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Home My WebLink AboutAPA2913r "'") r ALASKA DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME SUSITNA HYDRO AQUATIC STUDIES REPORT SERIES -r(\ l'~',/\·~j'-IdQ ,s~ Aro1> ~(;1\",c"2no-(A"f!.J - - ALASKA DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME SUSITNA RIVER AQUATIC STUDIES PROGRAM TECHNICAL DATA REPORT NO.12 - SUMMARY OF WATER TEMPERATURE AND SUBSTRATE DATA FROM SELECTED SALMON SPAWNING AND GROUNDWATER UPWELLING SITES IN THE MIDDLE SUSITNA RIVER ,~ Authors:Donald R.Seagren and Robert G.Wilkey Prepared for: ARLIS Alaska R ~L '"b .e;:;ource j rary &1 .£.'s",n'OlTnatlon S Anchorage Al ervICes,aska ALASKA POWER AUTHORITY 334 W.FIFTH AVENUE,SECOND FLOOR ANCHORAGE.ALASKA 99501 December 1985 ... - -~ PREFACE This report is one of a series of reports prepared for the Alaska Power Authority (APA)by the Alas ka Depa rtment of Fi sh and Game (ADF&G)to provide information to be used in evaluating the feasibility of the proposed Susitna Hydroelectric Project.The ADF&G Susitna River Aquatic Studies Program was initiated in November 1980. The studies described in this report were conducted in support of mitigation planning being done by ENTRIX,Inc.,the primary mitigation contractor.This report includes studies conducted from July 1984 through May 1985 in the middle reach of the Susitna River from Talkeetna (RM 98.0)to the mouth of Devil Canyon (RM 150.0).The study examined general habitat characteristics at selected salmon spawning and groundwater upwell ing sites during the open-water season and site specific surface and intragravel water temperatures and substrate conditions during the ice-covered season. The combined data from these open-water and ice-covered studies will be used by ENTRIX,Inc.to assist in determining the suitability of side channel and mainstem sites as replacement salmon spawning habitats to mitigate for adverse impacts to present salmon spawning and incubation habitats as a result of the proposed hydroelectric development. Questions concerning this report should be directed to: Alaska Power Authority 334 West 5th Avenue Anchorage,Alaska 99501 Telephone (907)276-0001 ARLIS Alaska Resources Library &InformatIOn ServIces Anchorage,Alaska Report Number 1 2 3 r~4 5 6 7 8 9 TITLES IN THIS SERIES Title Adult Anadromous Fish Investigations: May -October 1983 Resident and Juvenile Anadromous Fish Investigations:May -October 1983 Aquatic Habitat and Instream Flow Investigations:May -October 1983 Access and Transmission Corridor Aquatic Investigations:May -October 1983 Winter Aquatic Investigations: September 1983 to May 1984 Adult Anadromous Fish Investigations: May -October 1984 Resident and Juvenile Anadromous Fish Investigations:May -October 1984 Availability of Invertebrate Food Sources for Rearing Juvenile Chinook Salmon in Turbid Susitna River Habitats Summary of Salmon Fishery Data for Selected Middle Susitna River Sites Publication Date April 1984 July 1984 September 1984 September 1984 March 1985 June 1985 July 1985 July 1985 August 1985 - 10 11 12 Preliminary Evaluations of Potential Fish Mitigation Sites in the Middle Sus itna River Winter Studies of Resident and Juvenile Anadromous Fish:October 1984 - May 1985 Summary of Water Temperature and Substrate Data from Selected Salmon Spawning and Groundwater Upwelling Sites in the Middle Susitna River November 1985 December 1985 December 1985 - .... ,~ - SUMMARY OF WATER TEMPERATURE AND SUBSTRATE DATA FROM SELECTED SALMON SPAWNING AND GROUNDWATER UPWELLING SITES IN THE MIDDLE SUSITNA RIVER Technical Data Report No.12 by Donald R.Seagren and Robert G.Wi"!key Alaska Department of Fish and Game Susitna River Aquatic Studies Program 620 East 10th Avenue,Suite 302 Anchorage,Alaska 99501 December 1985 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES .......•••••...••••••...•••.•••.•.........•..•••.•.• LIST OF TABLES -........•.................. ix xii r~ ,- LIST OF APPENDIX FIGURES xiii LIST OF APPENDIX TABLES............................................xvi 1.0 INTRODUCTION .......•.....•.•..•......•......•.•.••fJ.e..........1 2.0 METHODS ............•...•.•.....•.•.••••.••••.••••••..•......•.2 2.1 Open-Water Studies..........................................2 2•1•1 S;te Se 1ec t ion '.. . . . . . . . . . .2 2.1.2 Instantaneous Surface and Intragraval Water Temperature.......................................10 2.1.3 General Substrate Evaluations...........................10 2.1.4 Groundwater Upwelling and Bank Seepage..................11 2.2 Ice-Covered Studies..........................................11 2.2.1 Site Selection.....11 2.2.2 Continuous Surface and Intragravel Water Temperature....12 2.2.3 Freeze Core Substrate Evaluations.......................12 2.3 Interpretation of Figures...................................16 3.0 DATA SUMMARy......••..•••.•......••.......•.........•.........17 3.1 Open-Water Studies..........................................17 3.1.1 Instantaneous Surface and Intragravel Water Temperature................17 3.1.2 General Substrate Evaluations...........................17 3.1.3 Groundwater Upwelling and Bank Seepage..................24 3.2 Ice-Covered Studies.........................................24 3.2.1 Continuous Surface and Intragravel Water Temperature...................................24 3.2.2 Freeze Core Substrate Evaluations.......................33 4.0 CONTRIBUTORS..................................................41 5.0 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS..............................................42 TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) 6.0 LITERATURE CITEDIIlI 1IlI............................43 7.0 APPEI~DICES•••••••••••••c....o.................................47 Appendix A.Salmon Spawning Utilization Data of Mainstem and Side Channel Habitats in the Middle Susitna River,1981-1984 ••....•.•.•A-I Appendix B.Site Descriptions at Continuous Water Temperature Monitoring Locations,Ice- Covered Studies,1984-1985.......................B-1 ~, ~, - - - - LIST OF FIGURES Figure Title Page 1.Map of the study area in the Susitna River basin,1984-1985."'I ••••••••••'I ••'I ••••••••••••••'I........1 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Map of the mi dd 1e Su s itna Ri ver from RM 98.0 to 101.5 showi ng study sites and open 1eads , 1984"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" Map of the middle Susitna River from RM 101.5 to 110.5 showing study sites and open leads, 1984"""""""""""""•"•"""""""""""""""""""co " • " " " " " " "IP " " " " " " Map of the middle Susitna River from RM 110.5 to 120.5 showing study sites,open leads,and datapod locations,1984 .........•....................... Map of the middle Susitna River from RM 120.0 to 128.5 showing study sites,open leads,and datapod locations,1984 .•.•.....•••...•..•....••........ Map of the middle Susitna River from RM 128.5 to 137.5 showing study sites,open leads,and datapod locations,1984 ...••••.........••..••........•.. Map of the middle Susitna River from RM 137.5 to 144.5 showing study sites,open leads,and datapod locations,1984 ....•...••.•...•.•.••.......•.•.. Maps of the middle Susitna River from RM 144.5 to 150.0 showing study sites and open leads, 1984"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" Single probe freeze core apparatus used to sample streambed substrates in the middle reach of the Susitna River,1985 ••.....••....••...•....• 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 15 - - - 10. 11. 12. Definitions of symbols used in boxplots which summarize water temperature data........................16 Frequency of occurrence of surface substrates in side channel habitats................................23 Frequency of occurrence of surface substrates in mainstem habitats....................................23 ix LIST OF FIGURES (Continued) Figure Title - 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. Mean daily intragravel and surface water temperatures (DC)recorded at Lane Creek,RM 113.6,TRM 0.1,during the ice-covered season, 1984-85 IS I(l .. Mean daily intragravel and surface water temperatures (DC)recorded at Fourth of July Creek -Site 3,RM 131.1,TRM 0.2,during the ice-covered season,1984-85 ••........•.•.•.•••.•.•••...• Mean daily intragravel and surface water temperatures (DC)recorded at Indian River - Site 4,RM 138.6,TRM 0.2,during the ice-covered season,1984-85 ....•...•••...•.........••... Mean daily intragravel and surface water temperatures (DC)recorded at Indian River - Site 3,RM 138.6,TRM 0.2,during the ice-covered season,1984-85 •••....••.•........•......... Mean daily intragravel and surface water temperatures (DC)recorded at Mainstem 2 Side Channel,RM 115.0,during the ice-covered season,1984-85 ,.;.. 25 25 26 26 27 ~, ~, - 18.Mean daily intragravel and surface water temperatures (DC)recorded at the side channel at RM 131.3.duri ng the ice-covered season, 19. 20. 21. 1984-85 iCl .O .........•.............................27 Mean daily intragravel and surface water temperatures (DC)recorded at Upper Side Channel 11 -Site 5,RM 136.0,during the ice-covered season,1984-85.............................28 Mean daily intragravel and surface water temperatures (DC)recorded at Upper Side Channel 21,RM 141.6,during the ice-covered season,1984-85 ........1IIl".. .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .. .............. .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..28 Mean daily intragravel and surface water temperatures (DC)recorded at Mainstem Susitna Ri ver,RM 118.9,du ri ng the ice-covered season,1984-85.........................................29 - - 22.Mean daily intragravel and surface water temperatures (DC)recorded at Mainstem Susitna River below Slough 9A,RM 132.9,during the ice-covered season,1984-85 . x 29 LIST OF FIGURES (Continued) Figure Title ,~ - 23. 24. 25. Mean daily intragravel and surface water temperatures (OC)recorded at Mainstem Susitna River,RM 139.0,Site 1,during the ice-covered season,1984-85.............................30 Mean daily intragravel and surface water temperatures (OC)recorded at Mainstem Susitna River,RM 139.0,Site 2,during the ice-covered season,1984-85.............................30 Mean daily intragravel and surface water temperatures (OC)recorded at the side channel at RM 117.9,during the ice-covered season, 1984-85.... .. .. .. .. .. ........ .. .. .. .. ........ .. ....... .. .. .. .. .................... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..31 26.Mean daily intragravel and surface water temperatures (OC)recorded at Mainstem Susitna River,RM 127.1,during the ice-covered season,1984-85................................................................................31 27.Mean daily intragravel and surface water temperatures (OC)recorded at Mainstem Susitna River,RM 137.5,during the ice-covered season,1984-85 ..32 28.Mean daily intragravel and surface water temperatures (OC)recorded at the side channel at RM 129.8,during the ice-covered season, 1984-85...............................................................................................32 - .... 29. 30. Boxplots of mean daily intragravel temperature data from the middle Susitna River summarized by sampling period and site classification, 1984-85 ice-covered season . Boxplots of mean daily surface water temperature data from the middle Susitna River summarized by sampling period and site classification,1984-85 ice-covered season . xi 34 34 LIST OF TABLES Table Title 3.All side channel and mainstem salmon spawning sites observed between 1981 and 1984 in the middle Susitna River and the habitat characteristics of all 1984 open-water study - 1. 2. Substrate classifications used to evaluate general substrate composition at mainstem and side channel study sites .••...•••....•..•...•.••...•.•.• Location of ice-covered study sites in the middl e Susitna River where conti nuous water temperatures were monitored and freeze-core substrate samples were collected,1984-1985 .•.......••.. 10 13 sites...................................................18 - .- 4. 5. Substrate composition of freeze core samples collected at datapod sites in the middle Susitna River,April and May 1985 .......•.....•........• Summary of substrate quality analysis of freeze core samples obtained at selected sites in the middle reach of the Susitna River, 1984-85 . xii 36 39 LIST OF APPENDIX FIGURES Appendix Figure Title A-I.Observed chum salmon side channel spawning sites between RM 100.0 and 101.0 in the middle Susitna River........................................A-3 A-2. A-3. Observed chum salmon side channel spawning site at RM 110.1 in the middle Susitna River ....••..• Observed chum salmon side channel spawning site at RM 114.0 in the middle Susitna River .•.•••..• A-3 A-4 A-4.Observed chum salmon side channel spawning sites between RM 114.5 and 115.5 in the middle Susitna River •••..•••....•........••....•~...........A-4 A-5.Observed chum salmon mainstem spawning site at RM 117.9 in the middle Susitna River.................A-5 A-6.Observed chum salmon side channel and mainstem spawning sites between RM 118.5 and 120.0 in the middle Susitna River.............................A-5 A-7.Observed chum salmon mainstem spawning site at RM 120.9 in the middle Susitna River.................A-6 A-8.Observed chum salmon side channel spawning site at RM 121.6 in the middle Susitna River.........A-6 A-9.Observed chum salmon side channel spawning site at RM 124.9 in the middle Susitna River.........A-7 A-10.Observed chum salmon side channel and mainstem spawn i ng sites between RM 128.0 and 129.0 in the middle Susitna River.............................A-7 A-ll.Observed chum and coho salmon side channel spawning sites between RM 129.0 and 129.8 in the middle Susitna River.............................A-8 A-12.Observed chum salmon side channel and mainstem spawn i ng sites between RM 129.8 and 130.5 in the middle Susitna River.............................A-8 A-13.Observed chum and coho salmon side channel spawning sites between RM 131.0 and 131.8 in the middle Susitna River.............................A-9 A-14.Observed chum salmon mainstem spawning site at RM 132.9 in the middle Susitna River.................A-9 xiii LIST OF APPENDIX FIGURES (Continued) Appendix Figure Title A-IS.Observed chum and sockeye salmon side channel spawning sites between RM 134.6 and 135.2 in the middle Susitna River ...••0.......................A-I0 A-16.Observed chum salmon side channel and mainstem spawning sites between RM 136.0 and 137.0 in the middle Susitna River.............................A-lO A-17.Observed chum salmon side channel and mainstem spawning sites between RM 137.0 and 138.0 in the middle Susitna River •••••..••.•.•••..•..•.•.•.••.A-ll A-lB.Observed chum and sockeye salmon mainstem spawning sites between RM 138.5 and 139.5 in the middle Susitna River............••••.............A-ll A-19.Observed chum salmon side channel spawning site at RM 140.5 in the middle Susitna River.........A-12 A-20.Observed chum and sockeye salmon side channel and mainstem spawning sites between Rf1 140.8 and 141.6 in the middle Susitna River ........••.•....A-12 A-21.Observed chum salmon mainstem spawning site at RM 143.3 in the middle Susitna River.................A-13 A-22.Observed chum salmon mainstem spawning site at RM 148.2 in the middle Susitna River.................A-13 A-23 General spawning habitat preference of the five species of salmon utilizing the Susitna River basin................................................A-14 xiv - - LIST OF APPENDIX FIGURES (Continued) Appendix Figure Title - 8-1. B-2. B-3. B-4. B-5. B-6. B-7. B-8. B-9. Location of datapod in a tributary habitat, Lane Creek,RM 113.6R,TRM 0.1 ...•................••. Locati on of datapod ina tributary habitat, 4th of July Creek,RM 113.1L,TRM 0.2 .•.•.•••.••..... Location of datapod in a tributary habitat, Indian River,RM 138.6L,TRM 0.2 ..•....••.•••.•....•. Location of datapod in a side channel habitat, Mainstem 2,RM IIS.OR . Location of datapod in a side channel habitat, R·M 131.3L . Location of datapod in a side channel habitat, Upper Side Channel 11,RM 136.3R ....•••.••........... Location of datapod in a side channel habitat, Side Channel 21,RM 141.6R ....••..•.•...•.•••.•...... Location of datapod in a mainstem habitat,RM 118.9L . Location of datapod in a mainstem habitat,RM 132.9R '. B-3 B-3 B-5 B-5 B-7 B-7 B-9 B-9 B-10 B-10.Location of datapod in a mainstem habitat,RM 139.0L...............................................B-10 B-11.Location of datapod in an area of an open lead with no spawning,RM 117.9L..........................B-12 B-12.Location of datapod in an area of an open lead with no spawning,RM 127.1C..........................B-12 B-13.Location of datapod in an area of an open lead with no spawning,RM 137.5L..........................B-14 B-14.Location of datapod in an area of spawning with no open lead,RM 129.8R.........................B-14 xv LIST OF APPENDIX TABLES Table Title - - - ,.... - A-I.A comparison of observed salmon spawning activity between side channel and mainstem sites in the middle reach of the Susitna River,1981-1984 ...•.•..•. xvi A-2 1.0 INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study was to provide additional data to supplement previous fish mitigation plans (Moulton et aT.1984)and to collect reconnaissance level information to allow for the design of more in-depth studies of mitigation options to insure that there is no net loss of salmon spawning habitat as a result of the operation of the proposed Susitna Hydroelectric Project. This technical data report presents a summary of surface and intragravel water temperature and substrate composition data collected at selected salmon spawning and groundwater upwelling sites in the middle reach of the Susitna River (Figure 1).Data presented in this report were collected during the open-water (July 1 to October 15,1984)and ice-covered (November 1,1984 to April 25,1985)sampling periods. Q Z~ I ! IIIL-E.. (Appro-.SClhl SUSITNA RIVER '-'4f .\ \ \ I 1, I ~I I - -DRAINAGE BOUNDARY _Io4IDDLE RIVER STUDY ~AREA I I ../ /' / / / / / ./ o ......"." """ - Figure 1.Map of the study area in the Susitna River basin,1984-1985. 1 - - ~. .... - 2.0 !vIETHODS This study was conducted in the middle reach of the Susitna River because that is where the most significant changes in the physical characteristics of aquatic habitats are expected to occur.The study focused on mainstem and side channel habitats because they are the primary areas where repl acement spawni ng habitats may become avail ab le under with-project flow conditions.Tributary habitats were included in the ice-covered study for comparison of water temperature and substrate characteristics with salmon spawning areas in mainstem and side channel habitats.Open lead areas,as an indicator of spawning sites,have not been delineated in tributaries.Therefore,tributary habitats were not included in the open-water surveys.Tributary habitats are not expected to be affected by changes in mainstem discharge (Trihey 1983). 2.1 Open-Water Studies 2.1.1 Site Selection Sixty-two side channel sites and 27 mainstem sites were selected for reconnaissance level surveys of general habitat characteristics during the 1984 open-water studies (Figures 2-8). Fifty study sites were selected from aerial photos of mainstem and side channel habitats in the middle reach that contained open leads during the ice-covered period.Open leads in the mainstem Susitna River are considered to be indicators of either thermal influences resulting from the presence of groundwater upwelling,or high water velocities. Upwelling related open leads were used as indicators of possible salmon spawning areas based on the prefe~ence of chum salmon to select ground- water upwelling areas for spawning (Kogl 1965;Bakkala 1970;Vincent- lang et al.1984;Vining et al.1985).Open leads resulting from thermal influences were initially identified in the mainstem and side channels of the middle reach of the Susitna River by E.Woody Trihey and Associates (EWT&A)using aerial photographs from March 1983 (Trihey 1984)• An additional 39 study sites were selected based on an evaluation of 1984 salmon spawning utilization data at middle river mainstem and side channel sites.This evaluation enabled us to determine the extent of utilization of each of the initially selected sites by spawning salmon and to locate additional spawning sites not identified from open leads on aerial photos.The 1984 spawning survey data were useful in locating potential sites due to the high escapement and relatively clear water conditions. The following classification of mainstem and side channel sites was developed: 1.Open leads that have been utilized for salmon spawning; 2 w ,, Wl/isJrers Crtl6/f CAUl/Ina A li'i~"r -----.... •River MilernOpenLeod ~ "'?...... £- <:<''''? Figure 2.Map of the middle Susitna River from RM 98.0 to 101.5 showinq study sites and open leads,1984. I J f .1 )J •!•I I I J i 1 t 1 I .1 8 .~ TALKEETNA STATION "G.8L •Ri.er Mile !m Open Lead SUS/TNA R/VER-- A I06.2R RM 105 '- -~iqure 3.Map of the middle Susitna River from RM 101.5 to 110.5 showinq study sites and open leads,1984. - 4 - - - RM 120 E ·l..-;:,fiH"----119 .I L foff«/+.----119.7 C 119.4L 'iN--+----I/S.9Lo 119.8L •River MileeOpenLead &Datopod 117./C--" 115.1 R IIS.0R ~ o e---114.4R f1\T~---114.0C 113.8 C 112.2 L Fiqure 4.Map of the middle Susitna River from RM 110.5 to 120.5 showinq study sites,open leads,and datapod locations, 1984. 5 127.IL 127.IC 6 126.0R G /25.IR /25.0R F 128.6R 124.9C •River MilemOpenlead 8 Oafapod 121.6R .'•--CURRY ;'{\.'STATtONE - ""'" FiCjure 5.~1aD of the middle Susitna River from RM 120.0 to 128.5 showinq study sites,open leads,and dataDod locations,1984. 6 - 136.0R 6 ~--13S.2R J3S.IR .!is.OR "'---134.6R H •River Mile ml Open Lead &Ootopod ;.'TJI'~~""--136.IR 133.7 R 134.0L 136.3R &1375L [30.0R G H 133.0R 1iI'~-..4-~-13J.7l "I¥..i~-~_131.5L /32.9R .~~-129.8R & J31.8l Fiqure 6.Mao of the middle Susitna River from RM 128.5 to 137.5 showing study sites.onen leads.and datanod locations.1984. 7 - £141.6R •River Mile Em Open Lead&Octopod J 139.7R 141.4R J ....tt--/41.0R 140.8R 140.5R ~.,.. ,,,,'li' .!{. :l'I & Ind/on Rll"er Fiqure 7.Map of the middle Susitna River from R~137.5 to 144.5 showing study sites.open leads.and datapod locations.1984. - 8 K .,.....--148.2C •River Mile 1m Open lead ·,." .~. - Fiaure 8.Map of the middle Susitna River from RM 144.5 to 150.0 showinQ study sites and open leads,1984. 9 - ,~ 2.Open leads that have not been used for salmon spawning;and 3.No open leads but salmon spawning had occurred. Sites in each classification were evaluated for the purposes of the initial reconnaissance surveys. 2.1.2 Instantaneous Surface and Intragravel Water Temperature A single series of instantaneous surface and intragravel water tempera- ture measurements were made at five arbitrarily se 1ected 1oca ti ons in each study site for general comparison of water temperatures between sites.The measurements were made using a Digisense Model 8522-10, digita 1 thermi star thermometer,and a Yell ow Spri ngs Instrument (YSI) Model 419 stainless steel probe.Intragravel water temperatures were taken at a depth of about 10 inches,the average egg deposition depth for chum salmon (Vining et al.1985).These data were used as a measure of suitabil ity of the incubation habitat in each site.In locations where it was difficult or impossible to push the probe in to a depth of 10 inches due to 1arge substrate or cementati on of substrate,the probe was inserted only as deep as possible.Surface water temperatures were taken as near as possible to the middle of the water column.These.data were used for general comparisons between sites. 2.1.3 General Substrate Evaluations General substrate evaluations were conducted by two observers who recorded their visual assessment of the substrate types present throughout each study site.Substrate evaluations were conducted when the mainstem discharge,as measured at Gold Creek,approximated the proposed surruner project di scharges of 9,000 to 12,000 cfs.Thi s resulted in a better assessment of the wetted area of substrate under anticipated project conditions and also provided better visibility conditions due to clearer water at these discharges in 1984.The substrate evaluation was based on the size classification scheme presented in Table 1. Tilble 1.Substrate c1ilssii1cations to evaluate ge"eral substrate cOlllposition at r,ainstelll and side channel study sites. Substrilte Code Substrate Description Size SI s i1 t very fine SA sand fines SG sma 11 gravel 1/4"-1" LG large gravel 1"-3" RU rubb 1e 311 -5" CO cobble 5"-10" BO bou 1de r greater than 10" 10 Substrate data are presented to provide a general comparison of all the sites surveyed. 2.1.4 Groundwater Upwelling and Bank Seepage Both groundwater upwell ing and bank seepage contribute to a suitable spawning and incubating habitat for chum salmon(Kogl 1965;Bakkala 1970; Vincent-Lang et al.1984;Vining et al.1985).Groundwater upwell ing and bank seepage are important because they prevent dewatering and freezing of redds,stabilize the incubation environment,and increase the rate of exchange of water to replenish dissolved oxygen and remove metabolic wastes (Vining et al.1985).For these reasons,locating areas of groundwater upwelling and bank seepage are important for identifying potential mitigation sites. The presence or absence of groundwater upwelling and bank seepage areas were recorded during foot surveys of each study site.Groundwater upwelling was usually observed as water percolating through the sub- strate of a site.It is most readily apparent in areas of silt or sand where the flow of water could be easily observed as a bubbling action. In areas of substrate with little silt or sand,groundwater upwelling was observed as a current circulating through the water column if the water was calm and/or _the upwelling strong enough.Bank seepage appeared as a lateral movement of water from the banks of a site. Observing groundwater upwelling in mainstem sites was difficult,there- fore,several approaches were used to di scern its presence at a study site.First,a visual assessment of the presence or absence of groundwater upwell ing or bank seepage was made at the study site.If the visual assessment failed due to the presence of larger substrates, turbid water,and/or high water velocities,winter aerial photos were used to assess the presence of groundwater upwelling at these sites by the presence or absence of open leads.During winter,open leads in the ice cover due to thermal influences are known to be associated with the presence of upwelling (Vincent-Lang et al.1984).Thus,study sites that exhibited open leads on March,1983 aerial photographs and also have historically had salmon spawning activity (Appendix A),were assumed to be affected by thermal influences resulting from upwelling. In some areas,open leads may be a result of high water velocity rather than upwelling.If water velocities appeared to be a controlling factor,and there was no apparent upwell"ing and no historical chum sa lmon spawni ng was reported,then the open 1ead was assumed to be a result of water velocity and was not considered further in this study. 2.2 Ice-Covered Studies 2.2.1 Site Selection The ice-covered study used the 89 sites surveyed during the open-water period as a basis for site selection. 11 - - The site selection process for the ice covered studies involved two steps.The first step divided the middle reach of the Susitna River into the following three subreaches:Talkeetna (RM 97.0)to Curry (RM 120.5);Curry (RM 120.5)to Gold Creek (RM 136.6);and Gold Creek (RM 136.6)to the mouth of Devil Canyon (RM 150.0).These subreaches were established so that selected sites would be equally distributed through- out the middle reach of the Susitna River.The second step included dividing the initial sites into primary and secondary sites.Primary sites included side channel and mainstem habitats,that exhibited both upwelling and salmon spawning activity,and tributary spawning habitats. Secondary sites were limited to side channel and mainstem habitats and included:1)sites that exhibited upwelling but had no salmon spawning activity;and 2)sites that had spawning activity but exhibited no upwelling.Within each subreach,a primary site,representing each habitat type (mainstem,side channel,and tributary),as well as a secondary site,representing each classification,was selected for monitoring of surface and intragravel water temperatures and substrate composition (Table 2). The ·number of winter study sites was limited by the number of temperature recorders available for continuous monitoring of surface and intragravel water temperatures. 2.2.2 Continuous Surface and Intragravel Water Temperatures Surface and intragravel water data were collected at each ice-covered study site.A continuous record of surface and intragravel water temperatures was obtained using Omnidata Model 2321 two channel tempera- ture recorders (datapod).These temperature recorders were installed and operated continuously following the procedures outlined -in ADF&G (1983b),Keklak and Quane (1985),and Keklak and Withrow (1985). Continuous surface and intragravel water temperatures were measured at one location in each site with the exception of Indian River which had two sites.One Indian River site (datapod #3)was initially installed in a chinook salmon spawning site for another ADF&G study.Monitoring of temperatures was continued for this study to obtain temperatures on a spawning site used only by chinook salmon.The second Indian River site (datapod #4)was installed in a coho,chum,and pink salmon spawning area. 2.2.3 Freeze-Core Substrate Evaluations The freeze-core substrate sampling technique (Walkotten 1976;Everest et ale 1980)was selected for this study for the following reasons: 1)it allows sub-sampling of the freeze-core at varying incre- ments of depth; 2)it is versatile,functions under a wider variety of weather and water conditions; 12 Table 2.Location of ice-covered study sites in the middle Susitna River where continuous water temperatures were monitored and freeze-core substrate samples were collected,1984-1985. Sub Reach I (Talkeetna to Curry) Site Name River Mile a Geographic Code Primary: Secondary: Tributary spawning area Lane Creek 113.6 R/TRM 0.1 S 28N 05W 12 DAA Side Channel spawning area with open leads Mainstem 2 115.0 R S 23N 04W 06 BAB Mainstem spawning area with open leads Susitna River at 118.9L 118.9 L S 29N 04W 16 COD Open lead Without Spawning Side Channel at 117.9L 117.9 L S 29N 04W 29 AAA Sub Reach II (Curry to Gold Creek) Pri mary:Tributary spawning area 4th of July Creek 131.1 LlTRM 0.2 S 30N 03W 03 DBA Side Channel spawning area with open lead Side Channel at 4th of July Creek 131.3 L S 30N 03W 03 ADD I-' Mainstem spawning area w with open lead Susitna River at 132.9R 132.9 R S 30N 03W 01 BAD Secondary:Open lead Without Spawning Susitna River at 127.1C 127.1 C S 30N 03W 09 ACB Spawning Without Open lead Side Channel at 129.8R 129.B R S 30N 03W 20 ADC Sub Reach III (Gold Creek to Devil's Canyon) Primary: Secondary: Tributary spawning area Indian River b 138.6 LlTRM 0.2 S 31N 11W 09 CAB Side Channel spawning area with open lead Side Channel 21 141.6 R S 31N 02W 02 AAB Mainstem spawning area with open lead Susitna River at 139.0L 139.0 L 5 31N 02W 09 DAC Open lead Without Spawning Susitna River at 137.5L 137.5 L S 31N 02W 17 ACB a L ~Left Bank,looking upstream R =Right Bank,looking upstream C =Center Channel TRM =Tributary River Mile b Indian River had two study sites,one on each side of the river.The left bank site (Datapod #3)was a chinook spawning area. The right bank site (Datapod #4)was a spawning area utilized by chinook,coho,chum,and pink salmon. ~I }!I ~~I I 1 ~I ,1 J J .... -~ - 3)the metal probe of the freeze-core techni que provi des easy penetrati on of the 1a rge and cemented substrates present at many sites;and 4)it allows for accurate sampling of sediments less than 0.062 mm (Walkotten 1976)• The only change made in the freeze core system described by Wa 1 kotten was the use of steel probes instead of copper.This modification was made because steel probes were more durable. Substrate samples were collected above,below,and near the temperature recorder at arbitrarily selected locations in each winter study site. Freeze core samples were collected to a depth of 16 inches at each location using a single probe freeze-core apparatus as described in Walkotten (1976)(Figure 9).A depth of 16 inches was selected to encompass the average redd depth for all sa 1mon speci es (Seagren and Wilkey 1985,Appendix Table 0-2). Substrate core samples were obtained by discharging an entire 20 lb. tank of CO into the probes before extracting the sample.This procedure us~allY took about 10 minutes.Frozen substrate samples were then extracted from the streambed using a tripod and hand operated winch.Cores were thawed using portable propane heaters and split into two samples,the top 8 inches and the bottom 8 inches,to obse rve differences in composition with depth (Everest et al.1980,1981; Scrivener and Brownlee 1981). Freeze core samples were taken to the Alaska Department of Transporta- tion (ADOT)Central Materials Testing Laboratory for analysis.Sieve analysis of the samples were done using the standard method of sampling and testing procedures (T27-82 and TI1-82)of the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Offi,cials (1982).The analysis was performed using a series of seven sieves with the following mesh sizes: 127,76.2,25.4,2.0,0.84, 0.50,and 0.062 mm.The sieve size selection was based on the previous AOF&G studies (Vining et al.1985) as well as recommendations from Wendling (1976),Shirazi and Seim (1980),Lotspeich and Everest (1981),Everest et al.(1981),and Platts et al.(1983).After sieving,the dry weight of each size class of substrate was measured to the nearest gram and expressed as a percentage of the total weight. The quality of spawning gravels obtained from freeze core samples was then compared to one another using a fredle index.The fredle index,is the number which results when the geometric mean particle size of a sample is divided by the sorting coefficient (a measure of the dis- tribution of grain sizes)in the sample.This index incorporates the influence of texture on two fundamental properties of spawning gravels - pore size and permeability -that influence survival.Pore size and permeabil ity regulate intragravel water velocity and oxygen transport to incubating salmonid embryos and control intragravel movement of alevins. Pore size,rather than porosity,was chosen as a component of the quality index because pore size (and permeability)is directly propor- tional to mean grain size while porosity has been shown to be indepen- 14 PROBE - rr,"iIIl'OLO ...-1/1&-...DIU."(IIUI(WI •• ftCIJllrO"ClD CLOTH COV""(O NOll "'-.. " .~201..AlU.,INIUU CA.IOIlI-OIQIi'IOl r ..tl [M rUlliluUISI1[N NOZZLE ARRAY DETAIL ....... U1 i•~; :: ~ ! I .1 II ,I "••II "" 1/,"·1/••,0 hell,......C..",.... 8 I..,"-.LI I Z" IMII 11.,". NOn,[ .oot·DI......Hof,Ie "'.utlll!.tZo· c..""At..,1MIII ""... o .Illa..TUI.N' .17,10 G.b • •111"1.0. tlQZ III A••A Y o '.,()0 0..•"0 •..'0 0 ~ Cl. .(7•0 0 '"q, 0 .; 0°.()0 0 cr00 ,V o ~O· o''b 15 t!J 1/1 D 00 c>.(/. 0..,". [J. u e?.. .. •0" o oo • "0,~•0 .11 •" o 0 "',• "°1 ,.~0 '.O. t:;)'"Q.0 ..~•"\"D" 0 CJ '.0/0'.tl CJ C...:J a .'.,.. (?•'".'0 '"q 0 o D •• C' o p ~''''.'".,'.a"p,,;o,0.:.,:0 0 •Ii: .0 •••'"O"~'"..III ••~"...Ql O· o p •c2 •0 •c>0"0, .",.0 p'tP.o I ...Qt. C>.() 0..(] ~...." ~0" . 0 0 0 0 '" (;) I "•a " ~.0 I?CJ 1/," 0 0 .,:J °0 ", .0 •\l ...•p 0 .", 0 0 (.>Q : "D lJ C>0 0 . o ,.Do '" Figure 9.Sinqle probe freeze core apparatus used to samnle streambed substrates in the middle reach of the Susitna River.1985 (ada~ted from Walkotten 1976). J I ~.!;I _r !I I I j I .1 I I 1 , - ,~ dent of grain size.The fredle index has been used by Lotspeich and Everest (1981),Everest et a 1.(1981),and Pl att et a 1.(1983)to evaluate the reproductive potential of spawning gravel. A fredle index was derived for each freeze core sample by entering the raw data from the sieve anal ys is into a computer program deve loped by Porter and Rogers (1984).This program provides a concise summary of the indices which describe the textural composition of spawning gravels in each sample. 2.3 Interpretation of Figures Boxplots are used in this report to summarize water temperature data. The format basically follows that used by Velleman and Hoaglin (l981). The boxplots,as presented here,were computer generated by a micro- computer program called MINITAB (Ryan et a1.1981).Water temperature data from each study site comprise a data batch,which is ordered from lowest value to highest.Specific symbols used in the boxplot figures are explained in Figure 10. ----T-----__________1 (.,.1 , _ !/"~---.-----'~\ d a ~b e c R~presentat he Term ..o lower and upper hinges (about 25 percent of the way in from each end of an ordered batch) H-spread (the difference between the hinges;middle half of the da ta ba tcn) minimum adjacent value =minimum observed value greater than (lower hinge -(1.5 x H-spread)] maximum adjacent value =maximum observed value less than [upper hinge'"(1.5 x H-spread)] median (middle value of the batch) outside value (outside of the adjacent values) far outside value-outside of the following range: lower hinge -(3 x H-spread) upper hinge'"(3 x H-spread) ()notches (represent approximately a 95 percent confidence I imit about the median): median ~1.58 x (H-spread)/-vrl Fiqure 10.Definitions of symbols used in boxplots which summarize water temnerature data. -16 - 3.0 DATA SUMMARY 3.1 Open-Water Studies The following section contains a summary of data that was collected during the open-water studies at 89 potential mitigation sites in the middle reach of the Susitna River from July 1 to October 15,1984.Of the 89 sites surveyed,62 were side channel habitats and 27 were mainstem habitats.Spawning activity and groundwater upwelling was observed at 18 of the 62 side channel sites (Table 3),while nine of the 27 mainstem sites were similarly classified.Ten of the side channel and eight of the mainstem sites had neither observed spawning activity nor groundwater upwelling present.A total of nine side channel and two mainstem sites had groundwater upwelling present with no observed spawning. 3.1.1 Instantaneous Surface and Intragravel Water Temperature The instantaneous surface and intragravel water temperature ranges recorded at each site (n=5)during the open-water sampling period are presented in Table 3.In both side channel and mainstem habitats, surface water temperatures were warmer than intragravel water temperatures early in the season and the difference between the two become less as the ice-covered period approached.During the open-water sampl ing period,surface water temperatures at side channel habitats ranged from 3.2 to 12.3°C and intragravel water temperatures ranged from 3.3 to 8.6°C (n=205).During the same time period,surface water temperatures at mainstem habitats ranged from 2.9 to 12.7°C and intragravel water temperatures ranged from 3.0 to 12.3°C (n=90).The highest recorded temperature for both surface and intragravel water in mainstem habitats was recorded at RM 143.3L,an area where.spawning occurred but there were no open leads.Further studies indicated that, under present conditions,this site was a peripheral habitat unsuitable for incubation due to dewatering and freezing. 3.1.2 General Substrate Evaluations Substrate types given in Table 3 are presented in order of their abundance at the site.Some study sites only had two substrate types present and others had as many as four. Both si de channel and ma i nstem habi ta ts exhi bit s imil ar substrate patterns (Figures 11 and 12).Rubble-cobble-boulder substrate (3"to 10")predominate in both habitat types.Side channel habitats have an approximately equal number of sites containing rubble (3"to 5")and cobble (5"to 10")substrate while mainstem habitats contain a greater number of sites with cobble substrate.In comparing spawning with non-spawning areas in both habitats,the same trends appeared. Substrates at mainstem habitats appear to be more cemented with fine silts and sands than side channel habitats.Side channel and mainstem sites generally contain larger substrate (rubble-cobble-boulder,3"to greater than 10")than tributary spawning habitats (small gravel -large gravel-rubble,!"to 5").There are areas of suitable substrate in all 17 Table 3.All side channel and mainstem salmon spawning sites observed between 1981 and 1984 in the middle Susitna River and the habitat characteristics of all 1984 open-water study sites. Groundwater Bank Ope"Water Temperature Range Limits (OC)e Years f Rivera Habitat b Sample Upwell i ng Seepagec Lead Spawning Mile Type Date (Yes/No)(Yes/No)(Yes/No)Substrated Surface Intragravel Observed 100.5 R SC 10-8-84 N Y Y CO-RU-BO 4.2 -4.9 4.7 -5.1 1981 100.9 R SC 10-8-84 N N N RU-CO-BO 3.5 -5.0 4.0 -6.4 1984 101.2 R SC 10-8-84 N N N RU-CO-BO 3.9 -4.6 4.4 -5.2 1984 102.0 L SC 10-8-84 Y Y N CO-BO-RU 3.9 -4.3 3.3 -3.9 102.5 L SC 10-8-84 N N Y CO-BO 105.8 L MS 10-8-84 N N N BO-CO 2.9 -3.0 3.0 -3.2 106.2 R MS 10-8-84 N N Y BO-CO 3.1 -3.2 3.4 -3.5 I-'11 0.1 L SC 10-8-84 N N N SI-RU-CO 3.2 -4.0 5.2 -5.7 1984 CD 110.8 L SC 10-8-84 Y N Y RU-CO-BO 3.9 -4.5 5.0 -5.4 112.2 L MS 9-14-84 N N Y RU-CO-BO-LG 6.8 -6.9 6.9 -7.0 112.7 L MS 9-14-84 N N N RU-CO-BO 7.2 -7.4 6.2 -6.9 113.1 L MS 9-14-84 N N N RUcCO-BO 113.5 C SC 9-14-84 N N Y LG-RU-CO 6.7 -6.8 6.3 -7.0 113.8 C MS 9-14-84 N N N RU-CO-BO 114.0 C SC 9-14-84 Y Y Y SG-LG-RU 7.1 -7.3 4.1 -7.1 1984 114.4 R SC 9 --Y ---1984 114.5 R SC 9 --Y ---19B4 114.6 R SC 9-14-84 N N Y SA-RU-CO-BO 6.B -7.5 4.5 -7.4 1982. 1983.1984 115.0 R SC 9-14-84 Y N Y RU-CO-BO --1982. 1983.1984 115.1 R SC 9-14-84 Y N Y BO-CO-RU 6.9 -8.9 5.5 -B.6 1983.1984 115.4 R SC g - - Y ---1984 1 ,;J t .~I J J );~.J ]J ~I I 1 I ~]]J B J j j )1 Table 3 (Continued). Habi tat b Croundnater Bank Open Water Temperature Range LImits (OC)e Years f Ri vera Sample Upnell ing Seepage C Lead Sub.trated Spanning Mile Type Date (Yes/No) (Yes/No)(Yes/No)Surface lntragravel Observed 115.9 L MS 9-14-84 N N Y CO-BO-RU 6.3 -7.7 4.6 -5.1 117.1 C SC 9-14-84 N N N SA-RU-CO 117.9 L SC 9-14-84 Y Y Y RU-CO-BO 7.2 -7.8 5.7 -7.3 117.9 R MS 9-14-84 Y N N CO-BO --19B4 118.9 l MS 9-14-84 Y Y Y CO-BO-RU 7.1 -7.2 5.2 -7.1 19B3,1984 119.1 L MS 9-18-84 N N Y LC-RU-CO 7.8 -8.0 7.6 -7.9 1984 119.4 L SC 9-18-84 Y N Y SA-LG-RU-CO 7.0 -8.2 5.3 -7.6 1984 119.7 C SC 9-18-84 N Y N SA-LG-RU-CO 8.0 -8.5 5.3 -7.4...., \.0 119.8 L SC 9-18-84 N N Y LG-RU-CO 8.0 -8.2 6.9 -8.2 1984 120.9 L MS 9-18-84 N N N --1984 121.6 R SC g - - N ---1984 123.1 R MS 9-13-84 N N Y RU-CO-80 7.5 -7.6 7.5 -7,6 124.0 L SC 9-12-84 Y N N SI-RU-CO 7.2 -8.7 4.4 -8.4 1984 124.9 C SC 9-12-84 Y N Y LG-RU-CO 7.5 -10.9 4.5 -5.5 1984 125.0 R SC 9-18-84 Y N Y RU-CO-BO 7.5 7.1 -7.5 125.1 R SC 9-18-84 N N Y LG-RU-CO 7.4 -7.6 7.6 -8.4 127.0 L SC 9-18-84 Y N Y LG-RU-CO 5.7 -7.4 5.9 -7.4 127.1 L SC 9-18-84 N N Y LG-RU-CO 7.2 -7.3 7.3 -7.7 127.1 C SC 9-18-84 Y N Y LG-RU-CO 6.4 -7.1 3.7 -7.6 127.8 R SC 9 --Y ---1984 Table 3 {Continuedl. Habi tatb Ground"ater Bank Open Water Temperature Range limits ("Cl e Years f Ri vera S"ample Upwelling SeepageC Lead Substrate d Spawning Mile Type Oate (Yes/Nol (Yes/No)(Yes/Na)Surface Intragrave1 Observed 128.3 R MS 9-18-84 N N Y --\984 128.6 R SC 9-\7-84 Y N Y RU-CO-OO 5.7 -8.4 4.7 -5.9 1982,1984 128.7 R SC 9 Y N Y -.-1984 129.2 R SC 9-17-84 N N N RU-CO-BO 7.6 -7.7 7.7 -7.8 1981 129.8 R SC 9-17-84 N N Y SA-RU-CO-LG 7.2 -9.5 4.8 -7.5 1981,1982,1984 130.0 R SC 9-17-84 Y N Y ---1981,1984 130.5 R SC 9-17-84 Y N Y CO-BO-RU 7.8 -8.5 5.6 -7.8 .1984 131.0 R MS 9 N N N ---1984 N 131.0 l SC 9-17-84 Y Y Y SA-RU-CO 6.7 -7.\4.3 -6.0 1981,1982, 1983,1984 Cl 13\.1 l SC 9-\7-84 Y N N SA-LG-RU 6.4 -7.3 4.3 •5.3 1981, 1982,1984 13\,2L SC g --Y ---1984 131.3l SC 9-17-84 Y Y Y RU-lC-CO 4.6 -7.1 4.6 -7.0 1982, 1983,1984 13\,SL SC 9-17-84 Y N Y RU-LC-CO --1984 131.6 L SC 9 --Y ---1981. 1982,1983,1984 131.7l SC 9-17-84 N N N RU-CO 6.5 -6.6 6.9 -7.0 1984 131.8 L SC 9-12-84 N N N RU-CO 6.5 -6.6 7.0 1984 132.9 R MS 9-17-84 Y N Y RU-CO-BO --1984 133.7 R SC 9-17-84 N N Y RU-CO-80 7.1 6.5 -7.2 134.0 L SC 9-17-84 Y Y Y LC-RU-CO 7.1 -8.5 5.1 -5.8 134.6 R SC 9-17-84 N N Y RU-CO-BO 6.7 -6.9 6.5 -7.0 134.7 R SC 9 N N Y 1984 :~I I J ,~,J m 1 J J !J J ]I I ~ j 1 1 I j i J ]I 1 J 1 1 1 1 Table 3 (Continued). Groundwater se~~~~ec Open Water Temperature Range Limits (DC)e Years f River d Habi tatb Sample Upwelling Lead Substrated Spawning Mile Type Date (Yes/No) (Yes/No)(Yes/No)Surface Intragravel Observed 135.0 R SC 9-17-84 N N Y LG-RU-CO 6.8 -6.9 5.2 -7.1 1984 135.1 R SC 9-17-84 N N Y LG-RU-CD 135.2 R SC 9-17-84 N N Y RU-CO 135.4 R SC 9-17-84 N N N SI-LG-RU 6.6 -6.8 6.3 -7.1 136.1 R SC 9-17-84 Y N Y SA-LG-RU-CO 4.9 -5.4 4.0 •6.1 1981,1982,1983,1984 136.3 R SC 9-17-84 N N Y ---1981,1982,1983,1984e 136.5 R SC 9 N N Y ---1981, 1982, 1983,19M 136.8 R MS 9-1S-84 N N Y RU-CO-BO 8.7 -10.1 6.3 -7.3 19B3,1984 N I-'137.4 R SC 9-15-84 N Y Y SA-RU-CO-BO 10.4 -12.3 4.7-8.1 137.5 L MS 9-15-84 Y N Y SA-BO-CO 10.4 -11.6 4.7 -8.1 138.0 L MS 9-15-84 y N Y LG-RU-CO --1982 138.3 L MS 9-15-84 N Y y LG-RU-CO 9.6 -9.8 7.8 -8.2 1982,1984 138.7 L MS 9-15-84 N Y Y CD-BO-RU 8.8 -9.0 7.9·8.1 1982, 1983,1984 138.8 L MS 9 --Y ---1984 139.0 L MS 9-11-84 N Y Y RU-LG-CO 7.7 -8.6 5.3 -6.6 1982, 1983,1984 139.4 L SC 9-11-84 N N Y RU-LG-CO 8.S 7.6-8.1 1984 139.7 R SC 9-15-84 Y N Y SA-RU-CO-BO 7.7 •8.0 6.9 -7.7 140.S R SC 9-15-84 N N Y CD-BO-RU --1984 140.8 R SC 9-1S-84 N N N CO-BO-RU --1981,1982,1983,1984 141.0 R SC 9-15-84 Y Y Y BO-CO-RU-LG 7.4 -7.S 7.4 -7.S 1981, 1982,1983,1984 N N Table 3 (Continued). Habitatb Croundwater Bank Open Water Temperature Range Limits (OC)e Years f Rivera Sample Upwel1i ng SeepageC Lead Substrated Spawning Hile Type Date (Yes/No)(Yes/No)(Yes/No)Surface Intragravel Observed , 141.2 R HS 9-15-84 Y Y Y CO-BO-RU 7.4 -7.5 7.4 -7.5 141.4 R SC 9-15-84 Y N Y SI-CO-80 5.3 -5.7 4.5 -5.4 1981,1982,1983,1984 141.6 R HS 9-15-84 N N Y RU-CO-BO 7.2 -7.3 7.2 -7.8 1984 141.6 R SC 9-15-84 Y N Y SA-RU-CO-BO --1981,1982,1983,1984 143.0 L HS 9-11-84 Y N N RU-CO 9.3 7.4 1984 143.3 L HS 9-11-84 Y N N CO-80 8.S -12.7 7.4 -12.3 1982,1984 148.2 C HS 9-11-84 N N N CO-BO 6.8 -7.1 6.9 -7.4 1982 L =Left Bank,looking upstream R =Right Bank,looking upstream C =Center Channel b HS =Hai nstem SC =Si de Channel c Identified from aerial photos made In Harch 1983. d Substrate size classification as described In Table I,in the methods section. e Sample size equals 5.A single reading Indicates all recorded temperature values were identical. Source -ADF&G (1981),AOF&G (1983a),Barrett et al.(1984),and Barrett et al.(1985). g Not sampled,spawning survey data only. No spawning observed. No data available. J J !I 1 ):,I I I 1 I J J J •1 ,1 I I 50 ].~j J ]1 J 1 »J J SI SA SG LG RU CO 80 SUBSTRATE CLASSIFICATION N W UIo Z UI Q:~ Q:(/) ::>w 0"- 000 0LL- I.L..0 00:: )-wO~ Z::l U1Z ::>~ ow 0: I.L.. O ALL SIDE CHANNEL HABITATS VI71I SIDE CHANNEL HABITATS lim THAT HAD SPAWNING 40 30 20 10 o SI SA SG LG RU CO BO SUBSTRATE CLASSIFICATION 20 w o Z UI 15 Q:(ii Q:w=>..-0-O(/) O~10 l.L..o:: Ow )-m O:Eziw__5 ::>o UI Q: I.L.. O II 'i o ALL MAINSTEM HABITATS rrm MAIN STEM HABITATS 'tJJJJ THAT HAD SPAWNING Fiqure 11.Frequency of occurrence of surface substrates in side channel habitats.Individual substrate types within each study site were weighted equally in this figure regardless of their abundance. FiCJure 12.Frequency of occurrence of surface substrates in mainstem habitats.Individual substrates within each study site were weighted equally in this figure reqardless of their abundance. sites that coincide with the recommended size range for salmon spawning (1/2 11 to 411 )(Reiser and Bjornn 1979;Lotspeich and Everest 1981;and Platts et al.1983). 3.1.3 Groundwater Upwelling and Bank Seepage The results of foot surveys that were conducted during the open-water season to confi rm the presence or absence of groundwater upwell i ng or bank seepage at mainstem and side channel habitats are presented in Table 3.Of the 52 side channel sites that were surveyed during the open-water season,groundwater upwelling or bank seepage was observed at 29 (54%)side channels.Thirty-nine (75%)side channels had open leads during the winter.Four sites (14%of the sites with groundwater upwelling)had groundwater upwelling and no open leads on winter aerial photos of the sites.There were 15 sites (38%of the sites with open leads)that exhibited open leads in the winter but had no visible upwelling.Upwelling may be present in these sites but was not observed,possibly due to the difficult survey conditions.It appears that seven side channel sites have open leads that are all or partially controlled by water velocity. Of the 25 mainstem sites that were surveyed during the open-water season,11 (44%)had groundwater upwelling or bank seepage.Open leads were evident on aerial photos of 16 (64%)of the mainstem sites during the ice-covered period (Table 3).At 3 mainstelll sites,groundwater upwelling was observed during the open-water season and no open leads were apparent on winter aerial photos.Eight sites (50%of those with open leads)had open leads during the ice-covered period and no evidence of groundwater upwell ing observed during open-water sampl ing.This indicates that either upwelling is present but not observed possibly due to the difficult observation conditions present at mainstem sites,or that water velocity is the controlling factor.It appears that open leads in nine mainstem sites may be controlled,all or in part,by water vel oci ty. 3.2 Ice-Covered Studies 3.2.1 Continuous Surface and Intragravel Water Temperature Mean daily intragravel and surface water temperatures recorded by datapods at each sampling site in the middle reach of the Susitna River during the 1984-85 ice-covered sampling season indicate that similar trends occur for intragravel and surface water temperatures over time (Figures 13 through 28).In general,surface and intragravel water temperatures dropped in all sites from September through late October or early November.Then the temperatures rose slightly and stabil ized. Intragravel water temperatures were generally warmer than surface water temperatures at this time.Intragravel water temperatures of aoe or below were record in tributary,side channel,and mainstem spawning areas (Figures 13,14, 15,16,17, 19,22 and 23).No intragravel water temperatures less than or equal to ooe were recorded at open lead areas in mainstem and side channel habitats where no spawning had occurred (Figures 25,26 and 27). 24 - """ ~i _. ~' - - - LANE CREEK (RM 113,6) SPAWNING SITE 7 --IIEAII DAILY IIITIIAGIIAVEL -----IIEAM GAILY SUJt'ACE .ATEII, s lAJ 3 0:: ::l I-a et Q: lAJ I no ~ UJ 0 I- et:-I UJ I--2et ~ -3 -s ~•I, I I,, ", SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY - ,.,.. ! 7 s U 10 lAJ 3 et: => I-a 4 et: UJno ~ UJ I- et:-\ LLI I--24 ~ -3 -1 -5 Figure 13.Mean daily intragravel and surface water temperatures (OC)recorded at Lane Creek,RM 113.6,TRM 0.1,during the ice-covered season,1984-85. FOURTH OF JULY CREEK (RM 131.1;TRM 0.21 SPAWNING SITE --"EA"CAlLY INTRAGRA\lEL -----"E"'..DAILY SUJt''''CE WATEII SE?OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY Figure 14.Mean daily intragravel and surface water temperatures (OC)recorded at Fourth of July Creek-Site 3,RM 131.1 f. TRM 0.2,during the ice-covered season,1984-85. 25 ,",,' --Ill.....C...ILY IIITlI lI ...VEL ___._111"'"DAILY aUlI'Cl ....TlII INDIAN RIVER -DATAPOD 4 (RM 138.6 i TRM 0.2) SPAWNING SITE 1'$l7'- MAYAPRMARFEBJAN 7 I 5 (,)i0 bJ S a:: :::I...2 0( a:: bJ I Q. ~ bJ 0... a::-I bJ...-20( ~ -3 -i -5 SEP OCT NOV DEC Figure 15.Mean daily intragravel and surface water temperatures (Oe)recorded at Indian River-Site 4,RM 138.6,TRM 0.2,during the ice-covered season,1984-85. INDIAN RIVER -DATAPOD 3 (RM 131.1) SPAWNING SITE ---Ill.....DAILY IIITltA.lt...YlL -----1I1AII DAILY aUII'...CE ....Tllt '"-------_.,----------.... (,) 0 6 LLJ Sa:: :::I...i<a:: LLJ 3 Q. :E LLJ 2... IX:1 LLJ...0<~ -[ -2 -3 SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY Figure 16.Mean daily intragravel and surface water temperatures (OC)recorded at Indian River-Site 4,RM 138.6,TRM 0.2,during the ice-covered season,1984-85. 26 7 5 U 0 t.... l.LI Sa:: :::l I-2-ta:: l.LI 1 Q.. :E l.LI D I- a::-I l.LI I--2-t ~ -3 -i -5 MAINSTEM 2 SIDE CHANNEL (RM 115.0) SPAWNING SITE,OPEN LEAD --IIEAN DAILY IIIT•••ItAVIL ----_IIf.N DAILY IUIt'ACI WATllt ~',---vIj__-- '.~ SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY Figure 17.Mean daily intragravel and surface water temperatures (OC)recorded at Mainstem 2 Side Channel,RM 115.0, during the ice-covered season,1984-85. FOURTH OF JULY SIDE .cHANNEL (R M 131.3) 7 SPAWNING SITE,OPEN LEAD --IIr.AII DAILY IIITItA."AVfL -----IIfAII DAILY IUIt'ACf WATllt 5 uo 1 LIJa::S :::l ....2-ta:: l.LI Q.. ~ I.IJ.... a::-1 I.IJ....oct -2 :J -3 -5 ----,.--,,---,-----_I'...---'--~ Figure 18.Mean daily intragravel and surface water temperatures (OC)recorded at the side channel RM 131.3,during the ice-covered season,1984-85. - SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY 27 UPPER SIDE CHANNEL II (RM 136.0) SPAWNING SiTE,OPEN LEAD Mean daily intragravel and surface water temperatures (DC'recorded at Upper Side Channel 11 -Site 5,RM 131.3,during the ice-covered season,1984-85. UPPER SIDE CHANNEL 21 (R M 141.6 ) 7 SPAWNING SITE,OPEN LEAD MAYAPRMARFEBJANDECNOVOCT __IIEAII OAILY IIITIIAellAYEL -----IIEAII DAILY IUII'ACE WATEIl --IIEAII DAILY IIITIlA811AYEL -----IIEAII DAILY IUIIP'ACE WATElt -.--IIIIIAII DAILY IIITIlAellAYEL '1l01EII .-.-.----IIII£AII DAILY IUII'ACE '1I0ZEII Figure 19. 7 6 0 5 0 .. lAJa:3:;:) ~«2a: lAJ (l. :t lAJ ~ a:-I lAJ ~«-2 ~ -3 -t -!i SEP - MAYAPRMARFEBJANDECNOV • "t, "",J," ,t ,'.f \1 I "I,"I- \,-,It •I r ,It ,l"l 1\I,I II" \ I ~It.:V"/'~~1 ":~~'"I'\~,'tI",1\."I I\.f l'\.I I I'II"I \,/''"\_./".1./ 0 0 lAJ a: :;:) ~2«a: lAJ (l. ~ lAJ ~ a:-1 lAJ ~-2« ~ -] -t -5 SEP OCT Figure 20 .Mean daily intragravel and surface water temperatures .(DC)recorded at Upper Side Channel 21,RM 141.6, during the ice-covered season.1984-85. 28 - 7 5 oo UIa::, ::J.... eta:: UI Q.::e UI 0.... a::-1 LU....et -2 :t -3 -5 MAINSTEM SUSITNA RIVER AT RM 118.9 SPAWNING SITE,OPEN LEAD --MEAN DAllY INTRAGIlAVEl -----MEAN DAilY SU·IlFACE WATER ".}'"~,..._,....4'...~-..........."",...'*,--.... SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY Figure 21.Mean daily intragravel and surface water temperatures (OC)recorded at Mainstem Susitna River,RM 118.9 during the ice-covered season,1984-85.. MA'NSTEM SUSITNA RIVER AT RM 132.9 11 SPAWNING SITE,OPEN LEAD .- 7 oo 2 a::-I LU l-et -2 :t -3 --MEAN DAllT INTRA.IlAVEl -----MEAN DAILY SURFACE WATER -••-MEAN DAilY INTIlAliRAVEl FIlOZEN \~ y \ \ ~ ", SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY Figure 22.Mean daily intragravel and surface water temperatures (OC)recorded at Mainstem Susitna River below Slough 9A,RM 132.9,during the ice-covered season,1984-85. 29 MAINSTEM SUSITNA RIVER AT RM 139.0 e SITE I SPAWNING SITE.OPEN LEAD 7 --"lEAN DAILY IIOTRAGRAVIEL -----IIIEAN DAiu IUR,.ACIE WATIER _••-IIIEAIi DAILY UlTRAGRAVlEl FIIOZIEN ••••••••-MIEAN DAILY SURFACIE FROZIEH 5u o ~1 l&J a:! :J ~ c(2 a: l&J CL. :E l&J D ~ It:-\ l&J ~ c(-2 ~ -t -s I""" SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MA'I' 7 (.) 0 5 l&Ja: :J ~! c( a: l&J 2 CL. :E l&J ~ a: l&J ~ c(-I ~ -2 -3 Figure 23.Mean daily intragravel and surface water temperatures (Oe)recorded at Mainstem Susitna river,RM 139.0,Site 1,during the ice-covered season,1984-85. MAINSTEM SUSITNA RIVER AT Rill 139.0 SITE 2 SPAWNING SITE.OPEN LEAD --II£AIO llAllY INTIlAliRAVlEl -----IIIEAIII DAILY SURFACIE WATlR I I I I I d I I , I ~",:~\~ - ~- Fi~ure 24.Mean dai1y intraqrave1 and surface water temperatures (·C) recorded at Mainstem Susitna River t RM 139.0 t Site 2 t during the ice-covered season t 1984-85.Site 2 temperature probes were insta11ed after Site 1 probes were damaged by ice movement. 30 5 P OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY - - - SIDE CHANNEL AT RM 117.9 OPEN LEAD,NO SPAWNING --IIIEAN D"'lY "'TIt"'"AVEL _____III[AIi DAllY .UIIF"CI .ATIlII 5 u o t wa: ;:) I-2ex:a: w a.. ~0W I- a:-\ W I--2C( ~ -3 -t ,...-----,..... SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR'MAY Figure 25.Mean daily intragravel and surface water temperatures (OC)recorded at the side channel at RM 117.9,during the ice-covered season,1984-85. MAINSTEM SUSITNA RIVER AT RM 1271 7 OPEN LEAD,NO SPAWNING --IIIEAN DAilY INTIIA.IIAYll -----MEA N DAIl.Y 'UltFACIl .ATIlIt u 0 t Wa: ;:) I-ex:a: I.LJ a.. ,~~ W I- a:-1 W I--2ex: ~ -3 --I -5 SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR,APR ,,,, t.' MAY Figure 26.Mean daily intragravel and surface water temperatures (OC)recorded at Mainstem Susitna River,RM 127.1, during the ice-covered season.1984-85. 31 hlAINSTE M SUSITNA RIVE R AT R hi 137.5 OPEN LEAD,NO SPAWNING --.-lilA..DAILY IliTIlA81lAYlL -----1111011 DAILY IUIlFACI .ATIIl ••_--.-.1111011 DAILY IUIl'ACI:FIIOZr.lI I U Ii o ~- ,"'-",..,.,, ..1-,o SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY - Figure 27.Mean daily intragravel and surface water temperatures (OC)recorded at Mainstem Susitna River,RM 137.5, during the ice-covered season,1984-85. s SIDE CHANNEL AT RM 129.8 SPAWNING SITE,NO OPEN LEAD --lIEAN DAILY INTIIAGIIAVIL - ----lIEA/II DAILY IU"'ACI .ATIII u o ~-2 W ~ <C -3 ~ I I J I I I J r .... SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY Figure 28.Mean daily intragravel and surface water temperatures (Oc) recorded at the side channel at R~129.8,durino the ice- covered season,1984-85.Data collected was limited due to dewatering and freezing. 32 ~, --------------------------- - -I - r, I -I r Mean daily intragrave1 and surface water temperatures are summarized in boxp1ots (Figures 29 and 30).A complete presentation of these data are included in Kek1ak and Withrow (1985).The three sample periods correspond to the following general time frame:1)Period I -the cooling period in the fall to freeze up;2)Period II -the man ice- covered season;and 3)Period III -the warming period in the spring prior to break-up.In general,intragrave1 water temperatures were warmer than surface water temperatures ina 11 site c1 ass ifi cati ons,in each period.Areas of open leads with no spawning had the warmest i ntragrave 1 and surface water temperatures duri ng peri ods II and II 1. This indicates that water temperature does not appear to be a limiting factor for salmon spawning at these sites.Intragrave1 water tempera- tures are important to the incubation and development of salmon embryos and a1evins at spawning areas during the winter (Vining et a1.1985). Water temperature and di ssol ved oxygen affect the rate of development, survival rate,and timing of emergence of incubating salmon embryos. Surface water temperature is important only to the extent that surface water influences intragrave1 water temperatures and as an indicator of upwelling. 3.2.2 Freeze Core Substrate Evaluations The composition of substrate samples collected at all sites are pre- sented in Table 4.Based on our limited sampling effort,the substrate composition of salmon spawning areas in tribu~ary,side channel,and mainstem sites in this study were similar.The predominant substrates collected were greater than 2.0 mm in size and only a small percent of the substrates were less than 2.0 mm.The substrate composition of one sample collected at Lane Creek was different from the general trend observed.At this site,53%of the substrate was less than 0.62 mm. Mainstem and side channel sites that had open leads during the ice- covered season and no reported salmon spawning during open-water samp1 ing,had sl i ght1y smaller substrates.The majority of substrates in these sites were between 2.0 mm and 127 mm.Only a small percentage of the substrates were ei ther small er than 2.0 mm or greater than 127 mm.It appears that there is a slight increase with depth in the percent of fines found in the samples.No freeze core substrate samples were collected at sites that had spawning but no open leads (i.e.Side Channel 129.8R)due to dewatering and freezing of the substrates. The results of the substrate quality analysis (fred1e index)are pre- sented in Table 5.This analysis is based on the entire 16 inch freeze core sample at each site.No clear trends were obvious in substrate quality with depth,in any of the habitats.A general comparison of the four indices (geometric mean particle size,sorting coefficient,percent finer than 1.0 mm,and fredle index)of substrate composition between site classifications that were sampled yields the following results. 1.The average.geometric mean particle size was largest in tributary habitats and smallest in areas of open leads and no spawning.Mainstem spawning habitats had an average geometric mean similar to that of areas with open leads and no spawning. 33 --.:i""i:li--t r-'-,\ d 0 '---."..-/b •• o PERIOD OF RECORDPERIODI D 'LOWE.HINGE tlI a UPPE"-HUIiIG[ ".II K ..!I"'U:.aD 11\II "~UUMV"AO",.aCENT VALUE •"II1AIIMIIM AD""AC[Nf ....."i.U£ ",.a "EDI."" (1-,~....C.I A80uT TME M(o,aN ••OUTSIDE "''''LU[ 0",aft OUTSIOE VALUE - TRIIUTART L-----!:::====::J==~==C=====~~------SP ...WNING SITES I I (+I I (0 •1121 ,/1I1~-10/!1 /14 SlOE CH"'NNEL SPIl.WNtNG.OPEN LE"'DS (0 •41 7) 00 0 0 0 ......-il+Ti-10/11/84 -10/31 /8~ .....INS7E .. SP ...WNING,OPEN LEADS (0 •5!I -I (+I 1---10/12/84 -10/31/84 0.0 PERIOD II TRIBUT...RY SP ...WNING 51 TES (0'411) SIDE CH"'NNEL SP ...WN lNG,OPEN LE"'DS ... (0 •441411 0.1 1.4 2.1 -tC+1 0 (+I ~.6 6.3 1.0 7.7 11/1/84-2/28/85 III 1/84 -2/28/85 "AIN STE""~-------I:=~~=}-----SPAWNING,OPEN LEADS _..--••....I [+1 I (0 •!421 11/1/84 -2/28/8S MAINSTEM ..SIDE CHANNEL OPEN LEADS,NO SP .....NING 10'2451 ( +1 11/7/14-2/28/85 -~.O -4.0 -3.0 -2.0 -1.0 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 PERIOD m TRI BUTARY -- SP ...WNING SITES -I (+1--••!/1/8S -4/25/8S (o '114)-- SIDE CHANNEL SP"'WNING,OPEN LE"'DS I (+1 I !/ I /8 S •4 /2!/15 (o •1!6) W...INSTEM SPIl.WNING,OPEN LE"'OS -1 (+-1 3 /1/8S •4 /25/8 S 10 • I 5!) .....IN5TEM a 51 DE CH"'NNEL OPEN LE"'OS,NO SP ...WNING ---I (•I I !/1/85.4/25/85 (0'70) 0.0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.0 2.4 2.8 3.2 3.6 INTRAGRAVEL WATER TEMPERATURE ( 0 C ) Figure 29.Boxplots of mean daily intragravel temperature data from the middle Susitna River summarized bv samolinq period and site classification, 1984-85 ice-covered season.Data from the site with spawninq but no open lead was insufficient for analysis. 34 - """ -a .."OWl!""nUl! iii·U"l!.tll ...[ 11:-"'''.''.[.0 ••M""I11UII AO""'CEN"......LyE •...........U...Ao",..eENf VALY[ +--11[0101." {,.'5~C.L ••our THE W(OIA .. •II'OUTSIDE "'''iI.\I[ 0 ..''1111 OUtS'DE YALU£ a - ",.. PERIOD I TRIBUTARY SPAWNING SIUS 10 •lOS I SIDE CHAIIIIEL SPAWNING,OPEN LEADS i ••'7 I lIIAINST"EIII SPAWNING,OPEN LEADS \••471 PERIOD II TRIlUTAIlY SPAWNING SITES In·385) SIDE CHANNEL SPAWNING,OPEl<LEADS In.451 I + I (+I --~-[IJI=:!t:I1:J.---- -2.0 -1.0 0.0 1.0 2.0 ~.O 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 .-~----.. OOC>..- -..- • - -...--------!C=:II~.I)==J---- PERIOD OF RECORD 9/1/84.10/31/14 10/11/14.'0/31/14 10/12/84.10/31/14 11/1/84.2/21/85 11/1/84-2/28/85 IIIAINSTEIol SPOWNI NG,OPEN LEADS <XC 0000000 0 a O<XCO 0 «n'310. MAIN STEW I!lo SIDE CHANNEL O.PEN LEADS,NO SPAWNING (••237 I •••----lOlO))11----- • --~-- 11/1/84.2/21/85 11/7/84 • 2 /28/85 -4.9 -4:2 -3.5 -2.8 -2.1 -1.4 -0.7 0.0 0.7 1.4 2.1 PERIOD m TRIBUTAIlY SPAWNING SfTES In.114) SIDE CHANNEL SPAWNING,OPEN LEADS In'149 I IIIAINSTElII SPAWNING,OPE N LEADS I.'148 ) IIAINSTElII II SIDE CHANNEL OPEN LEADS,NO SPAWNING 000. In'II Z) ...... iiti- ...-It+-1--.....a>OO -(-+)11-----••--a ( t I 5 / I /·85 •4 /2S /85 5 / I /85 •4 /ZS /85 S/I/8S·4 /25/85 5 / I /15 •4 /B /85 -4.2 -3.5 -2.8 -1.4 -0.7 0.0 0.7 1.4 2.1 2.8 3.5 4.2 SURFACE WATER TEMPERATURE (·e) '""' Figure 30.Boxplots of mean daily surface water temperature data from the middle Susitna River summarized by sampling period and site classification,1984-85 ice-covered season.Data from the site with spawninq but no ODen lead was insufficient for analysis. 35 Table 4.Substrate composition of freeze core samples collected at datapod sites in the middle Susitna River April and ~lay 1985.• ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Substrate size classes (rom) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- !Total !>127 !127-76.2 I 76.2-25.4!25.4-2.0 I 2.0-0.84 !0.84-0.5 !0.5-0.062!<0.062 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Sampling!Dry !Dry I Dry I Dry I Dry I Dry I Dry !Dry I Dry Site a Date !wL I wt.%!wt.%!wt.%I wt.%!wt.%I wL %!wt.%I wt.% (River mile)Area (y/m/d)!(g)I (g)Toto I (g)ToLl (g)Tot.!(g)Toto!(g)ToLl (g)Tot.!(g)Toto I (g)Tot.! ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Lane Creek 1A 850411 22325 19374 87 0 0 1289 6 809 4 233 1 112 1 141 1 367 2 (l13 .6R)2A 850411 5446 0 0 2397 44 1594 29 1117 21 149 3 54 1 108 2 27 0 TRM 0.1 3A 850411 9979 0 0 1976 20 956 10 1301 13 257 3 61 1 93 1 5335 53 1B 850411 2907 0 0 0 0 1887 65 596 21 145 5 95 3 142 5 42 1 2B 850411 22777 17281 76 3383 15 879 4 872 4 179 1 70 0 84 0 29 0 3B 850411 3037 0 0 0 0 1390 46 1079 36 187 6 105 3 164 5 112 4 bFourthofJuly 2A 850424 9366 3969 42 0 0 4177 45 903 10 153 2 60 1 85 1 19 0 w Creek 2B 850424 6090 0 0 4023 66 902 15 709 12 189 3 78 1 139 2 50 1 m 031.1L) TRM 0.2 Indian River 1A 850417 3817 0 0 0 0 2240 59 1242 33 157 4 75 2 93 2 10 0 Site 4 2A 850417 6540 2987 46 0 0 1335 20 1393 21 354 5 267 4 193 3 11 0 (l38.6L)3A 850417 6250 0 0 0 0 2899 46 2320 37 424 7 212 3 253 4 142 2 TRM 0.2 lB 850417 4227 0 0 1612 38 1548 37 773 18 135 3 67 2 79 2 13 0 2B 850417 12823 0 0 9443 74 1326 10 1496 12 236 2 112 1 197 2 13 0 3B 850417 14700 9436 64 0 0 2633 18 2012 14 170 1 168 1 260 2 21 0 Ind ian River 1A 850417 12845 8694 68 774 6 1767 14 1024 8 158 1 55 0 49 0 324 3 Site 3 2A 850417 15311 11188 73 0 0 2461 16 1290 8 199 1 83 1 79 1 11 0 (l38.6L)3A 850417 14348 10868 76 1079 8 1864 13 505 4 10 0 5 0 10 0 7 0 TRM 0.2 1B 850417 30563 24435 80 0 0 3440 11 1962 6 390 1 160 1 141 0 35 0 2B 850417 17148 12077 70 1281 7 1510 9 1690 10 342 2 116 1 110 1 22 0 3B 850417 6276 0 0 1301 21 3746 60 944 15 129 2 73 1 71 1 12 0 Mainstem 2 1A 850403 7861 0 0 3090 39 2928 37 1033 13 100 1 30 0 544 7 136 2 Side Channel 2A 850403 8884 0 0 1477 17 3252 37 2352 26 307 3 124 1 947 11 425 5 (l15.0R)3A 850403 1603 0 0 0 0 1010 63 406 25 25 2 8 0 114 7 40 2 1B 850403 2795 0 0 0 0 1269 45 1210 43 95 3 27 1 165 6 29 1 2B 850403 7132 0 0 0 0 3299 46 2353 33 182 3 205 3 960 13 133 2 3B 850403 8724 0 0 5677 65 1527 18 999 11 123 1 40 0 302 3 56 1 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ !~I I ~.~1 !1 ~I ~1 1 I I I 1 ]1 ]1 j I 1 j 1 ) Table 4 (Continued). -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------~------------ Substrate si~e classes (mm) ---------------------------------------------------------~--------------------------------------- !Total 1 >127 1 127-76.2 !76.2-25.4!25.4-2.0 !2.0-0.84 !0.84-0.5 !0.5-0.0621 <0.062 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Sampling !Dry 1 Dry I Dry !Dry !Dry !Dry !Dry !Dry !Dry Site Date !wt.I wt.%!wt.%I wt.%I wt.%!wt.%!wt.%!wt.%I wt.%I (River mile)Area (y/m/d)!(g)I (g)Tot.I (g)Tot.!(g)Tot.I (g)Tot.!(g)Tot.!(g)Tot.!(g)Tot.1 (g)Tot.! ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Side Channel lA 840429 7517 0 0 0 0 5015 67 2154 29 96 1 38 1 160 2 54 1 at Fourth of 2A 840429 5233 0 0 1993 38 887 17 1357 26 470 9 200 4 272 5 54 1 July Creek 3A 840429 18058 12157 67 685 4 3350 19 1005 6 84 0 35 0 543 3 199 1 (131.3L)lB 840429 20428 14817 73 2207 11 2133 10 821 4 129 1 52 0 193 1 76 0 2B 840429 6333 0 0 1500 24 2861 45 1391 22 266 4 121 2 167 3 27 0 3B 840429 6741 0 0 2720 40 1912 28 1269 19 259 4 109 2 375 6 97 1 Side Channel 21 lA 840424 13962 6151 44 919 7 4218 30 1668 12 286 2 215 2 477 3 28 0 (141.6R)2A 840424 15822 9988 63 0 0 3532 22 1682 11 218 1 84 1 285 2 33 0 w 3A 840424 25450 20250 80 1532 6 2123 8 1211 5 161 1 57 0 94 0 22 0 -.....J IB 840424 10431 0 0 6200 59 1901 18 1324 13 243 2 118 1 552 5 93 1 2B 840424 5293 1709 32 0 0 2273 43 840 16 112 2 60 1 243 5 56 1 3B 840424 19797 11250 57 5928 30 999 5 1146 6 204 1 88 0 160 1 22 0 Sus itna River lA 850411 11053 4189 38 1082 10 3905 35 1161 11 107 1 51 0 396 4 162 1 at 118.9L 2A.850411 4241 0 0 0 0 2176 51 1489 35 99 2 40 1 389 9 48 1 (118.9L)3A 850411 14203 0 0 11864 84 797 6 840 6 114 1 58 0 410 3 120 1 IB 850411 2890 0 0 0 0 1218 42 1250 43 127 4 35 1 180 6 80 3 2B 850411 4322 3110 72 0 0 142 3 708 16 102 2 28 1 185 4 47 1 3B 850411 6747 2780 41 0 0 2149 32 1176 17 146 2 56 1 396 6 44 1 Sus itna River lA 850424 7398 0 0 0 0 4754 64 1643 22 256 3 137 2 496 7 112 2 at 132.9R 2A.850424 12689 3467 27 1668 13 3799 30 2235 18 338 3 269 2 781 6 132 1 (132.9R)3A 850424 6519 0 0 2372 36 2215 34 1517 23 75 1 40 1 269 4 31 0 IB 850424 15561 11018 71 0 0 2952 19 1095 7 0 0 148 1 291 2 57 0 2B 850424 12034 5107 42 2118 18 1803 15 1955 16 277 2 185 2 430 4 159 1 3B 850424 6726 0 0 2403 36 2508 37 1312 20 100 1 44 1 284 4 75 1 Sus itna River 1A 850417 2233 0 0 0 0 1058 47 915 41 123 6 44 2 82 4 11 0 at 139.0L 2A.850417 11017 0 0 5603 51 3298 30 1333 12 163 1 66 1 478 4 76 1 (139.0L)3A 850417 15997 9982 62 2212 14 2307 14 1223 8 102 1 49 0 101 1 21 0 IB 850417 2987 0 0 0 0 1973 66 766 26 97 3 40 1 91 3 20 1 2B 850417 9836 0 0 6508 66 1286 13 1132 12 222 2 152 2 529 5 7 0 3B 850417 9207 0 0 5143 56 2177 24 1127 12 208 2 138 1 355 4 59 1 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Table 4 (Continued). Substrate size classes (mm) !Total I >127 !127-76.2 !76.2-25.4!25.4-2.0 !2.0-0.84 !0.84-0.5 !0.5-0.062!<0.062 Site (River mile) Sampling!Dry Date !wt. Area (y/m/d)!(g) Dry I wt. !(g) Dry %!wt. Tot.!(g) Dry %!wt. Tot.!(g) Dry %!wt. Tot.!(g) Dry %!wt. Tot.!(g) !Dry %!wt. Tot.!(g) Dry %I wt. Tot.!(g) Dry %!wt. Tot.!(g) ! %! Tot.1 Side Channe 1 at 117.9L (117 .9L) 1A 2A 3A 1B 2B 3B 850410 850410 850410 850410 850410 850410 7281 1309 14793 7375 1780 1864 o 0 o 0 12236 83 o 0 o 0 o 0 1900 26 o 0 o 0 2953 40 o 0 o 0 3774 52 588 45 1391 9 1837 25 763 43 504 27 953 13 405 31 719 5 1526 21 651 37 937 50 91 53 37 190 47 121 1 4 o 3 3 6 52 26 14 99 26 48 1 2 o 1 1 3 416 6 218 17 318 2 583 8 243 14 215 12 95 19 78 187 50 39 1 1 1 3 3 2 w CO Susitna River b 1A at 127.1C 2A (127.1C)IB 2B 850425 850425 850425 850425 4411 3273 15813 2151 o 0 o 0 12556 79 o 0 o o o o o o o o 1869 42 216 7 2511 16 157 7 1909 43 2143 65 158 1 1065 50 77 246 70 118 2 8 o 5 34 105 61 148 1 3 o 7 486 11 443 14 413 3 651 30 36 120 44 12 1 4 o 1 Upper Sideb Channe 1 11 at 136.0R (136.0R) 1A 850501 2A 850501 1B 850501 2B 850501 16581 2624 4942 9645 6427 39 o 0 o 0 o 0 6409 39 o 0 o 0 5737 59 1453 9 821 31 2630 53 2464 26 1152 7 887 34 1537 31 939 10 240 1 472 18 316 6 206 2 133 179 94 79 1 7 2 1 599 240 257 174 4 9 5 2 168 25 108 46 1 1 2 o Susitna River at 137.5L (l37.5L) 1A 2A 3A 1B 2B 3B 850501 850501 850501 850501 850501 850501 30925 11641 6613 15674 7780 9736 19344 o o o o o 63 2500 8 o 5305 46 o 827 13 o 11893 76 o 4777 61 o 5870 60 213 1 2664 23 2060 31 1396 9 599 8 832 9 3423 11 2277 20 2428 37 1549 10 1340 17 1837 19 792 289 267 272 201 321 3 2 4 2 3 3 654 296 182 169 132 279 2 3 3 1 2 3 1199 673 709 277 622 483 4 6 11 2 8 5 2800 137 140 118 109 114 9 1 2 1 1 1 a The numbers identify the three freeze core samples taken at each site and their relative location _(1)furthest downstream,(2)near data pod,and (3)furthest upstream.The letters identifv the unDer (A)and lower (R)8 inch subsamples of the 16 inch freeze core samrles that were taken at each site. b Limited data due to difficult samDlinq conditions (i.e.frozen substrate or core strinninq of the nrohes). •• j J i !~J )!J ).~,1 ~J m t11 j ]j 1 j J J t J 1 ]-I I 1 Table 5.Summary of substrate quality analysis of freeze core samples obtained at selected sites in the middle reach of the Susitna River.1984-85. Mean Geometric Total Mean Sample Particle Percent Sample Weight Size Sorting Fredle Finer Than Site Classification Site Size (gm)(mm)Coefficient Index 1.0 mm Tributary Lane Creek .a 3 2215.70 86.80 13.16 52.69 16.94 Spawning Areas 4th of July Creek 1 1546.00 64.60 1.83 35.35 3.09 Indian River #3 3 3216.37 128.92 1.88 71.09 1.47 Indian River #4 3 1611 .90 47.32 2.40 20.86 4.88 Side Channel Mainstem 2 3 1233.30 27.89 2.35 14.00 10.83 Spawning Areas Side Channel at wi th Open Leads 4th of July Creek 3 2143.67 66.64 2.42 27.93 5.33 Upper Side Channel 11 #1 a 1 2152.00 55.84 2.21 25.25 6.67 Upper Side Channel 11 #2 a 1 1227.00 34.82 2.08 16.75 6.82 Side Channel 21 3 3025.17 97.75 2.07 51.19 3.76 w Mainstem Susitna River at 118.9L 3 1448.53 47.76 2.62 23.09 7.00 ~Spawning Areas Susitna River at 132.9R 3 2030.90 50.62 2.59 19.45 6.54 with Open Leads Susitna River at 139.0L 3 1709.23 50.85 1.90 26.93 5.22 Side Channel and Side Channel at 117.9L 3 1146.73 50.86 2.54 23.57 11.24 Mainstem Sites with Susitna River at 127.1C #l a 1 2022.00 90.86 2.51 36.15 5.41 Open Lead and Susitna River at 127.1C #2 a 1 542.00 4.40 5.20 0.85 28.19 No Spawning Susitna River at 137.5L 3 2745.63 34.21 2.63 13.34 11.39 a Sampling problems limited the number of freeze cores collected at these sites.Due to the small sample size,each freeze core was analyzed individually.The results are the mean of a sample size of one instead of three. 2.The sorting coefficient,used to quantify the distribution of grain sizes in gravels,is a useful indicator of a gravel's reproductive potential for salmonids (Lotspeich and Everest 1981).A sorting coefficient greater than one implies that pores between large grains are filled with smaller grains that restrict permeability.The sorting coefficient is inversely proportional to permeability.Side channel and mainstem spawning sites with open leads had the lowest and most closely related average sorting coefficients,indicating less fine parti cl es f"j 11 i ng the pore spaces between 1arger parti cl es. Tributary spawning habitats had the largest average sorting coefficients. 3.Areas of open leads with no spawning had the largest average percentage of fi nes 1ess than 1.a mm.The other three site classifications,tributary,side channel,and mainstem spawn- ing areas,generally had less than half the percentage of fines then non-spawning areas. 4.Tributary spawning habitats had the largest average fredle index of all habitat types.The other three site classifica- tions had almost identical average fredle index numbers.The average fred 1e index number in the other sites wa s rough ly half of that found in tributary habitats. 40 - ,.... - I"'" ~, 4.0 CONTRIBUTORS Adult Anadromous Project Leader Data Processing Project Leader Graphi cs Typi ng Staff Editor Data Collection Data Analysis Text 41 Bruce M.Barrett All en Bingham Carol Hepler Roxann Peterson Peggy Skeers Vicki McCall Bobbie Greene Joe Sautner Drew Crawford Sheri fI'lethven Pat IViorrow Don Seagren Barry Stratton Bob Hilkey Tommy Withrow Allen Bingham Don Seagren Bob Wilkey Don Seagren Bob Wilkey """ - - - 5.0 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Special appreciation is extended to the following people for their contribution to this study: Steve Crumley,Elizabeth Bradley,and Tim Jennings of Entrix, Inc.for their assistance in data collection and-helpful insights into the use of the freeze core sampler. State of Alaska,Department of Transportation,for assistance in analyzing substrate samples at their laboratory facility. Carol Kerkvliet of Woodward Clyde Consultants for her assistance in winter field data collection. 42 6.0 LITERATURE CITED Alaska Department of Fish and Game (ADF&G).1981.Adult anadromous fisheries project (June-September 1981).Susitna Hydro Aquatic Studies.Phase 1 final draft report.Subtask 7.10.Alaska Department of Fish and Game,Anchorage,Alaska. 1982.Susitna Hydro Volume 2 (2 of 2: and Game,Anchorage, .1983a.Adult anadromous fi sh studi es,--......Aquatic Studies.Phase 2 final report. Appendi ces A-H).Alaska Department of Fi sh Alaska. 1983b.Winter aquatic studies (October Susitna Hydro Aquatic Studies.Phase 2 report. of Fish and Game,Anchorage,Alaska. 1982-May 1983). Alaska Department American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. 1982.Standard Methods of Sampling and Testing.13th edition. Washington,D.C. Bakkala,R.G.1970.Synopsis of biological data on the Oncorhynchus keta (Wa·\baum)1972.U.S.Depa rtment USF&WS.FAO Species Synopsis No.41,Circular 315. D.C.89 pp. chum sa 1mon, of Interior. Washington, '- Barrett,B.M.,F.M.Thompson,and S.N.Wick.1984.Adult anadromous fish investigations:May-October 1983.Susitna Hydro Aquatic Studies.Report No.1.Alaska Department of Fish'and Game, Anchorage,Alaska. 1985.Adult salmon investigations: Aquatic Studies Program.Report No.6. and Game,Anchorage,Alaska. May-October 1984.Susitna Alaska Department of Fish .... - Blakely,J.S.,J.S.Sautner,L.A.Rundquist,and N.E.Bradley.1985. Salmon passage validation studies (August-October 1984).Susitna Aquatic Studies Program.Addendum to Report No.3,Chapter 6. Alaska Department of Fish and Game,Anchorage,Alaska. Everest,F.H.,C.E.McLemore,J.F.Ward.1980.An improved tritube cryogenic gravel sampler.Res Note PNW-350.Portland,Oregon: U.S.Department of Agriculture,Forest Service,Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station,8 pp. Everest,F.H.,F.B.Lotspeich,and W.R.Meehan.1981.New Perspective on Sampling,Analysis,and Interpretation of Spawning Gravel Quality.Presented at the Symposium on Aquisition and Utilization of Aquatic Habitat Inventory Information.Portland,Oregon. Hale,S.S.1981.Freshwater habitat relationships of chum salmon (Onchorhynchus ketal.Alaska Department of Fish and Game,Habitat Division,Resource Assessment Branch.Anchorage,Alaska. 43 Keklak,T.,and T.Quane.1985.Appendix F:Winter temperature data. Volume 2 in:C.C.Estes,J.Sautner,D.S.Vincent-Lang editors. Winter aquatic investigations (September 1983-May 1984).Susitna .Aquatic Studies Program.Report No.5.Alaska Department of Fish and Game,Anchorage,Alaska. Keklak,T.,and T.Withrow.1985.Continuous water temperature investigations.Susitna Aquatic Studies Program.Task 29 and 37, Support Technical Report.Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Anchorage,Alaska. Kogl,D.R.1965.Springs and groundwater as factors affecting survival of chum salmon spawn in a sub-arctic stream.Master's thesis. University of Alaska,Fairbanks,Alaska. Lotspeich,F.B.,and F.H.Everest.1981.A new method for reporting and interpreting textural composition of spawning gravel.Res. Note PNW-369.Portland,Oregon:U.S.Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Stati on,11 pp. McNeil,W.J.,and W.H.Ahnell.1960.Measurement of gravel composition of salmon streambeds.Fisheries Research Institute,College of Fisheries,University of Washington,Seattle,Washington.Circular No.120.Prepared for U.S.Department of the Interior,Fish and Wildlife Service,Bureau of Commercial Fisheries.Contract #14-17-008-96. Moulton,L.L.,L.A.Rundquist,S.C.Crumley,and N.E.Bradley.1984. Susitna Hydroelectric Project Fish Mitigation Plan.Woodward-Clyde Consultants.Prepared for Harza-Ebasco Susitna Joint Venture. November,1984.Document No.2466,Susitna File No.4.3.1.4. Anchorage,Alaska. Platts,W.S.,W.F.Megahan,and G.W.Minshall.1983.Methods for evaluating stream,riparian,and biotic conditions.Gen.Tech. Rep.INT-138.Ogden,Utah:U.S.Department of Agriculture,Forest Service,Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station.70pp. Porter,P.E.,and J.R.Rogers.1984.A computer program to characterize the textural composition of salmonid spawning gravel. Presented to American Fisheries Society,Alaska Chapter Annual Meeting 1984.Forestry Sciences Laboratory,Juneau,Alaska. Reiser,D.W.,and T.C.Bjornn.1979.Influence of forest and rangeland management in anadromous fi sh habitat in western North Ameri ca. Number 1.Habitat requirements of anadromous salmonids.United States Forest Service General Technical Report PNW-96.Portland, Oregon. Ryan,T.A.,Jr.,B.L.Joiner,and B.F.Ryan.1981. manual.Minitab Project,The Pennsylvania University Park,Pennsylvania. 44 Minitab reference State UniversitYt - - - ..... - Sandone,G.,D.S.Vincent-Lang,and A.Hoffmann.1984.Evaluation of chum salmon spawni ng habitat in sel ected tri butary mouth habitats on the middle Susitna River,Chapter 8 in:C.C.Estes,and D.S. Vincent-Lang,editors.Aquatic habitat and instream flow investigations,May-October 1983.Susitna Hydro Aquatic Studies. Report No.3.Alaska Department of Fish and Game,Anchorage, Alaska. Sautner,J.,L.J.Vining,and L.A.Rundquist.1984.An evaluation of passage conditions for adult salmon in sloughs and side channels in the middle Susitna River.Chapter 6 in:C.C.Estes,and D.S. Vincent-Lang,editors.Aquatic habitat and instream flow investigations,May-October 1983.Susitna Hydro Aquatic Studies. Report No.3.Alaska Department of Fish and Game,Anchorage, Alaska. Scrivener,J.C.,and M.J.Brownlee.1981.A preliminary analysis of Carnation Creek gravel quality data,1973-1980.p.195-226.In Salmon spawning gravel:A renewable resource in the Pacific Northwest?Proceedings of the conference.Washington State University,Pullman,Washington. Seagren,D.R.,and R.G.Wilkey.1985.Preliminary evaluations of potential fish mitigation sites in the middle Susitna River. Susitna Aquatic Studies Program.Report No.10.Alaska Department of Fish and Game,Anchorage,Alaska. Shirazi,M.A.,and W.K.Seim.1980. A stream systems evaluation -an emphasis on spawning habitat for salmonids.Report No.EPA 60013-79-109.Envi ronmenta 1 Research Laboratory Corva 11 is, Office of Research and Development,Environmental Protection Agency,Corvallis,Oregon. Trihey,E.W.1983.Preliminary assessment of access by spawning salmon into Portage Creek and Indian River.Prepared for Alaska Power Authority.Anchorage,Alaska. 1984.Memorandum to B.Barrett and L.Moul ton.August 28, 1984.Anchorage,Alaska. Ve11eman,P.F.,and D.C.Hoaglin.1981.Applications,basics,and computing of exploratory data analysis.Duxbury Press,Boston, Massachusetts,USA . Vincent-Lang,D.S.,A.G.Hoffman,A.E.Bingham,C.C.Estes,D.Hilliard, C.Steward,E.W.Trihey,and S.C.Crumley.1984.An evaluation of chum and sockeye salmon spawning habitat in sloughs and side channels of the middle Susitna River.Chapter 7 in:C.C.Estes, and D.S.Vincent-Lang,editors.Aquatic habitat and instream flow investigations,l\lfay-October 1983.Susitna Hydro Aquatic Studies. Report No.3.Alaska Department of Fish and Game,Anchorage, Alaska. 45 Vining,L.J.,J.S.Blakely,and G.M.Freeman.1985.An evaluation of the incubation life-phase of chum salmon in the middle Susitna River,Alaska.Volume 1 in:C.C.Estes,J.Sautner,and D.S. Vincent-Lang,editors.Winter aquatic investigations (September 1983-May 1984).Susitna Aquatic Studies Program.Report No.5. Alaska Department of Fish and Game,Anchorage,Alaska. Walkotten,W.J.1976.An improved technique for freeze sampling streambed sediments.Res.Note PNW-281.Portland,Oregon:U.S. Department of Agriculture,Forest Service,Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station,11 pp. Wendling,F.L.1976.Preliminary report on gravel porosity studies along the Trans-Alaska Pipeline.Draft Report.National Marine Fisheries Service.Anchorage,Alaska. 46 - - - 7.0 APPENDICES Appendix A.Salmon Spawning Utilization Data of Mainstem and Side Channel Habitats in the Middle Susitna River,1981-1984 ..••••....A-I Appendix B.Site Descriptions at Continuous Water Temperature Monitoring Locations, Ice-Covered Studies,1984-1985.................B-1 47 - - ,~ APPEtmIX A Salmon Spawning Utilization Data of Mainstem and Side Channel Habitats in the Middle Susitna River,1981-1984. A-I - ,- Information on salmon spawning utilization of mainstem and side channel sites "in the middle reach of the Susitna River between 1981 and 1984 (Appendix Figure A-I through A-22)was obtained via a literature review of Susitna Aquatic Studies reports on adul t salmon (ADF&G 1981,ADF&G 1983a;Barrett et al.1984,and Barrett et al.1985). Spawni ng su rveys conducted in the mi ddl e reach of the Su s itna Ri ver between 1981 and 1984 indicate that chum salmon are the predominant species that spawn in side channel and mainstem habitats.Sockeye salmon were observed spawning in eight side channel and three mainstem sites.Coho salmon have spawned in three side channel sites and pink salmon have spawned in two side channels.No coho or pink salmon spawning has been observed in mainstem sites.Chinook salmon have not been observed spawning in either side channel or mainstem sites.The general spawning habitat preference of the five species of salmon in the Susitna River are presented in Appendix Figure A-23. A comparison of observed spawning activity in side channel and mainstem sites from 1981-1984 is presented in Appendix Table A-I.While the number of sites va ri es between habitat type,the percentage in each category is similar between habitat types.The relatively high percent- age of new spawning sites in each habitat type observed during 1984 can be attributed to a high escapement and excellent survey conditions. -Appendix Table A-I.A comparison of observed ty between side channel the middle reach of 1981-1984. salmon spawning activi- and mainstem sites in the Susitna River, Side Channel Mainstem (62 To ta 1 Site s)(27 Total Sites) jIm'IlIll!Spawning Utilization (No.of Sites/(No.of Sites/ Category %of Total)%of Total) Spawning during at least 1 year 42 (68%)17 (63%) Spawning during more than 1 year 17 (27%)6 (22%) No spawning 20 (32%)10 (32%) ,....First spawning during 1984 23 (37%)9 (33%) fl.-2 i;l ~ ~ -1) -1) \J'c;.. \J' /.>- -t.-..., \ 4> o 500 I I I FEET (ApprOIL Seal •• [01CHUUUSPAWNING AflfA 14 o 500 1 I I FE(t (Appro.Seal.1 []~;~~ING ARE_84 • CtiUM SPAWNING AREA 81 SIDE CHANNEL SITE RM IOO.5R ~ SIDE CHANNEL SITE RM I009R RM 1010 ED I ~ 4J :::....... ):>...,~ I W ".',"{ ~ "-..... lJ) ~ lJ) 1 Arpendix Figure A-I,Observed chum salmon side channel spawning sites between RM 100.0 and 101.0 in the middle Susitna River. Appendix Figure A-2.Observed chum salmon side channel spawning site at RH 110.1 in the middle Susitna River. ]J j J )1 1 I f J I I I J I , )j 1 J 1 J 1 1 J \II C \II -\ :z "to SIDE CHANNEL SIH RM II~IR It',SIDE CHANNEL SITE RM 115.0R \ <. f'\ ":1) ":1) j ~ R'ol lI~oED o 500 ,• I FEET «ApptO •.Scold ~CHUM SPAW"IING "., AIUA 82 ~: • CHUM ~1 SPAWNING ~~, AREA e," CHU"~SPA""'ING~AlliE"alll EtlRM 114 a { ~ o 500 I I I '££T I A~pru.Seel.) :t:o I .Po Appendix Figure A-3.Observed chum salmon side channel spawning site at RM 114.0 in the middle Susitna River. Appendix Figure A-4.Observed chum salmon side channel spawning sites between Rf·'114.5 and 115.5 in the middle Susitna River. 1 e~..,.,0 MAIN StEM SITElf\ 11M 118.91..' ~~=~:..l..'A~A., m~=~~IN.AItIA .4 •.00 ~ ,h'U J ~ IA Ie . \\ MAIN STEM SitE RM 119.IL ,~ o HO I !I rUT CAppro_Sf:Ill'.I D c..."".SPAWNING ARI:A 81 ~ e~..11.0 RIV ER ---- Lilli. Pfl"lIi'..\i~C,.d ____SUslrNA MAINSTEM SITE RM 111.9R P 1 11l Appendix Fiqure A-5 Observed chum salmon mainstem spawning site at RM 117.9 in the middle Susitna River. Appendix Figure A-6.Observed chum salmon side channel and mainstem spawning sites between RM 118.5 and 120.0 in the middle Susitna River. I J I J i §J i ~~]J ~~1 I ~I 1 )::0 I (J) -]l J I (]~=~:NING AREA 84 o 500 I I I rUT C.t'r ....lcole) ] ffiRM 1220 ! ~ l4.l ::,.. ..... ~ "'t ~.... ..... It} ~ It} 1 1 1 ~ o 500, I I rUT •Appr ....Scola) 1 Appendix Figure A-7.Observed chum salmon mainstem spawning site at RM 120.9 in the middle Susitna River. Appendix Figure A-B.Observed chum sal~on side channel spawning site at Rr,121.6 in the middle Susitnil River. I(\\!I.1 .I\:) .::l ()/. et f'.y I j (;.j 4J ~ '-et :to>I "'tI.......~..... '- tI)~SIDE ~//C]~~~:NING "..r ..1lI4C:l .CHANNEL SITE'~ tI)AM 1?4 Clr:~W 0 ~OO I I I FEET (HUM :\.::. I Apptua.SCQI.)~,,....IHG f'\ \I r UEA ,."lQ \.t>CREEl(\?J, Appendix Figure A-9.Observed chum salmon side channel spawning site at RM 124.9 in the middle Susitna River. Appendix Figure A-10.Observed chum salmon side channel and mainstem soawning sites between RM 128.0 and 129.0 in the middle Susitna River. ~J I I ]~1 .~1 J ~~I §,J 1 J I i )1 j j )]I 1 )1 J j • " ~::::JIlI~',UtA .. o '00 t I , Hit ...,,,,,,.'..111II tt) , ~ f 1 o _ «,I rUT lA",.•.See'.1 &; IllI COHOEillII....HI .....'flu ,. _CHU" 11II 5 ....."'"'&11[A •• SIDE CHANNEL SITE RM 129.8R m··....,SUSITNA RIVCR~~c:?o ,----/~""llIl );:. •co Appendix Figure A-II.Observed chum and coho salmon side channel spawning sites between RM 129.0 and 129.8 in the middle Susitna River. Appendix Figure A-12.Observed chum salmon sfde channel and mafnstem spawning sites between RM 129.8 and 130.5 in the middle Susitna River. o ~oo I I ! rUT (Appro •.Seal,) 4tll OF JUL'f~ (t\ o ~oo I I I,uf (Approa.Scal,) mCHU"t£z.t SPAWNING UU 8. Q: ~.... Q: ~ ~.... "'l ~ "'l~ ~ ".... "'l ~ "'l ~, Z: ~ ~.... ~ '; (j]]]CHUM SPAWNING '~EA 8Z I==t CHUM E3 SPAWNING AREA BI COHO~SPAWNING t€kJ AREA 84 ~~~~:NING AREA 84 III ;~~:NING ):. AREA 85 \. COHO :o SPAWNING : A~E'83 '. EBAM 131.0 SIDE CHANNEL SITE RM 131.8L SIDE CHANNEL SITE RM 131.7L WJ » I LO Appendix Figure A-13.Observed chu~and coho salmon side ch~nnel spawning sites between RM 131.0 and 131.3 in the middle Susitna River. Appendix Figure A-14.Observed chum salmon mainstem spawning site at RM 132.9 in the middle Susitna River. J'J J .~)!,I I !l J ~I I 1 I .~~ 1 1 )1 )1 ]1 ])1 ]..~]1\ o '00I I I fEET (.I.",..,lull) MAIN STEM SITE ,.'RM 136BR .0GOLD CREEK CAMP \i) j~,' ]#t%SIDE CHANNEL SITE .RM 136,3R III CHU,.. IBII SP"'W~I~G AREA 81 o ~~~:NI~G A'R[A 82 n CHUM L.3 SPAW~ING AREA 8~ nCHU,..Lt::I SPAWNING AREA 64 . I':: SIDE CHANNEL SITE RM 134.6R ". '):SIDE ~;;CHANNEL SITE ~.;RM 135.0R ~~ , \SIDE .CHANNEL SiTE :.RM 135.IR,. SlOE CHANNEL SITE RM 135.2R LOWER SIDE CHANNEL /I o '00 Ii' fEET (Approl.SClI.1 »> I........ o Appendix Fi9ure A-15.Observed chum and sockeye salmon side channel spawning sites between RM 134.6 and 135.2 in the middle Susitna River. Appendix Figure A-16.Observed chum salmon side channel and mainstem spawning sites beb/een 1m 136.0 and 137.0 in the middle Susitna River. ):> I I--' I--' e ...1)1.0 4> ~C:HU" ~''''AWNING "'''[A 12 SIDE CHANNEL SITE RM 137.4R o '00 t I I f[[t (A''''OI,Scolt) MAIN STEM SITE RM 139.0L MAINSTEM SITE RM 138.7L ....'"0 .... "'", "P...."- ~-fi / O CHUM SPA*~ING 61U"12 FVJ CHUM 8 SOCIII(Y(wID SPAWNING AR[A ., II ~~~W"NI~GS~~;~Y:4 o 500 , I J 'UT (A"f••.lui.» Appendix Figure A-17.Observed chum salmon side channel and mains tern spawnin~sites between RM 137.0 and 138.0 in the middle Susitna River. Appendix Figure A-18.Observed chum and sockeye salmon mainstem spawning sites between RM 138.5 and 139.5 in the middle Susitna River. I J ~J ,I J )~I ]I I J I 1 I i I 1 ]~l J 1 1 ~j 1•,J )I 1 j j MAINSTEM SITE RM 140.5L SITE o 18~ I I I FEU (.lppro•.SUI,) _~~~=NI~G$~~~(""['4 ~SOCMEYE ~SPAWNING "flEA ... fa ~~~:~INa "'''!A 11·1. 1m ~~~:N~G$Oi:I ...'f(e'·8" (t> i .,SIDE CHANNEL SITE RM 141.4R MAINSTEM SITE RM 141.6R .•' RM 141.0$ o ~oo I I J FEET (".pUIl Seel.1 ~CHUMUS'AWI'tING "'UA ... ~ o Q:: Lv ~.... Q:: 'q; ~........ v, ~v, i $RM 140.0-· ):;> I...... 1'0 Appendix Figure A-19.Observed chum salmon side channel spawning site at RM 140.5 in the middle Susitna River. Appendix Figure A-ZO.Observed chum and sockeye salmon side channel and mainstem soawning sites between RM 140.8 and 141.6 in the middle Susitnd River. ~",-., NIVEN-- "'~;'. o Z50 I , '((I (.....101 1,,1,. fMJ ~~~:N"~G AJII["82 .~ o 500 1 I , fHT CA"rea.le.lo I II ~=~:HIHG AJII(A I. rn Il:HU"W SPAWHING ...r;...... <%Jill Rt,l 143.0 MAINSTEM SITE RM 143.3L ~ I I-' W Appendix Figure A-21.Observed chum salmon mainstem spawning site at RM 143.3 in the Middle Susitna River. Appendix Figure A~22.Observed chum salmon mainstem spawning site at RM 148.2 in the middle Susitna River. I I J I J ~]~J 1 B ~- - J ).~t J !I SPAWN ING HABITAT PREFERENCE ..s SC SL TF'", MS -MAl NSTEM SC -SIDE CHANNEL SL -UPLAND and SIDE SLOUGHS T -TRIBUTARIES 1l'-PRIMARY SPAWNING HABITAT t -SECONDARY SPAWNING HABITATt-INCIDENTAL SPAWNING HABITAT SOCKEYE ~ MS SC T MS SC SL T,~ ~ \ \, F'",, COHO PIN K MS SC SL T MS SC SL T CHINOOK CHUM Apoendix Figure A-23 General spawning habitat preference of the five soecies of salmon utilizing the Susitna River basin.(derived fro~data from Barrett et a 1.1984). -.A.-14 - - APPENDIX B Site Descriptions at Continuous Water Temperature Monitoring Locations, Ice-Covered Studies,1984-1985. B-1 Tributary Habitats Lane Creek (RM 113.6R/TRM 0.1) Lane Creek is a clear water stream originating in the sloping terrain bordering the east bank of the Susitna River,entering the mainstem Susitna River at river mile 113.6.It consists of a series of pools,riffles,and small falls flowing over boulder/ cobble substrate.In the pools,there are areas of excellent large gravel/small gravel substrate suitable for salmon spawning. Overhanging vegetation grows along the banks,and algae flourishes on the rocks of the streambed. Lane Creek is a traditional salmon spawning area for chinook,coho, chum,and pink salmon.There doesn't appear to be any barriers to salmon passage except at the mouth during periods·of low mainstem discharge.Additional information on chum salmon spawning in the tributary mouth habitat can be found in Sandone et ale (1984). The datapod site is located in a 2-4 foot deep pool approximately 1,800 feet upstream from the mouth on the left bank (Appendix Figure B-1).Substrate in the pool consists of small gravel/large gravel.During winter,an open lead is present in this area except during the coldest periods.The lead may be due to velocity and current effects,as no groundwater upwelling or bank seepage was observed.This area was utilized by all species of salmon spawning in the creek. 4th of July Creek (RM 131.0/TRM 0.2) Fourth of July Creek enters the west side of the Susitna River at river mile 131.0.The habitat consists of a series of pools and riffles.Boulder/cobble substrate is present in the riffles,with pockets of large gravel and rubble in the slower velocity pool areas.Log jams are common in this reach.The mouth of 4th of July Creek is known for overflow events during mainstem staging and freeze up which can result in a build up of ice several feet thick. Chinook,coho,chum,and pink salmon utilize 4th of July Creek for spawning.There is a large 'waterfall approximately 3.5 miles upstream from the mouth that is a fi sh passage ba rri er for fi sh migrating upstream.Suitable salmon spawning habitat exists above this waterfall that is inaccessable.Further information on chum salmon spawning in the tributary mouth habitat can be found in Sandone et ale (1984). A datapod water temperature recorder was located near the fi rst major log jam approximately 1,300 feet upstream of the mouth (Appendix Figure B-2).Immediately below this log jam is a deep pool with small gravel/large gravel substrate.The datapod probe was on the north side of this pool in about three-and-one-half feet of water.This area was utilized by all species of salmon spawning in the creek. B-2 ~DATA POD ~ ~DATAPOD· o ~ I , I lfIi1u (.l.PP'O~.Scalt) .ft o ~ I I I FEET (Apl)fOl Sealt' co I W Appendix Figure B-1.Location of datapod in a tributary habitat,Lane Creek,RM 113.6R, TRM 0.1. Appendix Figure B-2.Location of datapod in a tributary habitat, 4th of July Creek,RM 113.1L,TR11 0.2. I J I I I ~J I I I J I ~J ~J J - - - ..... Indian River (RM 138.6L/TRM 0.2) Indi an Ri ver enters the Sus i tna Ri ver on the northwest side,at river mile 138.6.This is'a clear-water tributary flowing over cobble/boulder substrate in a pool-riffle pattern.There are areas of large gravel/rubble substrates associated with pool areas.The first mile of stream channel in Indian River is braided due to a shallower gradient in this reach. All five species of salmon spawn in Indian River.Chinook salmon use 13 mil es of its reach.There appea rs to be 1 itt 1e or no passage restrictions,as extensive areas are used for spawning. There are two datapod water temperature recorders in Indian River (Appendix Figure B-3).One is on the right bank 3,000 feet upstream from the mouth.This spawning site was used by all species of salmon.The other datapod site is located on the left bank,4,000 feet upstream from the mouth.This site was only utilized by chinook salmon. Side Channel Habitats Mainstem Two Side Channel (RI"1 115.0R) Mainstem Two is a V-shaped side channel that is approximately one mile long.It is located one mile upstream of Lane Creek.The side channel is separated from the Illainstem Susitna by a large vegetated island.The east and west forks are 4,400 and 2,800 feet long respectively.The confluence of the channels is approximately 1,600 feet upstream of the mouth.The east fork breaches at approximately 25,000 cubic feet/second (cfs)and the west fork breaches at 16,000 cfs. The first 1,600 feet of the side channel is primarily a backwater area.Above this reach the habitat consists of pool and riffle sequences throughout both forks.Substrate in the backwater area is composed of a deep layer of silt/sand over cobble/boulder except in the extreme upper portions where there are pockets of rubble/large gravel.The riffles have well cemented cobble/boulder substrate,while the pools contain rubble/large gravel substrate. There is moderate to heavy bank seepage and groundwater upwelling from both banks in the backwater area and in the east fork.In an unbreached conditi on,i ntragrave 1 flow through the head of both forks may exist.Winter aerial photos show an open lead extending from the lower one-quarter of the east fork down to the mouth (Figure 4).Due to low velocity and isolated pools during this time,this lead is likely the result of groundwater upwelling. Chum salmon spawning in Mainstem Two has been documented for the past three years (1982-84)(Barrett et ale 1985).The preferred spawning areas appear to be the upper portions of the backwater and several pools of the east fork (Appendix Figure A-4).Spawning activity has not been recorded in the west fork.ADF&G personnel B-4 .----_._------_._--,.---------- OATAPOO SITE RM II~OR \ ~ <. f'I ~ j ~ 'Z.... VI c::. VI 1$ RM IIS.oEll &.OATAI'OO til o .... I •I nu I~......SC.I.) &.DATA~ u:l I U1 Appendix Figure B-3.Location of datapod in ~tributary habitat, Indian River,RM 138.6L,TRM D.?Appendix Figure 8-4.Location of dataood in a side channel habitat.Ma i nstem 2,R!1 llS.OR. J 1 .I I 1 ~,j J !~t g J .~i 1 J I - """ - have identified nine passage areas in fvlainstem Two that may be restrictive to salmon passage (Blakely et al.1984;Sautner et al. 1984). A datapod was located in a chum salmon spawning area in the east fork on the right side of a pool (Appendix Figure B-4).Charac- teristically substrates are well armored cobble/boulder with some rubble. Side Channel at Fourth of July Creek (RM 131.3L) This site is located in a side channel 1,200 feet upstream of the mouth of 4th of July Creek (Appendix Figure B-5).The left bank is a 12 foot cut bank.A small bog fed creek drains into the channel immediately upstream of the site.Substrate is a loose con- glomeration of rubble/large gravel/cobble.Groundwater upwelling and bank seepage are present along the northwest bank especially in the area of the bog drainage.The groundwater upwell"ing is most likely responsible for the open lead present during the winter (Figure 6).Surface water temperatures ranged from 6.9°to 7.3°C and intragravel temperatures ranged from 4.4°to 5.3°C.Chum sa 1mon and some coho sa 1mon spawn in various areas of the side channel including the datapod site (Appendix Figure A-13). Upper Side Channel 11 (RMI36.0R) Upper Side Channel 11 is a straight broad channel on the right side of the Susitna River at river mile 136.0 ..The head of Slough 11 bisects the side channel on the right bank.The first 500 feet of Upper Side Channel 11 consists of a wide backwater area wi~h heavy silt accumulations over an unknown substrate.The remaining area consists of a series of pools and long riffles flowing over boulder/cobble substrate.There is extensive bank seepage and groundwater upwelling along both banks of the backwater area but none discernible in the upper reaches.An open lead ;s usually present during the winter (Figure 6),although none was present during 1984/1985. Chum spawning has been documented in two locations from 1981-84 (Appendix Figure A-16).The head of the backwater area and a pool adjacent to the head of Slough 11 are the primary spawning areas. The datapod probe was located in the uppermost chum salmon spawning site (Appendix Figure 8-6). Side Channel 21 (RM 141.6R) This site is 200 feet below the mouth of Slough 21 in Side Channel 21.Side Channel 21 ;s an approximately one mile long channel fl owi ng over cemented cobb 1e/boul de r substrate with sand depos its occurring in pools.Intermittent channels connect the side channel with the mainstem.There is groundwater upwelling and bank seepage along both banks,especially in the upper reaches which,when B-6 o ~oo I I I reP (l",ptell,Sui_I ~DATAPOOwffiRM1360 (BAM ISI.O JULY-4 fh of \£J ".I .-....'-d)RM tH 0 &OATAPOD I I0~OO I IlI FE'ET ! .('':."~-._----==::-I-.pp.o •.Scolo)"'"1..1 I .~f' ....t~ '. r ~~ J I /~.... CI).,....•.....4.~~;i CI)..q.. ~'t ....."\)S o:;l IDATAPOD SITE '\A '\!:if /./''3 tl I I .f S"I ~ RM 131.3L Appendix Figure B-5.Location of datapod in a side channel habitat.RM 131.3L. Appendix Figure B-6.Location of datapod in a side channel habitat, Upper Side Channel II,RM 136.3R. I 1 J I I ,I I ~I I ~1 ~I I J J ! ,.,.. ,- .~ combined with Slough 21 outflow,results in an open lead ongln- ating in Slough 21 and extending beyond the mouth of the side channel (Figure 7).Surface water temperatures ranged from 5.3°C to 5.7°C,while intragravel temperatures ranged from 4.7°C to 5.4°C. Chum and sockeye salmon have been observed spawning in the side channel from 1981-84 (Appendix Figure A-20).There are numerous reaches within this site that may be restrictive to upstream movements of salmon (Blakely et al.1984 and Sautner et al.1984). A datapod probe was located in the middle of the channel approximately 250 feet downstream of the mouth of Slough 21 (Appendi x Fi gure B-7).Thi s area was heavily used by chum and sockeye salmon for spawning. Mainstem Habitats Susitna River at RM 118.9L This site is located on along a straight,ten foot high cut bank section of the Susitna River approximately 3,000 feet below the mouth of Oxbow Two side channel (Appendix Figure 8-8).A bog fed creek drains into the river 200 feet upstream of the site. Substrate is angular cobble/boulder through the lower 2/3 of the site with rubble/large gravel in the upper 1/3.The upper area has a good flow of bank seepage and groundwater upwelling,most likely related to the bog drainage.There is an open lead throughout this area which is apparently the combination of velocity and ground- water upwell ing/bank seepage (Figure 4).Surface water tempera- tures ranged from 7.1 to 7.2 while intragravel temperatures were 5.2 to 7.1. Chum salmon spawning activity has been documented on this site for the past two years (1983-84)(Appendix Figure A-6).The majority of spawning occurs in the upper 1/3 where the good substrates and groundwater upwelling are located. Susitna River at RM 132.9R Mainstem site 132.9R is found 3,000 feet downstream of the mouth of Slough 9A on the east side of the river.The channel is broad and rectangular with gently sloping banks on both sides.Water velocity is fairly rapid and substrate consists of angular boulders and cobbles well cemented in.There was no groundwater upwelling visible and only l"imited bank seepage.There is a small lead on the east bank apparently associated with this seepage (Figure 6). In 1984,chum salmon were reported spawning at this site (Appendix Figure A-14).The data pod probe was located in the spawning area (Appendix Figure 8-9). 8-8 OJ Ito RM SLOUGH 21 COMPLEX &.DATAPOD I I ....roo "'1 1 Go.OATAPOO RM 118.9L ,I£, [t>0 T8,I I 0 .00 @5I I II I I rUT fEET 1".11"111 I~.I.I (Appro_Seal_' Appendix Figure B-7.Location of dataDod in a side channel habitat,Side Channel 21,RM 141.6R. Appendix Figure 8-8.location of datapod in a mainstem habitat,RM 1IB.9l. J -J J -,J I I t ~,~,j I J I I I ~I J j J t t J J i 1 J J j j 1 I J -4.1.",~ "~ ~"t "-"~"l '? o )00 I I I rEET (Appro_Scale 1 80A l AP OO tt> ~ 80AlAPOO a ~oo I I IrU,T 1.a.IDIDIQI._StOl" ~ ~ "-Q;- co I I-' o Appendix Figure B-9.Location of datapod in a mainstem habitat.RM 132.9R. Appendix Figure B-I0.Location of datapod in a mainstem habitat,Rfl 139.0L. Susitna River at RM 139.0L This mainstem site is approximately a 600 feet reach near the mouth of Slough 17 on the west side of the river.It has moderate to high velocities under most discharge ranges.Substrates are rubble/cobble with some areas of large gravel.Groundwater upwelling and bank seepage are present along the west bank, probably originating in Slough 17.Groundwater upwelling is likely responsible for the open lead which occurs here (Figure 7). Surface water temperatures ranged from 7.7°C to 8.6°C while intragravel temperatures range from 5.3°C"to 6.5°C. Chum spawning has been documented at this site for 1982, 1983,and 1984 and sockeye spawning was documented in 1984 (Appendix Figure A-IS).The datapod probe was installed in the chum salmon spawning area approximately 500 upstream of the mouth of Slough 17 (Appendix Fig ure B-1 0). Open Lead No Spawning Side Channel at RM 117.9L Datapod site 117.9L is a small 1,500 foot side channel adjacent to Bushrod Slough on the west side of the Susitna River.It has a wide sloping channel of cobble/rubble substrate with riffles at both the head and mouth.The left bank slopes up to a small cut bank island which separates the side channel from Bushrod Slough. Along this bank there is heavy bank seepage and groundwater upwelling,especially at the upper end of the side channel. Groundwater upwelling was not apparent along the right bank. Surface water temperatures ranged from 7.2 to 7.8°C,while intragravel temperatures were from 5.7 to 7.3°C.A dewatered channel extends upstream from the head of this side channel, connecting with the upper reach of Bushrod Slough.This channel i~ usually dry except during high water events at which time there is a backwater area at the lower end. In winter,an open lead extends from just below the head down to and joining with the lead emerging from Bushrod Slough (Figure 4). This lead is likely the result of groundwater upwelling and bank seepage as there is little apparent flow during this time.Salmon spawning has not been reported in this side channel.The datapod probe was located in the open lead,approximately in the middle of the side channel along the northwest bank (Appendix Figure B-l1). Susitna River at RM 127.1C This site is located in an island complex 1.2 miles downstream of the mouth of Slough 9.It is on the inside of a sweeping bend with moderate water velocities.Substrate is predominately large gravel/rubble with numerous sand deposits.Groundwater upwell ing and bank seepage are strong along the left bank,accounting for the open lead tnat exists during the winter (Figure 5).Surface water 8-11 """ - 1 )-I :t )1 J I j J DATAPOD SITE RM 127.IC \£; &.DATAPOD o 500 I ,---l FEF.T IApp,oa S~all) OATAPOO SITE RM 117.9L It l;." ~ "-It 'It ~ I... "-e., ~e., I I Bushrod Slough ~ a ~oo I I I f E:E T (AWro.51:01.) B::.DATA POD lD I I-' N Appendix Figure B-ll.Location of datapod in an area of an open lead with no spawning,RM 117.9L. Appendix Figure 8-12.Location of dataDod in an area of an open lead with n~spawning,R~127.1C. temperatures range from 6.4 0 to 7.1°C and intragravel temperatures ranging from 3.7°to 7.6°C.No salmon spawning has been recorded for this site,although it appears to contain excellent substrate. The datapod probe was located in the middle of the 200 foot reach about 15 feet from the left bank (Appendix Figure B-12). Susitna River at RM 137.5L This datapod site is located on the outside edge of a bend in the Susitna River,100 feet downstream from the mouth of Slough 16 (Appendix Figure 8-13).Water velocity in this reach is generally high.Accordingly,substrates tend to be well cemented boulder/cobble.The northwest bank slopes up to a 10 foot cut bank. Open water surveys found surface water temperatures ranging from 10.4°C to 12.3°C,while intragravel temperatures range from 4.7°C to 8.1°C.There is no apparent groundwater upwelling or bank seepage.The open lead that exists here during the winter is most likely a velocity lead (Figure 6).Salmon spawning has not been documented on this site. Spawning with No Open Lead Side Channel at 129.8R This is a broad side channel that extends from the head of Slough 9 to Sherman Creek along the south bank of the Susitna River.The site most often contains turbid mainstem water due to a low breaching discharge. Open leads are generally present near the head of the side channel and along the left bank in the lower reach (Figure 6).Groundwater upwell ing and bank seepage were observed near the head,probably due to the influence of Sherman Creek.While groundwater upwelling was not observed in the lower portion,chum salmon have previously spawned along the left bank (Appendix Figure A-12),indicating possible intermittent groundwater upwelling or bank seepage. Substrates are generally well cemented rubble,cobble,boulder with limited areas of suitable substrate for spawning.Chum salmon have used this side channel for spawning during 1981, 1982,and 1984 (Appendix Figures A-II and A-12). The datapod was located in the lower portion of the site along the right bank (Appendix Figure B-14).This was an area of chum salmon spawning during 1984 but with no open lead usually present.This site dewatered and froze early in the winter,preventing an accu- rate assessment of temperatures and substrate. 8-13 - """ ~, b OAlAPOO J o:J I I-' .j::> )I WJ ~DATAPDD o ~oo I l-.l FEEl (Appro.Sl;.alt) 1 ! Cl::~ ~ ~..... "-\I) ~ \ j j I --] ( 1 'It ~ "-r., .'::lr., EDRM I~OO .~' ~ ] o .00 I I , "l[f j .......S~.I.J 1 I Appendix Figure B-13.Location of data pod in an area of an open lead \~ith no spilwning.Rt~137.SL.Appendfx Figure 8-14.Locatfon of datapod in an area of spawning with no open lead,RM 17.9.BR