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APA2905 book14
i••TABL E OF CONTENTS • SE CTI ON /TITL E L IS T OF TA BLE S PAGE ii •L IST O F FIG URE S 1 .0 I NTRODUCTI ON ii l 2 .0 EKLUTN A LAKE STUDY:DYRE S M MODE L CALIB RATION TA BLE S SU MM ARY ~ REFERENCE~ 1 -9 I 6 14-1 5 12-13 1 0 - 1 2 Profiles S TU OY Da t a Col l e c t i o n P rev io us S t ud y 3 .2.1 Rese ~r T emp e r ature 3 .2 .2 Out f l.,\>v...;>T .~mp era t u re s P rese nt S t u d y Data Col l ect ion P revi o u s St udies b:\ P r e s ent S tudy Y,\> 2.3 .1 DYRES M Model E nh a n c ~ m ~"t q 2 .3 .2 Ekl ut na Lake Tem p er&llre and l ee S imula t i o 0 '0 3 •3 3.1 3 .2 WA TANA RESERVO IR TEMPERAT UR E~ 2.1 2.2 2.3 4 .0 3 .0 • ••• • • •F I GURE S •....... •-1- •• 11\ ••••••••••••....-- NO . L I ST O F T ABL ES T I fL E DYRESM Par am e te r s f o r Ek l utn a Lak e -1 1- • ..,.... ••••• NO. 2 3 , 4 S- 8 9 - 1 1 1 2 •1 3 [4 L I ST OF F IGUR ES TITLE Ekili t na Lake L o ca tion Map Eklutn a Lake S t a t i o n L o cations Ekl u tn a Lake Mea s ured Wea t h er Da ta E kl u t na Lake Cl im a t ic Dat a Ava i l a bil i t y Ek lut na La ke O bs e r ved and P rp d icte d T e mpe ra tu re Pr o f i l e s (AC r ~~sultS) Ek l u t na L a k e Outfl o w T p n r ~r ~t ll [e (Ac res Re sul t s )~ Long wav e R a d iat i o n F u r ~ta Compar is on •1 S .24 Ekl ut na L a k e 'r e e c e r a t c r e O bffiv ..d P r~les a nd P r ed ict e d (Ha rz a -E bas co Res u lts) •••••• lU ••I.. 2 S 26 .2 7 2 8 29 .30 3 I •3 2 3 3,34 3S ,36 37 ,38 3 9 E k lu t na~~p ~e a s u r ed Wi nd sp eed a nd O u~w Te mpe r a t u r e E k l u t n ~I.a k e Ou tflo w Te mpe r a t u r e ~a r7.<I -E b a sc o Res u l t s ) ~m a t e S tat ions in Up pe r S us i t na Ba s i n C l ima tic Da ta Av a i l a b i li t y Ta l kee t n a S t a tio n Cl i mat ic Da ta Ava il ab ili t y Wa t a n a Re s e r vo i r Te mper a tu r e P r o f i le s (Ac r es Re sul t s ) Wat a na R e ser voi r Inf lo w an d Ou tf lo w T e mp e r a t ur e s (Ac r es Re sul t s ) Wa t a na Re s erv o ir Te mpe rat ure Pr ofi l e s (Ha rza-Eb asco Res ul ts) Wa t an a Rese r vo i r I n flo w a nd Ou t f lo w T em pe ra tu res (Harza-E ba s c n Resu lt s) -1 ii - /I II 1 .0 INTR ODUCTI OS -1- 2 .0 EKL UTNA LAKE STUDY :DYRE SM MODEL CALI 8RATIOS d aily ti me i n cr e me nt r a n g i ng bet ween o ne q ua r te r ho u r a nd tw e l v e ho ur s i s HOlol e v er,a smalle r s ub-by t he eode I t o pred i c t d a il y t he rmal s truc t u r e . The n YRE SM mod e l si mul at e s av e r a ge r es er v o ir h yd rothe r ma l behavior t hro u g h pa r a me t e r Lz a t i on o f var t o us p hy s t ca I proc es se s s uc h a s i nfl o w a nd o ut f 1 0 101 d y n a ra Lc s ,mi xed laye r dy nami cs ,verti cal tr ansport i n the hy p o li mni o n and su r fa ce hea t,a nd ma (l;8 e x c hanges .The ba s i c t i me i n cre ment o f one d ay I s se t As de s cribed in t he wo r k p l an o f Task 42 o f S us i t na Hyd r o el e ctr i c Pr oj e ct . t he r e s e r v o i r t empe r at ur e /i c e s t u dies a re r eq u i r e d f o r s up porting the en- v i r onmental s t u di es .These st udies wil l det e r mine t he hyd r othe r mal behavior of the Wat a na a nd Dev i l Canyon r e se r v o i r s as a ffe c ted by the desi g n and o pe r at i o n of t h e p roj ec t and provid e n eces sa r y i nf o r mati on fo r o pt im al d e s i gn a nd o pe r at io n o f t he r e s e r vo t r s , I t wi ll al so de t e r a t ne the t he r ma l c ha rac t e ri s ti cs o f the r es er v oi r ou tf l o w fo r t~do wnst ream r fv e r t empe r - a t ur e a nd I ce st u d i es and t h e s u bseq u ent a S f:e s s ;.:h;.o f the po t ent ial e nv i r - o nment a l i mp act s du e t o pr oj e c t o pe r a t l ~:.Th t'dyna mi c r ese r v o i r ~l mula t i o n mo de l DYRESH a s de ve loped by ~!II ,.~,,~.Patt er son and ot he rs o f the Unive rs i ty of Wes t e r n Au stra li a (1 )lJ lol a !>se lec ted t o simu late the h yd r o- the r ma l behavi o r o f t he re s er v o ~To simula t e t he wi n t er c o ndit i on wf t h i ce-forna t i ons .an ice s ub r o u t l n t'~d ev el oped by Pat te r s on a nd Hambl in fo r Ca nad i an La kes h a s bee ~n ("....r p o r a t e d i n the eod e L,To ca li b ra te t he eod e I a nd t o ve r f f y it s a J"P l ~iJ¥:Lt t y t o t he v at ana and De v il c enycn r e s e r v of r s unde r sout tr-c e nr r-r l ,.f;n <'l i nt er i o r Al as kan cli mati c condi t i ons , t he EkLut na L ake s tud y hb '~.c 3r r i ed o ut . I n th i s r eport,the r esu l t s o f t h e Ek lut na Lake s tud y a nd tli~ca li b ra t i o n o f t he DYRE SM mod el are d iscu ss ed . !/Ref er s t he numbe rs i n "ge t e r ence "at t he e nd o f t e xt . ••••• used to s imulate t h e no r e c ompli cated mixed layer dynamics .Thi s p ro c edu r e a llows smal l t t me inc r ements whe n the dynami cs so r eq u i r e and ,I n Ie s s c r it i ca l pe riods,the t Lme inc rement e xpands ....itho ut red u ct i on in a c cur a cv , Hen ce,de t a t Led daily meteo ro log i cal a nd hydr ologi cal d ata are r ecut r ed in .... the DYRESH simulat ion .A data c o ll ec t i on program was es tablished in J une . 1982 f o r Eklutna Lake t o c-ol I ec t da t a o n t he t h e r rn a I s t ructure o f the r es e r-' v oir ,inf low and outflow .Ek lut na Lake Is l o cat ed a ppa roximat el y 3 0 miles Me an n ortheast of Ancho rage (Fig .1 ).A we at h e r sta t ion (Fig.2)I oc a t ed ne ar t he southe rn end of the l ake was a l so establis hed t o pr ovide t he ne ces s ary mete o rol ogi cal d ata t o DY RESM . 2 .1 Dat a Collec t io n ~ The'a ve r age dai ly met e or o l og t r-j l j _1t ..."oc Iude : air t e npe r atc rc '.<~ Me an wi n d s pe e d (a 's); Air va po r rres~(ro b ); Pr ec t p t '-st 10 11 (mm); CIO 'I .~,.r (s k y fr ac ti o n i n t enth s ) o r , L o n g -~~v c a tmos ph eri c r ad i ati on (kilojoules /m 2);and Tota l s ho r t -wa ve r adi at i on (i n s ula t ion )(k ll ojo u l t~s/m2). ,,'/":..I .,.. The six-h o ur ave raged wi nd s peed s a l o n g the maj o r a x i s of the l ak e a re a lso r eq u ired t o ca lcu l ate the int e rna l mixing d ue t o int e r n a l wa ve s . Ln ad diti on to met eo r ol o gi cal da ta ,the qua nt it y a nd t empe r atu r e of i nf l ow t o t he l ake and o ut f low f r om th e l ak e a re r equ i r ed t o s i mul a te t h e res ervo i r d y namics (I ).The in flo w da ta in cl u d ing tem pe r a t ur e and s ta ge was o bt a f ned by e st ab l ishi ng tw o gag ing s t a t io ns on t h e maj o r t r ibut ar ies ,~as t Fo r k and Gla ci e r Fo rk (Fig .2 )(I ).Fo r c a l i b r at ing t he DY RESM mo d e l ,meas ur ement s o f lake t empe r at ure pr o fil es we r e made a t seven l ocat ions o n a n ap p r ox i ma t e t wo -we ek Lr-t er v a I (I). Det a iled des cr ipt io n s of the i n p u t d a t a co l lectio n -2- p rogram a r e gtveo by R.&!1 (1 1).The quantity and temperature of t he da ll y our f Lcv thr o u gh t he Ek l ut na Hy dr o e l e c t ri c pl ant tur bine s we r e fu r nt s bed by t he Alas ka P ow~r Adminis t rati on of the U.S .Dept .of Energy . These dat a have be en c o ll ect ed .r ed u c e d.c omp il ed .and r e po rt ed by the R&'1 .. Consultants ,Inc .(3 .I I).Th e monito r ing s ystem and the -1C CU Ta c y of t he mea surements wer e also descr ibed by RM1 (I ,3 ,II).The data co l l ec t ion p rogram began in June ,1982 and will be te rm inated i n early 1984 .Peri odi c e a t tun ct tontng of inst ruments have been expe r tenced ,especially In J ul y a nd August o f 1982 whe re many days of data a re not r eco rded (11 ).and conse- quen t I y,est imat i ons of t hese data were r equt r •.d~."!on nearby s t at i ons a t Palme r and An chor age . The ice thicknes s '""(',~"r ..ec nt s we r e take n a pp r o x f -' mately o nce a month . A compa r ison of the r e l at i ve hUr.l ~t "..aeas ur ed at An chor age and Ta L ee e t na by the National Oce..nic And ":m".;r0 iCAdmi ni str ati on (S OAA)indicates that the Ekl u tna r e l ative hu mf.11 t y d,,:}c t-e gene rally t o o l ow a nd a re no t i n good a gr ee ment with cr s e-c ~1 :.(eapec f a l Ly pr e ci pitati on ) da ta eeasur ed at Ekl ut na Lake S t p.~1 ''11 .The r e f o r e ,t he An chorage r el at ive hum idities pub- li shed by NO,A ';<©u s e d t o c omput e the va p or p ress u res . Th e d at .1 r eco rd s availabl e At Ek l ut n a Lake st ati on a re pl ot t ed a nd sho wn on Fi gs .3 and 4 .The pe r iod of r e c or ded dat a at the Ek l ut na La ke St at i on are s hown In Fi~s .5 - 8 . 2 .2 P rev i ous Stud ies A pr e vi ou s eff o r t by ACRES o n the c a li br a t io n a nd ve r if ica t ion o f the DYRES M mode l with the o bse r ve d data had concen t rated on t he pe riod o f June . 19 82 thr ou gh De cembe r 19 82 during whi ch the f ie ld d at a we r e meas u red . Adj us t ment s were made or.all wind s peed d at a .I n DY RESM .the wi nd speeds are ass umed t o be measu red at a h eigh t o f six mete rs whil e the f ield inst ru- -)- ment mea s ures wi nd speed at a b o ut t wo met e r s ab ove surro u n d i ng sc rub v ege r a - t i on .Th e re f o r e ,t he wi n d spe ed s were co r rec t ed ba sed on t he ve locity d i s - tri but i on i n the bo undar y l aye r of the a i r cu r r en t .The ad j ustme nt pr cd uce s a n in c rea se o f 17 pe r cent I n ne ~s ur e d wi nd speeds . It was n oted t h a t t he J uly and August fie ld eeasu r e ee nr s we r e q uite i ncom- p l et e a nd si gnifi ca nt amoun t o f the me t eo r ologi cal d at a had t o be estimat ed (L2).There fo r e ,the Ek lutna Lake temperatur e /ice s imul a tio n va s mad e f o r t he pe ri ods J une 1 t o Aug u st 25 ,19 82 a nd August 25 t o De cembe r 3 1 ,19 82 to minimize the e ff e c t o f da ta g a p . The s im ul a ted tem per atu re pr ofi le s di d fe'W ""r easoua b le ag ree me nt wi t h t h e mea su r ed t emperat ur e s ex cept und er s e ': "~'I 'l '!c ondit io ns s uch as t h e high wi nd pe r iods whi c h oc cu r e d be t ve--o S,·pt ..-te r 9 and Sep tember 21 .Unde r c a n heseverewindeoodtrtcn,S i gnif i(,.'I ~I-.;t n g can occu r and warme r ..mt e r expe c t ed i n the hypo l i mni o ~.I f\)a .Id l t Lon ,the one- di l'lens i o nal ity o f t he r es e r v o i r h y dr ot h ermal The r o bl em wa s r es o l ved by tn creae t -u ;ve r t Lc a I d i ff us i o n coe f fic ie nt wht c h ...!epr es ent s the e f ficiency r.,t h e t r an s po r t o f mas s and mom e ntum fr o m 0 .0 48 t o 0 .O ~6 ba sed o n the ~urn numbe r c r iteri on (13 ,14).The \.ledd er bur n n umbe r c ha rac t e r1 z e ~t'W'o n ~~d:e ns io n a l1 t y of the r eservoir dynam i c s ,vt t h the va l ue l e s s t h an 3 ind i c ating a departur e fr om the o ne-d i mens i ona l ass ump- tion . The key co nstants u se d i n t he DYRESM s i mu l a t ion a re g i v en i n T abl e I .The s e c ons tants are r e l a t e d to we ll i d en t if i ed ph ysical pr oc es se s and a r e d e t e r- mined f rom expe r iment al or field d a ta (13,14 ) . The s i mulated and meas u red tem perature p r of il e s at Station 9 in the app r oximat e ce nte r of the l a ke are e xcept i o ns that t h e diff e r ence wa s u p t o ab ou t -zo e. i n Fi gf;. with few 9 t o I I .In g ener al , mo st pr o fil es ar e modeled t o wit hi n Th e s i mul a t ed and measu red o ut f low t empe ratur e o f the Eklutn a Lake a r e g i ven i n Fig s.1Z a nd 13 .Th e predi ct ed o ut fl o w t empe r atu r e i s ,in gene ra l ,1 t o ··4- 2 °e below the mea su red te m p er~tuTe d u ring the pe ri od of Jul y t o mid - Se pt embe r .Fr om mid-Sept ember to De cember ,the pr edi ct ed and mens ur ec t em- -"'" pe r at ur e s mat ch r el a ti ve l y we l l.The s Lmu La t t on al so i nd i c a t e s tho'l ~_the i ce-cove r fo rmati on will be g in i n mid-~ov ember an d p redic ted 2 1 i nch es o f i ce-cov er near the end o f De cember .On Ja nuary 13,1983 ,a n i c e-c ove r o f about 16 i n c he s was measur ed near the c en t e r of the lake.Hen ce ,t he s imu- lation overestimate s the i ce-cove r th i c k n es s b y abou t 5 in ch es I n e e r l v Janua ry 1983 . 2.3 Pr es ent ~ 2 .3 .1 DYRESM Mode l Enhancements The Ekl utna Lake tempe rature and cond u cted i n the p r evi ou s be s Lg n i f Lc a nt l y unde r-: s t udy indi cate t ha t t he DYRES H m"K per f o rm s re La t Lve L y we l l in dupli cating the a ve rage field c onditio n 0 1 t~!.lke t he rm al st r uc t u r e •Hoveve r ,u p on further e xam inat ion o f t h e p r e v t o us r es u lt s,field dat a ,a nd t he confi gura- t ion of the i n take st r~.se ve ral enhancements and /or modif icati ons of t he DY R E S~mode l ~~ r ~~~d t'and t hey a re disc ussed a s f o llows: T he "Swf nba nk "~t ion u sed in t he DYRES H mod el may estima ting t he i n com in g long wave a tmosphe ric r ad i ati on on t he Lake .Su ch o bse rva t ion wa s made independe n tly b y b ot h Dr.P .F.Hamb l i n,the consultant t o the r ese r voir te mpera ture a nd i ce s t udy ,and R&M . Add i t io na l analyse s indicate th at the empir ical equ ati on g i ven by And er son (4)a gree s wel l wi th the oeas u red v alu es a t Wat a n a a nd was inc orpor at ed i n the DYRES H mod el (F ig . 14).T he And er s on 's e q uation i s g iven as whe r e HL •W•i s t h e l on g-wa ve atmosphe ric r ad i a tion (KJ /d ay),Ea i s t he a t mas phe r Le e mis sivit y ,a i s the St ephen Ho lt zman consta nt (4 .979 x 10 -6 KJ /day ) ,and T i s t he a ir t emp er at ur e (0 Kelv in).The a tmosphe ric -5- emissivit y i s dependent up on the c lou d i ne ss o f the sky and the t-e Lar t ve h um i d t t y or v apo r pre s sur e (3 ).Th e emi s sivity t nc r e a se s a s the c lo ud c over o r vapor p r e ss ur e i n cr eas e. Us i n g:t he And e r s on 's e qu ati on,c lose r matche s t o meas ur ed temperature pr o- file s taken n ear the center o f the l ake (S t at io n 9)we r e obt ained a s s h owu in Fi gs .15 to 24 . Wit h r ega rd t o o u tfl ow tempera t ure p redict io n s ther e a re t wo modi fic at io ns . One for the ge ometr y of the i nt ak e str u cture an~hp.o t her fo r wi nd f or ci ng effects .T he local bathymet ric condition ant'!'.'1P' \Y·l llf igurat ion o f the in- t ak..s t r uct ur e are quite diffe r ent fr om t h e cond Lr fo n s ass umed in the DYR ESM model .The mod el assumes that a v er tt C'~'i1 1 1 s uc h a s a dam is l oca t e d at the do ....ns t r eam e nd of the r es e rv r-t r a nd ·~le off t akes are locate d at the i nt ake st ru ct ure of the Ek l ut n aHow..~r he t ill'"'l ~end of the l ake on a mild sloping b ot - cente r of t he dam wi d th . p c ....e r hous e i s l ocat ed nea r tom a nd r esembl es a ho ~n ntal o u t f a Ll st ructu re sit uated on an ex c avated a rea.Hence ,t he E k ~\lt"'~tal<.e may d ra....DlOSt o f the wat e r from the layer s above .Wit h t h ...("l l:t ~f ·1l'j e ff ec t s o f the slop ing b ot t om, t he h o ri zont a l outfall type 1 ~an d t he lo cal ex cavat i on . t he o u tflow tempe r atur e may n o t be t reated ~"r d i n g l Y by theory . Th e wi nd effect ,especia lly i n t he months o f J ul y ,Augus t a nd Septemb ~r ,i s c lea rly s hown in the outflow tem- p er at ur e and 6 -h r wi nd pl ot s ,given in Fi g.25 •I t is u nd er st o od t hat such out f l ow t h ermal be h avi or has a lso bee n o bse r ved by the po we r ho u se personne l . Wh en a d own lake ....i nd (towa r d t h e inta ke ar ea )o c cu r s ,a wa r mer t han n or ma l out fl ow t empe r a tu r e is obse rv ed .Such temp oral d evi at i on of t h e outflow t e mperatu r e fr om its n o r mal t rend c an be a ttribut ed t o no t o nl y th e s u rf a ce wi nd shea r s t ress but a lso t he be ha v ior o f the i nt ern al wav es of t he st rati - fied f l u i d.the d eplh of t he epi limni on ,t he r e l at iv e posi t io n o f the intake to the thermo clin e and t he l o ca l bathymet ric conf ig u ra tio n.Since t he pre- se nt t im e f rame does not pe rm it further d eve lopment of t he DYRESM model t o take i nt o a c cou nt a ll the v ari abl es ident if ied above ,on ly t he s u rf ace wind -6- ... 8nrl the bo ttom e f f ec ts a re co nsi de red i n t he c ur r e nt s t udy a nd a re d i sc u ssed a s f ol lows : The ba thymet r ic i nf orma ti on l n d I c a t e s t h at t he b ottom s l o pe n e ar t h e i ntake (outflow)d t s t r t but t o n mu s t be mo difi ed in the out flow a r ea is a b o ut v er t i cal to 100 h o r izont a l.Hen ce .the withdraw a l la yer d ynami cs ca lc ul at io n . Thr o u gh s eve ra l n ume r i ca l ex per ime nts ,i t was f o und t hat sa t is f ac to ry o u t - flo w t emp era tu r e s c a n b e o bta i ned by a s sumin g that the o ff t ake dr aw s wa t er mai n l y fr om l aye rs a bove the intake an d the wit hd rawal f rom t he l ower l aye r s 1 s i n si g ni fi cant. ~ Th e s t rong d o vn l a ke wind s tend to I n c r eas e t h .-'rrtx tng l o c al ly n ear the i n- tak e.The s t reng th of s u c h wi nd in d u c (>~'( l "l!i s cons i de red propo r t i onal to t he mag n L t ud e o f t he 'Wind a Lc ng t he ~IH axi s o f t he lak e towa r d the sa t i sf acto ry C2 a re emp t r r- It wa s f oundmagnitudeof t he r e spo nse s . C l and C2 respe ct ively pr oduc e for a d j us t i ng t hecalcons t ant s t hat va lue s o f 20 .0 and 0 .25 f or i nta ke .The effec t i s co nS i d e r ed ~t va l e n t t o t he d eepe ni ng o f the ep i lim- nion at t he int ake ar ea .th (·t'''l ll~:".:l n t d e epeni ng o f the e p ilimn i on 1.U i s c omputed by the foll owin,2"e mpert c a l e qua t i on: ~.\' t:.H ..(ln t a kp de pth )'(~I x [(1 -~l )x C2J2 Wh ere W is t he ~~ind I n the downlake di r e cti on a nd C l and re sults f or s umme r ,a nd 7 .5 a nd 0 .25 f or fal l .Sin ce bet t e r a g reeme nt s were o btained wit h t he s e modif icat io ns .th.~_ad j u s t m e n t s based o n Wed d er bur n cr t =.. te ria f o r h i gh wind cond i t i o n as des cribed pr evi o u sl y were n ot applied and a------- -- .--...-- cons t ant ve rt i ca l d iff usion c oef fi cient o f 0 .048 wa s us ed . The infl ue nc e o f i ce and sn o w o n the heat t ra ns fe r ac ros s t he wa t e r s urface of a r e s ervoi r i s take n i nt o a cc oun t by s i mul at i ng t he pe r cent ag e o f s n o w a nd i ce cove r and the i r t hi c kne s s as a fu n ctio n o f time .The e f f ec t o f sn ow and ice i s t o r educe t he amount of s ho rt wave r adi at i o n r eaching the u pper l a ye r-s o f the r e ae r vo t r t h r uugh t h e a bs o rpt i ve pro pe r t r es o f i c e and sn ow -7- -md t o r ed uc e the cco r rn g o f the r es e r vo i r s ur f a c e that woul d c t he rv t se occur by p r ovidi ng a cove ring layer o f reduc ed t hermal condo c t tv t t y a nd l)~' c r ~a t i n g ad diti onal l ce a t the i ce-wat er bounda ry . S pec i f ic ph ysi c al pr o ce s ses in c orporated Int o the model o f i ce and s now a re : I .Hini~um i ce t h i c kne s s o f 10 c~. 2 .S u r f a ce melting o f e ither s now o r i ce a s we l l a s i ce mel ti ng a t the l ee wat er i nt er f ac e. 3 . 4 . 5 . 6 . 7 . Red uct i o n o f s now o r ice thi ckness by s ~fa ce ev a po r at ion Ac c o un t of i ce o r s now o n s u r f ace v a l'r l(~.."s u r e Snow albed o a s a fun cr:i on of snov a i~"a nd t ee pe r at ur-e Sh o rt wave abs orpt i on in sn ow ~l ,r I c e -wat e r be at;flux d ue t o eo l erc La r condu c ti on a cross i c e-wa t er interfa ce plus o ut fl o w indu ced t '.J rbu :~..e n s Ib Ie hea t flux due to I nf low cur r ent ~the upper layer o f the r ese rvot r , an d 8 .ccepot at Ion o f s urfa C'P t ewpe r at u r e of the sn ow o r Ice fr om the surface he-it ilJ>;P t • 9 .L im i tst 10"o f maximu m sn ow thi cknes s a ll nw3 bl e ba s ed o n l ee buo ...~r ~'1 3 t i v e t o snow loading 10 .Inc O t~[dtiOn of f r a z t I I c e input to total lee volume I n the r es ervoi r 2 .3 .2 Ek l ut na La ke Te mperat ur e a n d I cc S im ul a t ion One o f the maj or objec t i ves in t he Ek l ut na L ak e ca libra tion st udy i s to d ev el op an u n de rs tan d i ng of t he capabi li ty ,co ncep t ,a nd s t r uc t u re o f t he DYRESH !'1odel.ThIs unde rs tandi ng h as l ed to the deve lopment of seve ral p rog ram enhan cements t o ca lib ra te t he model unde r south-cent r al a nd i nte rt o r Alaskan cl imatic condi tio ns as prev iously d iscu ssed .The Eklurn a L a k ~st u ~ y has a lso d emonst ra ted the n eed for accu rate c li mat ic da ta t o enable t he model to prope rly simula te t he hyd r o the rmal behav io r o f t he r es erv o ir s . -8- Ev ery e ffort shou ld be eade i n t he f uture t o insure t he a ccura cy a nd r e lia- bility o f field me a surement instrument s a nd data col l ec t ion proce dures . Harza-Ebas co (H IE )ccne tdeeed the peri od o f June .19 82 thr ough The HIE simulation also included a 17%increas e in meas u red to correct the vel o city t o the hei ght a bove vegetation a s sumed by 'rhe Wedderburn number 1'IlO d if i cat ion procedure was not u sed i n The s t udy by June ,1983. windspeed s the ecd et . lieu o f the empiri c al equat ion to d e epen the epiliminion a t the intake area and the modi fi cat i on o f the wit hdrawal dynamics . The results o f the HIE Eklutna Lake s tudy are s~I"the temperature pr o- f il e plot s.Fig s.15 to 2 4.and in the ou t flow temperatur e time history plot s.Fig s.26 an d 27.Th e result s o f t ~~tudy de monstr ate the c apa bi li ty for the DYRESH Hodel t o properly strrluht;Y the hydr othermal behavior o f a reservoir in the specif ic region S us i t na Proj ect.Th ~_re s_ult_8 show 1>the a ccurAte prediction 0 wi nt er It U ow teepet-atu r es __w;i.~hin An accep tabl e tolerance o f +I degree ce t c ro w,The result s al so 8how --;h~t -~~~~ ~u t fl o w tem p_e !,a t ~r!s_w.er~..!.!Jated _t o _wi ~hin +~~CL~3 e ll:r ees Cel c1u s.Th e outfl ow eeepe eeeur ..111 ..princi ple para meter in the river temperature a nd i ce stud i es to ~rllli n e the env ironme ntal impact o f the pro ject o pe rat ions . The results al ~s how an excellen t correspondence bet ween measured i ce thi ckness and predict ed ice thickne ss except for o ne point tn Harch a t Station 13 which i s locat ed near the n orth end o f the lake.There were no ice mea surements made ne ar the cent er o f the lake t n Har ch , The relativel y thick i ce measured a t St a tion 13 tn Harch may be considered due t o local accumulation of snow caused by downlake winds.Therefore,the larger d if- ference (Fig.27 )shown in Harch i s not consid ered as a major concern . It is un derstood t hat the Eklutna Lake reservoir da ta co llect ion pr ogram will be teninated In earl y 19 84.The additiona l dat a c olle ct ed and cor piled by R&H will then be availab le to e xt end the Eklutna Lake tem peratur e s i mu l a tion. The re sult s fr ott.that s t ud y will be reported as a supplement to this report. -9- 3.0 WATAN A RES ERVOIR TEHPERATURE Th e LYRESM model was used t o silDUl ate Wat ana rese rvoi r tempera tur e behavi o r a nd ou t l et t emperat ur es un de r t he 1981 fl ow condi tion.The pa rftme te r val ue s of t he model use d in the Eklutna La ke ca l i b rat ion has been appli ed.A f i el d program was e st ablished i n April.19 80 within the Sus it na River Bas i n (Watana Camp)t o co llect meteorologi c al data (5-12 )f or the DY RESH mod el. Th e climati c s ta tions are shown i n Fi g .28 .The periods o f the ava ilab l e records are shown in Fig s.29 -32 . 3 .1 The Da ta Collection required a ve rage dail y mete orOIO gir a ~t ~i ncl u de: Hean a i r t emperature (.~; (•Ii>Hean wind speed 1ll.!"o ); Air vapor presPIH"p (mh); preciP itat 1 on ~; Long-",ave radiation (KJ/m2 )o r cloud c over (sky fra ction i n ten !~a n d Tota l~ct -w ave radiation (KJ/m2 ). 3 .2 Previ ous Study As described i n the License Application,daily simulations were made by Ac res t o predict t he t hermal behavio r of the Watana reservoir operating under the yea r 2010 po wer demand (Case C; 12.000 cf e minimum Augu st fl ow). The s i mulation pe r i od i s six months (June I through neeeeje e 3 1.19 81 ). 3.2.1 Res ervoir Temperature Profiles Th e silllUlated temperature profil es f or t he first day o f each 1IlOnth o f J une t hr ough December 1981 a re s hown in Figa.3 3 and 34 .St rat i f icat io n o c curs -1 0 - during J u ne .J ul y and Augu st.Th e maxi mum s ur fa ce t empe r ature s i mula ted wa s l O.9 ~C on July 3 and Au gust 28. COolIng In Sept ember r es ult s In t he g r~d ual destruction o f summ er s t r at i fica t i on and the deepening of the e pl l1 mi n io n . Th e pr ocess c ontinues until i s othermal cond it io ns occur i n late Oc tobe r . Is otherlllal condi t ions c ontinue un tll water reaches Its maxi mum den sI ty , a f ter which r everse stratificati on takes pla ce.A weak str atifi catio n o ccur s in lat e November a nd relll41n s r e lativel y st able throughout Decembe r . A full ic e cover occurs o n November 2 2. l ee thickne ss o n nec eebe r 31 wa s est i mat ed at 31 inches . 3.2.2 Out f l ow Temperatures The laI i ti pl e-le vel intake at Wetaos al 1 ~tht>utilit y t o pe ovtde variable wat er temperat ur es within a r ange dl C'tat ~by the thenllal s t r uc tu re wit hi n the reservo ir.The phil os ophy ~op t-ra t i n g this structure is t o pr ovi de wat er temperatures as close to t ~alDbient river t emperatures a s poss i b le . In generek ,this results in ebe intake closest t o the surface being used. provided hydraulic flUh +c e criteria are met .However.on a few d ays. d eeper intakes are U8Pr!t o pr ovide water temperatures which a re clos er t o those reqU1r f'd ~h t"simu lated o ut flow tem peratures are shown in F igs .35 and 36."W Th e com pa ri son of natural temperature and simulated outflow temperature s hows that during summer months .t he out flow temperature follows na tural tempe rature trends hut is c ooler during July and slightly warme r in August. During September t o add-November.the results show a gradual reducti on o f outflow temperature from 9.S ·C to 2·C while the inflow temperatur e drops lIu ch s oon er t o O.S·C in ad d-September.St able outflow t empe r at ur e of around 2 ·C .tart in qid- No vembe r and cont i nue through out December . ~ -11- ... 3 .3 Pr es e nt St udy T he input data u sed in th e pr ev i ous s t u dy and t he para met er va lue s o f t he model us ed in t he calibra t ion s tudy were u sed to s La u Lat e r e serv o ir tempe ra- t u r e p rofiles and o u tf l o w t emperatures .The se lec t i ve wi t h dr awal capab i l i ty whi ch was not r equ ir ed i n Eklut na st udy wa s implement ed to s imul at e operati on o f t h e mult i-le v el i nt a ke s . Th e s imula ted t emperature p r ofile s and o u t f low t emperatu r es a re s hown in Fi gs .37 ,3 8 and 39 .The r es u I t s i ndi cat e t h at t he t empera tur e pr o fi l es o bt a i ned i n the tw o st ud i es a r e r el ...t ive ly Si~.a nd the diffe r ence in outf l o w t emperat u r es between the t wo s t u dies a re within O.'·C {ave r ege ), Bo t h s tu d ie s a lso p r ed ic ted an i n c r e l'l 'i ~f at>,J ut 6 ·C in the s t r eam fl o w t emperatur e I n la te S e pt emh e r d ue t o d i s c'A'?t r6 i ng of war me r s t rat if ied wat e r f r om t he re s ervo i r .A f ull h"e ~f'r o cc u r s on Decem ber I , 10 d ays lat er than the p r evi ou s study .l e t't h~Ii~SS on Dece a be r )1 was estimat ed a bo ut 2,t nches ,6 inche s l es s t h an the p r e vio us st udy .S ince the i ce and sn ow mode I y ielded be tter re~i n the Ek lut na Lake S t u dy , t h e r es u lt s o bt ai ned in t he p resen t W p ~.1 " 1 S t udy a re al s o cons ide r ed eo r e accu ra te . 4 .0 SUMMAR Y In thi s s t udy we hav e si mulat ed t he Eklutna L ake thermal behavi or a nd i c e g rowth based o n t he DY RESH Mod el.Some o f the input dat a have been i mp r o v ed f o r cons is t e nc y wi t h t he nea rby c li ma t ic s t at i o ns .Th e ou t fl ow dynam i cs have a lso be en modif ied t o take int o a cc ou nt t he s pe cial con fig u ra t i on of t he ho r izo n tal int ak e s tructu r e ,the mil d s lo pi ng bott om,a nd r he wi nd f o rci ng ef fe c t ,All mo dif i cat i ons made t o t he model f or t he Ekl ut na La ke study a r e no t necessa r ll y r eq ui red f or t h e Wat a n a and Devil Canyon r es erv o i r s t udies .Both r ese r voi r s will ha ve ve r t ical multi-lev el . po wer i nt ake structu r es with app r oach c hanne ls . i nt ak e s t o wi thdraw more water f rom The app roach channels will f or ce the al g orithm has been modi fi ed to t he uppe r acco moda te l ayers .ther ef ore,t he ou tfl ow su ch e f f ec ts .The l ongwav e -1 2- radiation f ormul a prese nt ed b y Ander s on will be used in the S us i t na Re servoir Studie s as this equat ion seems t o bett er apply t o the pr oj ect l oc ati on .Th e mod if icat ions made t o t he i ce a nd s now pro ce sses will a lso remai n a nd othe rs lILB y be a dded t o better IIIO d el t he e ff ec ts o f i nc o mi ng fr a zll i ce u pon t he t ot al i ce vetcee in the r eservo ir . The r e sults of the Eklutna Lake study DYRESH mod el t o a ccurately simulate e st abli she s the appli cabilit y o f thermal ree e rvot e pr oces ses in the the South-Central Alask an c l i mat i c condi t ions . The s t udy al so demon str at ed t he n eed f or acc u rate c l1l118ti c a nd river da t a t o ins ur e the c orrectne ss of the 1Iod el r e sul t s .~ The resulting a ssumed t o be DYRESH model calibrated (€,ou gh the applicable t o Watana r es e iVolr with Eklutna Lake Stud y i s minor modifications t o t a ke i nto a ccount the ef fec ts nf~r <Ja ch c han nels and fr adl i ce infl o ws. The pa ram e te r va l u es of t he EklJit'R3 mo de l were used t o simulat e Wa tana reservoir temperature pru ft t ee and o ut fl ow te epeeeturee ,The stud y yield s improved r esults as c o~with Acres'. Af t er the cOIll~on o f the project.the parameters IllU st be ch ecked at regu lar In t e rva~Th e model should be re-calibrated after several ye ar s o f project o pe ra tio ns sinc e the changes in morphol ogy a nd nut r i ent c ondi t i on l118 y change the paramet er v alu es . -13 - • NO. REF ERE NCES TI TLES ... 1 .R &M Consu l t an ts In co rpo rated,"Sus i tna Hydr oe l e ct ri c Pr o j e c t ,Gla ci al Lake S tudies ,"p repa r ed fo r Acre s Amer i c a n Inco r p o ra ted and Al~sk a Power Au th ori t y.Decem be r ,198 2. 2.R &M Consul tants I n c or po r at ed ,"S u s Ltna Hy dro e l ect r i c P rojec t ,D Y RES ~ I nput Data ,"p r epa r ed fo r Har za -Eba s c o Susitna Jo int Vent u r e and Al aska Power Au th or it y,Augus t,1983 . 3.J .M.Rap hae l ,"Pr e di ct i on of Tempe r at u r e ~Rive r s P r-cc , , ASe E.J .Power m v .,P02 ,J ulv,T l"9b-~. a nd Rese r v o ir s , " 4 •R &H Con s ult a nt s I nc or p or a t e d'~"Sll s t t n d Hyd r oe l e c t ri c P r oce s s ed Climat ic Data ,Vo lu 1 -S usit na Gl a c i e r prepa red f or Al as ka Powe r Au t h u r v ,De cembe r ,1982 . P r o j e c t, Stat i on ." P r oj ec t , pr epa r e d P r oj e ct , St at i on," 5 . 6 . 7 . R R R & & & M Co nsult ants In c n r~t "0 ,"S u s f t n a Hydr oel e c tr i c Pr oj e c t, P r o c essed C lilllat i c Oat il o l u me 2 -Dena l i x e at t o n ," p re pa r ed f o r Alaska Powe r Aut h o ri t v ,c c embe r ,1982 . Ii Co n s ult ..n ~l'tco r po r a ted ,"Sus t t n a Hydr o el e ct r i c P roce s se d C l f lll~Dat a,Volu me 3 -Ty one Ri ve r S tat ion ," f o r A I R ~~~P o w ~r Author i t y ,Decembe r , 19 8 2 . Ii ~J l t a n t s In c o rpo r at e d,"Sus Lt n a Hy droe l ec tri cProce~Cl im at ic Dat a ,Vol u me 4 -Ko si na Creek pre p are d fo r Ala s k a Po wer Aut h o r i t y ,De cembe r .198 2 . 8 .R &Ii Co n s ult a nt s Inco r por at e d,"Su sit na Hyd r oel e ct ri c Proje ct . Pr ocess ed Cli mat i c Dat a ,Vo lume 5 -Wat a na Stat ion,"pr epared f o r Al as ka Power Autho r it y,Decembe r ,1 982 . 9 .R &M Cons u ltan ts I nco rpo r at ed , "Sus i t na Hy dr o el e ct ri c P ro ce sse d Cl im at ic Dat a ,Vo l u me 6 Dev i l Canyo n p r e pa red f o r Al as k a Po we r Aut hority ,Decem be r,198 2 . Proje c t, S t at i on ," 10 .R &Ii Co nsu ltants I n c o rp or a t e d ,"Su e Lt n a Hy dr oe l e ct ri c P r o jec t , P r oce s sed Climat ic Dat a ,Vo lume 7 -Sherman S ta t io n ,"p r epar ed f o r Ala ska Po we r Aut h o r it y,December 198 2 . 11 .R &M Cons u lta nts Inco r po ra te d ,"S u si t n a Hy dr o e l e ct r i c Pr ocess ed Climat ic Dat a,Vo lume 8 Ekl u t n a La k e p repa r e d fo r Al aska Powe r Aut h o rit y, Decembe r ,19 82 . -1 4 - Pr o j ect , S t at ion," .J NO . REFE REN CE S (cont 'd) TITLES ... 1 2 .R &M Con s ul t ants I nco r por a ted ,"Sus it na Hy d r oe l ec t r i c P r oj ect ,Fi el d Da ta Co ll e c t io n a nd P roce ss ing ,Sup p lemen t 1."pr ep a r e d fo r Ala s ka Power Auth o ri t y.De c ember ,1982. 13.J.Imberge r ,and J .G.Pat t e r so n ,~A Dynami c Re s erv oir DYR ESM:5 ," Tr ans port Mo d el s f o r Inl and a nd Cha pt er 9,Aca demic P ress ,19 8 1 . S lmul at i o n Mod el Coas ta l Wat e r s , 14 .Acr e s Am eri can I n c or p or a t e d . "S u slt n a I!y d ro e lec t r lc F ea s i bilit y Repo r t -S u ppl em ent :C ha p~-g ,"p r epa r ed Power Aut ho r i ty,19 83 ..'\> -15 - Pr cj e c e , f o r Al ask a TA BLE 1 - DYRESM Parameter s for Eklutna Lake PARA.'iETER Convec ti ve o v e r t u r n ,CK Me chanic al s tir r ing ,ETA Tempo ral e ffects,CT Shea r producti on .CS Shea r ins tabili t y .AKH Diff usion cons ta nt Drag c oeffic ient o f ri v er inflow -1 6- VA LUE 0 .125 1 .2 30 0 .51 0 0 .200 0 .300 0 .048 O.OlS ... H A RZA -EBASCO Su sitrwo Joint V enture •.-nu.v 1S184 F igure 1 NO RTH EK l UTNA LAK E LOCATI ON MA P .... LEGEND.1 S1IIt ion Moor ir9 IA WNther SUllone..~...... HAR ZA -EBASCO Su,itRJ bnt v....~•..IIn.I.8ry U184 Figur e 2 NORTH EKLUTNA LAKE STATION LOCATIO NS • F igur e 3 00000 ...0 ••co ',.,-~l ....c._,'"'......,~,·)IfJ"...J _l••: ••.•:...__.::..'~j -_JI '!Y .S,,,·-CH.se.;. 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III f LATlVI HUMIDITY •·jn tlL~r Hi f.m l tr ~l llil"·~..,"I ,,,'.,It ,...,.,......,_,....,...3-i'tOt.""W1HD srno .~!':I ~".. ..!H i ••""0''',5 "..."t It l+"I '".."""I'..t·•.,.....,... ~OUTFLOW A"O U ....U ATUllf••LAKE Ll vU IH' LOWS A"'O TI ....IlATU IIII .18011 f ort. •GIIe_,......",,,,,,,,1,.,·',,,.1·,.·1 "'·11 ·,·,1··,·1,·,·'·,,·1·,·,1"··11··....,',1 ···,1,-,·1 ·"·1·'·,1·,,,1,,,·1,,,·1 ,,·,1·.··"...II .",j ".'I....I"....... SMO IIIT WAV!111 "'01"1101'1 1TiT •".,t ••,~'0 '...,••t'..-,,,.....,.............",,,.,,,t·"..."...,........."."...!'... MY COV Ill•,........,...,..........,."",................'......,.."........."....",'...,....."..... ~""1Il T'....llII...TUIII I ,,",,+, 4'~·"1 '...1,.."""•.........,.,................,,.,...,.........-........................,,,......,....,.....""....,.. ~WINO srUO ".......,."..........................'........,...................,...,...........,...'.....""~'"";,jJ,;.w.t .~.....:.±'RECIPlUTION•...'.,"...................,......,............,,..................... RfLATl VE I4lI fIIIl OITY .......................,....,.,.......................,.,:.:.t::.i.J.:::J.,:..,.•..,...,j •.,.j.,..\.,..!1 ··,1.·',j·..'I·',·.",,\·,··I··...,..·I.... J-HOUR WIND .EED HA RZA-EBASCO &Jlitnl joint v ent ure •Jlnul ry 1984 EKLUT NA LAKE CLIMATIC DATA AVAILABILITY .""'.c "•'" .....,....,..........i ·j ...·l •••.j.... ..,......,...."..t,.,...t ..............., ,.,..,.,0'.",''''..,.",-..•• •10 ,""............."......". ....'"..""!ll '."..'! " •"!"t·_,.,o j ••t t " ~•METIOl'lO LOO ICAl AJiIIO I JANUA RY••"RIAM 'LOW 0"''''•""'"• SHOII'WAYI "A O.ATION SKY COV Ell Atlll TfIlH'fIllATUIt I "'lHDtl"lEO •'1lIC"l'AnON ~IIIE LATIV E HUMIDITY •J-HOUIII "'tHO pnoz•3 OUTflOW AND n~Il "T\J 1l 1••LAlit LlVll tN'LOWS A"'D U ,,"IlATUIlI _1...,_ •Ola. 'ort!."'.... SHOIlT ...."f IlAOIATION lilt'!'covi ll•~All'TU","U'Arufl' ~W I "D~I O 'lIl f CIl'ITATION•IlILATIVE HWID ITY J-H(lVRW'ND IPffO ,.., MAR CH "0 1!1lO lt\ JO .uIllIL "O"lOli ... 1101'1015 :)0 • • HARZA -EBASCO Sul iln.Jo int Ven ture .Januar y 1984 EK LU TNA L AKE CLIMATIC DATA AVAILABILITY ." :E'c;;.... Of Cf M8f lll ,10 " 10 21 30 OCToe UI NOVfM IU It &101&1011 )0 "O,&102'I .....',"-vr ....,....ill). '''' AUGUST I U I'U IlI8 f lll 5101&1O"JO 1 '01&lO ll .,,, S101S1'O~ 1I1 11h lllili ...1 '····•·'.·.·1 ·.···,··..1·.·.•.···1 .. •• • .,.•I ,.,.'t " ',,·1···,I···.'·.,·j ..·.,··..11·.·.1··.•j •• ••". , .,.•••1·'.• ••, .1·•••,.•••to.,.,••••,.•··11·,.·1··.•j •••,,...!.••.•... . .,,.,.,,.,•••+,••,.j . l ••,•••• .•..,....,....•··'·I·.·.j····11··.·1·...,....,....,....,.,.. ..·'I····I··..'··..j ··...,··· .•1:1:1::1.1;I 1..!:Li ;;I .,., ~•_UE OROLOGICAl ANO••nlllf AM 'lOW DATA IHOllt WAV("AO IAlIO" SKY COV( II ...",Tf MI'fIl A'U llf WI,.O PUO •'ll f C ll'lTAn OJrol ~IIIl....nve HUMIDITY ~)..-HQVA WIND $/'fED•, OUUlOW......0 TU III'IIIATUIIl (•••LA Kf LEvn IN'LOWS AND TfMI'UIA1Ullf .h....."' •Cite_'0110---."""" SHOll'WAVE lI"g'''TION SIl.Y COVEII•0 A lA Tf M"f Ill AT\JItE••~WtHO Sl'U O "U t t'ITA TlO!'t•AIL...nv !'lUMID IT'" 3 _HOUA "'''0 Sf'UO HARZA-EBASCO Su sitna Jo int v enture •J anuary 1984 EKLUT NA LAK E CLIMATIC DATA AVAILABILITY -n :0 'e;; cc ~ co • eo ,I --""--l- --rPJ&-'•' x -'"•~/-o 0 0-//',0 ~•X ,,-~0~(x ~0 ~".(0~x•"-'"(p ''([:-•xe(x 0I;/ ~•:;0 ~I -l;0 ,,-'17~/'"!O ' "x Ix 0 x ev '~"•x J I ~ I ,I J»x 0 1 1 LEGEND ' 0 I ---JUNE I -PREDICTED "I ,J UNE 18 -hlEASUREO -l 0 I JU NE 18 ·Pft£DlCH O,I 0 JU LY 14-M EASUREO,I - --J UL Y 14-PR[OICtE:D I 19 8 2'DATA I 0 I I •,•r ••10 """14 ::!TEMPERATURE 1°C)I,;; EKLUTNA LAKE OBSERVED AND PREDICT ED TEMP ERATUR E PRO FIL ESJUNE {J U L Y (Acre.!~ o -n :0"o "o a , .0 ~I, _...1 1 m,,1--- k:-'//.....eo ~do -- __e I El ~.:ii-Eliw ""'.w !.';0 1 ~A ~•0 ""iil f (J./I w 2 I "11 ---I'lO l ~1"I, ~I I LEGEND' w ~,I 0 AUGUST 11 •MEASURED I GJ i o I !---AUGUST II -PREDICTEO -J ,SEPTEMBER 9 -M[A SUR(D ,I ,0 SEPTEMBER 9 - PREDI CTED, 0 SEPTEIIIBER 2 1-MEASUREO I ---SE PTEMBER 2 1 ·PREDICTED 0<0 /1982 DATA•-~ f --I '0 GJ , .,1 0,I I ~ 0 .s •7 ••to """"TEMPERAtURE 1°C ) E KLUTNA LAKE O BSERVED AND PR EDICTED TEMPERATURE PROFILES AUGUST I SEPTEMBER IA,...I . -- -n.g ',• x I EI.0 t--_-----1-__,0 0 -I0'-IJ ,0 0 IeoI-.-!0 I ,~ 0 1 1 ~ ,I 0 ~o 1•~o i 4 -,1 •-•0 1~.0•d I0 ~<t~~;;p I~ "30 : I ,.---- ~I~b>~IrI I II, I ~LEGE ND'I I )0 OC TO eERI4-MEASU RED,0I _a_OCTO BER I"'PREDICTED 10 I ,NOVEMBER "-MEASURE D -I ~OVE Me£A 4 · PREDICTEO I I 0 J A"'UA R Y ]1-1,l[I\'5UA EO I ,0 _--OECE"'B[A 3 1'PA[DI ClEO L i 1982 DATi I 0 0 1 z ,4 ,•r •,'0TEMPERATURElOcI EK LUTNA LAKE OBSERV ED A ND PR ED ICTED TEMPERATURE PROF ILES OCTOBER I DECEMBE R IA" es'I. Figure 12 a:w "'::Ew I;: w '"-w Z "~ zo !;<...."g::E O>--"'IwN a:'",,~..... ..>w .., a:a..'"::E •w ~....:/a:- o>a:w '"wa: w '"........z.... ".... '"w i•• ·-·.••i =. :•, v:!·,~l:::·;!:,!.: !:·. •~i-•, , ••••••, ~,I, I, 2/II ~l-.::-1 •eI-7 •.;;,, I !R ,,,,I . •,I I I ~I I 1'-'::II , ~"I ~i.2 .i'i , •I,? :::>.I ~• I'\~•I~r l !• A ) ~fr •, I,i ~R , I ~:I ~ .', ./,'t --, >- \ \-~~ ~•-:-r •\, \ \ h ;. ,- I'~l lON......].> F igure 13 a::w '":; w Uw C a::w '"o....oo zo !<-....:;l:0 .,:;, o;N w g:a::~ :0 > ....'C;2 ~ W..; :;~ ~~ a:: o>a::w ::la:: w "........z.... :0.... "w : .;..:..; •,••i .i••e•;e : !:!·,;. •-,,·-=e "•'.•i'·, :':;:;.; • · •••• I I f:b- I . ---~\r- I I I I ~III c-,~I I ~>i,I I ~I \I'>! I :. ~,-....=i~,l i-.- l ~-y•i = • I---+--t-I ~I r 't.."I I 1 I 17 !/, ];I 17 I/. I V I 17 1/~.1/1/,;17 f / "1/0 7 !7, I.)1/V i V 1 V-I Iv 1/..... !?I /J '/...-,,, .'.:.1 1/~, I ,~ ....! " , I I I 3 5 I >-«:I 0 <, I -, I '"3 0 • I 0 0 I 0 I 25 I z I 0-I I-«: I -20 0 I «: 0:: I w I >-c 15I3 '-"z 0 -' '-"1 0Z-L: 0 Uz-5 >- -' «: 0 0 -4 0 -30 -20 -10 TEMPE RAT UR E o 10 CE L'CVUS ~ 20 (/{'-j( I F igure 14 30 ALA SKA POW ER AUT HOR I Ty NOTE 'RE LATIV E HUMI DI Ty ·6 0 X FOR ALL CUR VES EKl UTNA LAKE MODE L CALI BRAT ION LO NC ~AV E RADIATIO N f ORM ULA HARZA-E BASCO JOi NT YENTURE C!l eJ I!l---!J +---+ Z A NDER SON'S EOUATION (CLOU D·0 .0 1 ANDER SON'S EQUATION (CLOU D·1.0 1 SWINBANK 'S EQUATI ON (CLOUD·0 .0 1 SWINBANK'S EOUA T IO N (CLOUD·1.01 M EASURED ON NOVE MBER 11,1982 lUll'"P'1I 0.lU I OIIl (S"IOOD(~ 60 5 0 ~ (f) n:: w >- w 4 0 L:- L: 0 >- >- 0 3 0en w > 0en«: >-20 I D ~ W I 1 0 o F igurel S ~ #~ e !!lm---f-- e !!l /C¥[r"¢!!lCe ....- !!l ~.I o /o o "....-/~e ~e !!l / \j ;/~1,-" T /~l !!li 'I o ~ !!l <DJ m , I m I .. 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1 4 TEMP ERATUR E (C ELCIUS) LEG END'ALASKA PDWE R AUTHOR!i r ---- - - 0 JUNE 18 .1982 MEA SURED SU$I ,....'''O-,(CI 0 '''(5''"ClO £L J UNE 18 .198 2 PRED I CTE D [KLUT NA L AK E I!I JUL Y 1 4•19 8 2 ME ASURED OBSERV ED AN D PRE DICTED----JULY 1 4• 198 2 PREDICT ED TEM PERA TURE PR OF ILES HARZA·E BA SCO JO I NT VENTURE "'''~C ll .IU I _OU DlC n 1563 , 142 "rD\] 7 0 60 (f) a::5 0w I- W L:- L:4 00 l- I- 0en w 3 0> 0ro <C l- I 0 20-W I 1 0 o Ficur e 16 i i, I --C I .J ,!m f7 e ./ V <>e o .-1b[!]..r' a~1/~ s-:1 ~• } -- ff> If o ~[!]I e /<) I <>• e / [!]/ )• U e /~ e . 4 5 6 7 89 TEM PERATURE 10 11 (C El CI US) 1 2 13 1 4 L EGUm, ~ --[!l AUGUST 11 ,1982 -MEASURED AUGUST i i .1982 -PREDI CTE D SEPT EMBER 9. 1982 -MEASURED SEP TE MB ER 9.198 2 -PRE DI CTED SEPTE MBER 2 1.1982 -MEASURED SEPT EMB ER 2 1. 1982 - PRE DICTED ALA S KA POWER AUTH QR1 TY sus I ,....'''O..(CI EK l UTNA LAK E OBSE RV EO AN D PR ED 1CTE D TEMPER ATURE PROFI LES HAR ZA-E8A SCO JOI NT VENT URE 7 0 60 -u: n::5 0w >--w L:- L:4 00 >-- >-- 0 cc w 3 0> 0 CD <t: >-- I <.:>20 w I 10 o F igu re 17 ('J It,, ('J o ~ !I:! , ('J 0 , .""\ , ~('J 0 ~('J 0 , ~ ~('J ( 1/ I I 0 ('J 0 0" . 5 6 (C ELC I US l o 234 TE MPER ATURE 7 8 e --l!J OCTOB ER ". OCTOB ER ".NO VEMBE R •. NO VEMBER •. 19 B2 19 B2 19 B2 19B2 ME ASURED - PRE DICTED MEASURED PREDI CTED ALA SKA PO ~ER AUTHORI TY s ust ,".,ltO...lC t EK l UTNA LAK E OBSER VED AND PRE DICTED TEMP ERATUR E PR OFI LES HA RZA -EBASCO JO i NT V E NT U~E 6 0 5 0 ~ (J) n:: w >- w 4 0 L- I La >- >-a 3 0CD w >a CD«: >-20 I 0-W I 1 0 o .IFigure18I e I ~ e - /~<>v I I e r ~ <>V ~ ~ I ~ I ~I !/ . . 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 TEMPERAT UR E-(CEL CI USJ 1 1 1 2 LE GE ND' e--_... ME ASURE D TEMPE RA TU RE DiS TRIB UTI ON ACRES S iMULAT I ON (E50511 HIE S I MULATION ALA SKA POWE R AUTHO RI Ty SU 'I I.~'~O~E C T OT~[ S "~O [_1 EKLUTNA LAK E MO DEL CALIBRATION I B JUN E 19 B2 HAR ZA-EB ASCO JOI NT VEN TURE , Figure 19 1 I,, I I, ! <f>~I" 0 0 _ " /'"V/o· ol bj 0 L-.V" 0 /J ~V/~ A1/~ IJ ~I o ~~! ioi I o I I .o I I I I I 6 0 I I I I 5 0 I I ~ CfJ I a:: w I I-- W 4 0IL:-I I L:I 0 I I-- I-- I 0 3 0CD I w I > 0 I CD-c I I--2 0 I :r:: ~ I ~ w:r:: 1 0 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 12 TEM P ERA TU RE- (CE LCI US l 1 3 1 4 LEGE ND 'ALASKA PD~E R AUTHOR ITY •MEAS URE D TEMP ERATUR E DIS TRIB UTI ON ACR ES S IMULA TION I(50 51) HIE SI MU LATION EKLUTNA LAKE MO DEL CA LIB RATIO N 14 JU LY 19 8 2 • HAR ZA ·EBASCO JOI NT VENTURE 6 0 5 0 -(f) o; W 0- W 4 0 L- I L 0 0- 0- 0 3 0en w > 0en <l: 0-2 0 I <.:> ~ w I 1 0 o Fiqure 20 0.0 0 o 0 I - 0« !<~ 0 <:, I> I ~I> /0 ~ 0 ~ v v LEGEND' 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1 2 13 14 15 TEMPERA TURE -(CE LCI US l ALA SKA P D ~E R AUTHORITY •MEASURE D TEMP ERAT UR E DISTRI8UTI DN ACRE S S I MULATIO N 1E5051) HIE S IM ULAT I ON DUE S,"I'IO DH EKLUTNA LAK E MOD EL CALIBRA TION 2 8 J ULY 1982 HARZ A-EBAsca JOIN T VENT URE F igur e 2 1 60 5 0 -(f) no w t- W 4 0z- I Z 0 t- t- o 30CD w :> 0 CD < t-20 I t.:)-w I 1 0 EKLUTNA LAKE MO DEL CA LIBRATI ON 10 AUGUS T 19 8 2 HA RZA-EB ASCO J OI NT VENT URE IUSI r...'''M CJ ALAS KA POW ER AUTHoR ITl CIOICM O.I UI .oU •M C n 1513 ·1 4 2 M'O'' 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 3 i 4 TEMP ERATURE-(CELCIUS J MEAS URE D TEMPERATU RE DI S TR IBUTI ON ACRES SiM ULATION IESOSll HIE SIMULATI ON !J ~ ./cr~<>:; /"" <>- -I 0,'~ e /; V/If ~ 1 /~ VI ~/e I I I ~I ~~ e ! e I e Ie . 4 • o I I I I I I I I I I I I I I LEG END' I I I I I I I I I 6 0 I I I I 5 0, I I -(/) I 0:: W I 0- W 4 0IL-I I LI0 I 0- 0- I 0 3 0co I w I > 0 I co -< I 0-2 0 I I '-"-W I 10 o F igu re 22 e ~V /...... I L4' j'.~ It ~ t <$ ~:> I ~ ~ 1 J! 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 1 1 2 1 3 14 15 1 6 TE MPERA TURE -(CEL C I US ) LE GEN O'ALASKA POW ER AUTH ORI ;' EKLUTNA LAKE MOOE L CALIB RATI ON 25 AUGUST 19 B2 HARZ A-[BA SCO JOIN T VENTURE SUSl f lU ,~a J E t lMEASUREO TEM?ER ATU RE OIS TRI BUT I ON ACRE S SI MULAT I ON IE5051 1 HIE S i MUL ATION •, I I-.J'----_ Figur e 23 I I I 70 6 0 -Ul a:::5 0w f- W L: ~ I L:4 0a f- f-a CD w 30> 0 CD«: f- I '-"2 0-W I 10 0 1 0 i0 0 0 // /.---V:0 p ;:0 ~ I ~ I ~ I>~ 1/<fSJ I It I I . I o 5 6 7 8 9 10 II TEMP ERATUR E-(C ELC IUS) 12 13 I EK LUT NA LAKE MO DEL CALI BRA TI ON 9 SE PTEM BER 19B2 HARZA -[BASCO JOIN T VE NT UR E i. SUS I'II~P'lt llJE';'1 I DU ES"I'IO DEl ALA SKA POWE R AUTHORI TY ""'.GI).IU IHIS In Ill C u j I nJ .I '2 I'1T D6 J MEA SURE D TEMPERA TURE DI STRIBUTI ON ACRE S S I MUL ATION IE5051) HI E S I MUL AT I O_ e LE GE ND' I I I I I I _1'---_ , I I J 70 I I I 6 0I J J -(J) I 0::50w I 0- W I :;:-I I:;: I 0 4 0 I 0- 0- J 0 CD I w 3 0I> 0 I CD-c I 0- I I (.:J 20 J -w J I J J 1 0 I o , e I ~ I ~(~ ~l ~I ~e I <~I f II1 <>/-f .8J (i e F igur e 24 i I 5 6 7 8 9 TE MP ERATURE -(C ELC IUS) 1 0 LEGEN D' •MEA SURED TEMPERAT URE DI STRI BUT ION ACRES S I MUI.ATI DN IE5051) HIE S I MU LA"(IDN ALA SKA PO VE R AUTHORITY EKL UTN A LAKE MODEL CAL IBRA TI ON 21 SEPT EMB ER '9 B2 ••• .-~ --,.•••~:i .u•o •.-~•••0 t~ ? I , I ~I,I I I I o o I , JI>It>,, II 1>1 II >1IIII ~I I,I ~'III «»-3 ~nJ V ~3 d W 3 J II 0 1':J n O - - l o .> '" (S /W)-0 33 d SON ,r, !\.I'I IIiII I I I I I I I I I I I I ,I I I I I III. I I i ,I III I I I I I I I I I I I I I ~0--~ (JI -3 ~n lY ~3 d W 3 1 ~O l j !n o Figure 26 F igur e 2 7..:,I I I F=I =1I =+=1 1;::::;::1 1=1r=;:::::<1L-~·!;~=FI:::;:::I I :::;::+I :!I hL!~I I I I I II I 11 I1 III I I! !-~~;'TIiI I 1I1 1I I 1 1111 <>I i I :"! I I I 1 1II 1II 1 III ! I i I :~ I !i 1./1III I II III1 \I II -~~ :I I Ii 111 I I I I1 III !0J I I : ,"I I /1 II I:1 11 1 1 ~·.I '!I : I II /!1111,1 '1:'11 I I I :i i I Ii I I I ~I I 111 I i I - I II I ~II !I II I II :~ 1·\I ~~I I I I III1 I II i I I I -i I I J III1 I j II I I Ii :=I I I I I I I1 1 I I !I II :~~! !I i\I II II I .III '''1 -::;-"::I I Ii..I I I I.I ~•..g' I I \I I I I I II I II I I I II ~~:;;;~'I>f--i-:--,-~~!-+-'-+-''J+--'-++.g ===:= I 1\I I I I1 11 1 1 ,:11 0 ·«~~~~~~~I I I I I ;I I N ';::~~e e e eI,\I:...",f:....-,_i ;W !",z;g ~! I I I\.I I I I I I I ~.I I :?~.~~~m ~-~I,'.... -0 0 If)0 ~N __If)0 ::I (l,.;)-3:::: , • HAR ZA -EBASCO Su ,i ln.l Joi nl V ltnlure •Jenuery 1i184 F igure 28 NOR TH CLlMATIC STATIONS IN UPf'ER SUS'TNA 3 ASIN j -III ~••= ~• e ~ ~ ~o ~ ~ MfTlOIIIOlOGICAL DAT A $HO~T W"''''f ..AOIATION SlI:.Y COVflll ••It TEM~ffll"'TUIlE WINO Sl"U D 'RECIPITATION REl,AtlVE HUMIDITY 3-HOUR WIN O SPEED SHORTWAVE RADIATION SKY COVElli All"TEM'U....t uee W'NO SPU D PRECIP nAT ION RELATIVE HUMIDITY J-HOUIII WINO lIl'flO SHOIlTwAVI IIlAO'ATIOl'I SKY COVill AIIII n M'fl'lATUR. WINOPtED 'REClpITATION RELA TI\'(HUMIDITY J-HOUlII WINO "no • ".. ""U l hI '!);po "",10 It 2'0 1'& HARZA -EBASCO Su,i tn,Jo int Vl!ntur••Jlnuarv 1984 SUS ITNA HYDROELECTRIC PROJE CT CLIMATIC DATA AVAILABl lIT V ~.s'c;; '"<D -- ....• OCTOBEA 10 15 20 :n.)01 ""U 'lt MefR !il01~l'O :n.l . AUOUST ,10 '5 10 1'5 )Oi .,,, ,101!jo lO n MY COYIII AlII TlMPEJtAT\llllt Alii Tl" PEIII ATUIIE WINO SPU D SKY COVEll WIHD ",no PIII C",T"T!OI't )-HOUIIl WINO WIEO '''ECIPn"TION SI('f COVEll AlII Tf ""f ItATUIII ( '''HO Sf'UD Pl'lfClPlTATIOf'l "-f LATlY !HUMIDITY J -HOUIt ""NO $nED MtUOfWlOOlCAl DATA SHOllY ....VE II....O'...TION IIlfLATIVI HUMIDITY )-HOUIl .,1010 ,"fD ,"OIlT "'''VE IIIACI.TIOft SHORTWAVE RADIATION III ILATIV!HV/IlIDtTY s ~ " ~ ~ 3 ~ § ~•~ I I I HAAZA-EBASCO 5I.n itni J oint Venture .Janulf f 1984 ~ '@ ' SU$ITNA HYD RO El ECTRIC PR OJECT ;;i CLIMATIC DATA AVAILABILITY ~ F igur e 31•··0->-•u ...=:I w•,,-'z·0"=or '"•·~«,2 -'•or «-§0-U >•w «·-~•w «-··0 ...•or «•0 C·-->•••'"u•-.a:...·z «•0-:l'7i ·~o ..J~U•-=::1 ,•J i •~:;,-•·• !--·-•~,•u =1 ·•••,•-·, -·· - •-. >••••,••--•-e·- • -. •>•••.::J,•iz••~-~•-i >••,-.e•, •~•"'•••:-0 EJ ~Z 's2,g •~0 ••-•EJ••••0 •,•.~••0-~i ~.0 •,0•••0 ,z->•0-i c•••i •••u•T s 0-a •~~8 •;:0-~"•0 u •'"c >•z •J•I ~.-i ••,w•", -c Nor"IOU"!!_U J)lm « '" ~•cr, ~-3s _n f ()fllOLOOICAL OArA SHORT WAV E II AOI ATtO"f SK Y COVEll "'1"U",PERATUR f 'II'1"'09'EED '''ECI'lTATlON IHLATlVE HUMIDITY :I-HOUR WIND Sf'EtO AUG UST I W1!1lon)OI .•..t ••••I ...·1..·,II ···'.. .. ..._,.".I ,.•I ·.II ·,.I ,,,.•····.·'...·..·1.·.I·,· ,., ·.·j,,·,.·,··!.·,'I"··'·..·I····j··,d····'·'··I····lI···.1."·/",.1",·'.·..1...,'··.,1....1....1....10...,... ...,I·..·,,·,_\····,···••··"'····I····I··,·!....j ·•••I.'•• t!·'t·I!T II·"I't~·I'·..I ··'·I ·'··j·,'·I ,···I ,···I ....I .... HARZA -EBASCO Susttna Jo int Vent ure 'January 1984 SUSIT NA HY DROELECTRIC PROJECT CLIMATI C DATA AVA ILAB ILITY ~.E- c;; w '" 2200 2150 2 100 2 050 -~ ~ ~,. ~2 000 i ~ ~ ~ 195 0 190 0 18 50 11100 F igu re 3 3 I I , ,1 I I .~JIrr,1/1I~ I I ,'1 .!'~II----~I;;II....---I I""-1 I I !~l I I IA'v, ;f' 1 L.EGEND' JUNE 1,19 8J ---JU LY 1,19 81 ---AUGUST I,I98 1 17'0 z • HOTE 'TE MPERATURE PROFlloES SIMUL ATED US ING 1981 DATA . 4 ,6 7 8 WATEA TEMPERAT URE leel •'0 "" WATANA RESERVOIR TEMPERATURE PROFILES JUNE I AUGUST (A«es) - Figure 34 2 > NOTE 'TEM PERAnJRE PROFIL E S SI MULATEO USI NG 1981 ClATA. I .)l \I I I ,},I I 1"" 1 I ~I I I I i II I ·t I ,,.- I ,~,/I I ,j.,-', I~~"J ~I IIt I,!\~I K1 I I , I I , «f\\I ,'I I I I I 'if'~, I I "I LEGEND ' _._ -SEPTEMBER 1, 19 BI _ I --OCT08ER I,1981 .I _.-NOVE MBER l,1981 :1 ---DECEMBERI , I9 S 1 I _•••_DECEMBER 3 1,t9S1 _ ~~ 2200 2 1!l0 2 100 2 0 !l0 19 5 0 1900 1850 I BOO 17 ' 0 4 5 6 7 a WATER TE MPERATU RE (OC) •'0 "" WATANA RESERVOIR T EMPERATURE PROF ILES SEPTEMBER I DECEMBER (Acres, - F igur e 35 a: a>a:w '"wa: "z ~;: wz ::> ~ '"wa: ::>.... "a:w 0-::; W.... ;:a -' ~.... ::>a az ";:a -' ~z a:w '"::; w.... 0- W '"- .--.••o '.~ I I ~I •·-.-.•:-:f,/•,..,I •___oJ...- -....--,I ,,•••••o - F igure 36a:w CO:; w "wo a: ~a:w '"wa: "zs "~ -a:w CO ~ca '"wa: ;;;)... "a:w..:; w... ~a -' ~... ;;;)a oz "~u,z ,---••o ',= o I 1 1, "I • I ~ ,-,, .',,, I , J /, ~,' .-,-,",, I,, I• •• I A'0 V I }--+---+----.,}---fJ----+---l- --f1- f--- -+----+-- ---+------cf----t----+--t--" , 1-' ,t v ·! ./I I,.....'• I)J.-~ I rr «; ~ ~~- "\;p \\ LEGE ND ' o 1 50 1 2 .--, F lgure 37 I IHU Srl -ece, 1 1 ~A rAN A RESERV OI R TEM PER,\T UR E PROF I LES SUS! '''A 'II O.l(C:1 ALA SKA P O~E R AUTH OR I TY 5 6 7 8 9 10 TEMP ER ATURE (CE LC IU SJ 4 JUNE 1 .1981 JUl Y 1.198 1 AUGUST I.1 9 8 . 3 1 0 0 200 2 50 I I I I I I I I I Iu; 15 I~ I?:O tL: Ic::5 1:= I~ Iw IE; I~ 1>- IG I~ II 5 0 I I I I 1 1 1 I I I I HARZ A·EBA SCO JO I N}VEN TURE <. • ".• ............• • •/•..f .-..-' ,[r ",,",V• /"~ '\S 1\.,Ir ":::'1. I ~• '"''\:y)• 1 0 F igure 3 8 9 HA RZA ·EBA SCO JO I NT VE NT URE WA TANA RESE RVOIR TEMPER ATUR E PROfiLES ALA SKA POWER AUTHORI Ty 6 78 (C El C!US) 2 3 4 5 TEMP ERAT URE SEP TEMBE R 1 .19B I OCTOBER 1 .19BI NDVE MeE R \.19BI DECEMBE R 1 .I 9B I DE CEM BER 3 \. 19B 1 o L EG END' o 15 0 1 00 2 50 5 0 200 I I I I I I I I Iv; I~ 1>-wI~ I I:>;: 10 r.:=I ~ kra I ~ 1>- 1i3 rwp: I I I I I i I I I I I I I I I I \"II'v \IIr\\!I :\~~I I I \I I I I I _ I ' I I I I I I 1_ : I I i I I I :! i I I :I I I I - I I I I I I i I I I I I I o c '"(l-:l -3 J I o