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Home My WebLink AboutAPA29051—~io~.RESCE~LIERARçAW~O~j~A~EPT.OFINTERIORTABLEOFCONTENTS(H~6SECTION/TITLEPAGE2LISTOFTABLESiinooc{LISTOFFIGURESiii1.0INTRODUCTION12.0EKLUTNALAKESTUDY:DYRESMMODELCALIBRATION1—92.1DataCollection2.2PreviousStudies2.3PresentStudy2.3.1DYRESMModelEnhancements2.3.2EkiutnaLakeTemperatreandIceSimulation3.0WATANARESERVOIRTEMPERATURESTUDY10—123.1DataCollection3.2PreviousStudy3.2.1ReservoirTemperatureProfiles3.2.2.Outflo~t.gmperatures3.3PresentStudy“3~’4.0SUMMARY12—13REFERENCES14—15TABLES16FIGURESLibrala;1:Resoarc01)‘erv~~COrage,AIaSWE •1•~.~~‘.0w~.—..—.——•1 ~“•••~.i•••• z —0 0’ -t t-4 A Cl) (U H rt m 0 ‘-1m H.‘1 H I-i. 0 H ‘-1 I-f A tn t-l pr tn I—’ C rt 0’ pr m LISTOFFIGURESNO.TITLE1EkiutnaLakeLocationMap2EklutnaLakeStationLocations3,4EkiutnaLakeMeasuredWeatherData5—8EkiutnaLakeClimaticDataAvailability9—11EklutnaLake.ObservedandPredictedTemperatur.eProfiles(AcresResults)12,13EkiutnaLakeOutflowTemperatt~~(AcresResults)14LongwaveRadiationForu4~Comparison15,24EklutnaLakeObservedandPredictedTemperatureProles(Harza—EbascoResults)25EkiutnaLakeMeasredWindspeedandOutflowTemperature26,27EkiutnaL$tOutflowTemperature(Rarza—EbascoResults)28C1~9teStationsinUpperSusitnaBasin29,30ClimaticDataAvailability31,32TalkeetnaStationClimaticDataAvailability33,34WatanaReservoirTemperatureProfiles(AcresResults)35,36WatanaReservoirInflowandOutflowTemperatures(AcresResults)37,38WatanaReservoirTemperatureProfiles(Harza—EbascoResults)39WatanaReservoirInflowandOutflowTemperatures(Harza—EbascoResults)ARLISAlaskaResourcesLibraxy&InformationSen”e~.Anchorage,A1ask-~ 1.0INTRODUCTIONAsdescribedintheworkplanofTask42ofSusitnaHydroelectricProject,thereservoirtemperature/icestudiesarerequiredforsupportingtheenvironmentalstudies.ThesestudieswilldeterminethehydrothermalbehavioroftheWatanaandDevilCanyonreservoirsasaffectedbythedesignandoperationoftheprojectandprovidenecessaryinformationforoptimaldesignandoperationofthereservoirs.Itwillalsodeterminethethermalcharacteristicsofthereser’~oiroutflowforthedownstreamrivertemperatureandicestudiesandthesubsequentassessmey~ofthepotentialenvironmentalimpactsduetoprojectoperations.The~amiereservoirsimulationmodelDYRESMasdevelopedbyImbergjr,PattersonandothersoftheUniversityofWesternAustralia(13)1.]wa~electedtosimulatethehydrothermalbehaviorofthereservoirs.Tosimulatethewinterconditionwithiceformations,anicesubroutine%..ØevelopedbyPattersonandHaiublinforCanadianLakeshasbeenincorporat&Iinthemodel.TocalibratethemodelandtoverifyitsappliclitytotheWatanaandDevilCanyonreservoirsundersouth—centralandVnorAlaskanclimaticconditions,theEklutnaLakestudyhasbeencarriedout.Inthisreport,theresultsoftheEklutnaLakestudyandth~~librationoftheDYRESMmodelarediscussed.2•0EKLUTNALAKESTUDY:DYRESMMODELCALIBRATIONTheDYRESMmodelsimulatesaveragereservoirhydrothermalbehaviorthroughparameterizationofvariousphysicalprocessessuchasinflowandoutflowdynamics,mixedlayerdynamics,verticaltransportinthehypolimnionandsurfaceheatandmassexchanges.Thebasictimeincrementofonedayissetbythemodeltopredictdailythermalstructure.However,asmallersub—dailytimeincrementrangingbetweenonequarterhourandtwelvehoursis~Refersthenumbersin“Reference”attheendoftext.—1— usedtosimulatethemorecomplicatedmixedlayerdynamics.Thisprocedureallowssmalltimeincrementswhenthedynamicssorequireand,inlesscriticalperiods,thetimeincrementexpands,withoutreductioninaccuracy.Hence,detaileddailymeteorologicalandhydrologicaldataarerequiredintheDYRESMsimulation.AdatacollectionprogramwasestablishedinJune,1982forEkiutnaLaketocollectdatabnthethermalstructureofthereservoir,inflowandoutflow.EklutnaLakeislocatedapparoximately30milesnortheastofAnchorage(Fig.1).Aweatherstation(Fig.2)locatednearthesouthernendofthelakewasalsoestablishedtoprovidethenecessarymeteorologicaldatatoDYRESM.2.1DataCollectionTheaveragedailymeteorologicaldataK%clude:—Meanairtemperature—Meanwindspeed(mis);—Airvapor~ress~t(mb);—Precipitation—Cloudcover(skyfractionintenths)or,—Long—w~~~tmosphericradiation(kilojoulesim2);and—Totalshort—waveradiation(insulation)(kilojoulesim2).Thesix—houraveragedwindspeedsalongthemajoraxisofthelakearealsorequiredtocalculatetheinternalmixingduetointernalwaves.Inadditiontometeorologicaldata,thequantityandtemperatureofinflowtothelakeandoutflowfromthelakearerequiredtosimulatethereservoirdynamics(1).Theinflowdataincludingtemperatureandstagewasobtainedbyestablishingtwogagingstationsonthemajortributaries,EastForkandGlacierFork(Fig.2)(1).ForcalibratingtheDYRESMmodel,measurementsoflaketemperatureprofilesweremadeatsevenlocationsonanapproximatetwo—weekinterval(1).Detaileddescriptionsoftheinputdatacollection—2— programaregivenbyR&M(11).ThequantityandtemperatureofthedailyoutflowthroughtheEkiutnaHydroelectricplantturbineswarefurnishedbytheAlaskaPowerAdministrationoftheU.S.Dept.ofEnergy.Thesedatahave,beencollected,reduced,compiled,andreportedbytheR&MConsultants,Inc.(3,11).ThemonitoringsystemandtheaccuracyofthemeasurementswerealsodescribedbyR&N(1,3,11).ThedatacollectionprogrambeganinJune,1982andwillbeterminatedinearly1984.Periodicmalfunctioningofinstrumentshavebeenexperienced,especiallyinJulyandAugustof1982wheremanydaysofdataarenotrecorded(11),andconsequently,estimationsofthesedatawererequired~edonnearbystationsatPalmerandAnchorage.Theicethicknessmeasurem\~tsweretakenapproximatelyonceamonth.AcomparisonoftherelativehumiditiesmeasuredatAnchorageandTalkeetnabytheNationalOceanicandAtmosp%~cAdministration(NOAA)indicatesthattheEklutnarelativehumiditydata‘~regenerallytoolowandarenotingoodagreementwithotherclitic(especiallyprecipitation)datameasuredatEklutnaLakeStation.efore,theAnchoragerelativehumiditiespublishedbyNOAAwereusedtocomputethevaporpressures.ThedatarecordsavailableatEkiutnaLakestationareplottedandshownonFigs.3and4.TheperiodofrecordeddataattheEklutnaLakeStationareshowninFigs.5—8.2.2PreviousStudiesApreviouseffortbyACRESonthecalibrationandverificationoftheDYRESMmodelwiththeobserveddatahadconcentratedontheperiodofJune,1982throughDecember1982duringwhichthefielddataweremeasured.Adjustmentsweremadeonallwindspeeddata.InDYRESM,thewindspeedsareassumedtobemeasuredataheightofsixmeterswhilethefieldinstru—3— mentmeasureswindspeedatabouttwometersabovesurroundingscrubvegetation.Therefore,thewindspeedswerecorrectedbasedonthevelocitydistributionintheboundarylayeroftheaircurrent.Theadjustmentproducesanincreaseof17percentinmeasuredwindspeeds.ItwasnotedthattheJulyandAugustfieldmeasurementswerequiteincom—pleteandsignificantamountofthemeteorologicaldatahadtobeestimated(12).Therefore,theEkiutnaLaketemperature/icesimulationwasmadefortheperiodsJune1toAugust25,1982andAugust25toDecember31,1982toLJminimizetheeffectofdatagap.ThesimulatedtemperatureprofilesdidshowreasobleagreementwiththemeasuredtemperaturesexceptunderseverewindconditionssuchasthehighUwindperiodswhichoccuredbetweenSept~er9andSeptember21.Underseverewindcondition,significantmixingcanoccurandwarmerwatercanbeexpectedinthehypolimnion.In~ition,theone—dimensionality.ofthereservoirhydrothermalbehaviori~notstrictlyvalid.Theproblemwasresolvedbyincreasingtverticaldiffusioncoefficientwhichrepresentstheefficiencyofthetortofmassandmomentumfrom0.048to0.096basedontheWedderburnnumbercriterion(13,14).TheWedderburnnumbercharacterizeste—dimensionalityofthereservoirdynamics,withthevaluelessthanindicatingadeparturefromtheone—dimensionalassumption.ThekeyconstantsusedintheDYRESMsimulationaregiveninTable1.Theseconstantsarerelatedtowellidentifiedphysicalprocessesandaredeterminedfromexperimentalorfielddata(13,14).ThesimulatedandmeasuredtemperatureprofilesatStation9intheapproximatecenterofthelakearegiveninFigs.9to11.Ingeneral,mostprofilesaremodeledtowithin0.5°Cwithfewexceptionsthatthedifferencewasuptoabout2°C.ThesimulatedandmeasuredoutflowtemperatureoftheEklutnaLakearegiveninFigs.12and13.Thepredictedoutflowtemperatureis,ingeneral,1to—4— 2°CbelowthemeasuredtemperatureduringtheperiodofJulytomid—September.Frommid—SeptembertoDecember,thepredictedandmeasuredtemperaturesmatchrelativelywell.Thesimulationalsoindicatesthattheice—coverformationwillbegininmid—Novemberandpredicted21inchesofice—coverneartheendofDecember.OnJanuary13,1983,anice—coverofabout16incheswasmeasurednearthecenterofthelake.Hence,thesimulationoverestimatestheice—coverthicknessbyabout5inchesineaflyJanuary1983.2.3PresentStudy2.3.1DYRESMModelEnhancementsTheEkiutnaLaketemperatureandicean~%sesconductedinthepreviousstudyindicatethattheDYRESMmodelperformsrelativelywellinduplicatingtheaveragefieldconditionofth~~kethermalstructure.However,uponfurtherexaminationoftheprevious~~’results,fielddata,andtheconfigurationoftheintakestructe,severalenhancementsand/ormodificationsoftheDYRESMmodelweremadetheyarediscussedasfollows:The“Swinbank”e4~onusedintheDYRESMmodelmaybesignificantlyunderestimatingtheincominglongwaveatmosphericradiationontheLake.SuchobservationwasmadeindependentlybybothDr.P.F.Hamblin,theconsultanttothereservoirtemperatureandicestudy,andR&M.AdditionalanalysesindicatethattheempiricalequationgivenbyAnderson(4)agreeswellwiththemeasuredvaluesatWatanaandwasincorporatedintheDYRESMmodel(Fig.14).TheAnderson’sequationisgivenasHCECT4L.W.awhereHLWisthelong—waveatmosphericradiation(KJ/day),Eaistheatmosphericemissivity,CistheStephenBoltzmanconstant(4.979xio6jcJ/day),andTistheairtemperature(°Kelvin).Theatmospheric—5— emissivityisdependentuponthecloudinessoftheskyandtherelativehumidityorvaporpressure(3).Theemissivityincreasesasthecloudcoverorvaporpressureincrease.UsingtheAnderson’sequation,closermatchestomeasuredtemperatureprofilestakennearthecenterofthelake(Station9)wereobtainedasshowninFigs.15to24.Withregardtooutflowtemperaturepredictionstherearetwomodifications.Oneforthegeometryoftheintakestructureandtheotherforwindforcingeffects.Thelocalbathymetricconditionandthe,~onfigurationoftheintakestructurearequitedifferentfromtheconditiä~sassumedintheDYRESMmodel.ThemodelassumesthataverticalwallsuchasadamislocatedatthedownstreamendofthereservoirandK~eofftakesarelocatedatthecenterofthedamwidth.However,theintakestructureoftheEklutnapowerhouseislocatednearthenor~..4ndofthelakeonamildslopingbottomandresemblesahorizontalout\hllstructuresituatedonanexcavatedarea.Hence,theEkiutnantakemaydrawmostofthewaterfromthelayersabove,Withthecombinfectsoftheslopingbottom,thehorizontaloutfalltypeintakeandthelocalexcavation,theoutflowtemperaturemaynotbetreated4~ydinglYbytheory.Thewindeffect,especiallyinthemonthsofJuly,AustandSeptember,isclearlyshownintheoutflowtemperatureand6—hrwindplots,giveninFig.25.Itisunderstoodthatsuchoutflowthermalbehaviorhasalsobeenobservedbythepowerhousepersonnel.Whenadowniakewind(towardtheintakearea)occurs,awarmerthannormaloutflowtemperatureisobserved.Suchtemporaldeviationoftheoutflowtemperaturefromitsnormaltrendcanbeattributedtonotonlythesurfacewindshearstressbutalsothebehavioroftheinternalwavesofthestratifiedfluid,thedepthoftheepilimnion,therelativepositionoftheintaketothethermoclineandthelocalbathymetricconfiguration.SincethepresenttimeframedoesnotpermitfurtherdevelopmentoftheDYRESMmodeltotakeintoaccountallthevariablesidentifiedabove,onlythesurfacewind—6— andthebottomeffectsareconsideredinthecurrentstudyandarediscussedasfollows:Thebathymetricinformationindicatesthatthebottomslopeneartheintakeareaisabout1verticalto100horizontal.Hence,thewithdrawallayer(outflow)distributionmustbemodifiedintheoutflowdynamicscalculation.Throughseveralnumericalexperiments,itwasfoundthatsatisfactoryoutflowtemperaturescanbeobtainedbyassumingthattheofftakedrawswatermainlyfromlayersabovetheintakeandthewithdrawalfromthelowerlayersisinsignificant.Thestrongdowniakewindstendtoincreasethemixglocallyneartheintake.Thestrengthofsuchwindinduced~.xingisconsideredproportionaltothemagnitudeofthewindalongthe1&~raxisofthelaketowardtheintake.Theeffectisconsideredequivalenttothedeepeningoftheepilim—nionattheintakearea.Theequi~ntdeepeningoftheepilimnion’Hiscomputedbythefollowingemperical%quation:H(Intakedepth)ftx[(1—)xC2]~WhereWisthe6’~~~~indinthedownlakedirectionandCIandC2areempiricalconstantsforadjustingthemagnitudeoftheresponses.Itwasfoundthatvaluesof20.0and0.25forClandC2respectivelyproducesatisfactoryresultsforsummer,and7.5and0.25forfall.Sincebetteragreementswereobtainedwiththesemodifications,theadjustmentsbasedonWedderburncriteriaforhighwindconditionasdescribedpreviouslywerenotappliedandaconstantverticaldiffusioncoefficientof0.048wasused.Theinfluenceoficeandsnowontheheattransferacrossthewatersurfaceofareservoiristakenintoaccountbysimulatingthepercentageofsnowandicecoverandtheirthicknessasafunctionoftime.Theeffectofsnowand’iceistoreducetheamountofshortwaveradiationreachingtheupperlayersofthereservoirthroughtheabsorptivepropertiesoficeandsnow—7— andtoreducethecoolingofthereservoirsurfacethatwouldotherwiseoccurbyprovidingacoveringlayerofreducedthermalconductivityandbycreatingadditionaliceattheice—waterboundary.Specificphysicalprocessesincorporatedintothemodeloficeandsnoware;1.Minimumicethicknessof10cm.2.Surfac~meltingofeithersnoworiceaswellasicemeltingattheicewaterinterface.3.Reductionofsnoworicethicknessbysurfaceevaporation4.Accountoficeorsnowonsurfacevapor~essure5.Snowalbedoasafunctionofsnowageand”~emperature6.Shortwaveabsorptioninsnowan4ice7.Ice—waterheatfluxduetomole~larconductionacrossice—waterinterfaceplusturbulentsensibleheatfluxduetoinflowandoutflowinducedcurrent~-~heupperlayerofthereservoir’.8.Computationofsurface~mperatureofthesnoworicefromthesurfaceheat-bu,ç~et.9.LimitationofN~~imumsnowthicknessallowablebasedonicebuoyancyrelativetosnowloading10.incor~S~ionoffraziliceinputtototalicevolumeinthereservoir2.3.2EkiutnaLakeTemperatureandIceSimulationOneofthemajorobjectivesintheEklutnaLakecalibrationstudyistodevelopanunderstandingofthecapability,concept,andstructureoftheDYRESMModel.Thisunderstandinghasledtothedevelopmentofseveralprogramenhancementstocalibratethemodelundersouth—centralandinteriorAlaskanclimaticconditionsaspreviouslydiscussed.TheEklutnaLakestudyhasalso,demonstratedtheneedforaccurateclimaticdatatoenablethemodeltoproperlysimulatethehydrothermalbehaviorofthereservoirs.—8— Everyeffortshouldbemadeinthefuturetoinsuretheaccuracyandreliabilityoffieldmeasurementinstrumentsanddatacollectionprocedures.ThestudybyRarza—Ebasco(H/E)consideredtheperiodofJune,1982throughJune,1983.TheH/Esimulationalsoincludeda17%increaseinmeasuredwindspeedstocorrectthevelocitytotheheightabovevegetationassumedbythemodel.TheWedderburnnumbermodificationprocedurewasnotusedinlieuoftheempiricalequationtodeepentheepiliminionattheintakeareaandthemodificationofthewithdrawaldynamics.TheresultsoftheH/EEklutnaLakestudyareshoy~inthetemperatureprofileplots,Figs.15to24,andintheoutflow‘~è*nperaturetimehistoryplots,Figs.26and27.TheresultsofthestudydemonstratethecapabilityfortheDYRESMModeltoproperlysimulat~thehydrothermalbehaviorofareservoirinthesp~cificregionoftheSusitnaProject.Theresultsshowtheaccuratepredictionofwinter~t$lowtemperatureswithinanacceptabletoleranceof±1degreeCelcius&‘STheresultsalsoshowthatthesummeroutflowtemperaturesweremulatedtowithin±1to2degreesCelcius.Theoutflowtemperatureisacipleparameterintherivertemperatureandicestudiestodeterminetheenvironmentalimpactoftheprojectoperations.Theresultsals4~~owanexcellentcorrespondencebetweenmeasuredicethicknessandpreictedicethicknessexceptforonepointinMarchatStation13whichislocatednearthenorthendofthelake.TherewerenoicemeasurementsmadenearthecenterofthelakeinMarch.Therelativelythicki&measuredatStation13inMarchmaybeconsideredduetolocalaccumulationofsnowcausedbydownlakewinds.Therefore,thelargerdifference(Fig.27)showninMarchisnotconsideredasamajorconcern.ItisunderstoodthattheEklutnaLakereservoirdatacollectionprogramwillbeterminatedinearly1984.TheadditionaldatacollectedandcompiledbyR&MwillthenbeavailabletoextendtheEklutnaLaketemperaturesimulation.Theresultsfromthatstudywillbereportedasasupplementtothisreport.—9— 3.0WATANARESERVOIRTEMPERATURETheDYRESMmodelwasusedtosimulateWatanareservoirtemperaturebehaviorandoutlettemperaturesunderthe1981flowcondition.TheparametervaluesofthemodelusedintheEklutnaLakecalibrationhasbeenapplied.AfieldprogramwasestablishedinApril,1980withintheSusitnaRiverBasin(WatanaCamp)tocollectmeteorologicaldata(5—12)fortheDYRESMmodel.TheclimaticstationsareshowninFig.28.TheperiodsoftheavailablerecordsareshowninFigs.29—32.3.1DataCollectionTherequiredaveragedailymeteorologicaltainclude:—Meanairtemperature(°C);—Meanwindspeed(mis);—Airvaporpresence(tub);—Precipitation—Long—wavera~~ion(U/rn2)orcloudcover(skyfractionintenths);and—Totalst—waveradiation(KJ/m2).3.2PreviousStudyAsdescribedintheLicenseApplication,dailysimulationsweremadebyAcrestopredictthethermalbehavioroftheWatanareservoiroperatingundertheyear2010powerdemand(CaseC;12,000cfsminimumAugustflow).Thesimulationperiodissixmonths(June1throughDecember31,1981).3.2.1ReservoirTemperatureProfilesThesimulatedtemperatureprofilesforthefirstdayofeachmonthofJunethroughDecember1981areshowninFigs.33and34.Stratificationoccurs—10— duringJune,JulyandAugust.Themaximumsurfacetemperaturesimulatedwas10.9DConJuly3andAugust28.CoolinginSeptemberresultsinthegradualdestructionofsummerstratificationandthedeepeningoftheepiliminion.TheprocesscontinuesuntilisothermalconditionsoccurinlateOctober.Isothermalconditionscontinueuntilwaterreachesitsmaximumdensity,afterwhichreversestratificationtakesplace.AweakstratificationoccursinlateNovemberandremainsrelativelystablethroughoutDecember.AfullicecoveroccursonNovember22.IcethicknessonDecember31wasestimatedat31inches.3.2.2OutflowTemperaturesThemultiple—levelintakeatWatanaalloi~theutilitytoprovidevariablewatertemperatureswithinarangedictate’~~ythethermalstructurewithinthereservoir.Thephilosophyofoperatingthisstructureistoprovidewatertemperaturesasclosetoth~ibientrivertemperaturesaspossible.Ingeneral,thisresultsintheiRtakeclosesttothesurfacebeingused,providedhydraulicsubme~c~ncecriteriaaremet.However,onafewdays,deeperintakesareused‘~~~providewatertemperatureswhichareclosertothoserequired.ThesimulatedoutflowtemperaturesareshowninFigs.35and36.Thecomparisonofnaturaltemperatureandsimulatedoutflowtemperatureshowsthatduringsummermonths,theoutflowtemperaturefollowsnaturaltemperaturetrendsbutiscoolerduringJulyandslightlywarmerinAugust.DuringSeptembertomi&November,theresultsshowagradualreductionofoutflowtemperaturefrom9.5°Cto2°Cwhiletheinflowtemperaturedropsmuchsoonerto0.5°Cinmid—September.Stableoutflowtemperatureofaround2°Cstartinmid—NovemberandcontinuethroughoutDecember.—11— 3.3PresentStudyTheinputdatausedinthepreviousstudyandtheparametervaluesofthemodelusedinthecalibrationstudywereusedtosimulatereservoirtemperatureprofilesandoutflowtemperatures.TheselectivewithdrawalcapabilitywhichwasnotrequiredinEkiutnastudywasimplementedtosimulateoperationofthemulti—levelintakes.ThesimulatedtemperatureprofilesandoutflowtemperaturesareshowninPigs.37,38and39.Theitsultsindicatethatthetemperatureprofilesobtainedinthetwostudiesarerelativelysimi~,andthedifferenceinoutflowtemperaturesbetweenthetwostudiesare”~ithin0.5°C(average).Bothstudiesalsopredictedanincreasejfabout6°CinthestreamflowtemperatureinlateSeptemberduetodiscI%gingofwarmerstratifiedwaterfromthereservoir.AfullicecoveroccursonDecember1,10dayslaterthanthepreviousstudy.Iceth~~ssonDecember31wasestimatedabout25inches,6incheslessthanthe’êpreviousstudy.Sincetheiceandsnowmodelyieldedbetterresu~sintheEklutnaLakeStudy,theresultsobtainedinthepresentWatanaStuarealsoconsideredmoreaccurate.4.0SUNNARYInthisstudywehavesimulatedtheEklutnaLakethermalbehaviorandicegrowthbasedontheDYRESMModel,Someoftheinputdatahavebeenimprovedforconsistencywiththenearbyclimaticstations.Theoutflowdynamicshavealsobeenmodifiedtotakeintoaccountthespecialconfigurationofthehorizontalintakestructure,themildslopingbottom,andthewindforcingeffect.AllmodificationsmadetothemodelfortheEklutnaLakestudyarenotnecessarilyrequiredfortheWatanaandDevilCanyonreservoirstudies.Bothreservoirswillhaveverticalmulti—levelpowerintakestructureswithapproachchannels.Theapproaôhchannelswillforcetheintakestowithdrawmorewaterfromtheupperlayers,therefore,theoutflowalgorithmhasbeenmodifiedtoaccomodatesucheffects.Thelongwave—12— radiationformulapresentedbyAndersonwillbeusedintheSusitnaReservoirStudiesasthisequationseemstobetterapplytotheprojectlocation.Themodificationsmadetotheiceandsnowprocesseswillalsoremainandothersmaybeaddedtobettermodeltheeffectsofincomingfraziliceuponthetotalicevolumeinthereservoir.TheresultsoftheEklutnaLakestudyestablishestheapplicabilityoftheDYRESMmodeltoaccuratelysimulatetherma].reservoirprocessesintheSouth—CentralAlaskanclimaticconditions.Thestudyalsodemonstratedtheneedforaccurateclimaticandriverdatatoinsurethecorrectnessofthemodelresults.TheresultingDYRESMmodelcalibratedth~oughtheEklutnaLakeStudyisassumedtobeapplicabletoWatanareseN~irwithminormodificationstotakeintoaccounttheeffectsofapproachchannelsandfraziliceinflows.TheparametervaluesoftheEkl~~modelwereusedtosimulateWatanareservoirtemperatureprofilesandtoutflowtemperatures.ThestudyyieldsimprovedresultsascomPa~~D,withAcres’.-Afterthecompletionoftheproject,theparametersmustbecheckedatregularinterval~Themodelshouldbere—calibratedafterseveralyearsofprojectoperationssincethechangesinmorphologyandnutrientconditionmaychangetheparametervalues.-—13— REFERENCESNO.TITLES1.R&NConsultantsIncorporated,“SusitnaHydroelectricProject,GlacialLakeStudies,”preparedforAcresAmericanIncorporatedandAlaskaPowerAuthority,December,1982.2.R&NConsultantsIncorporated,“SusitnaHydroelectricProject,DYRESM-InputData,”preparedforHarza—EbascoSusitnaJointVentureandAlaskaPowerAuthority,August,1983.3.J.M.Raphael,“PredictionofTemperatureinRiversandReservoirs,”Proc.,ASCE,3.PowerDiv.,P02,July,1,~&2.4.R&NConsultantsIncorporated,“Susitna’9lydroelectricProject,ProcessedClimaticData,Volume~,1—SusitnaGlacierStation,”preparedforAlaskaPowerAutho,December,1982.5.R&MConsultantsIncorporated,“SusitnaHydroelectricProject,ProcessedClimaticData,ç4(9lume2—DenaliStation,”prepa;edforAlaskaPowerAuthority,~c~tnber,1982.6.R&NConsultantsIncorporated,“SusitnaHydroelectricProject,ProcessedClima4è~Data,Volume3—TyoneRiverStation,”preparedforAlaskaPower”~Ehority,December,1982.7.R&NColtantsIncorporated,“SusitnaHydroelectricProject,Proces6<dClimaticData,Volume4—KosinaCreekStation,’prepareorAlaskaPowerAuthority,December,1982.8.R&NConsultantsIncorporated,“SusitnaHydroelectricProject,ProcessedClimaticData,Volume5—WatanaStation,”preparedforAlaskaPowerAuthority,December,1982.9.R&MConsultantsIncorporated,“SusitnaHydroelectricProject,ProcessedClimaticData,Volume6—DevilCanyonStation,”preparedforAlaskaPowerAuthority,December,1982.10.R&NConsultantsIncorporated,“SusitnaHydroelectricProject,ProcessedClimaticData,Volume7—ShermanStation,”preparedforAlaskaPowerAuthority,December1982.11.R&MConsultantsIncorporated,“SusitnaHydroelectricProject,ProcessedClimaticData,Volume8—EkiutnaLakeStation,”preparedforAlaskaPowerAuthority,December,1982.—14— REFERENCES(cont’d)NO.TITLES12.R&MConsultantsIncorporated,“SusitnaHydroelectricProject,FieldDataCollectionandProcessing,Supplement1,”preparedforAlaskaPowerAuthority,December,1982.13.J.Inberger,andJ..C.Patterson,“ADynamicReservoirSimulationModel—DYREStI:5,”TransportModelsforInlandandCoastalWaters,Chapter9,AcademicPress,1981.14.AcresAmericanIncouporated,“SusitnaHydroelectricProject,FeasibilityReport-Supplement:Chapt9~8,”preparedforAlaskaPowerAuthority,1983.—15— TABLE1—DYRESMParametersforEkiutnaLakePARAMETERVALUEConvectiveoverturn,CK0.125Mechanicalstirring,ETA1.230Temporaleffects,CT0.51.0Shearproduction,CS0.200Shearinstability,MGT0.300Diffusionconstant0.048Dragcoefficientofriverinflow0.015\) C)0 0 C C C C C~c a =C.=C =1 0 = •~r;.:;~3:.,*:~9 ..~.,~.~ 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INFLOWS AND TEMPERATURE Ii lIlt Ent Fork [I 6I.cI~r Fork Ill III~iI!~I!!!IIII ill!IlFI •Othwi N a ——a a ——t —t —a a a a a a a a a anWaa~a aaaaaaaaaa aaaa .a a a a —a a a a a a a a a i~ •i,.Ii I~I 1 ~1u~I N SHORT WAVE RADIATION a’ ‘I) SKY COVER II Iii ‘U AIR TEMPERATURE 0 WIND SPEEDx PRECIPITATION4 RELATIVE HUMIDITY 3—HOUR WIND SPEED .1•~4I 414 a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a it a a i~a —a a —a a a a a it~ ~l~a~fl ~H~H~fl a a t a ~a a ~a a a a i~a iiia 4144!~~111 4! 1’ A ilL 4th 111111k NI ~!4!III NI IIU ili illi fit I’ll 114 a a liii -Il 02 It -JHARZAEL3ASCOSusitnaJointVenture•January 1984 z0 METEOROLOGICAL AND STREAM FLOW DATA SHORT WAVE RADIATION SKY COVER AIR TEMPERATURE JULY 5 10 15 20 25 30 AUGUST 5 10 15 20 25 30 19B3 SEPTEMLIE R 5 10 15 20 25 WIND SPEED PRECIPITATION RELATIVE HUMIDITY --______ ‘I’ 5 z I. D -J)1w lu OCTOBER 5 10 15 20 25 30 3—HOUR WIND SPEED OUTFLOW AND TEMPERATURE LAKE LEVEL nnaa n fl aaaaanSfl~ a a a ~—a a —a —a a ~a a a a a a a a a a a I, INFLOWS AND TEMPERATURE Enl Fork •Glecier Fork i’ •Otheri NOVEMBER DECEMBER 510152025 51015202530 II aaaaa~p,a~aaaaflfl ~s~_~~Iaaa a asn ii! i~L ~ F I Hil’II liD’’~iIii liii Iii Iii I.iii . liii liii jill . lilt S.... .iIiII:iiIii;~i.IIiii I III SHORT WAVE RADIATION SKY COVER ~AIR TEMPERATURE 0 WIND SPEED I ~PRECIPITATION < RELATIVE HUMIDITY 3—HOUR WIND SPEED .aa.w ~a,m —a —a a a — ~~~HII11IIiIIUIIMIIIIiilIb a. IH .i “ii IIIliii ta~aa aasiaaa II ‘jil !~l~ [11111111 U ii’ ill 41i ml ‘~I1UII~~IIM~ 41 ~ItaIthIththb~ ii lH-~B [Bill!WI’!11111111 .~.:.tl[I ‘III~‘~{‘III~II i~ If H Hi’I •~.Jj IL 4].,fl .~41 III jut L un i_I_U LIII I Ii I - j.I .11- .1 Li •. 4~I H lilt Ili fill •iiJ I .i ~ it Hliii ‘‘I tljiii ‘‘4. •aII 11i4 1.1~~ .111 Li. 1.4. 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EC r ~~~...!~F.?!R ~.~~ TEMPERATURE 1°C) EKLUTNA LAKE OBSERVED AND PREDICTED TEMPERATURE PROFILES JUNE /JIJLY (Acres) IC C CD TEMPERATURE 1°C) EKLUTNA LAKE OBSERVED AND PREDICTED TEMPERATURE PROFILES AUGUST /SEPTEMBER (Acres) (I~ ‘*3 0 m ‘C C CD 0 (C.:.:.:~...~~•.:~:..:~~•~;.~:~r çzJ..C)C).0 CD.C)CD fl ~C C C ~.0 (.:00Ir—----i —,•-~~~1~-I - EKLUTNA LAKE OBSERVED AND PREDICTED TEMPERATURE PROFILES OCTOBER 4~ us I0m us ~30 a us I ___x60.____ (~____—_.__.1~0x 0 ——- 0 x 0 50 ) 0 0 I ‘C is Oi I 01 - 4U 01 F’ ~i JO’ El 4 AV —Ø c~t~S ‘C I Z(—LEGEND’— I ‘C 1 0 ~OCTOBER 14-MEASUREDOCTOBER14-PREDICTED 10 I_____——/‘C NOVEMBER4-MEASURED —.I NOVEMBER 4 -PREDICTED I 0 JANUARY 31-MEASUREDI———DECEMBER 31-PREDICTED ~-I9S2DATAr ‘do 2 4 TEMPERATURE 1°C) 6 1~1 to C ~1(a B 9 /DECEMBER (Acres) K) Ii -n CD C ~1CD -1 “3 It I U bi 4 a 0 II 21 31 9 19 29 6 II 20JUNEJULYAUGUSTSEPTEMOEM MONTH NOTES: I)TIME SCALE ‘SIN INCSEMENTS OF ID DAYS ~)OASED ON lilt CATA.nit) EKLUTNA LAKE RESERVOIR TEMPREATURE SIMULATION JUNE /SEPTEMBER (Acres Study,1982—1983) f~~~~T ~.~...:.:..:.::.:...:~~ r:.....~.,18.18.14,14.198219821982I982[VriyuicI—’160uiII150~.-1~j~~9’(LU:flIJLU40EL.0ri~F—[:i[i:~.•:1:~030~[9IiLU~~r0~J•~~*frt~~-_20;:;::I~UCD—rjLUi~?.J=1045.6789100LEGEND:•JUNEJUNEJULYJULYTEMPERATURE(CELCIUS)11121314-MEASURED—PREDICTED-MEASURED—PREDICTEDALASKAPOWERAUTHORITYSUSITIdAPROJECTDYRESMMODELEKLUTNALAKEOBSERVEDANDPREDICTEDTEMPERATUREPROFILESHARZA—EBASCOJOINTVENTUREcfl1CflD.ILLIIOISDECS31563.142HTP1Z 0 -S 0 HEIGHT ABOVE BOTTOM (METERS) I\)(hi (11 0 0 Cr’ 0 0 (3 L3,.:~ (0 En w co>> mrnrnncc -o -o ~-u o c,o -~-I-I-Icc nmmmcno~ flfl—I-I nr’nnrn—-~ 1’)CD CD •-(DID (0 CD Ct 0) (‘310 II I I II orvnm> fl>OC0-.C oU,—cnx n:0-srnmo —in rio omoo 0 0~’ 0) 0 0 -“4 03 —I m -o m C m n 0m r 0 ‘-4 C C’) CD 0 -S “I rn0, COn 0 I0 z -I -Crnz -4 :0rn r\) 0 -40, 171 C/) i:ri1):0 171 0 in C:>~i z 1~I 0 -U -~ o rn ‘1 0 r c) 171 —.In 171 0 m r C—Iz > r 171 t1C Ii, -S 0 Lp.n C -4 p. ~1 Cp. >r >En > -U 0 in C -I 0 —I Cal ~.~.c~c~~1 ~~~ HEIGHT ABOVE BOTTOM (METERS) in 10in I0 0 0 M (A (31 0) 0 0 0 0 0 0 S,G zz00 0000 <<-1-1mmooflwwwwrnmmm~ CD CD CD CD r’orQr~)r~) liii xirnumn>n> 0(000)—c—cc~)VoU-im-irnmono 00 —I m -o in > -H C in n C-) in r C~) -4 CIn 0 (J~1 0~) 03 - -__ V & ~h ii a a in •—‘—— “GO 0 -G~GJO° —4 Ph Ph > —4 C p1 -U ~3 0-n p1 U) x N Ph UI > U, C.) 0 C C z -1 P1z -4 C :0 In •1 C -t a CI., Cl a -4 In 3 a P1 0 0) Ph -C Ph ci z 0 p1 0 C) —4 Ph 0 i-n r C -4 z r i-n r U) -D 0 p1 > C -1 0 —I -C Figure186050403020100TEMPERATURE-COELCIUS)LEGENDt0MEASUREDTEMPERATUREDISTRIBUTIONACRESSIMULATION(ESOS1)H/ESIMULATIONALASKAPOWERAUTHORITYSUSITNAPROJECTDTRESPIRODEI.EKLUTNALAKEMODELCALIBRATION18JUNE1982HARZA—EBASCOJOINTVENTUREOICAGO.ILLIWaZI2*DCC•~11563.142IIIDI4567.89101112 =CD 0 0 _C c 00 C C ~.C 02.0 0 Ci Im IC, In ic; 0 0 HEIGHT ABOVE BOTTOM-(METERS) I’J .CAJ 0 (11 0 0 xfl~-.,cfl no,(ncnc — :.t(nnc—c; —Cr, —fl O-4U ou fl -1 r_Cmucnn C(no —U, -4 -4 U, C -1 0 a ()1 0 a 0 03 m :K-om 23 -I C 23 m n 0rnr 0 -4 C(n (0 -a 0 —a ro C-, U, 4$, C-, 0 C— 0 -4 C Phz -4 C ph 0 Phr Ph 7;r C -4 I 7; Ph C•1 -I 0 Lp. 0 0 -I p.‘a 3 C p.r >r > U, 7; > -u 0 C Ph C —4 C -4 —4 II ir~I ‘C-, I ‘m 0G‘ HEIGHT ABOVE BOTTOM-(METERS) CAJ 0 0 0 0 01 0 a 0 ~om flU)cncnc —mmc—cr3 -irpi —fl 0-4~0z—m 0:;, -I —C cnn 0(no —Ixl cx, C —4 0z —‘I co ‘~0 —1 m -El m > -1 C rn C-)mr 0 C (I) 0 --r GG~ -________________________ -____________ -________________________ -________________________ lie — G - -p ro (A Cr1 -n Co C •~1CD tO 0 ===~=00 C C 0 0 ~0 0 ———n irn ‘C,irr, ‘a i0 0 0 HEIGHT ABOVE BOTTOM-(METERS) ro 03 0 01 0 0I, mu,(ncnc — ronc—c >c-1—ti-rn —fl 0-1-va—rn a> -1 rnv (nfl 0(no —-4 •-~(0 -l a, C -4 -4 0a a 01 0 a 0 00 —1 rn -om > —4 C m n 0m I C) C Cl) CD -b 0 -S -S -s (A ir ‘C, im I0 0 Cu 0 HEIGHT ABOVE BOTTOM-(METERS) 1\)(A 0 a 0~0tO cm P1W W(nC — :rnrnc—c >c—J-irrn ->z0—I-U :z—rnoU —I —C cmOlin 0 (~n0 —-4 -4 U, C -4 — 0 z 01 0 a 0 (0 -A 0 -1 m -U m > -4 C m n C)mr C) C Cl) —a —A -A N) -Ti toC 0 1’)tO C ~C c;;~c,~C 0 c•:.0 •.C. HEIGHT ABOVE BOTTOM-(METERS) N)(A CR CR a, o —a, 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 I irIinIIC) tn xfl‘son nflrun (n(nc — ztcnnc—o —‘nfl 0-4-u ou -1 ‘—Cnu (nm 0 010 —-4 —1 ‘-4 UI C -1 -4 0 CD rn -Um > -I C m n 0mr C-) -4 C(n CD -A 0 -a ‘ii r C -4 z :R r > rn > 4.-i Fl ID I,) C-) 0 C~. 0 -4 Illz -4 C Ill CD En cli -u -1 mn 2U, rn CD 0, F’-, 2 0 0cli C, >r -4 U, > -4 -4 0 InCIn -4z 0IInCl a -4 InInZ1 g aInC- >r En > -v 0 Ccli C —4 0 —4 -C -s (A ~li Co C ~1It C.) •706050403020100TEMPERATURE-(CELCIUS)LEGEND0MEASUREDTEMPERATUREDISTRIBUTIONACRESSIMULATION(E5051)H/ESIMULATIONALASKAPOWERAUTHORITYPROJECTDYRESPIMODELEKLUTNALAKtMODELCALIBRATION21SEPTEMBER1982KARZA—EBASCOJOINTVENTUREENItACO.ILLINOISflDEC13jI563.142I1T075678910 0 C ~),=,~~r C:C•’C.=~0 ~.a:0 ~=-—.—-——..-—I —...- (j~ ‘C 0 w w 0~ (I) 0 C) Iii a: D a: Ui 0~ Ui 1— 0 -J IL 0 0 I “ft TO 5 0 —5 -10 20 ‘5 l0 5 0 A I ~~H ~1~y Nr NOTE’MEASURED 6-HOUR WIHOSPEED AND OUTFLOW TEMPERATuRES FROM GLACIAL LAKES STUDIES PREPARED BT K K M CONSULTANTS. 2!30 TO 20 30 9 19 29 8 18 28 JULY AUGUST SEPTEMBER I 982 ALASKA POWER AUTHORITY EKLUINA LAKE MEASURE!)WINOSPEED AND ~YJ ~ HARZA-EaaSCO JOINI VEKIORE H”’-F C’; ~11 CD C -C ID M (3 o I Lii a— r Lii I— 0 -J U- D 0 r Lii C) 0 20 ‘5 I0 5 0 LEGEND’ MEASURED OUTFLOW TEMPERATURE ACRES SIMULAF ION H/I SIIIULAIION JUNE JULY AUGUST SEPTEMBER 1982 OCTOBER NOVEMBER ALASKA POWER AUTHORITY EKIUTHA LAKE MODEL CALIDRATION I 01 2 IIAR2A-EOASCO JOIHI VCWTLME ~ ‘1 CD, C C0 a) c;a.=.~..~ca q•.=.c ~ca F..~•..~~a ~~~ r C) w 0 I a:: w a w 0 -J I-I I— 0 0 0 I 10 20 30 9 19 29 8 DECEMBER JANUARY MEASURED OUTFLOW TEIIPERATURE ACRES SIMULAF ION lifE SIMULATION MEASURE ICE THICKNESS sTATIoN S MEASURE ICE THICKNESS SIATION 9 MEASURE ICE THICKNESS STATION IIMEASUREICETHICKNESSSTAtION13 1982 w C) 0 20 Is 10 S I E CE NO . a 4 FEBRUARY APR IL 1983 MAY 18 0 10 20 30 9 19 29 9 MARCH ALASKA POWER AUtHORItY EKLUINA LAKE MODEL CALIBRATION ≥or 2 PIAAZA-EOASCO JOIN!YTNIURE ‘1 ID. 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Iii iii di i{u RELATIVE HUMIDITY I I 1111 I III I N I N —-4,‘-4 I-, II II ii’ Itittlifit 3—HOUR WIND SPEED .1. illi ii III I II II II III II liii Ii 1N ~II II I I I i~I I II III Ii III ti111~iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii III ii~:1~ll ii’I 1111 III NI III I I ~I I I ‘‘‘‘‘III’’’’’’ Ii I,•~‘~~ii’i~i ~.~II ~i ~ -n (C) C; 0) r’-)ci,HARZA —EBASCO Susitlia Joint Venture •January 1984 METEOROLOGICAL DATA SHORTWAVE RADIATION SKY COVER AIR TEMPERATURE WIND SPEED PRECIPITATION RELATIVE HUMIDITY 3—HOUR WIND SPEED SI-IORT WAVE RADIATION SKY COVER AIR TEMPERATURE WIND SPEED PRECIPITATION RELATIVE HUMIDITY 3—HOUR WIND SPEED SHORT WAVE RADIATION AIR TEMPERATURE WIND SPEED PRECIPITATION RELATIVE HUMIDITY 3—HOUR WIND SPEED SL)SITNA HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT ¶.tIMATIC DATA AVAILABILITY z 0 I-4 4z4 4 JULY 5 10 IS 20 25 30 ~—a —a AUGUST 5 10 15 20 25 30 1ORI SEPTEMBER 5 10 15 20 25 OCTOBER 5 10 15 20 25 30 1W h NOVEMBER 5 10 15 20 25 rcrrrn rr~T111r ala ii iii; 5 s_fl —IIIuIIIL dii I4~ z0 z 5 -3 >lii 0 II DECEMBER 10 15 20 25 30 Ii i—i,’ Ihi nh I N HIII It LI Iiil~Lii~~~i~ii 141 1iIiiiBI~flJ11lllLW8i1 ~~11llL t~ I~fl ~ IIJ ———~Ii ~hi ~-.“.~..I .1.II.,{_4 .I~I~-.II 114,1.1-11- U~~I~~daa ~kh fl ~ lii:ti;l •Iii]iiiii III 111111I—— iIl~1111 liii liii l~4 dii [IiI hI~II—I .1. —— 111111111 111111111 Wi-il —I II I I ii In .4z 0, 0 S SKY COVER —I BiIldIliIIilihi .JI~ S IIi~iilihii till li-il S a a liii øh I II~ N hiIih1ill~JllJ a III in .1 !lll!l 2 ~I 11mI ——•IIIIfl S II U aaIII~~~‘n~~i~llhi 1i~ii ~iu ml II’li-I’liii 1ft14111ai-li — II 111111 Uli ill IIF’4 I~~t am S III~Iii~I~II Hdtttll I, ,,II,,,II •II.L II.,,llIi ,IhL ..~.~.— I ill }l~I i11tihllli I, II II II —I ififfi’ ¶ II II II lu I m COC -I CT~ 0 HARZA--EBASCO Susitna Joint Venture •January 1984 0 C -E ~.~~:~~C a.C ~ MAY JUNE -- 1015 202530 5 ID 157025 z 0 I 4I 01 METEOROLOGICAL DATA SHORT WAVE RADIATION JANUARY 5 10 15 20 25 30 SKY COVER AIR TEMPERATURE 4 zIww -I WIND SPEED EAF1UARY 5 ID IS 20 25 PRECIPITATION 19111 I.,.. MARCH 5 10.15 202530 5 RELATIVE HUMIDITY 3—NOV11 WIND SPEED APRIL ID 15 20 25 il_I ,ii)L ._..uI.I,Iiw I. ..a nanaaaaa nnnnnn flrn::j ~ti~I~I~~~— I. I,...1 ‘It II IIIi 44 _________________________________________________________________________________________I ‘It’ _________fl~itfllith III —I——I——I —In ‘Ii liii ii III, I I‘‘‘‘‘I ii’ii lift 4[IIIiIllIlltIB I II 4’lII1T~hftdkTi ill! 444 ID I’ll If ‘Ii II nil ‘II, ifi II III II’’ I;II,!,...II 1,1 i 1._i III. I: ‘Ill’’ ill III ia.w.~i1idui II UIi Iii liii wi II -n (0 SUSITNA HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT ~ ‘DcIMATIC DATA AVAILABILITY ~HAR7_A--EBASCO Susitna Joint Venture •January 1984 ‘Cz I “SUS -J -CI— 3—HOUR WIND SPEED I, ii Ii ‘I II III, SUSITNA HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT CLIMATIC DATA AVAILABILITY SHORTWAVE RADIATION SKY COVER AIR TEMPERATURE WIND SPEED ~~1•~—1981 ~JULY AUGUST SEPTEMBER OCTOBER NOVEMBER DECEMBER ~METEOROLOGICALDATA 5 10 15 20 2530 5 10 15 20 2530 5 10 15 20 25 5 10 IS 20 2530 5 10 15 20 25 510 15 202530 PRECIPITATION RELATIVE HUMIDITY Lii. :~:;2:;~:z .IJ..1ZI........I..f... !IWIlIiiIiill~!ii .1 I~nnnnnnnaa aannn I —a a a Na msliaHH ala jalista atHaffa H ——H HH I~_~•a~————~~ liii ill1iIll~~[iiI~I1lIIii1 4, iiiI III,., ii I IIII I’ll ~~Ii!~IIM~~IIAU[ Fllllllllillllllllfl I DhJIIli Ii II Ii III] II,I —II U •i1 I 4-I jtji I, .11 III’4I4f 4 IL{ ‘iiJ 1~ Ii LII, .li•~1~’~th .1111 .iJI .itti Iii, SI-i LB _Jj I. liii. 44 —‘at liii 41+1] ;LII~ Lu “LII FlAIR/A FI3ASCO Susjtp,a Joint Venture •January 1984 -‘II I 1.~ I-ft.’, [IIH -Ti CDC -ICD (.3M -1~.~~.]~~.~*~............;~S ,~.;...~ 2200215021002050I-.‘U‘UU.2000‘U-J‘U79501900185018001750Figure33I2345676910II12NOTE;TEMPERATUREPROFILESWATERTEMPERATURE(°C)SIMULATEDUSING1981DATA.WATANARESERVOIRTEMPERATUREPROFILESJUNEIAUGUST(Acres) 2200215021002050I‘a‘a2000I‘a‘a195019001850t8001750Figure34I2345678910II12NOTE:TEMPERATUREPROFiLESWATERTEMPERATURE(°C)SIMULATEDUSING1981DATA.WATANARESERVOIRTEMPERATUREPROFILESSEPTEMBER/DECEMBER(Acres) C C C]~=C =~0 ci :.~~.E~C~fl I..=A 1 .——.——..~._,i...........,......._.,•,_—. I)TIME SCALE IS IN INCREMENTS OF 10 DAYS. 2)DASED ON 1951 DAIA.WATANA OPERATION 3)RUN W4O20~WITH OUTFlOW TEMPERATURE FOLLOWING INFI~0W 1EMPERATURE. 4)JULY INFLOW TEMPERAIURES ESTIMATED WATANA RESERVOIR INFLOW AND OUTFLOW TEMPERATURES JUNE /SFPTEMBER ~T1 CA) (31 II TIME SCALE IS IN INCREMENTS OF 10 DT1. 2)aRSED ON 1981 DATA,WATANA OPERATION 3)RL*1 W402%WITH OUTFLOW TEMPERATURE FOLLOWING INFLCW TEMPERATURE. WATANA RESERVOIR INFLOW AND OUTFLOW TEMPERATURES OCTOBER /DECEMBER p .. -I CD C C ~•~.c~.~C ca ~:.~:~~:~.•I,~~fl C HEIGHT ABOVE BOTTUMR~E o Cfl 0 0 (31 0 (31 I,!~CA 0 0 0 0 >Lc ccc c-cmC,, -1~-~ 01 (0(0 —ma,—~rn m > m noDC-)mr C) __~~(0C >Cl) ~,r-~, ~—1 -. N fl >— 0 C,—l >-.0oC c.mmo -tm > —.Co< .ç ‘10 I-fl —~:1zr~0 —.~~xi PU rn -C Fin,irp~RzCDw=250200150100500LEGEND012345678910TEMPERATURE(CELCIUS)ALASKAPOWERAUTHORITYSEPTEMBER1.1981SUS1TNAflOJECIDTR~Sn?tDELOCTOBER1•1981WATANARESERVOIRNOVEMBER1.1981DECEMBER1.1981TEMPERATUREPROFILESDECEMBER3L1981HARZA-EBASCOJOINTVENTUREnet.11I —i__~. C) I-li I— Ct w a ~JJ 0 -J LI D 0 LEGEND’ —--fl -- z 0 20 ‘5 10 5 0 3? JUNE 9 ¶9 29 9 19 29 8 18 28 JULY AUGUST MEASURED INFLOW TEMPERATURE ACRES PREDICrED OUTFLOW TEMPERATURE Fl/C PREDICTED OUTFLOW TEMPERATURE •SEPTEMBER OCTOBER 1981 7 17 27 7 17 27 6 16 26 6 16 26 NOVEMBER DECEMBER ALASKA POWER AUTHORITY sutuwRnIJtcIT_OIPCSM.~OEL WATANA RESERVOIR INFLOW AND OUTFLOW TEMPERATURE I~ARZAE~ASCO JOINT VENTURE ~