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SUSITNA
HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT
FBDERAL ENERGY'REGULATORY COM.....,ON
PROJECT No.711.
PLANT PHENOLOGY STUDY
PREPARED BY
UNIVERSITY OF ALASKA
PALMER
UNDER CONTRACT TO
OO~WJlM:\c::I~~
SUSITNA JOINT VENTURE
FINAL REPORT
OCTOBER 1885
DOCUMENT No.2832
Alaska Power Authority ===.1
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SUSITNA HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT
ENVIRONMENT~~STUDIES
PLANT PHENOLOGY STUDY
Prepared by
University of Alaska
Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station
Dot Helm
Patrick V.Mayer
Under Contract to
Harza-Ebasco Susitna Joint Venture
Prepared for
Alaska Power Authority
APJ~IS
Alaska Resources Library &lnf?nnation Services
Librar,e Building,SUIte 111
3211 providcnc Drive
Anchorage,AK 9lJ508-4614
Final Report
October 1985
Document No.2932
Susitna file No.4.3.2.2
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NOTICE
ANY QUESTIONS OR COMMENTS CONCERNING
THIS REPORT SHOULD BE DIRECTED TO
THE ALASKA POWER AUTHORITY
SOSITNA PROJECT OFFICE
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SUMMARY
Movement s of r ad io-collared moose (Alces alces)in the potential
impoundment area of the Susitna Hjdroelectric Project during spring prior to
parturition prompted questions of why moose were using these areas at this
time of year (Ballard et a1.1982).The 1982 phenology study emphasized a
few areas of the impoundment zones where moose seemed to concentrate at this
tim.~of year and nearby areas where they did not concentrate.Marked
locations were studied each week for S weeks,however,the investigation did
not start until early June,past thE!critical period.The phenology study
was expanded in 1983 to obtain data over a wider area,at the cost of using
fixed locations and gathering environmental data,and was initiated earlier
in the season.Additionally,since bear (Ursus spp.)movements were believed
to be affected by availability of horsetail (Eguisetum spp.)and overwintered
berries in these areas (Miller and MlcAllister 1982,Miller 1983),abundance
of horsetail and berries were also measured.
The initial hypothesis suggested by the Alaska Department of Fish and
Game (ADF&G)was that moose were consuming forbs during this time period,
and might be eating them to ground level.Exclosures were constructed in
late May 1982 at four elevations along four transects on south-facing slopes
to protect plants from grazing and to provide a fixed location where plant
devE~lopment could be studied over time.The general areas of study were
based on areas of moose concentration on south-facing slopes,and
coneen trations sometimes occurre"d on the north-facing slopes.This
theoretically permitted an evaluation of why moose used certain south-facing
slopes and not others,but sometimes used north-facing slopes.Exclosures
were visited each week to measure vegetation and soil temperatures.
Elevation within transect and transect location had a significant effect
on.soil temperature,plant canopy cover,and current growth biomass during
the spring period.However,the effects of elevation were not consistent
among transects.On some transects vegetation matured faster at the bottom-
elevation site while on others it matured faster at the middle-slope or at
the highest elevations.Vegetation along one of the transects matured much
later than along any other transect.Timing of vegetation development
resulted from an int erac tion of climate,topography,and site history.
Recent fire (last 40 -70 years)appeared to be the common factor among
earl y de ve loping areas.Maturation rates differed among species at the
samE~site.Most early-developing sites that were studied were above the
levE~l of the potential impoundments.
Nine areas of moose concentration were selected for sampling during 1983
aftE~r consultation with the ADF&G:Devil Creek,Tsusena Creek,Fog Creek,
Watana Slide,Watana Creek,Fish Creek,Kosina Creek,Clarence Creek,and
Switchbacks.Four areas had north-and south-facing transects that began on
benches above the potential impoundment and descended to the Susitna River.
The other transects were either completely above or below the impoundment,
had only one aspect,or were along a tributary stream.
Transects were sampled each period at 10-m intervals with ob server s
recording a coded value for elevation,aspect,slope,vegetation type,snow
depth,and species identification,phenological stage and utilization of the
closest shrub,forb,or graminoid within a O.S-m radius of the snowshoe or
boot tip.Coded values for abundance of over-wintered berries and horsetail
were also recorded.The transects were flagged so the same approximate stops
were sampled each week.However tit was not possible to sample the exact
stop in different sample periods or to obtain consistent values for the
various parameters.Data were analyzed using 2-way contingency tables and
log-linear models on reduced data.This methodology permitted sampling more
areas than the 1982 study when detailed methods with relatively fixed
locations were used.Variables that affected phenological development or
snow melt could not be confidently isolated although some trends were noted
for south-faci.ng slopes t usually greater than 3°in closed forest or low
shrub types.Sample sizes in the various cells limited the confidence placed
in these generalizations.
Berries \Y'ere too scarce to conclude anything about locations with this
methodology.However t in areas with abundant berries,they were available
during sample period 1.Horsetail,however,was found on 0_3 0 slopes in
open forests below the impoundment zone.It frequently was not visi bl e
until the second sample period.Phenological development data for horsetail
were available only where it was the closest forb to the boot tip.Hence t it
could not be tracked over timet although the latest observations were that it
was half grown.A large percentage of areas where overwintered berries were
concentrated in 1983 probably will not be inundated by the project,but a
large percentage of the horsetail sites probably will be flooded.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This study was funded by the Alaska Power Authority through a contract to
Har:~a-Ebasco Susitna Joint Venture and a subcontract to the University of
Alaska,Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station,Palmer Research Center,
to study possible impacts of a proposed hydroelectric project on the Susitna
Rivl~r .
We would like to acknowledge the field assistance of R.Crane,J .G.
MacCracken,W.D.Steigers,Jr.,and L.Werner.·We would especially like to
thank our typists,Beth Cape and Kathy Wells,for their enthusiasm and
perseverance in typing this manuscript.Dr.Jay McKendrick,the original
principal investigator for the Plant Ecology studies,also deserves our
thanks for his continued moral support and sharing his wealth of knowledge.
Dave Laneville prepared the maps and illustrations.
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1 INTRODUCTION
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1
2 OBJECTIVES 3
1982 Methods
Site Selection
Photographic Points •
Soil Temperature
Canopy Cover . . . . . • . . • . • .
Height and Phenological State of Growth/Maturation
Tree Ring Analysis
Statistical Analysis -Cover
1983 Methods . . • .
1983 Field Methods • ••.
1983 Data Analyses
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SITE DESCRIPTION
3.1 1982 Site Descriptions
3.1.1 Watana Creek Transect ••
3.1.2 Jay Creek Transect
3.1.3 Switchback Transect ••
3.1.4 Tsusena Creek Transect
3.2 1983 Site description .
3.2.1 Devil Creek......••
3.2.2 Tsusena Creek •.
3.2.3 Fog Creek ...
3.2.4 Watana Slide
3.2.5 Watana Creek
3.2.6 Fish Creek •••
3.2.7 Kosina Creek
3.2.8 Clarence Creek
3.2.9 Switchbacks
METHODS .
4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3
4.1.4
4.1.5
4.1.6
4.1.7
4.2
4.2.1
4.2.2
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4
4
6
7
8
9
10
10
11
11
12
13
14
15
15
16
16
16
18
19
19
20
20
21
22
22
25
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5 RESULTS . ......· · ·······5.1 1982 Results ·· ···· ···5.1.1 Reconnaissance Observations · · · · · ·5.1.2 Soil temperature ·· ·
.·· ····· · · ··5.1.3 Canopy Cover,Height,and Phenological State · ···5.1.3.1 Week 1;31 May -4 June,1982 ·5.1.3.2 Week 2;7 June -11 June ··· ··5.1.3.3 Week 3'14 June -18 Junl~· ·······,
5.1.3.4 Week 4;21 June -25 June · · ······ ·····5.1.3.5 Week 5'28 June - 2 July ·· · ·····,
5.1.4 Spatial Variation in Phenological State of Resin Birch
5.1.5 Phenological Development of a Species Over Time ·5.1.6 Transect Effects · ··"·····5.1.7 Elevation Effects ·· ·
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··5.1.8 Summary and Discussion of Plant Phenology
5.2 1983 Results · ····.-
5.2.1 Phenological Advancement -Period 5 -22 May-2 June ·· ···5.2.1.1 Devil Creek ·· ·
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29
29
30
32
33
36
38
39
40
41
42
43
45
46
49
49
50
5.2.1.2 Tsusena Creek .
5.2.1.3 Fog Creek .
5.2.1.4 Watana Slide
5.2.1.5 Watana Creek
5.2.1.6 Fish Creek
5.2.1.7 Kosina Creek ••••
5.2.1.8 Clarence Creek
5.2.1.9 Switchbacks.• •. • • .
5.2.2 Snow Cover -Period 2-6 May-12 May,1983
5.2.2.1 Devil Creek •.
5.2.2.2 Tsusena Creek
5.2.2.3 Fog Creek ...
5.2.2.4 Watana Slide
5.2.2.5 Watana Creek
5.2.2.6 Fish Creek
5.2.2.7 Kosina Creek •••~•
5.2.2.8 Clarence Creek ..••.
5.2.2.9 Switchbacks ..••.....••......
5.2.2.10 Synopsis -Spatial Variation for Phenology and Snow
5.2.2.11 Discussion -1983 Study
5.2.3 Berry Availability -Period 5;27 May-2 June,1983
5.2.3.1 Devil Creek
5.2.3.2 Tsusena Creek
5.2.3.3 Fog Creek ...•
5.2.3.4 Watana Slide
5.2.3.5 Watana Creek •
5.2.3.6 Fish Creek •.
5.2.3.7 Kosina Creek ....•.
5.2.3.8 Clarence Creek.
5.2.3.9 Switchbacks
5.2.3.10 Synopsis -Spatial Variation for Berries ..••....•
5.2.4 Horsetail Abundance -Period 5 -27 May-2 June,1983 .••.
5.2.4.1 Devil Creek ••.
5.2.4.2 Tsusena Creek •
5.2.4.3 Fog Creek .•.
5.2.4.4 Watana Slide ..••
5.2.4.5 Watana Creek ..•.•
5.2.4.6 Fish Creek
5.2.4.7 Kosina Creek
5.2.4.8 Clarence Creek .....
5.2.4.9 Switchbacks ..
5.2.4.10 Synopsis -Spatial Variation for Horsetail ..
5.2.5 Phenological Development over time by Transect Group ....
5.2.5.1 Devil Creek.
5 .2.5.2 Tsusena Creek .. • . . .
5.2.5.3 Fog Creek .....•..........
5.2.5.4 Watana Slide . . . . . • . .••.....
5.2.5.5 Watana Creek . . . • . . . . . • .•••.••.
5.2.5.6 .Fish Creek ....
5.2.5.7 Kosina Creek
5.2.5.8 Clarence Creek
5.2.5.9 Switchbacks ..
5.2.6 Berry Availability Over Time ..••..••
5.2.6.1 Devil Creek •........
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59
60
62
63
65
65
66
66
67
68
69
70
71
71
72
74
79
80
80
80
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81
82
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5.2.6.2 Tsusena Creek
5.2.6.3 Fog Creek
5.2.6.4 Watana Slide
5.2.6.5 Watana Creek
5.2.6.6 Fish Creek
5.2.6.7 Kosina Creek
5.2.6.8 Clar~nce Creek
5.2.6.9 Switchback
5.2.7 Horsetail Availability Over Time
5.2.7.1 Devil Creek
5.2.7.2 Tsusena Creek
5.2.7.3 Fog Creek
5.2.7.4 Watana Slide
5.2.7.5 Watana Creek
5.2.7.6 Fish Creek
5.2.7.7 Kosina Creek
5.2.7.8 Clarence Creek
5.2.7.9 Switchbacks
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100
100
100
100
101
101
101
102
102
102
102
103
103
103
104
104
6 GENERAL SUMMARY .,104
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7 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDIX
A
G
P
S
B
H
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171
182
184
228
240
247
Table 1.
Table 2.
Table 3.
Table 4.
Table 5.
LIST OF TABLES
Coded values for variables measured at 10-m intervals
along phenology transects.
Codes for phenological states for the shrub,forb,and
graminoid life forms.
Codes for species observed during 1983 phenology study.
Codes for vegetation types recorded during phenology
study 1983.Nomenclature according to Viereck et al
1982.
Average soil temperatures (OC)during the plant
phenology study by transect,elevation,and week,1982.
page
113
114
115
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11 7
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Table 6.Average cover,height,and phenological state
species during week of 31 May to 4 June,
Watana Creek transect (transect #1)(32
quadrats).
for plant
1982 ,at
-O.5_m 2
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Table 7.Average cover,height,and phenological state for plant
species during week of 31 May to 4 June,1982,at Jay
Creek transect (transect #2)(32 -O.5_m 2 quadrats).
119
Table 9.Average cover,height,and phenological state for plant
species during week of 31 May to 4 June,1982,at
Tsusena Creek transect (transect #4)(24 -O.5=m 2
quadrats).
Table 8.Average cover,height,and phenological state
species during week of 31 May to 4 June,
Switchback transect (transect #3)(32
quadrats).
for plant
1982,at
_ 0 .5-m 2
120
121
Average cover,height,and phenological state for plant
species during week of 7 June to 11 June,1982,at Jay
Creek transect (transect #2)(32 -O.5-rn 2 quadrats).
Table 10.
Table 11.
Table 12.
Average cover,height,and phenological
species during week of 7.June to 11
Watana Creek transect (transect #1)
quadrats).
Average cover,height,and phenological
species during week of 7 June to 11
Switchback transect (Transect #3)
quadrats).
state for plant
June,1982,at
(32 -O.5-rn 2
state for plant
June,1982,at
(32 -O.5-m 2
122
123
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Table 13.Average cover,height,and phenological state for plant
species during week of 7 June to 11 June,1982,at
Tsusena Creek transect (transect #4)(24 -O.5-m 2
125
Table 14.
Table 15.
Tabli:~16.
quadrats).
Average cover,height,and phenological state for plant
species during week of 14 June to 18 June,1982,at
Watana Creek transect (transect #1)(32 -O.5-m 1
quadrats).
Average cover,height,and phenological state for plant
species during week of 14 June to 18 June,1982,at Jay
Creek transect (transect #2)(32 -O.5_m 2 quadrats).
Average cover,height,and phenological state for plant
species during week of Ill-June to 18 June,1982,at
Switchback transect (transect #3)(32 -O.5-m 2
quadrats).
126
127
128
Tabll~17.Average cover,height,and phenological state for plant
species during week of V~June to 18 June ,1982 ,at
·Tsusena Creek transect (transect #4)(24 -O.5-m 2
quadrats)•
129
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Table 18.
Table 19.
Average cover,height,and phenological state for plant
species during week of 21 June to 25 June,1982,at
Watana Creek transect (transect #1)(32 -0.5-m 2
quadrats).
Average cover,height,and phenological state for plant
species during week of 21 June to 25 June,1982,at Jay
Creek transect (transect #:2)(32 -0.5_m 1 quadrats).
130
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Table 20.Average cover,height,and phenological
species during week of 21 June to 25
Switchback transect (transect #3)
quadrats).
state for plant
June,1982,at
(32 -0 .5-m 2
132
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Table,21.
Table 22.
Table 23.
Table 24.
Average cover,height,and phenological state for plant
species during week of 21 June to 25 June,1982,at
Tsusena Creek transect (transect #4)(24 -O.5-m 2
quadrats).
Average cover,height,and phenological state for plant
species during week of 28 June to 2 July,1982,at
Watana Creek transect (transect #1)(32 -0.5-m 2
quadrats).
Average cover,height,and phenological state for plant
species during week of 28 June to 2 July,1982,at Jay
Creek transect (transect #2)(32 -O.5-m 2 quadrats).
Average cover,height,and phenological state for plant
species during week of 28 June to 2 July,1982,at
Switchback transect (transect #3)(32 -O.5-m 2
quadrats).
133
134
135
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Table 25.
Table 26.
Table 27.
Table 28.
Table 29.
Table 30.
Table 31.
Table 32.
Table 33.
Table 34.
Table 35.
Table 36.
Table 37.
Table 38.
Average cover,height,and phenological state for plant
species during week of 28 June to 2 July,1982,at
Tsusena Creek transect (transect #4)(24 -0.5-m 2
quadrats).
Average cover,height,and phenological state for
Betula glandulosa during week of 7 June to 11 June.
1982,at each elevation within each transect.
Average cover,height.and phenological state for
Mertensia paricualata during each week at the mid-slope
elevation of the Jay Creek transect,1982.
Number and percentage (in parentheses)of stops by
aspect with early phenological advancement during
period 5,1983.Plant Phenology Study.
Number and percentage (in parentheses)of stops by
elevation with early phenological advancement during
period 5,1983,Plant Phenology Study.
Number and percentage (in parentheses)of stops by
slope class with early phenological advancement during
period 5,1983,Plant Phenology Study.
Number and percentage (in parentheses)of stops by
vegetation class with early phenological advanc emen t
during period 5.1983.Plant Phenology Study.
Number and percentage (in parentheses)of stops by
aspect without snow during period 2,1983,Plant
Phenology Study.
Number and percentage (in parentheses)of stops by
elevation without snow during period 2.1983,Plant
Phenology Study.
Number and percentage (in parentheses)of stops by
slope class without snow during period 2,1983,Plant
Phenology Study.
Number and percentage (in parentheses)of stops by
vegetation class without snow during period 2,1983,
Plant Phenology Study.
Number and percentage (in parentheses)of stops by
aspect with berries present during period 5,1983,
Plant Phenology Study.
Number and percentage (in parentheses)of stops by
elevation with berries present during period 5,1983,
Plant Phenology Study.
Number and per centage (in parentheses)of stops by
137
138
139
140
141
143
144
145
146
148
149
150
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153
Table 39.
Table 40.
Tabh~41.
Tablt~42.
TablE~43.
']['ablE~44.
slope class with berries present during period 5,1983,
Plant Phenology Study:
Number and percentage (in parentheses)of stops by
vegetation class with berries present during period 5,
1983.Plant Phenology Study.
Number and percentage (in parentheses)of stops by
aspect with equisetum pr1esent during·period 5,1983,
Plant Phenology Study.
Number and percentage (in parentheses)of stops by
elevation with equisetum present during period 5.1983,
Plant Phenology Study.
Number and percentage (in parentheses)of stops by
slope class with equiset1um present during period 5,
1983,Plant Phenology Study.
Number and percentag.e (in parentheses)of stops by
vegetation class with equisetum present during period
5,1983,Plant Phenology Study.
Summary of numbers and percentage (parentheses)of
stops that were phenologically advanced,snow-free,or
had berries or horsetail by transect.The third number
represents relative rank.
154
155
156
158
159
160
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.Location of transects for 1982 plant phenology study,
middle Susitna River Basin.
Figure 2.Locations of plant phenology transects,1983,and areas
of moose concentrations.
Figure 3.Effect of transect location on phenological development
of 4 shrub species over weeks with elevation held
relatively constant,1982.
161
163
165
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Figure 4.Effect of elevation on phenological development of 4 167
shrub species over weeks on 1 transect,1982.
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1 INTRODUCTION
The plant phenology -moose utilization study was initiated because it
was suspected that pregnant cow moose concentrated along south-facing slopes
and some north-facing slopes of the Susitna River valley during calving
(Ballard et al.1982)to take advantage of any late winter -early spring
gro\\rth by herbaceous plants.Energy reserves of moose are probably near
depletion by late winter.Parturition and .lactation further increase energy
demands of cow moose.
Graminoids and forbs that are breaking quiescence and actively
photosynthesizing immediately prior to and during moose calving would have
relati vely greater energy content than many of the shrubs present (Cook
1971).Shrubs.graminoids.and forbs all have high energy content when in
vegetative stages,far beyond what is needed for gestation and lactation in
domestic large ungulates (Cook 1971).Archer and Tieszen (1980)have shown
that.at Atkasook,Alaska,2 graminoid species initiated growth sooner than
the shrub species diamondleaf willow (Salix pulchra)and northern Labrador
tea (Ledum decumbens).Graminoids and forbs produce only photosynthetic
tissue while thes~2 shrub speci~:!s may allocate 75-84%of their total
nonreproducti ve,above ground biomass to stems (Archer and Tieszen 1980).
Thus,herbaceous plant production in late winter-early spring could be
critical to moose reproductive success.
The original objective of the phenology study was to determine if early
spring growth of forbs on the slopes of the impoundment areas were providing
forage for cow moose prior to parturition.Since the possibility existed
that the moose could completely remove the forbs,exclosures were built to
2
protect the vegetation and provide an area of "intensive"sampling:Hence
the study was relatively intensive in a few locations and relatively cursory
in other locations to cover the areas needed to explore this hypothesis.As
implemented the second year,the objective was broadened to monitor
vegetation development during early spring to determine if early f orag e
availability occurred in some areas before others and why these differences
occurred.It had been hypothesized that herbaceous vegetation development
would occur first on the south-facing slopes.
The 1982 results indicated no conclusive evidence of specific forb
removal by moose during the spring from south-facing slopes as had been
hypothesized originally.Early green-up areas were also located on north-as
well as south-facing slopes.
The spec if ic inclusion of horsetail and berries in the second study
(1983)was an attempt to assess their influences on early spring bear
movements.Information on radio-collared brown (Ursus arctos)and black
bears (U.americanus)indicated many sightings below the potential
impoundment level during early sprlng,possibly related to the early
appearance of horsetail in the lower lying areas (Miller 1983).Hence,
another phenology study was initiated in April 1983 to monitor snow melt,to
cover a broader area than the 1982 study,and to evaluate relative abundance
of overwintered berries and horsetail.Methods,which will be described
later,were those desired by the Alaska Department of Fish and Game (ADF&G).
Many studies have investigated the phenological development of plant
species,particularly as it related to range readiness or forage availability
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and its relationship to environmental variation.Clary and Kruse (1979)
discussed the use of forbs as indicator species for range readiness for deer
in southwestern states.
3
Halls (1973)evaluated flowering and fruiting of
bro,",se species with respect to weather information.Komonov (1981)used
multiple regression analysis to quantify important environmen tal factor s
affect ing plant develo pmen t.McGee (1976)reported that shade in the
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previous year affected budbreak on oak seedlings.Hoefs (1979)observed that
vegE!tation on mid-slope elevCitions t~mded to develop earlier than higher or
10WE!r elevations on Sheep Mountain in the Kluane Lake area,Yukon Terri tory.
Pearcy and Ward (1972),however,found that individuals of tufted hair grass
(Deschampsia caespitosa)responded differently in phenological development
basE!d on their original elevation.However,their elevation ranges were.much
larger than ours.Stewart et al.(1976)evaluated phenological development
but the information was needed for specific areas in the Susitna basin.
and energy relationships for browse in Saskatchewan,which were related to
the belief that spring plant development was related to topographic factors,
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moose energy requirements and snow depth.Some of these studies supported
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2 OBJECTIVES
Objectives of the 1982 phenology study were to:
1.Identify any forbs that might be grazed by moose prior to parturition.
2.Monitor species development weekly during the spring.
3.Monitor soil temperatures weekly to have a parameter that could be
compared across sites.Different plant species common to the various
vegetation types initiated growth under different conditions so did
not make good standards for comparisons of several locations.
4.Determine if grazing had a significant effect on vegetation during the
spring.
Objectives of the 1983 phenology study were to:
4
1.Identify what areas became snow free first in relation to aspect,
elevation,slope,and vegetation type.
2.Identify where forage became available for moose first.
3.Identify where overwintered berries were most abundant and when they
were available.
4.Identify where horsetail occurred most abundantly and when it became
available.
5.Identify utilization of early growth vegetation.
The overall objective was to evaluate snow and plant species development
as they might relate to moose and bear movements during snowmelt.
3 SITE DESCRIPTION
3.1 1982 Site Descriptions
3.1.1 Watana Creek Transect
The bench location upstream from the Watana Creek transect (Figure 1)was
in a low birch shrub scrub inclusion in an open spruce type.It was at an
elevation of 774 m (2440 ft)with 2°slope and 185°average aspect.Resin
birch (Betula glandulosa)dominated the low shrub layer while Labrador tea
(Led urn groenlandicum),bog blueberry (Vaccinium uliginosum),and mountain
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cranberry (Y..vitis-idaea)dominated the dwarf shrub layer.Moss covered
almost 90%of the ground.The average age of four large trees in the areas
was 94 years,making it a relatively old site.Methodology describing the
aging technique used for tree cores is contained in the Methods section.
The exclosure at the top of the slope was in an ecotone between low birch
shrub scrub and woodland spruce.It was at an elevation of 683 m (2240 ft)
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with a 5°slope and 150°aspect.This would be 17 m above the potential
impoundmen t water surface.Vegetation consisted of resin birch in a low
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shrub layer with a dwarf shrub layer of Labrador tea,mountain cranberry,and
crm",berry.Moss provided about 65%ground cover.The mean age of three
white spruce (Picea glauca)individuals was 82 years.
The middle-slope location along the Watana Creek transect was in open
white spruce forest located on the side of a small knoll.Poorly drained
black spruce areas existed just uphill from the site in a relatively level
area.This site had an elevation of 610 m (2000 ft)with an average aspect
of 173 0 on an 8 0 slope.This si te would be inundated by the Watana
impoundment.One exclosure faced ¥/estward on a 130 slope while the other
had a southerly exposure.Vegetation consisted of a low shrub layer
dominated by resin birch with Labrador tea,bog blueberry,and mountain
cranberry in the dwarf shrub layer.Bog blueberry was more abundant in the
south-facing exclosure while resin birch was more abundant in the west-facing
excJLosure.Moss formed 90%of the ground cover.Trees averaged 62 years
(N=4)making it a medium-aged site.Old snags were present but not aged.
The bottom location was in an open mixed spruce-birch site just above the
floodplain with a 12 0 slope and 192('aspect.It's low elevation of 549 m
(1000 ft)placed it in the potential impoundment zone.The most important
undE~rstory vegetation included Labrador tea and mountain cranberry,but
prickly rose (Rosa acicularis)was also present.Moss was less important in
this site because of the litter laYler in some places.The average age of
thrE~e trees was 99 years.Bottom elevations generally had older trees than
the other elevations for all transects.The bottom location on the Watana
transect was about 35 years younger than any other bottom site on the other
transects.The Watana transect bottom-elevation site was the only bottom
site positioned on a slope,and it had the warmest soil temperatures of any
6
bottom-slope site for any transect.These three facts (younger.greater
degree of slope.and warmer)are related to disturbance due to fire at this
site that was not a factor at bottom sites on other transects.
3.1.2 Jay Creek Transect
Th e Ja y Cr ee k tr an se ct beg an a t a higher elevation than·any other
transects at 884 m (2900 ft)(Figure 3).The bench location was on a slope
below an almost barren outcropping.The highest elevation site was a low
birch shrub scrub type with a 10°slope and 176°aspect.The low shrub layer
was composed of resin birch and the dwarf shrub layer contained northern
Labrador tea (L.decumbens)and mountain cranberry.Trees in this area were
of mixed age with one tree being 89 years old and two others averaging 27
years.This was a relatively dry area.
The second elevation,top position,was another low birch shrub scrub
type located on a gentle break in the 15°slope.Elevation was 792 m (2600
ft)on a 5°slope with 144°aspect.The low shrub layer was composed of B.
glandulosa and a dwarf shrub layer of northern Labrador tea and mountain
cranberry.Resin birch usually occurred on mounds,and other shorter species
grew beneath the shrub layer.Most trees at this site averaged 31 years of
age although one was 100 years old and a dead tree was 157 years old.
The middle slope position was in an open mixed spruce-birch forest at an
elevation of 701 m (2300 ft)with 14°slope and 157°aspect.It was located
about 35 m above the potential impoundment area and might be affected by
mesoclimatic change associated with the reservoir.The exclosures were
placed on either side of an open,grassy area in the forest type.Understory
vegetation in one exclosure was dominated by mountain cranberry with some
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7
bunchberry (Cornus canadensis)and tall bluebell (Mertensia paniculata).The
othEH exclosure was dominated by bluejoint (Calamagrostis canadensis),
woodland horsetail (Eguisetum silvaticum)and tall bluebell.Average age for
six trees at this site was 37 years,making it one of the youngest sites.It
also appeared to be the warmest site,as indicated by plant species
composition,the time at which plant growth was initiated,and soil
temperatu~es.
The bottom location was in a woodland black spruce forest with exclosures
on either side of a wet sedge-grass-shrub meadow.The slope was <1 0 and
aspe!ct averaged 119 0 although one exclosure faced south-southeast and the
other faced east-northeast.At an elevation of 610 m (2000 ft),this site
would be in the potential impoundment zone.Important vegetation consisted
of resin birch,Labrador tea,crowberry,and graminoids.Mean age of .four
trees was 146 years,the oldest average of any site.
3.1.3 Switchback Transect
The bench location at the Switchback transect (Figure 1)was in a low
birch shrub scrub type.The site was at an elevation of 762 m (2500 ft)with
average slope of 6 0 and aspect of 250 0
•Vegetation consisted of a resin
birch low shrub layer and a dwarf shrub layer of northern Labrador tea,
mountain cranberry,and lichens.The average age of three trees was 35
years,although one tree was 91 years old.Hence,the area was probably
disturbed by fire within the last 40 to 50 years.
The top-slope elevation (762 m,2500 ft)was located on the bench just
above where the terrace sloped toward the river,and was 96 m above the
potential Watana impoundment.This site was in an ecotone between low birch
8
shrub scrub and woodland white spruce forest with an average slope of
1°and aspect of 275°.Important species included resin birch,bog blueberry
and lichens.Average age of three trees was 56 years while a fourth
individual was 163 years old.Fire scarred snags were present,again
indicative of disturbance.
The middle slope location was just upstream from a dry knoll.Vegetation
was an open spruce type at an elevation of 701 m (2300 ft)with 16°slope and
189°aspect.The site was 35 m above the potential impoundment zone.
Important plant species included resin birch,Labrador tea,and diamondleaf
willow (§..pulchra).Moss covered over half the area.The average age of
three trees was 41 years while one was estimated to be 210 years old.This
supported the contention that a relatively recent fire had occurred at this
site.
The bottom elevation at the Switchback location was in an alder-spruce
type with 3°slope and 210°aspect at an elevation of 640 m (2100 ft).This
site would be flooded by the impoundment.The most abundant plants at this
site were Sitka alder (Alnus sinuata),American red currant (Ribes triste),
and several forb species.This was a relatively moist site.Mean age of five
trees was 143 years,making it one of the oldest sites sampled.
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3.1.4 Tsusena Creek Transect
The transect downstream from Tsusena Creek was the only one in the
potential Devil Canyon impoundment area (Figure 1).The bench location was a
low birch shrub scrub type at an elevation of 758 m (2486 ft)on a mean slope
of 3°.Aspects of the two exclosures were 232°and 86°at this site which
was on top of a knoll.Abundant vegetation consisted of resin birch over a
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layer of Labrador tea and crowberry.
9
Resin birch was much taller at this
about 8 em deep,much deeper than at any other location.Average age of
thrE~e trees was 114 years while one tndividual was 56 years old.Trees were
rarE~at this location.This site had not been disturbed as recently as
other sites and was well above present timber line.
The top-slope position on the Tsusena Creek transect was another ,low
birch shrub scrub type at an elevation of 635 m (2086 feet)on a r slope
with aspects of 110°and 20°.Vegetation consisted of a low shrub layer of
resin birch and a dwarf shrub layer of Labrador tea and crowberry.Moss
covE~red about three-fourths of the ground and was about 8 em deep.Average
age of four trees was 87 years.
No middle-elevation exclosure was constructed because of difficulties
getting equipment there with tree cover.The bottom location was in an open
spruce type with 2°slope and aspects of 5°and 140°at an elevation of 512 m
(1680 f t).Thi s site was on a level,forested area by the Susitna Ri vel'.
VegE~tation consisted of resin birch,Labrador tea,and mountain cranberry.
Moss covered 90%of the ground.Mean age of four trees was 135 years.
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site than at other sites.Moss covered about 85%of the area and was
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3.2 1983 Site description
Vegetation along the 1983 transects cannot be described in as much detail
as the 1982 transects since descriptive data were not collected and time
limitations did not permit taking sufficient field notes.Nomenclature
for vegetation types follows Viereck et ale (1982).General descriptions of
these vegetation types in the middle Susitna basin are found in McKendrick et
a1.(1982).
3.2.1 Devil Creek
10
The area that had been indicated as a moose concentration area extended
from above Devil Creek's first tributary up the Susitna River to the second
bend above Devil Creek (Figure 2).Devil Creek transects started in low
shrub types dominated by resin birch,bog blueberry,some willows,and other
shrub species on the benches on each side of the river,upstream from Devil
Creek.The south-facing transects passed through open to closed mixed
forest with an understory of bluejoint and mountain cranberry on slopes that
were occasionally steep.The north-facing transects descended through
al ternat ing sect ions of low shrub and open and woodland spruce forest
types with typical shrub understories.The last portion,approximately 50 m
in elevation,was relatively steep.Alder were more common at the bottom of
this transect than on the south-facing slope.Ice jams had deposited ice at
the bottom of both transects during period 2 (week of May 1).Bears were
observed at the top of the south-facing slope.Some utilization of resin
birch,alder,and sedges was noted,presumably by moose.
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3.2.2 Tsusena Creek
The area of moose concentration around Tsusena Creek extended from the
stream below Tsusena Creek,including some upper stretches,up beyond Deadman
Creek about one third the distance to Watana Creek (Figure 2).The Tsusena
Creek transects started in a well-drained I somewhat disturbed opening and
descended through mixed birch-spruce forests which contained bluejoint and
mountain cranberry in the understory until poorly-drained black spruce types
were entered on a flat lowland.The transects traversed this until they
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reached a strip of riparian forest and riparian low shrub types near the
river.This area was relatively well advanced even when first visited.
This contrasted greatly with a transect sampled in 1982,located
downstream a short distance.The 1982 site was a relatively cold area that
was late developing.Deep moss layers were common.The 1983 site seemed to
have younger vegetation and seems to have been disturbed more recently.
3.2.3 Fog Creek
The Fog Creek area of moose concentration paralleled the stream near the
Fog Lakes area and involved less than 100-m elevation difference.The
south-facing transects started in a low shrub-dwarf tree scrub area and
proceeded
across some wet areas.They then climbed a well-drained ridge covered with
spruce and descended to a willow stand along a feeder stream.Many moose
pellets were found in this area.The north-facing transects started in a low
shrub type then proceeded over a hillside covered with spruce.They
descended into a creek bottom area that was hummocky and contained large
spruce trees.
3.2.4 Watana Slide
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An area of moose concentration had been indicated by ADF&G on the north
side of the Susitna River and extended up Watana Creek.The Watana Slide
tr an se ct s we re up Wa tana Creek a short distance from a mud slide that
occurred sometime between summers 1982 and 1983.They included elevations
above and below the impoundment.The east-facing slopes had a number of old
earth slides and some areas that looked like they might slide if conditions
12
were right.Silt was deposited by wind on litter and low-growing vegetation
just above the first of two sets of bluffs,which were probably old slide
scars.This silt appeared to inhibit growth since the dust-covered plants
were shorter than adjacent dust-free plants.The east-facing transects
started in a woodland forest-dwarf tree scrub area with many snags from old
fires.They descended among some very old slides then followed a small
stream over flat terrain.They reached a more recent set of slides then
descended into a flat area vegetated with willows and horsetail.
The west-facing transects began in a low shrub type abundant with bog
blueberry,resin birch,and crowberry,then passed through shorter spruce C<
6 m tall),and finally taller spruce (>6 m tall)on the floodplain.
Robust feltleaf willow (Salix alaxensis)had been browsed heavily at the
bottom of these transects and moose pellets were abundant.The last snow to
melt along these transects was on the floodplain.
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3.2.5 Watana Creek
Watana Creek transects were located on both sides of the Susitna River
just upstream from the mouth of Watana Creek.Their highest elevations were
still beneath the level of the potential impoundment.The south-facing
transects began in a wet low shrub area,then passed through spruce
vegetation.One transect ended in mature mixed balsam poplar-white-spruce
type along Watana Creek.The other passed through a stand of willows near
the Susitna River.The north-facing transects started in a woodland spruce
area,descended gradually through spruce,then entered a flat woodland
forest-dwarf tree scrub area with relatively poor drainage.They then
descended over another steeper slope covered with thick moss.Alders were
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arranged in a band of vegetation a:bove where the transects entered the open
strip of shrubs and herbaceou13 speci1es by the river.The 1983 Watana Creek
transects were considerably downstream from the 1982 Watana Creek transects,
which were called Fish Creek in i983.
3.2 ..6 Fish Creek
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Another moose concentration area w~s observed only on the north side of
the river from Fish Creek to Kosina Creek with elevations ranging from the
ri VIH to the benches.Hence,compa.risons of the north-and south-facing
slopes for Fish and Kosina Creeks miglht indicate why moose occurred mainly on.
south-facing slopes rather than north-facing slopes in the area.
Fish Creek transects were 10catE!d just downstream from a small feeder
stream and were the locations called Watana Creek in 1982.They were about
half-way between Watana and Jay Creeks.The south-facing transects began in
a wet low shrub area,passed through woodland and open white spruce types,
then descended gently through more white spruce vegetation.
Phenology
Black spruce was growing o~a poorly-drained area above where the
transects made a final,steeper descent through birch-spruce with some aspen
(Populus tremuloides)and a fringe of willows along the floodplain.The
south-facing transects were relatively long.The north-facing transects
originated on a gently sloping low shrub site then descended gently through
black spruce and a small drainage.There was a steep descent through spruce
before encountering the open strip of riparian vegetation along a slough by
the river.High water levels sometimes inundated this vegetation so the
14
stops parallel to the river were moved downstream a little.Iris (Iris sp.)
and sweet-vetch (Hedysarum sp.)had been utilized on an island across the
slough.
3.2.7 Kosina Creek
Kosina Creek transects were located a short distance downstream from
Kosina Creek.,Concentrations of moose had been reported on the south-facing
slopes in the past (W.B.Ballard,personal communication)and were observed
during this study.The south-facing transects began on a gentle slope
covered with low shrub vegetation dominated by resin birch and bog blueberry
then went downhill through combinations of aspen,paper birch,and white
spruce.White spruce in the understory in some of the aspen-dominated
portions of the transects were only 2-3 m tall and apparently were invading
the site since they appeared younger than the aspen.One closed aspen area
had living and dead trees the same size and a lot of dead fall.Apparently
tw 0 di st ur bances had occurred,resulting in much growth of young trees.
Green bark was stripped from willows,and mountain cranberry had been browsed
near the bottom of these transects,hence the area was apparently used in the
spring.
The north-facing transects descended through alder and spruce on steep
slopes.South-facing slopes occurred near the bottom of .the transect where
dips occurred.A strip of alder occurred above a narrow band of willows by
the river.Many animal signs were found on both slopes,al though most
tracks on the north-facing transects occurred in the relatively flat areas
where travel was easier.The animal trails appeared to be transitting areas,
rather than connecting snow-free areas where animals could utilize shrubs.
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In other words,although animals apparently travelled through the area,they
were not eating much.
3.2.8 Clarence Creek
The moose concentration area around Clarence Creek,a small stream
draining Clarence Lake,extended up Clarence Creek and down the south side of
the Susitna River.This area was unusual in that it faced north,but few
moose locations occurred on the south-facing slopes.Most other moose
coneen tration areas ei ther faced :south or contained both aspects.The
transects started in dwarf spruce scrub,descended through spruce,then alder
in a draw,to a dry,open knoll.They then passed through more spruce,and
then a strip of alder before reaching the river.This was also the site of a
spectacular ice jam which covered most of the shrub and herbaceous vegetation
by the river.Snow occurred later here than most sites.
3.2.9 Switchbacks
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The concentrations of moose in the switchback area were on the north side
of the river on the benches,much of which was covered by low shrub or dwarf
spruce scrub,and contained many fire-scarred areas.The benches on the
south side also contained many old burn areas,but were drier.The south-
facing transec ts started in some moist low shrub sites which contained
scattered spruce trees and snags and which were dominated by resin birch and
willow.They descended through scattered,disturbed sites near a stream,
through alder thickets,over a dry,open knoll,and through wet willow
vegetation before reaching the shore.The north-facing transects descended
from a low shrub-woodland white spruce area through a wide strip of alder,
16
into some small,relatively flat areas with willow near small drainages.A
variety of open areas were passed until a large poorly drained area of
cottongrass (Eriophorum spp.)tussocks with scattered dwarf black spruce
trees was encountered.A final descent was made through alder to the
strip of small shrubs at the bottom.
4 METIIODS
4.1 1982 Methods
4.1.1 Site Selection
Transect locations were selected based on concentrations of
radio-collared moose in the impoundment zone during parturition periods
(Figure 1).Locations were chosen to represent areas of use and non-use by
radio-collared moose during April-June,the usual period of parturition
(Ballard et al.1982).It was recognized that nonradio-collared moose might
be using areas that were not being used by radio-collared moose.However,
this was the best approximation available for an experimental design.Areas
of "use"and "non-use"were included in the design to attempt to identify
differences in vegetation that were attractive to cow moose.
The study transect near the switchbacks of the Susitna River (downstream
from Goose Creek and Oshetna River)represented sites with usage on both
south-and north-facing slopes.The transect east of Jay Creek represented
areas of little or no usage by radio-collared moose during parturition.The
transect east of Watana Creek was used by radio-collared moose on the south-
facing slope but not on the north-facing slope.These areas were all in the
potential Watana impoundment area.One transect was chosen west of Tsusena
Creek in an area used by radio-collared moose on both north-and south-facing
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slopes in the potential Devil Canyon impoundment area.
17
Exac t 10 ca tions
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of transects were determined using aerial and ground reconnaissance during
May 1982.
Transects were generally about 1..5 km long,although one was 2 km.The
"transects"were lines used for qualitative,non-structured observat ions,
especially on the north-facing slopes.Transects generally followed the
easiest path down,which was usually along animal trails which permitted more
ObSE!rvations of animal signs.Exclosillres were constructed at discrete points
along the transects on the south-facing slopes.
Four elevations for each study area were selected along each of the four
transects,except Tsusena Creek transect where only three elevations were
examined.The highest elevation was on the bench above the river,the
second elevation was at the top of the slope,and the third and f ou rt h
elevations were mid-slope and b6ttom of the slope,respectively.Selection
of ground locations at each elevation were based on slope position,
vegE~tation,and helicopter access.Tree cover at the mid-slope elevation
on the Tsusena Creek transect prevented helicopter access either by landing
or by dropping a sling load.Terrain was too rough and vegetation too dense
to reasonably hand-carry the materials to an appropriate location,therefore
no exclosures were constructed at the site.
Pairs of 2.1 x 2.1-m (7 x 7 ft)exclosures were constructed in late May
at each location using los-m (5 ft)woven wire with a single strand of barbed
wire at the top,and 2.1-m metal fence posts.Exclosures were constructed
in vegetation representative of each elevation and transect.Some exclosures
WerE!located wi thin a single vegetation type,such as low shrub scrub,while
others were located along ecotones because moose frequently use "edges"
18
of vegetation types.The exclosures were always constructed away from the
helicopter access point.
Transects were sampled at 7-day intervals beginning 31 May and ending 2
July,1982.The south-facing slope exclosures were sampled in the morning
for all transects except Watana Creek.The corresponding north-facing slope
without exclosures was examined in the afternoon for general observations on
vegetation composition and phenological development as well as utilization by
wildlife.The north-slope at Watana Creek was visited at the end of each
week for logistical reasons.Sampling was not begun until after snowmelt
because of project delays.
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4.1.2 Photographic Points
Photographic points inside and outside each exclosure were permanently
marked with 30 to 45-cm long rebar painted florescent orange and which were
driven into the ground.Photographs of the vegetation were taken each time
the site was sampled to document phenological development of plant species.
Photographs were taken looking uphill from a height of 1.6 m using a Fujica
ST605 camera with 28 mm lens.The rear two fence posts were located in the
upper corner of the photograph.Sometimes two photographs had to be taken to
include some of the taller vegetation.Individual twigs of shrubs wer e
flagged and photographed each week outside some exclosures to record
development of individual twigs.Species selected for individual tagging
were resin birch,Labrador tea,and prickly rose.Selection of individuals
was random.
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4.1.3 Soil Temperature
Soil temperature at the I-em depth was taken inside each exclosure using
a bimetallic thermometer with a dial scale.The temperature was always
measured'in a "typical"location in the shade to avoid daily heating effects
of the sun.Hence,the thermometer location varied slightly from week to
week because the sun angle as well as our arrival time would vary.The
thermometer was allowed to equilibrate in the ground while plant canopy cover
was estimated.Soil temperatures were used to monitor the warming of sites
because daily ambient temperatures were extremely variable.Phenological
development of plant species could not be used to monitor these trends since
no species occurred at all sites and some species develop more rapidly.
4.1.4 Canopy Cover
Percen t canopy cover was ocularly estimated in 0.5 x l-m CO.s-m 2
)
quadrats using 5%intervals (1%if <10%or >90%).Two quadrats were
randomly located outside the exclosure by pacing a random number of steps
from a randomly selected corner of .the exclosure.Quadrats outsid e th e
exclosure were independent of each other across weeks.Two quadrats were
randomly located inside each exclosure but were not independent across weeks
because of the limited size of exclosures.Cover was the vertical projection
of living vegetation and did not include small gaps in shrub canopy gaps.
Canopy cover was estimated by species for most vascular plants,by genus for
sedges,and by life form for bryophytes,lichens,and unidentified forbs and
graminoids.
4.1.5 Height and Phenological State of Growth/Maturation
20
Average height (em)and most advanced phenological state were recorded
for each plant species in each quadrat inside and outside the exclosures.
Phenological states were as follows:
vegetative (1)just emerging or first signs of new growth or dormant
for evergreens
(2)leaf buds visible
(3)leaves expanded
anthesis (4)flower buds
(5 )flowers
fruiting (6)seeds
(7)decadent
In some evergreen species,such as mountain cranberry,it was extremely
difficult to tell when the plant initiated new growth in the spring.New
~I
leaves were almost the same color as old leaves.Thus,unless a leaf was
only partially emerged,new growth could not be easily determined.Hence,
some phenological states for some species were not as precise as for others.
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4.1.6 Tree Ring Analysis
Two tree cores were taken as close to the ground as practical from 2
trees or snags near each exclosure when possible.These data were collected
to age the present plant community at each site in an effort to determine
fire history.Ages of living trees were determined by counting rings after
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21
the cores had been sanded smooth on one side.The cores of dead snags were
in such poor condition that the rings could not be counted.
This study was not included in the original proposed methodology.During
the early phases of the phenological study,it was noted that the sites with
the earliest maturing forage appeared to have been burned relatively recently
,(last 50 years)whereas the latest maturing sites had a deep moss layer and
Iittle evidence of fire.Cores of living and dead trees were obtained in an
attE~mpt to determine the fire history of each site.Field time did not
permit an intensive collection of cores.The intention of coring snags was
to match tree ring patterns of living,and dead trees in an attempt to
determine when the trees had died andi hence when the fire occurred,assuming
the trees died during the fire.Limited laboratory time and poor quality
cores did not permit this analysis.
If all the tree ages at one site were approximately the same,then the
mean age was taken as the age of the stand.If the trees were of uneven age,
the older individuals were assumed to be survivors of a fire (they usually
had fire scars)while the younger trees were considered to be reproduction
since the fire.Both sets of ages were reported as well as the number of
treE~S.This was a quali tati ve study intended to determine if the hypothesis
relating recent burn history to early forage availability was reasonable.
4.1.7 Statistical Analysis -Cover
Cover data were analyzed using an analysis of variance model with nested
mixE~d effects.The model consisted of transect,elevation,inside/outside
exclosure, exclosure,and plot.Transect,elevation,and inside/outside were
fixed effects since each level was unique,rather than a random sample of a
22
population.Each transect also represented either documented presence or
absence of radio-collared moose.Each elevation was a particular location
with respect to slope.Exclosures and plots represented random locations
from the population of exclosures and plots.
The model was nested since the levels (bench,top,middle,bottom)of the
nested factor (elevation within transect)were different for each level
(Watana,Jay,Switchback,Tsusena)of the main factor (transect).Even
though the bottom elevations of the Watana and Jay Creek transects were both
the lowest elevations of the transects,geographical considerations dictated
that they were different and hence nested within their respective transects
(as opposed to being cross-classified).Cover data for each week were
anal yz ed u sing this model since we were primarily interested in spatial
differences at a given point in time rather than changes over time.
Addi tionally,computer core limi tat ions would not permit analysis over
time.Field work was initiated too late in the season to make plant
development over time important.
Thirty-two line transects were established in the proposed Devil Canyon
and Watana impoundment zones during April 26 to May 5,1983 (Figure 2).Four
transects were located at each of 7 areas and 2 transects located at each
of 2 areas.Two parallel line transects spaced approximately 100 m apart
were positioned so they began on the benches above the impoundment zones and
extended downslope to the Susitna River if terrain and distance permitted.
The transects turned at right angles and paralleled the river at the bottom.
4.2
4.2.1
1983 Methods
1983 Field Methods
-
23
Two transects were placed on each side of the Susitna River valley at the
Devil Creek,Watana Creek,Fish Creek,Kosina Creek,and the Switchback areas
(Figure 2).Two transects were also placed on either side of Watana Creek in
the area designated Watana Slide (Figure 1).Two transects were positioned
on the north side of the Susitna River at Tsusena Creek and on the south side
at Clarence Creek (Figure 2).Access and time limitations prevented the
establishment of paired transects for the Tsusena Creek and Clarence Creek
areas.Two transects,which did not terminate at the Susitna River were also
placed on either side of Fog Creek (Figure 2).
Placement of transects was based primarily on identification of areas
knmm to have local concentrations of moose during spring.ADF&G biologists
were consulted during early April 1983 to determine where snow was melting
most rapidly and the location of concentrations of moose.Slope,aspect,
elevational gradients,and helicopter access at top and bottom of transects
were also considered in the placement of transects on opposite slopes.
Each line transect followed a compass bearing to minimize observer bias,
but sometimes directions were altered for topographical reasons.Some stops
along the transects were flagged with surveyor's tape tied to shrubs or trees
so the transect could be approximately relocated during later time periods.
Beginning and ending elevations were recorded for each transect.
Transects were walked at 7-day intervals over 5 consecutive periods
encompassing 6 weeks.The 5 periods 'were as follows:Period 1,April 26-May
5;Period 2,May 6-May 12;Period 3,May 13-May 19;Period 4,May 20-May 26;
and Period 5,May 27-June 2.The four observers were regularly rotated among
the transects.The same observer 'Walked the same transect only during
periods 1 and 5.
24
The transect number,stop number,date,and level IV vegetation type
(Viereck et al.1982)were recorded at 10-m intervals along the transect.
Coded values for elevation,slope.and aspect were also recorded (Table 1).
Elevation was estimated with hand-held altimeters.Slope and aspect were
estimated using a clinometer or Abney level and compass,respectively.
At each 10-m stop the coded value for the snow depth at the tip of the
observer I s snowshoe or boot was recorded during periods 1 through 4 (Table
1).A coded number of berries and horsetail stems within a O.S-m radius in
front of the boot or snowshoe was recorded.Species (Table 3),phenological
state (Table 2),and utilization codes (1 =not used,2 =used)of the
nearest shrub,forb,and graminoid within a O.S-m radius were also recorded.
A coded value for the Level IV vegetation type was also recorded (Table 4).
A qualitative estimate of phenological advancement (late,middle,early)was
recorded during the fifth period when no snow was present.Other
observations such as utilization signs,general transect description,
observation of animals and animal signs.general description of phenological
development,and other notes of interest were recorded in field notebooks by
individual observers.
One SO-m to 100-m line transect was also established on the riverbanks,
parallel to the Susitna River (or Watana Creek),at the lower terminus of
each downslope transect.These transects were needed to observe the
development of horsetail near the river for possible bear usage.These
riparian transects were located approximately midway between the water and
the alder or forest vegetation,whichever was closer to the water.The same
information described in the preceding paragraphs was recorded for the
~,
--
-
25
riparian transects as for the downslope transects,but at 5-m rather than
10-m intervals.
4.2.2 1983 Data Analyses
The hypotheses to be tested were that phenological advancement,
overwintered berries,and horsetail densities were a function of elevation,
aspl:!ct,slope,and vegetation type.Log-linear models and 2-way contingency
tables were used to test the hypotheses and obtain an understanding of
what factors interacted.The hierarchical log-linear model used an additive
function of main effects and interactions to predict the logarithm of the
expl:!cted cell frequency.This was similar to an analysis of variance,but
all variables were treated equally with no variable considered as the
depl:!ndent,or response variable.Another technique,logistic regression,
treated one qualitative variable as a response or dependent variable and the
others as qualitative,independent variables.This may be a more appropriate
method of analysis,but lack of knmdedge or adequate documentation of the
technique and difficulty in interpreting the computer outputs resulted in the
use of log-linear models.
Aspect (8 directions),elevation (17 30-m bands),slope (7 categories),
vegetation type (approximately 30 level IV categories,Table 1)and transect
location (9 areas)defined the cells of interest in a log linear model.
This was initially considered across all transects during one time period.
Several problems with this approach led to its abandonment.The river near
the Switchbacks was slightly lower than the highest elevation of Devil Creek
transects.Numerous missing cells "muld occur since the higher elevations
were not present at Devil Creek,but lower elevations were not present near
26
the Switchbacks.This would invalidate the results.Some transects had few,
if any,east or west-facing slopes while others had few south-facing slopes
resulting in more missing cells or structural zeroes.Additionally,certain
combinations 'of aspect,and elevation did not have all slopes or vegetation
types present.Most of the above would be considered structural zeroes.
Aside from such structural zeroes,insufficient data were collected to
represent all cells that might exist with these narrow definitions.
Inaccuracies in elevation,slope,and aspect estimates could lead one to
question the narrowness of these categories.However,broader categories
that were justifiable could not be established initially.Finally,computer
statistical packages could not handle this many cells at one time.Hence,
the following procedures were developed to reduce the data to a meaningful
form.
The data for a time period were divided according to transect groupings
and analyzed one group at a time.The first analysis consisted of 2-way
contingency tables for each response variable (phenological advancement,
berries,horsetail)and each independent 'variable (aspect,elevation,slope,
vegetation type).Aspect and elevation were treated in their original coded
form.Slope categories were combined into 0-3°,3-10°,and greater than
10°intervals since these had reasonable interpretations.Slopes greater
than 10°were eliminated when they only accounted for a small fraction «
10%)of the observations.They accounted for 20%of the observations for
some transects and were included because that much information could not be
eliminated.These steeper slopes were considered marginal wildlife habitat.
Vegetation types were grouped according to crown closure and growth form:
closed,open,and woodland forest;dwarf tree scrub,tall shrub,low shrub;
--27
-
and herbaceous.More detailed classification levels should be used for such
phenological studies,but techniques were insufficient to handle the
information.Berry and horsetail abundance were reduced to presence or
absence,or frequency,since most of the with more abundant berries (code
~3)ce11s were empty.
Computer printouts included observed frequency,percentages of row
totals,standardized deviates,and marginal subtotals.The marginal
subtotals indicated which categories for a variable were missing or poorly
represented for each independent variable.The observed frequency and
percentages of row totals enabled assessment of which categories had similar
responses and could be combined.Combining categories was needed to reduce
the number of 0 cells in multi-way contingency tables.
The standardized deviates were the differences between observed and
expE~cted values divided by the squarE!root of the expected value.The value
of this in each cell was similar to a z-statistic and indicated if
significantly more or fewer responses occurred in a specific cell than
would be expected by chance.TheSE!2-way contingency tables provided an
estima te of how each independent variable (slope,aspect,elevation,
vegetation type)affected each response variable (phenology,berry,and
horsetail frequency)without considering interactions.
The previous analysis was used to combine categories in a meaningful way
so that multi-way contingency tables could be analyzed using a log-linear
modE~l.Elevation was reduced to above and below the estimated impoundment
levels where possible.This reduced the biological information,but it
directly tested the hypothesis of potential loss of spring forage by
inundation.The 450-m band was the top of the Devil Canyon impoundment,and
28
the 660-m band was considered the top of the Watana impoundment.Where all
locations within a group of transects were either above or below the
impoundments,elevation was not considered in the models.Similarly,aspect
was not used when transects were only sampled on one side of the river.
Contingency tables were constructed for (1)phenological advancement,
aspect,elevation,and slope or vegetation type and (2)berries or horsetail,
aspect,elevation,and vegetation type.Slope and vegetation type
information were considered to be redundant,but it was uncertain which was
more important for phenology;hence,each was included separately.Berry and
horsetail densities were believed to be more related to vegetation type,so
slope was never considered in those models.A table was also produced for
vegetation type,aspect,elevation,and slope to investigate independence
among these variable and to see if the assumption of interrelation of
vegetation type and slope was reasonable.This was used as an interpretation
aid rather than an actual test of hypotheses.
Each table of observed frequencies was accompanied by partial and
~1
marginal tests of association.These tests were used to determine what ~,
factors and interactions affected the model or indicated which factors
affected the response variable.Partial association tests indicated if a
term could be removed from the full model without affecting it IS
meaningfulness.Significance on this test meant that the term was needed.
Marginal association tests indicated if a term added information to a model
consisting only of lower order terms.If a third order term improved the
mo de 1 pr od uc ed by th e fi rst and second order terms,then the term was
significant.
-
29
Tables of standardized deviates for the full log-linear model indicated
which cells had significantly more positive responses than would be expected.
A cell in this context referred to the interaction of levels of independent
variables (aspect,elevation,slope,vegetation type).The "dependent"
variables were considered to have responses in these cells.Reduced models
were not considered because of the additional expense.
The berry and horsetail frequencies were sometimes low enough that no
mod.~ls after the first were considered.Observation of the observed
frequency table would indicate where the concentration occurred.
5 RESULTS
5.1 1982 Results
5.1.1 Reconnaissance Observations
Some general observations on late winter snow conditions were made on a
reconnaissance trip on 15 and 16 May"1982.The Watana and Jay Creek
transects were almost snow-free at that time,although the Watana area
cont:ained some snow patches in depressions between shrubs,and bog blueberry
was partly snow-covered.The Switchback and Tsusena Creek sites still had
substantial snow cover on the slopes at this time,although snow cover at the
base of trees had already decreased.Mountain cranberry was abundant at the
base of trees in the area between Devil and Tsusena Creeks,while snow was
melting around Labrador tea at the highest elevations of the Switchback
transect.
General'observations between Watana Base Camp and Talkeetna River on 15
and 16 May indicated that snow cover had been reduced by approximately 50%on
fon~sted south-facing slopes while it had only decreased around trees on
30
north-facing slopes.The immediate area around shrub stem bases was
re la ti ve ly snow-free on the benches.Snow depths were greatest between
shrubs and contained many animal tracks connecting these relatively snow-free
areas.Apparently these areas of less snow cover surrounding shrub stems are
important to wildlife at this time of year.Snow depths were least in wet,
boggy sites as well as the dry,windy areas that had no trees.
5.1.2 Soil temperature
Temperatures varied significantly by transect,elevation within transect,
and date within elevation within transect (Table 5).However,trends for
elevations within transects varied at each location.The bottom location at
the Watana transect was usually the warmest in that area (3.5 -4.0 C)and it
was located in a mixed birch-spruce stand on a well-drained slope (12°)
whereas other bottom elevations were flat «20°)and poorly drained.
The warmest location on the Jay Creek transect,and the warmest overall,
was mid-slope in an open birch-spruce stand adjacent to a grassy opening.
Soil temperatures ranged from 3.5 to 7.0 C.This area .had different
vegetation from any other site,including large individuals of rose (1 m or
taller)as well as abundant bluejoint,woodland horsetail,and tall bluebell.
Evidence of an old burn and extensive browsing by moose was present.This
was the youngest site in terms of tree ages:36 years (5 trees)although one
other tree was 124 years old.Several individuals of paper birch had been
hedged so that they resembled large resin birch-paper birch hybrids and
caused species identification problems through the early weeks of the study.
However,this area was not heavily used by radio-collared moose (Ballard et
al 1982).
~-
31
Bench and top-slope elevations ",ere the warmest (2.0 -6.5.C)at the
Switchback transect.These sites had gentle,west-facing slopes and were not
shaded by higher ridges to the north as were the other south-facing slopes.
Vegetation here was more open than on the lower slopes,and the locations had
apparently been burned as evidenced by fire-scarred trees.
The top-slope location at Tsusena Creek was somewhat warmer (average
across weeks 2.6 versus 2.0 C)than the other elevations at this transect
(Table 4).The bench loca tion was well above the current forest-line
.-
..-
-
-
-
although a few surviving old trees were present.
The coldest transect was Tsusena Creek.Minimum temperature separation
from the other transects was 0.9 C lower than the average transect
temperature during the first and fourth weeks.The maximum temperature
difference was 1.5 C colder than any other transect during the last week .
Colder temperatures delayed phenological development by at least a week,and
almost 2 weeks,for some plants along this transect.Resin birch did not
devE~lop leaves until the week of 14 June.During the previous week,7 to
11 June,resin birch had already developed leaves at most of the other sites.
Colder temperatures were probably caused by the thick insulating layer of
moss as well as colder mesoclimatic conditions.The soil temperatures at
the top-slope location at Tsusena Creek were 3.5 to 4.5 C lower than the
middle slope temperatures at Jay Creek even though the former site (730 m)
was 75 m lower than the latter (805 m).Consultation with a project
hydrologist indicated that climatic conditions along that transect might be
cooler and moister than along the 3 transects in the potential Watana
impoundment zone.
32
The Tsusena Creek transect appeared less recently disturbed by fire than
the other transects.The average age of trees at the bottom elevation on
Tsusena Creek was 135 years.Large trees on the bench location averaged 114
.years old (although there was a smaller tree 56 years old)while top-slope
tree ages averaged 87 years.The only other sites with average large tree
ages greater than 100 years were the bottom positions.Hence,the Tsusena
Creek locations appeared to be older than other sites.Whether the lower
soil temperatures along the Tsusena Creek site resulted from a different
mesoclimatic regime or the deeper moss layer is a matter of conjecture,but
it seems likely that the delayed phenological development resulted from an
interaction of mesoclimate,burn history,and deeper moss layer.
The middle elevation on the Jay Creek site was consistently the warmest.
Vegetation there not only initiated growth earlier but was dominated by the
mixed birch-spruce forest,which was generally found on warmer sites than
spruce forests or low shrubland types.Each week this site had the warmest
soil temperatures which ranged from 3.5 to 7.0 C.The middle elevation was
also the youngest site in terms of tree ages:37 years (N=6 trees)although
one other tree was 124 years old.
5.1.3 Canopy Cover,Height,and Phenological State
Re su Its an d di sc us si on 0 f the st at istical analysis of phenological
development of the vegetation were confined to dominant species.Because
some species only occurred at one or a few sites,they frequently showed
significant differences (P <0.10)among elevations and transects.This was
primarily because of differences in vegetation type rather than a difference
related to phenological development.Only species that consistently occurred
JilII"!',
~I
-
-
-
33
in most sites would give reasonable statistical results when comparing
elevat ions and transects.The major species were resin birch,mountain
cranberry,bog blueberry,and crowberry.
5.1.3.1 Week 1;31 May - 4 June,1982
During the first week of 31 May to 4 June,no differences (P <0.1)
bet",een inside and outside exclosures were observed for the major species.
Mountain cranberry had significantly different cover values for elevation
within transect (P <0.1)and for transects (P <0.01).Cover values for
resin birch (P <0.01)and bog blueberry (P <0.02)varied among elevations
within transect while crowberry (P <0.02)differed among transects.
Most plant species were either dormant or had just initiated leaf buds
during the first week.Bog blueberry on the Watana transect was generally
dormant or had some leaf bud development whereas most resin birch plants had
devE!loped at least to the bud stage (Table 6).Mountain cranberry appeared
dormant;however,new growth was sometimes difficult to identify.The bottom
elevation at Watana Creek contained an individual of rose with leaves
and mountain cranberry with flower buds.Some individuals of bog blueberry
were!in leaf bud stage whereas individuals of the same species were still
dormant at the higher elevations.
The Jay Creek transect had several species already leafed out on 1 June
(Table 7).At the bench and top-slope positions,leave had emerged on
mountain cranberry while more individuals of bog blueberry had leaf buds than
on the Watana transect.Some resin birch individuals were starting to leaf
out at the Jay Creek transect,although most were still in the bud stage.
Alpine bearberry (Arctostaphylos alpiJ~)already had leaves and flowers.
34
Paper birch on the middle position of the Jay Creek transect had begun
leaf expansion,but had been severely hedged in the past.There was a
substantial amount of woodland horsetail and bluejoint (standing dead from
the previous year's growth),but little growth «1%cover)had started this
year by week one.Ground cover might inhibit initial soil warm-up in the
spring.Tall bluebell had flower buds on a few individuals.
Most species at the bottom elevation of Jay Creek during the first week
were in the leaf bud stage.This site had some of the few species of willow
observed on the south-facing slopes.
The corresponding north-facing slope at the highest point had more dense,
but smaller,resin birch individuals.Leaf buds did not appear to be as far
advanced on this slope.More willow was present here than on the south-
facing slope.Farther down the slope (about midway),last year's standing
dead growth of woodland horsetail (Eguisetum silvaticum)was abundant but no
current growth was observed.Two species of willow were found in a woodland
black spruce scrub site.Diamondleaf willow (Salix pulchra)generally
occurred along small runoff rills while gray leaf willow (S.glauca)grew on
the small ridges between these drainages.One lower elevation area had a
13°north-facing slope with 4 C soil temperature.This was warmer than most
of the south-facing transects,except the middle position.Woodland
horsetail was just emerging from the soil and dwarf arctic birch (Betula
nana)was leafed out.A wet sedge grass tussock vegetation type existed at
the bottom and contained partially leafed-out dwarf arctic birch.This area
was more advanced phenologically than at a similar site on the south-facing
slope,but since different species were present an actual comparison could
not be made.
-
-
35
The Switchback transect had several species already in the leaf stage by
2 June:diamond leaf willow,American red currant,Labrador tea,and Northern
Labrador tea (Table 8).Most mountain cranberry was still dormant while some
bog blueberry had entered leaf bud stage.
Individual sedges on the bench position were beginning to emerge while
most other species,except resin birch,were dormant.The top elevation was
similar to the bench position during this time period.The middle location
contained bog blueberry in leaf bud,while wood land hor se ta il was jus t
emerging.Resin birch was in the advanced bud stage with many starting to
break open.Diamondleaf willow already had exerted some leaves.Shrubby
cinquefoil (Potentilla fruticosa)and mountain cranberry had leaves at the
lowest elevation.American red currant had leaves and flower buds.Most
Sitka alder were in the bud stage,but some had started to leaf out.
The corresponding north-facing slope across from the Switchback transect
contained very hedged willow,with dpb's (diameter-at-point-of-browsing)of
10 mm.Si tka alder had been noticeably browsed.This area contained the
only bog blueberry which had been observed as browsed.
The Tsusena Creek transect contained bog blueberry in leaf on 3 June,but
most other species were dormant or entering leaf bud state (Table 9).The
two highest elevations were similar with resin birch just starting to
form leaf buds.Observations between the top and bottom positions indicated
that graminoids were greening up sooner here than on some other transects.
Rosl~also was more developed.Labrador tea had new leaves at the bottom
location whereas bunchberry was dormant and resin birch had leaf buds.
36
5.1.3.2 Week 2;7 June -11 June
The second week of 7 to 11 June had no significant differences (P >0.10)
for major species cover values between inside and outside the exclosures.
All major species had significant (P <0.03)differences with respect
to elevation while only mountain cranberry and crowberry (Empetrum nigrum)
had different cover values among transects (P <0.01).The previous week,
crowberry cover varied only with transect,and resin birch and bog blueberry
varied with elevation.
Several changes occurred along the Watana Creek transect by the second
week.Resin birch and bog blueberry had leafed out in many places and had
rose leaf buds (Table 10).Bog blueberry tended to have leaf buds at the two
highest elevations while at the lower two elevations plants were leafed out.
Changes in leaf area like this could account for elevational differences in
cover for this species.When fully leafed out,there may be no differences
in cover values among elevations for this species.There were not major
differences in phenological development at different elevations at this time
at this site.
Plant species on the Jay Creek transect had also advanced phenologically
by 8 June (Table 11).Resin birch and rose were in leaf as were bog
blueberry,netleaf willow (Salix reticulata)and alpine bearberry.As in
week one,the top two elevations were similar.At the middle elevation tall
bluebell was still in the flower bud stage but had grown from 8 to 13 em,
while fireweed (Epilobium angustifolium)had acquired leaves.Field
horsetail had strobili on many individuals and had almost doubled in height.
Sedge and crowberry had acquired leaves at the bottom location.
~,
-
-
-
37
Phenological development of plants on the north-facing slope opposite the
Jay Creek transect was equal to that on the south-facing slope and was even
more advanced in some cases.Observations made from this slope while looking
at the south-facing slope indicated that deciduous trees in mixed evergreen-
deciduous forests were leafed out while pure stands of deciduous trees were
only in bud stage or just starting to expand leaves.The deciduous trees in
the mixed stands,which were relati ve~ly common,were paper birch while those
in pure stands were probably quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides)although
this was never ground-truthed.These stands were assumed to be aspen because
of the different appearance of the individuals relative to those in birch-
spruce sites.The other deciduous tree species,balsam poplar,(Populus
balsamifera)generally did not grow on those types of slopes.Aspen appeared
to develop later than paper birch.If this was true for stems in the shrub
and understory layers also,then birch might provide moose forage earlier
than aspen.However,lack of leaves of aspen overstory might allow the
ground layer and herbaceous understory species to emerge earlier.
Almost all major plant species on the Switchback site advanced a full
phenological state from 2 June to 9 June (Table 12).Alder,resin birch,
rose,and bog blueberry had leaves at this time.Average height of field
horsetail had increased from 2 to 10 em (Tables 8 and 12).Currant was in
flm.er at the bottom elevation.Mountain cranberry had flower buds at the
middle-slope location.No new differences in phenological development were
noted on the north-facing slope.
The Tsusena Creek transect sampled on 10 June was almost identical to the .
previous week with most species in the leaf bud stage or st ill dorman t
38
(Tables 9 and 13).On the north-facing slope resin birch buds were more
advanced but were still immature.
5.1.3.3 Week 3;14 June -18 June
Cover values of all major species including resin birch (P <0.001),
mountain cranberry (P <0.08),bog blueberry (P <0.02),and crowberry (P <
0.02)were different across elevations within transects during week three.
Only mountain cranberry (P <.04),bog blueberry (P <0.06),and crowberry (P
<0.06)were different among transects.
Vegetation on the Watana Creek transect exhibited no major plant
phenological advances between the second and third week (14 June)except that
prickly rose was now in leaf and crowberry had some terminal buds at the
bottom and top transect elevations,respectively (Table 14).Bog blueberry
had flower buds at the top-slope elevation,where flower buds of Northern
Labrador tea were starting to break.The north-facing slope at this transect
ha d flower s on d iapens ia (Diapens ia lap ponica)and f our-ang Ie
mountain-heather (Cassiope tetragona)at the higher elevations on 17 June.
The Jay Creek transect showed no major phenological advancement for
shrubs during the third week 15 June (Table 15).However,bunchberry
acquired new leaves and fireweed and tall bluebell had flower buds.The
average height of tall bluebell increased 10 cm while that of field horsetail
increased 8 cm (Tables 11 and 15).Fireweed did not significantly increase
in height.Tall bluebell,a perennial,appeared to initiate growth earlier
.than f ireweed,an annual.However,it appeared to grow more slowly.
Fireweed started growth later but grew more rapidly,reaching its maximum
.",.
,~
39
height a week earlier than tall bluebell.Tall bluebell would be available
earlier as forage.
Few plant species progressed phenologically along the Switchback transect
by 16 June (Table 16).Bog blueberry had flower buds,crowberry had only
terminal buds,and many American red currant plants had lost their flowers.
Field horsetail was more abundant since six observations on height were made
this time,as opposed to one previously.The average height,however,did
not increase.Moose were observed feeding between top and middle-slope
elevations.Several small forbs appeared at the bottom elevation:capitate
valerian (Valeriana capitata),northern watercarpet (Chrysosplenium
tetrandrum),and milk-vetch (Astragalus spp.)
Many plant species had not leafed out until 17 June on the Tsusena Creek
transect (Table 17).Resin birch,bog blueberry,crowberry all developed
leaves by this time,Cornus canadensis at the bottom elevation was dormant.
5.1.3.4 Week 4;21 June -25 June
Resin birch (P <0.03),bog blueberry (P <0.01),and crowberry (P <
o.OJ.)had significant cover differences during the fourth week with respect
to E!levations within transects.Mountain cranberry (P <0.02),bog blueberry
(P <0.01),and crowberry (P <0.(1)cover values were different among
transects at this time.Mountain cranberry did show trends with respect to
elevation (P <0.14)and resin birch with respect to transects (P <0.18).
Most ubiquitous specie s had diffe~rent cover values among transects and
elevations within a transect.
The only new development on the v/atana Creek transect in the fourth week
was that mountain cranberry and bog blueberry had developed flower buds
40
(Table 18).Some Labrador tea had flowered at the top-slope elevation
although most were still in bud.
Developments along the Jay Creek transect during week 4 (22 June)
included flower buds on mountain cranberry and bog blueberry and flowers on
bunchberry (Table 19).Most of the forbs slowed their growth although the
average height of field horsetail increased slightly.
Several phenological advances occurred on the Switchback transect during
the fourth week.Crowberry,bearberry (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi),and grasses
entered the leaf stage (Table 20).Although most mountain cranberry were in
the leafed state,some had acquired flower buds.Capitate valerian was
flowering at the bottom elevation while tall bluebell had leaves.
Phenological development on this site was delayed relative to the Jay
Creek site.
Only minor changes were evident on the Tsusena Creek transect during the
fourth week.Bunchberry leafed out while grass expanded leaves (Table 21).
Cloud berry and bog blueberry were flowering at the top-slope location.
5.1.3.5 Week 5;28 June - 2 July
Cover values of resin birch (P <0.001,P <0.04),bog blueberry (P <
0.01,P <0.02),and crowberry (P <0.01,P <0.01)during the fifth week
differed with both elevation and transect.Mountain cranberry cover did not
differ with either elevation or transect (P >0.10)
The last week of 28 June to 2 July had few changes as most species had at
least expanded leaves at all sites by this time.Watana Creek transect had
only minor changes during the last week.Prickly rose and beauverd spiraea
-
-
~,
-
41
(Spiraea beauverdiana)developed flower buds (Table 22)and some C.
canadensis and mountain cranberry started flowering.
Several changes occurred on the Jay Creek transect by the last week
(Table 23).Northern Labrador tea and Labrador tea had flowered.Most tall
bluebell was in flower,rather than being restricted to the most advanced
individuals.Fireweed,tall bluebell,and field horsetail all increased
their average height.Crowberry at the top-slope elevation had set fruit.
Changes along the Switchback transect during week 5 (30 June)included
some mountain cranberry flowering at the middle slope location as well as
Labrador tea flowering at higher elevations (Table 24).The average height
of field horsetail increased by 10 em while the mean grass height remained
the same.
During the fifth week (1 July)some mountain cranberry,bunchberry,
northern Labrador tea,and Labrador tea had flowered along the Tsusena Creek
transect (Table 25).Average height of grasses increased slightly.
5.1.4 Spatial Variation in Phenological State of Resin Birch
An evaluation of the effect of transect and elevation might be better
accomplished by discussing a single ubiquitous species during one week.The
average cover,height,and phenological state for resin birch during week
of 7 June to 11 June are reported in Table 26.This species was more
abundant at the higher elevations than at the two lower elevations,but did
not vary significantly by transect.This trend was consistent with the fact
that low birch shrub scrub vegetation types occurred at higher elevations
while several different vegetation types occurred at lower elevations
depending on the transect.
42
Generally,resin birch grew taller at the higher elevations except along
the Switchback transect where heights were similar among elevations (Table
26).The higher elevations,especially the bench position,along Tsusena
Creek had much taller shrubs (85 cm versus overall mean of 55 cm).Whether
this was related to edaphic,climatic,topographic,or site history factors
or a combination of factors was not known.
Phenological state of resin birch was not different for the Watana Creek,
Jay Creek,and Switchback transects during week of 7 June to 11 June (Table
26)•However,resin birch along the Tsusena Creek transe c twas in th e
leaf bud state while plants along the other transects had already developed
leaves.Watana and Jay Creek transects had some variation in phenological
state with respect to elevation.The bench location appeared to lag behind
the other elevations in plant development (2.4 versus overall mean 2.7 and
2.6 versus overall mean 2.9).The Switchback and Tsusena Creek transects
were not different in phenological state with respect to elevation.
5.1.5 Phenological Development of a Species Over Time
Height growth from a phenological point of view was important only for
herbac eous plant species,which did not occur at many sites.Table 27
presents cover,height,and phenological development of tall bluebell over
time for the middle slope elevation of the Jay Creek transect.Cover
increased slowly during the first two weeks,then increased at a faster rate
during the third week and remained the same during the fourth week.Cover
values almost doubled (9'versus 14%)between 22 June and 29 June.Height
followed a similar pattern with rapid growth through the first three weeks,
slowing in the fourth week,and almost doubling in the fifth.The -
-
-
-
43
phenological state of tall bluebell exhibited a similar pat tern.Mos t
individuals had leaves on 1 June but had progressed to the flower bud state
by 8 June.A few had begun flowering on 15 June.
Phenological development slowed on 22 June but advanced to the flowering
state for many plants by 29 June.All parameters showed a slowing of growth
during the fourth week.This could have resulted from colder air
temperatures and snow flurries that occurred at the higher elevations the
previous week or could have been an artifact of sampling.However,tall
bluebell may normally exhibit a slowing of growth at this stage,as resources
are directed toward flower development.
5.1.6 Transect Effects
The effect of transect location on phenological development of four
common species can be seen graphically by maintaining the elevation
approximately constant and comparing observations through time (Figure 3).
Since plots were not repositioned in the same placed each week,the
phenological development sometimes appeared to regress.In addition,it was
sometimes difficult to distinguish between old and new growth in evergreen
species such as northern Labrador tea and mountain cranberry because of
similar coloring of old and new growth.If a leaf was partly emerged,it was
obvious that the leaf was new growth.Otherwise an actively growing plant
might mistakenly be listed as dormant.For comparison,the bench elevation
on the two transects farthest downstream (Tsusena and Watana Creeks)and the
top slope elevation was selected on the upstream transects (Jay Creek and
Switch backs)so that mean sea level elevations would be similar between
transects.
44
Resin birch was at the leaf bud stage on the selected transects during
the first week (Figure 3).During the second week,most leaves had expanded
on the Jay Creek transect while most were still in the bud stage along the
Tsusena Creek transect.The other two transects were intermediate in
development for resin birch.By the third week,plants at this elevation
along all transects except Tsusena Creek had leafed out.Plants on Tsusena
Creek site developed leaves during the fourth week.
Bog blueberry developed earlier than resin birch under some conditions,
as evidenced by the presence of leaves during the first week at the
Switchback site (Figure 3).During the second week bog blueberry plants on
the Jay Creek site had developed leaves.By the third week bog blueberry had
developed leaves at this elevation on all transects.Differences in leaf
development of bog blueberry after the third week were probably not
significant.
Northern Labrador tea initiated early growth at this elevation on the
Switchback and Jay Creek transects,with the leaves having been expanded by
the firs week (Figure 6).By the second week northern Labrador tea on all
the transects were in the flower bud stage.These plants on the Jay Creek
transect were in flower by the fifth week.The flower bud stage appeared to
last longer in this species than in other species.The retrogression between
weeks 3 and 4 on the Switchback transect probably resulted from variability,
unless flowers had actually fallen off.
Mountain cranberry init'iated growth later than other species since the
first new leaves did not appear on the plants until the third week,and then
only at the Jay Creek site (Figure 3).Mountain cranberry on most other
-
-
-
45
transects did not develop leaves until week 5,by which time the plants on
the Jay Creek transect were already in flower.
5.1.7 Elevation Effects
-
"""
-
The effect of elevation on phenological development of four common
species was examined by selecting a single transect and examining its four
elevations.The Watana Creek transect (named Fish Creek in 1983)was
selected because the vegetation was the least patchy and had a relatively
continuous gradient along the entire slope.The other transects all had
level areas at the bottom slope site.The Watana Creek transect was the only
transect where elevation would not be excessively confounded with old burns
or other disturbances.
Resin birch showed slightly earlier development at the mid-slope
elevation than at higher elevations during the second week (Figur e 4).
During the third and fourth weeks the differences in development of resin
birch along the elevational gradient were minor or nonexistent.Resin birch
did not occur in an open birch-spruce site at the bottom-slope elevation.
Bog blueberry exhibited slight differences in development during week two
(Figure 4).Plants on the lower two lelevations were slightly earlier in leaf
development than the higher two elevations on this transect.Following week
2 the pattern of leaf development of bog blueberry appeared random.
Northern Labrador tea showed differences in phenological development at
different elevations during week 1 (Figure 4).Plants at the lowest
elevation were in the flower bud stage during week one while northern
Labrador tea at the highest elevation was still dormant.Differences in
phenological development during and after the second week were minor,
46
although the bottom-slope elevation was slightly more advanced since a number
of individual plants were flowering.The top slope elevation for Jay Creek,
which was at a higher elevation than the same position on the Watana Creek
transect,was even more advanced (full flower).
The bottom-slope elevation had the earliest development of mountain
cranberry on the Watana Creek transect and had some individuals in the flower
during the fifth week (Figure 4).The bench position .was the last of
the four elevations to develop leaves on mountain cranberry during week 4.
Slight overall trends with respect to elevation could be observed with
plants at the bottom elevations developing first and plant phenology being
late at higher elevations.However,as results on other transects show,site
burn history may modify the effects of elevation.Many areas have flat areas
along the river that would have a different cold air drainage regime than the
Watana Creek transect.The birch-spruce forest,where the bottom exclosure
was located was also an indicator of disturbance.
5.1.8 Summary and Discussion of Plant Phenology
Early development of herbaceous plant species could be importan t fo r
moose in the spring on south-facing slopes of the potential impoundment
areas,however,numerical data for cover,height,and phenological st ag e
collected during spring 1982 did not support this hypothesis.In contrast,
visual observations indicated that herbaceous species and possibly some
shrubs such as mountain cranberry or willow bark might provide early spring
forage in localized areas.Contents of moose pellets collected in 1983
indicated willow,resin birch,mountain cranberry,and mosses were important
diet components.There does not appear to be a specific type of location,
-
-
-
-
47
such as bottom-slope elevation,that was a consistently good source of early
growth of vegetation.However,sites with recent «75 years)disturbance
tended to green up earlier regardless of vegetation type.
Areas that had vegetation that greened up earliest were the open birch-
spruce vegetation type at the mid-slope elevation on the Jay Creek transect
and at'the bottom elevation on Watana Creek transect.The low birch shrub
scrub vegetation at sites on the bEmch and vegetation at the top-slope
elevations on the Switchback transect also initiated early spring greenup.
However,the low birch shrub scrub sites at the bench and top-slope
elevations on the Tsusena Creek transect had late development of green
forage.The only common factor we were able to identify among
early-developing sites was a relatively recent (within 50-75 years)burn
history.
Availability of forage in the spring depended not only on elevation but
also on the geographic location within the potential impact areas.Which
elevations had early available forage depended on the transect location.
Effects of elevation were probably confounded with vegetation type.Hence,
disjunct patches of vegetation may become available for foraging at the same
timE~.Forage availability appeared to be dependent on the mesoc lima ti c
environment in a particular area as modified by elevation,aspect,
surrounding topography,and site history especially with respect to fire.
Mesoclimate was important since the areas with the Watana impoundment
tended to be warmer than the area within the Devil Canyon impoundment area.
Elevation played conflicting roles in plant development since higher
altitudes generally had cooler ambient temperatures,but lower positions on
the slope were shaded and were sometimes in cold air drainages.Aspect was
48
important for angle of incidence of solar radiation.The surrounding
topography could shade what would be an otherwise warm site,or an open area
might provide more sunlight.For instance,neither south-nor north-facing
slopes near the Switchback were shaded by mountains above the level of the
benches.Disturbance,especially by fire,was important as it might remove
the insulating moss 'layer.In fact,fire history may be an overriding effect
on plant phenological development and should be investigated further.
It is possible that the late start in field observations may have led to
results that showed no obvious differences in north-versus south-facing
slopes.The early reconnaissance trip indicated differences in snow melt
between the two aspects.However,by the time forage was actually appearing,
the sun angle was very high.Slight variations in the aspect modify the
environmental regime.For instance,the "south-facing"slopes along the
Switchback transect actually faced slightly west.The late snow melt during
spring,1982 may have modified the normal plant phenological development;
e.g.if snow melted earlier,sun angle would be lower and aspect would have a
greater effect.
Some species such as mountain cranberry may appear at the base of trees
in the first snow-free areas in forest types.This species is known to be
used as forage by moose on the Kenai Moose Range (Oldemeyer et ale 1977,W.L.
Regelin,ADF&G,personal communication)and was a major portion of late-
winter diet of moose in 1983 as determined by fecal analysis.Some species,
such as tall bluebell and fireweed started later but developed more quickly.
Thus,fireweed could avoid grazing at the earliest times.Similarly,quaking
aspen appeared to develop leaves later than paper birch.
"'""
-
--
-.
-
-
-
49
Fireweed at the middle-slope Jay Creek site and cottongrass (Eriophorum
spp.)at the bottom of the north-facing slope opposite the Switchback site
had been grazed at a time when other forage was not abundant.A moose and
her calf (the presumed grazers)were observed on the cottongrass site while
no c.lues as to the grazer at Jay Creek were observed.Later in the spring we
obs€~rved no evidence of grazing,presumably because there was an abundance of
forage available at that time.
If one assumes a maximum reservoir elevation of 666 m for the potential
Watana impoundment,then several of the "warmer"areas that developed early
forage would be above the level of the impoundment while some would be
inundated.Some of the warmest and earliest developing areas (middle-slope
Ja y Creek and bench and top positions on the Switchback transect)would
not be flooded.However,the bottom two elevations along the Watana Creek
transect would be flooded.The top location of Watana would be only 17 m
above the surface of the impoundment,while the middle-slope elevations of
Jay Creek and Switchback transect would be 35 m above the surface.Sites
that warm up relatively early would also be available in the Switchback area.
5.2 1983 Results
5.2.1 Phenological Advancement -Period 5 -22 May-2 June
The general phenological advancement of vegetation at a stop was recorded
during period 5 instead of recording snow depth.The following sections
summarize spatial variation of this parameter within each transect.
Insufficient observations of utilization were made to analyze it
statistically.Hence,it is discussed as qualitative observations at the
start of each transect.
50
5.2.1.1 Devil Creek
Devil Creek transects were important to the study since digging for
sweet-vetch roots (presumably by bear)was noted at the bottom,similar to
that found at Fish.Creek and Watana Creek.Sedge was utilized approximately
one-fourth of the way down this transect during period 5.This was usually a
very phenologically advanced area for period 3 -5."Phenologically
advanced"means that the stops had larger values recorded for phenology than
other stops did during that time period.
Devil Creek was an early-developing area with 53%of the stops being
considered as advanced stops during period five.Southeast and southwest
slopes were the most phenologically advanced during this time period (Table
28)•The north and northeast slopes were later-developing than would be
expected by chance alone.The earliest-developing sites occurred at the
lower elevations by the river (Table 29).The highest elevation (660 m)also
greened up ear Her than would be expec ted by chance alone (Table 29)
Al though overall slope had a significant effect,no category of slope was
statistically more advanced than other categories.There was,however,a
trend for gentler slopes to develop earlier (Table 30).Closed forest and
tall shrub vegetation types were associated with early development at this
time (Table 31).
The full log-l inear model for Devil Creek using phenology,aspect,
elevation,and slope was unbalanced for the three independent parameters,as
indicated by the large chi-square and low probability for aspect x elevation
x slope interactions (Appendix Table PI-I).Aspect had the largest influence
on phenology when considering single factors interacting with phenology
(Table P1-l).Significant (P <.10)cells included 0 -3°and 10 -30°
""""
,...,
51
east-south slopes below the Devil Canyon impoundment,0 -3°east-southeast
above,3 -10°southwest slopes belo",',and southwest slopes greater than 30°
above and below the impoundment (Appendix Table Pl-2).The term "cell"will
be used to refer to a combination of treatment levels for a particular log-
linE~ar model.In other words,a cell might have an early phenology state,
aspect south,elevation below impoundment,and a -3°slope.Appendix Table
Pl-3 indicates the number of observations in each cell for this model.
Third order interactions were significant in the full log-linear model
for phenology,aspect,elevation,and vegetation type except for phenology x
elevation x vegetation type.Aspect appeared to have the most effect
of any parameters on phenological advancement and significantly affected the
vegE!tation type distribution.In other words,vegetation on south-facing
slopes along the Devil Creek transects developed earli er,bu t di ff er en t
vegE!tation types occurred on the different aspects.Elevation appeared to
have the least effect according'to the size of the chi-squares and the
-standardized deviates (Appendix TablE~Pl-4).In the forest types the more
southerly aspects above and below the impoundment had significantly more
stops phenologically advanced than would be expected.Shrub types below the
impoundment on more southerly aspects also developed early.
5.2.1.2 Tsusena Creek
A small bunch of grass had been utilized during period two along the
Susitna River near the end of this transect.Numerous moose tracks were
located in the vicinity.
1983.
Hence,the area was used by moose during spring
52
Tsusena Creek was the most advanced site with 57%being report ed as
"early"in period 5 which was partly attributable to its southern exposure.
It contained mixed forests along its slope and a broad flat area of black
spruce at the bottom.The elevation bands,or intervals,with the earliest
developing vegetation were mid-slope from 480 m to 470 m (Table 29).The
highest (630 m)and the lowest (450 m)portions of the transects were the
only bands with fewer early stops than would be expected by chance (Table
29).However,the bottom had more early greenup stops than other elevations,
partly because it had.five times as many observations as other elevation
bands (Table 29).The 10 -30°slopes had the·largest number of early
greenup stops as well as the largest percentage (Table 30).Number is
important since it indicates that many early greenup stops exist,but this
may be the result of many stops existing for those slopes.Percentage is
important since it indicates what fraction of its stops are early greenup.
Open forest types developed earlier than expected,while woodland for es t
types greened up later than expected by chance (Table 31).
This was one example where confounding of slopes and vegetation types
might have produced misleading results.The open forests were usually birch-
spruce on steeper,well-drained slopes while the woodland forest types were
generally black spruce on level,poorly-drained locations.Hence,the
timeliness of growth initiation was probably related more to drainage than to
crown cover as one might expect,although an open birch-spruce forest may
have less crown cover during spring than a woodland black spruce for es t
because the birch leaves have not developed.
The log-linear model for phenological advancement on Tsusena Creek was
analyzed using elevation,slope,and vegetation type since the aspect had
~-
-
-
-
..-
-
-
--
53
little variation.The transects were on a south-facing slope with few
microsites.The simultaneous tests indicated that only interactions up
to the third order were significant"All of the 2-way interactions were
sign.ificant with the elevation x slope and slope x vegetation type being
highly significant (Appendix Table 1'2-1).This was an artifact of the
steeper slopes being almost exclusively above the 450-m band and flat areas
occurring below that elevation.Similarly slopes steeper than 10°contained
only open forests,while the woodland forest,dwarf tree scrub,and low shrub
types occurred almost exclusively 011 the flat portions of the transects.
This might account for the lack of significance for the elevation x slope x
vegetation type interaction.
None of the 3-way interactions were significant by the partial
association tests (Table P2-1).That meant that anyone of those terms could
be removed from the full model without losing any information.However,the
phenology x elevation x vegetation type and phenology x slope x vegetation
type terms were significant in the marginal association tests.That meant
that:each of these terms could be added to the second order model,and the
model would be improved.The phenology x elevation x slope interaction added
no information.In other words,phenology was related to the elevation x
vegetation type and slope x vegetation type interactions,but not to
elevation x slope.This resulted from the interdependence of slope and
elevation.
The standardized deviates from the above model indicated that the
following cells had higher frequencies of stops with advanced phenology;open
forests on 3 -30°slopes above the potential Devil Canyon impoundment and
low shrub types on 0 -3°slopes bel01N the impoundment (Appendix Table P2-2).
54
This corresponded to the well-drained hillsides and the shrub area adjacent
to the river.Groups of stops with later-developing vegetation occurred in
forest types on flat positions below the impoundment and low shrub types on 0
-10°slopes above the impoundment.These corresponded to the poorly-drained
bottomlands and the low shrub observations on top.
The number of 0 cells that resulted because certain slopes,elevatio~s,
and vegetation types occurred together (Appendix Table #P2-3)might make some
of the analysis questionable.A log-linear model was run to investigate
the dependencies of these three parameters.The main effect of elevation was
not significant.The most significant 2-way interactions were elevation x
slope and vegetation x slope,but vegetation x elevation was also
significant.Hence,slope elevation,and vegetation type were related to
each other as discussed in preceding paragraphs.
5.2.1.3 Fog Creek
Fog Creek transects were late initiating growth with only 7%of the stops
being labeled as having phenologically advanced vegetation.Much of the area
was on shallow,poorly-drained sites,which sometimes had a shade-producing
tree canopy over the understory vegetation.The north-facing slopes were
more phenologically advanced than the south-facing slopes (Table 28),but
this may be partially because of better drainage of the north-facing slopes.
The lower elevations (660 m)had earlier green up (Table 29),but all
elevations were above potential impoundment levels.The 0 -3°slopes had
the most phenologically advanced vegetation (Tables 30,31).The forested
stops were usually on better drained soils than the low shrub and herbaceous
~,
-
""""
-
....
55
types.Some of the stops with herbaceous vegetation occurred on a very wet
site.
The log-linear model for Fog CrE~ek was analyzed using vegetation type
(closed-open forest,low shrub),slope,and aspect (E-S-W,NW-NE).All
elevations were above the Watana impoundment and little change in elevation
occurred along the transects so it was not considered.The most significant
third order interaction was aspect x slope x vegetation type indicating an
imbalance among those features (Appendix Table P3-1).Phenology x aspect x
slope was not significant in either a partial or marginal test of
association.Phenology x aspect x vegetation type was significant in
contributing information to the full model (partial association)while it did
not improve the second order model (marginal association,Table P3-l).
Phenology x slope x vegetation type was significant in both tests.The
second order tests of partial association were not significant for any terms
involving phenology,however,they were significant for the marginal tests.
Overall,this indicated that third order interactions were needed to explain
where vegetation was phenologically advanced,that is,phenology was more
related to interactions of slope,asp,ect,or vegetation type,than it was to
any single variable.
The importance of the imbalance among cells was manifested in the table
of standardi zed deviates (Append ix Table P3-2).All cells tha thad
significantly larger frequencies of early stops also had more stops with
late~-developing vegetation.This could be interpreted as meaning that those
cells had more observations in general which was supported by an analysis of
the slope,aspect,and vegetation type alone.The cells with significantly
more stops than would be expected by chance included closed-open forest and
56
woodland forest-scrub on 0 -30°north-f ac ing slopes.These las t two
categories account for the other two cells with significantly more stops with
late-developing vegetation.Unless there was a difference in sign or a large
difference in absolute value between the standardized deviates,the results
were not considered indicative of early greenup locations because the
methodology was not really suited to this type analysis.This problem arose
because all variables were treated equally rather than treating the
phenological advancement as a dependent variable.This problem is
considered further in the discussion section.
5.2.1.4 Watana Slide
Layers of wind-deposited silt were noticed on leaves and branches at the
top of the east-facing transects during all sample periods.A long,deep
fracture line was apparent along these transects,and probably indicated an
impending mud slide.The east-facing transects were located to avoid the
worst of the earth-movement problems.Feltleaf willow was heavily browsed at
the bottom of these transects.
Watana Slide was rather late developing with only 28%of its sites
classified as advanced during period 5.Aspects with more early greenup
stops on the Watana Slide transects included east,south,and northwest
(Table 28).Southeast-facing slopes were noticeably later with only 5%
of the 191 stops qualifying as early (Table 28).Vegetation above elevation
bands 570 m and 690 m were earlier developing although lower-e Ie va ti on s
vegetation tended to be more advanced phenologically (Table 29).Slope had
no effect (Table 30)while low shrub types tended to develop earlier (Table
31).
~,
,...,.
-
-
57
The first log-linear model for ~{atana Slide included slope,elevation
(above,below Watana impoundment),and aspect (SE,S-SW,W,NW-E).Fourth
order interactions were significant as were most third order interactions
(Appendix Table P4-1).Again,the aspect x elevation x slope interaction was
highly significant because of the imbalance.Aspect and its interactions
seemed to explain much of the frequency distributions.Elevation and slope
did not contribute individually to interactions with phenology.However,
thei r third order interaction was significant in the partial association·
test,but not in the marginal association test.
Cells which were more phenologically advanced included 0 -10°south to
southwesterly slopes below the potential impoundment level,3 -10°south-
southwest slopes below the impoundment,northerly 3 -10°slopes below,and
10 -.30°south-southwest slopes above the impoundment (Appendix Table P4-2).
Neighboring aspect categories frequently showed the opposite response.
South-southwesterly 10 -30°slopes above the impoundment were more advanced
while southeasterly aspects were 1es~advanced.Hence it was the interaction
terms that were very important.
A second log-linear model was considered using phenological advancement,
aspE~ct,elevation,and vegetation type.Vegetation type alone as a main
treatment explained less variability than did slope alone.However,its
interaction with phenology was significant.This model was also more
interpretable than the one using slope.Stops that were more phenologically
advanced included woodland forest-scrub and low shrub types on the south-
southwest slopes below the impoundment and possibly low shrub types on
northerly-facing slopes above the impoundment (Appendix Table P4-4).
58
An analysis of vegetation type,aspect,elevation,and slope indicated
the four parameters were not independent.The only interaction that might
not be·considered significant was elevation x slope (part ial p =0.07,
marginal p =0.10),but vegetation and slope were dependent.
5.2.1.5 Watana Creek
Bears had been digging on the beach trying to unearth sweet-vetch roots
as a source of early spring food during period 2.This coincided with
similar observations along Fish Creek and Devil Creek.Two bear dens were
located near the Watana Creek transects on the north side of the river.one
of these bear dens was recently vacated while the other appeared to be quite
old.During the last week of study,utilization of iris,a monocotyledon,
was observed along the Susitna River.The transect areas were used by
wildlife during spring,but the measurements did not appear at·any stop.
Watana Creek was late developing and only contained 9%"early"stops.
Aspect and slope had no significant relationship to phenology (Tables 28,30)
while elevation had a small effect (p =0.07,Table 29)and vegetation type
was significant.Scrub,closed forest,and herbaceous types were most
advanced phenologically although only scrub types had enough stops to make it
ecologically meaningful (Table 31).The effect of slope was not significant,
but there was a tendency for 0 -3°slopes to be more advanced (Table 30).
Lower elevations were generally later developing (Table 29).
Watana Creek had an unbalanced design in terms of aspect,vegetation,and
slope for the log-linear model.The only interaction that was not
significant in both the partial and marginal tests was phenology x vegetation
x slope (Appendix Table P5-1).Slope seemed to contribute least to the two-
~.
-
....
59
way interactions.Vegetation type had the most significant two-way
interaction.Cells which had a higher frequency of occurrence for advanced
phenology sites were dwarf tree scrub on 3 -100 northeast slopes and a -
3 0 southerly and north slopes (Append:Lx Table P5-2).
5.2.1.6 Fish Creek
Sweet-vetch roots were utilized at the bottom of this transect as
evidence by digging and bear tracks in the area.This also occurred at
Watana and Devil Creeks.
Fish Creek was a rather late developing area with only 20%of the
recorded stops in period 5 being early or middle phenological advancement
(Table 28).Aspects were predominantly south and southwest versus north and
nort.heast.East-and southwest-fac:Lng slopes had fewer early stops than
would be expected by chance alone.The southwest-facing slopes appeared
warmer.
Elevation bands 540 -570 m had more early stops than would be expected,
while bands 510 and 660 m contained fewer early stops (Table 29).The
warmest slopes were in the 3 -100 range with steeper slopes having fewer
early stops than would be expected (Table 30).Early stops occurred more
often in low shrub vegetation types than in other types (Table 31).
The elevation and aspect were collapsed according to above or below the
potential Watana impoundment zone and the three aspects:E-S,SW,and W-NE.
The three vegetation types used were open forest,woodland forest -scrub,
and low shrub.The north and northeast slopes seemed to green up earlier
while southwest-facing slopes were noticeably slower.Elevations below the
impoundment seemed to develop slightly earlier,but the percentages were not
60
very different.The 3 -10°slopes had more phenologically-advanced stops
than the others.
The full log-l inear model indicated the phenology was significantly
affected by aspect,slope,and elevation,but the elevation term was somewhat
questionable (Appendix Table P6-1).Cells with significantly more early
stops than would be expected included west to northeast-facing 3 -100 slopes
above the impoundment,east to south-facing slopes on 10 -30°slopes below
the impoundment,and west to northeast 0 -3°slopes below the impoundment
(Appendix Table P6-2).
The model using vegetation type rather than slopes seemed to explain more
of the variation.Low shrub types above the impoundment on west-to
northeast-facing slopes,open forest types below the impoundment on east-to
south-facing sites,and woodland forest-scrub types below the impoundments on
southwest-facing slopes contained significantly more early stops than did
other cells (Appendix Table P6-4).Some of the vegetation type effect
was confounded with aspect and elevation,since low shrub types were most
common on west to northeast slopes above the impoundment.Vegetation type
was not independent of aspect,elevation,and slope.
5.2.1.7 Kosina Creek
Approx imately 20 moose were present in the general vicinity of this
transect I s starting point on the north side of the river during the first
week of this study.Mountain cranberry had been browsed near the bottom of
the south-facing transects,and willow bark had been stripped.Stripping of
willow bark by moose is a common source of food at this time of year in
Denali National Park (V.Van Ballenberghe,personal communication,also
-
personal observation by author).
high.Iris was also utilized
61
Nutrient levels in the cambium are probably
near the river.The south-facing slope
"""
-
.....
appeared to be used by wildlife at this time of year.
Kosina Creek was one of the earlier~developing stops with 35%of the
observations being "early"in period 5 (Table 28).Aspects were
predominantly south versus north with the southerly aspects having more early
stops and the northerly aspects having fewer early stops than would be
expected by chance (Table 28).Higher elevations,especially band 750 m,had
mOrE!early stops while the lower elevations,particularly those by the river,
had fewer early stops (Table 29).The late development by the river might
have resulted from an earlier ice jam which deposited ice up to the bottom of
the alder and covered much of the shore-line vegetation,including the bottom
of the transect.
Slope did not affect the phenological development as much as the aspect
and elevation did,but its effect was significant with the 3 -100 slopes
having the earliest development (Table 30).Low shrub and closed forest
vegE~tation types had the most-advanced vegetation,although the number of
obsE~rvations (n =21)in the closed forest type was too small to place much
confidence in the conclusion (Table 31).Woodland forest types generally
devE~loped later.
The first full log-linear mode run for Kosina Creek included phenology,
aspect,elevation,and slope.Interactions of aspect and slope with
phenology were the only significant third order interactions in both partial
and marginal tests (Appendix Table P7-1).All second order interactions
including phenological advancement were also significant.Aspect and aspect x
slope appeared to have the strongest effect on phenological ad vancemen t
62
according to the first log-linear model (Table P7-l).Aspect x elevation x
phenology was not significant.The significant cells included southerly
slopes less than 30°above the impoundment and 3 -10°and greater than 30°
below the impoundment.
The model with slope replaced by vegetation type indicated that low shrub
types on south slopes above the impoundment were more advanced phenologically
than would be expected (Appendix Table P7-4).This was one of the few
models with a relatively clear interpretation.Vegetation type and elevation
were significantly related because almost all the vegetation above the
impoundment was low shrub.The low shrub vegetation types seldom occurred
below the impoundment.The first model appeared better,but an untested
model that might also be considered would be phenology,aspect,slope,and
vegetation type.After aspect,it was not clear which other variables
accounted for the most variation with respect to phenology.
The contrast between the standardized deviates for early and late stops
below the impoundment for the same categories indicated that this should also
be considered significant and was supported by the observed frequency
table.The low standardized deviates occurred because there were few south-
facing low shrub sites below the impoundment.
5.2.1.8 Clarence Creek
A number of moose had been sighted in the Clarence Creek area on a 1982
fall reconnaissance.The bottom of these transects were covered by ice from
an ice jam,but undamaged graminoids were observed through the spaces
between the ice blocks.The area had predominantly northerly slopes and was
undeveloped phenologically during period 5 with only 14%of the stops being
~,
-
~,
~,
-
-
-
-
63
reported as early developing.Northeast-facing slopes had a smaller
frequency of early stops than would be expected (Table 28).Although the
600-m elevation band appeared to be the only band with a significant number
of early stops,the small number and distribution of early stops made that
questionable (Table 29).Although slope and phenology were independent by
the chi-square test,gentler slopes generally were early developing
phenologically (Table 30).Woodland forest types had more early stops in
terms of numbers and percentage of stops (Table 31)while low shrub and open
forest types were late developing.
Third order interactions involving phenology were generally significant
in the partial association test,but only the elevation x slope term was
important in the marginal test (Appendix Table P8-1).Vegetation type
appeared to affect phenology more than slope or aspect.Indeed,the stops
which developed earliest were in woodland forest-dwarf tree scrub types below
the impoundment on 0 -10°slopes (Appendix Table P8-2).
5.2.1.9 Switchbacks
The switchback area near the big bend of the Susitna River was a medium-
devE!loping area with southerly aspects containing the earliest-developing
stops (Table 28).Elevation band 660 m had the greatest number of early-
devE!loping stops while elevation 690 m had the largest percentage of early-
devE!loping stops and was the only band'with significantly more early stops
than would be expected (Table 29).l'tore early developing stops occurred in
the 10 -30°slopes than on gentler slopes (Table 30).Low shrub vegetation
types contained more early greenup stops (n =66)than other types because of
64
its large areal extent (302 stops)(Table 31).However,a larger percentage
of dwarf tree scrub type stops developed early in the season (44%).
The transects by the switchbacks tended to follow drainages so that the
general aspect of a transect might be northeast although the aspect at the
stop might be east.This resulted in the uneven distribution without clear
cut north-and south-facing transects.It also prevented comparisons among
time periods.The following aspect groupings were used for the log-linear
model:E,SE,S,SW,NW-NE.Vegetation types used included open forest,
woodland forest,dwarf tree scrub,tall shrub,and low shrub.
The full log-linear model had significant third order interactions but
aspect x elevation x slope was not significant,indicating a balance of
observations among these cells (Appendix Table P9-1).Third order
interactions involving phenology x aspect x elevation or slope were the most
significant.Cells with the earliest developing vegetation were south to
southwest aspects below the impoundment regardless of slope.These same
aspects above the impoundment on 10 -30°slopes also developed early.
When slope was replaced by vegetation type,aspect x vegetation was not
significant among the second order terms,nor was the third order interaction
with phenology significant.Phenology x vegetation type was not significant
indicating these two variables were independent.This was validated by the
observation that cells with higher frequencies of earlier-developing sites
incl uded south to southwes t slopes above the impoundment regardless of
vegetation type (Appendix Table P9-4).Low shrub types on these same slopes
below the impoundment also developed earlier.
,-65
5.2.2 Snow Cover -Period 2-6 May-12 May,1983
Snow depth was analyzed only for the second sample period since
insufficient snow remained after that to analyze any patterns.After period
two,many areas were starting to green up so that analysis of snow depth past
that time period was not cost beneficial.During the first sample period,
large amounts of snow remained in maLny places and few areas appeared ready
for spring forage.This was noted in the transect descriptions rather than
spending time and money on complllter analyses.The analysis using
topographical features was done with presence or absence of snow since there
was insufficient snow in the deeper categories.
5.2.2.1 Devil Creek
Approximately 78%of the stops along Devil Creek transects were snow free
duri.ng period 2 with less than 3%of the stops having more than 50 cm snow
COVE!r.Aspect had a significant effect with southwest-facing slopes being
more snow free than expected and northwest slopes having more snow than
expected (Table 32).The lowest elevation (band 360 m:)was almost completely
sno\\r free while elevation 570 and 600 m had more snow than the 0 ther s
(Table 33).Slope had a statistically significant effect (P =0.08),but no
catE!gory had less snow than would be expected (Table 34).The low shrub
vege!tation type had less snow while woodland forest and dwarf tree scrub had
more!snow than would be expected (Table 35).
The full log-linear model contained several important interaction terms
and demonstrated why it was necessary to consider interactions of parameters
rather than considering parameters separately.The model using snow,aspect,
elevation,and slope had significant fourth order interaction while mos t
66
lower order terms were significant except for aspect x elevation.Cells with
significantly less snow included:0 -3°northerly and 3 -10°southerly
aspects below the Devil Canyon impoundment and 10 -30°north-northeast-
facing slopes above the impoundment (Appendix Table Sl-1).
The model with vegetation type rather than slope was "easier"to
interpret since higher order interactions were not as important.Cells with
less snow included southerly aspects in open forest types regardless of
elevation,low shrub types below the impoundment regardless of aspect.and
low shrub types on north-northeast-facing slopes above the impoundment
(Appendix Table Sl-2).This included low shrub types on north-northeast
aspects without regard to elevation.
5.2.2.2 Tsusena Creek
Tsusena Creek had insufficient snow to analyze statistically or
generally.Little snow was present during the first sample period.
5.2.2.3 Fog Creek
Fog Creek transects had 86%of their stops free of snow during the second
period.Aspect was significantly related to snow-free stops,but no one
aspect was significant.However,southerly aspects tended to have more snow-
free stops than would be expected by chance (Table 32).North aspects,
however.did have more stops in the 1 -10 cm and 10 -30 cm snow-depth
categories.Elevation had no effect,probably because of the small
variation,although there was a tendency for higher elevations to have less
snow (Table 33).Slope also had no effect (Table 34).Although vegetation
type was significant,no types were particularly snow free (Table 35).
~.J
~I
67
However,forest vegetation types tended to have more snow.The log-linear
model indicated that snow-free stops occurred more often on 0 -3°southerly
slopes in low shrub types and 3 -10°northwest slopes in open to woodland
forest types (Appendix Table S3-l0).
5.2.2.4 Watana Slide
Watana Slide·had approximately 87%of the sites snow-free in period 2.
Although aspect was significantly related to snow cover,no one aspect had
less snow than might be expected by chance (Table 32).However,northwest-
facing slopes generally had less snow cover.Elevation and vegetation type
were also significantly related to snow,but no one category had more snow-
free stops than would be expected by chance (Tables 33,35).Slope and snow
cover were independent (Table 34).
The full log-linear model analysis was able to isolate characteristics of
snow-free stops than the 2-way tables because levels of parameters were
collapsed to reduce the number of 0 cells.Significant third order
interactions included snow x aspect x slope andelevati6n x aspect x slope.
Significant second order terms involving snow included aspect and elevation.
Cells with significantly less snow included 0 -3°east facing slopes above
the Watana impoundment,3 -10°west to northeast slopes below the
impoundment,and 0 -30°south to southwest slopes above the impoundment
(Appendix Table S4-l).
When slope was replaced by vegetation type in the log-linear model,a
strong dependence between aspect and vegetation type was indicated.The
third order interaction of aspect x vegetation with snow was also highly
significant.Many different cells had less snow than expected with no
68
apparent pattern supporting the 1982 conclusion that factors other than
slope,aspect,and elevation needed to be considered when identifying early
snow-free or greenup areas.
5.2.2.5 Watana Creek
Watana Creek had only 77%snow-free stops during the second sample period
with the west,southwest,and south exposures having less snow than expected
(Table 32).Northwest-facing slopes had more snow than would be expected.
Elevation band 450 m by the river was 99%snow free at the time and was the
only elevation to have more stops free of snow than would be expected (Table
33).Higher elevations had more snow than would be expected.Only 2%of the
stops had more than 30 cm of snow.Slope had a significant effect;however,
no slope category had significantly more snow-free stops than any other
ca te gory.Flatter slopes tended to be more snow free (Table 34).Low
shrub types had more snow-free stops,and woodland forest had more snow than
would be expected by chance (Table 35).
The full log-linear model had significant third order interactions for
snow and vegetation type crossed with aspect x slope for partial tests.All
second order terms were significant with the marginal association tests as
were all second order terms.Aspect appeared to affect snow depth more than
did elevation and slope.Cells with significantly more snow-free stops
included northeast-south-southwest slopes in low shrub types on 0 -3°slopes
and the same aspect in open forests regardless of slope (Appendix Table
55-1).
~,
.....
-
-
69
5.2.2.6 Fish Creek
.Fish Creek had 89%of its stops free of snow with less than 1%having
more than 50 cm of snow.Aspect affected the snow distribution (Table 32).
Al though no aspect had more snow-free stops,north-facing aspects had more
snow (Table 32).Similarly,elevation affected.snow distribution,and more
snow-free stops were located at the lower elevations (Table 33).Higher
elevations contained more snow.Lower elevations contained birch-spruce
forests on moderate slopes while mid-slope elevations contained spruce on
gentler slopes.Slope and vegetation type were significant,but gentler
slopes tended to have fewer snow-free stops and closed forest stops were
completely snow free (Table 34,35).Closed forests stops were generally
birch-spruce or birch-aspen vegeta tion.These vegetation types were
genE~rally associated with "recent"disturbance and well-drained slopes.
Most second order interactions in the full log-linear model were
significant in both partial and marginal tests of association.However,the
only significant third order term which included snow was snow x elevation x
slope..Cells containing more snow-fn~e stops than would be expected were 0 -
3°southerly slopes below the impoundment,3 -100 souther slopes above the
impoundment,and 10 -30°northerly slopes below the impoundment (Appendix
Table S6-l).
Wh en s 10 pe was rep laced by vegeta tion type,the snow x elevation x
vegetation type was significant in the partial tests while snow x aspect x
vegE~tation was significant in the marginal tests of association.Elevation
and vegetation type were more related than elevation and slope.Hence,the
model with slope was more meaningful than the model with vegetation types
since the variables were less dependent on each other.Significant cells in
~__.~•__-----__""""'~_F__----_·,"",-~--------
70
the vegetation model included northerly aspects in closed to open forests
below the impoundment and southerly aspects in woodland forests above the
impoundment (Appendix Table S6-2).If the greater crown cover of closed to
open forests corresponded to 10 -30°slopes and the woodland type
corresponded to 3 -10°slopes,the two models would correspond.Indeed 9 the
period 5 analysis using vegetation,slope,aspect,and elevation indicated a
strong dependence among vegetation and slope.
5.2.2.7 Kosina Creek
Approximately 86%of the stops along the Kosina Creek transects were free
of snow during period 2 with less than 2%of the stops having more than 30 cm
of snow.Southern aspects had more snow-free stops than would be expected
(Table 32).Elevation and snow distribution were significantly related,but
no bands appeared to have significantly more snow-free stops than would be
expected (Table 33).However,lower elevations tended to have less snow,and
higher elevation bands had more snow.Slope also had a significant effect
(Table 34).Although no category had more snow-free stops than expected,10
-30°slopes generally had more snow.Open forest types had more snow-
free stops than expected while woodland forest and tall shrub types had more'
snow (Table 35).
The full log-linear model for snow on Kosina Creek transects was easier
to interpret than some of the other models.Third order terms involving snow
were not significant,but all second order terms were,especially the
interaction of snow with aspect.Cells containing significantly more snow-
free stops included south aspects below the impoundment on 0 -10°slopes and
above the impoundment on 10 -30°slopes (Appendix Table 87-1).The model
~,
~'I
~,
-
-
71
which replaced slope by vegetation type was more complicated and not
interpretable because vegetation was dependent on aspect and elevation,
leading to a large imbalance and many 0 cells.
5.2.2.8 Clarence Creek
Clarence Creek had more snow cover than the other transects at this time.
Although less than 2%of the stops had snow greater than 30 cm,only 64%of
the stops were snow free and 19%and 16%had 1 -10 cm and 10 -30 cm,
respectively.Aspect had no effect since most areas were north-facing (Table
32).Elevation had a significant effect with the 600-m band by the river
having more snow-free stops (Table 33)at this time.Earlier,this band
had been covered·by large blocks of ice from an ice jam.Elevation bands 810
m-840 m at the top and band 690 m had more snow.Effect of slope was
significant,and 10 -30°slopes tended to have more snow (Table 34).
Vegetation type was significant with dwarf-tree scrub tending to have
less snow and open-woodland forests having more snow (Table 35).Cells with
less snow than expected were 3 -30°slopes below the impoundment in dwarf
tree scrub-low shrub vegetation types as indicated by the log-linear model.
5.2.2.9 Switchbacks
The switchbacks were relatively free of snow during period two with 98%
of the stops being snow free.Aspect was significant,and northerly aspects
tend.ed to have more snow than southerly aspects (Table 32).Elevation was
significant although the 690 m band seemed to have more snow (Table 33).
Slope was also significant with 0 -3°category tending to have more snow
(Table 34).Vegetation type was significant,and woodland forest had more
72
snow than would be expected (Table 35).No vegetation type had more
snow-f ree stops than expected.There was insufficient snow to warrant
analyzing the log-linear model so no effects of interactions could be
determined.
5.2.2.10 Synopsis -Spatial Variation for Phenology and Snow
Differences occurred among the different transect groups,aspect,
elevation,slope,and vegetation type for phenological advancement during
period 5 (27 May - 2 June)and snow cover during period 2 (6 May -12 May).
Al though any aspect might have a significant number of stops that were
phenologically advanced,southern aspects prevailed in this respect (Table
28).Elevations that were significantly more advanced also varied among
transect groups with approximately half being a bove and half below the
potential impoundments.Slope frequently did not have a significant effect
on phenological advancement,although flat slopes (0 -3°)were usually late
developing (Table 30).When slope did have an effect,the steeper slopes
were the earlier sites.Hence,vegetation on steeper south-facing slopes
might develop faster than other areas,but there were many exceptions.The
1982 study indicated that fire history played a role.
Similarly,vegetation type effects varied among transects (Table 31).
Closed forests and herbaceous vegetation types were always significantly
advanced where they occurred,but the number of stops in these types was
often small and the conclusion might be misleading (Table 31).Closed
forests were associated with mixed broadleaf-evergreen or broadleaf forest.
These vegetation types were usually seral and associated with warm,well-
dr ai ne d slop es • S to ps in low shrub areas contained earlier developing
"""
"""
......
-
73
vegetation than would be expected on a third of the transects.The
successional nature of the vegetation supports the 1982 conclusion concerning
fire.
Transects also varied greatly in their relative phenological development.
The percentage of stops classified as phenologically advanced varied from 7
to 53%during period 5 (Table 44).The percentage of snow-free stops varied
from 64 to 99%during period 2.One would expect transects with relatively
Ii tt Ie snow du ri ng period 2 to be phenologically advanced by period 5.
However.the relative rankings of the transects differed slightly between
periods 2 and 5.
Tsusena Creek was the most advanced area both times probably because of
the well-drained.southern exposure.Over half the stops were considered
advanced during period 5 and almost all sites were free of snow in the second
period.The birch-spruce forest covering much of its slopes was a seral
vegE!tation type.Seral vegetation sleemed to be associated with early plant
development in many areas.
Devil Creek had almost as large a percentage of advanced stops in period
5 but had a lot of snow in period 2.It either had deeper winter snow than
othE!r areas or had slower melting snow.Kosina Creek was farther behind
with only 35%advanced stops.It was tied for fifth with snow-free areas but
was only 3%behind the third ranked transect at that time.Hence.it's rank
did not really change between periods 2 and 5.
Watana Slide was a medium area in both time periods with a rank of 4.
Switchbacks ended up in fifth position phenologically although they were
almost completely (98%)snow free in the second period.Either this site may
have had less snow than others or the vegetation types or plant species may
74
have been slow developing.Fish Creek was ranked sixth during period 5 but
third in period 2.and was only 3%ahead of sixth place.Hence,it remained
about the same.Clarence Creek was slow during both periods,but this was
largely because of north-facing aspects and a large ice jam that covered
almost the entire portion of the transect parallel to the Susitna River.
Watana Creek was also relatively slow during the entire study.Fog Creek
was the least developed transect group during the last sample period,but had
been tied for fifth,only 3%behind the third ranked transects in period 2.
Overall most transects retained their same relative positions although
some differences occurred.Fog Creek and the Switchbacks were slower
developing after snow melted while Devil Creek advanced rapidly.Rates of
development could differ greatly among transects as seen by comparing Devil
and Watana Creeks.Both had the same percentage of snow-free areas during
period two,but Devil Creek had 53%advanced sites and Watana had only 9%in
period 5.
5.2.2.11 Discussion -1983 Study
Determining what factors affect forage availability in the spring was a
complex problem.As with the 1982 phenological study,no generalizations
about aspect,elevation,slope,or vegetation type could be made with
confidence.It was true that,in some cases,southern aspects were more
advanced phenologically than northern ones or that higher (above the
impoundment zones)were more advanced.However,there were many cases where
northern aspects or lower elevations were more advanced.The same was true
about vegetation type and slope.More or different environmental parameters
affect growth initiation than what were measured in either 1982 or 1983.
-
75
The objective of these studies has been to identify why moose were using
the slopes of the impoundment zone prior to parturition.This question was
raised based on several years of ADF&G data (Ballard et al 1982,Ballard et
al 1983).However,in 1983 the moos,e had moved out of the impoundment zone
prior to parturition,although numerous moose were sighted near the south-
facing Kosina Creek transects just before sampling was initiated and
occasional moose were spotted during the study period.They could have been
using the areas in the evenings or early mornings and been undetected.Fewer
moose signs were observed in 1983 relative to 1982.However,this was partly
attributable to different methods of descent.Animal trails were followed in
1982,but compass courses were followed in 1983.The presumed
moose-vegetation relationship may be very variable among years.
Many problems with the field and statistical techniques were encountered.
The usual errors involved in field measurement problems were present,even
though only codes were being recorded.Tapping an altimeter could result in
a 30-m change,which was the width of the elevation bands.Bands were made
this narrow so that possible differences in the reservoir height could be
assE~ssed;however,they were not used this way in the analysis.
Analysis among time periods was hampered by not having precisely located
points.Relocation between time periods resulted in considerable error.In
somE~cases the recorded aspects were sufficiently different that there was no
way development through time with respect to aspect could be studied.Part
of this was relocation error and part was sampling error with respect to
aspect.This problem existed for all the other variables also.Relocatable
sample locations are strongly recommended for studies over a period of time.
76
This was the big difference why plant development could be followed in 1982,
but not in 1983.
Observation of snow depth and species phenology was extremely dependent
on exact placement of the observers foot.No matter how hard one tried not
to bias steps,if one were wearing snowshoes on one tended to walk on snow,
and·if one did not have snowshoes on one tended to walk on snow-free areas.
Since snow depth was based on the snow at the tip of the boot or snowshoe,
considerable bias was introduced.Depth could vary within a few centimeters
of the boot which meant that unless exactly the same location was hit next
time,changes in depth could result from different location as well as a
different snow depth.This might have accounted for the apparent rapid snow
disappearance after the first period.Our recollections indicated there was
still considerable snow at that time,which were not substantiated by the
data.
The phenological development by species would not be as affected as the
snow depth by the "snowshoe"bias because the species were selected within a
0.5-m ra di us.But this meant plants could be fully leafed out at the
same location where 30-50 em of snow was recorded.This was not unusual
because plants absorb and create heat as a byproduct which,in turn,melts
snow around the plants.Hence,snow depth was extremely difficult to relate
to phenological stage of individual species.Development of individual
species could not be traced statistically across time because of insufficient
reliable data.However,the data listings were scanned for general trends.
A species that was recorded during period one was generally a low shrub
(approximately 50 -100 em tall).As snow melted and dwarf shrubs «20 em
-
,~
""'"
......
....
77
tall)became visible,the low shrubs might not be the closest shrub to the
boot anymore.
Qualitative data were less expensive to obtain in the field than
quantitative data fora given observation,however,many more observations of
qualitative data were needed for a meaningful analysis.Statistical
techniques for qualitative data are fewer,less well understood,and much
more expensivE~than quantitative techniques.Our overall experience (field
and computer time)on this indicates that quantitative data may be les s
expensive.
The most appropriate statistical techniques available were contingency
tables,their full log-linear model equivalent,and logistic regression.The
full log-linear model produced a table of significance similar to an analysis
of variance,but used qualitative data.Since it was an iterative procedure
whose running time depended on the number of cells (which depended on number
of treatments and levels),it was expensive as more variables and levels
were added.This analysis treated aLL variables as independent variables,as
in contingency tables.Logistic regression was a special case where one
vari.able was considered to be the dependent and the others as independent
variables like a regression analysis using qualitative data.By considering
interactions only with the dependent variable,a log-linear model could be
interpreted as a logistic regression.The log-linear model was used since it
was understood better.
The log-linear model was limited by computer core space and data (no 0
cells).Since each cell needed space,the amount of computer space that was
needed grew astronomically if more than a few categories were used for
each (elevation,aspect,slope,vegetation type).All recorded levels of
78
variables (treatments)could be used if only 2-way analyses were performed.
Since most phenological development was assumed to be a response to
interactions of terms,several variables had to be analyzed simultaneously.
If many levels (coded values for treatments,or variables)were used,costs
were exorbitant or the amount of computer memory needed exceeded that
available to the program.Hence,many treatment levels had to be collapsed
together.Levels also had to be combined to eliminate most 0 cells which
would invalidate the results.This sometimes meant either eliminating levels
that were unimportant or too rare to have an effect,or combining levels that
did not have a uniform response.The latter was a violation of assumptions.
Effect of vegetation type was difficult to interpret because of the
combination of levels of vegetation types.These categories were grouped by
canopy cover since this seemed to be the most relevant factor during the
field work.During some of the interpretation,it seemed like a moisture
gradient might have been useful although slope accounted for part of this.
Usually slope and vegetation were not considered in the same run.Data were
inadequate to fill additional cells created by a moisture variable unless it
replaced some other variable.
One item that was not considered in this analysis was the use of two
different elevations:absolute elevation and elevation rela ti ve to the
river.The river elevation near the Switchbacks was slightly lower than the
highest elevation by Devil Creek.The microenvironment associated with the
river may have an effect on phenological advancement and could be as
biologically important as the actual elevation.Theoretically the elevation
x slope interaction may take some of this into account.However,one of the
main objectives of this study was to assess the effect of the impoundments.
~,
-
,~
79
Hence,only absolute elevations were considered because of the.objectives and
time limitations.
Another characteristic of vegetation that could be relevant for snow
accumulation might be whether the vegetation at a stop was the same as the
surrounding vegetation.Some low shrub stops,for example were in a large
expanse of low shrub type with a lot of exposure for sun and wind while
ot he rs were in an inclusion sheltered by surrounding trees.This could
account for \l1hy low shrub types had a lot of snow in some areas and other
places they were relatively snow free~.
These results were reported as if no sampling error were involved.A
slightly different foot placement could give a different results as has been
discussed.We have found evidence of this by the lack of matchup for
aspects,slope,elevation and vegetation type among sample periods.
5.2.3 Berry Availability -Period 5;27 May-2 June,1983
Berry availability was analyzed on a presence or absence basis since
there were insufficient stops with high abundance of berries for a meaningful
analysis.Availability of overwintered berries was directly related to snow
melt since no time was needed for development of berries after the snow
melted.The fifth period was selected for analysis since the most berries
would be available then for a spatial analysis of berry occurrence.
Timeliness of availability could generally be considered to start during
period 2 and by period 3 most berries would be available.
Berries occurred at only 7%of the stops along the Devil Creek transects,
with northeast-facing aspects being the most1ike1y aspect based on two-way
models (Table 36).Berries occurred more frequently at higher elevations
(630-660 m)(Table 37)and on steeper slopes than in other slope categories,
(Table 38).Low shrub types had more frequent occurrences of berries than
would be expected (Table 39).
Aspect and elevation were the two individual factors that affected berry
distribution according to the full log-linear model containing berry
presence,aspect,elevation and vegetation type.Vegetation type was
strongly dependent on aspect.Berries were found predominantly on the
northerly slopes in low shrub types·above the Devil Canyon impoundment
(Appendix Table B1-1).Hence,the Devil Canyon dam would not be expected to
impact berry availability here.
5.2.3.1
5.2.3.2
Devil Creek
Tsusena Creek
80
-
Berries were found at only three stops (Table 36).This was insufficient
to draw conclusions.
5.2.3.3 Fog Creek
Berries were relatively rare on these transects with less than 3%of the
stops having berries.The analysis was questionable because of the small
sample size but some trends might be indicated.North aspects tended to
have more frequent berry occurrences than south aspects (Table 36)while the
steeper slopes had larger berry frequencies than the gentler slopes (Table
38).Berry frequency was independent of vegetation type (Table 39).-
-
-5.2.3.4
5.2.3.5
Watana Slide
Watana Creek
81
Watana Creek transects had an average frequency for berries of almost 8%.
Aspects with the most frequent occurrences of berries were northeast and east
(Table 36)while elevations where belrries occurred most frequently were 510
m,540 m,and 660 m (Table 37).Slop1es from 10 -30°had larger frequencies
for berries (Table 38)while vegetation type was~ot significantly related to
berry frequency (Table 29).
82
The full log-linear model for berry distribution was affected primarily
by aspect and vegetation x slope.The only features to have a significantly
larger frequency of berries were northeast aspects on 3 -10°slopes in open
to woodland forest and 10 -30°slopes in dwarf tree scrub (Appendix Table
B5-1).All of these areas were below the impoundment zone since no portion
of the transects were above the potential water level.
5.2.3.6 Fish Creek
Overwintered berries were more frequent on south-and east-facing slopes
with north-and northeast-facing aspects having less frequent berries (Table
36).Approximately 13 to 17%of the south-and east-facing stops contained
berries.Berries were more common in elevation bands 660 m and 720 m (above
impoundment)while bands 510 and 570 m (below impoundment)contained fewer
berries than would be expected (Table 37).Berries had less tendency to
occur on 0 -3°slopes (Table 38).Frequencies were relatively large in
woodland forest stops and small in low shrub stops (Table 39).Almost 12%of
the woodland forest stops contained berries.
The full log-linear model for berries indicated that berries were
affect ed more by single factors than by an interaction of factors.The
interaction of aspect,elevation,and vegetation type contributed greatly to
the model which indicated the dependency of these variables.All cells which
had more stops with berries than would be expected also had more stops with
berries (i.e.had more stops)(Appendix Table B6-1).This again pointing out
the problems with the unbalanced design inherent when treatments (aspect,
elevation,vegetation)are dependent.
5.2 ..3.7 Kosina Creek
83
....
..-
.-
....
,.....
Berries were found on about 6":of the stops along the Kosina Creek
transects.Aspect and vegetation types were not related to berry frequency
(Tables 36,39)while elevations wi the frequent berry occurrence included 600
m and 720 m (Table 37).Slope and berries were not independent with 10 -
30°slopes tending to have larger frequencies and 0 -3°slopes having
significantly lower frequencies than 'would be expected by chance (Table 38).
The full log-linear model for berries was significant;however,virtually
none of the tE~rms involving berries were included.Hence,the model did not
explain berry distribution and was dominated by dependencies among vegetation
type and elevation.Higher elevations were dominated by low shrub types and
forested types occurred predominantly below the impoundment zone.These low
shrub types had a more frequent berry distribution than would be expected by
chance (Appendix Table B7-1).Hence,the impoundment would not have a major
effect on berries in this area.
5.2.3.8 Clarence Creek
Clarence Creek had a larger frequency of berries (12%)than most other
transects.Aspect and vegetation typl~S were not related to berry frequencies
(Table s 36,39).Elevation 630 m had a significantly larger frequency
of berries than would be expected by chance (Table 37),although fluctuations
among adjacent elevations appeared random.Slope had a significant
relationship,but no slope category had a larger frequency than would be
expected by chance (Table 38).
The only significant interaction with berries in the full log-linear
model was with slope.The only cell that appeared to have more frequent
--------_.,-,---------------------~',---------------
84
occurrences of berries was low shrub types above the impoundment on slopes
greater than 30°(Appendix Table B8-1).Again,the impoundment would
probably have negligible effect.
5.2.3.9 Switchbacks
Berries were rather scarce in the switchback area with only 2%of the
stops containing berries (Table 36).South-facing slopes contained mor e
berries than did other aspects (Table 36).Differences among elevation bands
were not significant,but all stops with berries occurred above the
impoundment zone (Table 37).Slope did not significantly affect berry
frequency,although slopes greater than 3°tended to have more berries than
those less than 3°(Table 38).Berries occurred most frequently in the low
shrub vegetation types with woodland forest being the only other type where
berries were recorded (Table 29).Frequency of berry occurrence on the
Switchback transects was insufficient to warrant a full log-linear analysis.
5.2.3.10 Synopsis -Spatial Variation for Berries
Berry availability also varied considerably among transects.Clarence
Creek had the largest frequency of berries in period 5 while Tsusena Creek,
Switchbacks,and Fog Creek had the lowest frequency (Table 44).There
appeared to be a weak inverse relationship between frequency of berries in
period 5 and of snow-free transects in period 2.Significant aspects tended
to be more northerly ones (7 significant cells vs 3 significant cells
for southerly aspects,Table 36).;This could also relate to later snowmelt.
Elevation patterns differed with transects,but higher elevations tended to
have larger frequencies of berries than did lower elevations (Table 37).
Clarence Creek had a larger frequency of berries (12%)than most other
transects.Aspect and vegetation typt:!s were not related to berry frequencies
(Tables 36,39).Elevation 630 rot had a significantly larger frequency
of berries than would be expected by chance (Table 37),although fluctuations
among adjacent elevations appeared random.Slope had a significant
relationship,but no slope category had a larger frequency than would be
expected by chance (Table 38).
The only significant interaction with berries in the full log-linear
model was with slope.The only cell that appeared to have more frequent
Be rr ie s we re found on about 6~:of the stops along the Kosina Creek
transects.Aspect and vegetation types were not related to berry frequency
(Tables 36,39)while elevations with frequent berry occurrence included 600
m and 720 m (Table 37).Slope and berries were not independent with 10 -
30 0 slopes tending to have larger frequencies and 0 - 3
0 slopes having
significantly lower frequencies than 'would be expected by chance (Table 38).
The full log-linear model for berries was significant;however,virtually
none of the terms involving berries were included.Hence,the model did not
explain berry distribution and was dominated by dependencies among vegetation
typE!and elevation.Higher elevations were dominated by low shrub types and
forested types occurred predominantly below the impoundment zone.These low
shrub types had a more frequent berry distribution than would be expected by
chance (Appendix Table B7-1).Hence,the impoundment would not have a major
effect on berries in this area.
-
-
-
-
-
-
5.2.3.7
5.2.3.8
Kosina Creek
Clarence Creek
83
84
occurrences of berries was low shrub types above the impoundment on slopes
grea ter than 30°(Append ix Table B8-1).Again,the impoundment would
probably have negligible effect.-
5.2.3.9 Switchbacks -
Berries were rather scarce in the switchback area with only 2%of the
stops containing berries (Table 36).South-facing slopes contained mor e
berries than did other aspects (Table 36).Differences among elevation bands
were not significant,but all stops with berries occurred above the
impoundment zone (Table 37).Slope did not significantly affect berry
frequency.although slopes greater than 3°tended to have more berries than
those less than 3°(Table 38).Berries occurred most frequently in the low
shrub vegetation types with woodland forest being the only other type where
berries were recorded (Table 29).Frequency of berry occurrence on the
Switchback transects was insufficient to warrant a full log-linear analysis.
5.2.3.10 Synopsis -Spatial Variation for Berries
Berry availability also varied considerably among transects.Clarence
Creek had the largest frequency of berries in period 5 while Tsusena Creek,
Swi tchbacks,and Fog Creek had the lowest frequency (Ta bl e 44).Ther e
appeared to be a weak inverse relationship between frequency of berries in
period 5 and of snow-free transects in period 2.Significant aspects tended
to be more norther ly ones (7 significant cells vs 3 significant cells
for southerly aspects.Table 36).;This could also relate to later snowmelt.
Elevation patterns differed with transects,but higher elevations tended to
have larger frequencies of berries than did lower elevations (Table 37).
-
"""
...
-
-
85
Slope generally was not significantly related to berries,but on transects
where it was significant,the 10 -30°category had larger berry frequencies
(Table 38).Similarly vegetation type was not usually related to berry
frequency t but low shrub types tended to have larger frequencies of berries
where vegetation type was significant.Hence,the many areas with a high
berry frequency would remain above thl~impoundment.
5.2.4 Horsetail Abundance -Period 5 -27 May-2 June,1983
Analysis of horsetail abundance had the same major problem as berries:
there were too few values in the various categories to analyze anything
except presence or absence,and distribution was very localized.Horsetail,
on the other hand,required time to green up before it was available.All
species were recorded with no differentiation,and the bear diet work (Miller
and McAllister 1982,Miller 1983)did not indicate which species of horsetail
was eaten.Some species occur primarily in riparian areas while others occur
on wooded hillsides.Hence,the different species would be impacted
differently by the proposed hydroelectric project.Two moose calves,
apparently killed by a bear,were found on a north-facing slope near Tsusena
Creek in spring 1982.Relatively fresh (within past day)bear feces were
found and appeared to contain pieces of an upland horsetail species.An
upland horsetail species had been grazed along the 1982 Jay Creek transect,
but it is unknown whether bear or moose grazed it.No uti Ii za ti on 0 f
ripa.rian horsetail (such as Eguisetum variegatum)has been observed.The
evidence is not strong but it seems to indicate that the upland species may
be used by bears,but they dig sweet-1retch roots along the river t which would
account for their presence along the river.
86
5.2.4.1 Devil Creek
Aspect (Table 40)and slope (Table 42)did not explain horsetail
frequency,but it was most frequent at elevation band 480 m (Table 41)as
indicated by 2-way contingency analyses.The 450-m band also had
significantly more horsetail occurrences than would be expected,but had a
smaller percentage of occurrences than the 480-m band (Table 41).Horsetail
was more abundant in open and woodland forest vegetation types than would be
expected by chance (Table 43).
Horsetail was probably too scarce along these transects to justify a full
log-linear analysis,however,the vegetation type interaction appeared to
affect the horsetail distribution the most.Open forest-dwarf tree scrub
forest on northwest to northeast aspects below the impoundment and east to
southeast aspects above the impoundment had more horsetail than would be
expected (Appendix Table H1-1).Most other cells had none.
5.2.4.2 Tsusena Creek
Horsetail was found predominantly at lower elevations with larger
frequencies than would be expected at elevation 480 m (Table 41).The 3 -
10°slopes and open forests had larger frequencies of horsetail than would be
expected (Table 42,43).
The full log-linear model for horsetail had some of the same problems
that the phenological model did:namely,a strong dependence among elevation
and slope which resulted in many empty cells.Vegetation type and slope had
~
I
significant interactions with horsetail frequency.In reality,horsetail
occurred most frequently in open forests on 3 -10°slopes regardless of
elevation (Appendix Table H2-1).It occurred least frequently in open
.-
-
87
forests on 10 -30°slopes above the impoundment and 0 -3°slopes below
the impoundment.
5.2.4.3 Fog Creek
Horsetail was much more frequent on western aspects (Table 40)and lower
elevations (660 m)(Table 41).It was most abundant on 0 _3°slopes and open
fOrE~sts (Tables 42,43).One location accounted for most of the stops with
horsetail.
The full log-linear model for horsetail along Fog Creek had the problem
with imbalance among cells.Aspect x slope x vegetation type was the most
signif ican t third order in teract i.on so these variables were dependent.
Slope x vegetation type x horsetail frequency was the only third order term
invol ving horsetail that was significant in both partial and marginal tests
of association.North-facing 0 -3°slopes in closed to open forest types
were the only stops that appeared to have a significantly higher frequency
for horsetail occurrence (Appendix Ta.ble H3-1).One other cell did,but it
was equally significant for absence of horsetail,an artifact of the
methodology .
5.2.4.4 Watana Slide
Approximately 27%of the stops along the Watana Slide transects contained
horsetail.Southerly aspects had higher frequencies and the northerly
aspects had lower frequencies of horsetail than would be expected by chance
(Table 40).Elevation bands 540 and 570 m contained the largest number of
stops with horsetail as well as the largest percentage and these effects were
significant (Table 40).Horsetail frequency and elevation were generally
This stand would be
88
inversely related along these transects:horsetail occurred more often at
higher than lower elevations.Slope and horsetail frequency were dependent
with 0 -3°slopes having the most in number and percentage of horsetail
occurrences (Table 42).Horsetail occurred more frequently in herbaceous and
low shrub types than in other vegetation types (Table 43).Much of this
distribution resulted from a stand of willow and horsetail on the west side
of Watana Creek at the bottom of the tran sects.
inundated.
The full log-linear model and the observed frequency table verified some
of the above discussion.Low shrub types below the impoundment level,
regardless of aspect,contained the most significant frequencies of horsetail
(Appendix Table H4-1).All the third order and lower interaction terms were
significant except for the partial test for horsetail x aspect x elevation.
5.2.4.5 Watana Creek
Horsetail was recorded at 14%of the stops along Watana Creek with
southwestern aspects having horsetail at 42%of these stops (Table 40).
Elevation 480 m contained horsetail at 37%of its stops,which was
significant (Table 41).Horsetail was more frequent on 0 -3°slopes than
would be expected with 20%of the stops containing horsetail (Table 42).
Approximately 36%of the open forest stops contained horsetail (Table 43).
In reality,most of the horsetail along these transects occurred on gentle
southwest aspects in open balsam poplar -spruce forest near the bottom of
the transects on the north side of the river.This location would be
inundated with Watana Dam in place.
~-,
-
-
....
-
89
The only interactions not significant in the full log-linear model were
horsetail x v1egetation x slope.Vegetation and slope appeared to be strongly
dependent ..The most significant location for horsetail was 0 -3°southerly
slopes in open-woodland forests as reported previously (Appendix Table H5-1).
Secondary locations were the same aspect and vegetation on 10 -30°slopes
and 0 -3°slopes in low shrub types.
5.2.4.6 Fish Creek
Horsetail was most frequent on northeast-facing slopes as indicated by
the number of stops containing it,the percentage of stops on this aspect
containing it.and the significance of the standardized deviates (Table 40).
All three of these measures indicate something different:whether it occurred
in many places ,whether most transect contained it,and whether it was
significant.It was most frequent on elevation band 510 m with 25%of the
stops in this elevation band containing horsetail (Table 41).Bands 660 m
and 720 m contained fewer horsetail than would be expected.Horsetail tended
to be more abundant on 0 -3°slopes and less abundant on 10 -30°slopes
although this was significant only at the P =0.07 level (Table 42).Low
shrub types contained the largest percentage of stops with horsetail,while
open forest types had the largest number of stops with horsetail (Table 43).
In other words,low shrub types had a higher frequency of horsetail than did
open forest types,but the latter contained horsetail at more stops.
Significantly more horsetail was present in low shrub types and less in
woodland forest types than would be expected by chance.
Horsetail frequency had interactions with elevation,vegetation type,and
aspect in the full log-linear model.The three environmental variables were
90
dependent since 10 -30°slopes were"vegetated predominan tl y with open
forests.Low shrub types below the impoundment on west-to northeast-facing
slopes cont ained more horsetail while the same 10 ca tions a bove the
impoundment contained lower frequencies of horsetail (Appendix Table H6-1)'.
5.2.4.7 Kosina Creek
Horsetail was most abundant on south-and southeast-facing slopes both in
number of stops,percentage of stops with horsetail,and significance (Table
40).Elevation bands 540,570,and 660 m (boundary),which were all below
the potential impoundment zone,and flat slopes (0 -3°)contained the most
stops with horsetail (Tables 41,42).Horsetail was most cornmon in open
forest stops with 19%of those stops containing horsetail (Table 43).
The full log-linear model indicated that second order interactions
explained most of the horsetail abundance.Vegetation and elevation were
strongly dependent which accounted for a lot of the variation.Most
vegetation above the impoundment was low shrub,while forest types occurred
primarily below the impoundment.Almost all the horsetail occurred below the
impoundment on south aspects.Low shrub and closed to open forest were the
most important vegetation types there (Appendix Table H7-1)
5.2.4.8 Clarence Creek
Horsetail was found at only 9%of the stops along the Clarence Creek
transects.Aspect had no effect,but the transects were located only on the
south side of the river (Table 40).Elevation band 780 m and to some extent
750 m contained higher frequencies of horsetail than would be expected (Table
41).Slope had no effect (Table 42),but all shrub sites contained more
~,
-
.....
..-
..-
,....
.....
91
stops with horsetail (Table 43).The only cells with a significant frequency
of horsetail in the full log-linear model were woodland forest -dwarf tree
scrub and low shrub types on 10 -30 c,slopes above the impoundment (Appendix
Table H8-1).
5.2.4.9 Switchbacks
Almost 17%of the switchback stops contained horsetail during period 5
with northeast-facing slopes having a higher frequency of horsetail than
would be expected (Table 40).Horsetail occurred at more stops on east-and
southeast-facing slopes~but there was more area there.Elevation bands 690
and 750 m contained horsetail at more stops than would be expected and a
larger percentage of contained horsetail than other elevations (Table 41).
Slopes in the 3 -10°range had a higher frequency of horsetail than would be
expected (Table 42).The 10 -30°slopes had a slightly lower percentage of
stops wi th horsetail,but the result was not significant.Tall shrub
and woodland and open forest types generally contained larger frequencies
than other types (Table 43).
The full log-linear model indicated the most important interactions with
horsetail were aspect,vegetation type,and elevation x vegetation type.The
only cell that definitely had a larger frequency than would be expected
was low shrub type above the impoundment on northerly slopes (Appendix Table
H9-1).
5.2.4.10 Synopsis -Spatial Variation for Horsetail
Horsetail frequencies ranged from 4 to 27%with Devil Creek having the
lowest percentages and Watana Slide having the highest (Table 44).The
--_._-----=,--~.--------------------
92
effect of aspect was variable,but the more southerly aspects tended to have
larger frequencies of horsetail (Table 40).Horsetail tended to be more
frequent at lower elevations below the potential impoundment level (Table
41).The 0 -3°slope category had significantly higher frequencies of
horsetail on almost half of the transects (Table 42).Open forest vegetation
type was significant on two-thirds of the transects (Table 43).Tall shrub
may also be an important vegetation type for horsetail,but the number of
stops in this vegetation was rather small.Horsetail was more likely to be
frequent on 0 -3°slopes below the impoundment in open forest types.Many
of these areas would apparently be lost by inundation in the impoundments.
5.2.5 Phenological Development over time by Transect Group
Phenological development over time was evaluated in a very general sense
by scanning the listings of raw data to look for trends or which species were
initiating growth first.This was performed only on a transect group basis
since reports for vegetation type,aspect,and slope were not very consistent
over time.Scanning the printouts also pointed out possible biases among
observers or sampling errors that may have occurred.
5.2.5.1 Devil Creek
Most shrubs were dormant along most of the Devil Creek transects during
sample period 1 on May 3,1983.However,mountain cranberry had broken some
buds at a few stops.Dwarf birch and alder were visible,but were dormant.
An unknown grass was just emerging from the ground at one stop.More species
were visible at the lower elevations,but they were still dormant.Paper
birch had burst some buds and bluejoint,bluegrass,and fireweed were
....,
-
-
93
just emerging near some stops,but were not the recorded individuals.
Utilization was reported on alder,willow,and rose in the area,but not on
any stops.
Many of the·dwarf shrubs were visible above the snow during period 2
(11 May).whereas during period 1 only low and tall shrubs were visible.
Mountain cranberry and Labrador tea had broken bud,especially at the higher
elevations around 660 m,which was a bove the potential Dev il Canyon
impoundment zone.Currant leaves were partly expanded at some stops on the
south-facing aspects.Twinflower (Linnaea borealis)and wintergreen (pyrola
spp.)had burst buds at some stops.
Leaves of dwarf birch and spiraea were partly expanded on the
north-facing slopes during sample period 3,May 18,1983.Twinflower leaves
were partly expanded at some stops on north-facing aspect.Most shrub$had
half-expanded leaves on the south-facing slopes below elevation band 570 m.
Much forage was available especially below elevation 570 m.Since the upper
level of the impoundment would be near 450-m band,some of this forage would
be lost to the impoundment,but a lot would still be available in the spring.
5.2.5.2 Tsusena Creek
Tsusena Creek was among the areas with the earliest available forage.It
was virtually snow-free during the first sample period.Mountain cranberry
had broken some buds,and an unknown grass species was just emerging from
the ground at this time.By the second sample period,12 May,mountain
cranberry and twinflower had burst buds in many places,and bluejoint·was
emerging from the ground.
___~=M_'_.__AIl.........._~_
94
Most mountain cranberry had burst their buds by period 3,19 May,while
some willows had produced catkins.Abou t half of the unknown grass
observations were dormant while the other half ranged from just emerging to
fully grown.All three life forms in an open white spruce type at elevation
480 m,just above the impoundment,were either just opening buds or emerging
from the ground or had half-expanded leaves or half-grown stems.Most shrubs
and forbs were still dormant in an open black spruce area while bluejoint and
an unknown grass were just emerging or half grown.
abundant forage was available.
5.2.5.3 Fog Creek
By the fourth period,
~I
-
Most plants were dormant during the first sample period,29 April,along
the Fog Creek transects,but an unknown sedge was just emerging on one stop.
This was generally true during the second period also except that sedges at
many stops in woodland white spruce were emerging and cottongrass was half
grown in a sedge tundra vegetation type.An unknown grass was also emerging.
By the third period.(18 May)sedges were approximately half-grown along
half of one transect while diamondleaf willow had leaves about half-expanded.
Crowberry was just starting leaf expansion.Most grasses were either just
emerging or half grown during period 4 (25 May),but sedges were half to
-
full grown.Shrubs mostly had leaves half expanded,but some had fully
expanded leaves or catkins.
5.2.5.4 Watana Slide
Most plants were dormant along the Watana Slide transects during period
1 (2 May)except for an occasional mountain cranberry just breaking bud.
-
95
Bluejoint and sedges were emerging during period 2 (9 May),but blue joint was
half-grown in some closed alder stands.Mountain cranberry was just breaking
bud.During period 3 (16 May)bluejoint was half grown in some woodland
white spruce vegetation types and open alder stands.Sedge was half grown in
some birch shrub stops.Dwarf scouring rush was half grown on some stops.
Grass in a low willow shrub stand at the bottom of the transects was still
dormant at this time,but shrubs and forbs were just initia ting growth
(phenological state=2).
By period 4 (23 May),most shrubs had half-expanded leaves,forbs,
bluejoint and sedges were just emerging or half grown.Variegated scouring
rush was mostly half grown.Most species were half developed (phenological
state=3)during period 5 (30 May).This was a relatively slow developing
transect,but there was considerable unused forage during period 3.
5.2 ..5.5 Watana Creek
Vegetation along the Watana Crel~k transects was mostly dormant during
the first sample period (28 April)although some individuals of mountain
cranberry had burst buds and some bluejoint and sedges were just emerging.
By the second period (6 May),most plants were still dormant,but sedges
were half grown on a few stops.The same was true during period 3 except
that:some grasses had started to eme~rge and mountain cranberry had started
to break bud..Plants finally started developing during period 4 (20 May)
when grasses 'were just emerging or half grown,and twinflower and horsetail
were half grown in some stops.Mountain cranberry had also broken bud by
this time.Great growth had occurred by period 5 (27 May)when shrubs had
leaves hal f ex panded at the higher elevations.Although sedges were
________~...+---------r..,....----'
96
generally just emerging or half grown,some stops had individuals fully
grown,in the boot stage,or inanthesis.
5.2.5.6 Fish Creek
Vegetation along Fish Creek was somewhat earlier developing than that at
mouth of Watana Creek.During period 1 (28 April),sedge was just emerging
and moun ta in c ranber ry was breaking bud at the higher elevations above
the impoundment.A wintergreen was also initiating growth when few forbs
were visible.Open black spruce stops in the 540-m elevation band below the
impoundment also seemed to develop earlier with many individuals of mountain
cranberry breaking bud and some having leaves half expanded.
Sedges were either just emerging or half grown on many stops during
period 2 (10 May).Bluejoint and other grasses were just emerging.By
period 3,most shrubs had broken bud and graminoids were just emerging.
Forbs were still generally dormant.Leaves were occasionally half expanded
for resin birch,grayleaf willow,rose,and alder.Leaves on diamondleaf
willow were half expanded more often.
During period 4 (24 May),shrubs at higher elevations were generally
still breaking bud while those at lower elevations had half-expanded leaves.
Sedges and grasses were generally half grown,but sedges sometimes were full
grown or in boot stage already.By the last sample period (31 May)
everything was either half grown or had leaves half expanded.
5.2.5.7 Kosina Creek
Vegetation along the Kosina Creek transects was generally dormant during
the first sample period (26 April)except for bluejoint and mountain
~l
-
97
cranberry and sedges.Some sedges were as far advanced as having leaves half
expanded.The same was true for period 2 (10 May)except that more sedge
individuals were half grown,especially in open alder and woodland black
spruce.Twinflowet and horsetail were also just emerging.
Shrubs and sedges were initiating growth or half developed in period 3
(17 May)while twinflower,astragalus,artemisia,and an unknown forb were
half developed.Tall bluebell was half grown at lower elevations whil e
diamondleaf and grayleaf willows and rose had leaves half expanded.
Mountain cranberry had floral buds in some places along these transects
during period 4 (24 May)although most individuals had half-expanded leaves.
Shrubs generally were initiating growth but some had half-expanded leaves.
Most forbs and graminoids at the bottom of the transects were half grown.
Resin birch,diamondleaf and grayleaf willows had half-expanded leaves at
lower elevations,but the willows occasionally had catkins.
5.2.5.8 Clarence Creek
Clarence Creek was one of the slower ,developing transect areas where
everything was dormant during the first sample period·(4 May).By period 2
(12 May)occasional sedge individuals and mountain cranberry and alder were
initiating growth.The most important vegetation type for the sedges for
greenup was in the woodland and open.black spruce scrub near the bottom of
the transects.,
Most shrubs had at least initiated growth by period 3 (19 May)and
resin birch and rose occasionally had half-expanded leaves.Sedges and
grasses were generally just emerging,but sedges were occasionally half
grown.Grasses and shrubs were initiating growth or were half developed by
98
period 4 (26 May)..Sedges were generally half developed with occasional
individuals being in the boot stage,especially in the open black spruce
forest and scrub types.Good growth was present by the last sample period.
5.2.5.9 Switchbacks
Cottongrass and sedges were half grown at some stops during the first
sample period (5 May)along the Switchback transects,and these stops were
above the impoundment zone.Additional species which had initiated growth by
this time were unknown gra sses,bluegrass (Poa s pp.)and wheat grass
(Agropyron spp.),bluejoint,and highbush cranberry (Viburnum edule).
By period 2 (12 May),most grasses had initiated growth or were half
grown.Cottongrass had developed seedheads at stops above the impoundment
level.Shrubs were still generally dormant except for mountain cranberry.
Shrubs and grasses were generally half developed in open ericaceous
shrub tundra and woodland white spruce forests above the impoundment and open
low willow below the impoundment by period 3 (11 May).Some shrubs in the
latter case had catkins already developed.
By period 4 (26 May),most shrubs had half-expanded leaves,dwarf
scouring rush was fully grown,field horsetail had strobili,coltsfoot
(Petasites frigida)and cottongrass were in flower.
5.2.6 Berry Availability Over Time
Berry availability over time was analyzed by scanning the printouts of
raw data in the same manner that phenological development over time wa s
analyzed.All of the same limitations apply.
~.
5.2.6.1 Devil Creek
99
.....
Berries were available during period 1 at elevation band 420 m in open
and woodland black spruce and birch shrub vegetation types.This would be
below the potential Devil Canyon impoundment.During the second sample
period,howevl~r,as snow melted and dwarf shrubs became visible,berries were
frequent in birch shrub·vegetation at the higher elevations.More berries
became available by period 3.At least one of these groups of stops was
below the impoundment,but most were above.More berries were available
from 540-to 57o-m band by period 5.Berries along these transec ts became
relatively abundant by the second pE!riod.and these were generally located
above the impoundment.
5.2.6.2 Tsusena Creek
Berries were never abundant along the Tsusena Creek transects partly
because the most important species were not berry producers.
5.2.6.3 Fog Creek
Scat tere d berr ies were available during period 1 in woodland white
spruce forest and open ericaceous shrub tundra stops along the Fog Creek
transects.They were also available in woodland white spruce scrub and open
whi te spruce forest during the second period.Some of the difference in
vegetation was very likely the results of different observers.Berries,
however,never seemed to be very impOl~tant in this area.
;~,----~-=~-----------------_....,..-------
100
5.2.6.4 Watana Slide
Watana slide was an important berry area at the higher elevations in
shrub birch and woodland and open white spruce sites during period 1.These
areas had a heavy cover by berry-producing species and little or no snow
cover at this time.Berry abundance did not increase noticeably with time
since everything was available during the first period.
5.2.6.5 Watana Creek
Scattered berries occurred during period 1 in woodland white spruce
forest and shrub vegetation types.Open spruce -cottonwood vegetation types
were important for berries at lower elevations.which would be below the
impoundment.Berries became more available during periods 2 and 3.mostly at
the higher elevations along the transects.All elevations were below the
impoundment zone,so some loss of berries would occur with the project.
However.these transects are not nearly as important as the Watana slide
transects as far as supplying berries is concerned.
5.2.6.6 Fish Creek
Scattered berries were available during period 1 at elevations above the
impoundment in open white spruce forest and open ericaceous shrub tundra
vegeta tion types.Berries appeared to be slightly more abundant during
period 2.but again.this was not an important berry area.
5.2.6.7 Kosina Creek
Scattered berries were found during period 1 along the Kosina Creek
transects,but more stops with berries were found during the second and third
I~
.....
-
101
sample periods.The more important areas seemed to be below the impoundment
ZOnE!in woodland and open white spruce forest sites and open mixed white
spruce -aspen sites.Reports of berries \\Jere rare during period 4 except in
the spruce -aspen sites.This resulted either from berries falling off,
bears eating them,or sampling error with the latter being the most likely
explanation.
5.2.6.8 Clarence Creek
Only scattered berries were available during period 1 along the Clarence
Creek transects,but abundant berriles were available during period 2 in
woodland black spruce scrub near the top,which would be above the Watana
impoundment.Berries were not abundant again until period 5.This lends
some support to the previous statement that some of the variability resulted
from sampling error.
5.2.6.9 Switchback
Berries were abundant during the firs·t sample period at higher
elevations in woodland white spruce forest and open dwarf birch -willow
along the s~dtchback transects.They remained important throughout the
study,and probably represent one of the richer sources of berries.
5.2,,7 Horsetail Availability Over Time
Horsetail availability over time was evaluated by scanning the printouts
of raw data as was done for berries and phenological development.The same
limi tations apply.Additionally,horsetail abundance was recorded whether
the plants had greened up or not.Unless horsetail was also the closest forb
102
so that its phenological state was recorded,there was no way of telling from
the data if new growth of horsetail was available.The abundance was
recorded even if horsetail were not growing.so information would be
available on location ·of potential horsetail sites.
5.2.7.1 Devil Creek
Horsetail was negligible along the Devil Creek transects.
5.2.7.2 Tsusena Creek
Horsetail was of minor importance along the Tsusena Creek transects.
None was recorded during period 1,and only at one stop during period 2.
Horsetail was reported in more places during period 3.
5.2.7.3 .Fog Creek
Horsetail was not available on the Fog Creek transects until period 2
when it was recorded in an open low willow tundra area.These transects were
generally not important for horsetail.
5.2.7.4 Watana Slide
Some horsetail was present in open and woodland white spruce forests and
open low willow shrub during period 1.There was a concentration of
horsetail near the bottom and all recordings were probably below the
impoundment level or very close.
~'
~.
-
,-103
5.2.7.5 Watana Creek
Horsetail was abundant along this set of transects even during the first
sample period.All stops were belo\lf the impoundment.The most important
horsetail areas occurred in open white and black spruce forests at 600-m
band and open white spruce and open mixed white spruce -cot tonwood
vegetation types in the 480-m elevation band.Individuals in these horsetail
si tes began eJ!nerging from the ground during period 3.Inundation of these
sites would represent loss of important horsetail sites.
5.2.7.6 Fish Creek
Horsetail along the Fish Creek transects was first recorded during the
second period at elevations generally below the impoundment (600 to 660-m
elevation bands)in open white and black spruce forest sites.No major
changes were reported over time.
5.2.7.7 Kosina Creek
Horsetail was reported along the KosinaCreek transects for the first
time during period 2 in an open white spruce site very close to the
impoundment level.Horsetail had beg'l1n to emerge from the ground by period 3
and was identified as field horsetail.Horsetail was reported at several
othE~r stops during period 4 and all were below the impoundment.Most
horsetail along these slopes would be lost to inundation.
104
5.2.7.8 Clarence Creek
Horsetail was not recorded on the Clarence Creek transects until the
third period.It was found primarily at higher elevations and would not be
affected by the impoundment.
5.2.7.9 Switchbacks
Horsetail was not recorded until the second sample period on the
switchback transects.It was found at higher elevations in closed alder and
open low willow stands.Field horsetail was emerging at that time.
Horsetail was relatively important along these transects,but it was almost
always above the impoundment so would not be impacted directly.
6 GENERAL SUMMARY
Generalized south and north-facing slopes are illustrated in Figure 5.
They do not illustrate all conditions that exist,but give a general idea of
typical situations.The highest elevations sampled on both aspects contained
low shrub vegetation,such as resin birch with some diamondleaf willow in
cases.These sites were frequently good for overwintered berries.
Occasionally the transects started in an alpine mat-and-cushion vegetation
type in dry,windy areas.Proceeding downhill on a well-drained south-facing
slope,one would find white spruce or paper birch-whi te spruce stands.
Birch-spruce stands were found generally in the warmer or more recently
disturbed areas.Pure aspen stands also occurred in one disturbed location.
Black spruce forests or scrub were found in poorly-drained locations.
Riparian vegetation along the shorelines consisted of shrubs and herbaceous
..-
-
-
.....
105
species.Some areas were dominated by shrubs,others by forbs,and some by
graminoids.Reasons for the differences were unknown.
North-facing slopes generally had white spruce on well-drained sites,but
black spruce·occurred on some adequately-drained sites,whereas on south-
faci.ng slopes it only·occurred in poorly drained sites.Black spruce also
occurred on poorly-drained north-facing slopes.Some slopes had dips,then a
knoll with a south-facing slope,the opposite direction of the overall slope.
This:enabled vegetation typical of al warmer,drier area to grow there.A
band of alder was frequently present just above the riparian vegetation.
No combination of topographical factors measured in 1982 or 1983
adequately described areas with ,early plant development.However,
obsE~rvations did not contradict our 1982 conclusion:recently disturbed
areas midway up the slope contained earlier-developing plants than other
area.s.Fire has removed the insulating layer of moss so soils may warm up
more rapidly.Tree canopies are more open,and deciduous trees,such as
birch and aspen,are leafless at this time of year.This allows more solar
radi.ation to reach the understory and soil than in a more closed vegetation.
Locations at the top of the slop,es were generally cooler because of the
elevation.Elevations near the river,in many cases,were either covered by
ice from iCE!jams or'were relatively shaded by the sides of the steep
valley.Sometimes south-facing aspects were shaded by surrounding mountains,
but locations on the north-facing transects might get more solar radiation.
Sometimes flat areas were well-drained while sloping areas were poorly
drained.
Moose fecal samples (pellets)collected during this study contained the
following major forage components,in order of percentage of diet:willows,
106
mosses,and resin birch and mountain cranb~rry (similar percentage).Other
species were minor.No forbs or graminoids were identified al~hough some
were included in unknown categories.Willows were,by far,the most
important component.This could be related to the observation of willows
having been stripped by moose,or it could be a result of normal browsing.
Overwintered berries were generally available by the second period of the
1983 study,the second week of May,and were most abundant in some low shrub
vegetation and some white spruce forests predominantly above the impoundment
zones.Horsetail was seldom more than half-grown during the study,but was
most often found in forests below the impoundment zone.
Based on the current estimates of impoundment levels,a substantial
number of areas with early phenological development and areas with a high
frequency of overwintered berries would probably not be impacted by the
impoundmen t.Several areas wi th high horsetail freq uencies would be
inundated.
~\
-.
-
.-
107
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TABLES
TABLE 1.Coded values for variables measured at 10-m
intervals along phenology transects.
(degrees)Aspect Depth Abundance Abundance
(cm)(berries)
Elevation
Code midpoi nt
(m)
Slope Snow Berry Horseta il
(stems)
TABLE 2.Codes for phenological states for the shrub,forb,and
graminoid life forms.
~I
Code Shrub Forb Graminoid
....,.,
1 dormant dormant dormant
"""
2 leaf buds burst emerging from ground emerging from ground
3 leaves partly expanded about 50%maximum about 50%maximum ~l
height or 15 COl height or 15 COl
tall,whichever tall,whichever
is 1ess is less
~
4 leaves fully expanded maximum·height or maximum height or
30 cm tall,30 Col tall,
whichever is 1ess whichever is 1ess
5 catki ns present flora 1 bud boot stage
6 anthesis anthesis -
7 fruit fruit
TABLE 3.Codes for species observed during 1983
phenology study.-
-
-
-
-
-
Code Scientific Name
1 Vaccinium vitis-idaea
2 Vaccinium uliginosum
3 Ledum groenlandicum
4 Empetrum nigrum
5 Arctostaphylos alpina
6 Arctostaphylos rubra
7 Arctostaphylos uva-ursi
8 Andromeda polifolia
9 Ribes spp.
10 Populus balsamifera
11 Betula glandulosa
12 Betula papyrifera
13 Salix pulchra
14 Salix glauca
15 Salix lanata
16 Rosa acicularis
17 Salix spp.
18 Potentilla fruticosa
19 Spiraea beauverdiana
20
21 Shepherdia canadensis
22 Salix alaxensis
23 Viburnum edule
24 Myrica gale
25 Cassiope tetragona
26 Salix novae-angliae
27 Rubus idaeus
28 Salix reticulata
29 Salix fusescens
31 Alnus sinuata
32 Potentilla spp.
FORBS
38 Equisetum sp.
39 Valeriana capitata
41 Cornus canadensis
42 Petasites frigidus
43 Epilobium angustifoliu~
44 Mertensia paniculata
45 Equisetum arvense
46 Equisetum silvaticum
47 Lycopodium complanatum
48 Linnaea borealis
49 Pyrola spp.
50 Rubus chamaemorus
51 Artemisia tilesii
52 Astragalus spp.
53
Common Name
Mountain cranberry
Bog blueberry
Northern Labrador tea
Crowberry
Alpine bearberry
Bearberry
Kinnikinnick
Bog rosemary
Currant
Balsam poplar
Resin birch
Paper birch
Diamondleaf willow
Grayleaf willow
Richardson willow
Prickly rose
Willow
Shrubby cinquefoil
Beauverd spiraea
Unknown with red bud
Soapberry
Feltleaf willow
Highbush cranberry
Sweet gale
Four-angle mountain-heather
Tall blueberry willow
Raspberry
Netleaf willow
Bog willow
Sitka alder
Cinquefoil
Hollow horsetail
Capitate valerian
Bunchberry
Arctic sweet coltsfoot
Fireweed
Tall bluebell
Meadow horsetail
Field horsetail
Ground cedar
Twinflower
Wintergreen
Cloudberry
Milk-vetch
Unknown forb
54 Epilobium latifolium
55 Tofieldia spp.
56 Equisetum pratense
57 Rubus articus
58 Boykinia richardsonii
59 Aster spp.
60 Aconitum delphinifolium
61 Compositae
62 Rumex spp.
63 Pyrola secunda
64 Equisetum scirpoides
65 Equisetum variegatum
66 Anemone sp.
67 Iris sp.
68 Pteropsida
69 Hedysarum sp.
70 Pedicularis sp.
71 Sedum rosea
72 Geranium sp.
73 Gentianaceae
74 Lupinus sp.
75 Geocaulon lividum
76 Cruciferae
77
78 Anemone sp.
79 Dryas spp.
80 SanguiSorba sp.
GRAMINOIDS
81 Calamagrostis canadensis
82 Carex spp.
83 Eriophorum spp.
84 Gramineae
85 Juncus spp.
86 Poa spp.
87 Agropyron
88 Agrostis scabra
89 Festuca altaica
90 Trisetum spicatum
91 Trichophorum caespitosum
92 Deschampsia sp.
93 Hierochloe sp.
Dwarf fireweed
Asphodel
Meadow horsetail
Nagoon berry
Richardson boykinia
Aster
Monks hood
Unknown composite
Sorrel
One-sided wintergreen
Dwarf scouring rush
Variegated scouring rush
Anemone
Iris
Fern
Sweet-vetch (probably sp.alpinum)
Lousewort
Roseroot
Geranium
Gentian
Lupine
Geocaulon
Purple mustard
Forb,Devil Creek
Anemone
Dryas
Burnet
Bluejoint
Sedge
Cottongrass
Unknown grass
Rush
Bluegrass
Wheatgrass
Ticklegrass
Fescue
Downy oatgrass
Tufted clubrush
Hairgrass
Holygrass
-
~r
,.""
~Table 4.Codes for vegetation types recorded during phenology study 1983.
Nomenclature according to Viereck et a1.(1982).
Forest
1113
1123
1124
1133
1134
1211
1213
1214
1221
1311
1321
1323
1324
1325
1331
types
Closed white spruce forest
Open white spruce forest
Open black spruce forest
Woodland white spruce forest
Woodland black spruce forest
Closed paper birch forest
Closed aspen forest
Open aspen-paper birch forest
Open paper birch forest
Closed mixed paper birch-spruce forest
Open mixed paper birch-white spruce forest
Open mixed paper birch-black spruce forest
Open mixed white spruce-cottonwood forest
Open mixed white spruce-aspen forest
Woodland mixed paper birch-white spruce forest
-
Scrub
2113
2123
2114
2124
2212
2222
2321
2322
2323
2324
2325
2326
2327
2328
2424
2425
types
Woodland white spruce scrub
Open white spruce scrub
Woodland black spruce scrub
Open black spruce scrub
Closed alder tall shrub
Open alder tall shrub
Open dwarf birch shrub
Open low willow shrub
Open dwarf birch willow shrub
Open ericaceous shrub tundra
Open ericaceous shrub-sphagnum
Open low alder shrub
Open low paper birch shrub
Open soapberry-cinquefoil shrub
Sedge shrub tundra
Open low willow tundra
Herbaceous types
3122 Bluejoint-forb meadow
3211 Sedge tundra
TABLE 5
Average sol I temperatures (oG)during the plant phenology study by transect,
elevatIon,and week,1982.
Transect
~-
~I
_.
Position Watana Jay Switchback Tsusena Mean
TABLE 6
Average cover,height,and phenological state for plant species during week of
31 May to 4 June,1982,at Watana Creek transect (transect #1)(32 -0.5-m2
q uadr(~ts)•
Cover (%)Height (cm)
Life form/Species
Standard Standard No.of Phenological
Mean Error Mean Error Plots Statea
Tree
~tula papyrlfera 1 0.8 60 0.0
Low Shrub
aw~glandlUlosa 9 1.7 56 4.1 16 2
~aclcularls 1 0.2 44 3.8 5 2
Spiraea ~verdlana
DwariF Shrub
~:c InI urn ut I s-Idaea 15 2.0 12 2.2 23 2
Ya(;c InI urn JL.LI g I nosum 7 1.8 25 2.4 21 2",...Ledum groenlandlcum 18 1.6 29 1.9 27 3
Ledum decumb~.
Empetrum nIgrum 2 1.2 19 9.9 5
Acctostapbyl~yya-ucsI 3 1.9
Forb
f"'"'Carnus canadensis 0 0.1 4 1.0 4 3
Othel--Total moss 76 3.8
Total lichen 6 1.7
Litter 9 3.9
a Phenolog Ica I state:(1)just emerg r ng from ground,first signs of new growth
or dormant for evergreens,(2)leaf buds,(3)leaves,(4)flower buds,(5)
flowel-s,(6)seeds,(7)decadent.
-
TABLE 7
Average cover,height,and phenologIcal state for plant species during week of
31 May to 4 June,1982,at Jay Creek transect (transect #2)(32 -0.5-m2
quadrats).
Cover (%)Height (cm)
Life form/SpecIes
Standard Standard No.of Phenological
Mean Error Mean Error Plots Statea
Tree
Betula papyrlfera 2 1.0 67 13.5 6 2 -,
Plcea glayca 10 0.0 1
Low Shrub ~
Betula glandu!osa 10 1.7 51 2.4 21 2
Salix glayca <1 0.1 44 2.5 2 2
~acicularjs <1 0.2 39 13.5 5 2
RIbes trIste <1 0.0
Potentl!1 a frutlcosa <1 0.1 20 0.0 3
Dwarf Shrub ""'"Yacctn I yrn yltIs-Idaea 18 3.8 11 0.8 21 2
yacclnjurn ul Igjnosum 4 1 .0 22 1.6 15 2
Ledum groenlandlcyrn 2 0.9 24 2.8 7 4
Ledyrn decumbens 12 3.0 21 1.5 17 4
Empetrum nigrum 2 0.9 8 0.8 5 1
Sal Ix retlcylata <1 0.1 2
Arctostaphylos alplna <1 0.1 1
Arctostaphylos yya-yrs{1 0.5
Forb
Cornys canadensis 0.5 5 2.5 3 2
Ep II ob I um angustlfoilym
Mertensla panlcylata 1 0.3 8 0.9 6 3 ~
EQylsetum s I'I vatlcym <1 0.1 9 2.9 4
Gramlnold
Calamagrostls canadensis <1 0.1 15 0.0 2 3 ~
Unknown grass 1 0.2 8 2.2 7 1
Other ~,
Total moss 27 5.7
Total lichen 7 1.9
Litter 20 5.7
a Phenological state:(1)just emerging from ground,first signs of new growth
or dormant for evergreens,(2)leaf bUds,(3)leaves,(4)flower buds,(5)
flowers,(6)seeds,(7)decadent.
-
TABLE 8
Average cover,height,and phenological state for plant species during week of
31 May to 4 June,1982,at Switchback transect (transect #3)(32 -0.5-m2
quadrclts)•
Cover <%)Height (cm)
.Ufe form/Species
Standard Standard No.of Phenological
Mean Error Mean Error Plots Statea
Tall shrub.-M.r~la I Duata 3 1.1 165 30.1 8 2
Low Shrub....ae.tu.l..g,~11 2.0 57 5.9 20 2
.s.a.JJ.x pyIc bca 1 0.9 45 5.0 2 3
.s.a.JJ.x g I auca 1 0.3.39 3.8 5 2
..-~actcylacls.<1 0.1 34 8.8 4 2
Rlbes trjge <1 0.2 25 8.8 4 3
Owad Shrub
yacctotym Yltts-Idaea 11 2.3 15 3.8 24 1
yacctniym ~lgfnolaum 5 1 .3 21 1.6 14 2
Ledum gcoenlandtcum 3 1•1 23 1.5 10 3
.-Ledym decymbenla 8 2.4 17 2.5 15 3I
i Empetrym ntgrym <1 0.2 10 0.0 1 1
Arc:tostaphy los yya-yrla t 1 0.4
Forb
f.QJJ rseturn sIl yat i cyrn 2 0.5 2 1
Gram ir nor d
Unknown grass <1 0.1 7 1 .3 10
~Other-
Total moss 30 4.7
Total IIchen 13 3.2
~Litter 11 3.7
-a Phenological state:(n just emerging from ground,first signs of new growth
or dor-mant for evergreens,(2)leaf buds,(3)leaves,(4)flower buds,(5)
flowers,(6)seeds,(7)decadent.
TABLE 9
Average cover,height,and phenological state for plant specIes during week of
31 May to 4 June,1982,at Tsusena Creek transect (transect #4)(24 -0.5-m2
quadrats)•
Cover (%)HeIght (cm)
Life form/Species
Standard Standard No.of Phenological
Mean Error Mean Error Plots Statea
Low Shrub
Betyla glandu!Qsa 12
Dwarf Shrub
Vacclntym vltls-Jdaea 5
VaccJ nJ um ul ig f nosym 4
Ledum groenlandfcym 5
Ledym decumbens 4
Empetrum nfgrum 8
Arctostaphylos yya-yrsl 9
Forb
Cornus canadensis <1
2.2
0.6
1 .1
1.5
1.0
2.3
3.3
0.2
60
8
22
26
21
15
4
3.6
1.0
1 .0
2.7
2.3
4.7
0.6
19
19
12
9
11
15
4
2
1
2
3
1
1
2
,~
~,
Graminold
Unknown grass
Other
Total moss
Tota I lichen
86
4
2.6
0.7 -
-
a Phenological state:(1)Just emerging from ground,first signs of new growth
or dormant for evergreens,(2)leaf buds,(3)leaves,(4)flower buds,(5)
flowers,(6)seeds,(7)decadent.
........!
-
TABLE 10
~Average cover,height,and phenological state for plant species during week of
7 June to 11 June,1982,at Watana Creek transect (transect #1)(32 -0.5-m2
quadrats)•
Cover (%)Height (coo)
Life form/Species
Standard Standard No.of Phenological
Mean Error Mean Error Plots Statea
Low Shrub
S5d~glandylosa 8 1.8 51 3.8 17 3
.B2s.a ae Icu I arJ s <1 0.1 33 13.3 3 2
Dwarf'Shrub
Yacetnium yltis-idaea 8 1 .5 8 0.5 27 1
~;elnlum yl Igt nosum 7 2.1 22 2.0 20 3
~groenland;eum 10 1.8 29 2.2 23 4
Ledum deeymbens 6 1.5 18 2.1 15 4
fmQ.etrum .D.l.gr..um 2 1.1 7 0.9 7 1
~tostapbylQs yya-ursI 2 0.5
Other
Total moss 62 5.8
~Toi"al IIchen 10 2.8
LI1"ter 6 3.0
..,...
a PhenologIcal state:(1)Just emerging T'rom ground,first signs OT'new growth
or dor'mant for evergreens,(2)leaf buds,(3)leaves,(4)flower buds,(5)
flowers,(6)seeds,(7)decadent.
-
:,/
TABLE 11
Average cover,height,and phenological state for plant specIes during week of
7 June to 11 June,1982,at Jay Creek transect (transect #2)<32 -
0.5-m2quadrats).
.""
Cover (%)Height (em)
Life form/Species
Standard Standard No.of Phenological
Mean Error Mean Error Plots Statea
Low Shrub
Betula glandulosa
eetula papyrlfera
Sa I Ix g I a uca
.&wl aclcularls
Potent'!I la frutlcosa
9
3
<1
<1
1 .9
1.4
0.1
0.1
45
91
13
25
3.5
10.8
3.4
0.0
20
6
5
1
3
3
4
3
3
Dwarf Shrub
yacclclum yltls-Idaea 16
Yacclnlym yligioosum 3
Ledum groenlandicum 5
bedum decumbens 9
Empetrum nlgrum <1
SalIx reticulata 1
Arctostaphylos alpina 2
Forb
CQrcys canadensIs 1
Eplloblym angustifolium <1
Mertensla panicylata 1
EQulsetym sIlyatlcum 1
Graminoid
Calamagrostls canadensis <1
Unknown grass 1
3.2
0.8
1 .7
2.6
0.2
0.6
1.1
0.3
0.1
0.5
0.3
0.2
0.2
10
21
26
17
6
5
23
13
17
25
11
1.2
2.1
1.9
1.3
0.9
0.6
2.3
2.3
2.7
0.0
1 .9
21
16
14
12
3
4
3
5
4
1
9
2
3
4
4
2
3
3
2
3
4
5
3
-
-
Other
Total moss
Tota I II chen
Litter
30
10
10
6.2
3.4
3.9
a Phenological state:(1)just emerging from ground,first signs of new growth
or dormant for evergreens,(2)leaf buds,(3)leaves,(4)flower buds,(5)
flowers,(6)seeds,(7)decadent.
TABLE 12
AveraHe cover,hefght,and phenologfcal state for plant specIes durfng week of
'7 June to 11 June,1982,at SwItchback transect (transect #3)(32 -0.5-002
quadrats)•
Cover (%)Height (coo)
LIfe form/SpecIes
Standard Standard No.of PhenologIcal
Mean Error Mean Error Plots Statea
-Tall shrub
Alnus slnuata
Low Shrub
Betula glandylosa
Sal Ix pulchra
~aclcylarls
Ribas trlste
5
14
2
<1
2
1.9
2.6
1.2
0.1
0.6
158
55
43
20
19
28.0
3.7
5.3
7.7
4.1
8
21
5
3
7
3
3
3
3
5
..-
Dwad Shrub
yapclnlum ,dtls-Idaea 6
Yacc t 0 I um ,ulJ g I nosum 7
Ledum groenlandlcum 1
Ledumdecymbens 6
Empetrum n!gr-Wn 1
Arctostapbylps uya-ursl 2
1 .5
1.7
0.4
1.9
0.5
0.6
7
18
29
19
9
0.6
1 .7
2.0
1 .7
0.8
20
18
5
12
6
2
3
4
4
2
.....
.-
Forb
~Isetum sllyatIcum
Graminold
Unknown grass
Other"
Total moss
Tota I II chen
LItter
<1
<1
29
10
9
0.1
0.1
5.7
2.7
3.2
10
12
0.0
2.0 11 2
a Phenological state:(1)just emerging from ground,fIrst sfgns of new growth
....or dor"mant for evergreens,(2)leaf buds,(3)leaves,(4)flower buds,(5)
flowers,(6)seeds,(7)decadent.
TABLE 13
Average cover,height,and phenologIcal state for plant species during week of
7 June to 11 June,1982,at Tsusena Creek transect (transect #4)(24 -0.5-m2
quadrats).
-
Cover (%)HeIght (cm)
Life form/SpecIes
Standard Standard No.of PhenologIcal
Mean Error Mean Error Plots Statea
Low Shrub
Betula glandylosa 11 2.1 67 6.0 21 2
Dwarf Shrub
yaccln r urn yltls-Idaea 5 0.8 8 0.9 20 1
Vacclntum y IlgI nQsum 3 1.1 19 1 .7 12 2
Ledym groenlandjcym 4 1.3 29 4.0 8 4
Ledym decymbens 10 2.1 21 1.6 15 4
Empetrum nlgrym 8 3.1 8 0.5 13 2
Arctostaphylos uya-yrSr 4 0.9
Forb
Cornys canadensIs <1 0.2
Other
Total moss 82 3.9
Total II chen 5 0.9
a PhenologIcal state:(1)just emergIng from ground,first sIgns of new growth
or dormant for evergreens,(2)leaf buds,(3)leaves,(4)flower buds,(5)
flowers,(6)seeds,(7)decadent.
-
-
TABLE 14
Average cover.height.and phenologIcal state for plant specIes durIng week of
14 June to 18 June.1982.at Watana Creek transect (transect #1)(32 -0.5-m2
quadrats)•
Cover (%)HeIght (cm)
LIfe form/SpecIes
Standard Standard No.of Phenological
Mean Err-or Mean Error Plots Statea
Low Shrub
Esd~glandulosa 13 2.3 55 4.7 20 3
RQ.sa ecicularls <1 0.1 24 3.6 6 3
~~beauyerdlana <1 0.1 40 0.0 1 3
Dwarf Shrub
yacc rn I urn w-'s-Ideea 7 1.1 8 0.7 26 2
~c In I urn .U.U g I nOSlJm 12 2.7 22 1 .2 27 3
~groenlandlcum 10 1 .6 28 2.6 24 4
Led~decumbens 6 2.0 14 1.6 12 3
Empetrum nIgrum 2 1 .4 8 1•1 5 1-Arctostaphylos uya-ursl 1 0.5
Other'-Total moss 60 5.2
Total lIchen 5 1.8
Litter 3 2.5-
a Phenological state:(1)just emerging from ground.fIrst sIgns of new growth
or dor~ant for evergreens.(2)leaf buds.(3)leaves.(4)flower buds.(5)
f Iower·s.(6)seeds.(7)decadent.
TABLE 15
Average cover,height,and phenologIcal state for plant species during week of
14 June to 18 June,1982,at Jay Creek transect (transect #2)(32 -0.5-m2
quadrats)•
Cover (%)HeIght (coo)
LIfe form/SpecIes
Standard Standard No.of Phenological
Mean Error Mean Error Plots Statea
Tree
Betula papyrIfera
Low Shrub
Betula glandulosa 13
~aclcularIs <1
Rlbes trlste <1
Potent II la frutlcosa
Dwarf Shrub
yaccJnlum yJtls-Idaea 7
VacclnJum ylJgJnosum 12
Ledum groenlandIcym 10
Ledum decumbens 6
Empetrym nIgrym 2
Sal IX retIculata
arctostaphylos alpJna
arctostaphylos yya-yrsl
Forb
Cornys canadensis
Eplloblum angustlfolIym
Mertensla panlcylata <1
EQuIsetum sl!yatlcym <1
Gramlnold
CalamagrostIs canadensis
Unknown grass <1
0.3
0.1
0.2
Ll
2.7
1.6
2.0
1.4
0.5
0.0
0.3
0.1
89
51
35
10
18
10
21
24
21
8
8
26
23
25
30
15
5.0
3.8
7.1
0.0
1.7
1.3
1.5
1.5
2.8
0.4
2.3
2.9
0.9
2.0
5.0
2.7
8
17
7
1
3
22
24
13
7
5
3
5
6
4
2
6
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
1
3
3
3
4
4
4
3
2
-
Other
Total moss
Tota I IIchen
litter
60
5
3
5.2
L8
2.5
-a Phenological state:(1)just emerging from ground,fIrst signs of new growth
or dormant for evergreens,(2)leaf buds,(3)leaves,(4)flower buds,(5)
flowers,(6)seeds,(7)decadent.
I~
TABLE 16
Average cover,height,and phenologIcal state for plant species durIng week of
14 June to 18 June,1982,at Switchback transect (transect #3)(32 -0.5-ml
quadrats)•
Cover (%)Height (coo)
-Life form/Species
Standard Standard No.of Phenological
Mean Error Mean Error Plots Statea
Tall shrub
AI nus s I nuata
Low Shrub
Bej-yla~
SaLix pylchra
SaUX glauca
~iactcul ar~
RIbes triste
5
15
2
1
<1
2
2.4
3.0
1.3
0.5
0.2
0.6
176
58
46
46
24
27
33.5
4.5
12.1
15.5
5.9
3.3
6
21
5
2
6
6
3
3
3
3
3
4
Dwarf Shrub
~;c InI urn yIt I s-I daea 7
Yac:c I n I urn ..IuJ g I nosum 13
Ledum groenlandjcum 3
Ledum decumb~7
Empetrym DlgrJWn 1
~tostaphylQS uya-ursI 1
2.1
2.2
0.9
2.9
0.8
0.5
8
21
28
20
8
0.6
1.6
2.0
2.3
1.7
21
22
12
10
3
2
4
4
4
2
2
Forb
EQ uIsetum ~lJ Yiat Icum
Graminold
Unknown grass
Other-
Total moss
Tota I Ii chen
Litter
<1
2
31
15
6
0.1
0.9
5.7
3.5
3.0
6
12
0.8
2.4
6
12
3
2
_a Phenological state:(1)Just emergIng from ground,first signs of new growth
or dormant for evergreens,(2)leaf buds,(3)leaves,·(4)flower buds,(5)
flowers,(6)seeds,(7)decadent.
-
-
TABLE 17
Average cover,height,and phenological state for plant species during week of
14 June to 18 June,1982,at Tsusena Creek transect (transect #4)(24 -0.5-m2
quadrats)•
Cover ($)HeIght (cm)
""",,
Life form/SpecIes
Standard Standard No.of PhenologIcal
Mean Error Mean Error Plots Statea
Low Shrub
Betula glandylosa 13
Dwarf Shrub
vacclnlym yItls-fdaea 9
vaccInlym yl Igfnosum 5
Ledym groenlandIcum 7
Ledym decymbens 10
Empetrum nfgrym 10
Arctostaphylos yya-yrs!5
Forb
Cornys canadensis
1.7
1.8
1.4
2.0
2.8
2.9
0.8
0.3
70
8
22
29
19
7
4
5.8
0.9
2.5
2.5
1.2
0.4
0.7
21
23
13
10
14
15
3
3
2
3
4
4
3
2
Grami no Id
Unknown grass
Other
Total moss
Tota I IIchen
<1
69
11
0.0
3.9
2.7
8 0.0 1
a PhenologIcal state:(1)Just emergIng from ground,first sIgns of new growth
or dormant for evergreens,(2)leaf buds,(3)leaves,(4)flower buds,(5)
flowers,(6)seeds,(7)decadent.
,....
TABLE 18
".,..Averane cover,height,and phenological state for plant species durIng week of
21 June to 25 June,1982,at Watana Creek transect (transect #1)(32 -0.5-002
quadrats)•
-!
·Llfe form/Species
Cover (%)
Standard
Mean Error
Height (coo)
Standard No.of Phenological
Mean Error Plots Statea
Tree
Betula papyrtfera
Low Shrub
Betyla~
BQs.a aclcularls
SpIraea beauyerdlana
15
1
1
1.1
3.4
0.3
0.4
99
58
36
32
0.0
4.7
10.2
8.3
15
6
3
3
3
3
3
Dwarf Shrub
yaccfnlym ~tis-tdaea 9
yacclnlum ~IgInQsum 18
Ledymgroenlandicum 9
Ledym decumbens 4
Empetrum ~4
Arctostaphylos yya-ursl 2
1 .5
3.2
1.4
1 .3
1.7
0.6
9
27
27
16
7
1.8
2.2
2.2
3.6
0.8
27
27
26
8
8
3
4
4
4
3
-
Forb
Cor"nus canad~
Other"
Total moss
Tota I t Ichen
Litter
<1
50
11
6
0.1
4.5
2.9
2.8
3 1.0 3 4
a Phenological state:(1)just emerging from ground,first sIgns of new growth
or dormant for evergreens,(2)leaf buds,(3)leaves,(4)flower buds,(5)
r"'"f Iower"s,(6)seeds,(7)decadent.
".,..
,
I~
TABLE 19
Average cover_helght_and phenological state for plant species during week of
21 June to 25 June_1982_at Jay Creek transect (transect #2)(32 -O.5-m2
quadrats)•
a Phenological state:(1)just emerging from ground_first signs of new growth
or dormant for evergreens_(2)leaf bUds_(3)leaves_(4)flower buds_(5)
flowers_(6)seeds_(7)decadent.
TABLE 20
Average cover,height,and phenological state for plant species during week of
21 June to 25 ~Iune,1982,at Switchback transect (transect 113)<32 -0.5-m2
q uadra'ts)•
Cover (%)Height (cm)
-Life form/Species
Standard Standard No.of Phenological
Mean Error Mean Error Plots .Statea
Ta I I shrub
A!nus.s I nu"tal
Low Shrub
Betul"gl"ndu!osa
Sal Ix pulcbra
$,,1 Jx g I auc"
B.Qs."clcu I ar~
Ribas tr I ste
6
17
2
1
1
3
3.3
3.4
1 .0
0.5
0.3
1.3
233
60
50
46
26
32
32.1
4.4
0.0
0.0
4.3
6.0
5
20
1
1
4
5
3
3
5
3
3
4
Dwarf Shrub
y"ccfnIym yltfs-fdaea 4
y"ccI 0 I yrn yII g I nosLlm 19
Ledum groenlandjcum 2
Ledum gecyrnbe~7
Ernpatrurn nIgr~1
Arctostaphylos yy,,-Yrsl 1
1•1
3.6
1.0
2.9
0.4
0.5
9
24
29
20
8
1•1
1.5
3.2
2.3
1.2
19
20
7
10
4
6
4
4
4
3
Forb
~IsetYm sIly"tlcum
Gramlnold
Grass spp.
Other
Total moss
Total lichen
Lit'ter
<1
2
21
11
5
0.2
0.7
4.5
2.9
2.2
13
19
2.4
2.1
7
14
3
3
a Phenological state:(1)just emerging from ground,first signs of new growth
or dormant for evergreens,(2)leaf buds,(3)leaves,(4)flower buds,(5)
f lower'5,(6)seeds,C7 )decadent.
TABLE 21
Average cover,heIght,and phenological state for plant species during week of
21 June to 25 June,1982,at Tsusena Creek transect (transect #4)(24 -0.5-m2
quadrats).
Cover (%)Height (cm)
LIfe form/Species
Standard Standard No.of Phenological
Mean Error -Mean Error Plots Statea
Low Shrub
Betula glandu!osa 19 2.9 80 6.5 22 3 ~
Dwarf Shrub
Yaccl 01 um "rtls-Idaea 6 1.1 9 0.8 19 2
yacclnlum ulJglnosum 7 1.6 24 2.3 16 4 ~,
Ledym groenlandlcum 12 3.4 25 2.7 14 4
Ledum gecumbens 5 1 .9 24 3.1 5 4
Empetrum nrgrum 15 4.6 10 1.0 14 4 ~I
Arctostapbylo$uya-ursJ 6 1•1
Forb
Corcus canadensis <1 0.1 7 1 .5 2 2
Gramlnold
Unknown grass <1 0.1 8 0.0 2 3
Other
Total moss 72 5.3
Total I Jchen 3 0.7
a Phenological state:(1)Just emerging from ground,first signs of new growth
or dormant for evergreens,(2)leaf buds,(3)leaves,(4)flower buds,(5)
flowers,(6)seeds,(7)decadent.
TABLE 22
Average cover,height,and phenological state for plant species during week of
28.June to 2 July,1982,at Watana Creek transect (transect #1)(32 -0.5-m2
quadrats).
Cover (%)Height (cm)
Life form/Species
Standard Standard No.of Phenological
Mean Error Mean Error Plots Statea
Dwarf Shrub
Vac;ctnIym yltls-tdaea 9
yacctnlum y!Igtnosum 25
Led~groenlandlcym 4
Ledum decumbens .7
Empetrym nigrym 3
arctostaphylos uya-ursl 2
.....
"""
Tree
BiU:u.La~
Low Shrub
Betyla glandulosa
.BQs.a act cy lar Is
Spiraea beayverdlana
Forb
~~canadensis
Other"
Total moss
Tota I I Tchen
Litter
2
12
1
1
55
5
3
1 .3
3.0
0.5
0.9
2.6
3.7
1.3
1.5
1.8
0.6
0.4
6.4
1.6
2.0
76
68
27
25
12
26
34
27
7
5
3.8
8.0
8.6
10.0
3.3
1 .5
4.0
1.6
1.4
0.4
3
14
8
2
26
28
13
17
8
10
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
3
4
a Phenological state:(1)just emergIng from ground,first signs of new growth
or dormant for evergreens,(2)leaf buds,(3)leaves,(4)flower buds,(5)
flower"s,(6)seeds,(7)decadent.
TABLE 23
Average cover,heIght,and phenologIcal state for plant specIes durIng week of
28 June to 2 July,1982,at Jay Creek transect (transect #2)(32 -0.5-m2
quadrats).
,~
Cover (%)Height (coo)
LIfe form/Species
Standard Standard No.of PhenologIcal
Mean Error Mean Error Plots Statea
Tree
Betula papyrlfera
PIcea glauca
Low Shrub
Betula glandu!osa
SalIx gl auca
~acrcul arjs
Ribes triste
Potenti!la fruticosa
3
4
14
5
2
1
1
2.7
3.1
3.8
3.0
0.9
0.8
0.9
92
357
53
53
38
31
14
8.3
321.2
6.1
10.1
9.6
0.0
7.2
3
3
15
6
7
1
7
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
Dwarf Shrub
yaccjnium yitis-idaea 11
yacclnlym ylIglnoslJrn 8
Ledum groenlandicym 1
Ledym decumbens 10
Empetrym nigrym 1
Sal Ix retIcylata 1
Arctostaphylos alplna 3
Lojseleuria procumbens 1
Forb
Qprnus canadensis 4
EpI!oblym angust[folium 2
Mertens[a paniculata 4
EQyIsetuID sIIYatlcuID 4
Graminold
Qalamagrostls canadensIs 1
Unknown grass 4
3.3
2.2
0.4
2.7
0.6
0.5
1 .6
0.8
2.2
1.0
2.0
2.4
0.4
1.4
12
19
23
20
4
9
38
38
49
50
30
2.2
2.2
2.5
1 .6
0.8
1.8
7.9
9.9
5.9
12.6
3.8
20
20
5
17
4
7
8
5
4
3
10
4
4
5
5
6
3
3
4
4
3
5
3
3
3
Other
Total moss
Tota I II chen
19
13
_.
a Phenological state:(1)just emerging from ground,first signs of new growth
or dormant for evergreens,(2)leaf buds,(3)leaves,(4)flower buds,(5)
flowers,(6)seeds,(7)decadent.
~:
TABLE 24
Average cover,heIght,and phenologIcal state for plant specIes during week of
28 June to 2 July,1982,at SwItchback transect (transect .#3)<32 -
O.5-m2quadrats).
a Pherlologlcal state:(1)just emerging from ground,fIrst signs of new growth
or dormant for evergreens,(2)leaf buds,(3)leaves,(4)flower buds,(5)
flowers,(6)seeds,(7)decadent.
TABLE 25
Average cover,height,and phenological state for plant species during week of
28 June to 2 JUly,1982,at Tsusena Creek transect (transect #4)(24 -0.5-m2
quadrats)•
Cover (%)HeIght (cm)
Life form/Species
Standard Standard No.of Phenological
Mean Error Mean Error Plots Statea
Low Shrub
Betula glandulosa 25 3.8 67 6.1 23 3
Dwarf Shrub
Yacctntum yttls-Jdaea 6 2.1 17 5.8 18 4
yacer ot um y I igt oosum 16 2.8 22 2.1 20 4
Ledym groeolandtcuID 3 1.5 28 1.9 7 4
Ledym decumbens 13 3.2 22 1.9 15 5
Empetrum ntgrum 13 3.9 7 0.5 14 3 -
Arctostaphylos yya-yrsI 4 0.8
Forb
Cornus canadensis 3 0.6 7 0.5 18 4
Gramlnoid
Unknown grass 2 1 .3 15 4.9 4 3
Other
Total moss 65 5.8 ~
Total I Tchen 6 1.6
a PhenologIcal state:(1)just emerging from ground,first signs of new growth
or dormant for evergreens,(2)leaf buds,(3)leaves,(4)flower buds,(5)
flowers,(6)seeds,(7)decadent.
TABLE 26
!""'"AveraHe cover,heIght,and phenological state for Betula glandulosa during
week of 7 June to 11 June,1982,at each elevation withIn each tansect.
Transect
Posltlon Watana Jay Swltchback Tsusena Mean
Coyer (%)
Bench 15 14 21 14 16
Top 13 16 17 16 16
Mlddle 4 18 6
Bottom 6 2 2......
Mean 8 9 14 11 10
-Height (em)
Bench 51 49 58 86 61
f"'"Top 57 47 50 68 56
MI dd Ie 39 59 49
BOTtom 33 36 35
F'"
Mean 51 45 55 67 55
Phenologlcal Statea
Bench 2.4 2.6 3.0 1.9 2.5
Top 2.8 3.1 2.8 2.0 2.6..-Mlddle 3.0 3.0 3.0
BOTtom 3.0 2.0 2'.5
..-Mean 2.7 2.9 2.9 2.0 2.6
a Pheno log l ca I state:(1)just emergl ng from ground,trrst signs of new growth
or dormant for evergreens,(2)leaf buds,(3)leaves,(4)flower buds,(5)
flower's,(6)seeds,(7)decadent.
TABLE 27
Average cover,height,and phenologIcal state for Mertensia pan Icy ~during
each week at the mid-slope elevation of the Jay Creek transect,1982.
~
Phenological
Date Cover (%)Height (cm)Statea
~,
1 June 3 8 2.8
8 June 4 13 3.8
15 June 8 23 4.2
22 June 9 19 3.6
29 June 14 38 4.6
~
a Phenological state:(1)Just emergIng from ground,first signs of new growth
or dormant for evergreens,(2)leaf buds,(3)leaves,(4)flower buds,(5)
flowers,(6)seeds,(7)decadent.-
»1 1 1 })rJ }.J )1
TABLE 28.Number and percentage (in parentheses)of stops by aspect with early phenological advancement during
period 5,1983,Plant Phenology Study.a
Transect E SE S
Aspect
SH ~,N~I N NE
Dev i1 Creek***6(100)*55(78.6)***49(59.8)85(85.0)***36(55.4)-37 (38.9)93(35.6)
Tsusena Creek --162(57 .7)---7(38.9)
Fog Creek**-2(3.8)4(2.5)-8(11.1)3(5.4)24(11.2)**
~latana Sl ide***18(45.0)**10(5.2)73(38.2)***13(38.2)28(27.2)29(46.8)***12(46.2)1(16.7)
Wa tana Creek 3(9.7)-5(9.8)9(8.4)4(9.1)3(4.3)30(11.2)10(7.2)
Fish Creek***-11(24.4)46(23.2)20(8.5)1(50.0)2(40.0)38(23.8)43(24.6)*
Kos ina Creek***2(66.7)18(58.1 )**153(55.6)***25(73.5)***8(66.7)*-31(9.9)
Clarence Creek***-1(25.0)--1(16.7)12(19.4)23(19.0)*3(3.1)
Switchbacks***6(2.8)56(29.5)**63(48.8)***20(26.7)
a Asterisks immediately following transect names indicate the significance of a chi-square test.Asterisks
printed after each cell indicate significance of the standardized residuals.***p ~.01,**p~.05,*p~.10.
TABLE 29.Number and percentage (in parentheses)of stops by elevation with early phenological advancement
during period 5,1983,Plant Phenology Study.a Page 1 of 2
Elevation (m)
Transect 360 390 420 450 480 510 540 570
31(100)***22(100)***15(100)**
Devil Creek***40(100)***67(64.4)*20(62.5)33(38.4)
Tsusena Creek***- - -66(41.8)
14(28.6)22(51.2) 37(57.8)26(37.1)
17(100)**
Fog Creek***
Watana Sl ide***
Watana Creek*
Fi sh Creek***
Kos i na Creek***
Cl a rence Creek**
Switchbacks***
30(33.7)35(50.7)***
9(4.3).9(12.0)5(8.9)5(6.0)
8(7.8)25(37.9)***40(36.0)***
2(7.4)19(20.0)65(36.1)
4(6.8)
a Asterisks immediately following transect names indicate the significance of a chi-square test.Asterisks
printed after each cell indicate the significance of the standardized residuals.***p~.Ol,**p~.05,*p~.10.
~I t J ,1 )j 1 •J ~~~I .~~~
]J ~--)---1 l .}.1 )J 1 J J --)']J
TABLE 29.Number and percentage (in parentheses)of stops by elevation with early phenological advancement
during period 5,1983,Plant Phenology Study.a Page 2 of 2
Transect 600 630 660
Elevation (m)
690 720 750 780 810 840
Devi 1 Creek***25 (29.1)39(58.2)38(84.4)***
Tsusena Creek***14(51.9)4(13.8)
Fog Creek***--28(13.4)***3(1.3)10(7.2)
Watana Slide***24(40.7)*23(20.5)8(7•7}60(45.5)***4(6.3)
Watana Creek*29(12.0)*5(14.7)2(12.5)
Fi sh Creek***17(21.5)15(17.0)5(6.1)18(12.7}33(19.1)
Kos i na Creek***18(25.7)14(29.2)23(24.5)33(54.1)***19(41.3)44(81.5)***
Clarence Creek**7(28.0)**4(18.2)5(23.8)1(5.3)5(22.7)2(10.5)8(22.9)4(5.3)
Switchbacks***-4(15.4)43(23.0)28(42.4)***15(6.9)9(13.6)32(27.4)14(11.6)-
a Asterisks immediately following transect names indicate the significance of a chi-square test.Asterisks
printed after each cell indicate the significance of the standardized residuals.***p~.OI,**p<C'.05,*p <:.10.
TABLE 30.Number and pecentage (in parentheses)of stops by slope ~
class with early phenological advancement during
~
period 5,1983,Plant Phenology Study.a
"""
Sl ope(0)
Transect 0-3 3-10 10-30
Devil Creek**86(60.1)150(53.8)125(47.3).~
Tsusena Creek***59(35.8)39(72.2)71(88.8)***
Fog Creek***34(11.4 )***7(2.9)
,
Watana Slide 84(31.2)59(24.5)41(28.7)~
Watana Creek 36(11.4)17(7.1)11(6.9)
Fish Creek**23(17.2)103(22.6)*35(l3.8)-,
Kos i na Creek***69(31.4)110(42.6)**58(29.4)
Ifil~Jil\
Cl a rence Creek 7(19.4)18 (l4.6)15(10.9)
Switchbacks***31(14.4)44(17.0)70(35.5)***~
a Asterisks immediately following transect names indicate the signi-
ficance of a chi-square test.Asterisks printed after each cell
indicate significance of the standardized residuals.***p ~.Ol,
**p ~.05,*p ~·.10.
}J j )}1 1 ~-J )l )J
TABLE 31.Number and percentage (in parentheses)of stops by vegetation class with early phenological
advancement during period 5,1983,Plant Phenology Study.a
Vegetation Type b
Transect CF OF WF 5B TS L5 HB
Devil Creek***40(95.2)***95(43.2)39(41.1)6(24.0)29{72.5)*152(57.6)
Tsusena Creek***-138(65.7}**4(l2.1)- -
27(52.9)
Fog Creek***-14(10.8)*19(10.3)*3(9.4)-5(2.4)
~/a tana 51 ide***-30(15.0)62(30.5)--89(36.6)***3{75.0)*
Wa ta na Cree k***6(33.3)***7(3.4)16(6.1)18(20.9)***-14(9.9)3(42.9)***
Fi sh Creek***-n(l6.0)30(l5.2)-3(50.0)*51(32.9)***
Kos ina Creek***16 (76.2)***75(29.8)44(24.4)4(25.0)1(20.0)97(48.3)***
Clarence Creek***1(100)**2(4.0)25(26.9)***8(l1.6)3(l1.t)1(2.7}
Swi tchbacks**-12(26.7}35(l7.9)12(44.4)***20(l9.8)66(21.9)
a Asterisks immediately following transect names indicate the significance of a chi-square test.Asterisks
printed after each cell indicate significance of the standardized residuals.***p ~.01,**P ~.05,
*p~.10.
b CF=closed forest,OF=open forest,WF=woodland forest,SB=scrub forest,T5=tall shrub,LS=low shrub,
HB=herbaceous.
TABLE 32.Number and percentage (in parentheses)of stops by aspect without snow during period 2,1983,
Plant Phenology Study.a
Aspect
Transect E SE S SW ~I N~I N NE
a
Devil Creek***8(80.0)2(100)29(96.7)175(90.7)59(90.8)56(50.9)70(70.7)133 (76.9)
Tsusena Creek -19(100)229(98.3)---29(100)
Fog Creek***10(100)169(90.9)33(89.2)1(100)-109(85.8)138(79.3)17 (l00)
Watana Sl ide***121(87.7) 161(87.0)26(100)37(92.5)50(86.2)65(74.7)6(75.0)39(95.1)
Wa tana Creek***13(92.9)22(95.7)45(97.8)112(91.8)95(96.0)41(47.1)177(69.1)33(61.1)
Fish Creek***3(100)39(90.7)230(90.9)115(89.8)23(95.8)78(87.6).103(80.5)134(90.5)
Kosina Creek***..-290(99.3)54(100)2(100)18(38.3)183(74.7)
Cl a rence Creek 1(100)4(80.0)-..-120(66.3)62(56.4)9(90.0)
Switchbacks***122(100)15(100 )111 (98.2)227(98.7)--74(90.2)104(97.2)
Asterisks immediately following transect names indicate the significance of a chi-square test.Levels
of significance were based on 6 snow depths rather than presence or absence.***p ~.01,**p~'.05,*p~.10
t .~~J I .~I };.~~j •i J.•~
&
~-1 ~~l 1 -)-l ~-]}J })
TABLE 33.Number and percentage (in parentheses)of stops by elevation without snow during period 2,1983,
Plant Phenology Study.a Page,l of 2
Elevation (m)
Transect 360 390 420 450 480 510 540 570 600
Devil Creek***79(98.8)53(88.3)25(86.2)61(77 .2)37 (72.5)30(75.0)59(84.3)42(58.3)53(57.0)
Tsusena Creek ---72(96.0)104(99.0)18(100)14(100)16(100)23(100 )
Fog Creek
~latana Sl ide*------90(87.4)28(80.0)56(84.8)
~Jatana Creek***---86(98.9)69(81.2)55(84.6)74(86.0)42(73.7)181(73.0)
Fish Creek***-- -
--135(94.4)118(99.2)62(93.9)68(88.3)
Kosina Creek***--- -
-42(85.7)104(99.0)114(88.4)57(89.1)
Clarence Creek***--------45(90.0)
Switchbacks*
a Asterisks immediately following transect names indicate the significance of a chi-square test.Levels of
significance were based on 6 snow depths rather than presence or absence.***p ~.Ol,**p~.05,* p ~.10.
TABLE 33.Number and percentage (in parentheses)of stops by elevation without snow during period 2,1983,
Plant Phenology Study.a Page 2 of 2
Transect 630 660 690
Elevation (m)
720 750 780 810 840
Devil Creek***53(81.5)40(93.0)
Tsusena Creek 28(100)
Fog Creek -139(83.7)211(86.1)127(90.1)
~latana Slide*90(90)127(79.9)24(92.3)23 (100)67(94.4)
Wa tana Creek***8(32.0)23(47.9)
Fish Creek***57(90.5)101(91.0)109(77.9)75(77 .3)
Kosina Creek***37(82.2)80(84.2)39(70.9)28(70.0)46(79.3)
Clarence Creek***20(83.3)18(75.0)3(23.1)12(75.0)25(62.5)33(75.0)12(30.8)28(48.3)
Switchbacks*99(97.1)107(98.2)60(92.3)88(97.8)73(98.6)185(98.4)41(100)
a Asterisks immediately following transect names indicate the significance of a chi-square test.Levels of
si gni fi cance were based on 6 snow depths ra ther than presence or absence.***p '::'.01,**p ~.05,* P ::'.10.
~J J t J J ,t ,11 ,-.)!J J !~,1 i;r'
-TABLE 34.Number and percentage (in parentheses)of stops by slope class
awithoutsnowduringperiod2,1983,Plant Phenology Study.
Transect 3-10 10-30
Devil Creek*89 (79.5)247 (75.3)196 (81.0)
Tsusena Creek 175 (98.3)36 (97.3)66 (100)
Fog Creek 295 (87.0)157 (86.7)25 (78.1)~
Watana sl ide 159 (85.0)220 (86.6)126 (88.7)
Watana Creek***268 (83.5)141 (73.1 )129 (69.0)
Fish Creek*138 (84.7)406 (90.6)181 (88.3)
""'"Kosina Creek***101 (92.7)277 (90.8)169 (74.8)
"...,Clarence Creek**12 (75.0)95 (70.9)89 (56.3)
Switchbacks*193 (95.5)295 (98.3)165 (98.8)
~
a Asterisks immediately following transect names indicate the significance
of a chi-square test.Levels of significance were based on 6 snow depths
-rather than presence or absence •.***p~Ol,**p':::.05,*p~lO.
.......
TABLE 35.Number and percentage (in parentheses)of stops'by vegetation
class without snow during period 2.1983.Plant Phenology Study.a
~
Vegetation Type b
Transect CF OF WF SB TS LS HB ~
Devil Creek***20(95.2)238(81.0)32(43.2)7{24.1)16(80.0)219(89.8)
~,
Tsusena Creek 29(100)148(97.4)24{lOO)74(100)
Fog Creek***149(82·.3}97(88.2)23(67.6)182(90.5)26(100)
lIatana slide*115(83.9)205(87.2)27 (lOO)152(86.9)6(66.7)
watana Creek***7{lOO}229(83.3)176(64.5)36(67.9)4(80.0)86(97.7)
Fish Creek***32{lOO)427(89.3}135(84.4).22(95.7)109(88.6)-,
Kosina Creek***15(100.0)282(96.2)80(68.4)1(100.0)23(59.0)145(83.3)1(100)
Clarence Creek'"58(55.2)32(51.6)85(77.3)7(63.6)14(70.0)~,
Switchbacks*-12(92.3)150(98.7)49{90.7)53(96.4)72(9B.6}317(98.4)
-.
a Asterisks immediately following transect names indicate the significance of a chi-square test.
Levels of significance were based on 6 snow depths rather than presence or absence.*-p ~.01.-**p ~.05.*p '!.10.
b Cf=closed forest.OF-open forest.~F=woodland fOrest.SB=scrub fores t l
TS=tall shrub.LS=low shrub.HBcherbaceous.~,
",-)1 ))J })1 l .'.j -1 "').],
TABLE 36.Number and percentage (in parentheses)of stops by aspect with berries present during period 5,
1983,Plant Phenology Study.a
Aspect
Transect E SE s SW W NW N NE
Devil Creek***--1(1.2)2(2.0)2(3.1)2(28.6)**3(3.2)40(l5.3)***
Tsusena Creek --3(1.1)
Fog Creek l(6.3)1(1.9)l(0.6·)-l(1.4)2(3.6)10(4.7-)*
Watana Sl ide***.4(lO.0)6(3.1)7(3.7)4(l1.8)5(4.9)9(l4.5)**9(34.6)***3(50.0)***
Watana Creek***5(l6.1 )*--5(4.7)2(4.5)5(7.1)11(4.1)27(l9.6 )***
Fish Creek***4(l6.7)*1(2.2)26(l3.1 )***2l(8.9)--3(1.9)5(2.9)
Kosina Creek --18(6.5)5(l4.7)**l(8.3)-17(5.4)
Clarence Creek l(l6.7)---l(l6.7)3(4.8)18(l4.9)12(2.2)
Swi tchbacks**l(0.5)4(2.1)8(6.2)***l(1.3)---2(3.8)
a Asterisks immediately following transect lines indicate the significance of a chi-square test.Asterisks
printed after each cell indicate significance of the standardized residuals.***p ~.Ol,**p~.n5,
*p ::-.10.
TABLE 37.Number and percentage (in parentheses)of stops by elevation with berries present
during period 5,1983,Plant Phenology Study.a Page 1 of 2
Elevation (m)
Transect 360 390 420 450 480 510 540 570 600
Devil Creek***-2(1.9)1(3.1)4(4.7)1(2.0)6(14.1)*6(9.4)2(2.9)10(11.6)
Tsusena Creek ---,1(0.6)---1(5.9)**1(3.7)
Fog Creek**
Watana 51 ide***---- -
--1(1.4)2(3.4)
Watana Creek***----8(3.8)10(13.3)*9(16.1)**7(8.3)17(7.0)
Fi sh Creek***---- --5(7.6)1(0.9)2(2.5)
Kos ina Creek*--- -
-1(3.7)4(4.2)12(6.7)8(11.4)*
Cl a rence Creek*-------2(3.4) 2(8.0)
Switchbacks
a Asterisks immediately following transect lines indicate the significance of a chi-square test.
Asterisks printed after each cell indicate significance of the standardized residuals.***p~.01,
**P :S.05,* p :::".10.
}J j 1 ~,~Jt J )J -~•)t )I )
)J 1 J )}t I )J J 1 )J J J }1
TABLE 37.Number and percentage (in parentheses)of stops by elevation,with berries present durin~
period 5,1983,Plant Phenology Study.a Page 2 of 2
Elevation (m)
Transect 630 660 690 720 750 780 810 840
Devil Creek***/'10(14.9)**8(17.8 )***
Tsusena Creek
Fog Creek**-2(1.0)12(5.1)**2(1.4)
~Jatana 51 ide***7(6.3)7(6.7}20(15.2)***8(12.7}*2(8.0)
Watana Creek***1(2.9)3(18.8)*
Fi sh Creek***5(5.7}11 (13.4 )**12(8.5)24(13.9)***
Kos ina Creek*-7(7.4 )2(3.3)6(13.0)*1(1.9)
Cla rence Creek*6(27.3)**2(9.5)1(5.3)4(18.2)4(21.1)2(5.7)12(16.0)-
Switchbacks --3(4.5)4(4.5)1(1.5)3(2.6)5(4.1)
a Asterisks immediately following transect lines indicate the significance of a chi-square test.
Asterisks printed after each cell indicate significance of the standardized residuals.***p ~.01,
**p <.05,*p~.10.
a Asterisks immediately following transect lines indicate the
significance of a chi-square test.Asterisks printed after each
cell indicate significance of the standardized residuals.
***p !.01,**p ~.05,*P -::".10.
-
.....
TABLE 39.Number and percentage (in parentheses)of stops by vegetation class with
aberriespresentduringperiod5,1983,Plant Phenology Study.
Transect CF OF
Vegetation Type b
WF SB TS LS HB
~
Devil Creek***13(5.9)5(5.3)l(4.0)31 (11.7)***-
Tsusena Creek 3(1.4)
Fog Creek 2(1.5)4(2.2)2(6.3)8(3.9)-Watana Slide 12(6.0)12(5.9)23(9.5)
~~atana Creek 4(22.2)**15(7.4)23(8.8)7(8.1)6(4.3)
~
Fish Creek***34(7.1)23(11.6)**3(1.9)
Kos i na Creek 3(14.3)14(5.6) 16(8.9)8(4.0),-
Clarence Creek 8(16.0)10(10.8)9(13.0)4(14.8)4(10.8)
,,~Switchbacks*3(1.5)13(4.3)**
......
.-
a Asterisks immediately following transect names indicate the significance of a
chi-square test.Asterisks printed after each cell indicate significance of the
standardized residuals.***p <.01,**p (.05,*p <.10.---
b GF=closed forest,OF=open forest,WF=woodland forest,SB=scrub forest,TS=tall
shrub,LS=low shrub,HB=herbaceous •
TABLE 40.Number and percentage (in parentheses)of stops by aspect with equisetum present during period
5,1983,Plant Phenology Study.a
Aspect
Transect E SE S SH w NW N NE
Devil Creek -4(5.7}1(1.2}4(4.0}3(4.6}-3(3.2}13(5.0)
Tsusena Creek --36(12.8}-- -
l{5.6}
Fog Creek***- -
2(1.2}-26(36.1}***-19(8.9}
Watana Sl ide***13(32.5}63(33.0}59(30.9}14(41.2}*23(22.3}5(8.1}-1(16.7)
Watana Creek***--2(3.9}45(42.1}***8(18.2}9(12.9}36(13.4}3(2.2}
Fish Creek**-l{2.2}16 (8.1)15(6.4}--12(7.5)26(14.9 }***
Kos ina Creek***-19(61.3}***63(22.9}***1(2.9}l{8.3}-8(2.5}
Cl a rence Creek 2(33.3}*- --1 (16.7)3(4.8}9(7.4}13(13.3}
Switchbacks***45(21.1}*30(15.8}15(11.6}3(4.0}-2(33.3}-16(30.2}**
a Asterisks immediately following transect lines indicate the significance of a chi-square test.Asterisks
printed after each cell indicate significance of the standardized residuals.***p~.OI,**P ~.05,
*<:"10P-.•
t l J ),.1 j J }j B B t ),~t .~)
}1 1 1 1 1 ~··l l }J -,-,l })-..
i
TABLE 41.Number and percentage (in parentheses)of stops by elevation with equisetum present during period 5,
1983,Plant Phenology Study.a Page i of 2
Elevation (m)
Transect 360 390 420 450 480 510 540 570 600
a Asterisks immediately following transect lines indicate the significance of a chi-square test.Asterisks
printed after each cell indicate significance of the standardized residuals.***p ~·.01,**p ~.O~,*p~.10.
TABLE 41.Number and percentage (in parentheses)of stops by elevation,with equisetum present during
period 5,1983,Plant Phenology Study.a Page 2 of 2
Elevation (m)
Transect 630 660 690 720 750 780 810 840
Dev i 1 Creek***3(4.5)
Tsusena Creek***
Fog Creek***-44(21.1 )***1(0.4)2(1.4)
Watana Sl ide***12(10.7)22(21.2)27(20.5)8(12.7)
Wa tana Creek***
Fish Creek***4(4.5)1(1.2)7(4.9)
Kos i na Creek***-21(22.3)**5(8~2)2(4.3)3(5.6)
Clarence Creek***-1(4.8)-2(9.1)4(21.1)*11 (31.4)***6(8.0)
Swi tchbacks***-32(17.1 )22(33.3)***16(18.0)23(34.8)***12(10.3)6(5.0)
a Asterisks immediately following transect lines indicate the significance of a chi-square test.Asterisks
printed after each cell indicate significance of the standardized residuals.***p ~.01,**p~.05,
*P ~.10.
t J }J J J ,l )i J .~t l •,
"JI!
.-
TABLE 42.Number and percentage ("in parentheses)of stops by slope class
with equisetum present during period 5,1983,Plant
Phenology Study.a
Transect 0-3 3-10 10-30
Devil Creek 7(4.9)13(4.7)8(3.0)
Tsusena Creek***14(8.5)19(35.2)***4(5.0)
Fog Creek:***44(14.8)***3(1.3)
......Watana Slide***95(35.3)***47(l9.5)36(25.2)
Watana Creek***62(19.6 )***21(8.7)20(l2.5 )-15(11.2)42(9.2)13(5.1)Fish Creek*
Kosina Creek***48 (21.8 )***30(11.6 )14(7.1)
Clarence Creek'5(13.9)8(6.5)15(lO.9)
Switchbacks***15(6.9)56(21.6 )**40(20.3)
.-a Asterisks immediately following transect names indcate the significance
of a chi-square test.Asterisks printed after each cell indicate signifi-
cance of the standardized residuals.***p -=.01,**p 5:'.05,* P ~.10.
TABLE 43.Number and percentage (in parentheses)of stops by vegetation class with equisetum present
during period 5,1983,Plant Phenology Study.a
Vegetation Type b
Transect CF OF WF SF TS LS HB
Devil Creek***2(4.8)14(6.4)*8(8.4)**-4(16.0)*
Tsusena Creek***-35(16.7)*2(6.1)
Fog Creek***-32(24.6)***13(7.0)--2(1.0)
Watana Slide***-46(23.0)46(22.7)- -
82(33.7)*4(100)***
Wa tana Creek***-74(36.3)***9(3.4)1(1.2)-19(13.5)
Fish Creek***-45(9.4)3(1.5)--22(14.2)***
Kos i na Creek***4(19.0)47(18.7)**12(6.7)1(6.3)1(20.0)27 (13.4)
Clarence Creek***-6(12.0)4(4.3)8(11.6)9(33.3)***1(2.7)
Switchbacks***1(100 )**12(26.7)*43(21.9)*4(14.8)27(26.7)***24(7.9)
a Asterisks immediately following transect names indicate the significance of a chi-square test.
Asterisks printed after each cell indicate significance of the standardized residuals.
***p ~.01,**p =.05,* P ~.10.
b CF=closed forest,OF=open forest,WF=woodland forest,SB=scrub forest,TS=tall shruh,LS=low shrub,
HB=herbaceous.
j J J },~.~·l »!I B J J ~,l
-
-
TABLE 44.Summary of numbers and percentage (parentheses)of stops
that were phenologically advanced,snow-free,or had
berries or horsetail by transect.The third number
represents relative rank.
~Transect Phenology Snow-Free Berries Horseta il
..-
Devil Creek 361(53)2 532(78)7 50(7)4 28(4)9
Tsusena Creek 169(57)1 277 (99)1 3(1)9 37(l2)5
Fog Creek 4.1(7)9 477(86)5.5 16(3)7 47(8)8
......Watana Sl ide 184(28)4 (87)4 47(7)4 178(27)1
Wa tana Creek 64(9)8 538(77)8 55(8)2 103(l4)3.5
~
Fish Creek 161 (l9)6 725(89)3 60(7)4 70(8)7
.-Kosina Creek 237(35)3 547(86)5.5 41(6)6 92(l4)3.5
Cl a rence Creek 40(14)7 196(64)9 35(l2)1 28(9)6
Switch ba cks 145(22)5 653(98)2 16(2)8 111(l7)2 .
-
,~
FIGURES
-
-
-
f~
i
1 61
FIGURE 1
Locatron of transects for 1982 plant phenology study.middle Susitna
River Basin.
1 1 i 1 J )1 ])..J J J ]])1 "a
]I
FIGURE 1
ORIGINAL 1982 PHENOLOGY SITES
Watana Damalt.
"'0 (,~'./~•
F~Io1 2 3
Kilometers
Cj(66"1-
~\...~6
~o'
Miles
o 1
L I
Devil Canyon
Damalt.
~f(j
q,t:'
f1;;~
1.,.0
Tallceet
"a
.....
....
163
FIGURE 2
Locations of plant phenology transects,1983,and areas of
moose concentrations .
)1 1 1 -1 ],1 ]')1 J 1 1 J 1 ~1 1 ]
~----,
Fi aure 11
LOCATIONS OF PLANT PHENOLOGY TRANSECTS,
'".'......
1983,AND AREAS OF MOOSE CONCENTRATIONS
I
.flo
,,~'.',>.,.
RIVER
Milos
o 1
I II;'h,m,I
o 1 2 a
Kllornotera
.Watnna
Damllte
Devil Canyon
Dam.lte
Ta/ke.tlla
1-4 Devil Creek
5-6 Tsusena Creek
7-10 Watana Creek
11-14 Watana Slide
15-18 Fish Creek .
19-22 Kosina Creek
23-24 Clarence Creek
25~28 Switchbacks
29~32 Fog Creek
r ''.· "
~n __
;it .
,lll'
ill //,fI .V'"l(,tfI
1.00
-
165
FIGURE 3
Effect of transect locatIon on phenological development of 4 shrub
speci,es over weeks with et evati on hel d relatIvely constant,1982.
Betula glandula••Vacclnlum uUglno.um
Flower 5 Flower 50•-•..
"CD Flower Bud "•Flower Bud "Gi ..u u
"0 Le.'Expanded 3 r"..~a L ••f Expanded 3.'••;,?"*'••0 ,..-0
'0 •/0 '0c~.'0 CGILeafBud20-./GI Leaf Bud 2~~~~
Growth 1 Growth 1
Initiation Initiation
P!Il
0 0
0 1 2 3 "5 0 1 2 3 4 5
Week Week~
LEGEND WEEK INITIAL DATES
Watena Creek Eleyatlon 1 774 m 1 31 May
"""----Jay Creek Eleyatlon 2 792 m 2 7 June........Switchback Eleyatlon 2 782 m 3 14 June---Tau••na Creele Eleyation 1 7S8 m 4 21 June.
5 28 June
f"'"
i
r
-i
-
-
167
FIGURE ll.
Effect of elevation on phenological development of 4 shrub species over
weeks on 1 transect p 1982.
5".
Betula glandula..Vacclnlum ullglnoaum
Flower 5 Flower 5
CD CD..•,..Flower Bud 4 ..Flower Bud •~
.#.,/
'i 'i r:."'~::.:.g ~gaLeafExpanded3a Leaf Expanded 3 :P1.'0 .·r ....0 .::;'i'
0 ...;-'0 .;..,
c:c:~..,.~..Leaf Bud 2 ..Lea'Bud 2s::s::.
lI.Q,..,
Growth 1 Growth 1 -Initiation Initiation
.-
0 a I I I I I
0 1 2 3 4 5 a 1 2 3 •5
Week Week
Vacclnlum vitia-Ida..
Flower 5e-~•..Flower Bud 4 ....,..r-..jf.....ua Lu'Expanded 3 :1..
0 I :J'0 \:~c:•Lea'Bud 2 I !Is::
lI.J
Growth 1Inltatlon
0
0 1 2 3 •5
Week
Ledum groenlandleum
Flower 5..
~..Flower Bud 4
'iua Leaif Expanded 30
'0c:
<II Leaf Bud 2s::
lI.
Growth 1
Inltatlon
a
0 1 2 3 4 5
Week
LEGEND
Watan.Cr.ek Tranaect
Elevation 1
ElevatIon 2
•••••••••EI."atlon 3
---Ele"atlon 4
174m
883 m
810 m
549m
WEEK INITIAL DATES
1 31 May
2 7 June
a 14 June
•21 June
5 28 June
.-
169
FIGURE 5
Generalized South-and North-facing slopes,middle Susitna
River Basin .
_-_1 -,)1 1 1 1 -<~J ))i
@
I .
LOW SHRUB-WITH-
SNAGS
FIGURE 5
GENERALIZED SOUTH-AND NORTH-FACING SLOPES,
MIDDLE SUSITNA RIVER BASIN
LOW SHRUB
APPENDICES
--------
-
,~
-
APPENDIX A
r·1ETHODS AND RESULTS -1982 BIOMASS STUDY
1 71
Appendix A
Methods-Biomass Estimations 1982
Standing crop biomass (current annual growth)of for bs and graminoids,
and current annual growth biomass of four individual twigs with associated
leaves of birch,willow and alder was estimated within each 0.5_m 2 plot.
Forbs and graminoids were clipped at ground or moss level.The current
growth (leaves and stems)of each designated shrub species occurring within a
plot was clipped from four representative twigs.This permitted an analysis
of total mass per four twigs.but not mass/unit area.During the first five
weeks (31 May through 2 July)only plots located outside the exclosures were
clipped.During week 6 (31 August through 3 September)plots inside and
outside the exclosures were clipped.This information makes up the phenology
current annual growth data set.
The scope of biomass estimations for the phenology study was changed for
week 6 sampling.In addition to the data collected as described above,all
of the current annual growth of shrubs was clipped in the plots both inside
and outside the exclosures.From.those clipped samples 4 t wi gs 0 f th e
designated shrubs were subsampled from each plot to complete the phenology
current'annual growth data set.Furthermore,all mountain cranberry was
clipped in each plot because of its potential importance as moose forage
(Oldemeyer 1977,W.L.Regelin.ADF&G.personal communication).The
information on total current annual growth of shrubs sampled during week 6
makes up the phenology total current annual growth data set.
All clipped samples were oven-dr.ied for 48 hours at 60 C and weighed to
the nearest 0.01 g.Twigs of shrubs were stripped of leaves,and both
components weighed separately.
Statistical analysis of the plant current growth biomass data for the
phenology study consisted of analysis of variance using a nested design for
both current annual growth and total current annual growth data sets.
-
Transect location was treated as the main effect.Elevation was nested
within transect,and exclosure and week were nested within elevation.This
design applied to the current annual growth data,weeks 1 through 6 outside
the exclosures.For data collected during week 6 (current annual growth and
total current annual growth inside and outside)the nested design was similar
as described above,except that inside/outside exclosure comparisons were
nested '....ithin elevation.Tukey's test was used as a mean separation
procedure.Statistical significance was accepted at P <0.05.
Current Annual Growth -Twig Diameter -Length Relationships
Four twigs of each shrub species were clipped from within the O.S-m'
plots of the phenology study.The twigs were clipped at the leaf bud scale
to remove only the current annual growth.Shrubs were clipped from plots
located outside the exclosures during weeks 1 through 5 and from plots both
inside and outside the exclosures during the last week (week 6)of sampling.
The basal diameter and total length of each twig was measured to the nearest
0.1 mm with calipers.
A mean diameter and length was calculated for each species and tested for
significant differences among species with paired t-tests.Simple linear
regression equations were developed for each species,examining the
relationship between basal diameter of the twig and its total length.
Statistical significance was accepted at P ~0.05.The number of twigs
needed to adequately estimate within 20%of the mean with 67%confidence in
-
_.
that measurement was also calculated for each measurement taken on each
species.
~-
RESULTS
Biomass Estlma~lons
Forbs and gramfnolds were the most abundant plants measured In terms of
current annual growth biomass (Table G1>.Forbs averaged 29 kg/ha over all
sites;and gramlnolds averaged 33 kg/ha.BIomass of for-bs (P <0.05)and
gramJ'noids (P <0.05)Increased over the growing season.Betula gJandylosa
had i"he greatest current growth of twIgs and leaves for all sItes.Weights of
.~paIred leaves and twigs were closely correlated (P <0.01)for all specIes
measured.Shrub ·blomass remaIned relatively constant over the perIod of
study,except for B.glandulosa leaves whIch increased slIghtly (P >0.05)In
.""bIomass over tIme.
IGram I no Id biomass was greatest (P <0.05)at Jay Creek and Sw Itchback,
bottom elevation when compared to all other locatlons CTable Gl).Forb
bIomass was greatest (P <0.05)at Jay Creek,mid-slope and SWftchback,.bottom
elevatIon •..Few significant trends in dlf~erences among transects and
!"""
!
elevclltlons were observed for any shrub specIes.However,.fl.glandylo§a
biomass of 100 twIgs was different CP <0.05)among all sItes,depending on
week and elevatIon.Alnus stnuata was most abundant (P <0.05)at SwItChback,
bottclm elevation averaging 24 9 current growth of leaves and stems per 100
twigs;BetUla.papyrtfera bIomass wasgreatestCP <0.05)at Jay Creek,
mId-slope averaging 8 g.current annual growth of leaves and twIgs per 100
twigs (Table ~l ).
During week 1 01 May - 3 June),.6..glandu(osa current twIg biomass (per
100 twrgs)was significantly greater (P <0.05)at Watana Creek,bench
locatIon than any other locatJon (Table 'G''V.Current tWig bIomass per 100
twigs of A.srnyata was greatest (P <0.05)at Switchback,bottom elevation.
Jay Creek,mid-slope had the greatest (P <0.05)bIomass of .6..Qapyrrtera
during week 1.
For week 2 (7-10 June),.6..glandulosa leaf biomass per 100.twIgs was
greater (P <0.05)at Jay Creek,mid-slope than any other location.Gram I nord
standing crop was greatest (P <0.05)at Watana Creek and Jay Creek,bottom
elevatIon.
BetUla glandulQsa average leaf and twIg biomass per 100 tWigs was
greatest (P <0.p5)at Watana Creek,top-slope durIng week 3 <14-17 June).
Gramlnoid biomass was greater (P <0.05)at SwItchback,bottom elevatIon,and
.6..papyrifera leaf biomass per 100 twigs at Jay Creek,mId-slope,than any
other location.
During the 4th week (21-25 June),.6..glandy!osa leaf bIomass per 100
twIgs was greatest (P <0.05)at SwItchback and Tsusena Creek and .6..
papyrlfera bIomass at Jay Creek,mId-slope.
For week 5 (28 June - 1 JUly),.6..glandylosa leaf bIomass per 100 twigs
was greatest (P <0.05)at Jay Creek,bench location.Forb biomass was
g,real'er (P <0.05)at Jay Creek,mid-slope,and gramlnoId biomass at Jay
Creek,bottom elevatIon than any other location.
By week 6 (31 August - 3 September),forb bIomass was greatest (P <0.05)
at Jay Creek,mid-slope and Switchback,bottom elevation,A.sInuata at
SWJl'chback,mid-slope and bottom,and 5.glandulosa leaf biomass per 100 twIgs
at Watana Creek and SwItchback,bench location (Table 89).
Comparisons Inside and outsIde the exclosures during week 6 Indicate that
-
-.
-
....
~I
-
-
-
-
-
-
.,'.
forb biomass was significantly greater (P <0.05)Inside the exclosures at
Wafana Creek~TOp-and mid-slope,and Switchback,.bottom elevation (TableG1).
CurrEmt growth biomass per 100 tw I gs of A.sl nuata was greatest (P <0.05)
Inside the exclosures at Switchback,bottom elevatIon.No other significant
dIfferences occurred between Inside and outside the exclosures for the other
plants measured.
General trends Indicated that forb biomass was greater Inside the
exclc)sures,and grass biomass outsIde the exclosures (Table ~G~.Betula
glandu(osa leaf and twig biomass per 100 twIgs was highly varIable when
comparisons between Inside and outsIde the exclosures were made (Table 89).
Total current annual growth biomass of shrubs was sImilar (P >0.05)
I ns I de and outs I de of the exc I osures (Tab Ie G2).However,twIg and leaf
blomclss of .B.papyrlfera was greater (P <0.05)outsIde the exclosures at the
SwItchback bottom elevation.
Transect and elevatIon differences In total current annual growth bIomass
were Similar to those In current annual growth data for all plants measured
(Tables G1and.iGa •
6.2.9.1 -Discussion of BIomass EstimatIons
Results of the phenology study addressing current annual growTh biomass
indicate that differences among siTes and elevations in plant biomass exist,
but few signIficant trends were apparent for any species.Generally,
gramlinold and forb biomass was greatest at mid-slope and bottom elevatlo~sat .
all transects (TableG1J.Shrub current growth biomass per 100 twigs was
greatest at bench and top-slope exclosures CTable G1).These results would be
expected as the plant communities change with elevation going from low shrub
scrub woodland and open spruce forest types on the bench above the river
slopes,Into a mixed deciduous-conIferous forest on the slope of the·river
channel,to varIous plant communities at the bottom of the slope,reflecting
successional stage and environmental characteristics of the site.Generally,
these bottom-slope sites were the oldest sites sampled.Moisture regImes and
soil communities aJso played a part In these elevatlonal trends.However,
sIte fIre history also provIded an important modifying Influence,overcomIng
the effects of elevation at some sites.
Over the period of this study,forb and gramInofd biomass steadily
Increased at all sites (Fig.Gl.However,shrub biomass per 100 twIgs (leaves
and tWIgs)tended to remaIn stable for most species.The only consIstent
increase In biomass over time for the shrubs sampled occurred for leaves of a.
~Iaodulosa.These data indIcated that R.glandulosa dIrected more resources
towards leaf development than stem growth as the growIng season progressed.
However,leaf biomass assocIated with a twig was generally less than twig
b.Jomass for.e.gl'lodylosa until the last 2 weeks of sampHng <Table G1>.
Comparisons of plant current growth biomass Inside and outside the
exclosures (week 6,both data sets)reveal few signlflcant dIfferences (Tables
Gl and G2).Forb biomass was greater Inside the exclosures,IndIcating
possible utilization ot forbs by moose,caribou,or bears.The same trend was
apparent for a.glandulosa leaves and twigs.UtilIzation of a.glandulosg was
less than for species of SalIx and Alnus at many of the sites sampled In the
middle basIn.Biomass of A.sIouatg per 100 twigs was greater InsIde the
exclosures than outsIde (Tables Gl and Ga.ThIs may also reflect utI I Izatloo
by large herbIvores.
Total current annual growth biomass of plants sampled during week 6
outsIde the exclosures IndIcated the amount of new forage biomass avai lable
going Into the wInter at these sites.Presumably,peak biomass was reached by
late August -early September.At this time and over all sItes,total forb
biomass averaged 42 kg/ha,total gramInold 75 kg/ha,X.yltls-Idaea 346 kg/ha,
.e.glandulosa 49 kg/ha,E.papyrlfera 32 kg/ha,s.py(cbra 31 kg/ha,s.g!guca
-
-98 kg/ha,andA.slnyata37 kg/ha.Biomass of these plants totaled
-approximately 710 kg/ha which would support 0.26 moose/ha/wlnter assuming
that:1)a moose eats about 13 kg of dry forage per day (C.C.Schwartz,
ADF&G,personal communication),2)all of the available biomass was utilized,
and 3)winter lasts 210 days.However,this estimate must be qualified as It.
applies only to south-facing slopes of the river channel,and only If moose
.-eat a II the current annual growth of each spect es samp I ed.Defo I I atl on
.-,
.....
-
-
"...
experiments have shown that biomass replacement In arctic plants Is highly
variable and dependent on envIronmental conditions (Archer and Tieszen 1980).
Deciduous shrubs replace growth after defoliation to a greater extent than
evergreen shrubs,however,defoliation signifIcantly decreased production In
both shrub types the next year.Archer and TIeszen (1980)concluded that some
arctic shrUbs ar~hIghly Intolerant to grazing.However,graminolds are much
more toleranT of grazIng because above ground biomass production can be
actually stimulated (Mattheis et al.1976,Archer and Tieszen 1980).
One of the primary purposes of the pheno"logy study was to exp lore the
hypothesis that moose eat herbaceous plants during spring,fol lowIng snowmelt.
These plants are presumably highly nUTritIous and palatable,and are crucial
to surv I va I of moose on the study area.Biomass samp I ing conducted durl ng
late spring did not lend itself to examination of this hypothesis.However,
the greater biomass of forbs inside than outside the exclosures at week 6
supported the contention,that forbs were eaten at some time during the..
growing season.To provide a definiTive answer as to the validity of the
moos&-forb relationship,forb biomass needs to be estimated inside and outside
the exclosures on a weekly basis during early spring at snowmelt.The new
location and size of exclosures wil I facilitate such a procedure.In
addlt'ion,information on food habits of moose during spring at those sites is
necessary to complete the analysis.
6.2.10 -Current Annual Growth Diameter -Length Relationships
ApproxImately 1,052 current annual growth twigs of a.glandulosa were
sampled for the entire study.Fifty-eight twigs of £.~ulchra and 91 twIgs of
£.glauca were examined.Sixty-five twigs were collected from.b.sTouata and
a.pa~yr[fera.The number of twigs clipped were directly proportional to the
abundance of these species at the sites sampled.
Mean basal diameters ranged from 1.8 to 2.9 mm (Table G3).Alnys sTnuata
had the largest diameters and a.glandulosa the smallest.Mean twIg lengths
ranged from 47.2 to 119.4 mm,with a.papyrrfera having the longest twIgs of
current annual growth.Both SalIx spp.were IdentIcal In mean basal diameter,
and were sImilar In mean length.
-.
The mean basal diameter of both .b.sTnyata and a.papyrlfera were ~
significantly larger (P <0.05)than a.glandylosa.No other sJgntficant
differences were found for basal diameters CTableGB).
The average length of B.papyrlfera twigs was slgniflcantly greater (P <
0.05)than a.glaOdulosa twigs.Both.b.sInyata and a.papyrrfera twIgs were
longer (P <0.05)than twigs of both Sal Ix specres.No other significant .""'"
dIff erences were detected (Tab leG 3 )•
The observed drfferences In basal diameter and length of current annuar
growth of the shrubs examined was related to both The lIfe form and growth
pattern of these specres~and the amount of browsIng a particular species
rece i ved.Betu Ia g I andu losa Is general Iy a low growlog and relatl vely open...
shrUb.Utilization of B.glandulosa was less than on the other specres -examined.Both Sal Ix species were also low growing,presumably because of
higher util ization which was reflected in theIr greater basal dIameter aod
twig length.Betula papyrTfera Is a tree,that was occasionally found to be
kept In a tall shrub class by heavy browsing at some sites.Its large basal
diameter and twig length were a reflection of the utilization as wei I as life
-
.....
.-
,....
form of that specIes.Alnus sInuata is a tall shrub that received only light
to mc)oerate utll ization.Basal diameter and twig length were probably more a
reflection of Its I ife form than browsing pressure.
Corre I at I on s between bas a I dIameter and I ength of the I nd IvI dua.l tw I gs
sampled were significant (P <0.05)for each species wIth correlatIon
coefficients of 0.31 for A~sfnuata,0.33 for ~.glayca,0.41 for a.
glandylQsa,0.42 for ~.pylchra,and 0.48 for a.papyrffera.The slope of the
regretssfon I ine was very simllar for each species (Fig.8)and was generally
flat"Only A.sfnatQ dIffered noticeably from the other specIes along the
y-aXis.These data IndIcate a nearly 1:0 relatIonshIp between the basal
dIameter and length of 'the current annua I growth of these shrubs.Such·a
relationship suggests that 1 measurement may be all that Is needed to
a~curately predict biomass of current annual growth,and that no more than 33
tWigs would be necessary to adequately estimate basal diameter and 223 twigs
WOUld be necessary to adequately estImate length for any shrub specIes (Table
91>.
Basal diameter was the least varIable of the two measurements
(coeffIcIents of variatIon ranging from 20%to 29%and 46%to 75%for
diamElters and lengths,respectively)and would be the best to use.Both
Basile and HutchIngs (1966)and Ferguson and Marsden (1977)found that the
basal dIameter of bltterbrush (Pyrsbla trIdentata)twIgs was adequate to
Rredlct both current annual growth and bIomass of twIgs for that shrub
species.
·Photograph Ic Study
The sequence of photographs obtained during the phenology study
graphically Illustrated the spatial and temporal development of vegetatIon In
the sprIng.The photographs Illustrate many of the dIfferences Indicated by
the data and supported the results already dIscussed.The photographs 'are on
fIle at the Alaska Agricultural ExperIment Stat'on~Palmer.
larger Exclosures
larger exclosures were constructed for the 1983 sprlng fIeld season
shortly after 1982 exclosures were disassembled.The new exclosures (5 x 5 m)
were constructed of 2 layers of 1.2-m (4 ft)netted wIre supported by 2.t-m
metal fence posts guyed out with wire.These exclosures were approximately
2.1 m ta II •.The new exc Iosures were arranged In cl usters of 2 to 4 In areas
where moose were known to congregate during parturItion (FIg..:9>'W.B.
Ballard (ADF&G)provIded Information on moose locatTonsand assISTed In the
general posItIonIng of the clusTers of .exclosures.Placement of the
exclosures wIthIn these general areas was undertaken during September 1982,by
AgrIcultural Experiment STation range ecology personnel.
-
-
--
"""\
I
I
APPENDIX G
TABLES -1982 BIOMASS STUDY
182
1 1 1 )1 1 )1 1
TABLE Gl
]J 1 ]J 1 J
Mean (±SEl biomass of forbs (kg/hal,gramlnolds (kg/ha),and total current growth biomass (tSEl of twigs and attached leaves (g/100 tWigs)clipped from the
major shrubs sampled Ins!de and outsIde exclosures during weeks 1 through 6 (5/82 -8182)!n the mIddle Susltna RIver Basin.
Bfrtu..l..a ~.sA.I.lx SA1lx ~
Tran-Eleva-In glaodulosa papyrlfera pulchrg Q.1..au.ca slnuatg
Week'sect tlon Out Forbs Grasses leaf twIg leaf twig leaf twig leaf twig leaf twig
1 (out 11.25±1.46
2 only 8.42±1.93
3 weeks 1±1 8.42±1.46
4 1-5l 5tl 1.25tl.25
2 1 6.40±1.00
2 ltl 6·.87tl.04
3 15±12 28~2 3.93±1.76 14.55±1.92
4 29±16 6.38±1.29
3 1 4.88±0.73
2 3±2 4.30±0.76
3 1±1 4.43±1.64
4 5±5 18±7 35.25±7.25
4 1 4.63±0.63
2 3 .13±0 .35
4 2.88tl.69
2 1 1 1.25±t.00 6.05±1.94
2 2.18±0.48 5.30±0.31
3 54±,34 1.43±0.84 1.63±0.94
4 10±7
2 1
3±,3 2.18±1.34 5.05±0.59 2.18~.t6 2.63~.63
2 2±1 2.25±0.38 3.55±0.51
3 32±21 8.88±0.69 9.38tl.23
4 78~3 3.25±1.91 2.30±1.38
3 1 2.63±0.66 3.88±0.89
2 2.63±0.55 3.63±0.38
3 4±4 3.93±1.51 5.18±1.77 1.75±1.75 1.18±1.13
4 5±5 41±10 to.50±2.43 14.36±4.30
4 1 6.80±0.79
2 3.80±1.20
4 3.36±1.t8
TABLE Gl (continued 2)
~~.saux .saux A1nJJ.s.
Tran-Eleva-In "I andu.osa WlPyrlfera pulchra ~slnuata
Week sect tlon Out Forbs Grasses leaf twIg leaf twig leaf twig leaf twig leaf twig
3 1 1 2.63±0.33 4.00±0.10
2 5.55±1.34 5.63±1.10
3 4.13±0.31 4.50±0.75
4 18±18
2 1 3.05±1.39 4.88±1.08
2 9±9 3.63±1.33 3.80±1.48 1.63±1.63 2.55±,2.50
3 67±67 32±,32 10.80±0.90 8.12±1.49
4 83.±,30
3 1 2.25±0.41 1.93±0.35
2 1±1 2.93±1.00 2.38±0.81
3 9±5 3.30±1.28 2.75±0.96
4 73±,37 121±63 4.00±4.00 1.50±.1.50 1.88±1.88 1 .25±1 .25
4 1 2.63±0.99
2 0.93±0.35 3.13±0.43
3 1.06±0.90 3.30±1.29
4 1 1 1.30±0.48 1.68±0.50
2 4.25±1.58 4.00±1.54
3 3±,3 3.30±1.94 2.38±1.38
4 50±29 15±7
2 1 2.75±1.07 2.63±0.94
2 13±13 2.80±1.13 2.25±0.86
3 140±72 117±69 9.55±5.74 4.38±2.63
4 13±10 93.±,32 1.93±1.61 1.30±1 .08
3 1 2±2 4.43±1.71 3.13±1.15
2 4j)35j)1 4.00±.2.05 2.88±1.28
3 19±13 14±1 5.75±2 .69 3.43±1.16
4 37±25 94±28 9.38±9.38 10.05±10.05
4 1 3.30±0.69 4.38±0.21
2 3.93±1.51 4.63±1.63 5.00±5.00 4.38±4.38
4 2±2 5.37±0.88 4.00±0.80
)J I ~.J J J ~~J J 1 •J ,J
1 )1 1 ~-1 )-J 1 )1 1 1 j 1 1 }
TABLE Gl (continued 3)
Mula ~~~AJ..nus.
Tran-Eleva-In glandulosa papyrI fera pulchra ~slnuata
Week sect tlon Out Forbs Grasses leaf twig leaf twig leaf twig leaf twig leaf twig
5 1 1 4.13±1.46 3.92±1.63
2 2±2 5.30±.3.06 3.66±.2.34
3 6±3
4 2±.2 31±.24
2 1 1±1
2 6±3 16.55±4.65 10.87±.3.10
3 152±63 119±88 3.13±.3.13 1.88±1.88
4 210±38 3.30±1.94 3.43±.2.00
3 1 4.55±O.95 3.05±O.74
2 7±7 15±9 I.75±1.75 2.00±.2.00
3 34±.22 6±.2 4.75±3.14 3.43±.2.68
4 6±.2 114±49
4 1 1±1 6.00±1.23 5.50±1.18
2 51±51 91±63 6.50±1.16 6.55±1.00
4 5.75±1.18 5.62±1.13
6 1 1 In 5±4 6.25±O.76 2.77±1 .19
out 6±6 11±5 3.13±1.68 3.92±.2.38
2 In 13±7 1±1 2.80±O.19 3.25±1.21
out 1±1 1±1 9.38±3.08 8.05±O.63 9.55±5.93 3.93±.2.60
3 In 4±.2 1±1 1.30±1.30 1.75±1.61
out 3±.2 1±1 1.63±1.63 1.55±1.55
4 In 35±14 11±7
out 34±17 167±154
TABLEGJi (continued 4)
Tran-Eleva-In
Week sect tlon Out Forbs Grasses
.Bnu.Ll
aJanduloJia
leaf twig
.Bnu.Ll
naDvrJ fer-.a
leaf twig
~
Dulchra
leaf twig
~
~
leaf twig-
~
slnuata
leaf twig
2 1 In 1±11.62±6.38 36.13±,29.00
out 2±,2 6.43±3.10 5 .00±,2 .41
2 In HI 5.18±2.04 6.38±,2.01
out 30±8 6±4 4.68±1.89 4.63±1.72
3 In 1176±345 579±310
out 316±85 281±209
4 In 94±31 76±30 2 .13±,2 .13 2.55±,2.55
out 19±19.116±46 1.56±0.94 2 .13±1 .88
3 1 In 1±1 3±,2 5.80±1.41 7 .05±1 .81
out 515 1±1 7.30±3.48 9.00±4.86 0.6310.63 1.8811.88
2 In <1 3±1 3.5511.44 4.1311.44 3.75±3.75 1.2511.25
out 19±12 32±15 2.43±1.48 3.00±,2 .24
3 In 78±47 30110 5.30±0.35 6.05±0.33 6.88±6.88
out 42±,22 4±3 6.8716.87
4 In 121±49 238182 30.67±4.88 23.3715.74
out 16±,2 411±,278 3.75±3.75 3.30±3.30 18.75±8.43 16.63±16.12
4 1 In 26±,23 5.3811 .35 5.88±,2.26
out 47±,22 2.25±0.83 5.63±1.38
2 In 54±23 2±1 5.25±1.71 3.68±0.33
out 22±9 13±8 3.00±0.84 5.30±1.49
4 In 60±13 4.43±1.56 4.68±,2.19
out 35±16 1±1 3.38±,2.73 3.88±,2 .96
a Elevation 3 not established at transect 4.
~D ~i .~j ,],J I ~t ~I .1 .i ~.~
J...
1 1 1 1 )))J 1
TABLE G2
"I ))•••]]-)
Mean (±SE)current annual growth (kg/ha)of twigs and leaves of major shrubs sampled Inside and outside of exclosures
durIng September 1982 In the middle Susltna RIver Basin.
Vacclnlym Betyla Salix Salix Alnys Betula
yltls-Idaea glandylosa pulchra glauca slnyata papyrlfera
Transect Elevation In-Out leaf twIg leaf twIg leaf twIg leaf twIg leaf twIg leat twig
1 1 In 140±40 40±20 40~0
1 1 out 140±40 60±40 40.±20
2 In 140±40 20±9 20±7
2 out 340±120 20±2 20±5 5±5 60±15 20±7 80~0
3 In 240±100 4±4 5±5
3 out 340±60 9±9 20±20
4 In 300±80
4 out 5801340
2 1 In 720±40 20±20 20±20
2 1 out 500±140 20±20 40±40
2 2 In 400±80 20±6 20~0
2 2 out 1340±800 20±6 20±8
2 3 In 560±320
2 3 out 200±80 60±20 8±4
2 4 In 20±20 20±20 20±20 3±3 20±7
2 4 out 60±60 20±8 5±4 8±5 20±6
TABLE G2 (continued 2)
Yacclnlum Betula Sal Ix SalIx Alnus Betula
yltls-Idaea glandulosa pulchra glayca slnyata papyrlfera
Transect Elevation In-Out leaf twig leaf twig leaf twig leaf twig leaf tWig leaf twig
3 1 In 260±100 20±20 20±8
3 1 out 300±160 60±40 60±40
3 2 In 120±40 20±4 20±6 2±2 20±20
3 2 out 200±80 20±20 40±20 5±,5 20±20 60±60 180±180
3 3 In 600±400 40±20 20±20 20±<1 40±20
3 3 out 280+140 <1±<1 <1±<1 40±20 80±80 60±60 60±60
3 4 In 40±40 80±20 140±20
3 4 out 20±20 2±2 3±,3 60±40 8±4 3±,3 3±,3
4 1 In 420±60 40±20 40±20
4 1 out 320±80 20±20 20±20
4 2 In 220±100 20±5 20±5
4 2 out 220±120 40±20 20±20
4 4
a In 200±60 20±8 20±20
4 4 out 360±160 5±4 4±,3
a Elevation 3 not established at transect 4.
j I ••B .~I J )I ,l }I j ~I .J ]~
TABLE G3
Means,standard errors,and number of tw Igs requ I red to samp lew I th I n 10%of
the mean with 95%confidence for basal diameters (mm)and length (mm)of
current annual growth twigs for major shrubs sampled for the plant phenology
study,middle Susitna River Basin.
Shrub Species/Category Mean
Standard
Error
Estimated
Sample Size
Betul a g Iandu I~sa
Diameter 1 .8 0.01 15
Length 47.2 0.82 121
Sal ix pulcbra
Diameter 1.9 0.06 25
Length 53.4 3.76 115
Sa!Ix glauca
Diameter 1.9 0.06 33
Length 63.5 5.02 223-Alnus slnuata
Diameter 2.9 0.09 26
Length 87.0 5.00 86
Betula papyrifera
Diameter 2.3 0.07 23
Length 119.4 7.03 90""".
-
-
'---.......--------,-----•_m _
-
....
-
-
FIGURE Gl
Mean b romass of forbs and gramT no r ds (kg/ha current annua I growth)by
week,plant phenology study,middle Susltna River BasTn •
10
LEGEND
FORB
- - -GRAMINOID
BIOMASS
kg/ha
5
31 May
3.k1n.
7Jun.
10 Jun.
14 Jun.
17 Jun.
TIME
21.kn
25 Jun.
f"'"
I
-
r
FIGURE G2
PlOT of basal diameter and length of twIgs of current annual growth for 5
shrubs,plant phenology study,mIddle Susitna RIver BasIn.
q-rr;w
ti
~
<'"-eQe..J ....-<co<
a::I
-----.,..--...--r-....I4iI....--r----..........o
0,0
CII
\
\\\........'"'"....,
:Ie :Ie :Ie :Ie :Ie
\................ ....
1.0 ......CD 10 000000100000C!..lei ci 0 d 0.+++ + +
,-':0.10 •CO 0 \,,.....C\I CD 10,~10 CC!'"to:,,..--CIi .-
III II II II \I
:~,..>->->-\........I
EQ
Z 'C -<\E11)rr;0 ....W 0 W 0~....II.-:t:~W :::J -<-<a:l-e a:0(I-~oJ :z ::t:0 0(>-\z'C 0 j :::J L
W....oJ -<Z -<...0 J oJ fii L \.<L c:J C....)()(co ..J
:::J :::J J
I-:::;:::;z tiILl-<-<....
ID co co -<a::I \-I I I I·\I I 0
10II
I I I
f""'"I I I ,
t I I \I I II
194
APPENDIX P
1983 PHENOLOGICAL STATE TABLES
-
------,-----~--"--~------..,..."'---~-------------
••
]1 )1 •.·.·1 }.-J J )-~j L'-"'i 'J \,
;.::-~~:~.\
..~
"r'.•,'...
'......,~......-...':'.;
.~'.':.;.'.1-~
1__._...._.'.I .'
,I Table P1-1.Tests of partial ~Jnd marSinal assCJciat,i.on for F'henolosical .'::':....'i advancement"aspect,e levati on,and s1 OF'e,fJev i 1 C,'eek,pe J'i od 5,1983.
II .
-;C'=;;;;;T."i.....T,.,...•';):':'i';'.;.....;::,;..,'__U",.I...."'.L_.',...:.....:'"'::....=....._E.-......' -
!:~***ASSOCIATION OF'TION·SELECTED FOR ALLTF.:Rt1S OF ORrlF.:R LESS THAN OR EQUAL TO 4
'..".;.'-s:':.;.:'PArnIAL ASSOCIATION·',",,<"':"MARGINAL ASSOCIATION
EFFECT ·D';F.~>:;·/:·.CHISQUARE,PROB '.ITER,'CHISQUARE:·:;;PROD,ITER-__..__~~,~·~;·:tt';:·~~~::;~·:~·;.;~_-~--~-_:...__...."".........-.';--........~~......:~;:<..:..:.>.::~..:.(./.;.-:__:.:'.~.'.............',.
-1
P.1.,1.89.0.1692 ..
A',.,.4 '..'37 i 80 0 .,;'":'_:.:""....E_:',1,"::3.w2 0:'}\...'::L:~"..:',..'.'.
.~:,.".:,!':;~~U·,·::i~·~i?ft~f:~~i0~:~:;;')';'::.,.....•.6 ;~~t¥~~i~{:~~M1:~~i~~:'!{1~i~:i;,:;r<ii:t}·:;;:,:,.....'.'I :E.....1 4013 0,0422 6 12.20 0.0005 2
PS.::-3"6.58 0.0864 6 22.67 0.0000 2
:.E.t _',.,.~<';,::,,~,~.?_J..1-g_:,.,~LtJtQ:-Q..~{L""\;;,';t2J-Q.a .'.,',..Q.()OQ.Q .2 ..--.;.
.'.~~:__:::~;.::;J;~;;;~f}~t;fft~~~i:~4 i{ii)•.g:/·....:.';"J.:;,;.'l:)~ki;~~~:nv\:y t-..J>
0.0000 20 21'.48 OtOO03 6
0.9023 17-18.36 0,1052 6
1\.•Q.Q,t 9___.7.._24_L~_Q 0.002.9 ~.
.0.a ..14 9 •27 .>,':o./,)
"..~.~.."
PAE.4 26.96
PAS.11",5.54
PES.3 15.26 v---_.-.....~._.._.._._.......--..-.....-.......-...-...._........__.....
AES.·',12 ,,'~.'135.72
_?.A.E,S.tt _'...!L~:.1J..t_0.2 O_u:.20..81l-_·,;....;·........_"_";'_"-'--~--.;-....-__---
,:'.'"~..i~~:
......
.,'I ",r •
J
Table P1-2.Standardized deviates for phenoloSical advancement,aspect,
--.ele."'"at j on,and slope,II ev i 1 Cr eek..L.-..e..e.....'C:...l....•....ot.:>d"----...5w,'--....1....9L;8!.u.i3w.I...-_
E.I' .S .-1.2 4.6
'SW ....,-1.9 0.4
.W -1.6 -1.7
.NW-NE '.'3.6 2.5
.~...
ABV .46SM E-SE
~,
....::.
.'-~::.
-.....~.-
.......
~.-....
.....
0.3 ....
-2.7
..'.:.
:.",..~:~..':-,
.',--."~_.
~.',!
ABV 465M E-SE -1.0 -0.6
S -1.5 -1.2
BLW 465M E-SE -2.4 1.1
S 0.4 -1.4
..:"~:~~::..:'
.:,..~.:~~.".,.
.;.
.:':."..-.''..~:.~~;;-'..
---------------------------------------~-----.
3-10
·-':~0~!5{t~E,~~~~l.!~~:i:;~ii~~f-::~~::'~':.':~~~':~:i":;~'?:':~~~!~R:f;',c;4*i~'-~fi_
.._.......,_W ...._..~:,:~.'.2.7 -0.2
..."NW-NE 8.3 -1.0
!---~-~--~~·;..~·~.~.~--~-:·~!:j~t:Gi:t:~:IT~~;.fG0~~~'~~~-=:!;T.~.:'\:C··~;,·,.
.G~,'-o:3:uO.L...-_~BL"A65M F-SE···."<'-1.3 -:..0'-I."",7!:..-·------'-~-.,-...-f--l:'__.~
S -0.6 -0.0
\Sw -1.5 4.1
i t.J -1.2 -1.3 ....f-··---------~JI--~~:-;;-:-:~:::..J4~...8:-:--:-::-::...t.~3:-:-·---:--:-.:-7...-.-...--.--~~'7;:•.~__.____.__--:----:-~
!.'.:.':':.,~W-N.E:.,:~:,~/:F~;(:~..."·;.:.:ft..::.~~~'.'..",:.';,..
~----------,..-JA.B.Y-A.65.M~Sl:.E...:...._._...:...._.._--=::.;1L,.-._7.L-__....:·-=..L1,."•..s.8L..----'----,...""'"
j S 1.1 5.8ISW-1.4 5.9
L w -0.9 0.8
I
I.
I
·'.u
~.-.
.:::~~'::.!
;r>~~
"':1·:.
-:-'::.:'-.
~}.
~"'.,-
..:~\~.~::,
'.
..;~",;.
I
I
!
I
I
I
I
I
I
\
I
-~.
Table f'1-3.Observed f-reauencies_for pheno'io!:1ical--a"dvance"iter.-i,aspect,.
ele'liltion.and slope.Devil Creek.pel·iod 5,1983.
TOTALEARLY
-',------,----
ELE.Y.__.D.>lJ"----=-_.......~~~.:...--l
LATE-IUD';,,-':.------------------------------------------------------
I
i.-...At..CI£..E
I
i
t
18
3
.1&12~..,
"
'5o
NW-HE 27 25 I S2
SW
W
BUt 46:5"E-SE .0-3
15IrI
NW-NE
19 I 34
67 56 I 123
-----~--~-~--~--~:~~------I-~~~-----c
ABIJ 4&511
ABIJ 46511 E-SE
S
SW
..:.~
...~...
TOTAL 98 I 196
1 I 1
03 I 7
I 12
o
4
.:-~E-SE
S
SW
ABV 46511
,
{-,
~}
'-.
.....,;._.....-_._.
.'"I.-".:
,-~.'C}.•.,....~~;.j~._-::._-.:::"'~:-"_"'~'-
9
o
.~.
3
9 I
o I
1 I
2 I
'0',
..:::::-:::",0
1
SU
!oJ
E-SE
s
BLW 46511
oo
N"l::l41='22 to I 32~,--------------------.,-,----u_~~---------------I-------__
i TOTAL 23 22 I 45
i
r"""
i
I
.-------------------------------------------------------r--
GR 30
L ABV 46511 E-SE 0 0 I 0fS514I19
...'----S.WL-.,.-__.,.-.,.-~1:__----"ub~I~----.JIL.:7:.----------_1
!W 14 I '5
tH"_NEo.~;....O o__._~~_.,0 I "0___________~.:.'.::..:....:·__I---------
TOTAL 7 34 I 41
..;--..-:.
,.
---'-'-"'--.,
EARLY
._-----',PADV
LATE-MID
...'~'..ELEV,'
Ii Table Pl-4.Standardized deviates for phenolo~ical advancement,?spect,-
t-_tlevatiQD,'and vegetation ,tl:1ee,Devil Creek,eeriod 5,1983.
I '
I~:~'---
---------------------------~---------~---~---
li W,'1.5
:"'NW-NE -2.0
8.1'
-2.1
,-
ABV .465M E-SE
'S
sw..
-1.2
';"1.2
-1.3 -"~-
W
NW-NE'
-1.1
'-2.7
!".
-2.7
-0 t 1"
·3.7
-2.4
-3.1
ABV 465M E-SE -2.5
S -2.6
'....,'":"<',"
.'..',':::..;';,:i:~.;·;,L ·~.W,;:,:~:::::i,<,;:~:~{~~;;.;".~:~~:.~.:·,t·
:....-_----,.,..,-....,..,.._---'-.'_:·...JNu.W,;,.N E .,3 • 3
J j B })1 }t )J )J )"))~'}J
..-.---.._...~--~.'--'.',~.~.,'.._.-.-.~."--",.-.....-_.."_.-....__..--_.-~..-"
Table P2-1.Tests of partial andmarSinul association for phenolosical
advan~ement,ve~etation t~pe'51ope,and elevation,Tsusena Creek ,period 5,1983.
..I'"I:.
1 .:h940t04'71,
~~.'~:~:~~!t'~1J!~I,~.9~1~3~------..-;-~-f~j~~---;~~~;~~-t~~~~~~-t-t~'-~~~-~-d-~-~-~~t-~-~-f-~-'-r-I-~-i-L-~-~-;-i-t~~-i-~-~-~-~.-1-~-~-0-~-{-~~~-:-·'-·-.-i-\-··-ii-.-f----~-~-:-.:-:;,'
....>J.i:7 .:::•.,\•..3.4~~.'.)t064~~20·>·;:27~76::::·'....,./O'>'···2
';·;:'2 ";:·;~'·:·;;H.'jl2·o.()O()O';~O 61jl·..(,2 ,.,..j:"0.'2
X;·i·f8·i;;;;·*1~~~~:iii1:~;f}~~§~1,)zF;..'F'()o'o -~~;"l::i~gi(,,~n1t;!;~i";tig :~'oJ i'.'~.
.---6-.·------1·1"..·')--··(-(';------("-·--·--..·..···-:-l7---("....1--11 x h.~,J..,)B t.
'.-"
,;-:
,,-.-"._.....-.._.;.---.--~-'"---~~.~,.'--.-
'--...~-~....~.~.-··-:::-:.-:"'-~·:···i "v,.....•-.:..~_.~~•._....•."":•._.~...'.',,",".;.-;""')..,..,"",'.-.i:,.I :>~""r';,:,,:;.-,:":.-'.,·\t:~~~~·;'\;'i"""
AS ~'j ()Cr ff r I ON ;'OPT I ON .·SELE CTr:~tl'F 0 r~·,·A L L .TE \':;1·1 B OF ()f~fI E I~'I..E£)fJ'\:l'Hr-IN [)n 'E (I lJAC.J'(I ::'.4 <.<~.:..:.>,.
....:':..... ':.,:'.,..,.>';:/1·..A~·Tl·AL·.."QC1()(··IA··1..1·0Id '...';::(""",'·MAr-·O·I'N''AL'··.'A·C1'60~1'I'A'T'"0,',1"
:1',,'<..:.,".~".-~'">"'-':~~_.:.._,;.:.~.,..",'·'11\.'_.~f·••.J-.j .~'''I .L "._..~'.t,::,I"f',!"J .,.'J,J pi t J.1
---~--ri7F-;---cln-s c:mtif;:E:--.-Y:'l:;:lH,I '11::f':--c HIs n ITh""R1'~.F'·~tn::i--~""'n'!"""F~--
..".".,......__......• _••_••••._. _.,~':"_ _ " .:"__••_ . i I -,."•••••_
;.';..•.':!i"';.:":';...."I~'
..*'~**;I;
"----E FT:'l-;:-C-T
F'.~~;--r~.
/:'.'B •.I-'V~
'H~::~::<1J.--.---:::...., .
.-.....;.to".
.,')::.tl •.
.:El)t --~-sV-.
'.j
!
"
..~.;:.I\O~)?'::···;·:I···0000 lr.t'.
·t...o:.,'.'t.W , ....~~:~g.,:.,.,::(...g.:::,.....:~-:---I.;;,
1.89 0.3888 20'
....'::..'"'::..,~\.l ." \
·'·F'ES.·':.·0 ....·'.'··O.~jO .;1.0()OO 20 .,'
.,-..-.-f'E:O t ...'. .';':i'~:·',:'.>2·,;,;.:;.,:;:rd{:':~':<f;-O""l,."0 ,9-;:)1':1"'1---2"'0----:7:·.,·."",-,.r:·\:·v ..,.,',:.:,.0"·'·····:,····'-4 9'~'1 ()fj"O "'0'""",;::~V:'\.~'."1 ":"'1;':":"':1:111 O:;,~:~~;.;·'·~;O ','.I P~SV.---5 ~~;~;._-~;.-~~~~;-;-.-----.
,
,----=J~1n~-f~~~t·:*-~f~J~'*~i~:~**'4~---•--------.--_.'..r.•---,
i
iI .t~BII5"""'~••'"PM ..............."''''''~''''''''f'......~~..._._.............._.'_,•F._......................._
Table P2-2.Standardized deviates for phenoloSical advancemeot,slope,
-2e~f.Ltation ~:.ce:...le-..z.,--,alOU.lnl!odoL-JO:e~lue~YJia...j;lo<.""'i..looLJr:.J.I~'JTL..;s;l.!ooIuL;;sl.le....uoLS<3L'l-...c.p:..leii..Lr......iuo!oUo!dl..-l5oLL,---'l&.L'1..\o8u3ol...!.t _~l
vc SLOPE .,."ELEIJ ......•,'.;....-.......,.PADV -.~
".--:'",'....
...~:..
~.,"
....-"'-,,'..:'.~
'..;'
...••.~.,...!'.-....'.:..'~
..
."~...:
-4.0
··11~+3·
'·--3.5
-0.5
..'."...
4 'O=:M0'''',,
465M
.......
.,.
OF
!'""---~.__._...:.-.:,:..-,.......--.--..,-...-,"":.-.----,-.-_._--~-----.--.-.-,.,.-----_..:-_----.-.-.'-------------
".""'-':'~.~,...:,:..;~--'...:'......."••,;'"#'.>~_......",....~:;.;_~:0:-.:'':'A<{',:-.-....,:;......~-~....,.'_.'',;0'".:_.~",:.:'_.,•••••..~::,~;,~.~.":~""_:••~~.,.._..".~''.'.'-',.'.''".'"..,....,"'...-...''';',"..-.-...,..'.
---------------_._-----~----------_._---~--~-----
rr .,"
:'lio3
-2 ..:::~,
.".
'~.::;"
'-'"',,''.~
-1 ..7
··1 t 6
--1 ,,5
·-1.4
-.,--"'7 .
.•.•'.~.•,.••••.-y-"-"-.''..:'.;;..~'..;::0 ..5 ~.._<
AB\}465N
.':-::n-DT4"3"S M
.,.:.AL(\)..4-6 ;:.M
;.~~
'.~'.:.........:.3-,-10
.',
.....,.
'-"'~.....-..
..
..,~.j...
:.-;':.......
....:...•
.~
Table P2-J.Observed freauencies 'fir ~henolo~icBI adYancement,Ye~etation
'?I,~vatiQr"and slope,Tsusena Creelo period 5,1983.
t~pe,
.;-.;:f.~~;.,':'_~.
...
.........
..~..
,',.:#;!.#
"..F'ADI..,}
----------------_._-------------
tAltLI:.1
.ELEVS.LOPE\i'-."\J
EARLY TOTt"-lL
---------------------------~---------.._----------------
.-
'~:
....
--_:~,~..::.:::·;...:;::~~.;i;~.::~-:;i~~':~:1 C..~~.:~".,_
75
75
.56:0
Io
38 I
669
6
o
:.~.";.'.:
•~._~:_.•~.I'_••.••_._,•••_.-~~~~:-,J.-...~::-,..:-.;.----_
~~.'.~."".:.
ABV.465t·i
'......~~
..~,
fBLI#-:~465M
ABV'.'46Sh
'.ELM :465M
:./.
·-.iO-30
.......•.:..
.:;0-3'
';'\,':i ...'~'"
,",-.-,:...~;.:--=~::,-.-.•-..--;;~::~~'.
....:.'..;,......
~~~~---~-----------~-~~----I--~~----~
TOTAL 9 66 I
DF
:".
'-'-,...
r;:;...Io
..i
-'~'BLU 465n-
(:IBV :46 5~1
v--~
'.'.,~
~i~'::.;';;.....;".,:..,'.'......,....;.-7'...:..~~..~.-.---~"":--~---_-.._-_...---.-.-----I -':'-:7~-~,-:----...-.......,•..::-....;-.:..''7::~...
.----'---.-.--........T...,"'O<"'~I'H"-L ~:.~~,~I _..-.----...:;..--:..------------__..i~)
<"·10~.30...'.!..~.".'-
c ,'.:'.':~"..
:.:..~..,
BLW-465M
"_:.:"~ABV:465M
o
o
o
o
I
I
c
.0
.:...._~...•..~-;.
-.,..~::'--..
'':1''':•
:,;,.
._.-_.~
".....".''';-~:
:,~..-".-'I
I
······0
'..:.
465M
465i'1
BLW
FiB I)
1()-30 o
o 0 I 0
------~-----------~-------I--~-----~--.,-.·-.·-----.·:.,...,---,-"TDr~~L .:..:'c.:.."0::0 "..,,01
,....:....•~'..
...~-"..~..-:-...-_..-
'7;~-10'""I(LJ.,.1 :465M 0 (J'I 0~-~".~.;.;~.~.-:
~....:...._._..:..'_..--'-__..,.:.,..,.·_f:..;~:..•....;:J!_.:..\.._'_·_~_~:..,;:~_5_-_M:.._·._-:._·_·'·_7 0_-,y..:·_7_".,-__--'-.,--:-..~-_-_.-_._-_-_._:_-
..~..-::..-....-',~-.~..-~_......__..---------------.,:"-----..-:--:--.
I;
~,
r---~--'---
-
.'
,
';."~.),,~'".''~:·.r,"·
'I',"
';,
...~~.!.':;.~
<.
;.
~".",
.'\~<:.'",~"
;',.
h,.
.,,~.
..;.~~L~.::.~;.
.',
,':lj..:
,-."',..",__.-
.~..::~.
2
·2
2
.·_·2",..--•.-
'.;
.!....
.'"................._--_._~....p.__•-_....__._.._.
".
PA •.
F·~..).
pv ..
1!'
j_•.Mh'-.".---...
I
I
!
(1.~~
i~J Table P3-1.Tests of partial and marginal association forphanolo~ical
'-,;,J .",'"..J~"r~~~oce]len!:a.pe~t:'dOP~'_~v"~eta_tit1Jl t~pe.Fo!LkJ·ee~.periQd 5.~~3.··.-.
":.1-.'.:~'''.'':",~;r...'.,,;·,,-,,_:,,,..•~,~~r,....t".:,"__';""'''-~'~:~'.1 "-:,'.• .",'J ...It.**1\{*..ASSO CIA ~!'6 ~:'0 F;~~'·i6·~·:~.~·~Efb¥~.~~:.iFO R·"~L L:--!TERMSOl:"0RDER.t~ESS-'·THA N~'O R···E ~'~'~L--'T 0 '.4·.......~. ..._.....-_..,---.I ..'..."\'j':';.'PARTIAL ASSOCIATION ··.MARGINAL ASSOCIATION
j EFFECT..;i".".::.;'0.F,~·>Jtr·j::HISQUARE.:PROS ITER .CHISQUARE,PROB ITER
.1'------_··-":~··-~'·".~)::::·:~-:-"T·.7~n-t:·~-·_-----_··..----..----."~.;..:.-.:-----------------'"----.
1.P..,.:.1:·..:1:·,405.1B·0.".l ..','"':':·'.:.j'.O:.. .:,'i A.·'l;·)'i ",14.57 0.0001
!.--8 •...N····..•.. ....--:.....~.-"-'-~;~12·~··..;~:·:--:;.173 .00·,,;,·. 0 t-
V..;':,2.<'(,t.·:86.08 0 t ..:".
......:'1:.:;;~..:.~..;.2,.36 0.1249 ...5·...······..·....:....-:··..a·..53·:,..·0.0035
7 ....11.a6 0 •10:5 4:S . 1 a•29 . 0 .0107
2,3.65 0.1616 5 12.26 0.0022
.......·__._·~"~-2 -"'·~H-~:-·~···..61j.14 ..-:....- 0 • '.."··_·····5······-..------·--0·7·.-9-1·---.:..--..0 •..-",_::1 '.',.
,-;':"j...
.........•·.._··..2·.'..;·'..':;":';"60'.16
4·.36.21
,
!
1.
.....AV ......-..."
sv.
PAS.
F'('\V.
.-r;'sv ..._....
1~If.lV •
PASV ..
..o
?...
···-1····....'.
4
3·
.:.2.47
12.46
·····fh 03 ...
50.36
O.H:i
0.......4 .,..'.,...........".'·'·"75 ·.--1-2·_···..._~.0 •........2
0.0000 .,.45.40 o.2..'
1.0000 B 2.41 1.0000 3
0.()020 4 3.57 0.46715 4
0.0046 6 ...~.............·;·6,'07"..._.0.0481 3
0.,20 53.03 o.0
0.9848 ............'.p.,.
-•••-;;Wi nill
)J J I ~)
.~;J
.,-
f .~~~,'~~.
i
J
~
~\:~.~
,"...
:,
t
:,i,
~'~"~,
c~
....,'I'i·
,,
~.;r-o~~".'.~
.".",..:\',,'J.-
.',
t
::~.~;,.•;J .",
'.,
1 ,I ,J
..
,
\
.}blEl....£:..~:-:-:.2.~Standardized deviates for phenolosical advance,nent,aspect,
slope,and vesetation t~pe,Fos Creek,period 5,1983.
..-~..-
.'."-:,LATE-MID-
-..
;".
vc SLOPE ASP PADV .
EARLY·....-::,,".-_.._----------..-------------------------------
---"·---·_·3 -10
CF-CF 0-3 SOUTH
NORTH
.......
:..·SOUTH
NORTH
...-;.,:~:c...:.':'2 •0
.-1.4
-1.0
-1 .•1
-----.-.....10-30 ._~-~SOUTH
NORTH
-1.4 ..
1.9
'-:-0.4
-0.5
~.__......_--_._---_._---------------------------------~-
WF -SCF;B ·0-3..
.---'lI""--;--:......~_..:._._,....~
SOUTH
NORTH
-0.4
6.T···
..
3-10 SOUTH
-·-NORTH
1.1 0.2
--·-e-··-1.5 ....----2.0'
10-30
'.'.-_...~.,;:;..:..._-.....:_..•_~...;..,"
,-
SOUTH
:·:::NORTH
-1.6
····----·-1.2
-0 ..7
-0.8
.....
----------------------------_.~---------------
1
~:...•.-..:..
."'--:-.:.~',.-
--..~..:.;"-,..:-'.~.':~~"~'"~~~'"--:::-:.,."-""•.·r
-'.i~..•·~....s:~.,'.:..~-'.;.I •
.·-lOt:JmmB·-·-()-3 -"_-.,···::':"SOUTH··_·:":·_;.;.;~..:··2 .1·
NORTH -5.4
-1.6~·,····
-1.4
._._.~--.-~~-......
-..~t ..'~~•'..-.•-.';
"3-10 •SOUTH
,NOHTU
-1.0
-0.4
..
-0.7
-0.8
-SOUTH
NORTH
10--30
----..-._-_...._--_._--~...,..._.__.-.----,..._......_---....~.--_........~...~_.
t'
,.._...--.---.._._-_._.,-_.....__._..__...-_._--~_.,-.-.-
.._,....1"-...........""...""l.,..........,...~
able P3-3.Observed freauencies for phenolo.ical advancement,aspect,
'e!;t~t,<3ti_QD tyee,and slope,Fo:;i Creek,period 5,1983.
.._--~
;~,
--~I
•;
j
i
Ir
4 G:-...,
.40
TOTAL
3 I
o I
EARLY
,~._.:w._:.......:_.
42
40
LATE-~n[l
----SOUTH 7 01 .-7
NORTH 32 6 1 38
----~----------------~----I-------~-
TOTAL 39 6 I 45
-~--------.._.--..~~.~,:;,.:-::....:.~:..~--,-:
3--10 SOUTH
......-..,..NORTH
10-30
.,'..
'.'.':::.~..:.-.....
10-30 SOUTH 0 ~I Q
---·NORTH··---...:-~,·--,....·6--,--'-...··~O -I'6
-~---------~~~-~----~-----I----~----
TOTAL'','6 0 1 6·
.:.~'.'
~-~~--------~---------~---I-------~-
TOTAL 82 3 !~B5
._-------------------~---------------------..----------
-----------------------_._-----------------------------
-:~Wf-SCr:B·--·O-3 ----·----SOU:fH--~~·:...·-·-.:._-.,5--",-:-,..2.1 _._".,c ..]
NORTH 8S 17 I 102·--------------------------1---------......__.-.--..---.-.TOTAL 90 19 I 109
."'..':-..;.~.
..,,~.>.-'.-,_.--3-1.0 :.--·SOUTH.,~,:.-·:··.'5 .-0 1 5
NORTH ·11.0 I·11 .
---·~.--~--...:.~-~·-----:---'~-----I-..:.----:---
-···-·~~,·-------'TOTAL::-·:-·---,:.~i;,.16·..·::";'~..0 -1 16.
."~.,"'..'.'..,:..'::.~-'~::~~:'>.......".....:'.!;/;..
,"CF-OF ~.--0-3
SOUTH,".,,::.'~i .••2 0 1",2
NORTH'·5.0 'r ','5
.-..:.~-::..-::....:..;:.:::;:.:----:..~.:.~;...---'---------I ----::..-~--~.
~;·"·:~;·..T()TAL.:·.···<,;;;~;.~..;t¥i:'<7 O'I ....- .7'<~,'.-··..·-~··/·I~~~~~-;;i;::;<~:··'···.·.~liT.:·::·'.-.~-~,;,,:.,.:,.i.::
-.::.~,-------------.-~----~~~.---~.._:.._=..-~_::...~~~-------:-------=----..~.-~-:··~..··~··~~:7~~-.,,----..._..
/.f;::~:';':~:~_.~.-.".:::'.#;:~.<:.~.....'::;.....,;.._,.','~.~...,~-:.._~
1--·LOWSH~_B_O~3:~~";.;~~~~~~=::~~1~;~_~~:.;;_'~t-f~-~~~2T:..~..~,~-__---_.--_
i:'".."'·.·TOTAC;:"·;i····;i~:'i:.,:'>.::58 ,;,,,'-:':.1·1 :59
I ...-.....'..-....."...."...,.'-_.":~,,;;,-;,,
1
-.-3--10 SOUTH ~-~::;,~·;;::·:77"..·,~~-1~I·-..---:""'~7B ..,...,.·--..--_.
. ."."NORTH .-.":"~~...-33'3 1 "36[.....---'-'-------.-~-.~~~~~---.:--~~-~~~---~----~-i ----~~~-----...,.-.-...
1 ..-......----------1 0:"30 -----SOUTH.-·..-.-.;~i~'_-o-o ...'-'_.--~-.01 .Q ..-'-0 --"0.
I NORTH _..'23 0 1 0 23
I --------------------------1---------
I TOTI\.l;23 -0 r··'-_.?-:0.--.__.,_.-.-_.\...-.--...---.-.....-.-~.h -----:------..'--.--...-. ----....
\.
\
I
I:-":""~~..--.--~._~....'-~---.'.-~-.·-··~.,~~~~T··-··-'-..~.'.~"".:..~.7·:::;.',:.'.~.~~..~~l.::'..---...~_:_;~.I"?.~La;.....~~'«!;I~:·7~·!=~'"""~~~~'......,4-......'-.r,....,..."'t-....-:'!''''''.~~...;_:-".................~---
'I .--:;-..., .......•.~..:..::.:..~~_.,.~,.~_~~",---,,'.~:"~~..o_:"'-.:..-';P':-~_"',':;..,.'r.'>:_
,l"';.,..~;!!•.
'~;:?;:~t
11
'Of:
".<
»....;,.:;..)
.,.~~
.~...i ~'::.'"~~.."".:.":r/':.'.'::.~r.·,:'.:"';'
...,'.
1 .":.
:-!
..t,~:·.
J]•)
',t',:
.....
~':;
:.....'~
.:","l
.(.;
J
,
.:L ::,
"
:'..''.:1 ~,.:
}J-,))
"i :.;.
,.,'~~~.~:i _~,~:<
••:.:.;',l'~
2 .'r"
2
~:
2
2
2
2
5
6
3'
Co·
>oJ
'.,0 0.0946
0.0009
O.2b55
'0.
:6.:38
26.44
.2.t!?5
''''136.41·
,;.;".•......"-'.20
11
B
6
0.0124
,0.0000
··X:'..0 • 0 1 48
.O.
...,::.._.~.;._•.'3 .:~:.~+.;-·;",-10 •~'7 ..
B ···'·39 •..,1
2 ...i ..::(.'.'8.43.."1 t:".':).','8··:'".,.:..w .t·••:.0
··PAE.
F'A!~:•
PEB.
I~EB •
..:..
.~~\.
Table P4-1.Tests of partial and marsin~l association for phenolosical
r·.e·'·L'{s·lnl:.'.fi1.IJ!.e..n.t..~l..e_'i.~j:,_Lon,$1 ope,amJ-.a~~.J..J4J;~.~~_ii!n9._JiliJ:lJL-l.1f.>r:i.01:1 :5,1983 L_..._.._.._,
·\r":.-·l,,..~,.~-,;.;,l~HJ·,i,f;~~J 'r:t~'~:;!(;;fi";;'-~'------..~".-.-.i ;1~J:;.L.t·.,;;~:~~:,;.
..;1 *****ASSOCIATION;OF'TION:.;~.e:L~CTEII r,OR ALL,TErm~OF QRtlER LES~..THAN OR ECH)AL TO~...'
"_.••_..,.,_.......•_,.•., -'--'~''!'''io:r.__.~••••_..,.,F ART I AL AS SOC I AT I ON '",..,····..~7·..·',-HARD I NAL ,ASSOCI AT I ON •.II .EFFECT ..,:;:;.~::.':':;'IhF:.t<i.CH I SQUARE;.'F'~~orc .ITER;>,':',':.:/:.'~CH I SQUf,r<E ,.:PRO!c ITER.
J1 ..··;.~.~..~_.~''''''-''''''.'':..~..'._~;~..:~=.~,~~~~.:~+~~~;,:.;;..-..0:··--.._--·';:~,.:__.'._~.~_~c~~,~,~,7~;~~.:~:.,---..._--
~i ~:I •. ".:';',,3',:;.··.·,66·.26 0.;
.";I _.. .:'.:...'~'I.I ,j '"•~I ~,,..Jl L.'..'",.C"'..',1 I..'\.I!:.'.-62.1~7·o.','
"':~r'6"-'"':__'c~__c("f+'I~t2t1';F:';:SO.9a·."-0 •'~'~c ....:+-':r-"...~-~._""-.c.---
;"')1 PAt '..:'.."::3-;.:L'.91.89 O.S',.91.83.,o.
,I p r..'.'"1:,.... 1 17 0 .,796 I:l!.'.0 4 L'0 49'L rt- _ ,,:.•".__-_",••)_....•.•~,\)"••~_...•.·t·~.•' ...~,
'.1 PS...2;,.1.fH 0.4044 5 :..2~41 ...0.2991
"~,.At:::+ .i:3';.'!,55 t 13 O.4·A 56'.4l):..!·o.
1:,..AS."·,,·,:,,;··;,•.;·,:,··;;.:··;~;6··;;:;;1.:,.L,:;:6B.fJB O.4 ..,",'.;......71.$2 " " .0.'
ES....:"."'2<:'';,2.67 '0.2629'6 ~.66 ,'..0.09'71
I r'AE:8..,:,2". 1 (.07 0.0040 • . ..
'._••~_""'~_.~~.,~$,u,••,u_.up ...u__
.'....~..'.'.:':/':.,.wPi../f •I."
.~
..'\'.
:.""-"
:t
";,~:.~~'~~!:
I·."t·
',':\
'~'.'-, , ..I '.
.t-,,;','
;'
~'!i:~'"',i
."
,""_0iji!:'!f~:~.;
';J'.
.,.;;~&;;•.~..:,:
::..:':~~;.~~I:~•
...
--.~.
TC!.Q12 ..r'.'l-,;l.Standardized de .....iates for l",hl-:mol osic~l ad .....ancement,.as?ec,....:t~'L-__
elevation,..and slope,.Watana Slide,.?erioq5,1983.
SLOPE--····ELEV .-.
---'-:'--
ASP PADlJ
LATE--MID .EARLY
--_....:..:..~.:.~.
•.._--------------------------------- - - --------- - -----...
ABU 765M SE .-4.2
S-SW -0.7
----W.....----:-----_:'..-..3.4
.NW-E 2.2
.,'
0 _'7
.oJ
"-':'-.
.:>,.>.----...
~----~----=----_.~.,~..~':"..-_.....---.__..
BLOW'765 SE .'
S-S\J
W
NW-E'
-.~"_,__'-_0_,0 __
1.8
0.8
-0.3
.-4.2
-3.8·6"."2 .
-O.S
,"3.1
-2.7.
-1.6
1.6
B .2'
,----------_._--------:;-----------_.-
3-10 BLOW 76S BE
.------._-----'-S-SW·_····__····:
W
,NW-E
3.5
·0.9
It.3
-3.5
-3.6
-..:.._._-.2 .·7
-0.6
0.2._----------.._---------._--.__.-
..~,':~,:,
-.',.....~
ABV 765M SE
S"'SW
_._.--_.....·.W
NW-E
0.9
-l.S
-1.7
0.'3
-2.6
~1.4
1 ..4··
2.1
-------_._------------------------
._-_....-......._---_..;-_._-::-....-.__.._..
/
,.'-.~
;"10~30
r--···,..•.,'\...--..,.....'
,
.;.;.;-,..'......:~:.:--.
".
BLOW 765SE .3.5'
-..----.'_-::S-SW ._-_.--'.--4 ..7.,:,.vI ."-.:..-0;a
NW~E 0.8
.0.7
-2.9 ..
-1.4
..f4'.3;-
.~.~""!~~.,:s'
~.,.~,
ABV 765M BE 3.2 -1.4
'S-SW -O.S 2.7
--lrJ ···.:....---------2 .2····--..-1.4
NW-E 1.B -1.6
:--.._------------_.__...._--_.-.-----_...-
-~~.._----_.'---........-.---"-'--....----~_.......-
..-._-.._.-_.-._.
,T
.....
..t
''''..
;'.'~t·:W:~·,----_._---_._--------------------
Table P4-3.Observed freGuencies for phenolo~ical advancement,elevation,
~$P-.~ct~__anf.L~lJ;)_p_c;tLWLtarr~s...1_!-Q.~i-~iJ:L~-,~1 ....9L-8loUd3-t._
..__._-_._-----~-:::.._---_.-.---------.·~t
LATE-MID EARLY TOTAL
-----------------------------~---~--------------------
"-lJ-..).BLOW 76S SE 49 0 I 49
-S-SW 50 42 I 92
----.--.__._--."..._.-;-~·W ......;:c~.;-..-.....1 a ..5 I 23
...NW-E··.·4 . 0 I 4
.-:..' _.-...-._------~..---::.-__...:.--...,----------:--I--.-~..::::..---
.:-.C o ·.'·:::.·~_·_-·-----T0TAk--·····c·.:,.._:,.~L 121 47-I 168---"'--_.--_.-:.,
---------------------------------_.
ABV 765M SE 1 0 I . 1 .,
_'_--S'-Sw ·~O -·4 ·-1-_.--24 ---.'......-".---.:.
':,W 21·7-1 2B
.NW-E21 23 I 44'
--------·--:'"':'------------1--------·----':";-...~.--'-..-
TOTAL "':'63 34 I 97
,~.;,.
~._-
~.i .
,
iI',..:.".'
,"-"~.;:',~:.....
.~..-..,::";.~.
.'.8::'.~i";;
·~.·2
~:.::........:"..
3-10 BLOW 765 SE 55 0 I 55
..- -..---------_-_.S-SW 46 26 I 72
lJ 23 5 I 28
NW-E 6 9 I 15.----------.--_.......·-··-·-·..-~---------':""--------------I_:__:_----:_--
c'
-.,/-~._.--···----40T-Al---------130·40·I -170·.~..-._--...-
..-
--------_.~..-._-_.._,_.-----.--
.J . _...~'~.~.::.::...:..___:_.~:...;'~.:.:.--.:..----~--~-~.=-----~-_~-----...;,;~~~~
..•~.',••.•'!'..~.;..~"'....••..;,~,'.
.-,._."._.._.','....
~.
"_"':':':':k '3e~'--'It[;;-olr:-7-~SE:·'i...;-34 -_:-'--'''-9 '1--43--·..--
"_·"-..·~_.__S-Sw.;'~'..,0 .0 I 0
:".~..;_........:i~'W 7 1 I 8
.-----~..~-.----.'-.--~~·t_JW-E-~·-~-----·--_·-,·15 ---..---14 ·1 29--------------------------1---------
TOTAL 56 24 I BO
-
ABV 765M SE 20 1 I 21
S--SW 10 10 I 20
-..-..~-------.:-..----.'··-w .-_.-..-_.-...0 . .()I --0
NW-E 11 0 I 11--------------------------1---------
..~.------.-...-TOTAL 41 ."--._..·111 52
.------_.._~---_--.:..._------_..:..-._....;...;...------------..;"",..,.------
.,'.-:t ...'.
Table E'4-~·.Standardized devia.t..es for phenolo~jcal adYancelJ~eleyation've~etation t~?e,and aspect,Watana Slider period 5,1983.
·vc·..._-'-'-_..ELEV--:-~_...ASP PAIIV
.l
LATE";'MID EARLY
!,.~--.-.:----.....--~:----~-..J"..._
._------_._----------.'
-,.-1.9
0.2
-1.7 .
-1.9
'.-2.3
-:",0.7
.-1.0
:-6.7·
1.2
·3.7
1.3
-0.5
S-SIr!
.W
NW·-E .
.--..:,'._._-'-'..--.,'
,_......;.,..
.f
ABV 765M
._.._...:~..-
2.2
s-sw ~1.0
.'.-'-''---'-'---':"......::.-:...··,-----w .__-:"~.-:.:..-2.7
NW~E -0.8
WF-SCRB BLOWJ65 SE
'-._----s-sw·,--
.W
NW-E
'4.2,-1.S
.-f~_5""--~-2 •3 .-
0.7 -1.1
-2.9 0.7------_._-----_.__._--•...•.__..._-------,.._-,,-_.-'--'...__._-_.....-
.::\ABV 765M
...~
BE
s":sw
W......'":----._c._.
NW-E
-2.6
-0.6
2.-3'
0.1
-2.4
1.7
1'.3
-0.9
----"----jR{ill\
'5.5'.
-0.0'
0.2
"...:;-:.:~..3.1
.-3.7
·/.··..·:;"·:.;..1.3
",:.'.',::"··-4.1
:.,'.'.'
,------_...----_...
.--------~-:----------_._--'._-_._."'-.''.,...
SE
s-sw
W
'NW-E,:,'..,:":;:.',
ABU 765M BE -0.•8 -2.6
s-~w -1.4-2.8
·.:.:--..:---w -----·-·;·0.6··._,..-.'.2,:,4.,.~-·_-".
,NW-E 4.~}2 ;.?',\..--"
,,,_.~~....•..:~:,......~~-:
.~;.,~~~;~-~------~~:---_..-_.:._---~~-.~--------~-~--~,~~.~..
.__._---'.~--.__.-'--'..-..__._---~
.......,..,.._•..,.....,.......-:.....,..·~'--'~;T!·"""·~.·f-..-~··..,--...------..,.~-."
'.~{'~'~~
',:-'.~:f'.
.."
..
"
~'
,~..'.,/:':,........
.~:..-
,I t .~",)1 )J j I 1 )J J ,
...
Li,
.,'..
~_Jab.uLf~5_.'=.L~--.e.s..tJL 0 f P j;1 r t i al..--an d "'a r 9 i 1l.i!.L_flS_S 0 cia t h~1 F'hen 010 S i-",c,-"a,--"l~_
advancement,vesetation t~pe,slope,and aspect,Watana Creek ,period 5,1983.
,..;,",~·.~~·~:..~~~,t.!.~::..>•'.:."
...------------
"',"
o.o.
0 ..
0.73.22·2
1 564.28
3 135.95
2 .~~';....330.92
,,:::1 ,i..••r JHfJ:.
~.~~
..'
"j.
.:.~
EI::'FECT
F'•
A.
v.
s.
"',;,,";,:':::',,',~j'T:·,"::::i~'!h::l}t.~:,,i.';'';,.~,,---;~:-~~'"j;'~;:~t~Jff:~1~t&i~f~{:~t'Nf¥?F;:¥~~:';!\;~7:;iJ!i'1"';:.•
__****LA.SSOC.II\:r-I.ON_o.P-.T..lON...:...SI::LEc..T-E:-IL-E.n~.LL-'tE.lUtS-O.F-.-..nRIlJ;"..F<-LESS·THAW2.0R;EOUAL'TO "'4',...:.....'."';';'.'.•
.....\;({~;(....PAf'<TIAL .ASSOCIATION '.MARGINAL ASSOCIATION
L~D.F.:·iF"'~CtiISQUARE .PROB ITER;CHISQUARE PROD ITER
",;::.
."-----_...-.....
:,i:
j
"
,
.PV.:.:;
Pc'~.W •...
_AV-l'
AS.Vs.
,""1:,;..:\'ij;~3fr::'i,;~f'11J;t ~~'·f,l·<r~~~·,...,!:i:;;;:!~;;~~_:~·H!!~&~~i,;,!~~g~~:;:i:~1'~".'..,;..
..6.,~:.90"36 I 0.4'.80.07 0..2
;.4 :;::::;'.9"•9 5 0 •4 .~'.85 •81 ..'.O.2.-'.......,.\
Ir'~:-14-",-----."'•",.•...........·"1 .......'".•..................,,--
":''.....
,','.~.~."."
..,;1
'l~:..,
:".;'.'~.
..:::f·i.i ..,+i,.;;·~'~}~:::·,::.~~,:g::':;l",.,
"~",•.;..\.!:.'~',..
.!:~!"'j i
':
•~I ';0
d ,.
,......
"
.'."
,.~"
Table P5-2.Standardized deviates for phenological advancement,slope,
veSetation t~pe,and Bspect,Watana Creek,period 5,1983.
~!_--':"_~--~=:::;;:;::::::::~:=:====:=:;::::=:::=':==::::==:::::;;;;;;;:=';;;===:;==;;;;;;:;;';;:2-......::=::;:::::;;;::===-__......:-;
I·::~::-·~~;;:;7 ~::_-~-':i'im:~~~'-~_--.IOoE..DA.u.RL..LY '--';'"··_:'·""·~_
I
i~I_~O,-=-:..:3L-Olol.I;,E':;;~.J!j!J~E__..JE::..:-=.:1dI!l-__~_..:-~O,(,.o....7'--__.::::-...iol-At.J,jQ~~-
II ".•;.i...'0 .'••••NU ..:....~..:>..'~.'....~.........•.'-.."7.7 ~1.3 "..'.
>0.'.,."".:•.•:•••~."•.••:•.',.;••••'W '.w ..,.•.•.
. -.'•>'"•••-.~'••~~;\.:~:?'>...'"':..:."~'-'..::..N .:.':·.:·::':f;:'···,":'0 .1 .0 .7,,,_
I;...-.:-__:'-.:,.:_';~_'~}_~;~.,.:_.,..:_::....;....N.I:.E_··..:..-.....:.-.:.:.:;.;.;..:.:.;;..:_,....;..:<~;..:..:J)..;7,-'--......;....;-:...J1 u;8:L-·_····'_'·;:..;.:t~:;·::.-__-:.'~_
,
LS E-W 3.8 -0.5,.j ....NW 2.9 3.4I~~<,..
I N 4.2 4.;J;~
ME ......o'-2.0 -1.0 ~
..
3-10 OF-t4F
·,,1::.(,:".;.<->;.>.·..·
~,)<'..~\.~.\
;...,........
...N
.NE
0.0
-1.0'
'.::.
..-~....
'.'.
E-W -3.0 -0.9
NW -1.7 -0.5
N -0.2 -1.0
seRB
_.".NW -0 •.0
'."~~"..'-._....-.:.~~.~.;-.:'~t'".•~...:.~..<;~~:.:.".N .,......'-0.4
'::';;::';§:--<-'.NE '..0.2
..;,:-,~,
.~;;~.
..~..
.-.~.-"-~.....
\.~c:~5~~~~~f~~t~g~~7~~!~~~~~C::~0;::;~t~'~~l~ill~~i~~~\··-,-:
I~j10-30 OF-WFE-W 6.5 O~5
·NW 1.3 -0.9
. N -0.9 -0.4
..-
;-.:_':_::'~....;:~}~_~l;_;:i....;:t_'~'·.....:'s~';t!:!;;:;~~o...!:·'~~~·:_:)....::;:~...:.:~'_:'~....:;:t-!1~~~~:-:-;::.w:!!:j__:~!'_:~:;....:-}:_{~~...:.;:f:_:;~_;fr_:~...:..~_ti_~(_L:~;c..:':-:.~;-'._:_".:,_._."'_'._.~-::~:-::_.:._'_-_":"_:-:_"_'_"_'._"._._.y_{~_...-_.__
NW -1.3 -0.4
N -2.0 -0.7
ME 5.7 -0.5--------:...,.--_!.!.!:=----:-.--,.~.-:-.---,~~~---..;_........:~=---------:------:-------
.~,:~~;,~:-::~·;.:f~;·~';:'"
·E-W '''>''',,.-2.5 -0.8
.NW ."-',>.;';'0.9 -0.S-----------'----IN.:I..~------'---'--~-:,--3~.·-:'1-----0~.=9----.:..---------------;;~
ME :-1.4 -0.7
._.__._-----------....,...---------------:--.,.".---
-_.Ii:lb 1 <:F''5-"1 L_Obse ryed..-.t:.uCL'.Jenc ies (c.r eh!>'oo t~:-'Ll..__<ld"."IlCl-1m",rlt.ve~et<3tian tYF-f.
aspect.and slope,Watana Creek,period 5.1983.
------------------------------------------------------
TOTAl.LATE-HID EARLY
~:~r:.:OjO:-_-"';y'~Jol:'-_-_-_--_---:!~~~~--_--_--_::-...E!;J:!l:..~I.:l_'---':"""''''''''------------~
!
0-3 'OF'-WF E-W 55 3 I 58
.'.""0".0 0 I'~-.~:.
-0 0 I
10 0 I 10
7 B I 15.-.
N
HE
N 8 1 79
HE 15 0 I 15
--------------------------1---------
3-10 :OF-WF'E-W 30 1 I 31
:7·":«
.'NW 35 0 I 35
..N ••;,.'i 66 5 I 71
NE 51 1 1 52
---:---~------------------1---------.,-...JT~QLJTuA:1ll_..,_--ta2 7 I t8C"·
:>:':SCRB·,:·.};·~H:~i~··.:+!~~l;'c.:'·
,".",;~",NW ..w.?·,:::..
...
-
~..'
.:.
ooI...,',SeRB'".E-W.::;:·'0
.::...-:....;....,.._.,;.J::~~__,:~;....{_..__--:~i o~~I .'o~.
~:-----~------~~----------i-----~---i TorOI 14 __ L
......--"'-.""";,:-.,.
".:.
..~1
---'-~-,\-'.,....j.n;&.
"..
;--0.•
I LS';.E":'W 1 0 I 1
l..--1tlW 4 O-I.~___:_--_---II
i N 0 01 0
I ..HE 2 0 I 21__....:.T ---.:----:..
!~TOTAL 7 0 I 7i ....:,':~:.:..
--.
":"'::.1"'.,..-.-:.::.-:>::.'~'!..',~_
-
,;....
'.,
!>:)~~I _.
.,.'.!"-,,
2
'1'.r.;.
2
2
:2
2
4
:5
4
7 I>
.',:"..':~:4,:"
~.....,
"~"t:~,.
i··.'"
F'ROII .....ITEF,
~f~".;::-',.~
~:~
,~..,....
...;.......
l/L!.i..'
.1~~""
6 72.47 o.
.6,:....7 25..:.."0 .12J4
5 21.27.O~0003
G 80.20 O.
.i'.'::·:~-::·:t·""-"'-"":'~2'a-:'04;r .;.....···O·~'000.0
7 2.47'0.1164
7....7_~.67.___.0 •.0217.
~5 41.61·O.
4 123.07 o.
5·"'....__~.._.•~•.2Q .•..67_.~...."..0.0000
,.
t:A'
-".,<~~:~
.~.;....
..;.::;.
..r,':~":i
o.:lIJ7S
O.
0.0216
0,0007
O.
',',
3.57
43.09
11.49
17.11
74.0:5
',''.:
.(.t
•........!.;:,~;..
2
2
I':>.
.(JI~l:~flr;.,'"
.....4
..3.
4
i
So
FI.~)•
AE.
AS.
E":(".•0.
P.
At
E.
PI;E.
PA.
PE.
r:1
..."~i •
F'~:::S t
AEB •
.j
.EFFECT
I
F'i-II::S•-',.
'",•'..~I"'II$:tl 1.•'lIr•••IIlliM......l1lllllliiMIR lin :;...."J
,'.'r ',.'F .:'.to,··"...
-,,
.~
l,
"~.
,','!
.'.'~/'1,.•1..
';:'1':'..
'-f
i
.\.
t---.~-----....-.._._-
!Table F'6-1.Tests of partial and maT'sinal association for phenological'"
.,...../::laclvancelT'ent'elevatioo'slope'and aspect,Fish Creek,period ~),1983........,",.,.
.!:::".\;'~.•.::~;~~.;;.;.~".~-.~,:;,~;:'::'::;f...u.j;::~Jl>~':.;·;;.~~.~~:~:~::~~i(~~~~:..:..~~~~"L.i.iM:;:,.-i:.'.".;.;;.i-':';';;;j,;~L~~~2~:.:i~:}~~!~!;i:~~~~.':,.~;;:.":i~~~;~}:',;,.;.j~Ll:~;i:i~
*****ASSOCI~TION Op~iO~S~LECTED FOR ALL TERMS OF ORDER LESS THAN OR EQUAL TO 4
.'PARTIAL ASSOCHHION .-MARGINAL ASSOCIATION
,'_,",~l~,. . ..,..·.:·..;;~".>..D.$.·.::'.CHISQUARE Pf(OB ,"I TER '..~.:,.../~;';·.~,...CHI.sQUARE.;!h:rE~~~..;"~F~~:~~-~".~::::3.--~-._:-'..~.~~C~_~.-~~"','
,,1 ::..'46 •450 •
.,:...":';.[i .••19"9'1'0.,',c,'.,l',I ..r.",i '.~."t
..:.J'(,'f:;···J\;.~;j i~~..;:..J~l:.i:............:.:.:.:~.
:;:..;,·.;'2;·34 •41 0 •0000
.1 5.84 .0.0157
2 ...;.....15.35.0.0005
2"5<,.95 o.
::4 .'.145 .7:2 0 t
":.:"..,4 0 ....,.0
•<1.;'.......,.',"'...•,)<1.;••
:1.,
....":j:'
.~;
',[.
L··\fi:,>:·.')1
.''/
".~~.,':.';.'·>.):~f:~/..
'..'~~"'!,-l..
'.''.,,~-;~:.:~..
....
J •,,)J !J I 'J .]I I J _J .~I ;~•
.,.'
:-'~J''''';
~~···r~·.:.'-.,...~,..:,,!;.,.,..-.'
'r
,I ..
..;..•.....~...
,;;..,..:;':~
.,'!;-'.'-:"
..
J~;
advancement,elevation,~~~.Table P6-2.Standardized deviates for phenolo~ical
'·.~·.....:s~i,,",lnu..:.g,---,as;o..;;;sup::..e....c..,-,t"'-L,....f~l....·...s'-l.h-'--...Cur...Je.......e'-Lk:..L.,-S.p:..ce.......r..JJi"-'ow~dL-;5w..z,:...-....1..J.9:..JBol..>-l3..:..J:t!.....-_
SLOF'E ELEV ASP PADV
.;~.
·~-f~__:__"":'!',~.~.:!~--:_-~z:-_~._-~~~-~..=~.u_.__;..-.
.lATE--MID EARLY
.-:------~------~~--~~~~---~--~~~~------~--------.
-1.8
-1.7
0.6
-1.4
--1.7 ..
''-'3 'z ::1,..---___, •u "
..'I
~~i'.~,.",.-
"2.0
'.:-0."8
-2.7
.'.":.-~.~.....",;:
BLW
ABV 765M E-S
-..._.-----:-'-....stJ.
W-NE
765M E-S
'SW
....------.."--'-.....:.~'_:....<~.~~~W~NE,..·_··~,.a.5
0-3
....,".-''.~~-';\'(..k"~~!.-....__~_..,,__,._.....
...~
r~'..,.-.
3-10 BLW 765M E-·5
SW
W-NE
-4.2
.1.3
":;'-;J.s.~0
•G
0.6
0.2
-0.4
..-",..
"'"'
..:..
~\~;~~:~.~~t~;;:~;~"~1-'·.A;·.~~••-.-.
.~~;~~.;;."'~'.-'-'.:'.
.·~~E;·!·;.:...···
~\...
·s~~~\;
_.:..
"'!":$.'......:..
-'.,',~.
".,.',"
'.':
_;....-~_._--._-,-...,.-,----~-~...".:---"'..~..,......-.-_.t··..-!·---:...~·:!'~~~'?';;.-~·l:...":',~~
.'-.~.-
.-.i'"
~..::~.';,"",
'.
"'::':.....•",-"-',_.-~"',,:";;""'----'-'-'-"-'---'----
Table P6-3.Observed freouencies for phenolo~ical aovancement,elevation,
-Sts..e:..~J:..:t..-,__a[Ld_.s..1D.P..Ja..1F.J..sh.-c..r...e_al:'"per i 0 d :5 ,1983 •_
"
.."...-......._---.
SLOPE ELEV
.~~..-
;i \·~1l~.
·"\.b,·\:>."~
'------
TOTAL....-."~.".T't::"......".,..::L.e,...-M.:.~r~,.....;.~:";~,.~.;}:".--------~-=~--~--;~.-;:--7,:-...,·..~·~_:.~..;.{tr:4L_~,;-,;.;,~,~:,:~.f--_~:.~,'..__~-..- - - - - -..------ - -------..
:':."'_._.--;....~;-----_--_..;,......-~-.~-
0-3 BLW76SM E-S :·};·;~.;;~::~t;'.;;':'5 2 I 7
"SW .".......2 1 I 3
.:.::.,:-'':~-~~~'~:-~:~:_~j~II:~~~~~:_~~~_..
_,~"';,TOTAL':::':,~~)::?_:76.18 I94
."'---'-ABV"765-ME~S---·;·"'~;:--··:,~:,;:..::..21 ~0 I 21
'.SW',':~T,'_"9 0 I 9
,·-·-----W·-NE--·.....~·_.·',-·5·5 110
-------~~~----------------I---------TOTAL ".,,35 '5 I .-40
........
,..-'
"-•.~~!.
,.:··,i~;',
--_._-._-'_.'__.__..._-.,---_._---_.._,..-_....--_..-
-------------------------~----------~-----._-----------
3--10 ~_..BLW 7b5M..E~S 38 20 I sa -.....-----_.._-""'"
SW ".,..............7 (;.16 I 92
W-NE Sf)19 I 99
TOTAL 194
.•._----
..ABlJ 765l'1 E-S ··4S 10 I 58
SII:..;~:'~~:,'::_.70·1:r ..71
.",,,".~.W-t~E 40 35 I ··~.·'-~75·....-~~~_~.:~-'_-...:,:,.,~.~~,=~:.:.;:.~;~~.~~~~~-=·i.~l~:~.~~.~~~~---.~.:~4~~i ~--=;9.~--._-.-.-,--.-:
.._ "..'..,.';.c:.•"-;-:.'::-:::...::~~~.:.;,·":..":~~•.~.~~.~~.~':::':~.:~:~.:-."...:::-;.~.:.~.j.;,.(~~..':.......--.-.,.--._'._-_~-'.
--------------~-----~---------------~---~~----~---~---':':".::-• .':":':'.:--~.~':-..~~.•~.•:~,."·f~.;.-:'.--:.~:;~.:.:.~.......__:.~...::.:..-~-...>:::;.;.;~.:..~~..:";_...;:'".~.~.~.._~~~~...:;..;·,::;·...·:-::1:7;.::-.,'-'.".~..-_._.--'
...'~.~.",..;_::'!.;.:;"~~.:-:-::......~.~...:-..:-:.-:......:..:~~~.~?~'~...,'...::..._:.,.~.~".-:..~~";;:-:=:-.-.-'':"',':'~~::..;-.:::..:.:"-,.....
,10-30',;;-.BLW "765M E-S _ -c"""-3"4 ,'--:::25 I",59
,.-----'--.-----~:;;;'T-:':-.-_:...'SW .-:-,--·-53----,-:2 1-60 --------_..-----'-_
~J-t.E ..,·:,·;·.".'39 .'5'1 ,.':44
-------~------------------I------~--
-----_._--._--""-,'.-.''..'=rQ.TAL~'::""::';:':·:~~..131-~~._,...·32 I 163 ----'--~~.__._.-_~_.- _
ABV 765M E-S 64 ;0 I 64
---sw------:---0 ----0':1-------.0 --__. . _
W-NE 4 0 I 4----------,---------------1---------
·--·-,~·-----·,TOTAL--·-:..-'-'·-··6S 0 I 6S ----,-----.'--.-_
••~_._"-.,-------,-,-_-."'--;,f'~.'"-~~...-.~"~.j .....:;~t~:~·~:~~~·.:.~.::.:'5.~~--'-=~';':''=''--'''''-''''''''''''~'-:--':.!".....?'J'•.~--:-<-r··~.-:--'-'-'---...----~
-'~".'I
,~.
....:
';.'
-
..
....;:.
.j
1 •~.~
';--..
•',f.~.~:i
~.",.
....
-t:
-,."-
,,-~'..
_.._---'---------'--'-"---------'
Table P6-4.Standardized deviates for phenoloSical advancement,aspect,
_.e l.e.'l..atLo.ru and ve!:letation type,F ish Creek,eeriod 5,1983.
........;......
.\)!C ._.._..:.-.:....ELEV ..._...AS?PArtV
LATE--tiID EARLY
..
-._.-:~~~_~_~:---~...~:.-:..:::-:-.~---7 -----~~-----'---.--.~_...._....---=--...
OF_._.._----BLW 765M E-S______sw:'
W-NE
-.",--
-2.8 -·.,.'0'.3.)..
3 ..1---·.'::3;'j·-·-._.-_._-~._--_.,--_.- -,..-._.-.
3.0 1.2
......._,------AI-tV ·765M E-S
SW
W--NE
---------------------------~----~._-----------
-,,,,-'".--:.....
-
-
WF-SCRB·BLU 765M E-S
SW
W··NE
ABlyl 76SH'E-S
,.,0.SW
--------,-!IJ '7 H F..:
-4 ..9
-1.0
-0.6'
.5.2
10':~
.-4.1
_ .J ~•._--------~----------~---~---~--¥-------------
. _.•-.-..~..--~-.-,.•--..-:.-~.-:.~.-:.~.,:"7'~--_.__.-
0.,
.LOlJSHRB BL'W .705M E-S
...".SW
.-'-_"..:~__._._,._-..~W-NE
AB\J 765M E-Ssw
~l-r·!E
,r-..----•.-------•.-----
.,;.".',...:~..
-1 ~T
'-0.5
0.9
-1.6
-2.3
,0.4
-0 ..9
~1.8 ..-
'i',-';",'-l.
.t-0 .'"
"~._'•.-,"'or
.,
.:.:/
.~.~~~".~.).',
.~~...~:
..
:1'
Table P7-1.Tests of partial and mar~inal association for phenological
_.2!-1 IIJ!I!c e ITl e nt,e te II a t ion,51 0 P e,and a 5 r"e c t ,Kp sin a Cr eel-.:"p t'"rio 0 d 5,1.9 a3,:.<.,'.....__,..-__
""'J ..
;.~.....~
"
. ,
..,....'.
10 19.97 0.0002 a
~..14.32 0.0025 ·7
..2 ~.';;::..~f.:':::::;'J'~\fl:(:~i)~:r~;'~:~';:g;';:>(,;}~i:;~'~':3~.~~r:};;!:.~.<~~"':.
"",:":i::;;';',::'::):.{~;r?~:;-"~:;'·:':'i:1~;:'·'--·'::",':..,.~:.,",
TERMS OF ORnER LESS TH~~'b~iiUAL in '4,,·
AssoCIATION MARGINAL ASSOCIATION
PRQD ITER CHISQUARE PROD ITER•
OpA[JJ·'~i[~'~i¥~D FOR ALL
';.I c.:F'ARTIAL
:..II.F~·:I';:CHIStUJARE
,'I '",,:
;.:"
*****ASSOCIATION
-EEF E'.kI.L-'-o·__~
.,1-·~Tcm'·'.;)E5~:~(.•~:::2 ----....~....-~~~~i·-(~i;i·
1."194.55,O..
'7 .:I·,..16C!16;0.:.··'l.,.;,w"•
~...
__~t,..;;!.d·;~'~l·l:\~·~w·~~m ~~,+i.:·~:OOlUL~!<'!;;'!(~il~~!:~lt®i;,);i~:0004 (.••~..
AE..'.·1 .'0.55 0.45G4 9 3.17 0.0752 2
AS.';:3 ,oj:,'..52.98 0.10 52.95 O.:2
ES......3 .!..'49.64 o.·9 42.9a O.2
I .'~~.•."•.··'·:;:li~J:};'iJi!;·ii~4~:lir~':~~ffii,·.,,~:~854
F'E.S.'.3 '1'":L i>0.7625
AES.3 7.06 0.0701
P.
;I-A.t~
E.s.
F'AES."..·f:';;,:"1··..>·;',:;.1i~,:;::.·j/~,:~.1.aj .,t\,,>,,'·0 .1766,....._~,<.;.,.;~.-~."i:~:·fr;:t~~;8:<:----;;:-~-
i...~
''',.t
.fj"~"{~•.•.;....:'.1".••••:-.!::·:t~.~;~·:.~t
)'':"{',):1::'
.:'j~.":~~.~~'
'.','
...,,..;
~:J'i'.:-,,I
:."<
~)J ;t i J ),t .J J )~.~~]~~
--
",...,i a.l;;1_1S!__£.7.:,-2_LJit..a..nd.ar..d..iz.f"..£Ln.eYL:iJ...e..c,;for ph e no 1 Q Sit:'a 1 ad y aD c e III e nt,e 1 e vat i 00 ,
Llope,and aspect,Kosioa Creek,period 5,1983.
EARLY
.PADV
LATE-MID
...~..ASP."
------"
,"'.
ElEV ."""II ~~~~~
....,1I---------------------------------------------
".'.-.:~.
.:'f ~
!'.'.....-.•..
..'.1.7·
-4.1
-3.1
-4.0
.3.2
'1.8
ABV 675M E-SW
W-N
BLW 675M .E-SW"
.,'/'·::,·<:·,;::::·W":"'N -.'..:~.
0-3]·1
rt --------------------------------------
3-10 BlW 675M E-SW
W-N ,
-3.?
W-N ..
ABU 67~'"E-8tlI_1
t-'-.--------------.--------:----------------------------------------------:----------------------------,;..-.;-~---------
.t ~:,..'.'>,-~.
.~,.
.>§{~?;"
--"':':"';-'-.."..>-;...
.."'....."
-0.9
-1.4
-5.3
ABV 675M E-SW
W-N
BLW 675M E-StrJ
.W-N
.,..;..'.-~..
.ABV'675M E-SW,;~·~:<"\::·.;,:·:-2.9 ..',6.1 ··:~:/f··
"-"".'.W"';'N""""',7 .0';::';::';::2',;4"'
10-30
1__,.
1----
I Table P7-3.Observed freauencies for phenolosical advancement,elevation,_
!_.6-S.f'eJ::_t,and s lope,1<0 S i na ere ej(.J.pe r i_o.d :5,1 £_B.J--L-_
SLO=-f-·E----E::":'L-:E::":'V:-------:A~S~P:----PAIIV
E-SW 82 41 I 123
W-N 64 6 I 70--------------------------1---------
______--'-T.=O.....T.:..:A=L'--__146 .4~7_---"I'-_-=1:...::9-=3'___
ABV 675M E-SW S 20 I -25
W-N -_ 0 2 I 2-----------~-'---'--'-----------------------------I --------.,...
TOTAL 5 22 I 27
_______________-=LAJE-tH.~'::_1_...:E::.:A~R.:.:L=_Y'____T:...:O;;;..;T:..:.A.:.:L"--__,.._---
I ------------------------------------------------------;.
.~
_:_Q.':.;3..._--.Jl-..lW_6.75M
I·,
I
j
---------------'-------~-------------------------------I
II_~_3-1IJOL-_J--'B~L"jWL-J6;L7w5>!!.M:L.JE~-::JS~W~4=_47_---~.4~9~I--:-_=973-----'---:-------
W-N 84 10 I 94
f --------------------------1---------
:---.:...-T!..!ObLT!JAt!JL!:::.-__._--'1~2=.!8L______!:5!...!9___=I'___~1~8.!...7 ~
ABV 675M E-SW 6 38 1 44
W-N 10 12 I 22-----------~-'--~-~----------------------------I---------
TOTAL 16 50 I 66
-------------------;----------,;""""
,
----_..._----------------
--------------------------------------~---------------
---------------~--------------------------------------.
BLW 675M E-SW 22 I.27
W-N 18 0 I 18--------------------------1---------
TOTAL 23 27 I 45___...L.looL............---
ABV 675M E-SW 0 1 I 1 ~
..__.jl_~M _ ___6.O'--J,I~__J.6,L_--------------------------------1---------
TOTAL 6 1 I 7
------.-.-._-
."ii.':'-."
.~.:..
-~~:~~.;~.~~~-:.-'_...~~_i~t<>j;.tATE=~~~--EARLY
i -----~~------~-------------------------------
!BLW 67~il1 E-SlrJ CF-OF 2.1 5.B
,----.I,IF-SeRB ,.-0.7"'-0.4F""""W .,..!--:"LOWSHRB',~7 .1"O:~1 •6
,,:',.'""....;..,.,·Y.·",':.."::."',;.,I ".....:••••"...
r-W-N CF-OF3.3 -5.5-~WF-SCRB 7.0 -2.6~LOWSHRB 0.6 -4.6
L~P7=A_.S-tandardized deviates for ?heooloSicaladvancement,aspect,
e ~~vati 00'and've£ietation t!:J?e,Kosina Creek,1"2 J'i odS,1983.
~_~--..-~--..
.-.
-
2.63 0.2688 :3
20.69 0.0043 3
._-h...«t'$.Q_!...~.£.5_~.5.
·::)2.8a 0.0000 6
Table P8-1.Tests of psrtial and marginal association for phenolosical
uiJ.I~:1 v "1I!.~J~tDH?I!1-1 e I e vat ion,S),0 P e ,ill n r.l ve S e'~a 1;ion huo!e ,CIa r e rLC mC r eli!t(,P E!.r..iJ.lJ.o.ud_......,;:=;u'~~a..w...t.-,.._
....:..,";:.:.-,:;",:..:..-'.':'
~t*:t":~j:__~.SJ~OCl~lIQttJJfTION K~ECTEII F_OR Al~L Tf=llliS OF ORIIEr<L.j;SS THAN OR EJWA:.:...:L~T~O:.....-..;.:.4 _1 ...PARTIAL ASSOCIATION .MARGINAL ASSOCIATION
I EFFECT ':.':....II.F •...:'·<:~~CHISQUARF.·F'~OB ITER>CHISGUARE PROS ITER-------....---'.;'....-...--.......--...._----_...~-"""-------_...-...-..--_..-
P.1 166.88 O.
E.1 4.37 0.0366!__'Lt.•2~_..".......~5~1...t.t.l:-l5...L9.....,--.-xO...!.t ~~,..,...,..__~~_
I ..:............,.:'h§~JD;~:;·~~?~t>~.~~o ···'~~i.~i*!,.·~J~!~;~~tr:~tti\~~,.;.t·~~;~iB4 ...';.,2 •••...•
,
!---PV.2'20.77 0.0000 6'15.97 0.0003 2
PSt 3 7.83 0.0497 6 .2.35 0.5029 2
__J;_Y •~31..,.t 19 0 dt<LO 0 ~..29 •46 .Q•0 Q.Q.Q_!!:.-.
~~:··'~n;;,;!d~ii~;Xl ~:i~.f".~:0
0 2~.J,Uj';~:~~!~0-5~;~~:;r>l.irLg:0070 •~
PEV.2 14.00 0.0009 20
PES.5 25.93 0.0001 0
.PVS.•...~_..~.lii.49._Q-!.~tl.J;UL __".Q._
EVS.-6 "63,.36 O.20
I~_·_.P.E_V S •....--._.•..._.__•...............__•..__0..__...0.t.21 .3...,_00.00 .....:.-__--.,~__-_-_-_--__----_
i i 5 )!II J )J j 4 J I ~!I §
"'JP 'i!f
__Lab~eJ...·.a'.':'.2iL-S..t.an.dardi ze!iJi.eyj ates ftu ph.eolJlo9 j eel l advaocemeot f el evat.j 00 ,
slope,and vegetation t~pe,Clarence Creek,period 5,1983.
;........:.
-"OE BU1W'765 -0.....1 1.1
ABV 765M 7.2 -0.7
WE-SCRB BLOW 765 -1.7 3.·0
ABV 765M -0.8 -1.1
-,-----:-----~--.....------------_:.--_--
!.SLOPE VC ELEV PADVi------------ ------------
i l ATE-MID EaRLYr-
J ----------~-------~~-~-~-------~-------------
I
L-"O-3.__---J
i
I
!--
LOWSHRB BLOW 765
ABV 765M
0.6
-0.8
-
I .
,-1 ~8I3--10 ..OF BLOW 765 -1.1
I AI(V 765M 2..t..l 0.;5
r
I WF-SCRB ·BLOW 765 -2.7 2~3'
I ABV 765M -1.8 "O'~2r..:.::",..".:::.'-'..,LOWSHRI-c BLOW'76S ~··':7.9 -1.4 ••0-
I .".:',ABV 765M "'.·-2...t..3 Ot..3."
.'.':-~.~.:.::'.:'."':-':.~'
"..~;..".~.,~,"..,"
.....
-
I,---------------------------------------------r-l:-0---=3-=-0----::O-F--:-:---:-B-L--O~W-,7=-6-:-5-,-".-:-"",,-~2-.5---:"---1---"O-'-:---~~''''''-''''''-'''''''-"':~-''-'"....!.,""'-"-,.-,.-.•-.-,
L__--..:.,..,_,_.,;,.,<_,.'";""';'_".;..,'"._..._~'_·'A_,.B_~_:,_;:}.:...:;:...;..~";,.~__.l1_:._.....;?,.:...·:~-;.;.;,\.~.;..,;:0_~:i_:.3~,,..;..,,:,..:..;./;...._'_-_1_:_1..;.·....::...<:..;..:~,_".:..;....·;:::~;;:...~;:.t:...·..:.:..;.:·:~.:..;.·:;:~.:..;.·::.../.'_>.:...:;{;.,::·4:.::::1::;.:.f;..;,,:,~~:;;,1L::::;;~.:.;.;~;...:~:~;.::.:.-~..:::}..::·,::::..::..~:;·
WF-SCRB.BLOW 765 3.7 2.0
ABV 765M -0.1 0.3.-
----------------------------------------------
..-
OE B.L~65 -l.B -0.7
'.ABV 765M .0.0 '.-0.8
~:'.""'.}."~'.,.'
WE=.S.C.RB BLo.tL.Z1-5 1.0 -1.2
ABV 765M 0.1 1.6
I D.W SH.RIL.-BLQ.t~765 -??,-0.9
ABV 765M 2.6 -1.0
Table ps-3.Observed freQuencies for phenolosical advancement.elevation.
_veSetat i or.tllPe •__a.D..l1.-ll.op_e.CliU'_enCJLJ::.l:,e.el-..-t>.e r iO.d_S,-_.L'1B3 ..____
BLOW 765 2 1 I 3OF
i
~5LOPE VC ELEV PADV~~~--~------------LATE:~;;--EARLY TOTALI-=_"':'_=-__...._...._-=_-=_=__=_...._=_=_=__...._=_-=_-=__=-_-_..!o_o.!:!_.!.__!O.::_:I_L!o_'"!o!_--__---_--!;_O!!_~__l.--_!..._-_-_-__!!_!..!_...!:l_i!-_.-__--------l
IL 0-3
.~';;;.-;;'.
ABV 76511 15 0 1 15
-----~--------------------I---------
TOTAL 17 1 1 18
UF-SCRB BLOW 765 2 4 1 6
ABU 71.5M A 0 I 6
'~
'-
'~'.".
18
25
22
o 1 .,'0oI',,"7
S 1
5 I
2 1
o',7',.
20
10
.20
-----------~~-------------I---------TOTAL ..'16 0 I 16
BLOW 765
ABU 70511
MVH~,n·,4IU
---~--~---------~---------I---------TOTAL 55 10 65
BLOW 765 3 0 I 3
V 5 7
TOTAL
--------------~~~-------------~----
--------------------------1---------
OF
OF
....
.WF-SCRB BLOW 765
ABU 76511
--------------"7,'~.---"7..7",-----------,------------'"i....':';;'~:,"5!o.~"'"'·;';~·:-.:~-~~-;:<~
-----------------------------~-~~-------------~-------
'.~,;<. '..!~.':-..~..'.T.O<"i
L-..-G.l::..J!-lIL__J.OlF~~__~B.QJLL..J0.u.~~'-----'-"7---~~~----3':...------__l
ABV 765M 4 0 I ~
--------~----~------------I---------
3-10
10-30
,,...
i ..,'::-.Jo~
I --------------------------1---------1!-------:-L=OW;;s~H:::R:;B;:--:::;:-::~::-L=776=5-'--"-'-::::-----..·-:':0;-·-:::1=----'_1~:-.:
ABU 76511 1 1
-----------------------------------
....-
,i>:~:j~~:t::i-~~~;.;,~.:i.-~~:":'"':....~
WF-SCRB 9LOW 76~,~~0 I 12
AB.Y-Z6::i11 l2 4 I 16~------------------~-·-------------------------l---------
TOTAL 24 4 I 28
LOUSflRB [{LOU 765
ABV 165M
o
13
o I
o 1
o
13
-----------------------------------
TOTAL 13 o 1 13
.~~..-:'....:..;'-.:'.-.',.-".~~-.,...'
~'"'.":"'~......~:-.:-:~'h,',.:;',.~
.:;...".'.",
)1 .cD 1 )1 ..]J )1 J -])J J )J .j
___.S...
EFFECT
~t
I •A.
E.
Table P9-1.Tests of partial and mardi nul association for ph~nolasical
adv arJceJTLe.[lt...Li:t.$£eJ~.iJ.~_1~e...L-ilUL.CLa.l.e.'La.ti.o1l1.SJ~t:Lt..t:.hQ..iti:.l',.,.$'pe I'i od ;;,198;L-~L_--_
*****ASSOCIATION OPTION SELECTED FOR ALL TERMS OF ORDER LESS THAN OR EQUAL TO 4
c ..,..--_.......,....~_~--:.F-='Altllli1-Aa.$JtC.J~.AT I_QJ~~MA$.-p I NAL ASSOC I flT 1 ON
>···,<'.;,D.r-.:;{,;:cc:;CHISClUARE,'PROB ITER.;".:CHISQUARE,PROB.\·.:ITER
~'d"',~~·:'::i.·'::·':·~-~:,;~:t;f:>,~!,~,t~i~~:~;--,:,;:);..~..o:---'----'<.-~----~:~-,;:----'}:<,.----
1 20.12 0.0000
1 92.18 o.
----:o--~__~2 B..t_B..9.O..tJl.U .B_~_~---,.---,........._-.,--.,--.-..,......-:----:_--,-..,.......
1_~1;/;','i,;r.~;~(t>~;qMi~,j;~fr:_g;;j;t g:M~O 1"'",.~·...;:;~\;J+!?3~t~;;;;,~~;'g::~42 .'~..'
F'S.2 55.97 o.'5 30.80 0.0000 2
AE.1 61.78 o.6 40.44 O.2
..__a.$•~.3 8_!..~~OJ.QJtQ..O 7 7!1;34 <)•0199 2'-_
ES•,:.: .'.:,.,'~;,?,:y.;':U;..t:';r,~\~;19 •?:5 ,'..'..,0 •0001 ,.'.9 ...'."'·/'":·,~".:,.~~.;:.,;:~,8.•7 ~}il'::":/,';;:;0 .0 j,24 2 " .
..-FJ)L''.2 ''1..13-._6..9-0..._0_0.0.•114 .'1.J_L3...4'·:0 t 0 (t4,0'--_-I-7 _
PAS.2 18.83 0.0001 13 15.09 0.0017 9
PES.2 3.12 0.2098 7 7.70 0.0213 4
.._~_EJLt..~Q..L2._9 O"..t.aA_,t1 7 _.0 L4~~>-.tJHtQ.9 ,s._._._'_
F'AES.o
".f'
0.00 1.0000
"
.,.....p'.,,',-._........--'-'.'-'.'1'I ~._._=....='::mr
Table P9-J.Standardized deviates fqr phenolo~ical advancement,aspect,
elevat.ior"and slope,Switchbacks,pe'riod 5,1983.
,.,......".'
;__S.L.O£..E'-__.....E~L......E..:>V....··_·_~_·.....;.·:'_·;...A...,S~P'-···....P...A,....D"""'V.....;.·_
!.------i
I
I
LATE-HID EARLY
......
----------~-------.--------------------~-~-----.
...w·.-.......-.----,~_...._.--......--
0-3 BELOW675 S-SW -1;2 2.5
NW-E 4.6 -2.5
ABOVE675 S-SW 2.6 -1.3
NW-E -3.0 -3.1
"..'~.,...•"~,
I
I~I!--3---1-0---B----:'E:-L':""O~W~6~7....5---:-S---:S-:-W-:-------4-:--.:=5---"71-.-=7:---------......:------.......""'"'
NW-E 3.4 -2.7
I
ABOVE675 S-SW ,....1·.5
NW-E·"i.1
".
...:0.3
·'·:~3.o....",-
.;'~:::.-~'..;,~:•.:"~"'."';"
.-~.''"..
.-
10-30 BELOW675 S-SW ~4.4
-:-2.4
:X,e,;~:d'
~,
""'"--~.---...-----~...--_._---
!Table P9-3.Observed freQuencies for ?henolo~ical advanc~ment,aspect,
.-_eJ.J;!Y a t i onL_"anc:Ls_~e.~_S.w.i..t.l:.hb..ack s ,pe r_i.Qd__:i..L-1~,ah,_
i
L-SL.l.I.O.LE',I;,E_-:-..JOE.J,L.J,Eo...lV'--__uAw,SJ::.P ..JP::JA:ijDu.,:VIl-.---_-------------
LATE-MID EARLY TOTAL
------------------------------------------------------
0-3 BELOW675 S-SW 25 16 I 41
NW-E 44 0 I 44
...".-------------~---------------------------------~----~~.
.....
\,,"",~;.,.::,;./:,;{:.~,~~~;~---f\~---~;-~--'I··7-~~~:-,i -~~?)-S;~·:-:..':(:'.:,
L A_D_O_V:-E_6_7:-·~-:-..--:;.~;;~;:;:;-:;;:-:------:------------_:;_-,:~2~_;_-------------~~_;:;·~:--..;~:-=:-'::"'-:-=:-='-7~~=_27~=._=.__-:---1
I '",TOTAL 116 ,"15 I,131
I
I
3-10 BELOW675 S-SlrJ
NW-E
10
44
16 1
o I
26
44
----~--~~-~--~---------~-~I-----~-~-
TOTAL •.'/'54 16 I "'?O
ABOVE675 S-SW
NW-E
..:,
95
66
24 I
4 I
119
70
---------------------~----I---------
TOTAL
:":.,
161 _.,28',I
..~-.."".".';'-.':::.:'.
',,189.-..~...:.,.~<;....:."..
-
10-30 BELOW475 S-SW 5 15 I 20
NW-E 38 0 1 38
ADOVE675 S-SW 31 55 I 86
NW-E 53 0 I S3--------------------------1---------TOTAL 84 55 I 139
..~.
.IiJ.bJ.jLE·~9.~•.S.tandardized de~ia:t.es fOl'pbeooJ oSical ad .....anCeJJent'aseeet'
ve~etation t~pe,and elevation,Swit~hbacks,period 5,1983.
*****
vc
STANDARDIZED DEVIATES ~(OBS -EXP)/SGRTCEXP)FOR ABOVE MODEL
,..''''._.~.'.:i":··~··:····.
.".ELE'~"ASP ~:':;J:.;{';:;\'~(};~'.'.'PADV
....
------
LATE-MID EARLY
II,",:"._:_~_.~_:_~_-....-_-_-_:_:_:_:_:_:7_-:~..;.-:u.:~l/i.·:~.:....-_.-..:...~;...:;~_....~_::~_>~_::~_~~::..t.~7A-_--_-_-_-_~_":"'-l~u·:.....-_--.;..;..~~-..;._
_.·'··;<·NW-E·'.'.''0.1 -1 ..1 ..
I ABOVE675 S-SW -0.9 _4
1
...°7 -
.NW-E -3.2
.-4 ..S
7.5
:.,.,.~.;.:
".~
BELOU675 S-SW
NW-E
WF-S.cRB
I·.9 •
.~--~----~-~-~~~~~~~~~~~--~~~-----------------I
i
ABOVE675 S-5W
NW-E -1.2
---------------------------------------------
,...--l::Lo!:O!J!iWt,fSu:H!£Ru;'B!....-...fB~EOJ.l,.J,01J!:W!£6Ll7~SL......,j;Sz.;;:-::.l.SuW!___:__---....lI3oLltu7~--_:4~.u2:--_--::-_---:---:---:---:-_--:-~-:-:--~--.-
1_'_...:..-,_..._.-:.."...;.'~"..~·.:,;;".:l:!·~·..QBJ.!;~Y..,}&i.Q·1.L~~·~~;....:·~~~~c=1:~':~~~::"':....'·:..::::;~.i~~;{.:.._:~':_~<_r:...;.,':...:.._.;~::.!.:~:'--:~"":':..z.:~:._._··_;:_:t:_~t·_~11_;,:_:.~_5_:~:....··:'_·...."""1_
L'NW-E 1.7 -4.1
.._-~=-----
-
APPENDIX S
1983 SNOW DEPTH TABLES
228
."-4.~.
:..:
,....~-~..
..'.'~~
.''.~..
'"-:'r.··
...•
.'
_......"~-'.-
s n.uw ,asp ec t ,e.l.eJl.ai..,JJ..i<...4i..loo,uoLLZf:...-s:au(:.lI!..dL..:::sl..ll....ol.l!.lp:::.J::e:.J'L-_for
:.~...-..."'.'
.'.
:..".,(~:.;::i·
...,.-:.~;i:..~'..
..~.~-~.~.:~~:.,...-.
,.'-'0".'''.c'·
'.',
~~...-;.
":-"..:
·i.......I.able._...8-1..=...l....S tao d a 'C.d i zed cl e y i at.es
trlev.~.l...C!'_e~~r..f period 2,1983.
..-'-'-','".',.-:.'-.,.,....-~-~..,......"......'.-'~".;:.,_:~_..~~.:':;:,~,~..,~.-._·:·~JF-<t.~~~;~·~;i~~."...·~,.;:';~~';·.:4~.{t:.-r~}~'~_:'--.":-.~........;~-.~_.......,~.""'....~..:~.~'i.~.....;~.~;..·;~:f ~-.'!-~"..
-
.....'.:.
.-.:.
.~<~-2.2
2.2
.,"'..,.
E-S-W ,·.:~~::,>.~:·;::·;:;'2.1
NW'.::.,;··':·:······-2.3
ABOVE
'.
"1 .,.,';..::::.:~:;;..:;.:.:/:....:..;;.:.'ABSENT PRESENT
~~.j~--------------------------------------------
i
·1I ","'.'
""'"
.'
3~10 .BELOW 6.7 -3.4
.,~~~.:---7""~-:-~"7:;':~7"~~~~;---:-:-.---:'-·__··__.·"':::::..·;-;-·:.-:;3~.:..;4~:--_·_·-~2~.~1~~"""':"7~~:_._~~~__:_-:--:_._--:-_....;.._
....~BnvE·'~t;'::~t~~l~~;~~~'~:~,#;f[i:~~;~k~~W;r~~'~~~:;ti~(.~~~:;;;f~i;~:i1t~}r·
~~'~~~'.::":-~...
_041.-"7.."
."':-:~~-----_._-----------------,-.-."..,..-....._r":'...,..-..~-__:_-:7.:--;--_:-------------------..:..------=----,.;..:--
,'....'J
"
r""'"
":':'
#
.t I":;,
'.:.:,:..!
".'
.1 ...
:,'"...;"
....
----_....:..__.:.':.-.._._--
andsnow,aspect,elevation,
1983.
,,
Standa I'd ize'd dev i ates fo I'
tyee,D@yjI Creek,period 2,
'j
.,
·vc ElEV ...ASP CSNOW
';..',":
..~'.
.~'....
.:"'~-;:..'';;','-':~;:..-.
.';'
..~..:'.~
~'-'..~.
------_._-------~------------~------~---------
.....
.,
.....:.
~.'~-'.
''';''','.
.-.-•.:.
.,.
..-.:.---:.:...•.'.
'..,.-.--:,',.
-1.0
~---1.0
·'13.7
.:,...:...
.~:~"".
":'..::......
. .~.;,;'.'
".;"'-"
...F··.··
.'',-.~.
"~.~-.."-'
LS
WF
·"l
SCRUB
J
~...;,_",r,'.:.....
"...~.!"
'.'.":".'
..'
'-i·
"!'.'.-:.
.'.":.~:'!.','.-:..
-.:'.:,'.
'::.'
,.
.~:;."...~.
"..t·.......'..'""~.~·:.::,~:.~~_r.~·.::~,·...:..~:,.~.~.~.·~.::.~.,:"~'~..:.~;.;~.:..''~..-
.....~-.;'.,
.....
'.~.....~~.::-
.•..
".,"~7'"'•.
-0.9
'.:-1.1
-0.8
--1.4
:'>.;,.
,.'·-2.9
..':,'~~/:',.:.:"'1.5
NE-S-SWLS-HERB
.'.L-
,
d::,c::,::~~'::::',_~_::..:~"~:;;;r:':::.·"'=~·=S=l;.;;:i~:~l._s::_t:....;~:~::.;;;~=·~=5.::·Jf.:::&;.;;;£:::.~r:.:....;~~i...:;1::::.f~::.;,;t~~;ir..:.\~"",:·'::'·":;;··~~·~::::~~.~:::."_::.l4:::_-=-=:-:::::-::=-·~..:....:~~....;<_'...;.,..•:_:::.-...,;.:::~..:..~:::....:~_'_.,;....----:.·~'-:,;...·X_:,::....:.~·_o':.:..:..::;':_'"...:.;~-...:<.:~:.;..:~~:.:..:..;~:_,...,_..._:
'..~:'
,.~.....:~...__.,.--_._-_..
-0.6
-0.8
,;.;
--'."'.,"".':'..':'..,...-••~.",!,,"•.,,:,".......~.~•.,-
J...."'-,.~.
~.,".-:--.....,.-'10.".:-.....:Ir.-":"'-_.•.••~:-:~~._'-
"...',':''.
",,;...-...
_.
'"-.:':.".
'.-~.:
......:.
.'
"I ,.".',
....",,,.
."
.',
---_.__._---------------_.._--------------------
~,.'II "...
3ble 54-1.Standardized deviates for snow,slope,elevation,and as~ect,
~tana slide,period 2,1983.
SLOPE ELEV ASP CSNOW-.-.----
>.-'--.
"""
.~.:
-.
"
••0"'."•.'~~.'
-.~•..
".';,."-:-...::;:;.....~:;.;.:~;.:.'.-.:;'.'"'';'~-'::.~.
.'
~.,"
..•'":'''!
.'
....-
.~....
.~!.:>.."..':.:~~.:._.
.~'--.-
-0.8
-0.5
..c:;:.:..O •.,
'-1.,3
-.
'-1.4
'-0.9
.",.;-:6.1>
.-2.,3
--S-SltJ
:::'rW-NE
.:~...:.'..
..':'~~.
SE 1.0 0.8
S-SW 0.3 -0.6 ~W-NE 2 L.Q"'--__--J1.....L"OU _
~~,-~..~..ABOVE
...~..E
'SE
,....:>·,1.6
.'.~;~::..:'J.:'~~(;':;1.2
-0.5
.~O.1.
,":.~
:;"0 ~9
.:!~r;"'l •5
s-sw 4.2 -0.7
W-NE -1.5 -1.1
.~~.-;-
:".-.''''.
....,.,".:-
-~~:".
~''''.'.'.,~.
;---'
'.'
,:":
. .
,"."
"'.
."....,f.
..j
"
.':"
"
.'~.~
o r'o ,
.-La.b..l.e~-"l.=-J.-.-S.t~.ilili.iz.ed deviates for sri ow,vesetat ion h~pe,elevati 00 and
aspect,Wataoa Slide,period 2,1983.
.;..~."."•.~~._.~;."-:S;•.
,1,-:~:"."' •
&.-~'''-.:.'-''-'
~..'-....".-
,
....~..
5:j~::
-1.2
3'.3
'PRESENT
2.5·Ot B ';;'
0.4
-2.3
ABSENT'
..•....
OF ..j~:~.;,'.Bitp'~;i.t1;iJffSt~i~f',.....
...S-SW
W-NE
---------------------------------------------
...-..
_'~~~_~~'~';:'_'~:...._~....:"-,o~,-_....;.'~-,-o,,,:,_,,,:,,":",.,.-I~"'-i:lotl~l-__:__··__·__._/~_,~,_.~~_.~~:~:w~u.~U:~l:..._---.:.__....'_··_·_,...._._.--..:.._
I .,":..
i
"'.:...;.",.
.-.~.:...~:
.~'\'~.
.'~~..
~"..-...-.~.,-
,.~.:.-
."--...,.'-;'~.-.."".
.E
SE
.~...",
'BELOWLS
:~'..,
SCRUB.
..
II;--.~,.,,-..-.~-:-...-...-.A-.B-.-~.~V~'~-:~':'-:-:~:-~:f:-:~.;;-':s-E-:-E~...-:.7:.-:.;~-:-.•-:>7,.:.:..:...-'-.._'.'-"":-...,:,-:,:,!-'-:.:':.:~-::,.'-~-:-~-.·-:-:;~::7F-;·:-:-::-:-.~-.g-.-.~-.;.,..-:..,,-.-?:.:-;,:-.-...-:..---:-.'.-...::-::;:-:~.::-:~..~-(:_-:,..)-~:.~.:-__~:...;,::::,.,...:~.-..~..--.:.-~.-,.;-"-.__-~:'-""-
1--'".,.':..S-SW__""_';'_"'_"__2.c..•.6Q--:·_·__·;:;:;-~O'-'ar..:lB~--:--:...--:-..··_;'·-::·::...:...;;.:-::;;....:~._._...:.....;...·.:..;;·.:.:f..;,;·~::;'.;;./·_:_·'_'·~·--:...--:...-
!W-t~E...o.1 .',~"-1 .5
I ........"".;...,.....":""',.,'..
'0-
..'~:.
.-....
~:".:"":..~
.........
.:...::.:~'-"..
0.8
.-1.2
·";0.7
-2.7
.-1.6
1.9
.....,..4·.\~
.-0.1
'::"1.3
.;'<;
W-WE
E
SE
S-Sw
's-sw
\II-NE
ABOVE
I
j
•:lllIIi\Ili8
-~"~!,""'''''''''''-r-;..:.'~.)}~.~~~~!",~~~~~~..,.~----_.~-
::~;;'..~.~.~~;;(:'"-,..~~~;~.~.
'.•':-c
;.;:.-'!'"
-,.7-.,
~~..
.'
~.~
:~}~-i.~;~~.~~-
_1 abl E'.S;;-'1.Standa rd i.zed del,.'i ates for snow,vesetat ion t~r'e,slope and
aspect,Watana Creek,period 2,1983.
'.
----~
.;,.
:-.....
'.~.~.'",
'-';";'~'-.;
'.:..'
...::--'
.:~.~.....,."."..•..-
.....~..~'.,.,'
:.,'
'..~.-
:..",,'"~',,:.
'.:.,.'~'.-.'-;'-.
'.'
..:=•."".':.--.-......~.
.:.?~:···~;-r·.<--'~.,
......\..'--
.;;..•..~.
..-_.~.,.-..
..............
.."....~-
-.~"'.
;~'e'.:.....:••
-~;~:-~'.
.'..•..
~"",'.·e.
.-......~:.,.
•,•.:!:•
•-,#I'••-.........~'0'•
.:..~........:;--'.•.
.",;....•.;.';.·...·~.,:.:...·..:..:·:,.:.~-.•...;.·:·.O .•.6.'.'.~~,.'.::",
••",.r;'-;••••
'.:~
NE-S-SW 11.6 -1.1
..' N
,....,..;.
.....~"
."'.:.
'>i~~~:~j.::~0·:W::;;"¥~fi~:·:~~;~:i:iFi:~....._.--:;:'~~~:~
_..-~-':"'::::-'.".--::;-:-.~-:::..-:~::;:~.~~.-:.,..~:::::-.:':-:~-~~~~.:.~~'•."-..'.'.......',:-::.--::.~~:...,
"".,.:';:•.--.....'-.c'-.-_.
lS
LS
0-3
SLOPE
..'
-i·,
,.:....
'.,
..~~.
i ..
..-,
"
.;..-..
'..:;''':.''~.
.:••t ••:·
:..'.~',
.:........
:'.
,,.;'..:~.;.
...•.
_.:..:....
and
,.
t~pe'51ope,
..;"..•
snow,vesetation
..',
~"~"
.'...,~..
for
1983 •
Standardized deviates
Creek,period 2,
....:.
------------------------------------------
Table ~tb-l.
a:sPElct,Fish
I'I-
."..~~;..~<~..
·,,1
'~r
ABOVE E-S-W
NW-NE
:';"-.:.:-...';.~.~~~..
'j
i
I
1""'"
i··,
,r-,
:1...•
'3--10
;"
'~'"':l,,;.,'.
....
",\5":1>")
-3;9
~,.,.
,'~~:-,,,~~~;{,
~,::;~.;..
....:~....
".0:..:.;'_.
'.'
:.,,,
."....:.-
~.:....~\;,
,.~..'-.0-
...'f".(
.~
.:.,;,.
.~~:-~...,..
. .'...~~':~..•
-""'!"-:----...
~~.::r:_...:~_.
.....
'!..
:..':"
'.
",,...',~.
:~:;~:t:~·.·<-".::
"-I'
.'~\~!......
r.'"
.~..
.";
-'-.',:
'0
".:.'~':'~
..~...
'.4'~"._I.....:.
...:':~
"
,...1 .~
•'4 ?~......:'."..
.,..':':';>~1r~'.;'
.I.·,:,:\~"~.'~~~·~".•~:..;"!:
.;«".~.1:QS:':i;;
,.,r
..,
:':~'i'~
ole S6-2._~~ndardized deyiates for snow,asp2ct,elevatioop and vegetation typeL~
sh Creek,period 2,1983.
~.t.~.~..:~:·.~.·.·.~.·..:~•.....~.c.:..·.;...••~.ft.••••..:::.~,•••.-•.~~••..••.~.=.:.:.:.~,~:~.~.:~,;.'.;~~·_.E !.:,.·.·.~.•,·.'.':..~.~.:_·.;.~.·.;.;:~..t.~~.I_·.·.~.-.·.:.;_~:~:~.;.·.-.:.~,:.~.~.:I.~.~:·...•!:••••.••:.~.•_•...••~:~••-.p~:.':._~.~.~.~~..~.·.t.~~~.~.~~~.~~'.(~:.','~~.'.'.~.;.~~'.::.':•.~.~_'~:,..;,~r:~_·~:.~.·.:~·:~.:.~.~~.·:~.r~::'.;.:.•~·.·.i.:~~.~~!7J~[S·~;~•.~~·~~~·.J--TN~~,-~-........•~".~.,':"'-:".:-~p~.·---L-~-;~~~i~?~~'·~[-~-:T-~-:~-~~~~~.·-.~-~-~-~-~~?-~~;~t-~-~-;~i~V~~~~~C~;~-
--•'-~-<-:,,-~;:-:~--~-!:!~!:.!C __!!!:.~1:!~L··'-j.:>~~·:-'-·;.i-•.,~A;::&~~~t[f~~;:~~~(F~\~~~~~~;·:~:;'~:;<?{~;~;~
-
:"."
:...'.
';...
........-.,.::-;,
:..~:".-_..--.~.
~:".....
::_'.~...~.:.~",::.~~<._.~':~-~...:,~~"'
,.
.~.,
--.";,........
.-
.;.':...~:'
.'.....:"~>~.
-1.2
'-;':~O ..2..-....-.:,.
'.-.
".:':"~'.:'~4
......~:;;..-....,;.:.:;':.."'~;'.'...~,....
E-S-W
'.:1:".•'•.•
..:--:~.._.:..
ABOVE
.~....:;.:r.:.·...
'~~--------------------:--:--~.-:.-----------..----------~~".~-.;,.:.-:~-''.:.ip-'f..·:~~~,:"...:7'.-""~.:":"'.,...."":".
.~t?,~=j.:·)~··:'"~';~,:~,'~";~,4'?·",:l:~::~f!J?t~;~:.·..,~_~.,~~:.;.;!:!/".;.';>','.~~.~.
CE-OE BELOW -E-S-W "1.0 -~t2
;'~:~:;/,>~.'~;.
.~:,-,:.--=-:(~,j••:I'JI"'•.
.-.
.;.:.:~:.'.~'.-T.'.
WF,
...._i....
•~;.:':'.;....<'.~"
.,~·.....:;·,.;-.c.
.'::~..'
,."'?
'::'~;-~:.~j-.,..-
.:""'.....,...
.l
,~..;
.:~......,-.;
.!",-;'.-~.':..'
-.::O\!':-'
",
..~..,.
,,',',~·j ••1 1":,:-•
.~~~:,~,~~:,;,~:;,':~.:
"-:"'-::~~~~.~:~:.;.
",'.;1:'••,"
'".,4 :~-1-:';~:':'
..:...
'...",....
-~-~~...:.
'4i_
ro
':
.;"
r .....•-.
-'"'-,:"."
•.-
----,----
Table S7-1.Standardized deviates for snow,slope,elevation,and aspect,~osina Creek,period 2,1983 •
.-:::::.-:';1;"...;~-....
..-
I
.',
'1'/''-
."•0-~.~....:.-',.-;.'~..;t:~v~~.~.:.
::.-:.•".:.~_h
........
.:.::.-.;..
.:•....~..~.:.
~,
",
-~..?~.,'.~
."".~~'.:
.'..'.<;.:.'
.'.r."
....-i'-
.,..~''.,..":.'
'.,
j''.•'~-
"",..-.,
••,:A'
.~..-.
'."..:.~""~.'..,
.~."..:
"."..
,~
".'.-~
;.t ..~;..
';'.
I abl e S7-:.J.._S_t.andi=l rd i ?ed dev j aLes to r snow!vegetaL jon
aspf.H::t,Kosina CT'eek,~eJ'iod 2,1983.
L!:Ip(Hele...vation and
"
.,;....
.~.-.
.":.
-2.4 .-2.8
-..·:··~,.:'·:.':'~.1;"":·~·r._....-·'c-
.'....""".....-"':"fl..•••.•.•
.'
.i -------------"'7'.:-:-..'7·,::7--------------------------,-,~.':;i::.:.'._"...;<:,.:.~;j.;.._':'.'""~""
....I--:-'=c::.:.F_-...O:<.!F--:_···::...../B==:-'E=-·L=·..=~.::::~·_~::_:_:0_:::~:::;y;_:=~k~::~:"'''~=-:·:-:.-:-·'···_''-:'..4l.1-=Q..L.-=2_-:·'_:_'·:--_':3u.~8:_--_..···_··-_~·_···_·_··_···_··..I-.
::i;;::"!\<~;~~;::~'~NW-N ·...·-2.9 ;··:··:'-1.7
-:.~:,.~.::~,.:,;~;;,~:::,~,:;\:.:~;...~~.~;:"'-:.~.:
'ABOVE ·~:.·~S:-W .\::~~;.
....'..''''NW-N
•••!of ....:.
-5.4
-~------------~------------------------------
WF-TS
"...:':'~..'.':.B~Z,~:~~~:i,y,:;:,·~~~~{<t5<;J}~·!T;<;~:g
,.~::''.'.;~,;..:~-.:-~......:-:"/.-:''';':'':':.~''
-:i--...·.:-3 •2
·,·:t:'::_-1.b ..
...'~-..
.,.:
.~..,'
...,.,'.
......*'::.-~.;."j....
.0.;
.,.:,,:.....'\....-"t=.::.::::-__
.'.-~'..--:-,.",
..r!.'
,........
",
"~'."'.~.;:'.
.";"
.....
'-"'-.
.:..~~~:..\'~:'.
':..
~'''':.
•,'•-'~.~~'••,.f."
···;'·k:K;';;'~
'......'\..,...~.
"..,..,-,."'~·~~·~··1·-
)...\.".......;
...
./t .
.~~~'''':1 .'
.,':.~
:'.
,'
~..
:.'~::
..(.,:.~:.~'
.;J
~··1~.
fable S4/-1.Standardized deviates for snow,slope,elevation,,and vegetation t~pe,-.-
Cl~rence Creek,period 2,1983.
...~.
..::....-.•.•..
..~.
.:........,.~"
,'.
'...~
...~~.~..".:
,PRESENT
-----_..
ABSENT
------.._-----._.,_"...•;;._::'".I':"~'~',~-;j '.~.
•".-.'."'~.',".~.::~;ah!o"".....·•....",~,"".-,:.,'
~-----------------~-------------~------------
;....
.:,,:..,:'
-~-.-,'.
.~"...•.-.
:~'_:
..-.._-.'.....;.~
.."::.-:.-;~':;':,..:,......
..'f':
;"1.-.;.'.......,..
....•.:'"~....:;.;~~"'.,
.',.';~..'-
.•...:.
.;~-;;::.:,:"-
."'..
!::~..~~~~.~:.~~~.~..~~.';'.:.~~~<s,,~::
".
'\'.'
!:.'
..~..
.."~..•.:;;....~~.
:::~.~..0,.'.,.'....~.,
.'::
.::.....
:,~:..,:'.
...."'.~,.;'.....'
:<~.;!.'.:~..~>:;~.,./.'
....
'.-..:.
..'.:...~...
SCRUB-LS
•i.•.•.:••:.
J ':_."~,...~~;:..:
-'
:;~.\:.:J:.:;_..r:'.....",';.:.'~:'.
'~-·.;~;{~;·;~rJ,~·:····.'-
.~~/.~.~~::::~.'....-""I ~• i .
,'m?
~•••7 ....~••••....._......
;,;'''0 ".",..':~.~.',~.-;~j,,::\\;~;~~,,~~,~:~,:,:,;";
.,':~':"/:'~:'"R.•.;~.~••
,'\~:.;:'~~.'..'..~..~.~.~.~".:~.."7~.~~~;~Zi~:~:",,~~~:~~'~":
__-__&·m·'m'.._'~............m'_l..>~;..;:co.;.-m·.:·~;,;,'~.;"::.;,".,,;'m~'_,~_·,;;.._._-'~'-':"'''''",~-,-'~~;~~;-"",,-,-:~~_~,--,,,,,--,-,-.._''_<,,,r..~·..;""(;;.':_·~_••,;,....:",,','m'...."':,-,~.;;..,.....;:..:;~",.~";:,:,,,:,:..~~~_,,:_,~~,:,-,-,.~'._'_.'_:;~_:'_;~:{;'_;_"_:'..;~:...:'_:_:'.:.:':_.'::;,~:.::.:;~:..::..~_';;."_";;..•,;;;',;.;'-':::'~~:.>';:;:';;:':~:"";';'~~_;.;.:.:.~:_·';..,':.:.\:;.;:!:~.:;i_~..1::.i;:;i;;:!:;;t:';:}:;'~"";:1s;::>",~:::·:-i..:.'.;;.";.:..;.'
-
-
-
--
.-
APPENDIX B
1983 OVERWINTERED BERRY AVAILABILITY TABLES
240
:-li~b...l.e »1-1 t St..al1d.~dized deviates for bel'riels,BS?ect,elevation,and_.~:v~.set::.~,\~~.~~P~i~.~~~::.Vilc.re~k'F'eri.'ld..::;'1983t<....'.'L'..
....,;'ELEU ASe'2.E.Ru..u.R......IE...S~_
-------"
NONE PRESENT ....:~
---------------------------------------------
.'"~.~.-..~:.::..-.
'.
'.",~
.",..
-.
....
~..
~.:~.,..
::;~..."."..
-'~..'
".....:.....!
,""
"~.'
.-.~'.....,,;".
~..:...:..-
..-
OF-SCRUB BELOW 46 E-SE 0.3 -1.0
S 4.3 -0.9
I SW -1.4 -1.0-li---------..-...-.--!:W=.~··.--..-"..-,.'·-'·'~"""'-_-"'3'-o.!:.-'i"""<-:-.,-:.·--:·-'-~"""0~.=9----
NW-NE ...::~,:,,"2.2-..·..:.:-0 .•.2Y··:.··
.L':':~"".,'...•:..:~..:.;......:..~~,~.,:'~""'-~"'.
~.'
.~...~.
~..,
-1.3
-0.3
-Ot6
.0 5'.....o::;.?1~~~.~~~)H~t::;:.:'."
I ..------·-------------------:7:-------------------
~S-L~"'0"Jl~L~W-o !;4°E::;[-'TS:~'~:;0":0'''-1.0
l:;i.'"!i1~~::":~0~itfi~;~~~!:~:E~:~~~:::gt!:~;~,~:<:;;r---~~~W~NE--..1.~.-2.1
.JL-ABOVE -46 E-SE -3-5"';1 -~
S -3.4 -1.2
..,--
-:'.
.'.-
"1;".'.~
..",,:."
sw
W
NW-NE
-1.3
.-1.2
7.7
Table B4-1.Standardized deviates for berries,elevation,ve~etatiDnt~pe,and
aspect,Watana Slidg,period 5,1983.
*****STANDARDIZED DEVIATES =<ODS -EXP)/SGRT(EXP)FOR ABOVE MODE1~
-....._-----------------------------------...---.-..-..-
......
.._~~
BERRIES
NONE·PRESENT'
ASP
~----..-ELEV
.OF---·~.-BLOW·-765 SE·'-"----0.1 :-_.....-0.4··.
.S-SW 2.5 1~6
.....W'O.9 ':"1.2
---------.----NW-E··--·---····-0.9--'--"---().2-.'-'---
'(..'......
..I""'"
------•._-_._-.__.-_--•....-_--___._..__....•
.ABlJ 765M SE 1.2 -1.2:
·-----S-SW···----'_.-0 ;;-6--""--0,.5-----.
W ····~3.1 -0.8
NW-E -1.8 0.1
'-0.5
-1.8
0.5
_..:._-·-0.b
--.--.-...3.1
0.5
-0.1
-2.0
··--\:IF-SCRB--BLOU·765-·SE·
s-sw
w
..._...._-_.-_.-.'.--·--·----NW-E·"....-.,._.:..--
ABV 765M SE
..._---_..---~:~:...;...-..'-5-5 W
"ttl
'NW-E
-3.5
,0.7,
2.3
-0.7
-0.4
'-1.3
1.5
1.1
~'__80'._.._.~~_~_.._....
..-.....
~i
",'..-.0-_....".'.,.".""',------------_.~------------------
..".'-'-'-'.....-._.•...--.-...__.._---,.._....._----
".~.:.'~';.
..-.--'-,,-••_..'.~--..-"-'.~.~,:,,~~",':-:"~-,:~.7".:,.~7::•.~~....,:'"':::::...:..
~;~'''-.'.':"~''''''~,'i''~'!+;''•.-,,:~.'.;'.._r....''''<~~'"'
LO~SHRB"DLOW 765 BE 1.3 -1.8
·'·..,..~.S-SW,'0.3 -2 ..0
...'.;:..W·....•-1 .2 -1.3
;;_....--------.---.---NW~-E -_.··-------3.-2------1-.-5 ..----.---.----.
._--_._-----_.__...._._..._-_....------_..-_...-.
ABV 765M SE -1.9
,---S-SW----.----3-.1
W 1.8
tHJ-E 6.6
-0.6
-._.'-1·.3 ..·---.'.'
0.1
14.7
._-.~-_..~
'-_.._-~
...;-::
';.'
and
BERRIES
de.viates for
5,198:3.
'..,""
ASPvcSLOPE
....~.'.4
.~-----------
~-'
-Table B5-1.Standardized
aspect,Watana Creek,period
I
~..~.
.~.'".'
~.
:-::..~>~~...:'.~~:"
.~
.'-,..-:.
-0.4
-0.7'
0.6
.',.'.
';::'1.7
PRESE:NT
..:.~'-'.-:-,,.
'.'..
:~.':..~
-2.0 ·-1.0
NOt-IE
-0.5
-4.0
".0.3
-4.4
...........
••4r'.~.
I'~;~;~~~~~~:.
.;.
OF-:-WF10--30
3-1 0 .:f~¥jjD~~~[t~l~f~,~W~fr'·~$[;!~;::;i ';;;¥g;~~~.:;(~~e~.~~'Y~J~:~':{if.
N 1.5 -0.7
WE 2.~5.0
.••..j...•.. - .
---------------------------~------~---~------
~.
.....
-
-
SCRB
WE
E-W -2.2 -0.6
::..~.4,....
',._":..".-~_.~..-.~
"
):0.:':;-..:-...
'-.---
lS E-W
NW
W'
ME
.:-2.5
0.2
-3.1
..:'-1.8
-0.8
1.7
._.-.,-~.-~.-•••~-=:.'..........
!hLa-a6~~,_S~and_aLdized deviates for berries!e1evatiootvesetatjon tYee,aDd
~pect,Fish Creek,period 5,1983.
*****STANDARDIZED DEVIATES -(OBS -EXP)/SQRT(EXP)FOR ABOVE MODEL
VC ELE\.'ASP BERRIES
NOt4E .-PRESENT __
~i
'._._.-OF.-.--_...._~.-BLU .765M E~S
SW
.W-NE
'..--.~-~....~--'....._.
.0.3,._...--..,-0 ..0
1.3 0.7
'..3.6 -1.1
.'
ABV 765M E-S
SW
.....,....·.W..,.NE·
WF-SCRB BLU 765M E-S
SW
·W-NE
AIlI,)765i''I E--5
SW
W-NE
..__..- ..,.5.2
<'~;
~,
BLW 765M .E-S.~1.3.-1.5
--~':'..__-Sw...----,.-1.1.-.---.-1.4.
····\rJ-NE 1.5 -1.6
LOWSHRB
.-'.-~_."...-,_..,'....~-.;.~.,,-.'..••....,..t_~_.:".
,--------.-'~AP.V -7·6-5M-E··5 ...--·---·.,-·~·2 .6..__..-....,0.3
SU -4.0·-1.1
.~W-NE 8.4 0.3
'---~..-._~~._----_._._.
.-..-,._:,",,~-~--'".-..~~
'n
----r;)Ie B7-1.Standardized deviates for berries,elevation,ve~etationt~pe,and
aspectrKosina Creek,period 5,1983.
ELEl,,'ASP "VC BERRIES
_1
I
I"-
-
-
BLW 6';i'5M E-SW
W-N
ABV 6751'1 E-SW
W-N
CF-OF
WF-SCRB
lOWSHRB
......•.CF~OF ..','.
\.IF-SeRB.
lOWSHF:B
CF-OF
WF-SCRr{
.·lOWSHRB
..
-1.8
·~1.2
..1.8
'.-1.2
:'.4.0
.......,
..-,;':;.--.
..~'...:
"-,."'..
__________________,--_----------------------1
~~~~-------~~-----
Table 88-1.Stalldardized d~viates for berries,elevation,ve~etationtype,and
slope,Clarence Creek,periodS,1983.
-0.5
5.8
BERRIESISLOPE'VC ..·ELEV.I ---___------ ------1~-.:====.:==--...=.:::.::.::.::::..::=-----.:...:.------:::N:-:0:7l';::IE:---;;:P:;::R";::'E~S;=E~NT:;:-----------
.------------------------------------------~--
\0-3 OF ·BlOW 765 0.5
(".~.
~:~....;...
-0.9
-0.1
-1.3
-0.8
·-0.7
-0 .8:··~.
-2.5
-0.7
;,.\.;.1.4
":-1.7
BLOW 765
ABV 765t+
OF
lOWSHRB:BLOW 765>:·."0"
.ABV 765li
10-30
---------------------------
-----------------~---------------------------
ABV 765M -1.1 -1.5
'1-'--!:L"-"O=W;<..>SHRB BLOW 7 6 5
ABV 765M
:1 ~
1!-··_.!13.=-.!.lQO~~J!O.t..F~~~.-7B~L~O~W~77-:6~57.__:_"·~-::_:1~.~8~--·,-~--;~~:~~~..-::-:;::"":.7-~~'~":-,::"-7",'":":'.'~T::..7:-:-.-::::----:-""'"1·;?i:K·.·~;~~:J~~:'·f~2~~7;::...~iSil~-0.6;';"Z:r .,.".'"
WF-SCRB BLOW 765
ABV 765M'
3.1
0.4
lOWSHRB BLOW 765 -3.1
ABU 76"'iM 0.1
LOWSHRB BLOW 765
ABV 765M
WF-SCRB BLOW 765
'ADV 765MI
i
i
GR30 OF BLOW 765
ABV 765M
-1.8 -0.6
-0.5 0.6
····0.6 -0.2
0.7 0.3
"--0 ;8,-....,,)
1.0 ;'3.4
.~
LOWSHRD BLOW 765 0 0 I 0
ABV 765H 11 .:r.:-I .!6~\~/~
_.-------------------------I ---------'
TOTAL 11 S I 16
..
-------------------------_._-~-------------------------
-
-
....
APPENDIX H
1983 HORSETAIL AVAILABILITY TABLES
247
-Table Hi-l.Standardized deviates for eauisetum,aspect,elevation,and
vedetation t~pe,Devil Creek,period 5,1983.
/
ELEV ASP HEQSTM
-0.3
-0~3
2.9
:~o .3...<...
~9 ..7,>:!;':
---~----------~---------..lXr;:==;::;;-;:;~"i!i2d~tj~§~i~&~~~77~;~-'~~~,:~t~~d;'.,},/'.
fl,'''S:CF ',,-BELOW 4
6 :~:;..~~:~
'~'$"'12 .3 4 •1
(;;~~tl;~
E-SE ~1.4
.~.:S -1.3
:SW -1.4
'.
~'1 .0
':"0.9
-1.0
-0.9
-0 S
-2.3
I ';r .,··.:;~~~~~'lt~';t~""~t~lc~t!':jl:
SW -3.3
W -0.6
NI.J NE
C1F-SCRU~B~B~E~L~O~W~4~6~E=--...lS~E=--O~.2=--__--=O:...!.~8~~------,
!.';~''"<~.;i~::~~{f;:.:·:.~.:~~i.},:..~.i.~.~.t.~.~.'.i:·~~'.:':'.'.:~·;'.~.f,;:.,~.if.Q~lP =31.:2~·-og :7~~~;:~'''~:·~F.;:.;~,·..{,·.·~.~.~.f:·J!J;'fF:}.
1--.,;.__'_,.......'--;.......:"''"-__;......;.;.;..;;..;..;;.....;:,;.•.;,;...;,...:-_.=:..==--__.._.-• ..,/::~.:.--:,'...
\.NW-NE -2.7 2.0
'-:-:-:-~--'A=B=O"'-'V"-=E 46 -:E~-77S~E=-:-:-~:::-:-:-~1~..:_=3~:::__-~-=--_:_:_------_::___:__---
.:~~~[~t;~:'~?t~~~;:~~:1i~_~~:!,~,;...:,~..:.,;":~0~~~¥~~~;-
-
~·"·"·T-"·
Table H2-1.Standardized
elevation,Tsusena Creek,
SLOPE vc
dl-:1viat.es
period 5,
ELE!).
ror eauis2tum,slope,ve~etation
1983.
HEQSTM
.'
t~pe,
.~...
and
,.
":""'WI:'-Si'pl:'{~BLW 4b5M 5~7';""':'~'·,;O·..·s , :..:>,!-••.:,..•'.":_.:.;:.:~:.->.,'~;...•:.•>,;,~:•..-
.':.:.':':.....•..:.~.,:;~..~•..~::.:.._~':~..::_..,..,'.::.•.:;~:~.:~:,..~..•.•....:.,:,~:..:.·:·,i.;.:~A:;13.•.1•••),,::,••.••:.•••..4.•..••6:,5 ..·.M~::.::•.:·..:.•:.:~':•....••...•..•.:,:•...:.;L.·.! :.•.:.;..~~::::.:;•....'.:..,.•'::......•.•..::'..·:..:.,:·.~.:..:..~,:.:f~:..:~:,.:':.··.t,.'.:...•·,~..:·••.'~•.::·:.-,.··:•.·..:.:.·.•:·,1:.•..,·:·.'.·.·:1....'.'::;:;..~_./;i.Y:~;-::.;:.::;".r~~':>,·.~"~:'c.;·.'-',~//':"f',.>.Y. . .~.-,~::'.:'.-.".'..-"'~:~"·.y/~;~.:-:;~·~(~~t]'...:\;~·~;};::~:y:;}))~j~~:~i::-::~:~r~.~:'\;;
.,
BLW
f~BV
465H
465ti
'.'
,
-.~:"~~:-
-.'f'
."..:.~
··0.6
...•.'.........
_,.-'..r ,..~•••_-.:>.•"",.•.•••.•.••.•••.•,,_.
--------7'"':"-;"',7.-----.-'-':::::-_::::::=~.,:-:.::::::-.~~::,;;::;..~--.--....7"::;-:-,.-~;--~;~~'--:-".
'.,;
....~
,Ible H3-1.Standardized deviates for eQuisetum,aspect,ve~etationtype,and
~~a~eek?eeriod ~,1983.
".'::-j"r ,'.'.:.'J
......;',:a ,..:......-.--,~_.,,--_.,-
VC SLOPE ASP.'HEllSTM
~,...~-_......
NONE PRESENT
···SOUTH
NORTI-J
..._",:,-..;;,;,·:_·3-10 -..SOUTH
NORTH
-0.8
.-0.9
..--.-----'-10-30 SOUTH
NORTH
·-0.3
-0.4.
~_...~.-------------.--..-----..--_..._.------------------
'WF-SCRB 0-3 SOUTH -4.9 -1.3
L.--_..."._-·---·NOR·T H·------...5.4·......-:.:=:.•S_t.~
3-10 SOUTH 1.2 -0.6
.--------NORTH'----..-1.7·-·..·-··-1.6·
.,,
.;'..-':'.~,
10-30 SOUTH'-,1.7 -0.5
-"._.=~~_.....~----:--_.-NOF:TH------·--····-1.3 _-:_-.'-0.6 ~-..-.
",....~'....
------------------------~-~-----_..----~----~-~
.--._--'~.-----:--~...-.-..~~...;.---.-:-.-~--.-..'--:,_:~.-~.:...._~----....,..~-•....._...-"'-~''''-'..--..~.....,
4 '.....-..-
..~
.".~.,..~....
....
:~,..!•.~~.....:<;••~.:~::~~;,.•••oi ::-~•.:;...~,~~:~~~...6:...~;,~:.~~
"-.~;'
•.'o.':,.'•
.....·.--'....·.",,;,A...··t ..·.';X ••••
-.:.'~..'~·.t::~·.::.-_."
,,:,.~...,~-..'._-~_.....----~---_.....~.
.f
3-10
10-30
SOUTH
NORTH
SOUTH
.NORTH .
SOUTH
NORTH
":~.-.':-..,
2.0 -1.3
"';5.·1 -1 ~5
6.9 -0.5
-2.2 -0.9
--2.4 -0.5
4.9 -0.6
'.!.I '-•~,...',-..
..,-.
..f:..-
.-..,
',.1
.,"\;"
~ble H4-1.Standardized devia~es for eGuisetum,eleva~ion,vesetaticlnt~pe,and
~J.:·J~'..c_t..LWa_t.a.n.a-Sl..i.!l.t:tLee r i ad :5,198~tt
NONE ·PRESENl'
,......------------------------_..._------------------
UF BLOW 765 SE 0.6 "'1.3
5--5101 2.4 1.,4
W 0.7 -0.1
,.----NW-E 0.4 -2 •.2
AflV 765M ""I:'1.1 -0.2>Jo-
.-..._-._-_..-..-...S- S trj .....--1.B 1.5
W -2.7 -1.7
NW-E -1.2 -1.3______0-..-...
---------------------------------------------
·\r}F-S£R-B··-P-LO'R--16·S-·SE -1.9-···--·2.3
S-SW 0.2 -0.4
W 1.4 -2.3
-----NW-E ..----..-·-·-1.1 .._.--2.2
ABV
.----.--_._..---
----'----:--
765M SE
·-----S-SW--_....-.
W
NW-E
·-3.1
---0.7
4.1
0.7
-1 ..5
._.1.B
-1.7
-1 ..9
----------------------------------------------
LmJSHR-Er--BLOW 765 SE:
S-Sw
W
,·_······NW-£
ABV 765M SE
-----.-".•.•..._--.--_··S-SW·
'W
NW-E--_.-_....-.._--
·-2.4
·-1.b
-3.3
.-3.9
-0 ..8
-1.6
3.2
11.8
5.4
2.1
2.6
·-0 ..1
-2 ..6
-2.-1
-1 ..B
0.3
,.... .'.
"'lab le HS-1 .•..Standardized deyi ates fo r emui <;etum,51 ope,vesetati on t':fpe,and
aspect,Watana Creek,period 5,1983.
--~---------------~--------------------------
HEQSTH,.
.'"-'.'
".~'~:"~;'~"-~.,....i SLOPE"VC .:....:-,:..ASP
l~_-_-_----.------...;-----~------i '--------"-----:N::O::-N;:E:--::::P:::-RE::-:S:::E::N::T::---~-----------
-I
r'-:0:'-_""":3='---:-.'.::-...-.::O=F--::W=F:-.~·-:~~;:-.::.-=E:-_7.W:----··:-~.-';'-i.---:3:-.-:3::----::-:-':-:-:.5:-.--:4:-----:-·,---::----------
!..".;·:T':::f2:·:W.,,<.<>:>/-;:~~~::'.'
[
'. . ....HE -3.9 -1 .3
-,,_---"'lS~Cu.JR...B:...-_·_··'~·E~-~WL---_-:-...:1~.ul~-~-~1~.L;;4~---_-__-~---
~NW :-l~S -0.8
".N 1.2-0.8
NE 3.3 -1.1
........,
."..
.'"
LS·:E-W
___"'NYr.....\C;·~~~~1t~~['it·
I
4.0
3.?
..:X:~·i··:i :'~
':'0.6
2.0
,'<':<:\~h5 •4
';'::~'{~J'.4
'...,•.....
..:,'~..";..~:.,.•~.-.'
~;,:,'.-.
-0.7
-1.5
-0.9
-1.7
-0.9
-0.5
-:1 .0
-0.6
-2.2
':2.2
";';;0.1
."-.::-'..
-2.3
:":";'1.6
6.0
4.0
1.4
.4.8
-2.1
-1.2
-1.9
..'~.,.
NE
E-W
NW
N
""'/.:NW -.
'.":,<'.•"N·.....,
...NE···
OF-WF:E-W
NW
Of-WE E-W
seRB
seRB :E-W -2.9 -1.2
NW -1.6 -0.7
10-30
t-_
~-
....
--
I .l --LS
I,----;
!
E-W__"_'-2.4 ··~1.1
NW 1.0 -0.7
N ~3.0 -1.3
tIE -1 ._....2 -.,3.0'--'t:L.9'--_
,....-..
-~"-_.---....~.
Table H6-1.Standardized deviates for eGuisetum,elevation,vp-setation type,and
as?ect~Fish Creek,period 5,1983.
-----,-'",-.-------.--.--..,...,.-.
i··vc 'ELEV ASP HEGSTM
--_.~..:__NONE __.PRESENT ,~~~l.-,
.:'.-'o .1,..-.,_0 •(:.
1.2 1.0
2.5 2.7
-__0 F-------..--.--B L W-:.7.65M" E-s-
SW
',W-NE
ABV 765M E-S 3.4
SW -3.8
-._._---..W-t-H::,-..----~-._.-:-;;•0
()"9
-2.1
-_~2 .4
.....,
.!
;--
UFo·seRB -BLW 765M E-S -5.2
_SW "1.1
•',>".'-"u_uE '-,-"-1 0
...-_..._.••_~...._...W j.....-.....-.------..._ •
-l.B
-1.1
,:,,:-1.0.,..
ABV 765M E-S .5.9
...-...-..-.._--.._'.:.....-.-:....sw-._--._--~~:":'_:.".2
W-NE _..'":;;':~-';'-:-4 .5
-1.4
~1.3.--.
-1.5
i.:.".'
-",.'
--,--------
...:.:......---.._---_.'---.._------------
":~:.._,;.J~:.~~.~~;.:;-.:~.'..;~.#:'~_,~~~~~"~;:(..'~~~."",_~.._.'_"..-
LOWSHRB BLW 765M E-S':72?:'1.2 .~--:-1.0 .
'-'-SW -'."-::';;;:"':-1.0:-1 L -,.'_~,__:._"..u ...__·__._.~;__'__~"'.
-,··-·."""W-NE -",";0,--1.5 --,-;.c;~•.4 ·'1..;...~J
-.,~~.
'"1~':..<,'•
,I••...~".
,
Taole H7-1.Standardized deviates for eauisetum,elevation,vesetation t~pe,and
a.~e.e...t..LK.Qs.ir...lJ3.--C.x.-e..eY,J per j ad !"j,1 9Jl3-......----'-._
.....
.'<~J:<:.:;':
...
I
i
i
ELEV ASP
------".
vc
----~,-...:~>,.'.
HEQSTM
~.-.".'.:'...~...oe~~~.,:.---.-~-...,.",::".~":~'.:,.../::"::~..
•.·NONE .':pRESENT
."..'.....
.~::::':;J~:.:;~.~?';.
..",,.:..:;~:.?'!.~.;.. . .:..~:.
I
I-
I
BUJ 6 'l5M E-SW CF-OF 2.4 7.8
WF-SCRB -0.3 -0.2
LOWSHRB ">~8.3 2.7".,'......'..
.>:
-<••":"<,..;;.:.:...
CF-OF :0.6 ~3.1
WF-SCRB 5.3 -2.1
LOWSIiRB -1.3 -2.8
i
t~
!..j,BV 675M E-StJ
!'
CF-OF'
WF-SCRB
LOWSHRB
~3.1·
-2.9
,9.0
"..,'
.~""';"-.,.~,.:;...
·';';0.3
-1.8
0.8
,....,
i
I
!!r
'-j ----_.
""",
'W-N
,.
CF-OF·>:::::-5.1 '>;.:;~:72.0
.WF-SCRB···:;....;.2.7.·~1 .7:
;,:>LOWSHE;B '~>8.5""':'f'-2
-----------------------------------.-----------
~ble HB-l.Standardized deviates for eGuisetum,elevation,vesetation t~pe,and
t OP~IL C1 a r'e n CJ:L.--C..r..e..eY~-E'.r.i..o d 5,1 9 a3 _*__..._.
~~:~~_"'E _-'-'--~:....._-_-_-_-'"-'"-'_-...E.....:...:.~v._-------II~~~:;RESEIIT
!
;
OF0-3 BLOW 765
ABV 765M
WF-SCRB BLOW 765 -0.7 0.4
ABU 765M -1.?0.2
-
-~
LOW~·H~~i;k::;·BL~·'~~~1i~'-_1.4,.,:~·'::~~<.fl;:··<~::t:t'~·;:'.>}~'{-:'."..:_~III'--~:---....,.-....,,_'_..'-;':A:-;"'B-;;-V,;,,;,7""7":'6~5;-;;'M-;-c'"~-:-;1;-.-;:7;-":..,....'_'":":":.-·:"li"°l:-·?7__":7:··':0·\·T··-'p'~""':::-:'.,.,:7..'':~':':-:-:~_----:-~~---------------------------------------------
3-10 .OF BLOW ·765.-2.2"0.2
0
.'>:':/>;>_.._.
-·:-·:ABV765M·2.5 .~1..\"i".~-.:._<I
I
-1.5
-0.6
----~-=:-:-:~~~~-::;"'L"j;~~-:;-:-;,----_=_oi\..~·-"7:-.-~-->~:----.-~----LOWSHRB ..·:BLQ.W.]65 -.·7.2·.;a
·>.::\ABV::765M -2.2 0.2 .
-_:...--~...:..-~."~...~.?,;~>~;~=;";,,.~:,.~.==========~-'.:-=---:-'...;....-"'-"-----'-.,~
---~-----------------------------------------
_.J.l.QO=-~3.Q0--:--!10fF_...-;.~:i:7...~~:~i~e~W~7~~~;~~~::.:,~-::~i=-::~i~-:---..~·-:i~'"::~.~~-~7-:::.~...-.S.,,:--::,.':::....,~...~·TC.0._'~-Z,::.---:~-~-
"..~:~_._:~..~'.:,:.:.~·::·i..:/;\::·~~·:~'if:t.;:~~-',··..,':':~$~~':"t.,.....;a.,.:.~.".<•..•
..:..-__--:.....:.:::..~WW;FE:-=.:SQ!C~RfSJ·B~·.::...:·--.J:~~~~~W!t;7~·'~~~~~f'-~~~6~:~~~-_...=.;;:.~~~:~:;...<_...;;,:;i:~;~~'-~'~.....;;::\....;,.:,_::-~...;.:.._..>.;..:\_::--'"_::-::_:-'--,--,--,;;"'-;,~,
LOWS~RB BLOW 765 -3.2 -1.0
.-..'.....
~F~SCRB:~'-'BLOW;:o:~
.""ABV765M
GR30 OF .BLOW 765
.ABV·765M
'-1.8
-0.1
-0.6
-0.6
,.
":1.0
·~1.1
..'-~'-~".
LOWSHRB BLOW 765
ABV 765M
~O.7
-0.8
"able H9-1.Standardized deviates for eGuisetu~,aspect,ve1etationtwpe,and
el..gYj;.tJ.:it)fL1-S..wiJ:.-c.htuu:.k So,ee.llcd :5,1.2..S..3-_.~---
VC ElEV ASP HEDSTN
l.----,_-_-_-__-_-_-_-_-_--_-_-_-_-_--_-_-_-_-_-_
NONE PRESENT
-0.2
-3.3
.~.,.'.3~6 ..'.
-,.>;\>~;~~'.:-.."....:-:::.:..•.
...1.6ABQVE67S'S-SW
NW-E
CF-OF BELOW675 S-SW -2.7 3.0
NW-E 4 •.0 3.0
ABOVE67S ·S-SW 0.9.·0.5 '..'
NW-E ".-3.3..:'-.-1.5 ..
'.
r-
1
Ir--.--------------------------------'----------I -------------------------~-------------------
rl__~W~F_-.sS~C~R~B__~BE~-L~OU67S s-sw
I 'NW~E:
I .,.>.:.~:::'.
I.
-
.-
j
i
L-
I
!,
LOWSHRD
.'.',:';:"...:t:~~'..t<':.f~~_:-::'~".':.:~."..
BELOW67S"'S-SW .:Y~n;'·.:·'O·.1-··~3+5
··NW.;E.·:,;",,::····::Q .A·.;.'."-2.3
AIlOVE675 S-SW
NW-E
.'~.
';':."':..
.1"..
.~....,..