------------
A 010 830915 ----4.8 6.3 SO ----2S2 5.0 10.5 83 ----223
A 011 83091 S ----S.8 8.2 66 ----204 S.8 10.7 87 --....-21S
A 012 83091S ----4.8 S.3 42 ----19S ------------------A 013 83091S ----7.0 11.1 92 ----213 S.8 10.6 86 ----2U
A 014 83091S ----S.8 S.6 46 7.0 213 S.S I1.S 9S ----212
A 01S 83091S ----S.8 3.8 31 ----213 S.2 U.S 91 ----217
A 016 83091S ----S.S 3.8 31 ----217 S.2 11.7 93 ----217
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Appendix Table C-2.(CQlltu,ued)•
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Intragravel Water Surface Water
------------------------------------------------------------------------SampU"g DO DO
Site Sub Staftllpipe ------------Tep.------------Con4uctivity TlI1IIp.------------Conductivity
(River _He)Site No.Date Ti...("C)(-g/O %Sat.pH (umho_/,,_)(·C)(-s/1)ISat.pH (umho_/cm)
(.,/_/d)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SLOUGH 11 A 017 830915 ----5.2 5.1 41 ----222 5.2 11.5 91 ----222
("onunued)A 018 830915 ----5.0 9.4 75 ----223 5.2 U.7 100 ----225
A 019 830915 ----5.2 U.2 97 ----222 5.2 U.2 97 ----222
A 020 830915 ----5.8 5.7 46 6.8 2U 5.2 11.2 89 ----219
A 001 831101 U25 1.2 U.4 90 ----220 1.2 U.4 90 7.3 220
A 003 831101 1225 0.2 U.3 87 ----224
A 004 831101 U25 0.3 8.8 63 ----218
A 007 831101 1225 0.9 11.0 81 7.4 224
A 008 831101 U25 1.9 9.9 74 ----226 1.2 11.8 86 7.3 226
A,009 831101 1225 1.4 10.7 79 ----226 0.9 11.3 82 7.3 226
A 010 831101 1225 1.9 9.8 73 ----219 1.6 10.8 80 7.3 228
A 011 831101 1225 2.4 6.5 49 ----217 1.5 12.0 88 7.3 229
A 012 831101 1225 1.2 10.0 73 ----224 ---- --------------
A 013 831101 1225 3.4 6.5 50 ----213 1.6 11.2 83 7.3 224
A 014 831101 1225 1.2 U.S 91 ----222 1.4 U.S 92 7.3 222
"A 015 831101 1225 2.9 6.3 48 ----211 1.4 12.3 90 7.3 226
I A 016 83UOl 1225 2.3 4.7 36 7.1 223 1.3 U.S 91 7.3 227,.....A 017 831101 1225 2.9 7.2 55 ----222 1.4 12.2 89 7.3 222NA018831101U251.3 11.0 80 ----230 1.2 13.4 97 7.3 226
A 019 831101 1225 1.2 13.5 98 ----228 1.3 13.3 97 7.3 223
A 020 831101 1225 2.4 8.4 64 --...-208 1.5 U.O 88 7.3 223
A 001 831205 1400 1.0 11.0 78 7.5 237 1.0 10.8 77 7.6 238
A 003 831205 1400 0.9 10.8 77 -_...-226 ------------------
A 008 83U05 1400 1.3 8.8 63 ----241 1.0 10.0 71 7.6 368
A 009 831205 1400 1.1 9.8 70 ----.239 0.9 10.0 71 7.6 232
A 010 831205 1400 1.1 8.9 64 ----241 1.0 9.0 64 7.6 240
A 011 831205 1400 2.0 6.6 48 ----230 1.0 10.3 74 7.6 238
A 012 83U05 1400 0.6 9.4 66 ----238 ------------------
A 013 831205 1400 2.0 7.9 58 ----225 1.5 10.3 74 7.6 232
A 014 831205 1400 1.2 9.3 67 ----233 1.0 10.7 76 7.6 237
A 015 831205 1400 2.5 7.3 54 ----225 1.0 10.8 77 7.6 238
A 016 831205 1400 1.2 8.5 61 ----239 0.9 10.8 77 7.6 241
A 017 831205 1400 2.2 8.4 62 ----234 1.2 10.6 76 7.6 239
A 018 831205 1400 0.3 10.4 73 ----233 1.0 11.3 80 7.6 240
A 020 831205 1400 1.9 7.5 54 7.2 228 1.1 10.3 74 7.6 239
I 04A 830915 --..-4.2 10.2 79 ----229 5.5 8.0 64 7.2 223
I 04.830915 ----4.2 8.0 62 ----226 5.5 10.8 87 7.2 223
II 04C 830915 ----4.2 8.5 66 ----224 5.5 10.4 83 7.2 222
I lOA 830915 ----4.2 9.7 75 ----228 5.5 11.3 91 7.2 215
B 101 830915 ----4.0 9.0 70 ----226 5.5 10.4 83 7.2 215
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
.;~I J I I _I }J I I J -~2B m I
J 1 ...·1 ....)--I ._-)1 1 ---~1 1
AppendiK Table C-2.(Continued)•
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Intralravel Vater Surface Vater
------------------------------------------------------------------------a..plinl DO DOSiteSubStandpipe------------TllIIp.------------Conductivity Temp.------------.COndUCtiVity
(River lIile)Site 110.Date Time (OC).(ml/l)nat.pH (ullholle.)(IC)(11&/0 %Sat.pH (umhol/ell)
(,1m/d)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------~--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SLOUGH 11 •IOC 830915 ---5.0 8.8 70 ---.218 5.5 10.6 85 7.2 220
(continued)•IlA 830915 ---4.2 8.0 62 ----226 5.5 11.4 91 7.2 223
8 118 8.30915 ----4.2 8.0 62 ----224 5.5 11.2 90 7.2 223
II 11C 830915 ---4.5 7.8 61 ----227 5.5 11.3 91 7.2 223
II 21A 830915 ---4.5 5.6 44 ----227 5.5 11.0 88 7.2 223
8 211 830915 ----4.5 8.2 64 ----227 5.5 11.3 91 7.2 223•21C 830915 ----4.5 8.3 65 ----227 5.5 11.3 91 7.2 223•21D 830915 ----4.8 10.0 79 ----220 5.5 11.1 89 7.2 215•21£830915 ----4.8 10.1 80 ----220 5.2 11.2 89 7.2 217
II 21F 830915 --·4.0 9.8 76 ----226 5.5 11.2 90 7.2 215
II 04A 831101 1400 2.6 9.3 71 ----238 1.6 11.5 85 7.3 235•0411 831101 1400 2.9 9.2 71 7.2 231 1.6 11.4 84 7.3 235
8 04c 831101 1400 2.9 8.8 67 ----229 1.6 11.4 84 7.3 235
II lOA -831101 1400 2.6 10.5 80 ----231 1.7 11.4 85 7.3 231
8 10.831101 1400 2.9 10.0 77 ---234 1.6 11.4 84 7.3 233 .n II 10C 831101 1400 2.5 10.0 76 ----237 1.6 11.3 84 7.3 233IIIllA83110114002.4 8.6 65 ----231 1.6 12.0 89 7.3 235......
w II 118 831101 1400 2.9 8.9 68 7.3 229 1.6 11.9 88 7.3 235
llC 831101 1400 3.0 8.8 68 ----225 1.6 11.9 88 7.3 235
21A 831101 1400 2.5 8.7 66 ----237 1.6 11.8 87 7.3 235
211 831101 1400 2.6 8.7 66 ----233 1.6 11.8 87 7.3 235
21C 831101 1400 2.6 9.2 70 ----234 1.6 11.6 85 7.3 235
21D 831101 1400 2.6 9.6 73 7.2 227 1.4 11.7 86 7.3 228
211 831101 1400 2.6 9.6 '73 ----234 1.6 11.6 85 7.3 231
21r 831101 1400 2.6 10.5 80 ----229 1.6 11.4 84 7.3 231
04A 831205 1610 2.0 8.6 63 ----243 1.0 9.6 69 ----246
048 831205 1610 2.1 8.5 62 ----246 1.2 9.6 69 ----242
04C 831205 1610 2.5 8.7 64 ----240 1.2 9.8 70 ----240
lOA 831205 1610 2.0 9.4 69 ----243 0.9 9.8 70 -......-245
108 831205 1610 1.9 9.0 65 ----246 1.0 9.7 69 ----242
10C 831205 1610 2.5 9.2 68 ----244 1.0 9.7 69 ----244
11A 831205 1610 2.0 8.4 62 ----246 1.4 10.1 73 ----240
1111 831205 1610 2.0 8.2 60 ----246 1.3 10.1 73 ----241
11c 831205 1610 2.2 8.0 59 ..---236 1.2 10.1 73 ----242
21A 831205 1610 2.0 8.1 59 ----241 1.1 10.2 73 ----245
211 831205 1610 2.0 8.2 60 ----246 1.1 9.6 69 ----243
2lC 831205 1610 2.0 8.3 61 ----241 1.4 9.3 67 ----242
21D 831205 1610 2.1 9.0 66 ----242 1.2 10.0 72 ----240
21!831205 1610 1.8 8.6 62 ----241 1.0 10.0 71 ----246
21r 831205 1610 1.9 9.2 67 ----242 1.1 9.7 69 ----245
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Appendix Table C-2.(Continued)•
----------------------------------._-------------------------------------------------------.-----------------------------
Intraaravel Water Surfae..Water
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sampling DO DO
Site Sub Standpipe ------------T....p.------------Conductivity T....p.------------Conduet lV ity
(River ..ile)Site No.Date Tille (oC)("all>%Sat.pH (umhol/c.)(OC)("all>%Sat.pH (umhollem)
(y/./d)
------------------------------------------------------.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.-------------------------------------------------------
SLOUCH 11 C DVA 831101 122~2.3 8.4 63 ----230 1.4 12.4 91 7.3 230
(eont lDued)C Dva 831101 122~2.4 8.~64 7.2 232 1.4 12.~92 7.3 228
C DVC 831101 122~2.6 ~.3 40 ---2~9 1.4 12.~92 7.3 226
C DVA 831109 ----3.0 8.6 66 7.6 22~2.0 11,~8~7.6 223
C OVI 831109 ---2.5 8.6 65 7.5 228 2.0 11,5 8~7.6 223
C DVC 831109 ----3.5 6.4 ~o 7.~221 2.0 11,~8~7.6 223
C DVA 83120~1400 2.0 7.7 ~----241 1.0 10.8 77 7.6 237
C OVII 831205 1400 2.0 7.6 ~~7.4 241 1,0 11.0 78 7.6 235
C DVC 83120~1400 2.2 6.4 47 ----234 1.1 10.9 78 7.6 239
HAINSTIlH A DVA 831109 --1.0 7.9 ~7 8.3 18~O.~12.6 90 8.4 226
036.l>A OVI 831109 ----O.~11.2 80 8.2 226 o.~12.6 90 8.4 226
A OVC 831109 ---O.~12.0 8~8.1 197 O.~12.6 90 8.4 226
A OVA 831208 1400 0.3 12.8 90 ---208 0.0 13.~94 8.1 272
n SIDE CIIAllIlEL 11 A OVA 831109 ----2.0 ~.~41 7.~116
I 036.1>A OVB 831109 ----2.0 ~.6 42 7.~116~A OVC 831109 ----2.0 ~.~41 7.6 12~1.0 11.0 80 7.8 129-Po A DVA 831208 131~2.3 5.7 43 ----143 0.1 7.~~3 7.3 170
A DVII 831208 131~2.0 5.5 41 7.2 143 0.1 7.6 53 7.3 185
A DVC 831208 131~3.0 5.6 43 ----142 0.2 9.6 68 7.3 202
HAINSTEIf A HIA 831108 155~3.0 7.1 ~4 7.1 233 3.0 7.0 ~3 7.0 173
036.8)A HlI 831108 15~~4.0 7.4 ~8 7.2 2~1 3.0 7.6 ~7 7.0 190
A HIC 831108 155~4.0 7.~59 7.1 251 3.0 8.4 64 7.0 173
A Hlc 831214 1415 ------------------0.9 10.8 76 7.3 221
INDlAN RIVER A 001 831108 151~4.0 9.9 77 6.6 ~O 4.~9.9 78 6.8 49
038.6)A 002 831108 1~1~1.0 13.0 93 6.9 ~~O.~13.2 93 6.8 ~
A 003 831108 151~1.0 12.2 88 7.0 55 0.5 12.4 88 6.8 56
A 001 831213 130~0.3 13.8 96 7.0 ~7 0.2 13.8 9~7.1 ~3
A 002 831213 130~0.0 14.2 97 7.0 48
A 003 831213 130~0.2 14.0 97 ----~7
HAINSTIlH A 001 831108 ----3.0 8.9 68 6.5 119
038.7>A 002 831108 ----1.0 9.3 67 6.9 129
A 003 831108 ----2.0 8.~63 6.9 116
A 002 831213 1340 2.8 10.8 81 6.6 64
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------~-----------------.---
_I I I I J I I I ~I ]I .1 I I ),I I I J'
)1 ~I ---I -C--l ce-l 1 1 1 eCl
Appendix Table C-2.(Contlnued)•
--------------------------------------------------------------_.---------------------------------------------------------
Intragravel Water Surface Water-------------------------------.----------------------------------------Sampling DO DO
Site Sub Staodpipe ------------Teap.------------Conductivity Tetllp.-----------Conductivity
(River mUe)Site 110.Date ti..(OC)(ag/O %Sat.pH (umboa/em)(OC)(ag/l)%Sat.pH (umho./c,.)
(y/a/d)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.--
SLOUCH 17 A 001 831108 ---2.0 2.3 17 6.8 375 2.5 11.7 87 6.8 2116
(138.9)A 002 831108 ---1.0 8.9 64 6.8 166 --------.--------A 003 831108 ----2.0 9.0 66 6.7 170 3.0 11.5 87 6.8 155
A 001 831213 1350 1.3 1.6.12 7.2 210 1.5 11.8 85 6.8 78
A 003 831213 1350 1.9 3.4 25 6.9 81 1.5 11.2 81 6.8 78
SIDE CBAtlllEL 21 A 001 830914 1525 5.8 6.5 63 ----158 7.0 11.6 98 ----152
(141.0)A 004 830914 1525 6.5 9.7 81 ----155 6.8 9.4 79 ----146
A 005 830914 1525 6.0 12.3 101 ----144 6.0 12.4 101 ----149
A 006 830914 1525 7.2 12.6 106 ----132 7.5 12.7 108 ----131
A 007 830914 1525 7.0 9.8 83 ----76 ----.,..-------------
A 008 830914 1525 6.0 12.1 100 ----144 6.0 12.3 100 .---149
A 009 830914 1525 7.0 12.0 100 ----122 ------------------
A 010 830914 1525 6.5 6.9 58 ----170 7.2 11.0 93 ----139
A 011 830914 1525 6.8 6.5 55 ----184 7.0 6.2 52 ----191
A 012 830914 1525 6.0 10.1 83 -_....-96 ------------------n A 013 830914 1525 6.0 10.1 83 ---71 6.0 13.0 106 ----127I.....A 014 830914 1525 7.0 8.8 74 ----133 ------------------
U1 A 015 830914 1525 5.8 11.6 95 ---100 5.8 13.0 106 ----128
A 081 830914 1525 6.5 10.0 84 6.6 77 6.8 10.5 88 ----77
A 082 830914 1525 6.0 8.0 60 ----113
A OS3 830914 1525 5.0 10.3 83 ----121
A 084 830914 1525 5.2 7.6 61 ----113
A 085 830914 1525 6.0 10.3 85 ----86
A 001 831027 1345 2.8 8.3 106 ---139 0.8 14.4 101 7.7 145
A 005 831027 1345 0.2 14.3 99 ----124 0.9 14.8 104 7.7 121
A 013 831027 1345 2.2 11.2 82 ----71 1.4 12.0 86 7.7 73
A 015 831027 1345 0.4 -----------94 l.S 14.6 104 7.7 91
OOA 830914 1525 5.2 7.5 61 6.7 129 6.5 12.1 101 ----155
008 830914 1525 6.0 11.2 92 ----149 6.0 12.4 102 ----149
OOC 830914 1525 5.8 10.7 88 ----118 5.8 12.4 101 ----142
OOD 830914 1525 6.0 10.7 88 ----144 6.0 12.2 100 ----152
OOE 830914 1525 6.5 10.9 91 ----155 6.5 12.4 103 ----155oor83091415256.0 11.2 '92 ----149 6.0 12.1 100 ----157
OOC 830914 1525 6.5 9.7 81 ---.113 6.5 12.0 100 ----155
OOH 830914 1525 6.5 10.6 88 7.5 139 6.5 12.0 100 ----139
OSA 830914 1525 7.0 10.0 84 ----76 7.0 10.8 91 ----.76
osa 830914 1525 7.0 8.8 74 ----79 7.0 12.2 102 ----76
OOA 831027 1345 3.2 10.4 79 6.9 89 0.5 14.9 104 7.7 147
OOC 831027 1345 1.2 13.6 97 ----114 1.8 14.8 107 7.7 126
00l>831027 1345 1.4 14.3 102 ----118 1.5 14.8 106 7.7 136
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Appendix Table C-2.(CoRtinued)•
----------_.-----_.------------.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Intrasravel Water Surface Water
-----------------------------------------------------------------------.
Samplins DO DO
Site Sub Standpipe ------------Tnp.....----.------Conduct 1V ity Temp.-------_....---ConductiVity
(River mile)81te 110.Date Time (OC)(ms/I>ISat.pH (umbo./cm)(OC)(mg/I>%S.t.pH (ulDbol/c..)
(11m/d)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.---------------------------------------------------.-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SIDI CIWtH"EL 21 II 001 831027 1345 '0.5 14.6 102 ----150 0.8 15.0 106 7.7 149
(conhnued)II oor 831027 1345 1.3 14.5 104 ----133 1.8 14.8 107 7.7 144
II OOG 831027 1345 0.5 14.4 100 ---.132 0.8 15.0 106 7.7 149
II OOH 831027 1345 0.9 14.3 100 1.1 148 1.0 14.8 104 7.7 148
II OSA 831027 1345 1.0 12.1 86 6.6 70 1.2 12.5 90 7.7 55
II OSII 831027 1345 0.2 14.7 101 ---..80 0.2 14.5 100 7.7 57
I OOr 831203 1305 0.0 13.2 92 ----130 0.0 13.2 92 7.6 169
C DIA 830914 1525 6.0 8.4 69 ..---78 6.0 12.4 101 ---....141
C D2A 830914 1525 6.0 8.3 69 ----78 6.0 12.4 101 ----141
C D211 830914 1525 6.0 8.0 66 ----82 6.0 12.1 100 ---...141
C Dvl 831027 1345 1.5 12.2 88 ----54 1.2 14.1 100 7.7 92
C DV2 831027 1345 2.6 12;6 94 ----87 0.8 14.6 102 7.7 121
C DV3 831027 1345 2.2 12.6 93 ----89 0.9 14.8 '104 7.7 130
C DV1 831108 ----2.5 --------------0.5 --------------
('")C DV2 831108 ----2.0 ---'----------0.5
I C DYJ 831108 ----1.5 ----------...---0.5
t-'C DYt 831203 1305 0.2 12.2 85 ----158 0.0 13.2 92 7.6 149
C'I C DV3 831203 1305 0.0 12.2 85 ..-..-157 0.1 13.1 92 7.6 149
SLOUCH 21 A 001 830913 1500 5.0 8.8 70 ---100 7.0 10.6 90 ----184
(141.8)A 002 830913 1500 4.7 8.7 69 ----113 7.0 10.7 90 ----178
A 003 830913 1500 5.2 8.0 64 ----III 6.7 11.0 92 ---..180
A 004 830913 1500 5.2 8.9 72 ..---122 6.8 10.6 89 ----184
A 005 830913 1500 7.0 9.4 79 ----146 7.6 10.3 88 .---180
A 006 830913 1500 5.2 9.1 73 ----101 6.7 10.8 ·90 ----175
A 007 830913 1500 6.8 8.7 73 ----141 7.0 10.3 87 ----183
A 008 830913 1500 5.5 8.9 12 ----153 7.2 10.3 87 ----182
A 009 830913 1500 5.0 9.1 73 ----146 7.0 10.0 84 ----180
A OOA 830913 1500 5.2 8.3 67 ----121 6.8 10.8 90 ----175
A 0011 830913 1500 4.5 8.3 65 ---122 6.5 11.0 92 ----181
A OOC 830913 1500 4.8 8.5 68 ----127 6.5 11.1 92 ----178
A OOD 830913 1500 5.8 6.4 52 ----175 6.8 8.5 71 ----183
A 001 830913 1500 5.0 6.6 53 ---..181 7.5 8.3 71 ----183
A OOF 830913 1500 5.5 6.0 49 ----177 7.5 6.3 54 ----179
A 010 830913 1500 5.0 6.3 50 ----152 6.8 10.0 84 ----183
A 011 830913 1500 6.0 8.6 71 ----160 6.5 11.0 92 ----181
A 012 830913 1500 5.8 8.9 73 ----125 6.8 11.0 92 ---164
A 013 8309l.3 1500 5.0 9.3 74 ----167 6.5 10.0 83 ---..181
A 014 8309l.3 1500 6.0 8.8 73 ----162 6.5 8.7 73 ----181
A 015 830913 1500 5.0 7.8 63 ..---155 6.5 10.0 80 ----186
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I ~i I I ,..1 ]I I I ])J !I j J 1
-l 1 1 ]-J ~--1 1 ~-~l
Appendiz Table C-2.(Contlnued).
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Intragravel Water Surface Water
------------------------------------------------------------------------Sampling DO DO
Site Sub Standpipe -----------Temp.------_._----Conductivity Temp.------------Conducttvity
(River mile)Site RD.Date Tilll!(·C)(mg/l)%Sat.'pH (umboe/cm)(·C)(mg/O %Sat.pH (umboe/cm)
(y/m/d)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SLOUGH 21 A 016 S30913 1500 5.0 9.0 72 ----163 6.2 11.0 91 ----189
(contlllued)A 001 831026 1230 2.5 9.7 73 7.1 105 2.3 11.1 83 7.2 1S6
A 002 831026 1230 2.6 9.9 74 ....--105 2.4 11.1 84 7.2 185
A 003 831026 1230 2.5 9.8 74 ----105 2.4 11,1 84 7.2 181
A 004 831026 1230 2.6 9.9 74 ----114 2.4 11.1 84 7.2 190
A 005 831026 1230 2.2 8.4 62 ----142 2.2 10.8 80 7.2 181
A 006 831026 1230 2.5 9.7 73 ----105 2.5 11.2 84 7.2 179
A 007 831026 1230 2.0 6.8 50 ----182 2.4 10.8 80 7.2 190
A 008 831026 1230 2.2 8.7 64 ----174 2.4 10.9 81 7.2 185
A 009 831026 1230 2.4 6.7 50 ----185 2.0 10.3 76 7.2 182
A OOA 831026 1230 2.9 9.1 69 ----130 2.4 11.3 85 7.2 180
A 0011 831026 1230 2.3 9.3 70 ---133 2.4 11.6 87 7.2 185
A OOC 831026 1230 2.5 9.6 72 7.0 132 2.4 11.9 89 7.2 185
A OOD 831026 1230 3.1 7.4 56 6.9 188 2.4 10.2 77 7.2 185
A OOE 831026 1230 3.2 7.4 56 ---187 2.4 10.1 76 7.2 194
n A 010 831026 1230 2.4 4.8 36 ----173 2.5 10.9 82 7.2 175IA01183102612302.3 7.9 59 ----182 2.4 11.6 87 7.2 185I-'
-...J A 012 831026 1230 2.0 10.7 79 ----139 2.3 11.6 86 7.2 173
A 013 831026 1230 2.1 9.6 71 ----151 2.5 10.4 78 7.2 184
A 014 831026 1230 2.4 9.1 68 ----158 2.4 10.1 76 7.2 192
A 015 831026 1230 2.8 8.5 64 ----157 2.4 10.6 79 7.2 194
A 016 831026 1230 3.1 8.6 66 ----146 2.3 11.1 83 7.2 194
A OOC 831108 1230 3.0 9.8 74 -------2.5 13.0 96 7.6
A 014 831108 1230 3.0 10.0 75 7.5 164 2.5 12.7 94 7.6 193
A 015 831108 1230 3.0 10.3 77 7.4 159 2.5 13.0 96 7.6 193
A 016 831108 1230 3.0 10.4 78 7.5 155 3.0 13.0 98 7.6 188
A 001 831202 1200 1.6 9.0 65 ----114 1.0 10.8 77 7.3 185
A 002 831202 120P 2.4 9.2 68 ----118 1.2 11.1 79 7.3 187
A 003 831202 1200 2.2 8.8 64 ----117 1.2 11.1 79 7.3 189
A 004 831202 1200 2.3 8.6 63 ----140 1.2 11.0 79 7.3 196
A 005 831202 1200 0.9 8.2 58 7.4 148 0.8 10.4 74 7.3 190
A 006 831202 1200 2.6 8.8 65 ----124 1.2 10.9 78 7.3 187
A 007 831202 1200 2.4 7.7 57 ----157 0.9 10.5 75 7.3 200
A 008 831202 1200 1.7 7.6 55 ----i66 •0.8 10.0 71 7.3 192
A 009 831202 1200 2.4 8.4 62 ----148 ------------------
A OOA 831202 1200 2.4 8.8 65 ----137 1.2 11.0 79 7.3 187
A 0011 831202 1200 2.4 8.9 66 ----137 1.2 11.0 79 7.3 189
A .OOC 831202 1200 2.6 8.7 64 ----140 1.2 11.1 79 7.3 189
A OOD 831202 1200 2.6 5.9 44 ----196 2.3 9.4 69 7.3 194
A OOE 831202 1200 2.4 6.9 51 ----195 1.2 10.0 72 7.3 202
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Appendix Table C-2.(Continued).
Intragravel Water Surtace Water
Site
(River .ile)
Sub
Site
Sampling
Standpipe ------------
110.Date Time
(y/ra/d)
DO
Terap.------------Conductivity
(OC)(rag/I)ISat.pH (urahoa/c.)
DO
Temp.------------Conduct1vity
("C)(rag/I)ISat.pH (urahoa/cra)
n
I......
CO
SLOUGH 21 A OOr 831202 1200 2.6 5.7 42 ----191 1.4 8.0 57 7.3 209
(continued)A 010 831202 1200 1.4 1.4 10 ----237 1.2 10.6 76 7.3 198
A 011 8312().2 1200 2.2 8.7 64 7.4 158 1.2 10.9 78 7.3 185
A 012 831202 1200 2.4 8.8 65 ----129 1.2 11.0 79 7.3 183
A 013 831202 1200 1.9 8.1 59 ----167 1.2 10.5 75 7.3 196
A 014 831202 1200 2.5 8.1 60 7.3 165 1.3 9.8 70 7.3 199
A 015 831202 1200 2.4 8.2 60 ----165 1.2 10.5 75 7.3 202
_I j ]I )I .j J !I I I I I ))1
-
DISSOLVED OXYGEN lSLOUGHl
INTRAGRAVEL VS SURFACE
.000
20.000
30.000
10.000
HO.OOO--------+--+100.000
+90.000,,,,,,,,+80.000
70.000
+60.000,,,,,,,,+50.000,,,,.,,,,+40.000
2
I
I
1
1
11
I I
,,,,,,,,
20.000 +,,,,,,,
10.000 +,,,
,,
.001)••
--+----_..._------+-------------+-------------+----------+-------------+----------+-------------+--
40.000 50.000 60.000 70.000 80.000 90.000 100.000 ao.ooo
40.000 50.000 60.000 70.000 80.000 90.000 100.000--+-----------+------------+----------+---------+----------+------------+--
100.000 +,,.,,
:ONE TO ONE
90.000 +REFERENCE LINE,,,-,,,,,
80.000 r I 111 1 2 I I
1 I I,I 11 1,....,2 2 512 I I I
. I
Z ,
a::,I 11 I 2 I 1
W 0 70.000 ~I 3 I 2
i=,2 I I 2 I II-,,123 2 2 3 I I I<<,,I 411 I 22~a::,,1 I I I I 12:l
,
60.000 +11 3 2 I-'I-31W<,,1 1 21>,
UJ ,I I 1<,,1 I I 1a::I-,
Z 50.000 +I I 1 I 12 11 10W1111111111 I I<0 I I I Ia::I I I
I-a::I I
~·W 40.000 +Il1......,,21 I I
,,,,1 I,
30.000 +
SURFACE WATER
(PERCENT SATURATION)
Figure C-l.Felationship between percent saturation of
intragravel and surface water dissolved
oxygen measured within slouth habitat of
the middle Susitna River,Alaska.
C-19
DISSOLVED OXYGEN [SIDE CHANNELl
INTRAGRAVEL VS SURFACE -
-
20.000
40.000
50.000
30.000
10.000
70.000
60.000
ao.ooo
90.000
100,000
2
1
1
1
1
I I
1 11
31
o·,,
o
30.(jOO 1
,·o,
o
20.000 +,
o
o
o
o,
o
10.000 ++
--+.....----------+-----------i---------+-----------+------------+------------+------------+--
40.000 50.000 60.000 70.000 80.000 90.DOll 100.000 110.000
40.000 50-000 60.001l 70.000 80.000 '10.000 100.000 !lO.OOO--+------------+-----------+----------_..+-----------+--------+-------------.------------+--
110.000 ++110.000,,·,,,·,
100.000 +
90.000 +
ONE TO ONE
80.000 +
REFERENCE LIN~1
0:....
ZW0I-<.I-70.000 +,
3:<,,
0:',
0
...I ~0
0
W I-0
60.000 +> <
0
<0
,,
0
0:I-0,
c:J 0 11Z,
<W 50.000 +1
0:0l-e:~wa.40.000 +--
SURFACE WATER
(PERCENT SATURATION)
1IMll!i'.
Figure C-2.Relationship between percent saturation of
intragravel and surface water dissolved
oxygen neasured within side channel habitat
of the middle Susitna River,Alaska.-
C-20
....
DISSOLVED OXYGEN (TRIBUTARY}
INTRAGRAVEL VS SURFACE
92.000 94.000 96.000 98.000 100.000 102.000 104.000 lQ6.000 108.000 110.000-+----------+----------+---------+----------+----------+----------+----------+--------+-------_.._+--
110.000 ••llO.OOO
.-
a:zw0
~~<<~a:'
..J :::)w ~><<UJ
a:~
C'Z<wa:u
~a:
~wa......
105.000 •,,,,,,,,
,,,,
100,000 •
95.0(;0 +,,,,,
,
90.000 •,
85.000 •
BO.OOO +
ONE TO ONE
REFERENCE LIN~+!05.000
100.000
95.000
90.000
85.000
80.000
-+-------_._-+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+----------+----------+----------+--
92.000 94.000 96.000 98.000 100.000 102.000 104.000 106.000 108.000 llO.OOO
SURFACE WATER
(PERCENT SATURATION)
Figure C-3.Relationship ootween percent saturation of
intragravel and surface water dissolved
oxygen rreasured within tributary habitat
of the middle Susitna River,Alaska.
C-21
DISSOLVED OXYGEN ICOMBINED HABITATSJ
IHTRAGRAVEL VS SURFACE
-
-
40.000 50.000 60.000 70.000 80.000 90.000 100.000 lIO.OOO----+I -+-I .-_--__+----f__
120.000 ++120.000
0 ,
0 -,~I0,
0 ,·,·,·,··0 ,·,,1 :0·21 2 0
LOO.OOO ;
0
21 2 1 +100.000 ...,.
I ONE TO ONE 1 1
1 2 1 1·REFERENCE LIN~1 1 11 1·,1 31,
:~'t;I1·t·1··1 1 1-80.000 ;1 111 1 21 1 11 80.000a:Z 0 2 1 100
W 0 2 2 512 1 11 1 1 1 1 1i=0
I-0 1 11 1 2 1 10<<I 1 1 1 3 12 2 11 2
3:a:,1 1 1 1 2 11 3 It 1·::;)·1211 13 .11 1 1 1 3 3
,....t-:1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 12
W <60.1l00 !11 322 1 1 1 +60.000
>1112 11 ,en ,
<·2 1 It I ·~0 ,
a:I-0 1 1 1 1 1 11 :0
"Z 0 2 1 21 1 121 11 2211 1 2 ·0 0
W I 1 1 1 1 ·<·0 ;1 11 1 11 1 2
0a:·a:I 2 1 :l-I
~W 40.000 +1 +40.000 ~
2 1 1 1 1
0a-·0·1 0~I 0
0 1 1 0
0 0:1 0·:,·I ·~·I 1 ··20.000 +11 +20.000:,,
I 1 1 1 ··I 1 :·1 1 1 1
,·,,1 2
:0·1 1 1
,
I ·,·,0
.000 ++.000
I 0
0,0 ~·I
-T -"I +-+---------I -
40.000 50.000 60.000 70.000 80.000 90.000 100.000 liD.000
SURFACE WATER
~
(PERCENT SATURAnON)
Figure C-4.Relationship between percent saturation of
intragravel and surface water dissolved
oxygen neasured within slough,side channel,
and tributary habitats of the middle Susitna
River.
C-22
--!
..-
!
AP PEN DI X D
SUBSTRATE DATA
0-1
APPENDIX 0
SUBSTRATE DATA
Appendix 0 presents information on the size composition of substrate in
various middle Susitna River habitats.Substrate data presented in
Appendix Table 0-1 were collected with a modified McNeil Sampler.
Substrate data presented in Appendix Table 0-2 were collected with
Whitlock-Vibert Boxes.Figures 0-1 to 0-7 present comparisons of the
two sampling devices for individual substrate size classes.
D-2
""'"
-
-
-
~-~l 1'--'1 ]1 ]
SUBSTRATE
McNEil VB WHITlOCK-VIBERT BOX
CATEGORY:0.08-0.02 In
c':1.1
!]~.J
. I . .
;'•.J 1..-'u f'
~..
r·~.:~t-··1
LJ
~']
CJ
[.1
fJ
rtJ C-l
LJ
["';...-u
,-,.i
.....
0
0
0,..
.J
)(
~~~
W 01
Z
......
c::::J
U ...
I
:e :E:I
w
<:J
Li
.~:~
W
~
>-
0:
Q,
['U
U Ci
;~,uu~"J
LJ L~
U L...!
r...!
','"I I -----.--.--i I I
r -t-'!'iii .-:',
~:'::l:!!:::i ~_.'"1 C"(~:l '1 ?I:i
WHITlOCK-VIBERT BOX
DRY WEIGHT (g)
Figure 0-1.Corrparison of dry weights (g)of fine substrate (0.08-
o.02 in.diarreter)obtained from paired samples
collected vvith McNeil and Whitlock-Vibert Box samplers.
SUBSTRATE
McNEIL VS WHITLOCK-VIBERT BOX
CATEGORY:0.02-0.002 In
'.1 i .1
,
'"'!o
::.~L
ij
L.....
eLJ
DU
L
i.:i[J
u c
CJ::.1
f::-~....
,+
~3
':.~"ij'~'."'"!J l~;
!I.I
.....
0
0
0..-
::!K
W
0
Z Q
I
U ...
.j::o ~I-
:J:
C'
w
~
>-a:
Q
r"0 ~'..,i.··'l ':~-:1:".1 Ci ::;!:~;c!A~,f i i.}
WHITLOCK-VIBERT BOX
DRY WEIGHT (g)
Figure 0-2.Comparison of dry weights (g)of fine substrate (0.02-
0.002 in.diarreter)obtained from paired samples
collected with McNeil and Whitlock-Vibert Box samplers .
.~J •J I B ,J J -I J I ]J J I J J
]-J -~-D --)-1 1 J
SUBSTRATE
McNEIL VS WHITLOCK-VIBERT BOX
CATEGORY:<0.002 In
6 I •
Cl
I
U1
.....
0
0
0...
><
Q:!-w ...Z ::J:()~::i:w
~
>-a:
0
~~~1
.~"
',!
-;..:.:.
'"!--
[LJ
LI.i]
uC]
1,-',
.~~I
,]
CJ ;]
Cl 0
[J 0
C1
Ir;j~M en 'I [)'1 Co,,C1 .,;
Ci "::~.r~i "'l·'J .61:~~1 f;CJ 1 Ci i]
WHITLOCK-VIBERT BOX
DRY WEIGHT (g)
Figure D-3.Comparison of dry weights (g)of fine substrate «0.02
in.dicureter)obtained from paired sanples collected
with McNeil and Whitlock-Vibert Box sanplers.
SUBSTRATE
VYHITLOCK-VIBERT BOX
ii ..-------....'---i
I
;t·-
i
o
I
0\
I-
Z
Woa:
UJa.
,-1
..'~.
':,.'-.,
."1 J ."-
":'(-'I
,"
- I!.!
1,1
,1,1
I,]
L"II'~1l~
I It····'~
I ~
VI1,1I~~
1
1','1-~I-,Jr1
t,'lI,-
1.1
[.It .:.1
FOURTH OF
JULY CREEK
SIDE
CH 10
Sl 10 Sl 11 (A)Sl 11 (B)UPPER SIDE MAINS lEW SIDE
CH11 (RW188.e)CH21
>8.0 J.."0.08-0.02 '_,'
'OJ
0.02-0.002,,',:<0.002
SUBSTRA TE SIZE CATEGORY (In)
Figure D-4.Percent coIIpJsition,by size class,of WhiUock-Vi.bert
Box sanples collected at study sites in the middle
Susitna River,Alaska.
~-,'~]1 J '~_.l ~J 1 J J J J I J 1 .'~
I 1 )1 )1 I ]1 1 ]
SUBSTRATE
WHITlOCK-VIBf:RT BOX
,)'
UPPER SIDE MIt'NaTEM S'DE
CH 11 (RM 138.')CH 21
I
SL 10 SL 11 (It)SL 11 (B)SIDE
CH 10
FOURTH OF
JULY CREEK
...i,
'",~
4·
~'-'1
~"-'
":~-.
.~-"~,
t-
Z
Woa:w
0..'-'I
"'-J
0.08-0.02 [0.02-0.002 ,j .<0.002
SUBSTRA TE SIZE CATEGORY (In)
Figure D-5.Percent substrate composition,by size class,of fine
substrate «0.08 in.diarreter)in Whitlock-Vibert Box
sarrples collected at study sites in the middle Susitna
River,Alaska.
SUBSTRATE
WHITlOCK-VIBERT BOX
~.-•._"'.....~••..,_••_.,,~~--~---~-~----_.........__._.~-~-._._..--J
!
!~..
!~i
1 !
it
..L·
I t
!I
j I
II !-..)
J .~n )1,fJ f/1/I'l',:
"~;:~\
~~1.)
4 'J
I-
Z
Wocr
W
Q.o
I
00
SLOUGH SIDE CHANNEL TRIBUTARY
>'.0 i 0.08-0.02 [:.0.02-0.002'·<0.002
SUBSTRATE SIZE CATEGORY (In)
Figure D-6.Percent corrposition,by size class,of Whitlock-Vibert
Box samples collected in various habitat types in the
middle Susitna River,Alaska.
J J J )J J I J }))i I J 1 I J
'~-)1 t "1 "'-"'}]1 1 1 J ]1
SUBSTRATE
WHITLOCK-VIBERT BOX
H'
1 ~~;:I:';;,,;0 :Ij{"2:
7 -I·.
-"-....."'.'0 ~....
\>.,::.
.;.:~.~'~;::~~>...;-.:;-~.,_:::"i.~-;.._~;_.
.-."",'....
f'-'.,........
I:::~:::>:.;::::~~:~~'::~>~.
",...~.
~.-''I.
"
>:2~,:<",:-~~~~~~~
...."'.
-".
C".1_:
::)
~3
~5
.~J'.!:~)
i .•
1 ::
~"1 -..'.
,J
1 ,~-
to-
Z
W
()
a:w
D..
C1
I
1.0
/.,'
../-
'"
..•...~•••~:••,0·"·••••
...'.':::>":',""::~:,,,"
•...•...
'.
£,
",
.~~
~
\]I·i {.,'..t t'I 1/'-;./.././I !/./-,..-,/l
SLOUGH SIDE CHANNEL TRIBUTARY
i?~../J 0.01-0.01 r's~:],0.01-0.001'.t;a <.o.Oot
SUBSTRATE SIZE_CATEGORY (In)
Figure 0-7.Percent substrate carposition,by size class,of fine
substrate «0.08 in.diarreter)in.Whitlock-Vi.bert Box
sanples collected in various habitat types in the
middle Susitna River,Alaska.
Appendiz Table 0-1.8ub_trate co.poaition of aa.ple.collected with a aodified McReil aubatrate aa.pler in
.prin.1984;Suaitna liver,Alaaka.
Subatrate Size Claaaea <c.)
Itotal<tot.)1 >12.7 112.7 -7.61 7.6 -2.51 2.5 -0.21 0.2 -0.0510.05 -0.0061 <0.006 1
Site Sub-Standpipe S..plin.I Dry
<River .Ue)Bite Ro.Date I lit.
y/./d I <.)
I Dry I I Dry "I 1 Dry I 1 Dry I I Dry Z I Dry I I Dry Z I
I lit.tot.1 lit.tot.1 lit.tot.1 lit.tot.1 lit.tot.1 lit.tot.1 lit.tot.'
I C.>1 <.)I C.)I <.)I <.)1 C.)1 <.)I
BIDE CHURL 10 A
CI33.8)A
A
A
FOURTH or JULY A
CREEk A
CI31.1)A
A
SLOUGH 11 A
<135.3)A
A
A
a
a
SIDE CBAHRL 21 A
CI41.0)a
a
a
C
o
I
I--'
<:)
BLOUGH 10
CI33.8)
UPP!Il BIDE
CRAIIRL 11
<136.1)
lIAIRStl!M
(138.9)
SLOUGH 21
041.8)
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
001
004
009
013
001
003
019
020
Olll
002
005
013
014
003
004
016
020
lOa
lU
DVI
000
000
OS2
OOA
001
ODD
OVI
001
004
009
010
015
840511
840511
840511
840511
840411
840411
840411
840411
840412
840411
840411
840502
840502
840405
840405
840405
840405
840412
840412
840503
840503
840503
840419
840419
840419
840419
840419
840413
840413
840413
840413
840413
24157
27783
33514
24122
29466
23849
36137
36973
41507
35458
35866
38642
37451
33545
34712
32963
29600
31130
36740
33678
40199
37636
34883
31896
37726
38317
35275
35208
38223
27479
28551
39761
00000 0.0 00000 0.0 04557 18.9 13569 56.204471 18.5 01322 5.5 00138 1.0
00000 0.0 00000 0.0 09001 32.4 14680 52.8 03496 12.6 00555 2.0 00051 0.2
08968 26.8 00929 2.8 11998 35.8 09662 28.8 01472 4.4 00171 0.5 00314 0.9
00000 0.0 06959 28.8 09718 40.3 05688 23.6 01421 5.9 00265 1.1 00071 0.3
00000 0.000000 0.000085 0.300115 0.400428 1.5 2370280.4 05136 17.4
00000 0.000000 0.000000 0.0 00000 0.000239 1.0 19556 82.0 04054 17.0
05096 14.1 07199 19.9 06097 16.9 01907 5.3 01411 3.9 11073 30.6 03354 9.3
14120 38.2 05743 15.5 04537 12.3 02191 5.9 00529 1.4 06167 16.7 03686 10.0
00000 0.0 01607 3.9 14321 34.5 19650 47.3 01846 4.4 03281 7.9 00802 1.9
00000 0.0 01026 2.909644 27.2 12582 35.506441 18.205521 15.6 00244 0.7
00000 0.0 01247 3.5 12536 35.0 09092 25.3 03202 8.9 09251 25.8 00538 1.5
00000 0.0 03755 9.7 14121 36.5 14458 37.4 03667 9.502470 6.4 00171 0.4
07123 19.007679 20.5 10161 27.1 08015 21.401266 3.402742 7.3 00465 1.2
00000 0.0 04011 12.007811 23.3 17893 53.3 02438 7.3 01035 3.1 00357 1.1
00000 0.0 00000 0.0 10589 30.5 21341 61.5 01414 4.1 00862 2.5 00506 1.5
00000 0.003112 9.4 10343 31.4 14384 43.6 01279 3.9 02110 6.4 01735 5.3
00000 0.000000 0.004420 14.9"15950 53.903005 10.205426 18.3 00799 2.7
02488 8.0 07074 22.7 09528 30.6 10677 34.3 00830 2.7 00429 1.4 00104 0.3
08988 24.5 01044 2.8 12801 34.8 08360 22.8 03251 8.8 01956 5.3 00340 0.9
00000 0.0 00000 0.0 10495 31.2 14819 44.0 04905 14.6 02936 8.7 00523 1.6
1909847.501252 3.1 08702 21.6 07553 18.801638 4.1 01697 4.2 00259 0.6
07711 20.5 01879 5.0 12227 32.5 09969 26.5 03337 8.902294 6.1 00219 0.6
06226 17.804708 13.507536 21.6 10505 30.1 02301 6.6 03069 8.8 00538 1.5
00000 0.007836 24.6 1041532.7 08786 27.501898 6.002436 7.6 00525 1.6
05872 15.6 05172 13.7 10425 27.6 10983 29.1 02629 7.002281 6.0 00364 1.0
00000 0.0 09605 25.1 11910 31.1 13120 34.2 01743 4.5 01288 3.4 00651 1.7
00000 0.0 14730 41.8 05129 14.5 10121 28.7 02217 6.3 02815 8.0 00263 0.7
01792 5.1 1200434.1 07284 20.7 09532 27.1 02499 7.1 01866 5.3 00231 0.7
09162 24.0 01437 3.8 10859 28.4 12519 32.8 02031 5.3 02002 5.2 00213 0.6
00000 0.0 00000 0.0 00000 0.0 00000 0.0 00967 3.5 23818 86.7 02694 9.8
00000 0.0 00000 0.0 00000 0.0 00000 0.0 03375 11.8 22779 79.8 02397 8.4
05803 14.6 05620 14.1 1645541.406085 15.3 00793 2.002114 5.3 02891 7.3
!,-_J I )].J .1 I -]1 )).1 I
)J --)---}}~~]1
Appendia Table D-2.Subatrate co.poaition ina ide Whitloct-Vibert Boa placed in,and retrieved from
artificial redda;Auguat 1983 to May 1984,Suaitna liver,Alaata.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subatrate aize claaaea (cm)
--------------------------------------------------------------
•Total •2.5 -0.2 •0.2 -0.05 •0.05 -0.006 •<0.006 I
--------------------------------------------------------------
Sampling'Dry •Dry •Dry •Dry •Dry •Site Sub Standpipe Box Date •wt.•wt.I •wt.I •wt.%•wt.%•(liver mile)Site 110.110.(y/./d)•(g)•(g)Tot.'(g)Tot ••(g)Tot.'(g)Tot.'-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------~---------------------~---------------------------------
FOURTH OF JULY A 001 1 840510 1169.2 1071.1 92 70.9 6 25.7 2 1.5 0
CREEl(A 001 2 840510 1175.1 1061.4 90 78.8 7 32.8 3 2.1 0
(131.0 A 004 1 840510 1282.6 1073.3 84 137.5 11 59.8 5 12.0 1
A 004 2 840510 1156 .3 1030.0 89 63.5 5 33.3 3 29.5 3
A 008 1 840426 1024.4 917 .8 90 66.2 6 37.2 4 3.2 0
A 009 1 840326 1120.2 991.0 88 88.2 8 36.7 3 4.3 0
A 009 ·2 840326 1280.3 1140.6 89 93 .5 7 40.9 3 5.3 0
A 013 1 840420 1156.2 981.0 85 90.5 8 75.6 7 9.1 1
A 013 2 840420 1181.2 1027.4 87 83.9 7 61.9·5 8.0 1
CI
I SIDE CHANNEL 10 A 002 1 840411 1207.2 982.6 81 19.4 2 203.9 17 1.3 0I-'(133.8)A 002 2 840411 1280.9 975.6 76 28.2 2 274.2 21 2.9 0I-'
A 005 1 840411 1331.5 975.0 73 91.7 7 262.3 20 2.5 0
A 005 2 840411 1382.5 1037.6 75 88.2 6 254.3 18 2.4 0
A 013 1 840502 1095.3 1012.7 92 40.1 4 41.3 4 1.2 0
A 013 2 840502 1106.3 978.3 88 50.0 5 77 .0 7 1.0 0
A 014 1 840502 1031.3 1013.2 98 7.2 1 10.4 1 0.5 0
A 014 2 840502 1190.9 1006 .8 85 59.9 5 118.4 10 5.8 0
SLOUGH 10 A 001 1 840411 1353.0 946 .1 70 3.7 0 299.0 22 104.2 8
(133.8)A 001 2 840411 1352.3 943.0 70 5.9 0 325.4 24 78.0 6
A 003 1 840411 1384.9 947.9 68 1.5 0 379.2 27 56.3 4
A 003 2 840411 1392.0 962.1 69 1.3 0 366.5 26 62.1 4
A 019 1 8~0411 1319.3 973.6 74 8.7 1 255.7 19 81.3 6
A 019 2 840411 1300.4 974.1 75 5.1 0 261.4 20 59.8 5
A 020 1 840411 1286.8 954.9 74 10.1 1 293.0 23 28.8 2
A 020 2 840411 1377 .8 940.8 68 7.2 1 365.5 27 64.3 5
SLOUGH 11 A 003 1 840405 1055.9 960.5 91 61.3 6 29.5 3 4.6 0
(135.3)A 003 2 840405 1057.1 964.8 91 54.1 5 32.8 3 5.4 1
A 004 1 .840405 1007.2 971.4 96 19.3 2 14.6 1 1.9 0
A 004 2 840405 1019.4 984.9 97 16.9 2 14.2 1 3.4 0
A 016 1 840405 \151.8 950.4 83 63.7 6 116.6 10 21.1 2
A 020 1 840405 1295.6 1035.6 80 42.9 3 197.9 15 19.2 1
A 020 2 840405 1168.0 853.2 73 50.8 4 246.4 21 17 .6 2
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Appendix Table D-2.(Continued).
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subltrate 11ze clallel (em)
--------------------------------------------------------------
I Total I 2.5 -0.2 I 0.2 -0.05 I 0.05 -0.006 I <0.006 I
--------------------------------------------------------------
SlI1IIpUng I Dry I Dry I Dry I Dry •Dry I
Site Sub Standpipe Box Date I .t.••t.I •vt.I •vt.%I "t.%I
(River ..ile)Site Ho.Ho.(y/./d)I (g)I (g)Tot.1 (g)Tot.1 (g)Tot.'(g)Tot.1
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------~-------------------------------------------------
SLOUGR 11 a 108 1 840412 1017 .4 950.0 93 34.0 3 30.8 3 2.6 0
(continued)a 108 2 840412 1042.2 990.1 95 20.6 2 28.6 3 2.9 0
8 118 1 -840412 1119.7 913.0 82 90.0 8 113.2 10 3.5 0
a 118 2 840412 1094.0 920.4 84 66.4 6 103.2 9 4.0 0
UPPER SIDE A DVI 1 840118 1053.1 925.0 88 74.4 7 52.0 5 1.7 0
CHANNEL 11 A DVI 2 831204 1094.5 933.0 85 85.7 8 71.9 7 3.9 0
(136.1)A DVI 3 831230 996.7 906.6 91 47.5 5 38.1 4 4.5 0
SIDE CRAIiMEL 21 8 OOA 1 840419 1009.3 917 .7 91 42.6 4 47.1 5 1.9 0
(141.0)8 OOA 2 840419 1130.5 975.5 86 70.1 6 83.3 7 1.6 0
0 a 008 1 840419 1041.1 939.7 90 72.8 7 26.2 3 2.4 0I
t-'8 008 2 840419 985.2 940.6 95 34.5 4 8.8 1 1.3 0
N 8 OOD 1 840419 1076.0 988.2 92 71.7 7 14.7 1 1.4 0
8 OOD 2 840419 1016.2 951.4 94 54.6 5 8.5 1 1.7 0
8 oor 2 840329 1063.4 969.0 91 67.0 6 20.2 2 7.2 1
SLOUGH 21 A 001 1 840413 1125.7 987.0 88 39.2 3 77 .8 7 21.7 2
(141,8)A 001 2 840413 1067.4 928.0 87 52.3 5 57.0 5 30.1 3
A 004 1 840413 1295.7 1032.1 80 83.2 6 143.8 11 36.6 3
A 004 2 840413 1212.7 957.5 79 54.6 5 150.1 12 50.5 4
A 009 1 840413 1300.6 914.3 70 2.8 0 367.3 28 16.2 1
A 009 2 840413 1401.0 933.5 67 6.2 0 445.6 32 15.7 1
A 010 1 840413 1289.0 960.5 75 30.7 2 282.5 22 15.3 1
A 010 2 840413 1258.7 947.0 75 18.0 1 279.0 22 14.7 1
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
]I •J J •J J I I J _J J J }-)J ,
-
r--
I
A P PEN D I X E
ADDITIONAL HABITAT DATA
E-1
APPENDIX E
ADDITIONAL HABITAT DATA
This appendix presents data relating to the physical placement of
standpipes t water depths and velocities at standpipe locations t and
vi sua 1 assessments of general substrate conditi ons at standpi pe
locations (Appendix Table E-l).Appendix Table E-2 provides a list of
symbols used for substrate categories and corresponding size classes.
These substrate data were collected according to procedures presented in
Vincent-Lang et al.(1984).Appendix Table E-2 provides a description
of the criteria used to rank the degree of embeddedness of substrate.
E-2
-
,...,
-
l ~····1 }~···l -1 ···1 ······1 ~···1 .....~_..J ---1 ···~·1 --·1
Appendix Table E-l.Physical data collected at primary and secondary study sites in the middle
Susitna River,Alaska.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
'Sampling'Stand ,'Location',Water ,
Site 'Sub ,Date ,pipe ,Habitat ,within ,,Depth 'Velocity'Sub-'Embeddedness'
(River mile)'site'y/m/d ,No.,Zone ,·Zone I Bank I (ft)Hft/sec)!strate I rank
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SLOUGH 8A A 831109 002 0.10 0.00
(125.9)A 831109 003 0.20 0.05
A 831214 003 Riffle Head Left 0.25 0.00
SLOUGH 9 A 831109 001 Riffle Head Left 0.40 0.05
(128.3)A 831109 002 Riffle Head Left 0.90 0.20
A 831109 003 Riffle Head Left 0.10 0.00
A 831214 003 Riffle Middle Left 0.35 0.00
FOURTH OF JULY A 830828 001 Riffle Middle Left 2.10 0.15
CREEK A 830914 001 Riffle Middle Left 0.70 0.00
(131.1)A 840511 001 Pool Middle Left SG LG 3
rrl A 830828 002 Pool Middle Left 1.80 0.15
I A 830914 002 Pool Middle Left.0.40 0.10wA840511002PoolMiddleLeft SG LG 3
A 830828 003 Pool Middle Left 1.40 1.20
A 830914 003 Pool Middle Left 0.00 0.00
A 840511 003 Pool Middle Left LG SG 4
A 830828 004 Pool Middle Left 1.20 1.70
A 830914 004 Pool Middle Left 0.00 0.00
A 840511 004 Riffle Base Right LG RU 5
A 830828 005 Riffle Base Right 1.50 0.85
A 830914 005 Riffle Base Right 0.10 0.00
A 840511 005 Pool Middle Left LG SG 2
A 830828 006 Pool Middle Left 1.60 0.50
A 830914 006 Pool Middle Left 0.60 2.00
A 840511 006 Riffle Middle Left RU LG 5
A 830828 007 Riffle Middle Left 1.90 0.20
A 830914 007 Riffle Middle.Left 0.50 0.95
A 840511 007 Riffle Middle Left LG RU 5
A 830828 008 Riffle Middle Left 1.10 1.40
A 830914 008 Riffle Middle Left 0.80 3.10
A 831102 008 Riffle Middle Left 1.20 0.00
A 840511 008 Riffle Middle Right RU LG 5
A 830828 009 Riffle Middle Right 0.90 0.10
-----------._-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
J
Appendix Table E-l.(Continued)•
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ISamplingl Stand I ILocationl I Water I I
Site ISub I Date I pipe I Habitat I within I I Depth IVelocityl Sub-IEmbeddednessl
(River mile)Isitel y/m/d I No.I Zone I Zone I Bank I (ft)l(ft/sec)J strate I rank I
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FOURTH OF JULY A 830914 009 Riffle Middle Right 0.40 1.20
CREEK A 831102 009 Riffle Middle Right 0.90 0.05
(continued)A 840511 009 Riffle Middle Right RU CO 5
A 830828 010 Riffle Middle Right 0.40 2.50
A 830914 010 Riffle Middle Right 0.40 2.30
A 840511 010 Riffle Middle Right RU CO 5
A 830828 011 Riffle Middle Right 1.50 2.40
A 830914 011 Riffle Middle Right 1.40 2.20
A 840511 011 Riffle Middle Right RU CO 5
A 830828 012 Riffle Middle Right 0.80 1.50
A 830914 012 Riffle Middle Right 0.90 2.10
rr1 A 831102 012 Riffle Middle Left 0.70 2.70
i A 831203 012 Riffle Middle Left 0.50 0.10
.po A 840511 012 Riffle Middle Left CO RU 5
A 830828 013 Riffle Middle Left 0.80 1.70
A 830914 013 Riffle Middle·Left 1.00 1.30
A 840511 013 Riffle Middle Right RU CO 5
A 830828 014 Riffle Middle Right 1.10 0.80
A 830914 014 Riffle Middle Right 1.10 0.95
A 831102 014 Riffle Middle Right 0.90 1.40
A 831203 014 Riffle Base Right 0.50 0.60
A 840511 014 Riffle Middle Right CO RU 5
A 830828 015 Riffle Middle Right 1.40 1.60
A 830914 015 Riffle Middle Right 1.60 1.30
A 831203 015 Riffle Base Right 0.80 0.30
A 840511 015 Riffle Middle'Right CO RU 5
SLOUGH 9A A 831109 001 Riffle Middle Right 0.60 0.50
033.6)A 831214 001 Pool Middle Left 1.10 0.00
A 831109 002 Pool Middle Left 1.00 0.00
A 831214 002 Pool Middle Left 0.90 0.00
A 831109 003 Pool .Middle Left 1.50 0.00
A 831214 003 Pool Middle Left 0.60 0.00
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
J )••J J I 1 ),J _J J I ,
--1 ~-1 ---1 '-~---~1 ---~)1 ]}1 )J
Appendix Table E-I.(Continued).
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I Sampling I Stand I ILocationl I Water I I
Site ISub I Date I pipe I Habitat I within I I Depth IVelocityl Sub-I EmbeddednessI
(River mile)Isitel y/m/d I No.I Zone I Zone I Bank I (ft)t(ft/sec)I strate I rank I
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SIDE CHANNEL 10 A 830910 DOl Pool Base Left SA I
(133.8)A 830910 002 Pool Base Left 0.30 0.00 SA I
A 830910 003 Pool Middle Left 0.10 0.00 SA LG 2
A 830910 004 Pool Middle Right 0.70 0.00 SA 1
A 830910 005 Pool Middle Right 0.80 0.00 SA LG I
A 831028 005 Pool Middie Right 0.40 0.00
A 830910 006 Pool Middle-Right 0.80 0.00 LG SA 4
A 831028 006 Pool Middle Right 0.60 0.00
A 830910 007 Pool Middle Right 0.55 0.00 SA I
A 831028 007 Pool Middle Right 0.30 0.00
A 830910 008 Pool Middle Right 0.50 0.00 LG SA 3
A 831028 008 Pool Middle Right 0.20 0.00
I"T1 A 830910 009 Pool Head Left 0.65 0.00 SA I
I A 831028 009 Pool Head Left 0.20 0.00
U"1 A 830910 DID Pool Head Left 0.40 0.10 LG RU 4
A 831028 OlD Pool Head Left 0.10 0.00
A 830910 011 Riffle Base Right 0.10 0.00 LG SG 4
A 830910 012 Riffle Middle Left 0.20 0.20
LG SG 4
A 830910 013 Pool Middle Right 0.25 0.00 LG SG 4
A 830910 014 Riffle Base Right 0.30 0.05 RU LG 4
A 830910 015 Riffle Head Left 0.30 0.00 RU LG 3
A 830910 016 Pool·Middle Right 0.40 0.00 SA RU 2
A 830910 017 Pool Middle Right 0.50 0.00 SA RU 2
A 830910 018 Pool Middle Left 0.20 0.00 RU LG 3
A 830910 019 Pool Middle Left 1.00 0.00 CO RU 4
SLOUGH 10 A 830910 001 Backwater Middle Right 0.60 0.00 51 1
(133.8)A 830915 001 Backwater Middle Right 0.30 0.00
A 830910 002 Backwater Middle Right SI 1
A 830915 002 Backwater Middle Right 0.00 0.00
A 830910 003 Backwater Middle Right 0.50 0.00 SI I
A 830915 003 Backwster Middle Right 0.20 0.00
A 830910 004 Backwater Middle Right 0.20 0.00 SI I
A 830915 004 Backwater Middle Right 0.00 0.00
A 830910 005 Backwater Middle Right 0.80 0.00 SI I
A 830915 005 Backwater Middle Right 0.50 0.00
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Appendix Table E-l.(Continued)•
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ISampling I Stand I ILocationl I Water I I
Site ISub I Date I pipe I Habitat I within I I Depth IVelocityl Sub-IEmbeddednessI
(River mile)lsitel y/m/d I No.I Zone I Zone I Bank I (ft)I(ft/sec)!strate I rank I
------~---------------------------------------------------------------------------~-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SLOUGH 10 A 831028 005 Backwater Middle Right 0.10 0.00
(continued)A 830910 006 Backwater Middle Left 1.10 0.00 SI 1
A 830915 006 Backwater Middle Left 0.75 0.00
A 831028 006 Backwater Middle·Left 0.40 0.10
A 830910 007 Backwater Middle Left 1.10 0.00 SI 1
A 830915 007 Backwater Middle Left 0.60 0.10
A 831028 007 Backwater ~iddle Left 0.40 0.10
A 831110 007 Backwater Middle Left 0.20 0.00
A 830910 008 Backwater Middle Left 1.10 0.00 SI 1
A 830915 008 Backwater Middle Left 0.70 0.10
A 831028 008 Backwater Middle Left 0.50 0.20
A 831110 008 Backwater Middle Left 0.20 0.15
A 830910 009 Backwater Middle Left 1.40 0.00 BO SI 3
1TI A 830915 009 Backwater Middle Left 1.00 0.30
I
m A 831028 009 Backwater Middle Left 0.50 0.70
A 831206 009 Riffle Middle Right 0.50 0.00
A 830910 010 Backwater Middle Right 1.30 0.00 CO SI 3
A 830915 010 Backwater Middle Right 1.00 0.15
A 831028 010 Backwater Middle Right 0.60 0.25
A 831206 010 Pool Base Right 0.40 0.20
A 830910 011 Backwater Middle Right 1.00 0.00 BO SI 3
A 830915 011 Backwater Middle Right 0.90 0.10
A 831028 011 Backwater Middle Right 0.70 0.15
A 831206 011 Pool Middle Right 0.40 0.00
A 830910 012 Backwater Head Right 0.50 0.00 SI CO 3
A 830915 012 ·Backwater Head Right 0.20 0.00
A 830910 013 Pool Base Right 1.65 0.00 SI RU 4
A 830915 013 Pool Base Right 1.10 0.05
A 831028 013 Pool Base·Right 1.10 0.00
A 831206 013 Pool Middle Right 1.00 0.00
A 830910 014 Pool Head Left 0.90 0.00 CO SI 4
A 830915 014 Pool Head Left 0.80 0.01
A 831028 014 Pool Head Left 0.70 0.05
A 831206 014 Pool MidJ,ile Left 0.60 0.00
A 830910 015 Riffle Base Left 0.90 0.60 CO SI 4
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
!1 )I •J I I I )J J I J B
»]1 1 1 -])1 j
Appendix Table E-1.(Continued).
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ISampling I Stand I ILocationl I Water I I
Site ISub I Date I pipe I Habitat I within I I Depth IVelocity'IEmbeddedness'
(River mile)lsitel y/m/d I No.I Zone I Zone I Bank I (ft)'(ft/sec)ISubstratel rank •----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SLOUGR 10 A 830915 015 Riffle Base Left 1.00 0.20
(continued)A 831028 015 Riffle Base Left 0.90 0.05
A 831206 015 Riffle Base Left 0.60 0.30
A 830910 016 Backwater Middle Left 0.80 0.05 SI CO 1
A 830915 016 Backwater Middle Left 0.35 0.10
A 831028 016 Backwater Middle Left 0.05 0.00
A 830910 017 Backwater Middle Left 0.60 0.15 SI 1
A 830915 017 Backwater Middle Left 0.40 0.60
A 831028 017 Backwater Middle Left 0.30 0.55
A 831206 017 Riffle Middle Left 0.30 0.10
A 830910 018 Backwater Head Right 0.70 0.32 SI CO 3
A 830915 018 Backwater Head Right 0.60 0.50
A 831028 018 Backwater Read Right 0.30 0.20
I"A 831110 018 Backwater Head Right 0.40 0.35I
-...I A 831206 018 Riffle Middle Right 0.30 0.00
A 830910 019 Riffle Middle Right 0.50 0.75 SI BO 3
A 830915 019 Riffle Middle Right 0.70 0.40
A 831028 019 Riffle Middle Right 0.60 0.05
A 831110 019 Riffle Middle Right 0.50 0.40
A 831206 019 Riffle Middle Right 0.50 0.30
A 830910 020 Riffle Middle Left 0.55 0.45 SI BO 3
A 830915 020 .Riffle Middle Left 0.50 0.55
A 831028 020 Riffle Middle Left 0.40 0.45
A 831206 020 Riffle Middle Left 0.50 0.10
A 831206 ORI Pool Head Right 0.80 0.00
SLOUGH 11 A 830827 001 Pool Head Right 1.85 0.00
(135.3)A 830915 001 Pool Read Right 0.30 0.40
A 831024 001 Riffle Read Right LG SG 5
A 831101 001 Riffle Head Right 0.20 0.35
A 831207 001 Riffle Head Right 0.20 0.10
A 830827 002 Riffle Head Right 1.80 0.00
A 830915 002 Riffle Head Right
A 831024 002 Riffle Head Right RU SG 5
A 830827 003 Riffle Head Right 1.40 0.00
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Appendix Table E-I.(Continued).
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ISamplingl Stand I ILocationl I Water I I
Site ISub I Date I pipe I Habitat I within I I Depth IVelocityl Sub-IEmbeddednessl
(River mile)Ieitel y/m/d I No.I Zone I Zone I Bank I (ft)I(ft/aec)!strate I rank I
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SLOUGH II A 830915 003 Riffle Head Right
(continued)A 831024 003 Riffle Head Right RU SG 5
A 830827 004 Riffle Head Right 1.30 0.00
A 830915 004 Riffle Head Right
A 831024 004 Riffle Head Right LG SG 4
A 830827 005 Riffle Head Right 1.25 0.00
A 830915 005 Riffle Head Right
A 831024 005 Riffle Head Right CO LG 3
A 830827 006 Riffle Bead Right 1.25 0.00
A 830915 006 Riffle Head Right
A 831024 006 Riffle Head,Right LG SG 3
A 830827 007 Riffle Head Right 1.30 0.00
ITI A 830915 007 Riffle Head Right
I A 831024 007 Riffle Middle Right LG SG 5COA831101007RiffleMiddleRight0.05
A 830827 008 Riffle Middle Right 1.60 0.00
A 830915 008 Riffle Middle Right 0.30 0.00
A 831024 008 Pool Middle Right LG RU 4
A 831101 008 Pool Middle Right 0.25 0.00
A 831207 008 Pool Base Right 0.05
A 830827 009 Pool Base Right 1.25 0.00
A 830915 009 Pool Base Right
A 831024 009 Pool Middle Right RU LG 4
A 831101 009 Pool Middle Right 0.05
A 831207 009 Pool Middle Right
A 830827 010 Pool Middle Right 1.30 0.00
A 830915 010 Pool Middle Right 0.20 0.00
A 831024 010 Riffle Middle Left RU CO 4
A 831101 010 Riffle Middle Left 0.15 0.20
A 831207 010 Riffle Base Right 0.05
A 830827 011 Riffle Base Right 1.40 0.00
A 830915 011 Riffle Baae Right 0.20 0.00
A 831024 011 Riffle Middle Right CO RU 2
A 831207 011 Riffle Middle Left 0.25 0.00
A 830827 012 Riffle Middle Left 1.00 0.00
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
J I .J I I )J J J ])I I ~.J J )!
~J 1 1 }
Appendix Table E-l.(Continued).
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ISampling I Stand I ILocation I I Water I I
Site ISub I Date I pipe I Habitat I within I I Depth IVelocityl Sub-IEmbeddednessl
(River mile)Isitel ylmld I Ro.I Zone I Zone I Bank I (ft)I(ft/sec)l strate I rank I
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SLOUGH 11 A 830915 012 Riffle Middle Left
(continued)A 831024 012 .Riffle Middle Left LG RU 4
A 831101 012 Riffle Middle Left 0.25 0.00
A 830827 013 Riffle Middle Left 1.10 0.00
A 830915 013 Riffle Middle·Left 0.20 0.10
A 831024 013 Riffle Base Left RU LG 4
A 831101 013 Riffle Base Left 0.05
A 831207 013 Riffle Milidle Left 0.05
A 830827 014 Riffle Middle Left 0.70 0.35
A 830915 014 Riffle Middle Left 0.20 0.20
A 831024 014 Pool Middle Left RU LG 4
A 831101 014 Pool Middle Left 0.05
rrl A 831207 014 Riffle Middle Right 0.05
I A 830827 015 Riffle Middle Right 1.00 0.40
\.0 A 830915 015 Riffle Middle Right 0.50 0.30
A 831024 015 Pool Middle Left RU LG 2
A 831101 015 Pool Middle Left 0.40 0.25
A 831207 015 Pool Middle Left 0.40 0.15
A 830827 016 Pool Middle Left 0.90 0.45
A 830915 016 Pool Middle Left 0.50 0.25
A 831024 016 Pool Iofiddle Left RU LG 1
A 831101 016 Pool Middle Left 0.40 0.30
A 831207 016 Pool Middle Left 0.40 0.15
A 830827 017 Pool Middle Left 0.90 0.45
A 830915 017 Pool Middle Left 0.50 0.30·
A 831024 017 Pool Head Left LG RU 2
A 831101 017 Pool Head Left 0.30 0.50
A 831207 017 Pool Middle Left 0.35 0.35
A 830827 018 Pool Middle Left 0.50 0.50
A 830915 018 Pool Middle Left 0.30 0.10
A 831024 018 Riffle Base Right LG RU 4
A 831101 018 Riffle Base Right 0.30 0.15
A 831207 018 Riffle Base Right 0.30 0.10
A 830827 019 Riffle Base Right 0.30 0.55
A 830915 019 Riffle Base Right 0.10 0.35
. ....--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Appendix Table E-1.(Continued)•
.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ISampling I Stand I ILocationl I Water I I
Site ISub I Date I pipe I Habitat 'I within I I Depth IVelocityl Sub-IEmbeddednessl
(River mile)Isitel y/m/d I No.I Zone I Zone I Bank I (ft)I(ft/sec)l strate I rank I
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SLOUGH 11 A 831024 019 Riffle Head Right RU LG 4
(continued)A 831101 019 Riffle Head Right 0.05
A 830827 020 Riffle Head Right 0.70 0.60
A 830915 020 Riffle Head Right 0.35 0.40
A 831024 020 Pool Middle Left SG SA 1
A 831101 020 Pool Middle Left 0.30 0.50
A 831207 020 Pool Head Left 0.30 0.30
B 830915 04A Pool Head Left 1.25 0.05
B 831024 04A Pool Middle Left RU LG 3
B 831101 04A Pool Middle Left 1.05 0.05
B 830915 04B Pool Middle Left 1.10 0.00
B 831024 04B Pool Middle Left LG RU 4
m B 831101 04B Pool Middle Left 1.10 0.05
I B 830915 04C Pool Middle Left 1.30 0.00......
a B 831024 04C Pool Middle Left RU LG 4
B 831101 04C Pool Middle Left 1.15 0.05
B 830915 lOA Pool Middle Left 1.50 0.10
B 831024 lOA Pool Middle Left CO RU 5
B 831101 lOA Pool Middle Left 1.35 0.05
B 830915 lOB Pool Middle Left 1.20 0.00
B 831024 lOB Pool Middle Left RU LG 5
B 831101 lOB Pool Middle Left 1.20 0.05
B 830915 10C Pool Middle Left 1.50 0.05
B 831024 10C Pool Middle Left RU LG 4
B 831101 10C Pool Middle Left 1.40 0.05
B 830827 11A Pool Middle Left 1.00 0.05
B 830915 11A Pool Middle Left 0.80 0.05
B 831024 11A Pool Middle Left RU LG 2
B 831101 11A Pool Middle Left 0.75 0.15
B 831207 11A Pool Middle Right 1.30 0.00
B 830827 11B Pool Middle Right 0.85 0.05
B 830915 11B Pool Middle Right 0.70 0.10
B 831024 11B Pool Middle Left CO RU 4
B 831101 11B Pool Middle Left 0.70 0.05
B 831207 11B Pool Middl~Right 1.10 0.00
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I I 3 I 'I D ~.)J )J J ..1 ,J I
'--1 1 -1 J ~i 1 --,j J
Appendix Table E-l.(Continued)•
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ISampling I Stand I ILocation I I Water I I
Site ISub I Date I pipe I Habitat I within I I Depth IVelocityl Sub-IEmbeddednessl
(River mile)Isitel y/m/d I Bo.I Zone I Zone I Bank I (ft>IUt/sec)l strate I rank I
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SLOUGH 11 B 830827 llC Pool Middle Right 1.00 0.05
(continued)B 830915 llC Pool Middle Right 0.80 0.10
B 831024 llC Pool Middle Left RU LG 4
B 831101 HC Pool Middle Left 0.85 0.10
B 831207 llC Pool Middle Right 1.30 0.00
B 830827 21A Pool Middle Right 0.85 0.05
B 830915 21A Pool Middle Right 0.80 0.00
B .831024 21A Pool Middle Left RU LG 4
B 83'1101 21A Pool Middle Left 0.90 0.05
B 830827 21B Pool Middle Left 1.20 0.05
B 830915 218 Pool Middle Left 1.00 0.00
tTl B 831024 21B Pool Middle Left RU LG 3
I B 831101 21B Pool Middle'Left 1.00 0.05t-'
t-'B 831207 21B Pool Middle Right 1.50 0.00
B 830827 21C Pool Middle Right 1.20 0.05
B 830915 21C Pool Middle Right 1.00 0.00
B 831024 21C Pool Middle Left RU LG '4
B 831101 21C Pool.Middle Left 1.10 0.05
B 830915 21D Pool Middle Left 1.40 0.00
B 831024 21D Pool Middle Left CO RU 5
B 831101 21D Pool Middle Left 1.25 0.05
B 830915 211 Pool Middle Left 1.35 0.00
B 831024 211 Pool Middle Left CO au 5
B 831101 21E Pool Middle Left 1.05 0.05
B 830915 2lF Pool Middle Left 1.30 0.05
B 831024 2lF Pool Middle Left RU LG 5
B 831101 21F Pool Middle Left 1.25 0.05
C 831024 DVA Pool Head Left RU CO 4
C 831101 DVA Pool Head Left 0.65 0.20
C 831109 DVA Pool Head Left 0.70 0.10
C 831207 DVA Pool Head Right 0.70 0.15 RU CO 4
C 831024 DVB Pool Head Left CO RU 4
C 831101 DVB Pool Head Left 0.70 0.20
C 831109 DVB Pool Head Left 0.90 0.15
C 831207 DVB Pool Head Left 0.80 0.15 CO RU 4
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Appendix Table E-l.(Continued)•
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ISampling I Stand I ILocationl I Water I I
Site ISub I Date I pipe I Habitat I within I I Depth IVelocityl Sub-IEmbeddednessl
(River mile)Isitel y/m/d I No.I Zone I Zone I Bank I (ft)I(ft/sec)l strate I rank I
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SLOUGH 11 e 831024 Dve Pool Head Right CO RU 4
(continued)e 831101 Dve Pool Head 'Right 0.50 0.25
C 831109 Dve Pool Head Right 0.70 0.15
e 831207 Dve Pool Head Left 0.60 0.20 CO RU 4
HAl NSTEM A 831108 MIA Pool Head Left 0.10 0.00
(136.8)A ·831108 MlB Pool Head Left 0.40 0.00
A 831108 Mle Pool Head Left 0.20 0.20
INDIAN RIVER A 831108 001 Pool Head Right 0.20 0.00
(138.6)A 831213 001 Pool Head Right 0.65 0.00
A 831108 003 Pool Head Left 1.00 0.50
rr1 SLOUGH 17 A 831108 001 Pool Head Left 0.20 0.45I
~(138.9)A 831213 001 Pool Head Left 0.25 0.401'0
A 831108 003 Pool Head Left 0.30 0.65
A 831213 003 Pool Head Left 0.35 0.40
SIDE CHANNEL 21 A 830825 001 Riffle Middle Left 2.30 2.10
(141.0)A 830911 001 Pool Head Left BO CO I
A 830914 001 Pool Head Left 0.60 0.05
A 831027 001 Pool Head Left 0.40 0.20
A 830825 002 Riffle Middle Right 1.90 1.90
A 830911 002 Riffle Middle Right CO RU 3
A 830825 003 Riffle Middle Right 2.10 5.80
A 830911 003 Riffle Middle Right CO RU 4
A 830825 004 Riffle Middle Left 1.80 3.20
A 830911 004 Riffle 'Middle Left CO RU 2
A 830825 005 Riffle Middle Right 1.60 3.10
A 830911 005 Riffle Base Right CO RU 2
A 830914 005 Riffle Base Right 0.20 0.10
A 830825 006 Riffle Middle Left 1.60 2.75
A 830911 006 Riffle Middle Left CO RU 4
A 830914 006 Riffle Middle Left 0.20 0.00
A 830825 007 Riffle Middle Right 1.50 2.25
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
t J I ••J J -'J J J I I I )I I
1 J ----1 -y ----_I OJ }
Appendix Table E-1.(Continued)•
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ISampling I Stand 1 lLocationl I Water 1
Site ISub 1 Date I pipe 1 Habitat 1 within I 1 Depth lVelocityl Sub-lEmbeddednessl
(River mile)leitel ylmld 1 No.1 Zone 1 Zone I Bank 1 (ft)I(ft/sec)l strate I rank
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SIDE CHANNEL 21 A 830911 007 Riffle Middle Right CO RU 5
(continued)A 830825 008 Riffle Middle Right 1.10 2.80
A 830911 008 Riffle Base Right CO RU 5
A 830914 008 Riffle Base Right 0.20 0.15
A 830825 009 Riffle Middle Left 1.40 2.70
A 830911 009 Riffle Middle Left CO RU 5
A 830825 010 Riffle Middle Left 1.50 3.35
A 830911 010 Riffle Middle Left BO RU 3
A 830914 010 Riffle Middle Left 0.20 0.00
A 830825 011 Riffle Middle Left 1.70 2.25
A 830911 011 Riffle Middle Left CO RU 3
A 830914 011 Riffle Middle Left 0.20 0.00
A 830825 012 Riffle Middle Right 1.30 3.00
fT1
I A 830911 012 Riffle Middle Right CO RU 4
I-'A 830825 013 Riffle Middle Right 1.80 3.10wA830911013RiffleMiddleRight CO BO 5
A 830914 013 Riffle Middle Right 0.30 0.10
A 830825 014 Riffle Middle Left 1.40 2.25
A 830911 014 Riffle Middle Left CO RU 1
A 830825 015 Riffle Middle Right 1.80 3.10
A 830911 015 Riffle Middle Right CO RU 5
A 830914 015 Riffle Middle Right 0.50 0.30
A 831027 015 Riffle Middle Right 0.10 0.00
A 830825 OSl Riffle Middle Right 1.40 1.75
A 830911 OSl Pool Base Right RU LG 1
A 830825 OS2 Riffle Middle Right 1.00 2.10
A 830911 OS2 Pool Head Right CO RU 1
A 830914 OS2 Pool Head Right 0.10 0.00
A 830825 OS3 Riffle Middle Right 1.20 3.10
A 830911 OS3 Riffle Middle Right CO RU 4
A 830825 OS4 Riffle Middle Right 1.00 4.30
A 830911 OS4 Riffle Middle Right RU CO 4
A 830825 OS5 Riffle Middle Right 0.80 3.50
A 830911 OS5 Riffle Middle Right RU CO 4
B 830914 OOA 'Poo1 Head Left 1.10 0.50 CO SG 4
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Appendix Table E-l.(Continued).
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ISampling I Stand I ILocationl I Water I I
Site ISub I Date I pipe I Habitat I within I I Depth IVelocityl Sub-IEmbeddednessI
(River mile)!site I y/m/d I No.I Zone I Zone I Bank I (ftl Hft/sec)J strate I rank I
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SIDE CHANNEL 21 B 830914 OOB Riffle Middle Right l.00 0.75 CO RU 5
(continued)B 831027 OOB Riffle Middle Right 0.70 0.30
B 830914 OOC Riffle Middle Right 0.90 0.35 CO RU 5
B 831027 OOC Riffle Middle Right 0.70 0.20
B 830914 OOD Riffle Middle Right 0.85 0.60
CO RU 5
B 831027 OOD Riffle Middle Right 0.80 0.20
B 830914 OOE Riffle Middle Right 0.55 0.50
CO RU 4
B 831027 OOE Riffle Middle Right 0.20 0.00
B 830914 OOF Riffle Middle Right 0.70 0.60 CO DO 5
B 83i027 OOF Riffle Middle Right 0.50 0.70
B 830914 OOG Riffle Middle Right 0.50 1.25 CO RU 5
B 831027 OOG Riffle Middle Right 0.20 0.20
IT!B 830914 OOR Riffle Middle Right 0.70 0.70 CO RU 5
I B 831027 OOR Riffle Middle Right 0.50 0.40f-I
.1=:-B 830914 OSA Pool Base Right 0.70 0.05 RU LG 1
B 831027 OSA Pool Base Right 0.30 0.00
B 830914 OSB Pool Middle Right 0.50 0.00 RU LG 2
C 830914 DVI Pool Head Right 0.80 0.40
CO RU 5
C 830914 DV2 Pool Head Right 0.70 0.50 CO RU 5
C 831027 DV2 Pool Head Right 0.50 0.15
C 830914 DV3 Pool Head Right 1.00 0.60 CO RU 5
C 831027 DV3 Pool Head .Right 0.50 0.30
SLOUGH 21 A 830825 001 Riffle Middle Left 1.60 2.60
(141.8)A 830910 001 Riffle Middle Left CO RU 2
A 830913 001 Riffle Middle Left 0.70 0.60
A 831026 001 Riffle Middle Left 0.60 0.70
A 830825 002 Riffle Middle Left 1.50 2.10
A 830910 002 Riffle Middle Right CO RU 2
A 830913 002 Riffle Middle Right 0.60 0.00
A 831026 002 Riffle Middle Right 0.50 0.00
A 830825 003 Riffle Middle Right 1.60 1.90
A 830910 003 Riffle Head Right co RU 2
A 830913 003 Riffle Head Right 0.60 0.35
A 831026 003 Riffle Head Right 0.70 0.40
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
f I it I _"1 I 11 "I 1 •I J ~I I
,~")'~~1 '-1 --J --'-1
Appendix Table E-l.(Continued)•
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ISamplingl Stand I ILocationl I Watel"
Site ISub I Date I pipe I Habitat I within I I Depth IVelocityl Sub-I EmbeddednessI
(Rivel"mile)!sitel y/m/d I No.I Zone I Zone I Bank I (ft)\{ft/sec}\stl"ate I l"ank
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SLOUGH 21 A 830825 004 Riffle Middle Left 1.80 2.00
(continued)A 830910 004 Riffle Head Left CO RU 2
A 830913 004 Riffle Head Left 0.80 0.15
A 831026 004 Riffle Head Left 0.90 0.20
A 830825 005 Riffle Middle Left 1.50 2.35
A 830910 005 Riffle Head Left CO RU 2
A 830913 005 Riffle Head Left 0.60 0.05
A 831026 005 Riffle Head Left 0.80 0.10
A 830825 006 Riffle Middle Right L80 '2.20
A 830910 006 Pool Base Right SI 1
A 830913 006 Pool Base Right 0.70 0.05
A 831026 006 Pool Base Right 0.60 0.10
fTl A 830825 007 Riffle Middle Left 1.70 2.25
I A 830910 007 Pool Base Left SI 1.....A 830913 007 Pool Base Left 0.60 0.05c.n
A 831026 007 Pool Base Left 0.60 0.35
A 830825 008 Riffle Middle Left 1.50 2.30
A 830910 008 Pool Base Left 51 1
A 830913 008 Pool Base Left 0.30 0.00
A 831026 008 Pool Base Left 0.30 0.00
A 830825 009 Riffle Middle Left 1.10 2.55
A 830910 009 Pool Bead Left SI 1
A 830913 009 Pool Head Left 0.20 0.00
A 831026 009 Pool Head Left 0.10 0.00
A 830913 OOA Pool Middle Right 1.10 0.00 80 CO 1
A 831026 OOA Pool Middle Right 1.00 0.00
A 830913 OOB Pool Head Right 0.70 0.05 BO CO 2
A 831026 OOB Pool Head Right 0.70 0.10
A 830913 OOC Pool Head Right 0.80 '0.00 BO CO 3
A 831026 OOC Pool Head Right 0.70 0.00
A 830913 OOD Pool Middle Left 0.50 0.00 LG RU 2
A 831026 OOD Pool Middle Left 0.40 0.20
A 830913 OOE Pool Middle Left 1.80 0.00 SG LG 1
A 831026 OOE Pool Middle Left 1.60 0.00
A 830913 OOF Pool Head Left 0.70 0.00 RU LG 1
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Appendix Table E-1.(Continued).
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ISampling I Stand I ILocationl I Water I I
Site ISub I Date I pipe I Habitat I within I I Depth IVelocityl Sub-IEmbeddednessl
(River mile)Isitel y/m/d I No.I Zone I Zone I Bank I (ft)I(ft/sec)l strate I rank I
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SLOUGH 21 A 830825 010 Riffle Middle Left 1.90 2.25
(continued)A 830910 010 Pool Head Left SI 1
A 830913 010 Pool Head Left 0.40 0.10
A 831026 010 Pool Head Left 0.40 0.05
A 830825 011 Riffle Middle Right 1.60 2.15
A 830910 011 Pool Head Right BO CO 1
A 830913 011 Pool Head Right 0.80 0.00
A 831026 011 Pool Head Right 1.10 1.50
A 830825 012 Riffle Middle Right 1.40 2.00
A 830910 012 Pool Head Right BO CO 2
A 830913 012 Pool Head Right 0.80 0.00
A 831026 012 Pool Head Right 0.90 0.00
IT1 A 830825 013 Riffle Middle Left 1.50 2.59
I A 830910 013'Riffle Base Left SI 1.....A 830913 013 Riffle Base Left 0.40 0.300"1
A 831026 013 Riffle Base Left 0.40 0.30
A.830825 014 Riffle Middle Right 1.30 2.80
A.830910 014 Pool Base Left LG RU 2
A.830913 014 Pool Base Left 0.50 0.15
A.831026 014 Pool Base Left 0.50 0.20
A.831108 014 Pool Base Left 0.50 0.10
A.830825 015 Riffle Middle Right 1.60 2.80
A.830910 015 Pool Base Left LG RU 2
A 830913 015 Pool Base Left 1.00 0.15
A.831026 015 Pool Base Left 1.00 0.20
A.831108 015 Pool Base Left 0.95 0.10
A 830825 016 Riffle Middle Right 1.10 2.45
A.830910 016 Riffle Base Right SI 1
A.830913 016 Riffle Base Right 0.30 0.40
A.831026 016 Riffle Base Right 0.10 0.00
A.831108 016 Riffle Base Right 0.10 0.00
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
t •..1 l it J ,,I J !I )_J
Appendix Table E-2.Substrate classification code used to assess
general substrate conditions at standpipe locations (adapted from
Vincent-Lang et al.1984).·
Substrate Type Symbol Size Class-
silt 51 sma 11 fi nes
sand 5A 1arge fi nes
small gravel SM 1/4-1 11
large gravel LG 1-3 11
rubb 1e RU 3-5"
cobble CO 5-10"
boulder BO 1011
-
!I"'"
.-
r
E-17
Appendix Table E-3.Criteria used to assign a rank for the relative
degree of embedded ness of substrate.
Embeddedness a
Rank Criteria
5 Gravel,rubble,and boulder particles have less than 5
percent of their surface covered by fine sediment.
4 Gravel,rubble,and boulder particles have between 5 to
25 percent of their surface covered by fine sediment.
3 Gravel,rubble,and boulder particles have between 25 and
50 percent of their surface covered by fine sediment.
-
-Gravel,rubble,and boulder particles have between 50 and
75 percent of their surface covered by fine sediment.
Gravel,rubble,and boulder particles have over 75
percent of their surface covered by fine sediment.
2
1
a Embeddedness is defined as the percentage of the larger sized
substrate particles in a streambed which are covered by fine
sediment (Platts et al.1983).
-
-
E-18