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ALASKA POWER AUTHORITY
BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES MANUAL
FUEL AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
February 1985
Prepared by Frank Moolin &Associates,Inc.
under contract to Harza-Ebasco
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Susitna Joint Venture ARLIS
Alaska Resources
Library &Information Services
Anchorage.Alaska
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PREFACE
This manual is one of a series of "best management practices"manuals to be used
in the design,construction,and maintenance of Alaska Power Authority projects.
It presents a coordinated effOl~t involving federal,state and local goverf1n;ent
agencies,and special interest groups.
The Alaska Power Authority intends that applicable guidelines and state-of-the-
art techniques contained in the manuals will be incorporated where appropriate
into the contractual documents for projects constructed,maintained,or operated
by or under the direction of the Alaska Power Authority.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE
CHAPTER 1 -INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 2 -ACCOUNTABILITY AND SAFETY
2-.1 FUEL AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
TRACKING AND INFORMATION SYSTEM
2.1.1 Procurement and Receipt
2.1.2 Storage
2.1.3 Disposal
2.2 PERSONNEL TRAINING AND SAFETY PROGRAM
CHAPTER 3 -STORAGE OF HAZARDOUS ~1ATERIAlS
3.1 GENERAL STORAGE GUIDELINES
3.1.1 Above/Underground Bulk Fuel Storage
3.1.2 Explosives
3.1.3 Indoor Storage of Flammable/Combustible
Liqui ds
3.1.4 Corrosives
3.1.5 Reactive Chemicals
3.1.6 Compressed Gases
3.2 PETROLEUM,OIL AND LUBRICANTS (POL)
3.2.1 Storage Containers
3.2.2 Storage Area Design
3.3 EXPLOSIVES
3.3.1 Storage of Explosives and Blasting Agents
3.3.2 Magazine Construction Guidelines
3.3.3 Mixing Facilities for Blasting Agents and
Water Gels
3.3.3.1 Mixing Equipment for Blasting Agents
3.3.3.2 Mixing Equipment for Water Gels
CHAPTER 4 -HAZARDOUS WASTES
CHAPTER 5 -REGULATORY AUTHORITIES
PAGE
1
4
4
5
8
10
12
14
14
15
15
17
17
18
18
20
24
25
26
28
37
39
40
41
43
TABLE
1
2
3
LIST OF TABLES
Classifications of Combustible and Flammable
Liquids
Minimum Distance Relative to Property lines,
Public Ways,Buildings
Minimum Tank Spacing
PAGE
19
22
23
4 Distanc~for Storage of Explosive Materials 29
5 Construction Requirements Common to All
Types of Magazines 30
6 Alternative Minimum Specifications for
Bullet-Resistant Magazines 31
7 Type 1 Storage Requi rements 32
8 Type 2 Storage Requirements 33
9 Type 3 Storage Requirements 34
10 Type 4 Storage Requi rements 35
11 Type 5 Storage Requirements 36
12 Recommended Separation Distances of Ammonium Nitrate
and Blasting Agents from Explosives or Blasting
Agents 38
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FIGURE
I
2
3
4
LIST OF FIGURES
Product Tracking and Information System
Procurement and Receipt
Storage
Disposal
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7
9
11
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CHAPTER 1 -INTRODUCTION
The Alaska Power Ji,uthority has prepared this best management practices (8MP)
manual as one of a series of manuals to be used in design,ccnstructicn,opera-
tion,and maintenance of Power Authority projects in A.1aska.This gr'1P manual
identifies some of the major elements that comprise on-site management of
hazardous materials,and presents gUidelines which reflect codes a~d regulations
for accountability,storage,and disposal.Not 0.11 elements C'r guidelines will
be appropriate for a particular site.In addition,federal,state and leca1
laws may impose specific requirements on particular PO\ller Authority projects or
activities.This manual is not a substitute for case-by-case identification and
compliance with all laws and regulations applicable to PO\ller Authority projects.
The terms "hazardous materials"and "hazardous wastes"are used throughout this
manual.For purposes of this manual,these are materials \lmich have potential
to cause substantial harm to humans or the environment.However,because each
environmental law may define "hazardous materials ll or "hazardous wastes ll in a
different manner,this manual cannot provide a definition of these terms that
will be accurate in all contexts.
A substance or material is Ithazardous"when it meets one of the defined charac-
teristics in anyone of several environmental laws and/or because it is actu~11y
found on a list of substances or materials which the law defines as hazardous.
To constitute a Ilhazardous waste",the hazardous substance must first bE:a
"waste".Tf'e laws regulating hazardous wastes provide very specific legal
definitions for what constitutes a waste.These laws are discussed in Chapter
4.
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Since hazardous materials and hazardous waste management are heavily regulated
at the federal and state level,permitting requirements are important in prcject
planning.P,pplicCl.ble regulations and permitting requirements may determine the
kind of hazardous materials and waste management strategies used for individual
projects.The following are important factors that should be an integral part
of Power Authority project planning:
o Identify project goals and describe hazardous materials and waste
generation necessary.
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o Identify statutes,regul ati ons and agenci cs whi ch 'regul ate ei ther
the proposed activity or its impacts.In parti cul al~,determi nE:
whether existing Power Authority permits control the activitit~s
or impacts involved.
o Compare burdens imposed by regul ati ons and/or permi ts for pro-
posed activities and alternatives (including costs associated
with modifying activities to reduce or eliminate requirements).
o Develop and implement permitting strategy to obtain timely
issuance of permits.
Chapter 2 of this manual di scusses accountabil ity and safety elements common to
on-site management of hazardousmateri a1s.Chapter 3 addresses storage of
hazardous materi a1s with emphas is on the two types of products most common to
construction projects in Alaska:1)explosives,and 2)petroleum,oils and
lubricants.Chapter 4 discusses the requirements for identification,treatment,
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storage,and di sposa 1 of hazardous wastes.Regul atory authoriti es governing
hazardous materials and hazardous wastes are listed in Chapter 5.
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CHAPTER 2 -ACCOUNTABILITY AND SAFETY
All Power fl.uthority proJects will be required to develop and implement an
C1.ccurate accounting and product information system fer any fuel or hazardous
materials from delivery to the site,through storage and use,to final disposal.
Training programs must also be designed and conducted to assure that fuel and
hazardous materi a1s \'Ji 11 be appropriately hardl ed to protect both human health
and the environment .
2.1 FUEL ANDHAZAPDOUS f·~ATERIAlS TRACKING AND INFORMATION SYSTEM
P product tracking and information system must bp.developed to alert
workers of proper procedures for handling hazardous materials and hazardous
wastes and potential environmental and health dangers if mishandled.
Equally important,the system must facilitate compliance with the "cradle-
to ...grave"reporting provisions of the Resource Conservation and Recovery
Act (RCRA)and its implementing regulations discussed in Chapter 4.
The most immediate but least detailed form of product information is the
manufacturer's direct labeling of containers.Proper labeling should
contain a description of the product,recommended uses,recommended storage
conditions,and safety precautions.
Individual data sheets available from the supplier for specific products
provide the next level of information.Such sheets usually contain typical
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properties,recommended storage conditions,safety procedures,environmen-
tal considerations,and spill control procedures.
A third level of information involves the manufacturers I material safety
data sheets (OSHA Form 20).Concise chemical and physical properties such
as specific flammability,explo.sjvity,chemical reactivity,or toxicity are
reported.Also included are special protection or precautions required.
Figure 1 depicts an example of a product tracking and information system
for a project whose hazardous wastes are transported offsite to an EPA-
approved treatment or disposal site.The following sections discuss the
functional relationships and components of thp system and the three princi-
pal positions (for purposes of this example designated as ll~lateria1s
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Coordinator","Issue/Return Coordinator[s]",and "Disposal Coordinator")
responsible for implementation.
2.1.1 Procurement and Receipt (Figure 2)
Product tracking and information dissemination begins with a re~uest for
requisition of materials.These requisitions are reviewed by the Materials
Coordinator,who is fully cognizant of applicable state and federal regu-
lations governing hazardous materials,and who has access to product
information provided from manufacturers or other sources.The requisitions
are forwarded to the procurement office for purchasing and are accompanied
by copies of product information data.Completed copies of purchasing
documents along with the product information are sent to the receiving
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Fuel &Hazardous
Materials
Requisltfons
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~Procurement-::I
C
<tI
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Recelvi'ng
COMMUNICATION
PRODUCT
NFORMATION
INVENTORY IRECORDS
MATERIAL
PRODUCT TRACKING &
INFORMATION SYSTEM
ALASKA POWER AUTHORITY
Vendor
Waste
Staging Area
EPA Approved
Treatment &
Disposal Site
FIGURE 1
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3-.-"""'1u
til-:;,c:
t\l:a
MATERIAL
I NVE NTORY JA ECOR DS
PRODUCT
INFORMAliON
Procurement
Receiving
Fuel and
Hazardous
Materials
ReQuisitions
ALASKA POWER AUTHORITY
PROCUREMENT AND RECEIPT
FIGURE 2
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office.Another copy of the purchasing document is sent to the Materials
Coordinator who notifies the appropriate Issue/Return Coordinator(s)that
the product(s)has been ordered and provides copies of product information.
Fuel and hazardous materials arriving onsite at project receiving are
checked for labels and must be accompanied by a manifest containing product
information from the manufacturer.Incoming shipments are checked against
the receiving office 1 s copies of purchasing documents .
Copies of receipt documents are sent to the procurement office and tre
Materials Coordinator.A copy of the manifest accompanying the shipment is
a1so forwarded to the Materials Coordinator.
2.1.2 Storage (Figure 3)
Once the material has been received onsite.the Materials Coordinator is
responsible for distributing appropriate documentation to the product
supplier,applicable regulatory agencies,and the Issue/Return Coordina-
tor(s)in charge of recordkeeping at each product storage facility.The
Materia 1s Coordinator also sends product informati on dat.a to the Oi sposa 1
Coordinator,and to project safety and medical personnel.
The actual material,accompanied by a copy of the manifest,is delivered to
the appropriate storage facility by the transporter where it is off-lo2ded
and stored according to the instructions and \lJClrnings contained on the
manifest,container labp.ling,and product information distributed at the
time of purchasing.
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Receiving
MATERIAL
INVENTORY/RECORDS
PRODUCT
INFORMATION
ALASKA POWER AUTHORITY
STORAGE
FIGURE 3
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All requests from users for products stored at the site are documented
through the Issue/Return Coordinator responsible for the product.This
coordinator is also responsible for informing users of potential hazards
associated with the product.Prcducts returned to the storage facil ity
(i.e.unused explosives to be returned to the magazine)are also documented
through the Issue/Return Coordinator.
2.1.3 Disposal (Figure 4)
Wastes generated from project activities or defective products are deliver-
ed by the users to the Disposal Coordinator who documents their arrival at
the waste staging area at each pl'oject site.Copies of records of incoming
materials to the waste staging area are sent to the Materials Coordinator.
The Disposal Coordinator is responsible for identifying and segregating
hazardous wastes from nonhazardous wastes in compliance with the RCRft
regulations for hazardous waste determination (40 eFR 262.11),identifica-
tion,and characterization (40 CFR 261).The Disposal Cccrdinator shall
arrange for transport and disposal of hazardous wastes or defective prc-
ducts through an EPA-approved tral'1sporter to either the vendor of the
defective product or an EPA-approved treatment and disposal site,as
appropriate.Offsite shipments are packaged andlabelled according to
federal Department of Transportation regulations and are accompanied by an
approved uniform manifest that is completed by the Disposal Coordinator (40
CFR 262,Subpart B;see 49 CFR 172,173,178 and 179).A copy of the
manifest is sent to the Materials Cccrdinator who is responsible for
fulfilling reporting requirements to applicable regulatory agencies and the
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MATERIAL
INVENTORYIRECORDS
PRODUCT
INFORMATION
Vendor
Staging Area
EPA Approved
Treatment and
Disposal Sito
ALASKA POWER AUTHORITY
DISPOSAL
FIGURE 4
original supplier of the material and for compliance with the ongoing RCRA
recordkeeping and reporting requirements set out at 40 CFR 262,Subpart D.
2.2 PERSONNEL TRAINING AND SAFETY PROGRAM
Personnel assigned to handling hazardous materials or hazardous wastes must
complete a training course to ensure that they are aware of hazardous
materials management procedures and safety measures.Training for person-
nel handling or using hazardous materials must include at least the follG\<./o-
ing elements (8 AAC 15)~
o Methods and observations that may be used to detect the presence
or rel ease of a hazardous substance in the work area (monitor;ng
programs,odors,etc.)
o Potential health hazards (definitions and product identification
as presented on Material Safety Data Sheet or equivalent)in the
work area
o
o
Personal protection equipment
Appropriate handling procedures
c Recordkeeping and inventory procedures
o Preventive maintenance
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o Emergency procedures and equipment
o Explanations on how to obtain and use material safety informa-
r"~1 or..
Training programs required for personnel handl ing hazardous wilstrs are
detailed in the RCRA regulations at 40 CFR 265.16.The training prcgrC1m
must comply with RCRJ1.training requirements and should be designed to allow
facil ity personnel to respond effectively to emergencies .
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CHAPTER 3 -STORAGE OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
This chapter is directed principally at facility designers responsible for the
design of hazardous materials storage areas.The guidelines presented are not
intended to be all-inclusive and are based on codes cmd regulations current at
thE~time of publication.Applicable federal,state,and local regulations must
be determined and complied with on a case-by-case basis.Storage regulations
for hazardous wastes are discussed in Chapter 4.
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3.1 GENERAL STORAGE GUIDELINES
Storage faci 1ities for hazardous material s must be designed to segregate
materials which may react upon contact with one another.Minimum dista.nces
between storage areas and residential facilities,wells,public roads,
property boundaries,and natural resource features (such as waterbodi es)
are specified for storage of many products.In addition,the facilities
must be desi gned and constructed to protect the materi a1s from wi 101 He
intrusion,weather,and any other changes which could affect cowposition or
sensitivity.Showers,eye-wash stations,and fire protection equipment
should be incorporated into the design.
3.1.1 Above/Underground Bulk Fuel Storage
In general,above-ground storage of bulk liquids.particularly combustible
liquids,must be in containers meeti~g certain specifications.Additional-
ly,the bulk storage facility is generally required to have a containing
berm constructed around it and to be of sufficient size to hold and retain
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all of the contents of the largest on-site storage container.Underground
storage of bulk liquids also requires tanks meeting certain specifications,
as well as cathodic protection for metal tanks.Undergrourd tanks exceed-
ing a certain size must have monitoring devices to detect leakage.r~ore
specific guide1ines for bulk fuel storage are presented in Section 3.2.
3.1.2 Exp10sives
Explosives are stored in either permanent or portable magazines that are
designed for the types of explosives that may be stored in them.Specific
guidelines for storage of explosives are contained in Section 3.3.
3.1.3 Indoor Storage of Flammable/Combustible liquids
According to 29 CFR 1926/1910,the amount of flammable/combustible liquid
that may be stored in c building depends upon the buildingrs fire resis-
tance rating and the pres~nce or absence of an automatic fire extinguishing
system.For instance,facilities of less than 150 square feet with a
I-hour fire resi stance rating and an automati c fi re extingui shing system
may store up to 750 gallons.The same facility without an automatic fire
extinguishing system is limited to a storage capacity of 300 gallons.
Containers holding more than 30 gallons may not be stacked.
Ground floor storage is preferred for f1ammable/combustible liquids.At
least one outside wall is required for connected flammable stora~e rooms.
Other structural characteristics include the following:
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-o Blow-out panels (recommended)
o Impermeable wall and floor joints
o Self-closing fire doors
o At least one exterior door (preferred)
o A drain and diking system at least 4 inches high in front of all
openings;drains must connect to a safe outside collection area
-o Unobstructed 3-foot wide aisles
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c Secure shelving and racks
Mechanical and electrical provisions to be included in the design of
storage facilities for flammable/combustible liquids inclUde the following:
o An alarm system
o Ventilation with at least a ten times per hour air turnover
o Exhausts from the floor,ceiling,and all possible dead-air
spaces
o Flame arrestors in vents
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o Air intake directly from the outside within 1 foot of the floor
level;with proper dampers,air may come from inside a connected
buil ding.
o Temperature and humidity control
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Adequate lighting;s~itches should be installed on the outside of
the room or building.
Adequate grounding of all racks,scuppers and other conducting
elements
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3.1.4 Corrosives
Corrosives must be stored in a dry,cool,ventilated (at least 6 times per·
hour air turnover)area and must not be directly exposed to sunlight.
Sprinkler systems should be installed.All corrosives must be stored in
contai ners recommended by the manufacturer.Temperatl!l~e and hum;Gity
control must be provided.Fans must be direct drive,non-sparking and
corrosion resistant.
3.1.5 Reactive Chemicals
Reactive chemicals (including oxidizing and reduction agents,complexers,
etc.)must be provided with storage space in a cool,dry,well-ventilated
area away from direct sunlight.The storage area must be fireproof and
protected from extreme and rapid temperature changes.As these materials
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may be water-sensitive,it ;s advisable that no water service be provided
to the building.The use of wood for shelving,flooring,etc.is not
recommended since oxidizing and reactive chemicals may react with organic
materials.
3.1.6 Compressed Gases
Cylinders used for the storage of fuel gas or oxygen should be stored in
well-ventilated areas.If the area is used for other purposes,storage of
gas is limited to 2000 cubic feet of acet.ylene or non-liquified flammable
gas.The cylinders must be separated at least 20 feet from flRmmable and
combustible materials.The storage area should be located ~here cylinders
will not be knocked over or damaged by passing or falling objects.For
outside storage,provisions must be made for ease of access and handling
during all seasons and for protection against wildlife intrusion.Outside
storage areas should be located well away from traffic lanes and be de-
signed with an adequate cover which win withstand projected snow loads and
winds.
3.2 PETROLEUM,OILS AND LUBRICANTS (POL)
Typical POL products that will be stored and used at Power Authority
project sites are diesel oil,gasoline,aviation fuels,hydraulic fluids,
anti-freeze,lubricants,solvents,and rust inhibitors.~~ost POL products
are flammable in different degrees varying from explosive in nature to
merely flammable (classifications of combustible and flammable liCluids are
shewn on Table 1),are classified as caustics and irritants to human and
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TABLE 1
CLASSIFICATIONS OF COMBUSTIBLE AND FLAr·1MABLE LIQUIDS
Combustible Liquid.A liquid having a flash point at or above 100°F (37.8°C).
Combustible liquids shall be subdivided as follows:
Class II liquids shall include those having flash points at or above 100°F
(37.8°C)and below 140°F (60°C).
Class IIIA liquids shall include those having flash points at or above
140°F (60°C)and below2QO°F (93.4°C).-Class IITB liquids shall include those having flash points at or abeve
20QoF (93 .4°C L-
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Flammable Liquid.A liquid having a flash point below lOO°F (37.8 C C)and having
a vapor pressure not exceeding 40 pounds per square inch (absolute)at lQGcF
(37 ..8°C)shall be kno\l/as a Class I liquid.
Class I liquids shall be subdivided as follows:
Class IA shall include those'having fl~sh points below 73 c F (22.8°C)and
having a boiling point below 100°F (37.8°().
Class 18 shall include those having flash points below 73 c F (22.8°C)and
having a boil ing point at or above lOO°F (37 .8°C).
Class IC shall include those having flash points at or above 73 c F (22.8°C)
and below IOO°F (37.8°C).
Source:National Fire Codes (NFPA 30)
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animal flesh,and can be carcinogenic.All POL products are considered
potential pollutants.
3.2.1 Storage Containers
The National Fire Protection Association standards (r{FPA 395)are C1.ppl ic-
able to the storage of flammable and combustible liquids (i.e.POL pro-
ducts)at rural construction projects where it is customary to obtain fuels
in bulk and dispense or transfer under control of the owner or contractor.
(The standards do not apply to storage of 25 gallons or less of flammable
and combustible liQuids in containers not exceeding 5-gallon capacit.y,or
to -fuel oil tanks and containers connected with oil burning eqLiipment as
covered in NFPA 31.)
~ndividual containers constructed of metal or other materials approved by
the U.S.Department of Transportation may be used to store 60 gallons or
less of flammable and combustible liquids.These individual containers
must not be interconnected.Drumruns,if stored horizontally,should not
exceed two drums wide and three drums high with a minimum of 5 feet between
runs.All drumruns should be placed on 4x4-foot dunnage and be chocked at
both ends.Outside storage for containers of Class I flammable liauids
must be at least 10 feet from any buil di ng and well away from traffi c
lanes;inside storage may be in a building us~d exclusively for storage of
flammable and combustible liquids that is located at least 10 feet from any
other building.Buildings used for storage of Class I flammable liquids
must have at least two 64-square-inch vents placed at floor level for
cross-ventilation.
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Flammable and combustible liquids of 61 to It100 gallons may be stored
outside of buildings in tanks constr'ucted of at least 14-gauge steel.The
tanks must be of single-compartment design.Joints must be riveted and
caulked,riveted and welded,or welded.Tank heads over 6 feet ip diameter
must be di shed,stayed t braced,or reinforced.Each tank must have a free
opening vent of the following minimum nominal pipe size to relieve vacuum
or pressure:
H
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2!
3
Vent Diameter
(inches)
up to 275
276-660
661-900
901-1100
Tank Capaci ty
(gallons)
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These tanks and any transfer operation must then be at least 40 feet from
any building and 100 feet from any well or water supply source.Stationary
tanks must be mounted on timbers or blocks approximately 6 inches in height
to protect the bottom of the tank from corrosion.
The largest quantities (perhaps exceeding SOtOOG gallons at anyone on-site
facility)of POL products stored'at Power Authority project sites will
consist of diesel oil,gasoline,and aviation fuels.These bulk products
will be stored in either double-walled steel tanks or hypalon bladders
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des i gned and constructed accordi ng to NFPA 30 standards.Above-ground
tanks and bladders of the types most likely to be used to store these
products must be located at least the minimum distances shown on Table 2
from property lines,public ways,and buildings,and at least 1,500 feet
from waterbodies.In addition,each above-ground tank or bladder must be
separated from another according to the minimum distances shown on Tnble 3.
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TABLE 2
MINIMUM DISTANCES RELATIVE TO PROPERTY LINES,
PUBLIC WAYS,BUILDINGS
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Tank Capacity
(gallons)
275 or less
276 to 750
751 to 12,000
12,001 to 30,000
30,001 to 50,000
50,001 to 100,000
100,001 to 500,000
500,001 to 1,000,000
1,000,001 to 2,000,000
2,000,001 to 3,000,000
3,000,001 or more
Minimum Distance (feet)
from Property Line
Which Is or Can Be Built
Upon,Including the Opposite
Side of a Public Hay
10
20
30
40
60
100
160
200
270
330
350
Minimum Distance (feet)
from Nearest Side of Any
Public Way or from
Nearest Important Building
on the Same Property
5
5
5
5
10
15
25
35
45
55
60
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Source:National Fire Codes (NFPA 30)
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TABLE 3
MINIMUM TANK SPACING (SHELL-TO-SHELL)
Fixed Roof Tanks
All tanks not over
150 feet diameter
Tanks larger than
150 feet diameter
Floating Roof
Tanks
1/6 sum of adja-
cent tank di-
ameters but not
less than 3 feet
Class I or II
Liquids
1/6 sum of adja-
cent tank di-
ameters but not
less than 3 feet
Class IlIA
Liquids
1/6 sum of adja-
cent talik di-
ametel~S but not
less than 3 feet
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Remote Impounding 1/6 sum of adja-
cent tank di-
ameters
Impounding 1/4 sum of adja-
Around Tanks cent tank di-
ameters
Source:National Fire Codes (NFPA 30)
1/4 sum of adja-
cent tank di-
ameters
1/3 sum of adja-
cent tank di-
ameters
1/6 sum of adja-
cent tank di-
ameters
1/4 sum of adja-
cent tank di-
ameters
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3.2.2 Storage Area Design
POL storage areas should be built in accordance with American Society of
Petroleum Engineers standards and must be contained to protect adjoiring
property or waterbodi es from poss;bl e spi 11 s.The accepted practice for
contairment is an impermeable diked area around individual tanks/bladders
or around a group of tanks/bladders.The volumetric capacity of a diked
area around an individual tank/bladder must be at least 100 percent of the
capacity of the tank plus sufficient freeboard to allow for precipitation
(greatest amount of rainfall that may reasonably be expected to occur in a
storm ard/or seasonal snow accumulation with melt).The volumetric capaci-
ty of a diked area for a group of tanks/bladders must be at least 100
percent of the capacity of the largest tank/bladder plus freeboard for
precipitation.A slope of at least 1 percent from a tank/bladder must be
provided for at least 50 feet or to the dike base,whichever is less,to
facilitate pumping of precipitation accumulations by either a sump pump or
a below-grade,explosion-proof pumping system,as appropriate.The outside
base of the di ke at ground 1eve1 must be no closer than 10 feet to any
property line.
High-liquid-level alarms with audible and visual signal,high-level pump
cutoff devices,a visual system for determining 1 iquid level s ~and other
safety devices must be provided.Bladder storage areas must be fenced.
Lighting should be prOVided for POL facilities used as project service
stations during periods of darkness.Storage facilities must be protected
against electrical spark or static discharge and,when practical,shoulc'
also be fitted with lightning arrestors.Fire protection measures should
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3.3
include alarm systems,halon systems (where practical),and non-freezing
extinguishers readily available for Class A,Band C fires .
Transfer stations must be sized to accommodate the numbers of pro.~ect
vehicles and construction equipment for each specific project.All dis-
pensing facilitif's must include anti-stc.tic devices and bondin0 wire to
facilitate proper grounding.For those sites where petroleum products are
delivered by marine tank vessels with a capacity of 10,500 gallons or mere,
the equipment requirements administered by the U.S.Coast Guard (33 CFR
154)must be incorporated into the design.
EXPLOSIVES
Explosives likely to be required for power projects include,but are not
limited to:
Dynamite and other high explosives
Pellet powder
Initiating explosives
Detonators
Fuses
Cartridges for propellant activated
power devices
Detonating cord
Igniter cord
Igniters
Primers
Smokeless propellants
Squibs
......
-
Explosives are classified according to the degree of hazard they present .
Glass A explosives present a detonating or otherwise maximum hazard and
include such substances as dynamite,nitroglycerin,picric acid,lead
-25-
-
-
,~
-
-
oxide,fulminate of mercury,blasting caps,and detonating primers.Class
B explosives,such as propellants,present a flammable hazard.Class C
explosives,which present a minimum hazard,include certain types of
manufactured articles containing Class A or Class B explosives,or both,as
components,but in restricted quantities.The final classification,
oxidizing-material,is a substance that yields oxygen readily to stimulate
the combustion of organic matter.
3.3.1 Storage of Explosives and Blasting Agents
Explosives are stored in either permanent or portable magazines that are
designed for the types of explosives that may be stored in them.Magazine
classifications are as follows:
Type 1 Magazine--A permanent magazine for the storage of explosive
materials that are bullet sensitive such as dynamite and detonators
which will mass explode.
Type 2 Magazine--A portable or mobile magazine for outdoor or indoor
storage of explosive materials that are bullet sensitive such as
dynamite and detonators which will mass explode.
Type 3 Magazine--A portabl e magazine for the temporary storage of
explosive materials while attended.An example is a nday box"at the
site of blasting operations.
-26-
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-
-
Type 4 Magazine--A permanent,portable,or mobil e magazine for the
storage of low explosives,explosive materials that are not bullet
sensitive,or explosive materials that will not mass explode.
Type 5 Magazine--A permanent,portable or mobile magazine for the
storage of explosive materials that are not bullet sensitive.Type 5
magazines include tar:l<s,tanl<trailers,tank trucks,semi-trailers,
bulk trailers,bulk trucks and bins.
ftl'1monium nitrate,which is a common bl,e.sting agent,should not Of::acceptfd
for storage when the temperature of the product exceeds 130°F.If stored
indoors,ammonium nitrate should be stored in a separate building or be
separated by approved firewal1s of not less than I-hour fire-resistance
rating from organic chemicals,acids,other corrosive materials,materials
that may require blasting,compressed flammable gases,and flammable and
combustible materials.Sulphur and finely divided materials should not be
stored in the same building with ammonium nitrate.
Unless constructed of non-combustible material or unless adequate facili-
ties for fighting a roof fire are available,bulk storage structures for
ammonium nitrate should not be over one story in height.Not more than
2,500 tons of bagged ammonium nitrate should be stored in a structure not
equipped with an automatic sprinkler system.Bags of ammonium nitrate
should not be stored within 30 inches of building walls and partitions.
The hei ght of the pil es shoul d not exceed 20 feet and no closer thaT'!36
inches below the rocf or overhead supporting and spreader beams.The width
of the piles should not exceed 20 feet.Unless the building is of non-
-27-
.....
combustible construction or protected by automatic sprinklers~piles should
not exceed 50 feet in length.Aisles,at least 3 feet wide,should sepa-
rate piles and at least one 4-foot wide service or main aisle should be
provided.
Due to the corrosive and reactive properties of ammonium nitrate,bins used
to store the product should not be constructed of galvanized iron,copper,
lp.ad,or zinc.Aluminum bins and wooden bins protected against impregna-
tion by ammonium nitrate are permissible.Piles or bins should be sized
and arranged so that material is moved out periodically to minimize possi-
ble caking.
3.3.2 Magazine Construction Guidelines
Magazines must be located prescribed distances from inhabited buildings,
passenger railways,public highways,and ether magazines.Distarces for
all ex~losives are listed on Table 4.
Tables 5 through 11 summarize construction and housekeeping guidelines for
magazines.Table 5 lists those requirements that are common t.o all types
of magazines.Tabl e 6 1 ists the minimum construction alternatives for
magazines that will store bullet-sensitive materials (Types 1,2 [outdoor],
3).Restrictions specific to each of the five types of magazines are shown
on Tables 7 through 11.
-28-
,~
TABtE 4
DISTANCE FOR STORAGE OF EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS
Oistanca in feet 1)
Explosives when storage is barricaded
Separatlon
Pounds Pounds Inhabited Passe nger Public of
over not over buil dings railways highways magazines
2 5 70 30 30 6
5 lQ 90 35 35 8
10 20 110 45 45 10
20 30 125 50 50 11
30 40 140 55 55 12
40 50 150 60 60 14
50 75 170 70 70 15
75 100 190 75 75 16
100 125 200 80 80 18
125 150 215 85 85 19-150 200 235 95 95 21
200 250 255 105 105 23
250 300 270 110 110 24
300 400 295 120 120 27
400 500 320 130 130 29
500 600 340 135 135 31
600 700 355 145 145 32
700 800 375 150 150 33
800 900 390 155 155 35
900 1,000 400 160 160 36
1,000 1,200 425 170 165 39
1,200 1,400 450 180 170 41
1,400 1,600 470 190 175 43
1,600 1,800 490 195 180 44
1,800 2,000 505 205 185 45
2,000 2,500 545 220 190 49
,~2,500 3,000 580 235 195 52
3,000 4,000 635 255 210 58
4,000 5,000 685 275 225 61
5,000 6,000 730 295 235 65
6,000 7,000 no 310 245 68
~7,000 8,000 800 320 250 72
8,000 9,000 835 335 255 75
9,000 10,000 865 345 260 78
10,000 12,000 875 370 270 82
12,000 g,OOO 885 390 275 87
g,OOO 16,000 900 405 280 90
16,000 18,000 ~40 420 285 94
18,000 20,000 975 435 290 98
20,000 25,000 1,055 470 315 105
25,000 30,000 1,130 500 340 112
30,000 35,000 1,205 525 360 119
35,000 40,000 1,275 550 380 124
40,000 45,000 1,340 570 400 129
45,000 50,000 1,400 590 420 135
50,000 55,000 1,460 610 440 140
55,000 60,000 1,515 630 455 145
60,000 65.000 1,565 645 470 150
65,000 70;000 1,610 660 485 155
70,000 75,000 1,655 675 500 160
75,000 80,000 1,695 690 510 165
"...80,000 85,000 1,730 705 520 170
85,000 90,000 1,760 720 530 175
90,000 95,000 1,790 730 540 180
95,000 100,000 1,815 745 545 185
100,000 110,000 1,835 770 550 195
110,000 120,000 1,855 790 555 205
120,000 130,000 1,875 810 560 215
130,000 140,000 1,890 835 565 225
140,000 150,000 1,900 850 570 235
150,000 160,000 1,935 870 580 245
160,000 170,000 1,965 890 590 255,-170,000 180,000 1,990 905 600 265
180,000 190,000 2,010 920 605 275
190,000 200,.000 2,030 935 610 285
200,000 210,000 2,055 955 620 295
210,000 230,000 2,100 980 635 315,-230,000 250,000 2,155 1,010 650 335
250,000 275,000 2,215 1,040 670 360
275,000 300,000 2,275 1,075 690 385
1)When storage is not barricaded,distances must be dOUbled.,-
Source:Alaska Occupational Safety and Health Standards,Subchapter 09.
.....
..-
ITEM
Hinges and Hasps
Locks
Ligbting
Heating
Source:27 eFR 181
TABLE 5
CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS COMMON TO
ALL TYPES Of MAGAZINES
REQUIREMENT
Shall be attached to doors by welding,or riveting,or bolting (nuts on inside
of door).
Each door shall be equipped with 2 mortise locks,or 2 padlocks fastened in
separate hasps and staples,or a combination of a mortise lock and a padlock,or
a mortise lock requiring 2 keys to open,or a three-point lock .
Locks shall be five-tumbler proof.
Padlocks shal r be protected with 1"steel caps constructed to prevent sawing or
lever action on locks or hasps.
NOTE:Outdoor-mobile storage facil1ties with one steel,case-hardened,five-
tumbler padlock,having at least a 7116 ft shackle diameter,have been
determined to meet necessary reauirements.
In general,battery-activated safety lights or lanterns should be used for
magazine types I,2,3 or 4.Electrical illumination may be used when explosive-
proof fixtures and wiring in rigid conduit are used inside and all
electric switches are located outside the magazine.
Magazines requiring heat shall be heated by either hot water radiant heating
connection within the magazine building or air directed into the magazine
buil di ng over either hot water or low pressure steam (15 ps ig or 1ess)coils
located outside the magazine bUilding.
Radiant heating coils within buildings shall be installed so that the explosive
materi al s or thei r containers cannot contact the coil s and air is free to
circulate between the coils and the explosive materials or their containers.
Hot air discharged from heating ducts must not be directed against the explosive
materials or their containers.
The heating device shall have controls which prevent the ambient building
temperature from exceed 120°f.
Electric fans or pumps shall be mounted outside and separate from the wall of
the magazi ne and sha 11 be grounded.
Electric fan motors and controls for electrical heating devices shall have
overloads and disconnects.All electrical switching devices shall be located
outside and separate from the walls of the magazine and shall be grounded.
The heating source for water or steam shall be separated from the magazine by a
distance of at least 25 feet when electrical and 50 feet when fuel-fired.The
area between the heating unit and the magazine shall be kept clear of all
combustible materials.
-
TABLE 6
ALTERNATIVE MINIMUM
SPECIFICATIONS FOR BULLET-RESISTANT MAGAZINESl)
-o
o
o
Exterior of 5/B-inch steel lined on the interior with any type non-sparking
material.
Exterior of 1/2-inch steel lined on the interior with not less than 3/B-inch
plywood.
Exterior of 3/B-inch steel 1ined on the interior with 2 inches of liardwood.
o
o
o Exterior of 3/B-inch steel lined on the interior with 3 inches of softwood
or 2 1/4 inches of plywood.
a Exterior of lI4-inch steel lined on the interior with 3 inches of hardwood.
a Exterior of 1/4-inch steel lined on the interior with 5 inches of softwood
or 51 inches of plywood.
a Exterior of 1/4-inch steel lined with an intermediate layer of 2 inches of
hardwood and an interior lining of 1 1/2 inches of plywwod.
0 Exterior of 3/16-inch steel with an interior lining of 4 inches of hardwood.
~
0 Exterior of 3/16-inch steel with an interior lining of 7 inches of softwood ../
or 6 3/4 inches of plywood.
Exterior of 3/16-inch steel with an intermediate layer of 3 inches of
hardwood with an interior lining of 3/4 inch of plywood.
o Exterior of IlB-inch steel with an interior lining of 5 inches of hardwood.
o Exterior of liB-inch steel with an interior lining of 9 inches of softwood.
o Exterior of liB-inch steel with an intennediate layer of 4 inches of
hardwood and an interior lining of 3/4 inches of softwood.
o An exterior of any type of fire-resistant material which is structurally
sound with an intermediate layer of 4 inches solid concrete block or 4
inches solid brick or four inches of solid concrete and an interior lining
of lI2-inch plywood placed securely against the masonry lining.
o Standard 8-inchconcrete block with voids fi 11 ed wi th well-tamped dry sand
or well-tamped sandlcement mixture.
o Standard B-inch solid brick.
o An exterior of any type of fire resistant material which is structurally
sound with an intermediate 6-inch space filled with well-tamped dry sand or
well-tamped sand/cement mixture.
o An exterior of 1/8-inch steel with a first intermediate layer of 3/4-inch
plywood,a second intermediate layer of 3 5/8 inches well-tamped dry sand
or sand/cement mixture and an interior lining of 3/4-inch plywood.
An exterior of any type of fire-resistant material with a first intermedi-
ate layer of 3/4-inch plywood,a second intermediate layer of 3 S/8-inch
well-tamped dry sand or sandlcement mixture,~a third intermediate layer of
3/4-inch plywood,a fourth intennediate layer of 2 inches of hardwood or
14-gauge steel and an interior lining of 3/4-inch plywood.
o 8-inch thick solid concrete.
I}All steel and wood dimensions are actual thicknesses.All concrete block and
brick dimensions are nominal thickness.
Source:27 CFR 181
TABLE 7
TYPE 1 STORAGE REQUIREMENTS
Heating See Table 5
-
-
-
-
ITEM
Walls
Foundations
Floors
Roof
Doors
Hinges,Rasps,
and Locks
Interior
Ventllatl0n
Ground
Igloos,Army-type
Structures,
Tunnels and
Dugouts
Lighting
REQUIREMENTS
See Table 5
Shall be co~structed of bricK,or concrete,or cement block,or stone
or wood posts.
(If piers or posts are used,space under buildings shall be enclosed
with metal.)
Shall be constructed of nonsparkingmaterial.
Shall be strong enough to bear weight of maximum quantity to be
stored.
Outer root'(except fabri ca ted meta 1 reofs l sha 11 be covered with
either 26-gauge iron fastened to 7/8"sheathing,or 26-gauge aluminum
fastened to 7/8"sheathing.
Where possible for a bullet to be fired directly through roof and into
storage facil ity,magazi ne sha 11 be protected by either a sand tray,
fi 11 ed with not 1ess than 4"of coarse dry sand •.coveri ng the enti re
ceil ing area,except that necessary for ventil ation.or fabri cated
metal roof construction of 3/16"plate steel,1 ined with 4"hardwood
(for each additional 1{16"of plate steel,hardwood may be decreased
1").
Shall be constructed of 1/4"steel.
Shall be lined with 2"of hardwood.
See Table 5
Shall be constructed of or covered with a I10nsparklng material.
No sparking metal construction shall be exposed below top of walls in
interior.
All nails shall be blind-nailed or countersunk.
2"a ir 'space sha 11 be 1eft around cel"ng and perimeter ot'floors,
except at doorways.
Foundati on ventil a tors shall be not 1ess than 4"x 6".
Vents in foundation,roof,or gables shall be screeded and offset.
Ground around storage facility shall slope away for drainage.
Shall be constructed of reinforced concrete,masonry,metal,or a
combination o.f these materials.
Shall have an earthmount covering of not less than 24"on the top,
sides and rear.
Interior walls and floors shall be covered with a nonsparking material.
Floor,door,lock,ventilation,exposed metal,and lighting require-
ments are as stated above.
See Table 5
-
Source:27 CFR 181
'"""
-
-
ITEM
Hinges,Hasps
and Locks
Lighting
Heating
Size
Ground
Construction
Unattended
Storage
Location
Quantity
Restrictions
Walls
Source:27 CFR 181
TABLE 8
TYPE 2 STORAGE REQUIREMENTS
REQUIREMENTS
See Table 5
See Table 5
See Table 5
RESTRICTIONS ON TYPE 2 OUTDOOR STORAGE FACILITIES
Shall be at least 1 cubic yard in size
Outdoor storage facilities shall be supported in such a marmer so as
to prevent direct contact with the ground.
Ground around storage facility shall slope away for drainage.
Sides.bottoms,tops,and covers or doors sha 11 .be constructed of
i-inch steel and lined with 2-inches of hardwood.
Unattended vehicular storage facilities shall have wheels removed Or
shall be immobilized by kingpin locking devices.
RESTRICTIONS ON TYPE 2 INDOOR STORAGE FACILITIES
No indoor storage facility for storage of high explosives shall be
located in a residence or dwelling.
Storage facilities located in a warehouse,or wholesale or retail
establishment,shall be provided with substantial wheels or casters to
facilitate removal therefrom.
No more than two indoor storage facilities shall be located in anyone
building.Two storage facilities may be kept in the same building
only when one is used for storage of blasting caps and the other for
storage of other high explosives.
Each storage facil ity shall be located on the floor nearest ground
level and within 10 feet of an outside exit.
Indoor storage facilities within one building shall be separated by a
distance of not less than 10 feet.
No indoor storage facility shall contain a quantity of high explosive
in excess of 50 pounds or more than 5,000 blasting caps.
Shall be of either
Wood (Shall have sides,bottoms,and covers or doors constructed of 2"
narawood and shall be well braced at corners.They shall be covered
with sheet metal (not less than 20 gauge).Exposed nails shall be
countersunk).or
Metal (Shall have sides,bottoms,and covers or doors constructed of
12-gauge metal and shall be lined inside with a nonsparking material.
Edges of metal shall overlap sides at least I").
CAP BOXES
Storage facilities for blasting caps in quantities of 100 or less
sha 11 have sides,bottoms,and covers constructed of 12-gauge metal,
with hinges and hasps attached by welding.One five-tumbler proof
lock shall be sufficient for locking purposes.
-
-
-
-
ITHI
Construction
Hinges,Hasps
and locks
Ground
Unattended
Storage
lighting
Source:27 eFR 181
TABLE 9
TYPE 3 STORAGE REQUIREMENTS
REQUIREMENTS
Doors or covers,sides,bottoms,and tops shall he con-
structed of 1/4-inch steel and lined with 2-inch hardwood.
See Table 5
Ground around storage facility shall slope away for drainage.
No explosive materials shall be left "in storage facility if
unattended..
Explosive materials must be removed to types 1 or 2 storage
facilities for unattended storage.
See Table 5
-35-
.-
-
..-
.-
-.
..-
ITEM
Walls
Doors or Covers
Foundations
Interior
Hinges,Hasps
and Locks
lighting
Heating
Ground
Unattended
Storage
Location
Quantity
Restrictions
Source:27 CFR 181
TABLE 10
TYPE 4 STORAGEREQUIREHENTS
REQUIREMENTS
Sha 11 be of either masonry,or meta l-covered wood,or fabricated
metal,or combinations of these materials.
Shall be constructed of either metal or solid wood covered with metal.
ShalT be constructed of either brick,or concrete,or cement block,or
stone or wood posts.
(If piers or posts are used,space under buildings shall be enclosed
with metal.)
Shall be lined with nonsparking material.
No sparking metal construction shall be exposed below top of walls in
interior.
All nails shall be blind-nailed or countersunk.
See Table 5
See Table 5
See TabJe 5
RESTRICTIONS ON TYPE 4 OUTDOOR STORAGE FACILITIES
Ground around storage facility shall slope away for drainage.
Unattended vehicular storage facilities shall have wheels removed or
shall be immobilized by kingpin locking devices.
RESTRICTIONS ON TYPE 4 INDOOR STORAGE FACILITIES
No indoor facility for the storage of low explosives shalt be located
in a residence or dwelling.
Storage facil ities located in a warehouse,or wholesale or retail
establishment,shall be provided with substantial wheels or casters to
facilitate removal therefrom.
No more than one indoor storage facility shall be kept in anyone
building.
Storage facility shall be located on floor nearest ground level and
within 10 feet of an outside exit.
No indoor facility Shall contain a quantity of low explosives in
-excess of 50 pounds.
ITEM
Doors or Covers
H<inges,Hasps,
and Locks
Glround
Unattended
Storage
TABLE 11
TYPE 5 STORAGE REQUIREMENTS
REQUIREMENTS
Shall be constructed of either solid wood,or metal.
See Table 5
See Table 5
RESTRICTIONS ON TYPE 5 OUTDOOR STORAGE FACILITIES
Ground around storage facility shall slope away for drainage.
Unattended vehicular storage facilities shall have wheels
removed or shall be immobil ized by kingpin 1ocki ng devices.
RESTRICTIONS ON TYPE 5 INDOOR STORAGE FAC!LITIES
-
-
Location No indoor storage facility for storing of blasting agents
shall be located in a residence or dwelling.
Source:27 CFR 181
-36-
....
....
....
3.3.3 Mixing Facilities for Blasting Agents and Water Gels
Buildings or other facilities llsed for mixing blasting agents and water
gel s shaul d be located,wi th respect to inhabi tated bui 1di ngs,passenger
railroads and public highways,in accordance with the distances shown on
Table 4.In addition,the mixing facility should be separnted from perma-
nent explosive storage facilities in accordance with the distances shewn on
Table 12 .
Buildings used for mixing blasting agents and water gels should confor~to
the following requirements:
a Buildings shal1 be of either non-combustible construction or of
sheet metal on wood studs.
-
o Floors in a mixing plant shall be concrete or other non-absorbent
material.Floors should be constructed to eliminate open floor
drains and piping into which molten materials could flow and be
confined in case of fire.
o All fuel oil storage facil Hies shall be separated from the
mixing plant and be placed so that,in case of tank rupture,the
oil will drain away from the mixing.plant building.
o The building shall be well ventilated.
o Heating units which do not depend on a combustion process,when
-37-
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"""
.-
TABLE 12
RECO~ENOEDSEPARATION DISTANCES OFA~IUM NITRATE AMP BLASTING AGENTS 1 ,6}
FROM ExpLOSIVES OR BLASTING AGENTS
Minimum separation Minimum
Donor Wei ght distance of receptor 2)Thickness
Pounds Pounds when barricaded (ft.)of artificial
over not over Ammonlum Blastlny barricade
nitrate3}agent 4 (;n.)5)
100 3 11 12
100 300 4 14 12
300 ~OO 5 18 12
600 1,000 6 22 12
1,000 1,600 7 25 12
1,600 2,000 8 29 12
2,000 3,000 9 32 15
3,000 4,000 10 36 15
4,000 6,000 11 40 15
6,000 8,000 12 43 20
8,000 10,000 13 47 20
10,000 12,000 14 50 20
12,000 16,000 15 54 25
16,000 20,000 16 58 25
20,000 25,000 18 65 25
25,000 30,000 19 68 30
30,000 35,000 20 72 30
35,000 40,000 21 76 30
40,000 45,000 22 79 35
45,000 50,000 23 83 35
50,000 55,000 24 86 35
55,0.00 60,000 25 90 35
60,000 70,000 26 94 40
70,000 80,000 28 101 40
80,000 90,000 30 108 40
90,000 100,000 32 115 40
100.000 120,000 34 122 50
120,000 140,000 37 133 50
140,000 160,pOO 40 144 50
HiO,OOO 180,000 44 158 50
180,000 200,000 48 173 50
200,000 220,000 52 187 60
220,000 250,000 56 202 60
250,000 275,000 60 216 60
275,000 300,000 64 230 6Q
1}Nearby stores of high explosiv.es or blasting agents ·are "donors".Ammonium nitrate,by
itself,is not considered to be a donor when applying this table.Ammonium nitrate,ammonium
nitrate-fuel oil or combination thereof are acceptors.If stores of ammonium nitrate are
located within the sympathetic detonation distance of explosives or blasting agents,one-half
the mass of the ammonium nitrate should be included in the mass of the donor.
2}When the ammonium nitrate and/or blasting agent is not barricaded,the distances shown in
the table shall be multiplied by six.These distances allow for the possibility of high
velocity metal fragments from mixers,hoppers,truck bodies,sheet metal structures,metal
containers,and the like which may enclose the "donor".Where storage is in bullet-resistant
magazines recommended for explosives or where the storage is prC'tected by a bullet-resistant
wall,distances and barricade thicknesses in excess of those prescribed in Table 4 are not
required.
3}The distances in the table apply to ammonium nitrate that passes the insensitivity test
prescribed in the definition of ammonium nitrate fertilizer promulgated by the National Plant
Food Institute;and ammonium nitrate failing to pass said test shall be stored at separation
distances determined by competent persons and approved by the authority having jurisdiction.
4}These distances apply to nitro-carbo-nitrates and blasting agents which pass the insensi-
tivity test prescribed in the U.S.Department of Transportation (DOT)regulations.
5)Earth,or sand dikes,or enclosures filled with the prescribed minimum thickness of earth or
sand are acceptable artificial barricades.Natural barricades,such as hills or timber of
sufficient density that the surrounding e~posures which require protection cannot be seen from
the "donor"when t.he trees are bare of leaves are also acceptable.
6)When the ammonium nitrate must be counted in determing the distance~to be maintained from
inhabited buildings,passenger railways and public highwa)'s.it may be counted at !times its
actual weight because it~blast effect is lower .
Source:Alaska Occupational Safety and Health Standards,Subchapter 09.
-
-
properly designed and located!may be used in the same building.
o p"n direct sources of heat shall be provided excl usively from
units located outside the mixing building.All irternal-combus-
tion engines used for electric power generation shall be located
outside the mixing plant building,or shall be properly venti-
lated and isolated by a firewa11.The exhaust systems or all
such engines shall be located so any spark emission will not be a
hazard to any materials in or adjacent to the plant.
3.3.3.1'Mixing Equipment for Blasting Agents
The design of the mixer should minimize the possibility of frictional
heating!compactinn,and confinement.An bearings and drive assemblies
should be mounted outside the mixer and protected against the accumulation
.of dust.All surfaces should be accessible for cleanina ..~
-
....
Mixing and packaging equipment should be constructed of materials compati-
ble "lith the fuel,ammonium nitrate!or mixed composi::ion .
Suitable means should be provided to prevent the flow of fuel oil to the
mixer in case of fire.In gravity flow systems,an automatic spring-loaded
shutoff valve with fusible line should be installed.
All electrical switches,controls,motors,and lights iocated in the mixing
room should conform to the requirements in the National Electrical Code for
Class II,Division 2 lecations;otherwise they should be located outside
-39-
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-
-
-
"...
I
-
the mixing room~The frame of the mixer and other equipment that may be
used should be electrically bonded and be provided with a continuous path
to the ground.
3.3.3.2 Mixing Equipment for Water Gels
The design of the processing equipment~including mixing and conveying
equipment,should be compatible with the relative sensitivity of the
materials being handled.Equipment should be designed to mirimize the
possibility of frictional heating,compaction,overloading,anc!confine-
ment.
Both equipment and handling procedures should be designed to prevent the
introduction of foreign objects or materials.
Mixers,pumps,valves and related equipment should be designed to permit
frequent flushing,cleaning,dismantling and inspection.
All electrical equipment including wiring,switches,controls~motors and
1i ghts,shoul d confonn to the requi rements of the Nati on?,l El ectri cal Code
for Class II,Oivi5ion2 locations.All electric motors and generators
should be provided with suitable overload protection devices.Electrical
generators,motors,proportioning devices,and all other electrical enclo-
sures should be electrically bonded.The grounding conductor to all such
electrical equipment should be effectively bonded to the service-entrance
ground connection and to all equipment ground connections in a manner so as
to provide a continuous path to ground.
-40-
-
-
CHIlPTER 4 -HAZARDOUS WASTES
RCRA applies to the management of hazardous wastes on Power Authority projects.
Hazardous wastes!.as defined in the RCRA regulation,will not be treated or
disposed of at Power Authority project sites.Hazardous wastes will be identi-
fied by the Disposal Coordinator as described in Chapter 2,segregated from
f'1on-hazardous wastes,and transported offsite by ali censed trilnsporter to an
EPA-permitted hazardous waste treatment,storage and disposal site.
Prior to transport,hazardous wastes may be accumulated (i.e.stored)onsite for
90 days or less without obtaining a permit from EPA,provided that the generator
(i.e.those who produce hazardous waste)complies with the RCRJl,regulatirlls
app 1 i cab 1e to short-term storage (40 CFR 262.34).Genera tors who accumul ate
~
waste for greatel~than 90 days ,are subject to EPA permitti ng requi rements and
additional regulations applicable to hazardous waste facility operators (40 CFR
264 and 265).The Power Authority intends that all hazardous wastes generated
from a project will be transported offsite withi n 90 days.
It is important to note,however,that HeRA also imposes comprehensive and
detailed requirements on generators who store hazardous wastes onsite for 90
days or less (see 40 CFR 262).The RCRA generator regulations at 40 CFR 262
require generator's to conduct hazardous waste determinations (see Chapter 2),
obtai n EPA i dent"ifi cati on numbers,and comply with manifesting,pre-transport,
recordkeeping and reporting requirements.Additionally,on-site storage for 90
days or less must be in accordance with RCRA container management Cl,nd inspection
(40 CFR 265,Subpart I),tank storage (40 CFR 265,Subpart J),preparedness and
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prevention (40 CFR 265,Subpart C),contingency planning and emergency proce-
dures (40 CFR 265,Subpart D),and personnel training requirements.
Thi s manual is not intended to serve as fi el d gui dance on hazardous waste
management.The foregoing is a brief overview of some of the regulations
applicable to hazardous waste identification,treatment,storage,and disposal.
The RCRA regulations and state law (see 18 fl.AC 60)applicable to hazardous waste
management must be consulted and complied with on each project.
Applicable regulatory authorities should also be consulted during the pre-desi~n
phase of a pr'oject to assist in identifying types and quantities of hazardous
1tlastes that may be generated by the project,appropri ate hardl ing and storage
practices,and applicable regulatory requirements.Inadequate initial planning
and piecemeal staging facilities design efforts negate the goals of effective
management of haj~ardous materials \&lhich are to meet statutory obl igatiors and
minimize potential risk to human health and the environment.
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CHAPTER 5 -REGULATORY AUTHORITIES
Hazardous materials and hazardous wastes are identified and regulated by numerous
state and federal agencies because of their potential to adversely impact health
and the environment.Some of the principal regulatory authorities and agencies
are listed below.
U.s.Environmental Protection Agency
40 eFR 116 -designation of hazardous substances
40 eFR 260-270 -hazardous waste regulations
40 CFR 112 -oil pollution prevention
40 eFR 110 -discharges of oil into waters
u.s.Bureau of Alcohol,Tobacco and Firearms
27 eFR 181 -explosive materials
u.s.Occupational Safety and Health Administration
29 CFR 1926 -occupational safety and health standards
29 eFR 1910 -hazardous materials
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U.S.Department of Transportation
49 CFR 107-179 -hazardous materials program procedures,requirements
for shipments and packagings,transport,container
specifications
u.s.Coast Guard
33 CFR 153-156 -oil pollution prevention for marine oil transfer
facil Hies
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33 CFR 126 -handling of explosives or other dangerous cargoes
within or contiguous to waterfront facilities
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Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation
18 AAC 60 -solid waste management
18 AAC 75 -spill containment and countermeasure plans
Alaska Department of Labor
8 AAC 6 -general safety code,petroleum,explosives,occupational
health and environmental control,toxic and hazardous
substances
Alaska Depar'tment of Public Safety
13 AAC 50 -codes and standards
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