HomeMy WebLinkAboutAPA2713SUSITNA
HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT
.FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY COMMISSION
PROJECT No.71141
MAY 1985
DOCUMENT No.2713
.VOLUMEJ[
APPENDICES Band C
CULTURAL RESOURCES
INVESTIGATIONS
1979-1985
~.
SITY Of ALASKA
.~
/~\LASiKA POWER AUTHORITY ----&
TK
1425
.58
F472
no.2713
SUSITNA HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT
D:>CUlDent No.2713 TK
.\YdS
PROPERTY OF THE'
.}Aerge NAlPARK SERVICE ,S ZAtR'i!l!A(ESOUR~£S UBFt'AF<YA~CHORAGE,ALA~~KA REGION FL\-:td
Est.1997 ,I
no.a:t13
DEC
&.LASKA
u.s,DEPT.
CULTURAL RESOURCES INVESTIGAT~ONS
1979 -1985
VOLUME I I
r:APPENDICES BAND C
Report by
University of Alaska Museum
r,-o
E.James Dixon,Ph.D.
Principal Investigator
William Andrefsky,Ph.D.
Arc~haeologist
George S.Smith,M.A.
Project Supervisor
Becky M.Saleeby,Ph.D.
Archaeologist
Ch~lrles J.Utennohle,Ph.D.
Ar(~haeologi st
,....
i
Prepared for
Alaska Power Authority
May 1985 ARLIS
L"b Alaska Resources
1 rary &InfonnatlOn Serv
Ancho iCesrage,Alaska .
_._---_•._--
r
APPENDIX B-SURVEY LOCALE FORM,SITE SURVEY FORM,
FIELD NOTEBOOK GUIDES,
AND SITE DATA FORM
ARLIS
Alaska Resources
Library &InfonnatlOn ServlCes
Anchorage,Alaska
Page
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES •••••.•••••••••••••••••••••.•••••••••.••.•••••B-i i i
B.1 -Survey Locale Form •.••.••...•...•..••.•••......•..•.....8-1
B.2 -SitE!Survey Form •...••.•..•..••.•..•..••...••......•••••B-5
B.3 -Field Notebook Guidelines Section B-13
8.4 -Site!Data Coding Form •.•.••.••..•..••••••..••..•..••..•B-41
B-i
LIST OF FIGURES
Page
Fi gu re B.3.l.
Figure B.3.2.
Figure B.3.3.
Fi gu re B.3 .4.
Figure B.3.5.
Figure 8.3.6.
Figure.B.3.7.
Figure 8.3.8.
Figure B.3.9.
Figure B.3.10.
Figure B.3.11.
F;gu re B.3.12 .
Figure B.3.13.
Figure 8.3.14.
Figure 8.3.15.
Figure 8.3.16.
Figure 8.3.17.
Figure 8.3.18.
Figure 8.3.19.
Figure 8.3.20.
Figure 8.3.21.
Figure 8.3.22.
Figure 8.3.23.
Figure 8.3.24.
Figure 8.3.25.
Figure 8.3.26.
Figure 8.3.27.
Example of Index in Field Notebooks .
Example of Narrative Format Page .
Example of Shovel Test Expansion with Single
Shovel Test with Cultural Material .
Example of Shovel Test Expansion with
Multiple Shovel Tests with Cultural Material
Format for Test Pit Profile ..
Symbols Used for Survey Site Map .
Mapping Notes Format .
Mappi ng Notes Symbo 1s .
Example of Mapping Notes .......•..............
Square Placement and Elevations Format .
Plan Map Format .
Symbols Used on Plan Map .
Artifact Description Format .
Artifact Description Guidelines .
Artifact Description Guidelines
Cant i n·ue·d .
C-14 Sample Recording Format .
C-14 Sample Recording Guidelines .
Soil/Sediment Description Format .
Symbols Used for Wall Profiles .
Soil/Sediment Description Guidel ines .
Soil/Sediment Description Guidelines
Continued .
Photo Log Format .
Checklist for Survey Locale Data Sheets .
Checklist for Site Data Sheets
(Survey Testing)..•..0 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••
Checklist for Site Data Sheets
(Systematic Testing).
Checklist for Test Square Data Sheets .
Checklist for Profiles and Soil/Sediment
Descri pti ons .
8-i i
8-14
8-15
8-16
8-17
8-18
8-19
8-20
8-21
8-22
8-23
8-24
8-25
8-26
8-27
8-28
8-29
8-30
8-31
8-32
8-33
8-34
8-35
8-36
8-37
8-38
8-39
8-40
-
B.1 -SURVEY LOCALE FORM
B-1
SURVEY LOCALE:--------_l!I'l!i
Museum Archeology
University of Alaska
Fairbanks,Alaska 99701
SUSITNA HYDROPOWER PROJECT
SURVEY LOCALE EVALUATION FORM
CHECKED BY DAL'
~,
-This form is intended to insure that three kinds of data for each locale are recorded.
These data will guide additional survey,evaluation of areas that may need no further
work,and document areas surveyed and tested on-the-ground.If supplementary information
to this form is included in fieldnotes,please note this on the form along with your
name(s)and field book page number(s).
I.A field description of the locale is needed.The fieJd description of the locale
should include the uniformity and variability of surface morphology.The information
which you record will be used to compare this locale with other locales to determine
similarity and aid in future locale selection and testing.
a.Describe the surface morphology noting topographic features,drainage,soils,
variation in surface slope,etc.
"""i
I
---------------------------------------~
---------------------------------------_.
---------------------------------------~
B-?
b.What,if any,are the discrepancies between the definition of the geological unit
(based on air photo interpretation)and the field observation of the unit?Would you
characterize the total area as a single unit based on the homogeneity of surface
morphology?
,'i"""
II.Identify areas within the locale that potentially may be eliminated from further
archeological survey.Please provide objective criteria in your evaluation such as:
1)areas where testing is not feasible using standard archeological field techniques
(areas of standing water,talus rubble);2)areas where the substrata have been removed
by natural erosion (indicate whether these areas have been surface examined forarcheo-
logical materials);and 3)overly steep slopes.This would include slopes of greater than
15 0 to horizontal ~Ihich you deem unlikely for site occurrence (describe and measure slope
angle).
B-3
III.Identify areas within the locale which may have high archeological potential,based
on known site locales from other areas and your field experience,including overlooks,
river terrace and bluff edges,lake and stream margins,etc.Describe the location,
extent,salient features,and tests (if applicable)for these locales,record these
locations on USGS maps.
------------------------------.;.-----------,-
High archeological potential areas that should be investigated
-------------------------------------------:~
IV.Locate on maps where the survey team actually went on-the-ground,and location,
number,size,and depth of test pits excavated and natural exposures examined.Describe
the topographic setting,and relation to other physical features,such as lakes,streams,
rivers,bluff,edges,nearby hills,elevation,etc.,for sterile test pits.
------------------------------------------:.
_S_i_t.....es_f_o_u_n_d_i_n_l_o_c_a_l....;.e_:~
Number of shovel tests ---NAMES OF FIELD TEAM:(include relevant pages in fieldbook)
Date-----------------____________Date _
Date-----------------
Date------------------____________Date _
____________Date _
Date-----------------,
Date------------------
Date ~,-----------------
Date------------------
Date .~----------------...-...,_Date _
8-4
B.2 -SITE SURVEY FORM
B-5
ARCHEOLOGY
UNIVERSITY MUSEUM
UNIVERSITY OF ALASKA
AHRS NO.:--------
SURVEY LOCALE NO.:--------
UA NO.:--------
SUSITNA HYDROPOWER PROJECT
CHECKED BY DATE
--------.-
IIo
SITE LOCATION
A.USGS QUAD:Talkeetna Mountains Scale:1:63,360
B.AIR PHOTO REFERENCE:Roll Frames ___
C.TWP ,RNG ,Seward Meridian
!of the !of the of Section-----------D.UTM:Zone 6 Easting Northing """.
Eo LATITUDE:0 II LONGITUDE:
F.GEOLOGICAL UNIT:No._
G.REGION:Devi 1 Canyon Watana Other:----------------
I.
II.ENVIRONMENT:
A.Site morphology.(See back of form for information required.)
-
-------------------------------------~
_____________________________________iom
B.Surrounding terrain morphology.(See back of form for information required.)-
------------------------------------~
---------------------.;.----------------""'"'
B-6
AHRS NO.:---------
Ecosystem.
Other:---
Upland spruce-hardwood---
(See back of sheet for descriptions.)
_______Moist Tundra High Brush
_______Lowland spruce-hardwood
1.
c.
2.Site vegetation and surface description:
3.Vegetation in surrounding area and surface description:
...,.
B-7
II 1.SITE:
A.Descr"iption:
1.Characteristics.
AHRS NO.:---------
(lithic scatter,stratified site,cabin,etc.)
______________________________________-"""l1!
number of shovel tests
2.
number of test pits
(indicate on map)
Number,size and spatial relationship of features,etc.
...
---------------------------------------,iIl'""
~.---------------------------------------
----------------------------------------,.,
3.Stratigraphy (if relevant):
---------------------------------------_.,
8-8
B.Artifact inventory.
1.Surface:
a.Artifacts collected:
b.Artifacts observed but not collected:
2.Systematically excavated artifacts:
c.Period:Unknown--
Historic:--
Precontact--
Native Non-Native --
",....
",
r,,
"
D.Size:
1.Observed Size:x meters
Justification for boundaries:
2.Estimated Size:x meters
Justification for boundaries:
E.Site disturbance (current and anticipated).Indicate expected effect of the
hydroelectric project on the site.
1.Natural:-------------------------------
2.Human:------------~-----------------
8-9
AHRS NO.---------F.What prompted you to survey this location?
G.Draw and attach map(s)of site with location of tests and surface features;soi'
profile(s);and general location and vegetation map.
IV.PHOTOGRAPHIC RECORD:
Frame #Direction
Roll#--
Content
Site 10 with date and Crew
-
--------------------------'~
-----------------------------:-
--------------------------~.
CREW:
A.
v.(include relevant pages in fieldbook)
Names:-
B.Date(s)visited:----------------------------
VI.Field Recommendation for further testing:
----------------------------------------
---------------------B--I-0------------------~·
1.
I1.A.
11.B.
Site morphology.
1.What terrain feature is the site on:flat plain,sloping plain,continuous
ridge,hill,point,shoreline,terrace,valley,etc.
2.What is the topographic context:
a.no topographic relief relative to surrounding terrain,higher topo-
graphic relief than surrounding terrain,lower topographic relief than
surrounding terrain.
b.give elevation:1)above sea level;2)Relative to surrounding terrain.
3.Is the terrain feature continuous or discrete?
4.What is the size,shape and direction of this feature?
5.What is the relative position of the site on this feature?
6.Field of view:
a.direction and range of view;
b.what is in view?
c.would a change in the present vegetation increase or decrease view?
How?
7.Describe any special attributes that make this site location unique.
8.Are there other settings similar to that of this site in the unit?Where?
Surrounding terrain morphology.
Describe surrounding landforms and water features'in relation to the site.What
is the direction,distance and difference in elevation of surrounding features?
The following characteristics should provide a guide:
Streams and rivers:
a.proximity to site
b.access from site
c.are any in view from site?
d.has downcutting created valley wall constriction in this area?
e.is stream or river (I)shallow with rapids and sandbars,or (2)deep
and smooth in this vicinity,etc:.
f.is water clear or turbid?
g.what is the general width in this vicinity?
h.is terracing present?
i.in this area is the river course:
1.straight;
2.bending;
3.serpentine.
j.are confluences with other streams or rivers nearby?How far?
k.what kind of terrain does this stream or river drain?(lakes,hills,
marsh)
2.Lakes:
a.size in hectares using template.
b.inlet present?outlet present?
c.single lake or part of lake system?
d.characterize terrain surrounding lake (low,wet,steep,etc.)
e.is there any evidence that lake size is changing (vegetation overgrowth,
old shorelines,etc.).
f.cha;acteristics of shoreline.Old shorelines present?
B-l1
-
ECOSYSTEMS LIKELY TO BE ENCOUNTERED IN PROJECT AREA
MOIST TUNDRA:Moist tundra ecosystems usually form a complete ground cover and are
extremely productive during the growing season.They vary from almost continuous a~
uniformly developed cottongrass tussocks with sparse growth of other sedges and dwa~
shrubs to stands where tussocks are scarce or lacking and dwarf shrubs are dominant.
Associated species are arctagrostis,bluejoint,tufted hairgrass,mosses,alpine
azalea,wood rush,mountain-avens,bistort,low-growing willows,dwarf birch,
Labrador tea,green alder,Lapland rosebay,blueberry and mountain cranberry.
HIGH BRUSH:These are dense to open deciduous brush systems.Floodplain thickets:The~
subsystem is similar from the rivers of the southern coastal areas to the
broad-braided rivers north of the Brooks Range.It develops quickly on newly exposed
alluvial deposits that are periodically flooded.The dominant shrubs are willows a~.
alders.Associated shrubs are dogwood,prickly rose,raspberry,buffaloberry and
high bush cranberry.Birch-alder-willow thickets:This subsystem is found near
timberline in interior Alaska.It consists of resin birch,American green alder,~.
thinleaf alder and several willow species.Thickets may be extremely dense,or oper·
and interspersed with reindeer lichens,low heath type shrubs,or patches of alpine
tundra ecosystems.Other associated species are Sitka alder,bearberry,crowberry,
Labrador tea,spirea,blueberry and mountain cranberry.~
UPLAND SPRUCE-HARDWOOD FOREST:This ecosystem is a fairly dense interior forest composed
of white spruce,birch,aspen and poplar.Black spruce typically grows on north ~
slopes and poorly drained flat areas.Root depths are shallow.Fire scars are
COlruTIOn.Wh ite spruce averagi ng 40 to 80 feet in hei ght and up to 16 inches in
diameter occurs in mixed stands on south facing slopes and well drained soils;forms~
pure stands near streams.Aspen and birch average 50 feet in height.Poplar
averaging 80 feet in height and 24 inches in diameter occurs in scattered stands
along streams.Undergrowth cons i sts of mosses with grasses on dri er sites and wi th -
brush on moist slopes.Typical plants are willow,alder,ferns,rose,high and low
bush cranberry,raspberry,current and horsetail.
LOWLAND SPRUCE-HARDWOOD FOREST:This ecosystem is a dense to open interior lowland fore~
of evergreen and deciduous trees,including extensive pure stands of black spruce.
Black spruce are slow growing and seldom exceed 8 inches in diameter or 50 feet in
height.Cones of this tree open after fire and spread abundant seed,enabling black_
spruce to quickly invade burned areas.The slow-growing stunted tamarack is ~
associated with black spruce in the wet lowlands.It seldom reaches a diameter of
more than 6 inches.Rolling basins and knolls in the lowlands have a varied mixture
of white spruce,black spruce,paper birch,aspen and poplar.Small bogs and muske~j
are found in the depressions.Undergrowth species include willow,dwarf birch,low·
bush cranberry,blueberry,Labrador tea,crowberry,bearberry,cottongrass,ferns,
horsetail,lichens and a thick cover of sphagnum and other mosses.Large areas
burned since 1900 are covered by willow brush and very dense black spruce sapling
stands.
AFTER:Major Ecosystems of Alaska.Joint Federal-State Land Use Planning Commission fa
Alaska.July 1973.
B-12
B.3 -FIELD NOTEBOOK GUIDELINES SECTION
B-13
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Topic:
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8-14
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with Cultural Material
8-16
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8.3.4.Figure
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B-18
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MAP SYMBOLS 0--
-Surface Artifact +-
-Depression "-
1-Test Pit 0 -0
-Shovel Test 0 -
-Grid Test:wi Artifacts •-
-Grid Test:Sterile 0 ~D
--spruce Tree -'*~
--Birch Tree @ r-
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8-19
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B-21
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8-25
Localel !-t--
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Topic:AP:ntAa ~UPi 7()1J Level:
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Figure 8.3.13.Artifact Description Format
8-26
-
-
-
I
Ae:nFAC.~~4iP'rltJ1J EAAfMAr1cN I
o--I------l----+-------+-_f----l
PaoveiJletJt€.(fAl 1:ItI)
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iii LeM ~I.(~hl,N1"S
I !I LkN&oLAre A,f,.tJT"S
o
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Figure B.3.14.Artifact Description Guidelines
B-27
I
!-ro<-rlfPe.i L
-rRJAN ~uLAt2..Po tJrS
tK~.-~J1."'"Co ~e.0
,"IGAD &1tU '7?1 Bte:r
I i:&AOe.C(;i2.E..
:~Jv'E-v A170A11 ;:u..~E-DIIII~~E-
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UM1M~AJeS
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I ~NA-L ~~£I4L.i !
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Figure 8.3.15.Artifact Description Guidelines (Continued)
8-28
-
-
~I
-
Locale/I I
ISite:I Test:
/
Topic C-f4 ~~J}le -Level:
0 Name:Date:Pa~~:
I
~'edJ -JI.!~le ~...;'''''0''"
0 C·$.!II
1 I
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I iI
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:
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0 I i II,
I I I I
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Figure 8.3.16.C-14 Sample Recording Format
8-29
~W~N 0
A)f.i2tJVF.uI8XC.·'"e D (At~Pu.~01J p.UdJ ~j))
'aJ ,.....1\.
i 0 -I'.:
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c)
-
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'Ptrres UP/fE£~to~€JJI,e'{Z..
1-----....:....-1 __---;i -:.!....:.i --D
i j
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1-----;---1 !!I
FJ hCH€Du.xJ.t.AL A1JtJ!(Ji ~~ttAL S<'iJ/;:flA1J4!
Figure B.3.17.C-14 Sample Recording Guidelines
B-30
I
Locale/
I I
i
Site:Test:I
Topic:~u..1)E S(fUPnOAl Level:
0 Name:Datel Pag'l
UNIT tl:Mu»seu.(,iA.rr f)F3!:1:./J.~fJTlotJ
0 I III
I
I I I
I I
I I I
D I i !
i -I I
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I I II
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:
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D I I
I I
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I I IDi~II
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Figure 8.3.18.Soil/Sediment Description Format
8-31
,
I ,,,
I ,A ,II.......1,..~...'
_.-.I_
i ,"'.....1."""':J...
I~'I....,.....""--.......l-r........"-~,'~--"I
I I I 1 I I I
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I 1 ,I :
!I ,,I I I ,,,I :,,!0.,,I ,,I,,I ::,,,I I I ,1 ,
I~I I I I ,,I ,,I ,
I~I w:~D .!,--,Vt::lf/IIAJIf ';"I I I
,-;o:::p I I ,,
I :II I :,I ,:I ....
'-.=::::st I I I I I ;I I I ;i'
III I ,I I ,I ,I I
I I I ,,I ;n 0,'r,/NeLU I ,I
I I I I :,.I I :I ,
I 1 ,I ,I I I I ,
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IN 'I(~':7r r;....t"J".~,.....,11't{.e.c:J lUU
'1!7'>lJ...j...I ....0.I ,
1.1",-";1'"i,-i
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Figure 8.3.19.Symbols Used for Wall Profiles
8-32
-
..-
"
-
.-.
I
1
I
I~'L.'1 est:.D.(/!-no/J CoJ(I)EL wes j
0 VARIA fHUS
SDu.1'~p J)~"WeT
L/Gf.JTIlJiI :OVUl/'lS.I-$UJJ~'1 up/)U--n ~
0 I Ii
!I
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f{ut,\i II
0 I vALUe JC/{/k)MA
I -I I!I
C()UJ(L I De~fjT7MJ i
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I pftfLncLe I~ee :I -t I CLAit I
\I !I~I~.003.,,....
I i i PnJe ~I .125't"'"
I I I~$wb II .25 1\<...;
IIii~NUtl.I ·s I\<...0 I I
I I i ~~"8(..el I 2 ""...;
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I L_I II~(,.MolS(Z.(i!.£t,i I IiTEn-wiE-!0 I
I !i 'DE~o.c ~l2..nAJG
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Figure B.3.20.Soil/Sediment Description Guidelines
B-33
;:
o
D
1 I I i I
iE-'f""ffCHf *!.F U,lJ rrS I :CO",,...jI\JU'Ous /f~/SLOAJ71';"."~1----+-1-------+I-_+_~-'--,-i-DF~r ~-u~s:1 P~ESEJr I Ae;SICJJT !
1_......:e.:..::..U-=-"TlAJZ.'--".---,-At:>c...:_M:....:........:~'-'-=.J-".:...oAt...=-:_-'-PD-:-"f=5f....,;J(.'-=t-'--I-,1 :flr:fA""""",,=€.ve=~::-.",-1___0
·1 IN fTtT~(,~Stt/e..
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-
Figure 8.3.21.Soil/Sediment Description Guidelines (Continued)
8-34
Locale!
Site:Teth I
o Tocic:'P#lrrO L PCI
t~ame:I
Lavels I
IOates Pa~es
I I
I ;i I
---"'-!----..;..:-----'-;-=j---+-----l
---.;-..-.--I---.;-!-----':---.;-\----I
'1Jf/lECTlolJ
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__1-,--,_--.:....1 _----:.1 __1__-;-\I
I i I i
D
D
I I'!I i
I !Io
D
! 'i I I
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-Figure 8.3.22.Photo Log Format
8-35
,
Localel I
Site:Test:I
~Jl.LI~Ft/L c;r-".'N£J*Level:Topic:I
0 Namo:Date:Par e:
I
~~e;,.rl?£r -I £k.~e.aEJJte
I i0<In 'I!~f)At~
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--.sf iJ;~UJutt-e1-Mff I
I'I III
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AU/(.5 !,l./UM~~(s"J :
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JI
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0 i I iI,
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Figure 8.3.23.Checklist for Survey Locale Data Sheets
8-36
-.
-
-
,.....
~,
.~.,
I~
,~
-
Locale'I
ISite:Test:
Topic:!C/(fLUI;~,;"'"'5f1i;L:o'F'"~,rc;.1 ~Level:IJAVE.Y
0 Namel
I
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~fUT .~~2ClJa;
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&Fltl i I I
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I I I
III;
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$4.~n~:1 UTM
j I
0 t\(~ffil.MAP!
I 1 orn,-~AtA-PS I
1
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I
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I I !III
I
I !~.urF,2..W 13'10i
I I r/tPnQ b B'1I
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II
I
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Figure 8.3.24.Checklist for Site Data Sheets (Survey Testing)
B-37
-
Locale'
Site:Test:
IUt~/.1";>(/'Of/:-...,....'''''j'~~~I'Laval:Topic 11'''-
I Date:Pa ~.:D Name.
7)~>#.eet'~I!£J.}C£
0 "f1/~t:lA eur ;f.Uv'M1oN ~-rt3sr S6"u~
FIELtJ ~1A.,..auc.((J(AM 1Jl.~'
0 ]:tUD !Julff2tUS (r~I~/{")
c:rnr£12.
I
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0
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I
Figure B.3.25.Checklist for Site Data Sheets (Systematic Testing)
8-38
-
-
-
-
1!!'i!;I.
i
,-
-
Locale/I
I
Site:Test:I
Toplcz '"~(~T_1~11::r Lavel:15#iW'S (.Art!
0 .Hamlt Da",'tiD.If
'ST,!1.Ar.-puw NNlRAf71tf!.".......''''~-I"t OT"He/J...(,I.N ,.,.MAP 7>f:S£RJ ~171()N 1)A7Jl
0
0 I
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i
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0 I
I I
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I I I I
I F~a ~410Ic~
I
Figure 8.3.26.Checklist for Test Square Data Sheets
8-39
Locale/
Site:Test:
-.
:
I
I=I
i
o_N:.:::;am:.:..:.::e::.....j..++-_D_ate:_.+P_C-j-1 e:-11
o
o
-
o
o
o -
Figure 8.3.27.Checklist for Profiles and Soil/Sediment Descriptions
8-40
....I
-
8.4 -SITE DATA COOING FORM
8-41
-
SITE DATA COD I NG FOR~l -caRo.It.CQ1.lJ1:11iS.URJ...aliU CQ.Qf.S o.f.SCRl.E.Il..Q1f
QUAD 1 Talkeetna r...fou nt a Ins (TU·')
2 Healy (HEA)
3 Fairbanks (FA I )
4 Tyonek (TY 0)
5 Anchorage (ANC)
2-4 A.HRS #N Three digits
5 Locus N One digit ( 1 =A,2 =8,'I'••)
~,
6 Quad Letter 1 A
2 8
3 C -4 D
7 Quad Number N (e.g.,0-2.)
8-13 UTM Easting N Six digits
14-20 UTM Northing N Seven digits
21 Testing Level 0 AHRS f i I es
(highest)1 Survey
2 Survey &grid
3 Systematic
4 Systematic &grid
22-25 Elevation N Feet
26 ~·let hod a ;.Iap
1 Altimeter
27-31 Observed N Square meters
Site Size
32 i·let hod a Other than grid testin']
1 Grid testing
33-36 Estimated ~J Square meters
Site Size
B-42
-
-
CARD.Ii.
37-38
YARl&SJ•.f..
Terrain Unit
B-43
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11 .
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
o or 25
Q.E.~B.l.e.liQtl
Bxu -Unweathered,
consolIdated bedrock
C -CQI luvial deposits
CI -landsl Ide deposits
Cs-f -Sol ifluctlon
deposits
Ffg -Granular alluvial
fan
FP -Floodplain deposits
Fpt -Terrace
GFo -Outwash deposits
GFe -Esker deposits
~Fk -Kame deposits
Gta Ab I at jon t I I I
Gtb-f -Basal till
(frozen)
o -OrganIc deposits
l-f -lacustrines
(frozen)
l/Gta-f -lacustrine
sediments over ablation
till (frozen)
L/Gtb-f -lacustrine
deposits over basal ti II
(frozen)
Cs-f/Gtb-f -Solifluction
deposits (frozen)over
basal till (frozen)
Cs-f/Gta -So!ifluction
deposits (frozen)over
ablation till
Cs-f/Fpt -Solifluction
deposits (frozen)over
terrace sediments
Cs-f/8xu -Solifluction
deposits (frozen)over
bedrock
Gtb-f/3xu -Frozen basal
ti I lover bedrock
Gta/8xu -Ablation till
over unweathered bedroCK
C/8xu +Bxu -Co I I UIJ i U,l1
over bedrock and bedrock
exposures
C/8xw +Gxw -Col luviu~
over weathered,poorly
canso j i dated bed rock
Unkno\~n
CARU fi.y..8.RUaL.E.G..QU.E..s.Q..E..s.C.Rl.E.Il.Qtl
~i
39-40
41-42
Vegetation
(After UA
Experimental
Station)
Landform
1 R -Rock
2 ~~CT -Mat and cushion -tundra
3 SGT -Sedge grass tundra
4 \'ISG -Wet sedge grass -5 ass -Open black spruce
6 \'ISS -~/ood I and black sp r uce'
7 OS\"-Open white spruce
8 wsw \'Iood I and white ~;-spruc
9 CBF -Closed birch forest
10 OSF -Open birch forest
11 CP -Closed balsam poplar ~
12 'OP -Open balsam poplar
1 3 CM -Closed mixed forest
14 OM -Open mixed forest
1 5 CTS -Closed ta I I shrub
16 OTS -Open ta I I shrub
1 7 B -Birch shrub
1 8 \-,-\'1 i I low shrub
19 LS -Low shrub
20 G -Grassland
0 or 21 Unknown
1 Plain -flat
2 Plain -sloping -3 rIo un t a In,hill ,etc.
4 Crag and ta i I
5 Kame
6 Esker
7 Kettle
8 :lor a I ne
9 Terrace -river -10 Terrace -kame
11 Ridge
12 Saddle
13 Valley
14 Lake shore
15 Stream margin
16 Stream confluence
17 Lake outlet/inlet
18 Floodplain -
8-44
Y.aRlaaJ..£.~Q.Q..E..s.Q..E.~B.le.I1Q.tl
43
44
45
46
47
48-50
e..t:Qx.lmil~
Terrain features
within 1 km
Lakes
Streams
Rivers and major
TributarIes
\vet I and s
1,1 i nera I I I c ks
1::H1I ll.s.E.D.
o Absent
1 Present
N
N
N
N
N
-51-52 Land Status o
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
U -Unknown
PR -Private
VSI-Vii/age Section
VS-Ch -Village Selection
Chickaloon
VS-Kn -Village Selection
Knik
VS-Ty -Village Selection
Tyone
BA -Borough Approved or
Patented
SP -State Patented
SS -State Selected
SSS -State Selected
Suspended
F- GL ~,1 -SL :,1
F-USAF -U.S.Airforee
F-USAR -U.S.Ar~y
AK -Alaska Railroad
.-
53-54
55
56-58
59-60
Survey
Shove I Tests
Test pits
Grid shovel Tests
Test Squares
8-45
N
caRD.Ii.CQLUMN5.YARll.6lE.C.OOE..s.llE..s.C.RIEIIQtl
....,
Accession Number ( 3 digits)
<Access ion Number ( 3 digits
Acces::;ion Number (3 digits
Accession Number ( 3 digitsl
Accession Number ( 3 digits -
IIlO\!\
61
62-64
65
66-68
69
70-72
73
74-76
77
78-80
0
1
2
3
4
1980 Testing Level
UA80-N
1 981 Testing Level
UA81-N
1982 Testing Level
UA82-N
1983 Testing Level
UA83-N
1984 Testing Level
UA84-N
B-46
I~tlla..g,l~~l
Not tested
Survey only
Survey &/Grid
Sustematlc (+/-survey)
Systematic &Grid
(+or -survey)
-.
-
CaBo.I c.o..L.U.t:U:!S y.aRla.6.lE.C'clUE.S D.E..5..CRlE.I1Qli
2
Card number 2
~~~
llr.lll~.a.A.h.L~.
.u.o.~e.~~a.lli
0 Absent
1 Present
.....
-
....
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Unknown Surface
Surface
Organics (current)
Organic silt (current)
Eo I I an or other
OrganIcs (burled)
OrganIc silt (buried)
Devi I tephra
Eo I i an sand or other
Watana tephra (oxidized or unknown)
Watana tephra (unoxldized)
Paleosol.eolian.or other
Oshetna tephra
Eolian sand
Paleosol or other
Eol ian sand
Drift
Bedrock
Unknown subsurface
STRATIGRAPHIC POSITION
Note:use same code in
both positions if not a
contact.
......
21-22
23-24
25-26
27-28
llAAar.l..lm1.I
Unit code
/unit code
LQ.1i~r.l..lmlI
Unit code
/unit code
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1a
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
13
19
Unknown Surface
Surface
Organics (current)
Organic silt (current)
Eo I i an sand or other
Organics (buried)
Organic silt (buried)
Devil tephra
Eol ian sand or other
Watana tephra (oxidized)
Watana tephra (unoxidized)
Paleosol.eolian.or other
Oshetna tephra
Eol ian sand
Paleosol or other
Eol ian sand
Drift
Bedrock
Unknown subsurface
B-47
~8.B..ll 11.
2
GOLUMt;lS.yftRlAfiJ...E.CQUE..5.QE.S.~B...LE.Il.QN """
29-32
33-35
Upper Limiting Date
B.P.
S.D.
Unit Date
36-39 B.P.
40-42 S.D.
Lower Limiting Date
43-46
47-49
50-51
52-53
54-55
56-57
58-59
60-61
62-65
65-69
70-71
72-73
74-75
76-77
78-79
B.P.
S.D.
Skull -burned/calcined
"unburned
Axial -burned/calcIned
"unburned
Other identIfied elements -burned/calcIned
" ""unburned
Unidentified elements -burned/calcined
""-unburned
Total number of bones burned/calcined
"II ""unburned
Total number of bones burned/calcined
"" " n unburned
Tota I number of bones
-
-
80 El~~t ~~~~~~iQ~~lt~a
1
8-48
No
Yes
3
~LUMNS.y.JiRl&a.l..E.
Card Number 3
UE..s.C.RIEI1.Q!i
2-3
4-5
6-7
8-9
10 -1 1
12-13
14-15
16-17
18-19
20-21
22-23
24-25
26-27
28-29
30-31
32-33
34-35
36-37
38-39
40 -41
Skull &antler
Positive -burned/calcined
" -unburned
Tentative -burned/calcined
n -unburned
Axial (ribs &vertebrae)
Positive -burned/calcined
11 -unburned
Tentative -burned/calcined
" -unburned
Shoulder &pelvic girdles
Positive -burned/calcined
" -unburned
Tentative -burned/calcined
" -unburned
Limbs
Positive -burned/calcined
"-unburned
Tentative -burned/calcined
" -unburne(j
Extremities
Positive -burned/calcined
" -unburned
Tentative -burned/calcined
" -unburned
B-49
c.aM Ii.
3
COLUMNS UE.5.C.R1EI1.Q.H
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63-64
65
Skull &antler
Positive -burned/calcined
tr _unburned
Tentative -burned/calcined
If -unburned
Axial (ribs &vertebrae)
Positive -burned/calcined
" -unburned
Tentative -burned/calcl~ed
tr -unburned
Shoulder &pelvic girdles
Positive -burned/calcined
" -unburned
Tentative -burned/calcined
" -unburned
Limbs
Positive -burned/calcined
If -unburned
Tentative -burned/calcined
If -unburned
Extremities
Positive -burned/calcined
" -unburned
Tentative -burned/calcined
If -unburned
OlliE-E lQ.E.llI1El&a~E.M&MtlaL5.
Number of species
Number of bones
E.LQ.8.&
o None
1 Seeds
2 r~ac r 0 f 0 s s i I s
3 Seeds ¯ofossils
4 Charred seeds
5 Charred macrofoss i 'S
(charcoal)
6 Charred seeds &
macrofossi Is
B-50
'"""
-
8-51
4
Y.&BI ABI..E.
Card Number
QQUE..5.
4
llf..5.QEIEIIQl:L
2-6
7 -1 1
1 2-15
16-19
20-23
24-27
28-31
32-34
35
36
37
38-39
40-41
42-43
44-45
46-47
48-49
50-51
52-53
54
55
56
57-58
59-60
61-62
63-64
65-66
67-68
69-70'
71 -72
73
74
75
QQ~~t~~llth~&Ltl~~t~~~Ra~M~t~~l~l
(Greater than t/8")
Argillite
Basalt
Chalcedony
Chert
Obsidian
Quartz
Quartzite
Rh yo lite
Igneous
~~etamorphic
Sedimentary
MQ.d.lil~.l1 El~li~~
Argillite
Basalt
Chalcedony
Chert
Obsidian
Quartz
Quartzite
Rh yo J i te
Igneous
Hetamorphic
Sedimentary
Argi II ite
Basalt
Chalcedony
Chert
Obsidian
QU3rtz
Quartzite
Rhyo!ite
Igneous
:let3:T1orp hi c
Sedinentary
B-52
-
~Q.fl.~l...UMH£.Y.bB.l.8..6Lf.COo.E..5.Q.E..5.CRIE.Il.Qt:i
~.
5
Card Number 5
a~~
2-3 Arg I I lite
4-5 Basalt
6-7 Chalcedony
8-9 Chert
1 0-11 Obsidian
12-13 Quartz
14-15 Quartzite
16-17 Rhyolite
18 Igneous
19 ~·fetamorph Ic
20 Sedimentary
Ml..\;.LQ.b.l.aJ1.e.s.
21-22 Arg I I lite
23 Basalt
24-25 Chalcedony
26-28 Chert
29-30 Obsidian
31 Qu artz
32 Quartzite
33 Rhyolite
34 Igneous
"...,35 ~,eta m0 r phi c
36 Sedimentary
B..l,u:.l.ns.
37 Arg I I I I te
38 Basalt
39 Cha lcedony .
40 Chert
41 Obsidian
42 Quartz
43 Quartzite
44 Rhyol ite,-45 Igneous
46 1'1etamorphlc
47 Sedimentary
8-53
"""!
c.aRll L c.m..u.t:1H.S.yaRlaau.C.UllE.S Q.E..5.C.RIJ:.IIUli
5
au.r:.ln Su.allJi
48 Arg i I I I te
49 Basalt
50 Chalcedony
51 Chert'
52 Obsidian
53 Quartz
54 Quartzite
55 Rhyo I I te
56 Igneous
57 Metamorphic
58 Sed j'mentary
~
al.i~~
59-60 Arg i I I I te
61-62 Basalt
63-64 Chalcedony
65-66 Chert
67-68 Obsidian
69-70 Quartz
71-72 Quartzite
73-74 Rhyol ite
"""175IgneousII
76 r-oletamorph i c I
77 Sedimentary
8-54
-
~c.aRQ.i ~llMNS.URl.8.B..LE.CQJl.E..s.Q.E..s.CRlfIlQ.tl
6·
-Card Number 6
e..c..aiQr:..m~
""'"2 Arg I'I I I te
3 Ba$alt
4 Chalcedony
5 Chert
6 Obsidian
7 Quartz
8 Quartzite
9 Rhyolite
10 Igneous
11 Metamorphic
12 Sedimentary
tl.QJ:~.b..e..d.fQln.1~
"""
13-14 Arg I I I I te
15-16 Basalt
17 -1 8 Chalcedony
19-20 Chert
21-22 Obsidian
23-24 Quartz
25-26 Quartzite
27-28 Rhyolite
29 Igneous
30 r·l eta m0 r phi c
31 Sedimentary
""'".s..1.e.mm.e.~E.Q.ln.1~
32 Argl J lite
33 Basalt
34 Chalcedony
35 Chert
36 Obsidian
37 Quartz
38 Quartzite
39 Rhyol ite
40 Igneous
41 Metamorphic
42 Sedir.lentary
-I
B-55
~&.RQ.Il ~!J1lli.S.YAR1&.6.L.E.~.Q.Q..E..s.Q..E..s.~lEI1.Q..t:!'~
6
J....a.ll=.5..h.a..Il~.i E.QJ.1l1.:i
43 Argillite
44 Basalt
45 Chalcedony
46 Chert
47 Obsidian
48 Quartz
49 Quartzite
50 Rhyolite
51 Igneous
52 Metamorphic
53 Sedimentary
~
.L.a.ll~SlQ.l.a.1~E.Ql1l1.:i
54 Argi II ite
55 Basalt
56 Chalcedony
57 Chert
58 Obsidian ~
59 Quartz
60 Quartzite
61 Rh yo lite
62 Igneous
63 t·1e t a mo r phi c
64 Sedimentary
IL:.l.a.ll~JJ..1..a.L:.E.Ql1l1.:i
65 Argi Ilite
66 Basalt
67 Chalcedony
68 Chert
69 Obsld,ian
70 Quartz
71 Quartzite
72 Rhyol ite ~
73 Igneous
74 1·1 eta m0 r phi c
75 Sedimentary
B-56
.c.ARQ.l CQL.UM~.s.Y~Rl~a.LE..c..Q:Q.E..s.Q.E..s..c.R1EI1UN
I~
7
~Card Number 7
M..L~2ti.a.d.~.c..Q.J:.~~
..-
2 Arg I I I I te
3 Basalt
4 Chalcedony
5 Chert
6 Obsidian
7 Quartz
r,~8 Quartzite
9 Rhyolite
10 Igneous
1 1 Metamorphic
12 Sed I mentar y
M~.b.l..a.d.~Ia..b.tih-13 Arg ill I te
1 4 Basalt
-~15 Chalcedony
16 Chert
17 Obsidian
18 Quartz
19 Quartzite
20 Rh yo I I te
21 Igneous
22 :.letamorphic
23 Sedimentary
al..~.~.c..Q.c.~~
24 Arg i I lite
25 Basalt
26 Chalcedony
27 Chert
28 Obsidian
29 Quartz
30 Quartzite
31 Rhyol ite
32 Igneous
33 i1 eta m0 r phi c
34 Sedimentary
6-57
.c..aaD./I..
7
C..QJ..llMH.s.Q.E..S.CR1E.Il.Qli
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
S4
55
56
57
58
59
60
61-63
64-66
Reju~~natlQfi E~ka~
Arg t I I I te
Basalt
Chalcedony
Chert
Obsidian
Quartz
Quartzite
Rh yo I I te
Igneous
MetamorphIc
SedImentary
Arg I I I I te
Basalt
Chalcedony
Chert
Obsidian
Quartz
Quartzite
Rhyol ita
Igneous
r,let amo rp hi c
Sedimentary
Hammerstones
Abraders
Tel thos
Notched pebbles
Thermally altered rocks
Ochre
8-58
-
8-59
CARLl /L Ilf.-S.CR1EI1UU
9 -
2
3
ReservoIr
Proximity
Reservoir Zone
o
1
2
o
1
2
a
1
2
3
4
5
6
N/A
Dev I I
Watana
N/A
Immediate
Adjacent
N/A
1 a
1b
2
3
4
5
4-8
9-13
Vertical Distance
from Reservoir #
Horizontal Distance
from Reservoir #
Feet (else blank)
Feet (else blank)
14
15
16
E.~~1~.d.lm.Q.~1
Type
Category
Level
B-60
o
1
2
3
4
o
1
2
3
o
1
2
3
N/A
Direct Impact
Indirect Impact
Potent i a I I rr.pact
No Impact
N/A
l~echan i ca I
Biological
Human &.other
N/A
Large Scale
:,1e diu m Sc a I e
Smale Scale
-
-
C.8.RD.Jl Y..8.Rl.8.51.f.
9
IM.E..8..CI .8.~f.~MElil E.QR QI.l::if.B fB..Q.J.E..cI
EE..8..I.U.Ef..s.aND.EaC.L1..lIl..E..S.
Ef..8.IURE .8..llil aBf..8.
4
3
5
a -
1
2
Access Route (AR)
a -(Not required)
Access Route Borrow (ARB)
a -(Note required)
Borrow (6)
1 -Borrow Area C
2 Borrow Area E
3 Borrow Area F
4 Borrow Area H
5 Borrow Area I
6 Borrow Area J
2
o Other
NonE:!
Found by nonarcheologists
Found In association with
fac Illty,feature,or area
which wasw subsequently
modIfied,relocated,or
delE:!ted
Found prior to project
commencement
Found during geoarcheology
studies
Found by archeologist but not
within 1/2 mile of project
faci llties or features
3-
.....
-
4 Geotechnical Area
a -(Not Required)
5 Recreation Area (RA)
1 -
2
3
4
5
6
7
Rec r-eat jon
Recreation
Recreation
Recr-eation
Recreation
Recr-eation
Recr-eat ion
Area 0
Area H
Area I
Area J
Area K
Area L
Area Q
8-61
.cARD.II.
9
UR.L8.a.Lf.C.QQ.f..s.Uf..s.C.Rle.Il.QH
6 Ra I I road
a -(Not required)
7
8
Transmission Route
1 -Healy to Fairbanks
2 -Wi I low to Anchorage
3 -Watana Dam to Intertie
Watana Construction Area
1 -Permanent Airstrip
2 -Watana Construction Camp
3 -Watana Construction Village
4 -Watana Dam
~,
-.
ProximIty
VertIcal Distance
from Faci I ity or
Feature
a
1
2
/I
N/A
Immediate
Adjacent
Feet (else blank)
-
HorIzontal Distance
from Faci I ity or II
Feature
Feet (else blank)
Type
Category
Level
B-62
a
1
2
3
4
a
1
2
3
a
1
2
3
N/A
Direct Impact
Indirect Impact
Potential Impact
No Impact
N/A
~·1echan Ica I
Biological
Human &other
N/A
Large Scale
>1e diu m Sc a J e
Smale Scale
1!!Ol>l:
~~
~BO.fl CQLUM~.s.Y.8.B1Aalf.C.QU.E..s.UE..s.C.Ble.I1Qtl
9
.uta.I.llJ:Ji QL:fac jiLt,¥.1
17 Feature
18 Area
19 Proximity
20-24 Vertical Distance
25-29 Horizontal Distance
.-.30 Type
31 Category
32 Leve I
f..e..a.t.llJ:Ji QL:E~lll.t,¥..2.
33 Feature
34 Area
35 Proximity
36-40 Vertical Distance
41-45 Horizontal Distance
46 Type
47 Category
48 Level
f..e..aI.llL:.e.QL:E.atiJ..lt,¥.l
49 Feature
50 Area
51 Proximity
52-56 Vertical Distance
57-61 Horizontal Distance
62 Type
63 Category,-..64 Level
f..e..aI.lLJ:Ji QL:E.a~llLt,¥.1-65 Feature
66 Area
67 Proximity
~68-72 Vertical Distance
72-77 Horizontal Distance
78 Type
~79 Category
80 Level
B-63
-
....
-
APPENDIX C -TEPHRA ANALYSIS
APPENDIX C -TEPHRA ANALYSIS
C.1 -Introduction
Tephra (volcanic ash)layers were identified at most of the sites found
during the cultural resources survey.At 1E~ast three,and possibly
four,tephras were identified in the field and samples were collected
from various sites within the study area.Analysis was conducted on
samples taken from terrestrial settings.TE!phr~s found in lacustrine
settings are discussed in Chapter 8.
The petrographic study discussed here was conducted to:1)determine
whether the soil/sediments identified in the field as tephra were,in
fact,tephra;2)characterize the mineralogy and glass shard morphology
of the tephra;and 3)determine the number of tephras present.
Successful discrimination of the tephras provided a method to correlate
and date archeological components within the Susitna River valley.
The 29 samples analyzed were selected from ten systematically tested
sites,distributed across 48 km adjacent to the Susitna River (Figure
C.l).These specimens provided a representative suite of samples,both
stratigraphically and geographically within the project area.(Table
C.1).Analysis of these samples should accurately characterize the
tephras present in the valley.
C.2 -Analytical Methods
The samples were prepared following the procedure suggested by
Steen-McIntyre (1977).The volume of material used and the color of
each sample (when moistened)were recorded.The samples were then
rinsed several times in distilled water,and the suspended fines and
floating organic material were decanted off.Three to five times the
sample's volume of sodium hypochlorite (household bleach)was then added
to each sample and the mixture heated in a boiling water bath for 15
minutes to remove any organic cementing agents (Steen-McIntyre 1977).
C-1
en
g:............
::I
0
I/)-'
UI --':..:I
:::E 0 ZM
~0
~
<-0 u
0 ...0
~...I
W
...I -In 0 Q.
::i:
<
1Il
0
0 <J -
Figure C.l.Sample location Map
C-2
.....-z--
-
.....
-
-
.....
I
Table C.1
Stratigraphic Location of Samples from the Susitna Tephras
Strati-
graph ic
Location
Sample Sites
TLM TLM TLM TLM TLM TLM TLM TLM TLM TlM
039 040 042 043 046 062 069 128 130 143
Devil X X X X X X
X.X
~
Oxidized
~)atana X X X X X-
Unoxidized
Watana X X X X X X
,"""Oshetna X X X X X X
X X X
.-
.....C-3
The liquid was then decanted off and the sample was rinsed once w{th
distilled water.Suspended fines were again decanted off.A solution
of 6 N hydrochloric acid was then added to the samples to dissolve iron
oxide cement.After the acid was decanted off,the sample was rinsed
twice with distilled water and air dried.After drying,the samples
were sieved using 16 mesh (1 mm),32 mesh (0.5 mm),60 mesh (0.25 mm),
and 250 mesh (0.062 mm)sieves.The volume of each size fraction was
recorded.The sample size used in the petrographic analysis consisted
of grains between 60 and 250 mesh (0.25 and 0.063 mm).This fraction
was washed in distilled water in a sonic cleaner for 10 to 15 minutes.
The procedure was then repeated using acetone,and,then the sample was
air dried.Once dry,this fraction was again screened using a 250 mesh
sieve.The -250 mesh fraction was discarded,while the +250 mesh
fraction was stored for analysis.
Grain mounts were made by mixing a small portion of each sample with
several drops of histoclad on a glass slide,and allowing the histoclad
to set.Each sample was mixed thoroughly before a small scoop of it was
taken in an attempt to get a representative split.
Each sample was examined under binocular and petrographic microscopes.
Four hundred to six hundred grain counts were made of 16 samples using
Galehouse's (1969)area method.All grains within the field of view at
100x magnification were counted,and each sample had four fields of view
counted.The percentage of mineral grains in each sample was then
calculated.
Nineteen samples from the Devil,Oxidized Watana,and Unoxidized Watana
tephras had 98 to 160 grain counts of their glass fraction to
characterize the glass shard morphology of the tephras.Three samples
were counted three times to test the reproducibility of the grain
counts~The results are listed in Table C.2 and suggest that the grain
counts are accurate to within ±6 percent.
C-4
-
-
-I
Table C.2
Reproducibil ity of Glass Shard Counts
Count 1 Count 2 Count 3
%% % % % %Standard
F'"Sample Scoria Vesic.Scoria Vesic.Scoda Vesic.Mean Deviation
~
ATC-
0006 28.8 71.1 43.8 56.2 42.2 57.8 38.3 6.7
ATC-
0015 28.7 71.3 50.5 49.5 51.5 48.5 43.6 10.5
-ATC-
0019 86.6 13.4 91.1 8.9 89.4 10.6 89.04 1.8
Where %scoria =percent scoriaceous glass shards;%vesic.=percent
vesicular glass shards.
,~
I
C-5
Eight samples were examined using a scanning electron microscope (SEM)
to make a high magnification study of glass shard morphology.The eight
samples were glued to aluminum stubs using a thinned carbon adhesive,and
then coated with a thin layer of gold using an SPI sputter coater.The
coater was run for eight minutes to reduce the amount of sample
charging.Samples were scanned at lOOx and then photographs were taken
at higher magnification (220x to lOOOx).
C.3 -Granulometric Analysis
Granulometric analyses were conducted on 15 samples.Many of the
samples were too small (less than 5 milliliters)to conduct acceptable
analyses.The results are listed in Table C.3 and are shown graphically
in Figure C.2.The small standard deviation of the Oxidized Watana
tephra is due to the small number of samples,and not to high precision
of the data.The analyses indicate that the tephras are dominated by
the fine silt and clay-sized fraction (-250 mesh).The coarse sand
fraction generally represented an insignificant portion of the sample.
C.4 -Appearance Under Binocular Microscope
Glass appears as white grains under a binocular microscope.Transparent
and translucent grains exhibit both cleavage surfaces and conchoidal
fracture,suggesting that a portion of the transparent grains are
feldspar.
(a)Devil Tephra
This tephra is dominated by white angular grains,followed in decreasing
abundance by transparent and translucent grains,green laths,and opaque
minerals.The white glass commonly mantles the green laths.
(b)Oxidized Watana Tephra
White glass shards are the dominant grain followed by transparent and
translucent grains,green laths,and opaque minerals.White glass
C-6
-
-
-
-
-
Table C.3.
Grain Size Analysis for 15 Susitna Tephras
..,...
Sample #
Vol.%
+60 mesh
Vol.%
-60 +250 mesh
C-7
Vol.%
-250 mesh
Stratigraphic
Location
Table C.3.(Continued)
-
-
Sample #
ATC-0019
ATC-0025
ATC-0028
Vol.%
+60 mesh
0.0
4.3
3
Vol.%
-60 +250 mesh
36.9
30.2
19.8
C-8
Vol.%
-250 mesh
63.1
65.5
77.2
Stratigraphic
Location
u.Watana
Devi 1
Devil
""'"
Devil
I •I
Oxidized Watana
I •I
Unoxldlzed Watana
I •I
Oshetna
r-•I
I I I I ,I
10 15 20 25 30 35
,~"
Volume %-60+250 Mesh SIeve Fraction
Figure C.2.Granulometric Analysis of Susitna Tephras
C-9
(c)Unoxidized Watana Tephra
The Unoxidized Watana appears quite similar to the Oxidized Watana.
Biotite is also a minor constituent of this tephra.
(d)Oshetna Tephra
Transparent and translucent fragments are the dominant grains,followed
by green crystal fragments,and opaque minerals.White glass is a rare
constituent of the tephra.The green crystals are generally short
angular flakes without glass mantles.Biotite is more abundant in this
tephra than in the others.
C.s -Mineralogy
(a)Hornb 1ende
Two varieties are present:1)euhedral to subhedral laths having green
to olive green,or dark green pleochroism,and 2)subhedral to anhedral
fragments with green to blue-green pleochroism.The euhedral to
subhedral green laths are the dominant type in the Devil,Oxidized
Watana,and Unoxidized Watana tephras,while the blue-green variety is
common only in the Oshetna tephra.The green laths are commonly mantled
by glass and usually contain inclusions of opaque minerals.The
blue-green variety lacks attached glass,and is generally free of opaque
inclusions.Both amphiboles are biaxial negative and exhibit some
twinning.
(b)Orthopyroxene
Orthopyroxene occurs as biaxial negative hypersthene.The hypersthene
is subhedral to euhedral and is commonly mantled by glass.This is true
even in the glass-poor Oshetna tephra.The phenocrysts range between
0.02 and 0.3 mm in length,are length slow,and have either pale green
to pink,or pale green to yellow,pleochroism.The hypersthene commonly
occurs as interpenetration twins.Inclusions in the phenocrysts include
C-10
-
.~
opaque minerals and smaller crystals of orttlOpyroxene.The mineral is
uncommon in the three upper tephras,and only reaches relatively
abundant levels in the Oshetna tephra.
(c)Plagioclase
Two populations of the mineral are present.The most abundant variety
consists of anhedral,angular to subangular,grains lacking attached
glass.The birefringence increases towards the center of these grains
indicating a platy habit which is thickest at the middle.Zoning is
common,while twinning is .not.The lack of albite twins made it
impossible to estimate anorthite composition.
The second variety is less common and is characterized by low
birefringent euhedral to subhedral grains,mantled by glass,and having
a1bite and carl sbad twi ns.Concentri c and asci 11 atory zoni ng are common
in this variety of plagioclase.Compositional estimates,using the
Michel-Levy method (Kerr 1977),ranged between An 25 and An 41 for the
Devil tephra,An 25 and An 49 for the Oxidized Watana,An 23 and An 30 for
the Unoxidized Watana,and between An 30 and An 32 for the Oshetna tephra.
(d)Opaque Minerals
These minerals generally occur as subhedral to anhedral grains less than
0.2 mm in diameter.Opaque minerals are common inclusions in glass,
plagioclase,orthopyroxene,and hornblende.The cubic shape of the
grains suggests that they are magnetite.
(e)Quartz
Quartz is present in the tephra in unknown quantities and is recognized
by its conchoidal fracture,low birefringence,low relief,and uniaxial
positive interference.It appears as anhedral angular grains lacking
glass mantles.The similarity in appearance between quartz and the
plagioclase lacking glass mantles resulted in the two grains being
lumped together in the grain counts.
C-11
(f)Minor Accessory Minerals
Biotite occurs as anhedral,subangular to subrounded,red-brown to
yellow-brown pleochroic grains.It is a rare mineral in the Oxidized
Watana,Unoxidized Watana,and Oshetna tephras.None of the grains seen
had any attached glass.Clinopyroxene,zircon,and apatite are also
present in trace amounts in the four tephras.The clinopyroxene is
characterized by its pale green nonpleochroic color in plane light,its
biaxial positive interference and inclined extinction.It is subhedral
to anhedral and is most common in the Oshetna tephra.Zircon is present
as anhedral to euhedral grains.It is recognized ?y its very high
relief and birefringence,parallel extinction,and its uniaxial positive
interference.None of the zircon has any attached glass.Apatite
occurs as small inclusions in plagioclase phenocry~ts.
C.6 -Grain Count Analyses
Sixteen samples had between 350 and 700 grains counted to get an
accurate estimate of the percentage of different minerals in each
sample.The samples were grouped according to stratigraphic position
and the mean and standard deviation for each mineral were calculated.
The mean values are listed in Table C.4.Figures C.3, C.4,and C.5
compare the mean and deviation for each mineral in all four tephras.
The only case where the mineralogy is different is in the Oshetna
tephra,where the percentage of glass shards is much lower,and the
percentages of plagioclase and quartz much higher,than in the other
tephras.
C.7 -Glass Shard Morphology
The glass shards in these tephras have morphological characteristics
typical of rhyolitic glasses (Heiken 1972).They are vesicular,with
the shape of the vesicles controlling the shape of the shards.Two
types of glass shards were observed:1)grains with relativPly few
vesicles resulting in the glass appearing transparent and angular in
plane light,and 2)scoriaceous grains with subangular to subrounded
C-12
-
-
.....
-
Table C.4
Mean Percentage Values for Grain Counts of Susitna Tephras
Tephra Hb Bio Opx Cpx Opq P1/Q Pl/G Zirc Gl Lith
,Devil 14.0 0.1 0.6 0.0 2.5 26.4 7.2 0.2 48.4 0.5
Oxidized.-
Watana 11.4 0.4 0.6 0.1 2.9 41.1 8.5 0.3 34.2 0.5
~Unoxidized
Watana 15.1 0.1 0.2 0.0 3.1 21.9 12.9 0.0 46.3 0.3
Oshetna 9.4 0.3 2.8 0.3 4.2 75.6 2.3 0.6 3.1 1.3
-,
Hb =Hornblender-
!Bio =Bi otite
Opx =Orthoproxene
Cpx =Cl i nopyroxene
Opq =Opaque minerals
P1/Q =Plagioclase an~quartz lacking glass mantles
Pl/G =Plagioclase with glass mantles
Zirc =Zircon
G1 =Glass
Lith =Li thi c fragments
r""'"
I
C-13
Hornblende Opq.Minerai.Plag.w/gl888
-
-10510
I •t
I--e-4
I-e-1
I-e1
~
l--e-1
~
I •I
~
I •I
I •I
~
IIIIIIIII
Devil
Oshetna
Oxidized
Watana
Unoxldlzed
Watana
Percent of grains
Figure C.3.Percentages of Minerals in the Susitna Tephras
C-14
-c
CD
u..
CD
C.
.,.,
a:I
CD
CD
C-.:II:
U
a:I
-C
a:I
E
o
M
o
U)
o
co
o
'I"'"
H-..
eao:::
~0
"C
C
a:I
CD
CD
"ca
U
Q
CD=
C.
.,
c
o ea
10 ..
"
,
-r-
I-
0
I-_....
to-
--
r-
4~l-
t t-
ea-.c Ieaea
c -a:I a:I t--::a:I::"C
CD
"C H =CD -C"CN--I---)(CD-"C>-0 .c
CD ><C .,
C 0 ::;)0
,...,
.-
Figure C.4.Percentage of Plagioclase and Quartz Grains Lacking Glass
Mantles in the Susitna Tephras
-C-15
-
-5040302010
DeYIl
I •I
Oxidized Watana
1 •I
Unoxidlzed Watana
I •I
Oshetna
re-i
t I I I I
Percent Glass Shards
Figure C.5.Percentage of Glass Shards in the Susitna Tephras
C-16
I"'"
I
I
,~
~
I,
~
I
;-
I
shapes.This second type of glass shard appears brownish in plane light
because the numerous small vesicles tend to refract the light rather
than allowing it to pass through relatively undisturbed.Vesicle shapes
range from tubelike to spherical.
Point counts of the two glass shard types were conducted on 19 grain
mounts and the results are shown in Table C.5.The means and standard
deviations for each of the three tephras were calculated,and are listed
in Table C.6,and shown in Figure C.6.
The Oshetna tephra was not counted because of the low'abundance of glass
shards.
Two cases are shown for both Oxidized and Unoxidized Watana tephras.In
each group one sample had very low counts of scoriaceous glass,which
resulted in the large standard deviations seen in case 1.Removal of
these samples resulted in the higher mean values and smaller standard
deviations seen in case 2.It is unclear why these samples had such low
counts.Examination of the grain mounts does not suggest that they are
in any other way unusual.
C.8 -Discussion
The presence of individual glass shards and glass shards adhering to
minerals in all 29 samples indicates that the four layers seen in the
field are tephras.The tephras are very fine grained,with only a
minute portion of the sample coarser than 60 mesh (0.25 mm).The large
standard deviations for the sieve analyses do not allow for
discrimination of any of the tephras.The mineralogy of the tephras is
remarkably uniform and consists of plagioclase,hornblende,opaque
minerals,orthopyroxene,quartz,biotite,clinopyroxene,zircon,and
apatite in decreasing order of abundance.Two types of plagioclase and
hornblende are present in the tephras.Those phenocrysts that have
attached glass can be attributed to the tephras,however the origin for
the blue-green variety of hornblende and the plagioclase lacking glass
mantles is uncertain.The angular shapes of these latter grains do not
C-17
Table C.5
Scoriaceous VS.Vesicular Glass Shards
Sample %Scod aceous %Vesicular Stratigraphic Location
""'"
ATC-OOI 41.9 59.1 Devi 1
ATC-0002 58.8 41.2 0'.Watana
ATC-0003 88.8 11.2 U.Watana
ATC-0005 43.9 56.1 Devil
ATC-0006 40.0 60.0 O.Watana
ATe-ODD?88.2 11.8 U.Watana
ATC-0008 54.3 45.?U.Watana -.
ATC-OOIO 14.4 84.6 Devil
ATC-OOll 49.5 50.5 O.Watana
ATC-0012 28.0 72.0 U.Watana
ATC-0015 40.0 60.0 Devil
l!I!"\ATC-OOl?63.11 36.9 U.Watana I
I
ATC-0018 22.2 77 .8 Devil ""'"J
"""
C-18
Table C.5.(Continued)
.....
Sample %Scoriaceous %Vesicular Stratigraphic Location
~
ATC-0019 83.0 17.0 u.Watana
ATC-0021 28.4 71.6 Devil
;~
ATC-0022 21.3 78.7 O.Watana
ATC-0023 58.4 41.6 U.Watana
ATC-0025 28.9 71.1 Devi 1
ATC-0027 56.4 43.6 o.Watana
-
-
""'"
C-19
Table C.6
Means and Standard Deviations for Devil,Oxidized Watana,and Unoxidized
Watana Tephra Glass Shard Counts
Tephra No.of Samples Used Mean Standard Deviation
Devil 7 31.5 10.0
O.Watana (1)5 45.2 13.6
O.Watana (2)4 51.2 7.3
U.Watana (1)7 66.3 20.5
U.Watana (2 )6 72.6 14.4
C-20
-
-....
0 -0
to-
N
0-~
CD«a
(J -0 •-....-J_CQ •-,...
a::l
0
'P"'•N ~,~0 ~
'-0~•10 4)•«a u«a (J _....
0
(J __«J...
..-Q
i --U
I -0 en'P"'~-~cca~
«J U..(J __..
0 4)
"'"0.M
110
Ie:
~«J 111:1
-'-C ....
a::l IlI:l -0-;;:N
ca
.-:='c
III
~IN
~--
N -C ...0----'P"'r'-~:lI(
~-10
i •~C
C 0 :~
Figure C.6.Percentage of Scoriaceous Glass in the Devil and
Watana Tephras
C-21
indicate much,if any,transport,yet the differences between them and
the phenocrysts which do have glass mantles suggest a different origin.
Similar problems arise in interpreting the origin of the quartz,zircon,
and biotite.Without attached glass it is unclear whether these
minerals represent detrital contaminants or primary volcanic material.
Of the four tephras,only the Oshetna can be distinguished on the basis
of mi nera logy.Fi gures C.3 and C.4 show that it has a much hi gher
percentage of plagioclase and quartz,and a much lower percentage of
glass shards,than any of the other tephras.
Baseq on glass morphology,the Devil and Unoxidized Watana tephras can
be distinguished with a fair degree of confidence.Table C.4 shows that
all of the Devil tephra samples have less than 50%scoriaceous glass
shards,while 57%of the Unoxidized Watana tephra have greater than 60%
soriaceous glass shards,and 86%have greater than 50%soriaceous glass
shards.The Oxidized Watana tephra has percentages of scoriaceous glass
shards which overlap the fields of the two other tephras.
C.9 -Conclusions
Three out of the four tephras can be distinguished based on this
petrographic study.While stratigraphic evidence suggests that the
Oxidized Watana tephra is a separate unit from the Unoxidized Watana and
the Devil tephras,the petrographic evidence is unclear.The remarkable
mineralogic similarities between the three upper tephras suggest that
they are derived from the same volcanic vent.If this is the case,
geochemical studies of the glass shards and phenocrysts will probably be
needed to clarify the distinctions between the three upper tephras.The
Oshetna tephra is clearly distinguishable from the other tephras due to
the differences in mineralogy and the proportion of glass shards.These
differences may be due to its greater age or a different source.It is
generally agreed that tephra correlation must be based upon several
criteria,and not on a single criterion (Westgate and Gorton 1981).
Stratigraphic and petrographic data are now available for the Susitna
tephras,and geochemical studies of the tephras would aid in clarifying
C-22
'""",
~,
-,
-
~
,
....
-
the distinctions between tephra units.Numerous authors have used
geochemistry to distinguish between tephras,as well as identifying
several tephras in a layer which was thought to be a single unit (Smith
and Westgate 1969;Izett 1970 et al.;Westgate 1977;Scheidegger et al.
1978;Westgate and Evans 1978;and Larsen 1981).
In addition to the geochemical analyses~detailed petrographic work
would probably reduce the variance in the analyses that have been
conducted and may clarify the distinctions between the three upper
tephras.
C.10 -Archeological Significance
The petrographic analysis largely agrees with the field evidence that
there are three~and probably four~tephra units in the Susitna River
valley.This corroborating evidence should give a high degree of
confidence to the correlation of components from different sites which
are found between the same tephra units.These analyses may also aid
correlation of components associated with tephra in other parts of
south-central Alaska,where the tephras can be shown to be identical to
the Susitna tephras.
C-23