HomeMy WebLinkAboutAPA2913dI
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DRAFT
A DATA SUMMARY OF SURFACE AND INTRAGRAVEL WATER TEMPERATURE
AND SUBSTRATE COMPOSITION OF MIDDLE SUSITNA RIVER
MAINSTEM,SIDE CHANNEL AND TRIBUTARY
SALMON SPAWNING HABITATS
Report No.12
by
Donald R.Seagren
and
Robert G.Wilkey
Alaska Department of Fish and Game
Susitna River Aquatic Studies Program
620 East 10th Avenue
Anchorage,Alaska 99501
1985
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ABSTRACT
The habitat characteristics of mainstem and side channel habitats in the
middle reach of the Susitna River are expected to be altered by con-
struction and operation of the Susitna Hydroelectric Project.Areas
where salmon spawning was previously limited by high water velocities
are expected to become more suitable for salmon spawning under the new
flow regime with only minor habitat modifications necessary.As a
mitigation option,these areas may be used to replace salmon spawning
habitat that is lost in other areas due to changes in mainstem
discharge.
The open water portion of the study examined the general habitat charac-
teristics of 62 side channel and 27 mainstem sites.The selection of
open water study sites was based on areas of open leads determined from
aerial photographs,and spawning ground surveys.Selected sites from
the open water study were chosen to continuously monitor water tempera-
tures and determine substrate composition.Tributary habitats are
generally highly utilized by spawning salmon.Mainstem and side channel
spawning and non-spawning areas that had upwelling were compared against
tributary habitats to determine their potential as replacement salmon
spawning habitats.Areas without upwelling appear unsuitable as spawn-
ing habitats.
A data summary of water temperatures and substrate composition is
presented to assist in determining the feasibility of using replacement
spawning habitats as a mitigation option.Substrate composition in all
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areas is comparable,with present non-spawning upwelling areas having a
greater percentage of fine sediments less than 1.0 mm.Intragravel
water temperatures in all sites are comparable,with non-spawning
upwelling areas having the warmest and tributaries the coldest.This
preliminary water temperature and substrate data indicates that present
mainstem and side channel areas that have open leads but no present
spawning may have potential as replacement salmon spawning habitat.
Under with-project conditions,these areas may also require minor
habitat modifications such as providing passage or loosening cemented
substrate to provide suitable salmon spawning habitat.
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DRAFT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT •••II ••fie ••••0 ••••0 e CI ••,.••e II 0 0 ..0 •e •••0 ••••••..e .......e "•••II • • • •i
TABLE OF CONTENTS ••e ••0.0 e·o tl .0 ••c 0 0 0·0 0 III."0 Cl •0 II"IIll e Cl •..i;i
LIST OF FIGURES eooo oee o..ee.......................V
LIST OF TABLESe.Q.o •••••••eo ••Il.e.otl.ee •••Cl.e".o.ell ••••••"•••••••••vii
LIST OF APPENDIX FIGURES ••••..•••.•..•.•...••......•••••...........viii
LIST OF APPENDIX TABLES............................................xi
1.0 INTRODUCTION.til 0 •••G C1"e •••Cl 0 •ell.0 &..•Gill ..e II 0 e ,."II •0."1
1.1 Background e e ..0 •Cl ..e e •0 11.0 QI Cl ••II 00 CI eO.eo tl 0 CI e 0'G CI II 0 •..1
2.0 METHODSe Il.•CI 0 ..e 0 e I)c ••••CI ..e •e II CI •eo 0 0 ••0 Il C o'0 •CI II ......8
2 ..1.1 Site Se 1ec t ion \II e 0 eo Cl ••II •II •e • ••8
2.1.2 Surface and Intragraval Water Temperature...............17
2.1.3 General Substrate Evaluations...........................17
2.1.4 Upwelling and Bank Seepage..............................19
2.2.1 Site Selection..........................................20
2.2.2 Surface and Intragravel Water Temperature...............23
2.2.3 Freeze Core Substrate Evaluations.......................24
2.3 Interpretation of Figures...................................28
3.0 RESULTS •••••.II ••••••••••II •••e ••••••••••••••••G 0 .•••eo.0 •••••til •0 30
3.1 Open Water Studies ••.ooo ••o •••••o ••••e •••••G&•••••oecGoo ••~.30
3.1.1 Instantaneous Surface and Intragravel Water
Tempe ra tu re.0 ••0 0 •e 0 e 0 0 0 0 •co •0 •II 0 0 •0 CI ••••••II eo.e •eo (I •Cl 0 •e 30
3.1.2 General Substrate Evaluations...........................36
3.1.3 Upwelling and Bank Seepage..............................39
3.1.4 Salmon Spawning Utilization.............................40
302 Ice Covered Studieso.o ...o •••••o.oooe •••••••••o ••os.eo •••oo.41
3.2.1 Continuous Surface and Intragravel Water
Tempe ra tu re .••.•.••..•.0 0 0 ••••••e •••••••••II 0 •(I e e cD ••••••15 42
3.2.2 Freeze Core Substrate Evaluations.......................44
iii
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
4.0 DISCUSSION .....e.eo ••••coeoee ......o .•eo •••ClGl....................48
5.0 CONTRIBUTORS.II •••Cl II ....1:1 ••&'II II 4)...II II ....Gl ..II II II ...Gil"II e II II 0 ell.0 •oe .... ....•51
6 II 0 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..e ..II e ..C II CI 0 0 0 II ....CI II II •e •ill ..II ...e'll CI II C ...II ..G ••II ...II •II II •52
8.0 APPENDI,CES II .•II e ..0 II.II 0".II lit I)CI.""II"ell e 0......60
Appendix A.Mainstem and Side Channel Salmon Spawning
Distribution Mapse ••••.••••..••..•.•.•••.•.••,.•.•A-I
Appendix B.Site Descriptions and Continuous Water
Temperature Monitoring Locations for Ice
Covered Stud;es 0 ••II ..II e II Cl II 0 II II II II II Cl ••«I II ..e ..•B-1
Appendix C.Freeze Core Substrate Data ••••••••••••••••••.••••C-l
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
1.Drainage basin of the Susitna River,illus-
trating the middle reach study area from
Talkeetna (RM 98.0)to the mouth of Devil
Canyon (RM 150.0),1984 ••.•••••••••••••••••.•.••••••••.•
2.General spawning habitat preference of the
five species of salmon utilizing the Susitna
River basin (derived from data from Barrett et
a 1.1984)II 0 ..II ..'"II e ..
3.Map of the middle Susitna River from RM 98.0
to 101.5 showing study sites and open leads,
1984 ..~e Cl 0 e e 18 I)..
4.Map of the middle Susitna River from RM 101.5
to 110.5 showing study sites and open leads,
1984 &,Co 0 18 III G ..e II
5.Map of the middle Susitna River from RM 110.5
to 120.5 showing study sites,open leads and
datapod locations,1984 0.
6.Ma p of the mi ddl e Sus itna Ri ver from RM 120.0
to 128.5 showing study sites,open leads and
datapod 1ocati ons,1984 CI II •G."..
7.Map of the middle Susitna River from RM 128.5
to 137.5 showi ng study sites,open 1eads and
datapod locations,1984 •••••.••••••••••.••••••••...••••.
8.Map of the middle Susitna River from RM 137.5
to 144.5 showing study sites,open leads and
datapod locations,1984 oe •••••••e •••••••••••
9.Maps of the middle Susitna River from RM 144.5
to 150.0 showing study sites and open leads,
1984 CI •II ..III 0 tI •e III e ..G II (I .
10.Single probe freeze core apparatus used to
sample streambed substrates in the middle
reach of the Susitna River,1985 •••••.••••••••.•••••••••
11.Definitions of symbols used in boxplots which
summarize water temperature data .•...••••••••.•••••.••.•
12.Frequency of occurrence of surface substrate
size classes occurring in side channel habi-
ta ts 0 eo II II e
13.Frequency of occurrence of surface substrate
size classes occurring in mainstem habitats ...••••••••.•
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5
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
26
29
37
38
~---------------------~---_..------
LIST OF FIGURES (Continued)
Figure
14.Summary,by site classification,of continuous
surface and intragravel water temperature data
(OC)measured during the 1984-85 ice covered
period in the middle Susitna River (refer to
Section 2.3 for detailed explanation of figure
symbo 1s)e "G •e III ••e " " •e •••0 •CI e • "•••••"•••o ••"-Il CI.•••••"•••"III
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1.Substrate classification scheme utilized to
evaluate general substrate composition at
mainstem and side channel study sites .•.•••..•••.....•..
2.Location of ice covered study sites for
continuous water temperature monitoring and
substrate sampling in the middle reach of the
Susitna River,1984 ••••..•..•~~.ooc.e~••••••••••••••••••
3.Physical and hydrological characteristics of
selected side channel and mainstem sites in
the middle reach of the Susitna River,1984,
inc 1udi ng a11 observed side channe 1 and
mainstem salmon spawning sites,1981-1984 .•.•••.......••
4.A comparison of observed salmon spawning
activity between side channel and mainstem
sites in the middle reach of the Susitna
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LIST OF TABLES
Table
Ri ver,1981-1984 ·".e ••·00 •••c •e·e ••.••.••••••••••
5.Summary of substrate quality analysis of
freeze core samples obtained at selected sites
in the middle reach of the Susitna River,
1984-85 e ••e •••••••0 ••0 eo.0 •••e.0 •••0 •••••••o ••
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22
31
41
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LIST OF APPENDIX FIGURES
Figure APPENDIX A
A-I.Observed chum salmon side channel spawning
sites between RM 100.0 and 101.0 in the middle
Susitna River ......•.e ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••$
A-2.Observed chum salmon side channel spawning
site at RM 110.1 in the middle Susitna River ••...~.••
A-3.Observed chum salmon side channel spawning
site at RM 114.0 in the middle Susitna River .•..•.•.•
A-4.Observed chum salmon side channel spawning
sites between RM 114.5 and 115.5 in the middle
A-5.Observed chum salmon mainstem spawning site at
RM 117.9 in the middle Susitna River .•••••••••.•..•..
A-6.Observed chum salmon side channel and mainstem
spawning sites between RM 118.5 and 120.0 in
the middle Susitna River ••••••••.••.••••••••.•••....•
A-7.Observed chum salmon mainstem spawning site at
RM 120.9 in the middle Susitna River •.••••••••••••.••
A~8.Observed chum salmon side channel spawning
site at RM 121.6 in the middle Susitna River •••••....
A-9.Observed chum salmon side channel spawning
site at RM 124.9 in the middle Susitna River •.....•••
A-IO.Observed chum salmon side channel and mainstem
spawning sites between RM 128.0 and 129.0 in
the mi ddl e Sus i tna Ri ver ••.•••••••.••••.••••...•••.••
A-II.Observed chum and coho salmon side channel
spawning sites between RM 129.0 and 129.8 in
the middle Susitna River .•..••.•••.•.•••••.••......••
A-12.Observed chum salmon side channel and mainstem
spawning sites between RM 129.8 and 130.5 in
the middle Susitna River ••.•.•••••.•..••.•••••.•.••••
A-l3.Observed chum and coho salmon side channel
spawning sites between RM 131.0 and 131.8 in
the middle Susitna River .•••••...••.••...••..•••••...
A-14.Observed chum salmon mainstem spawning site at
RM 132.9 in the middle Susitna River ••••.•.•.•..•••.•
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A-2
A-3
A-4
A-5
A-6
A-7
A-8
A-9
A-10
A-11
A-12
A-13
A-14
A-IS
DRAFT
LIST OF APPENDIX FIGURES (Continued)
Figure Page
A-IS.Observed chum and sockeye salmon side channel
spawning sites between RM 134.6 and 135.2 in
the middle Susitna River.............................A-16
A-16.Observed chum salmon side channel and mainstem
spawning sites between RM 136.0 and 137.0 in
the mi dd 1e Sus itna Ri ver.•••••••••••••••••••••. ••••••A-17
A-17.Observed chum salmon side channel and mainstem
spawning sites between RM 137.0 and 138.0 in
the middle Susitna River.............................A-18
A-18.Observed chum and sockeye salmon mainstem
spawning sites between RM 138.5 and 139.5 in
the middle Susitna River.............................A-19
A-19.Observed chum salmon side channel spawning
site at RM 140.5 in the middle Susitna River.........A-20
A-20.Observed chum and sockeye salmon side channel
and mainstem spawning sites between RM 140.8
and 141.6 in the middle Susitna River................A-21
A-21.Observed chum salmon mainstem spawning site at
RM 143.3 in the middle Susitna River.................A-22
A-22.Observed chum salmon mainstem spawning site at
RM 148.2 in the middle Susitna River.................A-23
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LIST OF APPENDIX FIGURES (Continued)
Figure APPENDIX B Page
B-1.Location of datapod in a tributary habitat,
Lane Creek,RM 113.6R,TRM 0.1.......................B-3
B-2.Location of datapod in a tributary habitat,
4th of July Creek,RM 113.1L,TRM 0.2................B-5
B-3.Location of datapod in a tributary habitat,
Indian River,RM 138.6L,TRM 0.2.....................B-7
B-4.Location of datapod in a side channel habitat,
Mainstem 2,RM 115.0R................................B-I0
B-5.Location of datapod in a side channel habitat,
RM 131.3L••D II ••••e ••0 0'•••••e •••••0 •.,•••••.II 0 •Cl is • • • • ••.•B-11
B-6.Location of datapod in a side channel habitat,
Upper Side Channel 11,RM 136.3R.....................B-13
B-7.Location of datapod in a side channel habitat,
Side Channel 21,RM l41.6R...........................B-15
8-8.Location of datapod in a mainstem habitat,RM
l18.9L...............................................B-16
B-9.Location of datapod in a mainstem habitat,RM
132 .9R '.0 .•II 0-.til'Cl ••Cl •••0 •••••Cl 0 •••••••••etil •••••0 • • •B-18
8-10.Location of datapod in a mainstem habitat,RM
139.0L...............................................B-20
B-l1.Location of datapod in an area of an open lead
with no spawning,RM l17.9L..........................8-22
B-12.Location of datapod in an area of an open lead
with no spawning,RM 127.lC..........................B-24
B-13.Location of datapod in an area of an open lead
with no spawning,RM 137.5L..........................B-25
8-14.Location of datapod in an area of spawning
with no open lead,RM 129.8R.........................B-27
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LIST OF APPENDIX TABLES
Table APPENDIX C
C-l.Substrate composition of samples collected
using a freeze core sampler at datapod sites,
April to May 1985,Susitna River,Alaska •••..•••.•.••
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C-2
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
This report presents a summary of surface and intragravel water tempera-
ture and substrate composition data in selected tributary,side channel
and mainstem salmon spawning habitats in the middle reach of the Susitna
River (Talkeetna,RM 98.0,to Devil Canyon,RM 152.0,Figure 1).These
data will provide information which can be used for planning potential
mitigation measures,such as locating areas that may be suitable as
replacement salmon spawning habitat,and to assist in determining
possible effects of with-project water temperature regimes on salmon
spawning habitat.Mainstem and side channel areas that exhibit
upwelling related open leads without reported salmon spawning were
considered the most promising sites for replacement salmon spawning
habitat becoming available and were the primary focus of this study.
Other areas were considered as replacement habitat sites but were more
limited in regard to suitable habitat characteristics and are therefore
only discussed briefly in this report.The report is based on a
two-phase study conducted during the open water and ice covered sampling
peri ods from July 1 to October 15,1984 and November 1,1984 to Apri 1
25,1985,respectively.
1.1 Background
A goal of the Alaska Power Authority (APA)is to insure that there is no
net loss of fisheries production as a result of the construction and
operation of the Susitna Hydroelectric Project (APA 1982).To meet this
1
I-If..C.:"j~o2&I,MILIES(Appro•.Scali)SUSITNARIVER~MIDDLERIVERSTUDY~AREA- -DRAINAGEBOUNDARYI///II///,/.,..--.....I..--~IIII~"-""""-"'-.........."......,,~NFigure1.DrainagebasinoftheSusitnaRiver,illustratingthemiddlereachstudyareafromTalkeetna(RM98.0)tothemouthofDevilCanyon(RM150.0),1984.-------------------~
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goal,the APA has supported maintaining the existing habitat or pro-
viding replacement habitat of sufficient quantity and quali.ty to
mai ntain the productivity of the present natural fi sh pOJ?ul ations (APA
1983).This study evaluated the potential of replacement habitat,
suitable for salmon spawning and incubation,becoming available under
with-project flow conditions in the mainstem Susitna River to compensate
for possible salmon spawning habitat losses in currently utilized
pertpheral habitats.This study examined two parameters,intragravel
water temperature and substrate composition,which affect the incubation
environment and therefore affect salmon spawning.The presence of
upwelling,which affects water temperatures in the intragravel
environment,was also considered when evaluating potential replacement
salmon spawning habitat.
Development of the Susitna Hydroelectric Project is anticipated to
result in a mean annual water temperature increase,and stabilize the
natural annual discharge of the Susitna River (APA 1983).Lower than
normal discharges are expected during the period of June through
September with higher than normal discharges occurring during the rest
of the year,resulting in a relatively constant annual discharge regime
(Moulton et ale 1984).The change in the annual discharge regime of the
Susitna River will likely result in changes in present habitat
characteristics.Habitats presently classified as side channels may
become sloughs and mainstem areas may become side channels (Klinger and
Trihey 1984).The overall result will be that mainstem and side channel
areas that were previously limited as salmon spawning habitats by high
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ve 1ociti es,may become suitable for spawni ng,assumi ng other phys i ca 1
habitat requirements (temperature,substrate,upwelling,etc.)are
acceptable.
The mi ddl e reach of the Susitna Ri ver was selected for thi s study
because the most significant changes in the physical characteristics of
aquatic habitats are expected to occur in this reach.Three habitat
types,tributary,side channel and mainstem,were selected as the
foci of this study.Tributary habitats are utilized by all five species
of salmon spawning in the middle reach of the Susitna River (Figure 2).
They were included in this study for comparison of water temperature and
substrate characteri sti cs with salmon spawni ng areas in mainstem and
side channel habitats.Tributary habitats are not expected to be
affected by changes in mainstem discharge (Trihey 1983).Mainstem and
side channel habitats,which will be affected to a greater degree than
tributary habitats,are the primary areas where replacement spawning
habitats are likely to become available under with-project flow
conditions.Chinook salmon are the only species that have not been
observed spawning in mainstem or side channel habitats (Figure 2).
1.2 Objectives
To evaluate the feasibility of replacement salmon spawning habitat
becoming available under witch project flow conditions in mainstem and
side channel sites in the middle Susitna River,a two phase study was
initiated during the 1984 open water season.The initial phase
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CHUM
SOCKEYE
PIN K
MS SC Sl T
MS SC SI.T
MS SC SL T
COHO
CHINOOK
MS SC
4
\
\,,
"
MS SC SL T
MS -MAINSTEM
SC -SIDE CHANNEL
SL -'UPLAND and SIDE SLOUGHS
T -TRIBUTARIES
it"-PRIMARY SPAWNING HABITAT
t -SECONDARY SPAWNING HABITAT..
: -INCIDENTAL SPAWNING HABITAT
5
SPAWNING HABITAT PREFERENCE
Figure 2.General spawning habitat preference of the five
species of salmon utilizing the Susitna River
basin.(derived from data from Barrett et al 1984).
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consisted of a preliminary assessment of potential replacement salmon
spawning habitat by locating areas of open leads in the ice cover using
aerial photographs from March 1983.Open leads that were in areas of
known or suspected upwelling were selected for reconnaissance surveys
during the open water period.Open leads that are a result of
upwelling,were selected as indicators of potential spawning sites due
to chum salmons preference for spawning in areas of upwell ing (Kogl
1965;Bakkala 1970;Vining et al.1985).The surveys evaluated general
habitat characteristics (habitat types,general substrate composition,
instantaneous surface and intragravel water temperatures,and upwelling)
in each of the sites.A preliminary assessment was made to determine if
each open lead was upwelling or velocity related.Data from ADF&G
spawning surveys (Barrett et ale 1984)were later included to indicate
which sites were presently used by spawning salmon.Data from these
surveys were also used to assist in identifying potential sites that
could be used as replacement salmon spawning habitats as an alternative
for maintaining naturally occurring salmon·populations during
construction and operation of the proposed hydroelectric project.The
second phase of the study provides a preliminary evaluation of
intragravel water temperature and substrate composition affecting the
incubation environment of selected sites in each habitat type.These
data were collected to provide additional information for determining
the feasibility of replacement salmon spawning habitats becoming
available in the middle Susitna River.
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The present study was designed to provide additional data to be used to
supplement previous fish mitigation plans (Moulton et ale 1984).This
study's recommendations as to the feasibility of this alternative as a
mitigation option are presented in this report by addressing the
following objective:
1.Evaluate the feasibility of using replacement salmon spawning
habitat as a mitigation option by comparing the incubation
environment (substrate composition and intragravel water
temperature)in selected tributary,side channel and mainstem
habitats.
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2.0 METHODS
2.1 Open Water Studies
2.1.1 Site Selection
Mainstem and side channel habitats in the middle reach of the Susitna
River (Figures 3-9)were selected for study because these habitats will
be greatly affected by changes in mainstem discharge and appear to
provide the greatest potential for providing replacement salmon spawning
habitats.Sixty-two side channel sites and 27 mainstem sites were
selected for reconnaissance level surveys of general habitat
characteristics during the 1984 open water studies.
The selection of reconnaissance sites to be evaluated in this study was
initially determined by locating mainstem and side channel habitat areas
that contained open leads during the ice covered period.Open leads in
the mainstem Susitna River are considered to be indicators of either
thermal influences resulting from the presence of upwelling,or high
water velocities.Upwelling related open leads were used as indicators
of possible salmon spawning areas based on the preference of chum salmon
to select upwelling areas for spawning (Kogl 1965;Bakkala 1970;
Vincent-lang et al.1984;Vining et al.1985).Open leads resulting
from thermal influences were initially identified in the mainstem and
side channels of the middle reach of the Susitna River by E.Woody
Trihey and Associates (EWT&A)using aerial photographs from March,1983
8
",.~I~-ioRiverMilemOpenLead1$A-"-..--........,\C,jlllilnaHi...,\0Figure3.r1apofthemiddleSusitnaRiverfromRr198.0to101.5showingstudysitesandopenleadst1984.-------------------~
Figure 4.Map of the middle Susitna River from RM 101.5
to 110.5 showing study sites and open leads,
1984.
B
Chose
Crell k
c
110.1 L---J
c River Mile
m1 Open Lead
110.8L
Oxbow I
10
sus/rNA
R/VER---
\:r""-TALKEETNA
STATION
106.2R
102.:~--~
RM 105
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Figure 5.Map of the middle Susitna River from RM 110.5 to
120.5 showing study sites,open leads and datapod
locations,1984.
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119.7C
119.4l
RM 120
E
~"~iU'---1I9 .Il
119.al
OOwllundo
Creek_~
"River MilemOpenLead
&Datapod
Lone Creek&
11
115.0R &
114.4R
D
'li1#---1I 5.I R
.11lt"--t:-__~II 4 .0 C
I/3.8C
112.2L.:
113.ll
112.7l
Map of the middle Susitna River from RM 120.0 to
128.5 showing study sites,open leads,and datapod
locations,1984.
12
127.IL
126.0R
G
125.IR
125.0R
UItl--+'-127.IC ~
F
124.9C
128.6R
•River Mile
~Open Lead
£Datopod
121.6R
,,·..---CURRY
STATION
124.0L
E
Figure 6.
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Figure 7.Map of the middle Susitna River from RM 128.5 to
137.5 showing study sites;open leads and datapod
locations,1984.
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/36.IR
1'36.0R 6
------135.2R
135.1R
135.0R
--134.6R
GOLD CREEK
STATION
•River Mile
~Open Lead
~Datapod
/34.0l
~~-131.4R
&137.5L
/30.0R
G
H
1f*-n-.....i--131.7l
~1--~-131.5l
/32.9R
.JBU.::"---129.8 R &.
&131.3l
14
Figure 8.Map of the middle Susitna River from RM 137.5 to
144.5 showing study sites,open leads and datapod
locations,1984.
c River Mile
m Open Lead
&Oatapod
139.7R
141.4R
J
J
---,39.0L &
;~f-I.:...-138.7L
140.8R
141.2R
&141.6R
&
Indian
River
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._.•.._._--_."._.~..~.__.-:-._-'-._._-_.~-:.....__.-
---<1..-,
"2!"'--148 .2 C
•River Mile
II Open Lead
K
Figure 9.Map of the middle Susitna River from RM 144.5 to
150.0 showing study sites,and open leads,1984.
15
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(Trihey 1984).Based on this analysis,50 study sites were initially
selected for further evaluation.
The second step in consideration for study site selection involved the
evaluation of salmon spawning utilization data at middle river mainstem
and side channel sites.An evaluation was conducted to determine the
extent of utilization of each of the initially selected sites by
spawning salmon as well as locating any spawning sites not identified by
open leads.The use of 1984 spawning survey data was useful in locating
potential sites due to the high escapement and relatively clear water
conditions.The combination of the two data bases (i.e.,open leads and
spawning surveys)resulted in the number of reconnaissance sites
increasing from 50 to 89.
The following classification of mainstem and side channel sites was
developed:
1.Open leads that have been utilized for salmon spawning;
2.Open leads that have not been used for salmon spawning;and
3.No open leads but salmon spawning had occurred.
Sites in each classification were evaluated for the purposes of the
initial reconnaissance surveys.The results of the open water and ice
covered studies combined determined the recommendations as to the
16
DRAFT
suitability of each classification as potential replacement habitat
sites.
2.1.2 Surface and Intragravel Water Temperature
A single series of instantaneous surface and intragravel water
temperature measurements were made at five locations in each study site
for general compa ri son purposes between sites.The measurements were
made using a Digisense Model 8522-10,digital thermistor thermometer,
and a Yellow Springs Instrument (YSI)Model 419 stainle'ss steel probe.
Intragravel water temperatures were taken at a depth of approximately 10
inches,the approximate egg deposition depth for chum salmon (Vining et
a1.1985).These data were used as a measure of suitability of the
incubation habitat in each site.In locations where it was difficult or
impossible to push the probe in to a depth of 10 inches due to large
substrate or cementation of substrate,the probe was inserted only as
deep as possible.Surface water temperatures were taken as near as
possible to the middle of the water column.These data were used for
general comparisons between sites.All data were summarized and
compared with accepted tolerance ranges for spawning and incubation of
salmonid embryos as reported in Reiser and Bjornn (1979),Hale (1981)
and Vining et al.(1985).
2.1.3 General Substrate Evaluations
General substrate evaluations were conducted by visual assessment of the
dominant substrate types present throughout each study site.Substrate
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evaluations were conducted when the mainstem discharge,as measured at
Go 1d Creek,approximated the anticipated summer project di scharges of
9,000 to 12,000 cfs.This resulted in a better assessment of the wetted
area of substrate under anticipated project conditions and also provided
better visibility conditions due to clearer water at these lower dis-
charges.The substrate evaluation was based on a size classification
scheme (Table 1).
Tab le 1.Substrate cl assifi cation scheme uti Hzed to eval uate general
substrate composition at mainstem and side channel study
sites.
Substrate Code Substrate Description Size
SI silt very fi ne
SA sand fines
SG small gravel 1/411 -1 11
LG large gravel 111 -3 11
RU rubble 311 -5 11
CO cobble 5"-10"
BO boulder greater than 10"
Substrate data are presented to provide a general comparison of all the sites
surveyed.Data from these general substrate evaluations were compared
to accepted substrate size ranges for spawning salmonids as reported in
Reiser and Bjornn (1979),Lotspeich and Everest (1981),and Vincent-Lang
et al.(1985)to provide an index as to the suitability of the substrate
at each site for spawning salmon.
18
DRAFT
2.1.4 Upwelling and Bank Seepage
Both upwelling and bank seepage contribute to make suitable spawning and
incubating habitat for salmonids (Kogl 1965;Bakkala 1970;Vincent-Lang
et a1.1984;Vining et a1.1985).Upwelling and bank seepage are
important in 1}preventing dewatering and freezing of redds,2}
stabilizing the incubation environment,and 3}increasing rate of
exchange of water to replenish dissolved oxygen and remove metabol ic
wastes (Vining et a1.1985).For these reasons,locating areas of
upwelling was important for identifying potential mitigation sites.
Areas of upwelling and bank seepage were visually observed during foot
surveys of each study site.Upwell ing was usually apparent as water
percolating through the substrate of a site.It is most readily
apparent in areas of silt or sand where the flow of water could be
easily observed as a bUbbling action.In areas of substrate with little
silt or sand,upwelling was observed as a current circulating through
the water column if the water was calm enough and/or the upwelling
strong enough.Bank seepage appeared as a 1ateral movement of water
from the banks of a site.
Observing upwelling in mainstem sites was difficult,therefore,several
approaches were used to discern its presence at a study site.The first
approach consisted of a visual assessment of the presence or absence of
upwelling or bank seepage at a study site.This visual assessment
proved difficult at several sites due to the presence of larger
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DRAFT
substrates,turbid water,and/or high water velocities.For this
reason,a second approach was used to assess the presence of upwelling
at those sites where it was not easily discernible.During winter,open
leads in the ice cover due to thermal influences are known to be associ-
ated with the presence of upwelling (Vincent-Lang et a1.1984).Thus,
study sites that exhibited open leads as determined from March,1983
aerial photographs and also have historically had salmon spawning
activity,were assumed to be affected by thermal influences resulting
from upwelling.
In some areas,open leads may be a result of high water velocity rather
than upwelling.If water velocities appeared to be a controlling
factor,and there was no apparent upwelling and no historical chum
salmon spawning was reported,then the open lead was tentatively assumed
to be a result of water velocity and was not considered further for
study purposes.
2.2 Ice Covered Studies
2.2.1 Site Selection
The ice covered study used the 89 sites surveyed during the open water
period as a basis for site selection.One habitat type not included in
the open water study due to logistical constraints,but included in the
ice covered study was tributary habitats.Tributary habitats are least
affected by changes in mainstem discharges and are used by all species
20
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DRAFT
of salmon (Barrett et ale 1985).They were included for comparison
purposes with mainstem and side channel salmon spawning habitats as well
as possible replacement spawning habitat sites.Based on the results of
the open water studies nine primary and four secondary sites were
selected for this study in order to be better able to assess their
potential as possible mitigation sites.
The site selection process for the ice covered studies involved two
steps.The first step divided the middle reach of the Susitna River into
the following three subreaches:Talkeetna (RM 97.0)to Curry (RM
120.5);Curry (RM 120.5)to Gold Creek (RM 136.6);and Gold Creek (RM
136.6)to the mouth of Devil Canyon (RM 150.0).These subreaches were
established so that selected sites would be equally distributed
throughout the middle reach of the Susitna River.The second step
included dividing the initial sites into primary and secondary sites.
Primary sites included tributary spawning habitats as well as side
channel and mainstem spawning habitats that exhibited both upwelling and
salmon spawning acti-vity.Secondary sites were limited to side channel
and mainstem habitats and included:1)sites that exhibited upwelling
but had no salmon spawning activity;and 2)sites that had spawning
activi ty but exhibited no upwell i ng.Withi n each sub reach , a primary
site,representing each habitat type (tributary,side channel and
mainstem),as well as a secondary site,representing each classi-
fication,was selected for monitoring of surface and intragravel water
temperatures and substrate composition (Table 2).
The number of winter study sites was limited by the number of datapods
available for continuous monitoring of surface and intragravel water
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- - -_.-.-- ------ ------Table2.locationoficecoveredstudysitesforcontinuouswatertemperaturemonitoringandsubstratesamplinginthemiddlereachoftheSusitnaRiver,1984.SiteNameRiverMileaGeographicCodeSubReachI(TalkeetnatoCurrllPrimary:TributaryspawningarealaneCreek113.6RITRM0.1S28N05W12DAASideChannelspawningareawithopenleadsMainstem2115.0RS23N04W06BABMainstemspawningareawithopenleadsSusitnaRiverat118.9l118.9lS29N04W16CDDSecondary:OpenleadWithoutSpawningSideChannelat117.9l117.9lS29N04W29AAASubReachII(CurrytoGoldCreek)Primary:Tributaryspawningarea4thofJulyCreek131.1llTRM0.2S30N03W03DBASideChannelspawningareawithopenleadSideChannelat4thofJulyCreek131.3lS30N03W03ADDNMainstemspawningareaNwithopenleadSusitnaRiverat132.9R132.9RS30N03W01BADSecondary:OpenleadWithoutSpawningSusitnaRiverat127.1C127.1CS30N03W09ACBSpawningWithoutOpenleadSideChannelat129.8R129.8RS30N03W20ADCSubReachIII(GoldCreektoDevil'sCanyon)Primary:TributaryspawningareaIndianRiverb138.6L1TRM0.2S31N11W09CABSideChannelspawningareawithopenleadSideChannel21141.6RS31N02W02AABMainstemspawningareawithopenleadSusitnaRiverat139.0l139.0lS31N02W09DACSecondary:OpenleadWithoutSpawning5usitnaRiverat137.5l137.5lS31N02W17ACBal=leftBankR=RightBankC=CenterChannelTRM=TributaryRiverMilebIndianRivercontainedtwostudysites.Site3alongtheleftbankwasachinookspawningarea.Site4alongtherightwasaspawningareautilizedbyallspeciesofsalmonfoundinIndianRiver.
-..._-...__...._--------------
DRAFT
temperatures.Study sites without upwell i ng where spawni ng had been
recorded were the most difficult sites at which to collect data as there
were only a very limited number of these types of si tes in the mi dd1 e
reach of the Susitna River.Sampling conditions in these sites,during
the winter,were extremely severe,limiting the amount and types of data
that could be collected.Dewatering and freezing of these sites and
overtopping with thick ice build up frequently occurred.
2.2.2 Surface and Intragravel Water Temperatures
Surface and intragravel water temperature data were collected to compare
against tolerance ranges for incubating salmon embryos.This comparison
provides an indication of the suitability of a site for effective
spawning and incubation.The intragrave1 water temperatures of a spawn-
ing area during the winter are important to the incubation of salmon
eggs and development of embryos and a1evins (Vining et a1.1985).Water
temperature,along with dissolved oxygen,most directly affect the rate
of development,survival rate,and timing of emergence of incubating
salmon embryos.Surface water temperature is important only to the
extent that surface water influences intragrave1 water temperatures and
as an indicator of upwelling.
A continuous record of surface and intragrave1 water temperatures was
obtained using Omnidata Model 2321 two channel temperature recorders
(datapod).These temperature recorders were installed and continuously
operated in each winter study site following procedures in ADF&G
(1983),Keklak and Quane (1985),and Kek1ak and Withrow (1985).
23
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DRAFT
2.2.3 Freeze-Core Substrate Evaluations
Two types of substrate core sampling methods,the McNeil (McNeil and
Ahnell 1960)and the freeze-core (Walkotten 1976;Everest et ale 1980)
were considered for use in this study.The freeze-core technique was
selected for this study for the following reasons:
1)it allows sub-sampling of the freeze-core at varying incre-
ments of depth;
2)allows samp 1i ng over a wi de range of envi ronmenta 1 conditi ons;
3)the metal probe of the freeze-core technique provides easier
penetration of the large and cemented substrates present at
many sites;and
4)allows more accurate sampling of sediments less than 0.062 mm
(Walkotten 1976).
The only change made in the freeze core system described by Walkotten
was the use of steel probes instead of copper.This modification was
made because steel probes were found to be more durable.
Substrate samples were collected at three representative locations in
each winter study site.Difficult sampling conditions such as frozen
substrate or cores stripping off the probe at three sites limited sample
24
--...__.._---
DRAFT
collection to one or two locations at each site.In addition,due to
adverse sampling conditions,no freeze core substrate samples were
obtained at secondary sites that had spawning but exhibited no
upwelling.These sites dewatered and froze late in the fall.Freeze
core samples were collected to a depth of 16 inches at each of the three
locations using a single probe freeze-core apparatus as described in
Walkotten (1976)(Figure 10).A depth of 16 inches was selected because
a review of literature indicated this is an average redd depth for all
salmon.
Substrate cores were obtained by using a complete 20 lb.tank of CO 2
(approximately 10 minutes)for each freeze core sample.Frozen
substrate samples were then extracted from the streambed using a tripod
and hand operated winch.Cores were thawed using portable propane
heaters and split into two samples,the top 8 inches and the bottom 8
inches,to observe differences in composition with depth (Everest et ale
1980,1981;Scrivener and Brownlee 1981).
Freeze core samples were taken to the Alaska Department of
Transportation (ADOT)Central Materials Testing Laboratory for analysis.
Si eve ana lys is of the samples followed procedures of Ameri can
Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO):
procedures T27-82 and AASHTO Tl1-82 (AASHTO 1982).The analysis was
performed using a series of seven sieves of the following mesh sizes:
127,76.2,25.4,2.0,0.84,0.50,and 0.062 mm.The sieve size
selection was based on the previous ADF&G (Vining et al.1985)studies
as well as recommendations from Wendling (1976),Shirazi et ale (1980),
25
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--- ----- --- - - -- --- -G"."'-'..,,"'.......•d--,'"".0..0ooo•#0......f.C7(1.'0o~."+-~o...,.c·.".'l"'~.,00..'"..#. '..t7".."..~..~".o..t1,.,'Cl."IJ••"0""D,,·......o0".,,.o,.Dq'g.-O/.~_•...,...............~.c.wc..NOUlEAIIIIAYIll:'All"~"00fl.._o.••Q",,"(?".d,.•iO..""."0~.•"."'p~;000•l.0".:.."••0..0."I..~."D'......~IIQ~:••""............~f1.lib;....,..0...,."~'0.',.~.,~~•.o'•••fe'"•00D".0,a...."..._...~,.0..~•et"",.. ....e.~"...........0D,0"".."",,,L...........e.o.....EDlEG~-0tf...,"-.·L....,.......II.._I.......[~,_..1'"-1............-.~...... :••........~...,,.,...&••""........,.,.It"IIIIiN0·0a.'0...."•000.•Q,0P,.".(J0..0.t1·:·i'J•"o'0o .N(J)\.".Figure10.Singlep,robefreezecoreapparatususedtosamplestreambedsubstratesinthemiddlereachoftheSusitnaRiver,1985.
-----------------------~---
DRAFT
Lotspei ch and Everest (1981),Everest et a 1.(1981),and P1 atts et a 1.
(1983).After sieving,the dry weight of each size class of substrate
was measured to the nearest gram and expressed as a percentage of the
total weight.
The quality of spawning gravels has traditionally been estimated by
determining the percentage of fine grains less than some specified
diameter.An inverse relationship between percent fines and survival
exists.While percent fines provides an index of gravel quality for
incubation purposes,it is limited because it ignores the textural
composition of the remainder of the sample.Other methods,such as the
use of geometric mean diameter of particles,have been proposed to
improve on the percent fi nes method.Used alone,each method has its
drawbacks.Further research and development has resulted in a quality
index that appears to overcome the limitations of other methods.This
index to the quality of gravels can be obtained by diViding geometric
mean particle size by the sorting coefficient (a measure of the
distribution of grain sizes)in a sample.The resulting number,called
the "fred1e index,"is currently being used for evaluating the reproduc-
tive potential of spawning gravel (Lotspeich and Everest 1981;Everest
et a1.1981;and Platts et al.1983).The fred1e index,used for this
study,incorporates the influence of texture on two fundamental prop-
erties of spawning gravels -pore size and permeability -that influence
survival.Pore size and permeability regulate intragravel water veloci-
ty and oxygen transport to incubating sa1monid embryos and control
intragravel movement of alevins.Pore size,rather than porosity,was
27
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chosen as a component of the qual i ty index because pore size (and
permeability)is directly proportional to mean grain size while porosity
has been shown to be independent of grain size.To evaluate a fredle
index,the raw data from textural analysis was entered into a computer
program developed by Porter and Rogers (1984).This program provides a
concise summary of the indices which describe the textural composition
of spawning gravels.
2.3 Interpretation of Figures
Results in this report are shown in several types of figures of which
two warrant a description of symbols used.These are referred to as
box-and-whiskers plots (or boxplots)and scatter number plots.
Boxplots are used in this report to summarize water temperature,
dissolved oxygen,pH,and conductivity data.The format basically
follows that used by Velleman and Hoaglin (1981).The boxplots,as
presented here,were computer generated by the mi crocomputer program
MINITAB (Ryan et ale 1982).Measured values (i.e.,dissolved oxygen,
water temperature,etc.)from each study site comprise a data batch,
which is ordered from lowest value to highest.Specific symbols used in
the boxplot figures of this report are explained in Figure 12.
Scatter number plots are used in a number of figures in this report to
summarize water temperature,dissolved oxygen,pH,and conductivity
data.Each number in a figure represents the number of occurrences in
single integers (1-9)at that point.
28
__-------~--_--
29
far outside value-outside of the following range:
minimum adjacent value
[lower hinge -(1.5 x H-spread)]
Definitions of symbols used in boxplots which summarize water
temperature data.
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Representative Term
----+-------__________, (+-)I
!0~---+------~~------\
d a ~b e
c
lower and upper hinges (about 25 percent of the way in from
each end of an ordered batch)-
H-spread (the difference between the hinges;middle half of
the da ta ba tch)
maximum adjacent value
[upper hinge +(1.5 x H-spread)]
median (middle value of the batch)
outside value (outside of the adjacent values)
lower hinge -(3 x H-spread)
upper hinge +(3 x H-spread)
notches (represent approximately a 95 percent confi dence
limit about the median):
median ±1.58 x (H-spread)/n
e
c
d
+
*
o
a.b
Symbo 1
( )
Figure 11.
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3.0 RESULTS
3.1 Open Water Studies
The results of open water studies conducted at 89 potential mitigation
sites in the middle reach of the Susitna River from July 1 to Octo-
ber 15,1984 are presented in the following section.Of the 89 sites
surveyed,62 were side channel habitats and 27 were mainstem habitats.
A total of 18 of the 62 side channel sites were typified as having
.observed spawning activity and upwell ing present (Table 3),while nine
of the 27 mainstem sites were classified as such.Ten of the side
channel and eight of the mainstem sites had neither observed spawning
activity nor upwelling present.A total of nine side channel and two
mainstem sites had upwelling present with no observed spawning.Open
lead areas,as an indicator of spawning sites,have not been delineated
in tributaries.As a result,tributary habitats were not included in
the general open water surveys.
3.1.1 Instantaneous Surface and Intragravel Water Temperature
Five instantaneous surface and intragravel water temperature
measurements recorded at each site during the open water sampling period
indicate that the sites have acceptable water temperatures for
utilization of these habitats by spawning salmon (Table 3).
In both side channel and mainstem habitats,surface water was warmer
than intragravel water early in the season with the difference between
30
Table3.HabitatcharacteristicsofselectedsidechannelandmainstemsitesinthemiddlereachoftheSusftnaRiverJ1984,includingallobservedsidechannelandmainstemsalmonspawningsites1981-1984.RiveraHabitatbUp-OpenW~ter~emperatureRaDgeLimits(oC)dSamplewell1ngLeadSpawningMileTypeDate(Yes/No)(Yes/No)SubstrateCObserved100.5RSC10-8-84YYCO-RU-BO19814.2-4.94.7-5.1100.9RSC10-8-84N NRU-CO-BO19843.5-5.04.0-6.4101.2RSC10-8-84NNRU-CO-BO19843.9-4.6 4.4-5.2102.0LSC10-8-84YNCO-BO-RUe3.9-4.33.3-3.9102.5LSC10-8-84NYCO-BOeff105.8LMS10-8-84NNBO-COe2.9-3.03.0-3.2106.2RMS10-8-84NYBO-COe3.1-3.23.4-3.5110.1LSC10-8-84N NSI-RU-CO19843.2-4.05.2-5.7tAl......110.8LSC10-8-84Y YRU-CO-BOe3.9-4.55.0-5.4112.2LMS9-14-84NYRU-CO-BO-LGe6.8-6.96.9-7.0112.7LMS9-14-84NNRU-CO-BOe7.2-7.4 6.2-6.9113.1lMS9-14-84NNRU-CO-BOeff113.5CSC9-14-84NYLG-RU-COe6.7-6.86.3-7.0113.8CMS9-14-84NNRU-CO-BOeff114.0CSC9-14-84Y YSC-LC-RU19841.1-7.34.1-7.1114.4RSCgfYf1984ff114.5RSC9f Yf1984ff114.6RSC9-14-84NYSA-RU-CO-BO1982,1983,19846.8-7.54.5-7.4115.0RSC9-14-84Y YRU-CO-BO1982,1983,1984ff115.1RSC9-14-84Y YBO-CO-RU1983,19846.9-8.95.5-8.6115.4RSC9fYf1984ff-------------------•
-----_._------_._---_._-_._._.__._-- -_.._------_._.._.__...._-.-..-_.-_.---_.------.---------------------Table3(Continued).RiveraHabitatbUp-OpenWaterTem~eratureRangeLimits(oC)dSamplewellingLeadSubstrateCSpawningSurace..lntragravelMileTypeDate(Yes/No)(Yes/No)Observed115.9LMS9-14-84N YCO-BO-RUe6.3-7.74.6-5.1117.1CSC9-14-84NNSA-RU-COeff117.9LSC9-14-84Y YRU-CO-BOe7.2-7.85.7-7.3117.9RMS9-14-84YNCO-BO1984ff118.9LMS9-14-84Y YCO-BO-RU1983,19847.1-7.25.2-7.1119.1LMS9-18-84NYlG-RU-CO19847.8-8.07.6-7.9119.4lSC9-18-84YYSA-LG-RU-CO19847.0-8.25.3-7.6119.7CSC9-18-84yNSA-lG-RU-CO---8.0-8.55.3-7.4wN119.8LSC9-18-84NYlG-RU-CO19848.0-8.26.9-8.2120.9LMS9-18-84NNf1984ff121.6RSC9fNf1984ff123.1RMS9-13-84NYRU-CO-BOe7.5-7.67.5-7.6124.0lSC9-12-84YNSI-RU-CO19847.2-8.74.4-8.4124.9CSC9-12-84YYlG-RU-CO19847.5-10.94.5-5.5125.0RSC9-18-84Y YRU-CO-BOe7.57.1-7.5125.1RSC9-18-84NYLG-RU-COe7.4-7.67.6-8.4127.0lSC9-18-84YYLG-RU-COe5.7-7.45.9-7.4127.1lSC9-18-84NYLG-RU-COe7.2-7.37.3-7.7127.1CSC9-18-84Y YLG-RU-COe6.4-7.13.7-7.6127.8RSCgfYf1984ff
Table3(Continued).RiveraHabitatbUp-OpenSamplewelli09leadSubstrateCSpawningMileTypeDate(Ves/No)(Ves/No)Observed128.3RMS9-18-84NVf1984ff128.6RSC9-17-84VVRU-CO-BO1982,19845.7-8.44.7-5.9128.7RSC9VVf1984ff129.2RSC9-17-84N NRU-CO-BO19817.6-7.77.7-7.8129.8RSC9-17-84NYSA-RU-CO-LC1981,1982,19847.2-9.54.8-7.5130.0RSC9-17-84VYf1981,1984ff130.5RSC9-17-84VVCO-BO-RU19847.8-8.55.6-7.8131,0RMS9NNf1984ffww131,0LSC9-17-84VYSA-RU-CO1981, 1982,1983,19846.7-7.14.3-6.0131.1LSC9-17-84VNSA-LC-RU1981, 1982,19846.4-7.34.3-5.3131.2LSC9fYf1984ff131.3LSC9-17-84V VRU-LC-CO1982, 1983,19844.6-7.14.6-7.0131.5LSC9-17-84VyRU-LC-CO1984ff131.6LSC9fyf1981,1982,1983,1984ff131.7LSC9-17-84NNRU-CO19846.5-6.66.9-7.0131.8LSC9-12-84NNRU-CO19846.5-6.67.0132.9RMS9-17-84VVRU-CO-BO1984ff133.7RSC9-17-84N YRU-CO-BOe7.16.5-7.2134.0lSC9-17-84V VLC-RU-COe7.1-8.55.1-5.8134.6RSC9-17-84NyRU-CO-BOe6.7-6.96.5-7.0134.7RSC9NVf1984ff-------------------~
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -.-- -Table3(Continued).RiveraHabitatbUp-OpenWaterTem1eratureRangeLimits(oC)dSamplewellingLeadSUbstrateCSpawningSuraceIntragravelMileTypeDate(Yes/No)(Yes/No)Observed135.0RSC9-17-84N YlG-RU-CO19846.8-6.95.2-7.1135.1RSC9-17-84NYLG-RU-COeff135.2RSC9-17-84NYRU-COeff135.4RSC9-17-84NNS!-LG-RUe6.6-6.86.3-7.1136.1RSC9-17-84Y YSA-LG-RU-CO1981,1982,1983,19844.9-5.44.0-6.1136.3RSC9-17-84NYf1981,1982,1983,1984ff136.5RSCgNYf1981,1982,1983,1984ff136.8RMS9-15-84N YRU-CO-BO1983,19848.7-10.16.3-7.3w.f.::o137.4RSC9-15-84yySA-RU-CO-BOe10.4-12.34.7-8.1137.5LMS9-15-84YYSA-BO-COe10.4-11.64.7-8.1138.0LMS9-15-84Y YlG-RU-CO1982ff138.3lMS9-15-84YYLC-RU-CO1982,19849.6-9.87.8-8.2138.7lMS9-15-84YyCO-BO-RU1982,1983.19848.8-9.07.9-8.1138.8lMS9fYf1984ff139.0lMS9-11-84YyRU-LG-CO1982. 1983.19847.7-8.65.3-6.6139.4lSC9-11-84NyRU-lG-CO19848.57.6-8.1139.7RSC9-15-84Y YSA-RU-CO-BOe7.7-8.06.9-7.7140.5RSC9-15-84NyCO-BO-RU1984ff140.8RSC9-15-84NNCO-BO-RU1981,1982,1983,1984ff141.0RSC9-15-84.YyBO-CO-RU-LG1981.1982. 1983.19847.4-7.57.4-7.5
W01Table3(Continued).RiveraHabitatbUp-OpenWaterTem~eratureRangeLimits(oC)dSamplewellingLeadSUbstrateCSpawningSuraceIntragravelMileTypeDate(Ves/No)(Ves/No)Observed141.2RMS9-15-84V VCO-BO-RUe7.4-7.5 7.4-7.5141.4RSC9-15-84V VSI-CO-BO1981,1982,1983,19845.3-5.74.5-5.4141.6RMS9-15-84NVRU-CO-BO19847.2-7.37.2-7.8141.6RSC9-15-84Y VSA-RU-CO-BO1981, 1982, 1983,1984ff143.0LMS9-11-84-Y NRU-CO19849.37.4143.3LMS9-11-84YNCO-BO1982,19848.5-12.77.4-12.3148.2CMS9-11-84NNCO-BO19826.8-7.16.9-7.4aL=LeftBankR=RightBankC=CenterChannelbMS=MainstemSC=SideChannelCSubstratesizeclassificationasdescribedinTable1,inthemethodssection.dSamplesizeequals5.Asinglereadingindicatesallrecordedtemperaturevalueswereidentical.eNospawningobserved.fNodataavailable.gThesesitesaretheresultofspawningsurveys,nootherdataavailable.--------------- - ---~
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the two becoming less as the ice covered period approached.Side
channel habitats exhibited a range for the sampling period,of
3.2-12.3°C for surface water and 3.3-8.6°C for intragravel water
(n=205).During the same time period,mainstem habitats exhibited a
range of 2.9-12.7°C for surface water and 3.0-12.3°C for intragravel
water (n=90).The hi ghestrecorded temperature for both surface and
intragravel water in mainstem habitats was recorded at the site at RM
143.3L,an area of spawning but no open lead.Further studies indicated
that this site was a peripheral habitat unsuitable for incubation due to
dewatering and freezing.For this reason it was removed from further
study.
3.1.2 General Substrate Evaluations
Both side channel and mainstem habitats exhibit similar substrate
patterns (Figures 12 and 13).Rubble-cobble-boulder substrate
predominate in both habitat types (Table 3).Side channel habitats have
an approximately equal number of sites containing rubble and cobble
substrate while mainstem habitats contain a greater number of sites with
cobble substrate.In comparing spawning with non-spawning areas in both
habitats,the same trends appeared.Mainstem habitats also appear to be
more cemented with fine silts and sands than occurs in side channel
habitats.Side channel and mainstem sites generally contain larger
substrate (rubble-cobble-boulder)than is found in tributary spawning
habitats (small gravel-large gravel-rubble).There are areas of
s.uitable substrate in all sites that coincide with the recommended size
36
Figure 12.
I.LIo
Z
LIJ
11:-a;u>
:>1&.1O!:
Of/)
°LLu..0
00:
)-oWO~
Z::>
WZ
:::>-o
LIJ
0:
lL
50
40
30
20
10
o
DRAFr
O ALL SIDE CHANNEL
HABITATS
rrm SIDE CHANNEL HABITATS
J/JJ.I THAT HAD SPAWNING
SI SA SG LG RU CO 80
SUBSTRATE SIZE CLASS
Frequency of occurrence of surface substrate size classesoccuringinsidechannelhabitats.'"
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o ALL MAINSTEM HABITATS
rJT!J MAINSTEM HABITATS
WJJ THAT HAD SPAWNING
38
Frequency of occurrence of surface substrate size classes
occurring in mainstem habitats.
SI SA SG LG RU CO 80
SUBSTRATE SIZE CLASS
O ......loopIo-
Figure 13.
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DRAFT
range for salmon spawning (Reiser and Bjornn 1979;Lotspeich and Everest
1981;and Platts et ale 1983).
3.1.3 Upwelling and Bank Seepage
Vi sua 1 observati ons of upwell i ng and bank seepage made duri ng foot
surveys were recorded at side channel and mainstem habitats after
initially identifying potential areas of upwelling (open leads)from
winter aerial photos (Table 3).
Ten of the 62 side channel sites were added after the open water season
as a result of salmon spawning surveys and therefore only salmon
spawning data are available at these sites.Of the remaining 52 side
channel sites surveyed during the open water season to determine the
presence of upwelling,29 (54%)had observed upwelling or bank seepage
while 39 (75%)exhibited open leads during the winter (Table 3).Four
sites (14%of the sites with upwelling)exhibited upwelling but no open
leads,which indicates that the upwelling was not very strong or was
intermittent in nature.There were 15 sites (38%of the sites with open
leads)that exhibited open leads in the winter but had no visible
upwelling.Upwelling may be present in these sites but was not observed
due to the difficult survey conditions.It appears that seven side
channel sites have open leads that are all or partially controlled by
water velocity.
Two of the 27 mainstem sites were added after the open water season as a
result of salmon spawning surveys and only have spawning data.Of the
39
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remaining 25 sites,11 (44%)had observed upwelling or bank seepage
while 16 (64%)had open leads during the ice covered period (Table 3).
These sites (27%of those with observed upwell i ng)had no open 1eads
during the winter.This indicates that the upwelling observed in these
sites is either weak or intermittent.Eight sites (50%of those with
open leads)had open leads during the ice covered period but no observed
upwelling.This indicates that either upwelling is present but not
observed due to the difficult conditions present at mainstem sites,or
that water velocity is the controlling factor.It appears that open
leads in nine mainstem sites are controlled all,or in part,by water
velocity.
3.1.4 Salmon Spawning Utilization
Side channel and mainstem salmon spawning sites located by ADF&G
surveys from 1981~1984 are shown on individual site maps in Appendix A.
Salmon spawning data at individual sites are summarized by year in
Table 3.
The following summary,by species,is based on ADF&G spawning surveys
conducted in side channel and mainstem habitats from 1981~1984.Chum
salmon are the predominant species found spawning in both side channel
and mainstem habitats.Sockeye salmon were observed spawning in eight
side channel and three mainstem sites.Coho salmon have been found
spawning in three side channel sites while pink salmon spawned in two.
Spawning by coho or pink salmon was not observed in mainstem sites.
40
41
3.2 Ice Covered Studies
mainstem sites.
DRAFT I
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Side Channel Mainstem
(62 Total Sites)(27 Total Sites)
(No.of Sitesl (No.of Sitesl
%of Total)%of Total)
42 (68%)17 (63%)
17 (27%)6 (22%)
20 (32%)10 (32%)
23 (37%)9 (33%)
Spawning Utilization
Category
Based on the resul ts of the open water studies,ni ne primary and four
secondary sites were selected for this study in order to be better able
Chinook salmon have not been observed spawning in either side channel or
A comparison of observed spawning activity in side channel and mainstem
sites from 1981-1984 is presented in Table 4.While the number of sites
varies between habitat type,the percentage in each category is similar
between habitat types.The relatively high percentage of new spawning
sites in each habitat type observed during 1984 can be attributed to a
high escapement and excellent survey conditions.
Spawning during at least 1 year
Spawning during more than 1 year
No spawning
First spawning during 1984
Table 4.A comparison of observed salmon spawning activity between side
channel and mainstem sites in the middle reach of the Susitna
River,1981-1984.
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to assess their potential as possible mitigation sites (Table 2).The
sites are distributed throughout the middle reach of the Susitna River
and are generally categorized as either tributary~side channel,or
mainstem.Mainstem and side channel sites were subdivided based on
presence of open leads and spawning.Intragravel water temperature and
substrate composition were monitored at each site to provide an index as
to the suitability of salmon incubation conditions.
3.2.1 Continuous Surface and Intragravel Water Temperature
Continuous surface and intragravel water temperatures were measured at
one location in each site with the exception of Indian River which had
two sites.Indian River site #3 was initially installed in a chinook
salmon spawning site for another ADF&G study.Monitoring of
temperatures was continued for this study to obtain temperatures on a
spawning site used only by chinook salmon.Indian River site #4 was
installed in a coho,chum and pink salmon spawning area.A complete
presentation of these data are included in Keklak and Withrow (1985).A
boxplot diagram is presented to summarize the surface and intragravel
water temperatures by site classification (Figure 14).Similar trends
appear to exist in both intragravel and surface water temperatures.
Mainstem and side channel sites that have open leads and no spawning
have the warmest median temperatures,while tributary and mainstem
spawning sites have the lowest.
In general,surface and intragravel water temperatures dropped in all
sites from September until late October or early November.At this time
42
':ii'"CI,,~s;Fjc'"T;OATributar)!5..........;...,':>\'''S--(+1---*****00000000000000000000000000...__....)(..Il•...__•f/---.-..!"",\d•'----v--"b•,(I•LOWERHIN'I£fr.MEOt-'Nb"UPPERHINGtt).10%C.IA80UTTHECDH _SPfUAO!IIIEDtA,fj!...MINIMUM40.,lA(:(IIITVALUE••ouTSIDEVALUE...MAJUMUllilA.DJACENTVALUE0..fARouTSIDEYALUEoSideChOllnnel5,"""..i~s~""'ThOrMl••<ls**------------------1(+)1-----!"Iain.to..",Sp"......;",5S,""S...\'11\Ope"L..-<IS****.***•••*------------1(+'x--------rtW"f1'<M.....51'"CIo.....\5110S...\'1\,0,""lc""S_.~AI,.s,......,;.)--------r(+r-~w---------.---------+---------+---------~---------+---------+---------+-6.00-4.00-2.000.002.004.00•.008.00I,,"rl\.~("...velW..TerTe"'f'e.....T...r~C-C)'SiT!!ClassiF'ic.aTiOI\T,.\butilll")I$,......".,,,jSoITE'SSid..Ch....na!':,pn.""'."S~~,,-i't'"Orotrnll."dS.-(+-*-0000000000000000000000000000000000_.****.**.----------1~1----------.****"'.1".t....~"""'.;'j:',TtS...,l"l\Op4..l...<ls111••,,&,.a..l':.icie(lH..1~iT'<PS10'••l...~aNiNo'"""i'"0000000000000DO0••**---+l---****OO000000 00******------l+I--------**o~--------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+-b.OO-4.00-2.000.002.004.00b.OO8.00Sur-r"c.eLV",:\"e'"T"""pe.rO\Tur-<1C°e..)Figure14.---- -Summarybysiteclassificationofcontinuoussurfaceandintragravelwatertemperaturedata(OC)measuredduringthe1984-1985icecoveredperiodinthemiddleSusitnaRiver,Alaska.(refertosection2.3fordetailedexplanationoffiguresymbols).-------------~-..........
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DRAFT
the temperatures rose slightly and stabilized,with intragravel water
temperatures generally warmer than surface water temperatures.Freezing
of sites for part or all of the winter occurred in side channel,and
mainstem spawning areas.The intragravel environment of tributary
spawning habitats and areas of open leads with no spawning in mainstem
and side channel habitats,generally remained above freezing.
3.2.2 Freeze Core Substrate Evaluations
Freeze-core substrate samples collected at all sites were analyzed to
compute the fredl e index as a measure of substrate qual i ty.The fredl e
index is a measure of both pore size and relative permeability,both of
which increase as the fredle index increases.This textural analysis
verifies the general substrate evaluations made during the open water
survey period.The composition of substrate samples collected at all
sites are summarized in Appendix Table C-l.
The substrate composition presented in Appendix Table C-l shows similar
substrate composition for salmon spawning areas in tributary,side
channel and mainstem habitats.The greatest percentage of substrates
collected in all these habitat types are greater than 2.0 mm in size.
Only a small percent of the substrates in all three habitats are less
than 2.0 mm.One sample,collected at Lane Creek,in which 53%of the
substrate was less than 0.062 mm,did not fit the general trend for
these habitats.
44
DRAFT
Mainstem and side channel sites that exhibited open leads but had no
reported salmon spawning,had slightly smaller substrates.The majority
of substrates in these sites was between 2.0 mm and 127 mm.Only a
sma 11 percentage of the substrates were ei ther small er than 2.0 mm or
greater than 127 mm.It appears that there is a s 1;ght increase with
depth,in the percent of fines found in the samples.
The resul ts of the ana 1ys is to determi ne substrate qual i ty (fred1 e
index)are presented in Table 5.This analysis is based on the entire
16 inch freeze core sample at each site.No clear trends were obvious
in substrate quality with depth,in any of the habitats.
In looking at the four indices (geometric mean particle size,sorting
coefficient,fredle index and percent finer than 10 mm)general compari-
sons of substrate composition between site classifications can be
determined.
The average geometric mean particle size is largest in tributary
habitats and smallest in areas of open leads and no spawning.Mainstem
spawning habitats have an average geometric mean similar to that of
areas with open leads and no spawning.
The sorting coefficient,used to quantify the distribution of grain
sizes in gravels,is a useful indicator of a gravel·s reproductive
potential for sa1monids (Lotspeich et al.1981).A sorting coefficient
greater than one imp1 ies that pores between large grains are filled
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--'--_....---_...--'._....---Table5.Summaryofsubs5ratequalityanalysisoffreezecoresamplesobtainedatselectedsitesinthemiddlereachoftheSusitnaRiver,1984-85.•..j:>.0'1HabitatTypeTributarySpawningAreasSideChannelSpawningAreaswithOpenleadsMainstemSpawningAreaswithOpenleadsSideChannelandMainstemSiteswithOpenLeadandNoSpawningGeometricTotalMeanSampleParticlePercentSampleWeightSizeSortingFredleFinerThanSiteSize(gm)(mm)CoefficientIndex1.0mmlaneCreek32215.70086.80013.16252.69316.9394thofJulyCreekb11546.00064.5981.82735.3493.094IndianRiver#333216.367128.9171.87871.0941.472Indian River#431611.90047.3152.39620.8634.879Mainstem231233.30027.8882.35314.00310.825SideChannelat4thofJulyCreek32143.66766.6442.42327.9305.326UpperSideChannel11#1~12152.00055.8382.21125.2526.671UpperSideChannel11#211227.00034.8152.07916.7456.818SideChannel2133025.16797.7512.07451.1873.763SusitnaRiverat118.9l31448.53347.7552.61523.0946.997SusitnaRiverat132.9R32030.90050.6212.59419.4536.535SusitnaRiverat139.0l31709.23350.8481.89826.9325.221SideChannelat117.9L31146.73350.8592.54123.56511.243SusitnaRiverat127.1C#1~12022.00090.8602.51436.1465.411SusitnaRiverat127.1C#21542.0004.4045.1980.84728.193SusitnaRiverat137.5L32745.63334.2112.63413.34111.386aAllresultspresentedaremeansbasedonsamplesize.bSamplingproblemslimitedthenumberoffreezecorescollectedatthesesites.Duetothesmallsamplesize,eachfreezecorewasanalyzedindividually.Theresultsarethemeanofasamplesizeofoneinsteadofthree.
DRAFT
with smaller grains that restrict permeability.The sorting coefficient
is inversely proportional to permeability.Side channel and mainstem
spawning sites with open leads have the lowest and most closely related
average sorting coefficients,indicating less fine particles filling the
pore spaces between larger particles.Tributary spawning habitats have
the largest average sorting coefficients.
Areas of open leads with no spawning have the largest average percentage
of fines less than 1.0 mm.The other three site classifications,
tributary,side channel and mainstem spawning areas,have almost identi-
ca 1 average percentages of fi nes,1ess than half of that found ;n
non-spawning areas.
Tributary spawning habitats have the largest average fredle index of all
habitat types.The other three site classifications have almost
identical average fredle index numbers.The average fredle index number
in the other sites is roughly half of that found in tributary habitats.
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4.0 DISCUSSION
This report provides a preliminary data summary of surface and intra-
gravel water temperatures and substrate composition in tributary,side
channel,and mainstem habitats in the middle Susitna River.These data
provide information on salmon incubation conditions which can be used to
evaluate potential replacement salmon spawning habitat in mainstem and
side channel sites in the middle Susitna River.These potential salmon
spawning areas appear to be presently limited by high water velocities
and may have flows more suitable for salmon spawning under with-project
flow regimes.The data in this report only provide baseline information
on salmon incubation conditions to allow preliminary identification and
comparison of potential replacement salmon spawning habitats.
The primary means used to locate potential replacement salmon spawning
areas in mainstem and side channel habitats was to focus on areas of
open leads identified in winter aerial photos.Open leads often indi-
cate the presence of upwelling areas which are used as spawning habitats
for chum salmon (Vincent-Lang et al.1984).Upwelling areas in mainstem
and side channel sites would therefore be likely locations for providing
suitable replacement salmon spawning habitat under with-project flow
conditions,assuming other salmon spawning requirements are favorable.
Although salmon have been observed spawning in mainstem and side channel
habitats in which open leads did not occur during winter,periodic
freezing and dewatering of substrates in these areas make them unsuit-
able for salmon incubation.Upwelling areas would provide a more stable
incubation environment (Vining et al.1984)and therefore -should be
48
----------------------------------------
DRAFT
considered first when selecting potential salmon spawning replacement
habitat.
Comparison of intragravel water temperatures and substrate composition
in tributary,side channel and mainstem salmon spawning habitats indi-
cate that these parameters are similar in spawning areas among these
three habitat types.These data also indicate that comparable intra-
gravel water temperatures and substrate composition exist in areas of
open leads in mainstem and side channel habitats where salmon spawning
has not been recorded.The presence of suitable intragravel water
temperatures and substrate composition indicates that these areas have
good potential as replacement salmon spawning habitat under with project
flow conditions.In general,tributary habitats appear to be better
suited for salmon spawning and incubation than those mainstem and side
channel sites which were surveyed.Although areas of open leads in
mainstem and side channel sites,where salmon spawning had not been
recorded,contained suitable spawning substrates,the substrates con-
tained twice as much fines less than 1.0 mm than the other three habi-
tats.
Based on these preliminary surveys,it appears that sites exist in side
channel and mainstem habitats in the middle Susitna River that may
provide suitable replacement salmon spawning habitat.Some of these
areas may requi re additional habitat modifications such as improving
passage conditions or loosening of cemented substrates to provide better
spawning habitat.However,the information presented in this report is
based on limited field observations and data.More detailed studies
49
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DRAFT
should be conducted in the future at selected replacement habitat sites
to determine which sites would be most cost effective for mitigation
purposes.
50
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5.0 CONTRIBUTORS
Adult Anadromous Project Leader
Data Processing Project Leader
Graphics
Typing Staff
Editor
Data Collection
Data Analysis
Text
51
DRAFT
Bruce M.Barrett
Allen Bingham
Carol Hepler
Roxann Peterson
Peggy Skeers
Vicki McCall
Bobbie Greene
Joe Sautner
Sheri Methven
Pat Morrow
Don Seagren
Barry Stratton
Bob Wilkey
Tommy Withrow
A11 en Bi ngham
Don Seagren
Bob Wil key
Don Seagren
Bob Wil key
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DRAFT
6.0 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Special appreciation is extended to the following people for their
contribution to this study:
S.Crumley,N.E.Bradley,and T.Jennings of Entrix,Inc.for
their assistance in data collection and helpful insights into
the use of the freeze core sampler.
State of Alaska,Department of Transportation,for assistance
in analyzing substrate samples at their laboratory facility.
Carol Kerkvliet of Woodward Clyde Consultants for her
assistance in winter field data collection.
52
Fish and
Anchorage,
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DRAFT
7.0 LITERATURE CITED
Alaska Department of Fish and Game 1983.Susitna Hydro Aquatic Studies
-Phase II Data Report.Winter Aquatic Study (October 1982 -May
1983).Prepared for Alaska Power Authority.Anchorage,Alaska.
Alaska Power Authority.1982.Susitna Hydroelectric Project:
Wildlife Mitigation Policy.Alaska Power Authority.
Alaska.
1983.Application for license for major project,Susitna Hydro-
electric Project,before the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission.
Vol.6A.,Exhibit E,Chapter 3.Alaska Power Authority.Susitna
Hydroelectric Project.
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.
1982.Standard Methods of Sampling and Testing.13th edition.
Washington,D.C.
Bakkala,Richard G.1970.Synopsis of Biological Data on the Chum
Salmon,Oncorhynchus keta (Walbaum)1972.U.S.Department of
Interior.USF&WS.FAO Species Synopsis No.41,Circular 315.
Washington,D.C.89 pp.
53
DRAFT
Barrett,B.M.,F.M.Thompson,and S.N.Wick.1985.Adult Anadromous
Fish Investigations:May-October 1984.Alaska Department of Fish
and Game,Susitna Hydro Aquatic Studies,Report No.6 Prepared for
Alaska Power Authority,Anchorage,Alaska.
Blakely,J.S.,J.S.Sautner,L.A.Rundquist,and N.E.Bradley.1985.
Salmon Passage Validation Studies.Addendum to Alaska Department
of Fish and Game Report No.2,Chapter 6.Aquatic Habitat and
Instream Flow Investigations (August -October 1984).Alaska
Department of Fish and Game.Su Hydro Aquatic Studies.Anchorage,
Alaska.
Everest,F.H.,C.E.McLemore,J.F.Ward.1980.An improved tritube
cryogenic gravel sampler.Res Note PNW-350.Portland,Oregon:
U.S.Department of Agriculture,Forest Service,Pacific Northwest
Forest and Range Experiment Station,8 pp.
__,F.B.Lotspeich,and W.R.Meehan.1981.New Perspective on
Sampling,Analysis,and Interpretation of Spawning Gravel Quality.
Presented at the Symposium on Aquisition and Utilization of Aquatic
Habitat Inventory Information.Portland,Oregon.
Hale,S.S.1981.Freshwater Habitat Relationships Chum Salmon
(Onchorhynchus keta).Alaska Department of Fish and Game,Habitat
Division,Resource Assessment Branch.Anchorage,Alaska.
54
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--------------------------
DRAFT
Keklak,T.and T.Quane.1985.Appendix F:Winter Temperature Data.
In:Vining,L.F.,J.S.Blakely,and G.M.Freeman.1985.An
Evaluation of the Incubation Life-Phase of Chum Salmon in the
Middle Susitna River,Alaska.Winter Aquatic Investigations:
September,1983 -May,1984.Report No.5,Vol.1.Alaska
Department of Fish and Game,Susitna Hydro Aquatic Studies.
Prepared for Alaska Power Authority.Anchorage,Alaska.
___'and T.Wi throw.1985.Tasks 29 and 37 Support Techni cal
Report.Continuous Water Temperature Investigations.Alaska
Department of Fish and Game.Susitna Hydro Aquatic Studies.
Prepared for Alaska Power Authority.Anchorage,Alaska.
Klinger,S.and E.W.Trihey.1984.Response of Aquatic Habitat Surface
Areas to Mainstem Discharge in the Talkeetna to Oevil's Canyon
Reach of the Susitna River,Alaska.Prepared by E.Woody Trihey &
Associates under contract to Harza-Ebasco Susitna Joint Venture for
Alaska Power Authority.Anchorage,Alaska.
Kogl,O.R.1965.Springs and groundwater as factors affecting survival
of chum salmon spawn in a sub-arctic stream.Master's thesis.
University of Alaska,Fairbanks,Alaska.
Lotspeich,F.B.and F.H.Everest.1981.A new method for reporting and
interpreting textural composition of spawning gravel.Res.Note
PNW-369.Portland,Oregon:U.S.Department of Agriculture,Forest
Service,Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station,11
pp.
55
DRAFT
McNeil,William J.and Warren H.Ahnell.1960.Measurement of Gravel
Composition of Salmon Streambeds.Fisheries Research Institute,
College of Fisheries,University of Washington,Seattle,
Washington.Circular No.120.Prepared for U.S.Department of the
Interior,Fish and Wildlife Service,Bureau of Commercial
Fisheries.Contract #14-17-008-96.
Moulton,Lawrence L.,Larry A.Rundquist,Stephen C.Crumley,and N.
-Elizabeth Bradley.1984.Susitna Hydroelectric Project Fish
Mitigation Plan.Woodward-Clyde Consultants.Prpeared for
Harza-Ebasco Susitna Joint Venture.November,1984.Document No.
2466,Susitna File No.4.3.1.4.Anchorage,Alaska.
Platts,William S.,Walter F.Megahan,and G.Wayne Minshall.1983.
Methods for evaluating stream,riparian,and biotic conditions.
Gen.Tech.Rep.INT-13B.Ogden,Utah:U.S.Department of
Agri cul ture,Forest Service,Intermounta in Forest and Range
Experiment Station.70pp.
Porter,Pamela E.and James R.Rogers.1984.A Computer Program to
Characterize the Textural Composition of Salmonid Spawning Gravel.
Presented to American Fisheries Society,Alaska Chapter Annual
Meeting 1984.Forestry Sciences Laboratory,Juneau,Alaska.
56
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57
DRAFT
Reiser,D.W.,and T.C.Bjornn.1979.Influence of forest and rangeland
management in anadromous fish habitat in western North America.
Number 1.Habitat requirements of anadromous salmonids.United
States Forest Service General Technical Report PNW-96.Portland,
Oregon.
Sautner,J.S.,L.J.Vining,and L.A.Rundquist.1984.An evaluation of
passage conditions for adult salmon in sloughs and side channels of
the middle Susitna River.Chapter 6 in C.C~Estes and D.S.
Vincent-Lang,editors.Aquatic habitat and instream flow investi-
gations (May -October,1983).Alaska Department of Fish and Game,
Susitna Hydro Studies.Report Number 3.Prepared for Alaska Power
Authority.Anchorage,Alaska.
Minitab Reference
State University,
Ryan,LA.,Jr.,B.L.Joiner,and B.F.Ryan.1981.
Manual.Minitab Project,The Pennsylvania
University Park,Pennsylvania,USA.
Sandone,Gene,Doug Vi ncent-Lang,and Andrew Hoffmann.1984 .•
Evaluation of Chum Salmon Spawning Habitat In Selected Tributary
Mouth Habitats of the Middle Susitna River.Report No.3,Chapter
8 In Christopher C.Estes and Douglas S.Vincent-Lang Editors.
Aquatic Habitat and Instream Flow Investigations (May -October
1983).Alaska Department of Fish and Game.Susitna Hydro Aquatic
Studies.Prepared for:Alaska Power Authority,Anchorage,Alaska.
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DRAFT
Scrivener,J.C.,and M.J.Brownlee.1981.A preliminary analysis of
Carnation Creek gravel quality data,1973-1980.p.195-226.In
Salmon spawning gravel:A renewable resource in the Pacific
Northwest?Proceedings of the conference.Washington State
University,Pullman,Washington.
Shirazi,Mostafa A.,and W.K.Seim.1980.A Stream Systems Evaluation
-An Emphasis On Spawning Habitat for Salmonids.Report No.EPA
60013-79-109.Environmental Research Laboratory -Corvallis,
Office of Research and Development,Environmental Protection
Agency,Corvallis,Oregon.
Trihey,E.Woody.1983.Preliminary Assessment of Access by Spawning
Salmon Into Portage Creek and Indian River.Prepared for Alaska
Power Authority.Anchorage,Alaska.
1984.Memorandum to B.Barrett and L.Moul ton.August 28,
1984.Anchorage,Alaska.
Velleman,P.F.,and D.C.Hoaglin.1981.Applications,basics,and
computing of exploratory data analysis.Duxbury Press,Boston,
Massachusetts,USA.
Vincent-Lang,D.,A.Hoffmann,A.Bingham,C.Estes,D.Hilliard,C.
Steward,E.Trihey,and S.Crumley.1984.Chapter 7:An
evaluation of chum and sockeye salmon spawning habitat in sloughs
58
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and side channels of the middle Susitna River.In Report No.3:
Aquati c Habitat and Instream Flow Investi gations (May -October,
1983).C.Estes and D.Vincent-Lang,eds.Alaska Department of
Fish and Game,Susitna Hydro Aquatic Studies.Anchorage,Alaska.
Vining,L.J.,J.S.Blakely,and G.M.Freeman.1985.An Evaluation of
The Incubation Life-Phase of Chum Salmon in the Middle Susitna
River,Alaska.Winter Aquatic Investigation:September,1983 ~
May,1984.Report Number 5,Volume 1.Alaska Department of Fish
and Game,Susitna Hydro Aquatic Studies.Anchorage,Alaska.
Walkotten,W.J.1976.An improved technique for freeze sampling
streambed sediments.Res.Note PNW-281.Portland,Oregon:U.S.
Department of Agriculture,Forest Service,Pacific Northwest Forest
and Range Experiment Station,11 pp.
Wendling,F.L.1976.Preliminary Report on Gravel Porosity Studies
Along the Trans-Alaska Pipeline.Draft Report.National Marine
Fisheries Service.Anchorage,Alaska.
59
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8.0 APPENDICES
Appendix A.Mainstem and Side Channel Salmon
Spawning Distribution Maps •.•.••••.•••••••••••.•A-I
Appendix B.Site Descriptions and Continuous
Water Temperature Monitoring Locations
for Ice-Covered Studies .••••••.•••••••••..••••••B-1
Appendix C.Freeze Core Substrate Data ••••••••...•••••••...•C-l
60
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APPENDIX A
Mainstem and Side Channel
Salmon Spawning Distribution Maps.
A-I
DRAFT
Observed chum salmon side channel spawning sites
bet\</een RM 100.0 and 101.0 in the middle Susitna
'River.
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o 500
I !I
FEET
I Appro •.Seal.'
~CHUM
~SPAWNING AREA 84
DRAFT
•
CHUM
SPAWNING AREA 81
SIDE CHANNEL SITE
RM IOO.5R
~
SIDE CHANNEL SITE
RM IOO.9R
A-2
I
RM IOl.oEB
.\
Appendix Figure A-I.
DRAFT
Appendix Figure A-2.Observed chum salmon side channel spawning
site at RM 110.1 in the middle $usitna River.
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\
OXBOW I
:-
"
:'"SIDE CHANNEL SiTE i:
,RM IIO.IL
m CHUM
_SPAWNING AREA 84
o !l00
I I I
FEET
(Approlt.Scolel
A-3
.,
l
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_CHUM
_SPAWNING AREA 84
DRA~T
A-4
Observed chum salmon side channel spawning
site at RM 114.0 in the middle Susitna River.
,~,
..
;.
">
;.
.~
,.,
.l
i·
..,
:'.
o SOO
1..'--:=*:'::--...JI.FEET
(Approlt.Seal.)'
Appendix Figure A-3.
SIDE CHANNEL SITE
RM 115.IR
1lt -..,.SIDE CHANNEL SiTE
RM 115.0R
DRAFT
RM 115.06'
o 500
I I ,
FEET
(Approa.Seol_)
V\
c::..
<.n
"""c:.
",~
'.~CHUM '-;.~SPAWNING'"':J:)
AREA 82 ~
•
CHUM <.
SPAWNING",
AREA 83 ':J:)
~CHUM
_SPAWNING SI DE CHANNEL SITE
AREA 84 RM 114.6R
A-5
Appendix Figure A-4.Observed chum salmon side channel spa~ming
sites between RM 114.5 and 115.5 in the middle
Susitna River..
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ObservedchumsalmonmainstemspawningsiteatRM117.9inthemiddleSusitnaRiver.o~o420IIIFEET(Approk.Scol.l_CHUM~SPAWNINGAREA81•;;••~"i.".f·.;-.,.~eft.,118.0RI'rIER---....--SI)SITNAI"'·AppendixFigureA-5.)::>!CJ'\-------------------~
Observed chum salmon side channel and mainstem
spawning sites Between RM 118.5 and 120.0 in
the middle Susitna River.
A-7
~'.
-
$RM 119.0 ~
ORAFT
MAIN STEM SITE >.
RM 118.9L--!l'-;o !\OO
I I I
FEET
(Approll.Scale)
~CHUM
~SPAWNING AREA 83
rmilI CHUM
~SPAWNING AREA 84
Appendix Figure A-6.
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Appendix Figure A-7.
_CHUM
_SPAWNING AREA 84
o 500
I I I
FEET
(Appro•.Bcolo)
Observed chum salmon mainstem spawning
site at RM 120.9 in the middle Susitna
River.
A-8
DRAFT
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~
~
~.....
~1
"
",',
~~..
~
".....':(/)..,
~:.
;Ct)
..:
K,
•
:,.
Appendix Figure A-B.
";i...
o 500
I I I
FEET
(Approll.Seo Ie)
Observed chum salmon side channel
spawning site at RM 121.6 in the middle
Susitna River.
/1.-9
DRAFT
~.
'.'
Appendix Figure A-g.
DRAFT
'.:,
m CHUMmSPAWNING AREA 84
o 500
I I !
FEET
(Appro •.Scale I
Observed chum salmon side channel spawning
site at RM 124.9 in the middle Susitna
River.
A-IO
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DRAFT
@RM 129.0
o
<oa::
...J
<a::
CHUM~SPAWNING
AItU 84
o
I I
FEET
(Approa.Seol.'
Appendix Figure A-lO.Observed chum salmon side channel and
mainstem spawning sites between RM 128.0
and 129.0 in the middle Susitna River.
A-ll
»II-'N......,~...':o:SIDECHANNELSITERMi29.8R:....~...r!.":.···;;.":"."'1:''''.......,.;;:'.,.-.;%?mCOHO~SPAWNINGAREA81IWl4CHUM_SPAWNINGAREA81o400InIfEET(Approa.Scale)AppendixFigureA-II.ObservedchumandcohosalmonsidechannelspawningsitesbetweenRM129.0and129.8inthemiddleSusitnaRiver.oS-------------------~
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DRAFT
EBRM 130.0
~CHUM
~SPAWNING AREA 84
o 500
I I I
FEET
(Approa.Scola)
Apoendix Figure A-12.Observed chum salmon side channel and
mainstem spawning sites between RM 129.8 and
130.5 in the middle Susitna River.
A-13
A-14
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.'
COHO~SPAWNING~AREA 84
II CHUM .
SPAWNING ,"AREA 83 \
"\e COHO :II ~~~N~~G >
~CHUM
~SPAWNING
AREA 84
~SCHUM.')e=I SPAWNING
AREA 81
~t IITTI1I CHUM.,:IllllJI SPAWNING
AREA 82
€aRM 131.0
SIDE CHANNEL SITE
RM 131.8L
SIDE CHANNEL SITE
RM 131.7L
DRAFT
SIDE CHANNEL SITE~--......:
RM 131.IL
SIDE CHANNEL SiTE
RM 131.5L
(I SOO
I I I
FEET
«.ppvox,Seal.)
SIDE CHANNEL SIT
RM 131.3L-
Appendix Figure A-13.Observed chum and coho salmon side
channel spawning sites between RM 131.0
and 131.8 in the middle Susitna River.
Appendix Figure A-14.Observed chum salmon mainstem spawning
site at RM 132.9 in the middle Susitna
Rivero
A-15
DRAFT
o 500
I I I
FEET
I Appro••Seol_)
_CHUM
-SPAWNING AREA
84
t MAINSTEM SITElRM132.9R
~.
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P.-16
DRAFT
Appendix Figure A-15.Observed chum and sockeye salmon side
channel spawning sites between RM 134.6
and 135.2 in the middle Susitna River.
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SIDE
!,CHANNEL SITE
RM 135.IR
SiDE
CHANNEL SITE
RM 134.6R
SIDE CHANNEL SITE
RM 135.2R
LOWER
SIDE CHANNEL /I
II ~~~:~rNEG AREA 84 \.:••
m CHUM ~~SPAWNING AREA 84
o 500 \
I I I '.
FEET '.
(ApprOll.SCQle)..•.
A-I?
DRAFT
Appendix Figure A-16.Observed chum salmon side channel and
mainstem spawning sites between RM 136.0
and 137.0 in the midd]e Susitna River.
/I
o !l00
I I I
FEET
(Appro•.Seal_)
'.SIDE CHANNEL SITE
RM 136.3R
€9RM 136.0
.:
....MAIN STEM SITE
RM 136.8R
/0GOLD CREEK
CAMP
~:;:;:G::::::O::L::::::O~C;9E'E'1('
_
CHUM
SPAWNING AREA 81
_
CHUM
•...SPAWNING AREA 82
m CHUM •
~SPAWNING AREA 83
~CHUM
~SPAWNING AR£A 84
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SIDECHANNELSITERM137.4;R~~.,:,.,;o500IIIFEET(Appro•.Scale)~...~-,..-.-.mCHUM_SPAWNINGAREA82~......"....~...~..--.$RM138.0-.,·...;.·1-;','..~"..;.-...~..~..-SIJS,1tJA:t·:~·:·::'{f".;:'-..;;;~::'»D&-'00AppendixFigureA-17.ObservedchumsalmonsidechannelandmainstemspawningsitesbetweenRM137.0and138.0inthemiddleSusitnaRiver.~- --',-- - - - - - - - - -.._.- - -~
Appendix Figure A-18.Observed chum and sockeye salmon mainstem
spawning sites between RM 138.5 and
139.5 in the middle Susitna River.
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MAINSTEM SITE
RM 139.0L
MAINSTEM SITE
RM 138.7L
DRAFT
/
•~~~:NING AREA 82
~CHUM 8 SOCKEYE
~SPAWNING AREA 83
•
CHUM 8 SOCKEYE
SPAWNING AREA 84
o 500
I I I
FEET
(Approa.Seal,)
A..19
----------------------------
A-20
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o 500
1 I I
FEET
(Approa.Scale)
DRAFT
WATERFALL
CREEK
~CHUM~SPAWNING AREA 84
MAINSTEM SITE
RM 140.5L
Observed chum salmon side channel
spawning site at RM 140.5 in the
middle Susitna River.
EBRM 140.0
:.
Appendix Figure A-19.
o 785
1 I I
'ElT
(A,I,I'...leale)
IWlJI CHUM
~SPAWNING AREA 81-84
!II CHUM 8 SOCKEYE
IW!I SPAWNING AREA 81-84
•
CHUM 8 SOCKEYE
SPAWNING AREA 84
CHANNEL SITE
141.6R
DRAFT
~SOCKEYE
~SPAWNING AREA 84
A-21
i
.SIDE CHANNEL SITE
RM 141.4R
SIDE CHANNEL SITE
RM 141.0R
SIDE CHANNEL SITE
RM 140.8R
Observed chum and sockeye salmon side
channel and mainstem spawning sites
between RM 140.8 and 141.6 in the middle
Susitna River.
RM 141.0E9
MAINSTEM SITE
RM 141.6R -_-*-__
Appendix Figure A-20.
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Appendix Figure A-21.Observed chum salmon mainstem spawning
site at RM 143.3 in the middle Susitna
River.
A-22
500
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DRAFT
•
CHUM
SPAWNING AREA 82
~CHUM
~SPAWNING AREA 84
4?IVFEET
(Appro•.Scal,>E9
RM 143.0
MAINSTEM SITE
RM 143.3L
-------------------HIVER---»INW~~CHU'"~SPAWNINGAREA82o250I ' IFEET(Appro&.Scole)~.'rt'~."I':.~'.;~~r.!.""..••••".1.•'_0....;\0'...!~.••, -•.•."...........\i,•AppendixFigureA-22.ObservedchumsalmonmainstemspawningsiteatRM148.2inthemiddleSusitnaRiver.J
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APPENDIX B
Site Descriptions at Continuous Water
Temperature Monitoring Locations
Used for Ice Covered Studies.
8-1
DRAFT
-----------------------
DRAFT
Tributary Habitats
Lane Creek (RM 113.6R/TRM 0.1)
Lane Creek is a clear water stream originating in the sloping
terrain bordering the east bank of the Susitna River,entering the
mainstem Susitna River at river mile 113.6.It consists of a
series of pools,riffles and small falls flowing over boulder/
cobble substrate.In the pools,there are areas of excellent large
gravel/small gravel substrate.Overhanging vegetation grows along
the banks,and algae flourishes on the rocks of the streambed.
Lane Creek is a traditional salmon spawning area for chinook,coho,
chum and pink salmon.There doesn't appear to be any barriers to
salmon passage except at the mouth during periods of low mainstem
discharge.Additional information on chum salmon spawning in the
tributary mouth habitat can be found in Sandone et ale 1984.
The datapod site is located in a 2-4 foot deep pool approximately
1,800 feet from the mouth on the left bank (Appendi x Figure 8-1).
Substrate in the pool consists of small gravel/large gravel.
During winter,an open lead is present through this area except
during the coldest periods.The lead is possibly due to velocity
and current effects,as no upwelling or bank seepage was observed.
This area was utilized by all species of salmon spawning in the
creek.
B-2
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£DATAPOD
o .5
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FEET
(Approa.Scale)
Appendix Figure B-1.Location of datapod in a tributary
habitat,Lane Creek~RM 113.6R,
TRM 0.1.
B..3
DRAFT
DRAFT
4th of July Creek (RM 131.0/TRM 0.2)
Fourth of July Creek enters the west side of the Susitna River at
river mile 131.0.The habitat consists of a series of pools and
riffles.Boulder/cobble substrate is present in the riffles,with
pockets of large gravel and rubble in the slower velocity pool
areas.Log jams are common in this reach.The mouth of 4th of
July Creek is known for overflow events duri ng the process of
mainstem staging and freeze up which can result in a build up of
ice several feet thick.
Chinook,coho,chum and pink salmon utilize 4th of July Creek for
spawning.There is a large waterfall approximately 3.5 miles
upstream from the mouth that constitutes a barrier to upstream fish
migration.Suitable salmon spawning habitat exists above this
waterfall that is inaccessab1e.Further information on chum salmon
spawning in the tributary mouth habitat can be found in Sandone et
a1.1984.
A datapod water temperature recorder was located near the fi rst
major log jam approximately 1,300 feet upstream of the mouth
(Appendix Figure B-2).Immediately below this log jam is a deep
pool with small gravel/large gravel substrate.The datapod probe
was on the north side of this pool in about three and one-half feet
of water.This area was utilized by all species of salmon spawning
in the creek.
8-4
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B-5
DRAFT
location of datapod in a tributary habitat,
4th of July Creek,RM 113.1L,TRM 0.2.
.5
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(Appro•.Scale)
&.DATAPOD
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Appendix Figure B-2.
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DRAFT
Indian River (RM l38.6L/TRM 0.2)
Indian River enters the Susitna River on the northwest side,at
river mile 138.6.This is a clear water tributary flowing over
cobble/boulder substrate in a pool-riffle pattern.There are areas
of large gravel/rubble substrates associated with pool areas.The
stream channel of Indian River is braided over the first mile due
to a shallower gradient over this reach.
All five species of salmon spawn in Indian River.Chinook salmon
use 13 miles of its reach.There appears to be little or no
passage restrictions,as extensive areas are used for spawning.
There are two datapod water temperature recorders in Indian River
(Appendix Figure B-3).One is on the right bank 3,000 feet
upstream of the mouth.This spawning site was used by all species
of salmon.The other datapod site is located on the left bank,
4,000 feet from the mouth.This site was only utilized by chinook
salmon.
Side Channel Habitats
Mainstem Two Side Channel (RM llS.OR)
Mainstem Two is a V-shaped side channel approximately one mile long
located one mile upstream of Lane Creek.The side channel is
separated from the mainstem Susitna by a large vegetated island.
8-6
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-------------------AppendixFigureB-3.locationofdatapodinatributaryhabitat,IndianRiver,RM138.6l,TRM0.2.CXlI-...JDATAPODSITESRM138.6Lzi]&:.OATAPODo940IIIFEET(Appro•.Scole)§
DRAFT
The east and west forks are 4,400 and 2,800 feet long respectively.
The confluence of the channels is approximately 1,600 feet upstream
of the mouth.The east fork breaches at approximately 25,000 cubic
feet/second (cfs)while the west fork breaches at 16,000 cfs.
The first 1,600 feet of the side channel is primarily a backwater
area.Above this reach the habitat consists of pool and riffle
sequences throughout both forks.Substrate in the backwater area
is composed of a deep layer of silt/sand over cobble/boulder except
in the extreme upper portions where there are pockets of
rubble/large gravel.The riffles have well cemented cobble/boulder
substrate,while the pools contain rubble/large gravel substrate.
There is moderate to heavy bank seepage and upwell i ng from both
banks in the backwater area and in the east fork.In an unbreached
condi ti on,i ntragrave 1 flow through the head of both forks may
exist.According to winter aerial photos,an open lead extends
from the lower one-quarter of the east fork down to the mouth
(Figure 3).Due to low velocity and isolated pools during this
time,this lead is likely the result of upwelling.
Chum salmon spawning in Mainstem Two has been documented for the
past three years (l982-84)(Barrett et ale 1985).The preferred
spawning areas appear to be the upper portions of the backwater and
several pools of the east fork (Appendix Figure A-4).There is no
record of any spawning activity in the west fork.ADF&G personnel
B-8
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DRAFT
have identified nine passage areas in Mainstem Two that may be
restrictive to salmon passage (Blakely et ale 1984;Sautner et ale
1984)•
A datapod was located in a chum salmon spawning area in the east
fork on the right side of a pool (Appendix Figure 8-4).Charac-
teristically substrates are well armored cobble/boulder with some
rubble.
Side Channel at Fourth of July Creek (RM 131.3L)
This site is located in a side channel 1,200 feet upstream of the
mouth of 4th of July Creek (Appendix Figure B-5).The left bank is
a 12 foot cut bank.A small bog fed creek drains into the channel
immedi ate ly upstream of the si teo Substrate is a loose
conglomeration of rubble/large gravel/cobble.Upwelling and bank
seepage are present throughout the northwest bank especially in the
area of the bog drainage.The upwelling is probably responsible
for the open lead present during the winter (Figure 3).Surface
water temperatures ranged from 6.9°to 7.3°C while intragravel
temperatures ranged from 4.4°to 5.3°C.Chum salmon and some coho
salmon spawn in various areas of the side channel including the
datapod site (Appendix Figure A-13).
B-9
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.-·JI".:;............~DATAPOD SITE
RM 115.0R
.~i
RM 1I!S.OEa
8-10
FEET
(Appro •.Scole)
o
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&DATAPOD
Appendix Figure B-4.Location of datapod in a side channel
habitat,Mainstem 2,RM IIS.OR.
DRAFT
EBRM 131.0
B-ll
Location of datapod in a side channel
habitat,RM 131.3L.
"--""".:E-E-~'f...~.-.G .-.•
......'..
%
&DATAPOD
I0500
!
FEET ~(Appro•.Seole)..
"-~
~~
"-Ii)
~
Ii)
DATAPOD SITE
RM 131.3L
-4th of
Appendix Figure B-5.
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DRAFT
Upper Side Channel 11 (RM 136.0R)
Upper Side Channel 11 is a straight broad channel on the right side
of the Susitna River at river mile 136.0.The head of Slough 11
bisects the side channel on the right side.The first 500 feet of
Upper Side Channel 11 consists of a wide backwater area with heavy
silt accumulations over the substrate.The remaining area consists
of a series of pools and long riffles flowing over boulder/cobble
substrate.There is extensive bank seepage and upwelling along
both banks of the backwater area but none discernible in the upper
reaches.An open lead is usually present during the winter (Figure
3),although none was present during 1984/1985.
Chum spawning has been documented in two locations from 1981-84
(Appendix Figure A-16).The head of the backwater area and a pool
across from the head of Slough 11 are the primary spawning areas.
The datapod probe was located in the uppermost chum salmon spawning
site (Appendix Figure 8-6).
Side Channel 21 (RM 141.6R)
This site is 200 feet below the mouth of Slough 21 in Side Channel
21.Side Channel 21 is an approximately one mile long channel
flowing over cemented cobble/boulder substrate with sand deposits
occurring in pools.Intermittent channels connect the side channel
with the mainstem.There is upwelling and bank seepage along both
8-12
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Appendix Figure 8-6.Location of datapod in a side channel habitat,
Upper Side Channel 11,RM I36.3R.
/1
DRAFT
o 500
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FEET
(Appro •.Scala)
£DATAPOD
B-13
E9RM 136.0
-.'",.
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DRAFT
banks,especially in the upper reaches which,when combined with
Slough 21 outflow results in an open lead originating in Slough 21
and extendi ng beyond the mouth of the side channel (Figure 3).
Surface water temperatures ranged from 5.3°C to 5.7°C,while
intragravel temperatures ranged from 4.7°C to 5.4°C.
Chum and sockeye salmon have been observed spawning in the side
channel from 1981-84 (Appendix Figure A-20).There are numerous
reaches within this site that may be restrictive to upstream
movements of salmon (Blakely et ale 1984 and Sautner et ale 1984).
A datapod probe was located in the middle of the channel
approximately 250 feet downstream of the mouth of Slough 21
(Appendix Figure B-7).This area was heavily used by chum and
sockeye salmon for spawning.
Mainstem Habitats
Susitna River at RM 118.9L
This site is located on along a straight,ten foot high cut bank
section of the Susitna River approximately 3,000 feet below the
mouth of Oxbow Two side channe 1 (Append ix Fi gu re B-8).A bog fed
creek drains into the river 200 feet upstream of the site.
Substrate is angular cobble/boulder through the lower 2/3 of the
site with rubble/large gravel in the upper 1/3.The upper area has
B-14
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~-_._---~.....~-_._------~._--------------------------
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DATAPOD SITE .":'1
RM 141.6 R .-
O'~.,
:;
&DATAPOD
o 785
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FEET
(Appro •.Scola)
Appendix Figure B-7:Location of datapod in a side channel
habitat,Side Channel 21,RM 141.6R.
8-15
DRAFT
----.-----_..--_.
DRAFT'
Appendix Figure 8-8.Location of datapod in a mainstem habitat,R~
118.9L.
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EBRM 119.0
8-16
o 500 reI I I ...\
FEET X'
(Appro•.Scole)
~DATAPOD
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DRAFT
a good flow of bank seepage and upwelling,probably related to the
bog drainage.There is an open lead throughout this area which is
apparently the combination of velocity and upwell ing/bank seepage
(Figure 3).Surface water temperatures ranged from 7.1 to 7.2
while intragravel temperatures were 5.2 to 7.1.
Chum salmon spawning activity has been documented on this site for
the past two years (1983-84)(Appendix Figure A-6).The majority
of spawni ng occurs in the upper 1/3 where the good substrates and
upwelling are located.
Susitna River at RM 132.9R
Mainstem site 132.9R is found 3,000 feet downstream of the mouth of
Slough 9A on the east side of the river.The channel is broad and
rectangular with gently slopin~banks on both sides.Water
velocity is fairly rapid and substrate consists of angular boulders
and cobbles well cemented in.There is no upwelling visible and
limited bank seepage.There is a small lead on the east bank
apparently associated with this seepage (Figure 3).
In 1984 chum salmon were reported spawning at this site (Appendix
Figure A-14).The datapod probe was located in the spawning area
(Appendix Figure B-9).
B-17
8-18
Appendix Figure 6-9.location of datapod in a mainstem
habitat,RM 132.9R.
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DRAFT
&DATAPOD
o 500
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(Appro•.Scale)
..~OATAPOD SIT~~,.:a.::_--
·:RM 132.9Rr.
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DRAFT
Susitna River at RM 139.0L
This mainstem site is approximately a 600 feet reach near the mouth
of Slough 17 on the west side of the river.It has moderate to
high velocities under most discharge ranges.Substrates are
rubble/cobble with some areas of large gravel.Upwelling and bank
seepage are present along the west bank,probably originating in
Slough 17.Upwelling is likely responsible for the open lead which
occurs here (Fi gure 3).Surface water temperatures ranged from
7.7°C to 8.6°C while intragravel temperatures range from 5.3°C to
6.5°C.
Chum spawning has been documented at this site for 1982,1983 and
1984 and sockeye spawning was documented in 1984 (Appendix Figure
A-18).The datapod probe was installed in the chum salmon spawning
area approximately 500 upstream of the mouth of Slough 17 (Appendix
Figure 8-10).
Open Lead No Spawning
Side Channel at RM 117.9L
Datapod site 117.9L is a small 1,500 foot side channel adjacent to
Bushrod Slough on the west side of the Susitna River.It has a
wide sloping channel of cobble/rubble substrate with riffles at
both the head and mouth.The left bank slopes up to a small cut
8-19
Appendix Figure 8-10.
:'..~:;
&DATAPOD
o 500
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(Appro •.Scole)
Location of datapod in a mainstem
habitat,RM 139.0L.
B=20
DRAFT
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DRAFT
bank island which separates the side channel from Bushrod Slough.
Along this bank there is heavy bank seepage and upwelling,
especially at the upper end of the side channel.No upwelling is
apparent along the right bank.Surface water temperatures ranged
from 7.2 to 7.8°C,while intragravel temperatures were from 5.7 to
7.3°C.A dewatered channel extends upstream from the head of this
side channel,connecting with the upper reach of Bushrod Slough.
This channel is usually dry except during high water events at
which time there is a backwater area at the lower end.
In winter,an open lead extends from just below the head down to
and joining with the lead emerging from Bushrod Slough (Figure 3).
This lead is likely the result of upwelling and bank seepage as
there is little apparent flow during this time.There has never
been any reported spawning in this side channel.The datapod probe
was located in the open lead,approximately in the middle of the
side channel along the northwest bank (Appendix Figure B-11).
Susitna River at RM 127.1C
This site is located in an island complex 1.2 miles downstream of
the mouth of Slough 9.It is on the inside of a sweeping bend so
that water velocities remain moderate.Substrate is predominately
large gravel/rubble with numerous sand deposits.Upwelling and
bank seepage are strong along the left bank,accounting for the
open lead that exists during the winter (Figure 3).Surface water
B-21
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DRAFT
OATAPOO SITE
:,.RM 117.9L".>."".
'L
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8-22
location of data pod in an area of an
open lead with no spawning,RM 117.9lo
Bushrod
Slough
o 500
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(Appro •.Scol.l
£DATA POD
Appendix Figure B-11.
~.
-----------------------------
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DRAFT
temperatures range from 6.4°to 7.1°C with intragravel temperatures
ranging from 3.7°to 7.6°C.No spawning has been recorded for this
site although it appears to contain excellent substrate.The
datapod probe was located in the middle of the 200 foot reach about
15 feet from the left bank (Appendix Figure 8-12).
Susitna River at RM 137.5L
This datapod site is located on the outside edge of a bend in the
Susitna Rivers 100 feet downstream from the mouth of Slough 16
(Appendix Figure 8-13).Water velocity in this reach is generally
high.Accordinglys substrates tend to be well cemented
boulder/cobble.The northwest bank slopes up to a 10 foot cut
bank.
Open water surveys found surface water temperatures rangi ng from
10.4°C to 12.3°C,while intragravel temperatures range from 4.7°C
to 8.1°C.There is no apparent upwelling or bank seepage.The
open lead that exists here during the winter is most likely a
velocity lead (Figure 3).Salmon spawning has not been documented
on this site.
8-23
FEET
(Appro•.Scale)
Appendix Figure B-12.
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DATAPOD SITE ~-.Ii~.1/
l RM 127.IC
1
•
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B-24
Location of datapod in an area of an
open lead with no spawning,RM 127.le.
500
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DRAFT
~
.'!.
:~
.,
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't
"
~~.....
~
~
".....
Ct)
~
\
&.DATAPOD
o 1100
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(Approx.Scal.)
Appendix Figure B-13.Location of datapod in an area of an
open lead with no spawning,RM 137.5L.
8-25
DRAFT
Spawning with No Open Lead
Side Channel at 129.8R
This is a broad side channel that extends from the head of Slough 9
to Sherman Creek along the south bank of the Sus i tna Ri ver.The
site usually contains turbid mainstem water due to a low breaching
di scha rge.
Open leads are generally present near the head of the side channel
and along the left bank in the lower reach (Figure 3).Upwelling
and bank seepage were observed near the head,probably due to the
influence of Sherman Creek.While none was observed in the lower
portion,chum salmon have previously spawned along the left bank
(Appendix Figure A-12),indicating possible intermittent upwelling
~r bank seepage.
Substrates are generally well cemented rubble,cobble,boulder with
limited areas of suitable substrate for spawning.Chum salmon have
used this side channel for spawning during 1981,1982 and 1984
(Appendix Figures A-II and A-12).
The datapod was located in the lower portion of the site along the
right bank (Appendix Figure 8-14).This was an area of chum salmon
spawning during 1984 but with no open lead usually present.This
site dewatered and froze early in the winter,preventing an accu-
rate assessment of temperatures and substrate.
8-26
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~._~-------------------~-~
DRAFT
$RM 130.0
&DATAPOD
o 500
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FEET
(Appro •.Seol.)
Appendix Figure B-140 Location of datapod in an area of spawning
with no open lead,RM 129.8R.
B-27
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APPENDIX C
Freeze Core Substrate Data.
C-l
DRAFT
AppendixtableC-l.Substratecompositionofsamplescollectedusingafree1ecoresampleratdatapodsites;April1985toMay1985,SusitnaRiver,Alsska.------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Substratesizeclassee(mm)-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ITotalI>127I127-76.2I76.2-25.4125.4-2.0I2.0-0.84I0.84-0.5I0.5-0.0621<0.062-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------SamplingIDryIDryIDryIDryIDryiDryIDryIDryIDrySiteDateIwt.Iwt.%Iwt.%Iwt.%Iwt.%!wto%Iwt.%Iwt.%Iwt.%IOlivermile)Area(y/m/d)I(8)I(8)Tot.I(g)Tot.I(8)Tot.1(8)Tot.!(8)Tot.!(8)Tot.I(8)Tot.1(g)Tot.1------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------LaneCreek110850411223251937487001289680942331H2114113672(113.6R)2A85041154460023974415942911172114935411082270TIIH0.1310850411997900197620956101301132573611931533553118504112907000018876559621145595314254212885041122777172817633831587948724179170084029038850411303700 0 01390461079361876105316451124FourthofJuly2A850424936639694200417745903101532601851190Creek2885042460900040236690215709121893781139250103l.1L)nI,TIIH0.20NIndianRiverlA8501>173817000 02240591242331574752932100Site42A85041765402987460 0133520139321354526741933110(138.6L)3A8504176250000 02899462320374247212325341422TRM0.2188504174227001612381548377731813536727921302885041712823009443741326101496122362112119721303&850417147009436640 0263318201214170116812602210IndianRiverlA8504171284586946877461767141024815815504903243Site32A850417153111118873002461161290819918,)1791110038.6L)]A85041714348108687610798186413505410050100 7 0TRM0.2188504173056324435800 03440111962639011601141035028850417171481207770128171510916901034221161HO122038850417627600130121374660944151292731711120Kainstem211085040378610 0309039292837103313100130054471362SideChannel2A85040388840014771732523723522630731241947114255(1l5.0R)3A85040316030 0 0010106340625252801147402IB8504032795000 012694512104395327116562912B8504037132000 0329946235333182320539601313323B85040387240056776515271899911123·14003023561----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------~-------------------------------a$--------- ---- --•-- - -
-- ---- --- - - ------- -AppendixtableC-l.continued------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Substratesizeclasses(mm)-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ITotal1>1271127-16.2I76.2-25.4125.4-2.0I2.0-0.8410.84-0.5!0.5-0.0621<0.0621-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Sampling1Dry1DryIDry!DryIDry!DryIDry!Dry!Dry!SiteDate!wt.Iwt.%Iwt.%Ilit.%I..t.%Iwt.%flit.%!..t.%1wt.%1(Rivermile)Area(y/m/d)I(g)I(g)Tot.1(g)Tot.I(g)Tot.1(g)Tot.!(g)Tot.I(glTot.!(g)Tot.I(g)Tot.!------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------SideChannellA84042975170 0 0 05015672154299613811602541atFourthof2A84042952330 019933888117135726470920042725541JulyCreek3A84042918058121576768543350191005684035054331991031.3L)lB8404292042814817732207112133108214129152019317602B8404296333001500242861451391222664121216132703B84042967410 0212040191228126919259410923756971SideChannel21lA840424139626151449197421830166812286221524713280041.61)2A840424158229988630 03532221682U218184128523303A84042425450 20250801532621238121151611570940220nlB8404241043100620059190118132413243211815525931I2B84042452931709320 02273438401611226012435561W3B84042419791112505759283099951146620418801601220SusitnaRiverlA85041111053418938108210390535116111107151039641621st118.9L2A850411424100 002176511489359924013899481(U8.9L)3A850411142030 0118648479168406114158041031201IB85041128900 0 0 0121842125043127435118068032B85041143223UO720 0142370816102228118544713B85041167472780410 021493211761714625613966441SusitnaRiver1A850424739800 004754641643222563137249671122at132.9R2A850424126893467271668133799302235183383269218161321(132.9R)3A85042465190 02372362215341517237514012694310188504241556111018710 029521910957 0 0148129125702B8504241203451074221181818031519551627721852430415913B85042467260 024033625083713122010014412844751,SusitnaRiverlA850417223300 0 0105847915411236442824110at139.0L2A850417110170 056035132983013331216316614784761(139.0L)3A850417159979982622212142307141223810214901011210IB850417298700 0 0197366766269734019132012B85041198360 0650866128613113212222215225295103B85041792070 0514356211724112112208213813554591------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------§
AppendixtableC-I.continued------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Subatrateaizeclaaaea(am)------------------------------------------------~------------------------------------------------1Total1>127I127-76.2•76.2-25.4125.4-2.0I2.0-0.84I0.84-0.5I0.5-0.0621<0.062•-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------SamplingIDry1DryIDryIDry1DryIDryIDryIDry1Dry1SiteDateIwe.Iwt.%•wt.%Iwt•%Iwt.%Iwt.%Iwt.%Iwt.%Iwt.%I(Rivermile)Area(y/m/d)I(g)I(g)Tot.1(g)Tot.'(g)Tot.1(g)Tot.1(g)rut.1(g)Tot.l(g)Tot.1(g)Tot.'------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------SideChanneI1A85041072810 01900263774529531391152I4166951at117.9L2A85041013090 00 0588454053153426221817191017.9L)3A8504101479312236830 013919719537014031827811185041073750 02953401837251526211903991583818732.85041017800 0 007634365137473261243145033.85041018640 00 05042793750121648321512392SuaitnaRiverlA85042544110 0 0 01869421909437723414861136Iat127.1C2A85042532730 0 00216721436524681053443141204(127.1C)118504251581312556790025111615817006104133440n2.85042521510 00 01577106550116514876513012II~UpperSidelA8505011658164273964093914539115272401133159941681ChannelII2A85050126240 0 0 082131887344721817972409251at136.011III850501494200 0 0263053153731316694225751082036.0R)2B85050196450 05737592464269391020627911742460SusitnaRiverIA85050130925193446325008213134231179:365421199428009at137.5L2A850501116410 05305462664232277202892296367361371031.5L)3A85050166130 08271320603124283726741823709111402is850501156740 011893761396915491027221/>9I27721181218505017780'00477761599813401720131322622810913885050197360 058706083291837193213279348351141---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------_._-------------II--- -- - - - --- - ---~-o::DS'i- --