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Home My WebLink AboutAPA2973Wjl1}adtl,.ffif:§SIBRARY:~A~l~lORSOUTHCENTRALRAILBELTA~,7SKA_.UPPERSUSITNARIVERBASIN·INTERIMFEASIBILITYREPORTSECTIONA.SECTIONB.SECTIONC.SECTIOND.SECTIONE.SECTIONF.HYDROLOGYPROJECTDESCRIPTIONANDCOSTESTIMATESPOWERSTUDIESANDECONOMICSFOUNDATIONANDMATERIALSENVIRONMENTALASSESSMENTRECREATIONALASSESSMENT-HYDROELECTRICPOWER~DRELATEDP1l.1RJPOSlES. HYDROGENERALBASINDESCRIPTIONTheUpperSusitnaRiverBasincontainsseveratopographicfeatureswhichprovideaconglomeratestreamflowilyinfluencedbyspecificmeteorologicalevents.Thebasinwassbyvolcanismanddiastrophism,subsidenceanduplifting,blockfaulintrusionbybatholiths,lateralslipping,glacialerosion,andmarinedeposionwhichprovidedtheshellsandsandstone.Thebasinisafan-shapedareacomprisingabout6,160squaremilesandisbytheAlaskaRangetothenorth,theTalkeetnaMountainstothesoutheast,andat,low-reliefareastothesouthwest.Mostofthebasinhasawell-defineddendriticstreampatternwithamainchannelemanatingfromglacialheadwatersintheextremenorthernsegmentofthedivide.Belowtheglaciers.thebraidedchanneltraversesahighplateaudepositedbyaggradedalluvialsedimentandthenmeandersseveralmilessouthtotheconfluencethehetnaver.Itthentakesasharpturntothewestandflowsh asteeplycut,degradingchanneluntilitexitsthebasinatGold.Thecontributingglacialareacomprisesonlyfourpercentoftheentirebasin,butsummerglacialmeltprovidesaconsiderableportionofthetotalstreamflow.Bycontrast,theflat,glaciallycarvedLakeLouiseareainthesoutheasternportionofthebasinprovidescomparativelylittleflowfromits700-square-milearea.ThemountainswithinthebasinreflecttheiuenceofthePleisto-ceneIceAge,duringwhichglacialadvancementoverthetopographyplanedthemountainsandgavethebasinsuaroundedandsmoothedappearance.Thehighestelevationwithinsinis13,326feet,andthelowestelevationis740feet.hypsometriccurvefortheareaaboveGoldCreek,Graph1,showsthatsinhasreachedamaturestageofdevelopment.Thebasinreliiesa schannelslope;however,variabilityoftheslopecomparedmountainstreamsissomewhatreversed.Theaggradedchannelinreachesofthebasinhaschannelslopesintherangeofmile,whilethelowerbasinchanneldropsasmuchpermile.MaintributariestotheSusitnaverchannelslopes,Graph2.ThedeeplycutriverRivercontrastswiththemanytract;onalAlasremnantsofglacialadvances.Theabsenceoflowerbasinresultsinhighstageshiflowareas.TheSusitnaRiveral1uviseffluentaquifer.Mostofthebutaryflow.rangeofTyonenU-shapedval1eys~floodplainsintheeconfinedacontinuoussustainwinter STREAMFLOWSTheannualstreamflowpatternsoftheupperSusitnaRiverandmostofitstributarystreamsarebestdescribedasprovidingperennialflow.ThemaintributariesoftheSusitnaRiverconsistoftheEastandWestFoy'kSusitnaRiversinthenorthernsectionofthedrainagebasin,theMaclarenRiverwhichoriginatesinthenortheasternportionofthebasin,andtheTyoneRiverichemanatesfromthesouthernreachesofthebasin.TheflowregimeoftheSusitnaRiverisseasonal,withthemajorityoftheyearlystreamflowoccurringfromMaythroughSeptember.Summerstreamflowconsistsmainlyofsnowandglacialmeltcombinedwithsurfacerunofffromrainfall.~Jinterflo',sarerestrictedalmostentirelytogroundwaterinflow.PrimarywasourcesfortheMaclarenandEastandWestForkSusitnaRiversarenumerousglacierswhichrimthenorthernbasindivideintheAlase.TheTyoneRiverconibutionismostlyreservoiroutflowfromthemultitudeoflakeslocatedwithinitssubbasin.WinterflowsbegininearlyNovemberandarecomposedofbaseflowfromsubsurfacestorage.WhenbreakupnearsinMarchandApril,subsurfacestorageisdepletedtotheextentthatmanysmalltributaesceaseflowing,andtheSusitnaRiverflowshrinkstoitsseasonalminumum.llowingbreakup,flowsincreaserapidlyItJiththeonslhtofspringsnowmelt.Assummertemperaturesincreaseglacialowaccentuatedbyrainfallrunoffbecomesthepredominantt~iversource.Thecyclerepeatsitselfwithwinterfreezeup.Thevariabilityofstreamflowwithinthebasinisextreme.ThefollowingtablerepresentsaverageannualstreamflowconditionsforportionsofthebasinabovetheGoldCreekgagingstation.GagingstationlocationsareshownonPlate1.FlowVariationinUpperSusitnaRiverBasinPercentofPercentofGoldCreekGoldCreek~~~~~~DrainageAreaStreamflowMacldrenRivernearPaxsonSusitnaRivernearDenaliSusitnaRivernearCa1SusitnaRiveratGoldCreek280950414061604.515.467.2100.010.027.664.8100.0Nearly38percenttheGoldCreekstreamfloworiginatesfrom20percentofthearea.This1percentageofstreamflowiscontri-butedbyglaciersinupperportionofthebasinandbyhighprecipi-tationrunoffrateswhichresultfromimperviousglaciers.Inaddition,AppendixA-2 itissuspectedthatthemountainsformageographicconstraint.whichcausesexcessiveprecipitationinthisareainrelaontotheremainderofthebasin.Bycontrast,theCantwellgagingstationshowsarunoffratenotconsistentwiththatwhichcouldbeexpectedbelowtheglaciers,indi-catingthatalargeareabelowthePaxsonandDenalistationscontributeslittleannualstreamflow.Thislarge,lowitingareaisbelievedtobetheflat,700-square-mileLakeLouisearea.FlowpercentagebelowtheCantwellstationincreasesslightlytoamorenearlynormalarea-dischargerelationshipforthebasin.AppendixIA-3 AppendixIA-4CLIMATEOFTHEBASINGENERALDESCRIPTIONTheclimateoftheupperSusitnabasinischaracterizedbycolddrywintersandwarmbutmoderatelymoistsummers.Theyearlyprecipitationdistributionshowsthat64percentofprecipitationoccursfromJunethroughOctober.WithintheRailbeltarea,theclimateisclassifiedintothreecategories:(1)azone<dominatedalmostentirelybymaritimeinfluences;(2)azoneoftransitionfrommaritimetocontinentalclimateinfluences;and(3)azonedominatedbycontinentalclimaticconditions.TheupperSl'sitnabasinfallswithinthetransitionalzone.ClimatologicalandstreamgagingstationlocationsareshownonPlate1.AcompilationofmeanmonthlyprecipitationandtemperatureforlocationsborderingthebasinisshowninTable1.Therecordlengthsaredifferentforeachstation,butareforaperiodthroughtheyear1970.Nolong-termrecordsareavailablewithintheportionoftheSusitnabasinupstreamfromTalkeetna.Limitedsummerprecipitationandtempera-turedatagatheredfromtheGraciousHousestation,locatedneartheDenaliHighwaybridge,indicatethattheclimateofthisareaissimilartothatoftheSummitstation.ThegeneralRailbeltclimatevariationsarepresentedinTable2.Thecontrastbetweenmaritime-influencedareasofthesouthernKenaiPeninsulaandcontinentalconditionsatFairbanksismarked.WithintheconfinesoftheupperSusitnabasin,thelackofmoderatinginfluenceofmaritimeairresultsingreatertemperatureextremesthanonthecoastoftheGulfofAlaska.Theextremetemperaturesinthewinterarecausedbypolarairmasseswhichflowinfromthenorth.Anextrapolationoftheseclimaticconditionswouldimplythatrelativelyseverewintertemperaturescontrastedbywarmsummerswouldoccurwithinthebasin.Meanannualprecipitationinlowerelevationsofthebasinwouldbeexpectedtorangebetween18to22inches,whileprecipitationinhigherelevations,becauseoforographiceffects,wouldbeexpectedtoreach80inchesperyear.Meanannualsnowfallwouldrangefrom60inchesinthelowlandstoasmuchas400inchesinthehighmountains.FreezeupinthehighestreachesoftheSusitnaRiverstartsinearlyOctober,andbytheendofNovember,thelowerregionsoftheriverareicebound.TheriverbreakupbeginsinearlyMay,andwithintwoweeksofbreakup,therivertributariesarefreeofsurfaceice..TEMPERATUREBasedonaverageclimatologicalconditionsreportedatGraciousHouseandassumingthatwinterbasinconditionsaresimilartothoseat theSummitstat;mately4SoFinperiodof"'O'~""'rlreachminusplaceoverThegrowiseafreezeoccursSummertimedecreasingextremewiinthelowerandcoldairconditions,PRECIPIPrecilowelevaonsisgeneral!Mountainsandelevationsarecloudbufora11occurritionoccurrprecipitiontionoccursprecipitationSNOWAbsenceaveragesmately1composi187inchesAprilandtion.SnowcourseinthefollfromLita-HPI)erloixI UpperSusitnaSnowCo~rseData;AverageWaterContentPerMont~(Inches).~YearsofAverageDateofSurveySnowCourseRecordElevation1Feb1March1April1MayLittleNe1china641603.44.44.75.9ClearwaterLake931004.04.75.24.4FogLakes522504.66.06.76.8LakeLouise924003.0 3.64.03.4MonahanFlat927104.96.3 6.37.7OshetnaLake929502.83.23.7 3.4GulkanaGlacier1636068.5TheHydrometeorologicalBranchoftheNationalWeatherServiceestimatesthattheannualwaterequivalentoftheGulkanaGlaciercourse,basedonavailabledata,is94inches.LocationsforthefivesnowcoursestationswithinthebasinarepresentedonPlate1.SnowdensitiesforthemonthofFebruarygenerallyrangebetween.13to.23,averagingabout.16.ThewatercontentoftheMaysnowmassprovidesagoodindexofexpectedspringrunoff.WINDWinddatacollectedatTalkeetna,Summit,andGulkanashowthatthemostseverewindconditionswhichhavebeenobservedclosetothestudybasinwithinthelasteightyearshaveoccurredatSummitstation.AlthoughTalkeetnastationprovidesalongerperiodofwindrecords,Summitstation,presentedbelow,isbelievedtobemorerepresentativeofbasinconditions.SUMMITWINDDATAMeasurementJan~Mar&?r.~JunJu1~~OctNovQ££AverageSpeed(MPH)16.314.612.09.48.79.89.38.58.310.413.313.7Prevailingdirection4050505026024023025060504040(DegreesAzimuth)AppendixIA-6 MaximumoneminutevelocityrecordedatSummitstationwas48mph,butronsiderablyhigherwindsarebelievedtooccur.Prevailingwinddirec-~'tionatvarioustimeswithintheyearshowsastarkcontrastbetweensummerandwinter.Duringthefivesummermonths,MaythroughAugust,mildsouthwesternwindscarrymaritimeinfluencestothebasin,whileduringwinternortheastwindschillthebasinandbringcontinentalconditions.WIND-DRIVENWAVESTheorientationoftheproposeddamsandcontiguousreservoirsprovidegoodshieldingagainstwind-drivenwaves.Maximumwindvelocitiesobservedatstationsclosetothebasinhavealmostalwaysoccurredduringthreemonths,JanudrythroughMarch,theperiodwhenthereservoirsurfaceswouldbeheavilyladenwithsheetice.AlthoughfreesurfacereservoirconditionswouldprevailfromMaythroughOctober,maximumpoolconditionsatanyreservoirotherthanDevilCanyonwouldoccuronlyduringthelatterportionofthisperiod.ThecriticalsituationforallproposedreservoirsshouldoccurinOctober,whenallreservoirswouldbeatfullpoolelevationwiththeprevailingwindfromthenortheast.Undertheseconditions,however,theorientationofthereservoirsbeingstudiedwouldprovideveryshorteffectivefetchlengths.Ifwinddirectionweretoshifttotheeast,byassuming60mphvelocitywindssustainedfortwohours.theWatanareservoir,withanRffectivefetchof1.7miles.couldexpectasignificantwaveheightof3.5feet.Undertheseconditions.whichwouldappeartobeextremecircumstances,themaximumwavewouldbe5.8feet.ICERivericeconditionsinthebasinareexpectedtovaryaccordingtochannelslopeandconfiguration.Ingeneral,dependin~ontemperaturesandsnowcover,maximumicethicknessesshouldrangebetweentwoandfivefeet.PeriodicmeasurementsoficethicknessfortheSusitnaRiveratGoldCreekforthewintersof1961through1968areshownbelow.SusitnaRiveratGoldCreekIceThicknessesObservation~dte15March19615April196319February196413March196412January196529January196611January1968IceThickness(Feet)2.34.72.73.22.54.12.1AppendixIA-7 Duringspringbreakup,icejamscanconstricttheriver,causingthewaterleveltoriseasmuchas20feet.Thisphenomenonreplenishesadjacentsloughsandmarshyareasnecessaryforcertainaquaticwildlife.AftercreatingDevilCanyonDamandWatanareservoirs,thenatureofbreakup,bothaboveandbelow,wouldbeexpectedtochange.Asaresultofheattrappedinthereservoirs,surfacefreezingwithinreservoirswouldbeexpectedtooccurlaterthanforsurroundingrivers;forafewmilesbelowDevilCanyonDam,waterwouldbeopenthroughouttheyear.BreakupaboveWatanareservoirshouldoccuronschedule,butbreakupwithinthereservoirswouldbelate.Thisdelaywouldprobablycreateicejamswhereriversflowintothereservoirs;effortsshouldbetakentoprecludedevelopmentintheseareas.NoproblemsareanticipatedbelowDevilCanyonDam.AlthoughflowreleaseswouldincreasemonthlyfromOctoberthroughJanuary,previousstur.iesconductedbytheMissouriRiverDivision,CorpsofEngineers,havefoundthatstageincreasesofuptosevenfeet,atamoderaterate,canbetoleratedwithoutprematureicebreakup.StagefluctuationsbelowDevilCanyonDamshouldbelessthanthreefeetduringwinteroperation.Duringspringbreakup,thedamsshouldreducedamagefromdownstreamflooding.Notonlywouldtheiceabovethereservoirsbepreventedfromjammingbelowthedams,butthereservoirstorageofspringrunoffwouldreducefloodseverity.AppendixIA-8 STREAMFLOWRECORDSAVAILABLERECORDSFourgagingstationsintheupperSusitnabasinareorhavebeenoperatedbytheU.S.GeologicalSurvey.Ateachstation.recordsofdischarge.chemicalconstituents,watertemperature,andsedimentcontenthavebeenobtained.RecordedaveragemonthlyrunofffortheperiodofrecordisshowninTables3.4,5,and6.Thestation.IISusitnaRiveratGoldCreek,lIislocatedattheAlaskaRailroadbridgealldisapproximately15milesdownstreamfromtheDevilCanyondamsite.Atthegagingstation,thedrainageareais6.160squaremilesversus5,810squaremilesatthedamsite.RecordsbeganinAugust1949;forthe25wateryearsof1949through1974.averageannualrunoffhasbeen7,037.000acre-feetor9,720cubicfeetpersecond.Ontheaverage,64percentofannualrunoffoccursinJune.July.andAugust;22percentinMayandSeptember;5percentinOctober;andonly9percentinthe6monthsfromNovemberthroughApril.Thestation,IISusitnaRivernearDena1i,1IislocatedattheDenaliHighwaybridgeandisapproximately15milesupstreamfromtheDenalidamsite.Drainageareaabovethestationis950squaremilesversus1.260squaremilesatthedamsite.DischargerecordsareavailablefromMay1957toSeptember1966andfromJuly1968toSeptember1974;forthe15wateryears,annualrunoffhasaveraged1,942,000acre-feet.or2,682cubicfeetpersecond.About5percentofannualrunoffoccursduring6months,NovemberthroughApril.Thestation,IIMaclarenRivernearPaxson,lIbeganoperatinginJune1958.ThegageislocatedattheDenaliHighwaybridgeabout34mileswestofPaxson.Drainageareais280squaremiles,andaverageannualrunoffis705,000acre-feet,or974cubicfeetpersecondforthe16yearsofstreamflowrecordsfrom1958through1973.Thegagingstation,IISusitnaRivernearCantwell,IIwasplacedinoperationinMay1961andwasdiscontinuedinSeptember1972.ThestationislocatedattheVeedamsite,9milesbelowtheOshetnaRiver,22milesbelowtheTyoneRiver,andabout65milessoutheastofCantwell.DrainageareaoftheSusitnaRiveratthegageis4.140squaremiles,andaverageannualrunofffortherecorded11wateryearsis4,560,000acre-feet,or6,299cubicfeetpersecond.EXTENSIONOFSTREAMFLOWRECORDSExtensionofmonthlystreamflowforDenali,Cantwell,andMaclarengagingstationswasperformedbylinearcorrelationofthesestationsAppendixIA-9 withtheGoldCreekstation.Inanattempttoobservevisualrelationshipsbetweenthestations,therespectivemonthlystreamflowsforthethreestationswereplottedagainstthecorrelativeGoldCreekmonthlystreamflows.Dependingontheshapesoftherelationshipsobserved,thedataweresplitintotimegroupsrangingfromamonthtoseveralmonths.Aftertransformation,alinearregressionanalysiswasperformedforeachdatagroup,and,basedonthecorrelationcoefficientsandstandarderrorsofestimate,arelationshipforeachgroupofdatawasadoptedforstreamflowextension.Ingeneral,goodcorrelationwasobservedforthewintermonthsofOctoberthroughApril,whilesun~ercorrelationswerelessclearlydefined.Ascouldbeexpected,therewasahighdegreeofcorrelationbetweenGoldCreekandCan,well,whileDenaliandMaclarenstations,becauseofdissimilarhydrologicphenomena,showedmarginalsummercorrelationwithGoldCreek.AzerocorrelationcoefficientwasobtainedfortheJulyDenali-GoldCreekanalysis.Inordertoimprovetherelationship,amultiplecorrelationanalysiswasattemptedbyintro-ducingtheNenanamonthlystreamflowasanindependentvariable.Althoughthecorrelationimprovedslightly,itwasnotadequatetojustifythemorecomplexequation.InthecaseofCantwell,alogarithmictransformationshowedbettercorrelationthanthatused,butonceagaintheimprovementwasnotsufficientwhencomparedtonotransformation.Therelationshipsderivedforthethreestationsareasfollows:SusitnaRivernearCantwelll.MaythroughSeptember~Qc=0.651Qg-39.0=0.93?OctoberthroughApril~.~Qc=0.544Qg-84.1=0.92MaclarenRivernearPaxsonAppendixA-IO1.JunethroughAugust0.667Qm=3.376Qg2.September1.011Qm=0.0800g3.OctoberthroughMay0.994Qm=0.064Qg~=0.59R2=0.88 SusitnaRivernearDenali1.SeptemberthroughMayQd={-1.916+.462QgO.5)22.JuneQd=0.128Qg+3889.53.JulyQd=0.071Qg+7574.64.AugustQd=2.556Q90.8J2Qg=GoldCreekmonthlystreamflowQc=CantwellmonthlystreamflowQm=MaclarenmonthlystreamflowQd=DenalimonthlystreamflowR2=0.91R2=0.24R2=0.0R2=0.50AplotofthevariousrelationshipsarepresentedonGraphs3through1l.ESTIMATEDDAMSITESTREAMFLOWSInterpolationofobservedandestimatedmonthlystreamflowrecordsforthefourdamsiteswasaccomplishedbyadoptinglineardrainagearearelationshipsbetweenstationsanddamsites.Thisapproachassumesthatthedrainageareasabovethevariousdamsitesaretopographicallyandhydrologicallysimilartothedrainageareasabovethegagingstations.Thegeometricconfigurationofthefourgagingstationswithinthebasinprovidesadequaterepresentationofthedissimilarportionsoftheoverallbasinforthelinearityassumptiontoapply.TheVeedamsitestreamf10wswereassumedtobeequaltothoseoftheSusitnaRiveratCantwellgagingstation,whiletheWatanaandDevilCanyonstreamf10wsweremadeproportionaltotheGoldCreekandCantwellflows,basedontherespectivedrainageareas.DrainagearealinearityfortheDenalidamsitecouldnotbeestab-lished.Asshowninthetablebelow,theflowcontributionoftheareabetweenCantwellandtheglaciallyinfluencedstationsofDenaliandMaclarenisconsiderablylowerthantheunitflowfromtheremainderofthebasin.AppendixIA-ll LocalizedUnitFlowLocalFlowDrainageAnnualLocalFlow/Area..........,/MeasuredAt:Area(59Mi)Flow(AcFt)(Ac-Ft/SqMi)SusitnaRivernearDenali9501,942,0002044MaclarenRivernearPaxson280705,0002517SusitnaRivernearCantwell29101,913,000657SusitnaRiveratGoldCreek20202,480,0001227Total61607,037,0001126ThelowlocalflowperunitareameasuredattheCantwellstationisbelievedtobearesultoftheLakeLouisearea,whichisnothomo-geneouswiththetopographybetweentheDenalistationanddamsite.Therefore,becausethelucalDenalidamsiteareaissimilartothatbelowCantwell,theDenalidamsitestreamflowwasrelateddirectlytolocalunitflowsmeasuredattheGoldCreekandDenaligages.Thefollowingrelationshipswereutilizedtocalculatethefourdamsitestreamflowrecords:01=~~x(Qg-Qc)+OcAg-AcQ2=AZ- Acx(Qg-Oc)+OcAg-Ac03=OcQ4=tQg-Qc~x(A4-Ad)+OdAg-Ac'01=DevilCanyondamsitemonthlystreamflow02=Watanadamsitemonthlystreamflow03=Veedamsitemonthlystreamflow04=DenalidamsitemonthlystreamflowA1=DrainageareaaboveDevilCanyondamsiteAg=DrainageareaaboveGoldCreekgageAc=DrainageareaaboveCantwellgageA2=DrainageareaaboveWatanadamsiteA4=DrainageareaaboveDenalidamsiteAd=DrainageareaaboveDenaligageThecalculatedmonthlystreamflowsforthefourdamsitesareshowninTables7through10.~ppendixIn.-12 STREAMFLOWCHARACTERISTICSFLOWDURATIONDailyflowdurationcurvesforthefourgagingstationswithintheUpperSusitnaRiverBasinarepresentedonGraph12.Curvesrepresentrespectiveperiodsofrecordforthestations,asshownonthelegend.Thegeneralshapesofthecurvesaresignificantinsimilarityandinimplicationsforreservoirdevelopmentnecessarytosustainpowergeneration.Theperennialnatureofstreamsisreflectedinthelowerendofthecurves.Flowsoccurringwithinthe50-tolOO-percentrangearecomprisedofbothwintersubsurfaceflowsandasummercombi-nationofglacialmeltan~subsurfaceflow.Thecompleteabsenceofzeroflowsimpliesawelldevelopedfloodplainalluviumwithnoapparentgeologicalconstrictions.ThesharpreductionindicatedintheDenaliflowisbelievedtobeerroneousdata,astheperiodofrecordrepresentedistermed"poor"andi1affectedbyiceilbytheU.S.GeologicalSurvey.Higherflowswhichoccurwithinthe10-to40-percentrangereflectinfluencesofsummersnowmeltandglacialmelt,whileupperportionsofthecurvesillustratetheinfrequencyofhighrainfallrunoff.Theoverallsteepslopeofthefourcurvesindicatesthattosustainhighdailyflows,storagecontrolbyreservoirisneeded.Furthermore,averageannualstreamflowforthefourstationsiscon-siderablyhigherthanthoseflowswhichareexceeded50percentofthetime.Thismeansthataverylargevolumeoftheaverageannualflowemanatesfromhighrunoffeventswhichoccurwithrelativelylowfre-quency.Conversely,lowyieldeventsoccurwithhighregularity.Therefore,tofullyregulatetheriverformaximumfirmpoweroutput,reservoirsprovidingahighratioofstoragecapacitytomeanannualinflowarerequired.Infact,thepowerstudiespresentedinSectionCshowthatoptimumreservoirdevelopmentwouldrequireanactivestorage'capabilityequaltothemeanannualDevilCanyonstreamflowvolume.LOW-FLOWFREQUENCYANALYSISPowerstudiesutilizingthe25yearsofstreamflowrecords(1950-1974)indicatedthatthe1969wayearwasanextremelyadversewateryear.Todemonstratetheseverityofthe1969low-flowyear,anannuallow-flowvolumefrequencystudywasconducted.TheresultsofthisanalysisareplottedonGraph13,whichshowsthatforthe25yearsofrecord,the1969wateryearrunoffvolumehasanexceedenceintervalofover1000years.Ifthe1969wateryearrunoffvolumeistreatedasanoutlierandexcludedfromthestatisticalanalysis,theexceedanceintervalisinexcessof10,000years.Therefore,assuspected,the1969wateryearisanextremelyadverseflowconditionanditsuseinthepowerstudiesresults·inextremelyconservativefirmenergydeterminations.ThecriticalperiodAppendixIA-13 FLOODCHARACTERISTICS1/"HEC-4,MonthlyStreamflowSimulati,'IGeneralizedComputerProgram723-340,HydrologicEngineeringCenter,U,S.ArmyCorpsofEngineers,Davis,California,1971.,EditorinChief,McGrawmaximum,andaveragedailyfourgagesites.showtimedistributionflowsthatweregreatersummerpeakflowseventssuperimposedon£/HandbookofAppliedHydrology,HillBookCompany,NewYork,1964.Historicfloodswithinbasiresultedfromsnowmelt,rainfallrunoff,oracombination.Comparedsnowmeltfloods,rainfallfloodshaveexceptionallyowsofativelyshortduration.Frozengroundconditionsedthspringsnowmeltandwarmraingivebothahighpeakandalargerunoffume.Thecriticalperiodfortheselectedplanofopmentwasfoundtocovera32monthperispanningOctober1throughMay1971,withatotalGoldCreekrunoffvolumeof10,,000Ac.ft.Inordertoevaluatetheexceedencefrequencyofcaperiod,asynthetic32-monthdurationlow-flowfrequencycurve,Graph14,wasconstructedfortheGoldCreekgage.hundredyearsofmonthlystreamflowweregeneratedbasedonthes scsof25yearsofGoldCreekrecordsandinaccordancewiththemethodoutlinedunder"HEC-4.MonthlyStreamflowSimu1ation."1/Consecutive32-monthperiods.werederivedforthe400yearsofsynthetictreamflow,andalow-flowfrequencycurvewasdevelopedinaccordancewithproceduresoutlinedunderChowlsHandbookofHydrology,Chapter18.2/Superposionofthe32-monthGoldCreekcriticalrunoffrevealsareturnperiiexcessof400years.fortheselectedplanofdevelopmentalsoincludesthe1970wateryearwhichisthesecondmostadverseyearrecorded.Thefactthatthetwomostadversewateryearsofareinsuccessionandwithinthecriticalperiodfurtherdemonstratesseverityoftheowconditionsusedtodeterminethefirmenergygeneraticapabilityoftheplansofdevelopmentstudied.Graphs15through18showtheminimum,streamflowconditionswhichhaveprevailedMaximumannualinstantaneousflowsareoftheevents.Notethenumbermean'thanmanyoftheinstantaneousannualweremainlyshortdurationhighpeakrainfallglacialmelt.AppendixA-14 AveragedailyflowsforGoldCreekstationshowtheinitialspring-timeinfluenceofthewintersnowmassandthegradualrecessionofthissourceashigherlandelevationsshedtheirwintersupply.AveragedailyflowatDenali"andMaclarenstationsdepictsthesummerinfluenceofthesustainedflowfrommountainglaciersandsnowmass.SincealargeportionoftheUpperSusitnaRiverBasinisunderlainwithperma-frostortemporaryice,infiltrationlossesareataminimum,whichincreasesfloodflowsfromJunethroughSeptember.PASTFLOODSMajoryearlypeakflowsforthetwogagingstationsarelistedbelow.ThemaximumyearlypeakflowattheGoldCreekstationmeasured90,700cfs,andwasacom~,inationrainfall-snowmeltevent.Theprimaryconstituentofthe38.200cfsDenalistreamfloweventwasrainfallrunoff.Volumesfortr.etwoeventswere1,683,000and347,000acre-feet.respectively.TheGoldCreekandDenalifloodsof1971wereproducedbyabasinwiderainfalldistributionwhichresultedinaveragerunoffamountsof1.37inchesand3.5inches.respectively.ThetimedistributionofthepeakflowsisshownonGraphs15through18.YearlyPeakFlowsofRecordGoldCreekCantwellDenaliMaclarenDatePeakCFSDatePeakCFSDatePeakCFSDatePeakCFS8/25/5962,3006/23/6130,5008/18/6317,0009/13/608.9006/15/6280.6006/15/6247,0006/7/6416,0006/14/626,6506/7/6490,7006/7/6450,5009/9/6515,8007/18/657,3506/6/6663,6008/11/7020,5008/14/6728,2008/14/677,6008/15/6780,2008/10/7160,0007/27/6819,0008/10/719,3008/10/7187,4006/22/7245,0008/8/7138,2006/17/727,100FLOODFREQUENCIESGraphs19through22showpeakflowfrequencyforthefourgagingstationsinthe basin.Graphs23through26showvolumefrequenciesofthefourstationsforthel-day,3-day,7-day,10-day,and30-dayvolumes.ExtensionofpeakflowsfortheCantwell.Denali,andMaclarenstationswasmadethrougharegressionanalysiswithpeakflowsfromGoldCreek.Peakfrequencycurvesforthethreestationswithshortrecordwerecomputedbothfortheextendedperiodofrecordandfortherespectiveperiodsofrecordforeachstation.AppendixIA-15 Bothmethodsofcomputingfrequencycurvesgavesimilarresults,butthecurvesbasedonobservedeventsgaveslightlyhigherflowsperrespectivereturninterval.Asaresultofthesmalldifferenceinthepeakfrequencycurvesforthetwomethodsofcalculation,coupledwithsimilarresultsforthevolumefrequencyanalysis,volumefrequencycurvesshownrepresentdataextendedtomatchGoldCreekperiodofrecord.ObservedvaluesusedinallcurvecomputationswereadjustedforskewnessbasedontheextendedGoldCreekperiodofrecord.Noattempthasbeenmadetoextrapolatethesecurvestothefourdamsites;however,aweightedbasinareaapproachshouldgiveadequateresults.Thefollowingtabulationshowspeakdischargesforthefourgagingstationsforvariousrecurrenceinterval:UpperSusitnaRiverBasinPeakDischargesPeakDischarge--cfsRecurrenceIntervalSusitnaatSusitnanearSusitnanearMaclarennear(years)GoldCreekCantwellDenaliPaxson567,00042,00019,5007,3001078,00048,50023,2008,2002590,00056,00027,5009,20050101,00063,00032,00010,100100111,00069,00037,00011,000AppendixIA-16 SEDIMENTATIONGENERALTheU.S.GeologicalSurveyhascollectedsuspendedsedimentsamplesatthefourgagingstationswithinthebasinfrom1952to1973.ResultsoftheirfindingsarepUblishedinU.S.G.S.watersupplypapers.Thefollowingtablesummarizestheavailabledataandgivesarangeofflowsforwhichsampleswerecollected:SuspendedSedimentDataStationSusitnaatGoldCreekSusitnanearCantwellSusitnanearDenaliMaclarennearPaxsonNumberofSamples59272225Max.FlowSampled(cfs)53tOOO36t90012tOOO5t300Min.FlowSampled(cfs)9202t43095095Althoughtherearerelativelyfewsamplesforlowflowstthedegreeoferrorthatwouldbeimpartedbyincorrectrelationshipsisextremelysmall.Ontheotherhandthighrunoffwillheavilyinfluencethecalculationofsedimenttransport;hencettocollectadditionaldataforhighflowswouldbedesirable.Therelationshipsultimatelyderivedforsedimenttransportversusdischargearebelievedtobeconservative.InadditiontodischargeconcentrationtthemajorityofthesamplescollectedbytheU.S.GeologicalSurveywereanalyzedforsizedistribution.OfthesedimentsamplestakenattheDenaligagetU.S.G.S.computedtotalsedimentloadfortenbyuseofthemodifiedEinsteinprocedure.ThebedloadanalysiswasbasedonthreebedmaterialsamplescollectedbyU.S.G.S.inSeptember1958.Nobedsampleshavebeentakenfortheremainingthreegagingstations.SUSPENDEDSEDIMENTSuspendedsedimentratingcurvesweredevelopedbyaregressionanalysisinwhichbothsedimenttmeasuredintonsperdaYtandflowwerelogarithmicallytransformed.Observationofthedatarevealedagoodrelationshipfromthismethodforthemediumtohighrangeflows.Thelowflowrelati~nshipswereconservatively estimated.Correlationcoefficients(~)rangedfrom0.72forGoldCreekto0.93forMaclaren.ThecurvesderivedinthismannerareshownonGraph27.VariabilityofsuspendedsedimenttransportwasmadeadirectfunctionofrespectiveflowdurationcurvesforeachstationtandannualsedimenttransportwascalculatedbytheFlow-DurationtSediment-RatingAppendixIA-17 CurveMethod.Preliminaryinvestigationsshowedthat98percentoftheannualsedimenttransportoccurredfromMaythroughOctober;hence,nofurtherattempt\'Jasmadetoderiveseasonalflow-durationorratingcurves.Inordertodeterminethevolumeofsedimenttransported,theinitialunitweightforeachofsevensedimentsizerangeswasestimatedbyusingtheLaraandPembertonmethod.Fifty-andhundred-yearunitweightswerecalculatedbytheLaneandKoelzermethodasmodifiedbyMiller.ThesedimentsizeanalysiscurvesshownonGraph28weredevel-opedforthefourgagingstationsfromthedatacollectedbytheU.S.G.S.Sedimenttransportforthefourstationsisshownbelow:InitialUnitWeight(Lb/ft3)65.370.670.468.6SuspendedSedimentTransportSedimentTransport(Tons/year)8,734,0005,129,0005,243,000614,000SusitnaatGoldCreekSusitnanearCantwellSusitnanearDenaliMaclarennearPaxsonBEDLOADTheDenaligagebedloadratingcurve,presentedonGraph29,wasestablishedfromtheEinsteinestimatesprovidedbytheGeologicalSurvey.Byusingtheflow-durationrating-curvemethod,theDenalibed-loadwasfoundtobe1,588,000tonsperyear,30percentoftheyearlysuspendedsedimentload.Lackofdataprecludedbedloadestimatesfortheremainingthreestations.BecauseofsimilaritybetweentheDenaliandMaclarensites,theMaclarenbedloadwasalsoassumedtobe30per-centofthesuspendedload.ReconnaissanceoftheCantwellgagesiteandtheWatanaandDevilCanyondamsitesrevealedthatbedmaterialattheselocationsiscomposedmostlyofheavybouldersandcobbles;hence,theCantwellandGoldCreekbedloadswereestimatedtobe10percentoftherespectivesuspendedsedimentloads.Theunitweigh~ofbedloadmaterialatthefourstationswasassumedbe97lb/ft.RESERVOIRSEDIMENTATIONComplextopographicanderosioncharacteristicswithinthebasinhavecomplicateddeterminingtotalreservoirdeposition.Variationofsedimenttransportwithinthebasincanbesegregatedintothreetopo-graphicareas:(1)glacialareas;(2)l-drainedtopographyasbelowtheCantwellstation;and(3)lowsedimentyidareasasfoundintheLakeLouisebasin.Thecombinationofthesethreecharacteristicareasisreadilyapparentfromthetotalsedimentloadatthefourgagingstations.AppendixIA-18 TotalSedimentInflowStationRatioGlacialAreatoBasinAreaYearlySedimentAverageBasinProductionRateHeight(Ft.)(Tons/Sq.Miles)MaclarennearPaxsonSusitnanearDenaliSusitnanearCantwellSusitnaatGoldCreek0.1570.2330.0660.0451,6301,9271,7542,9222,8507,1911,3641,560AstrongrelationshipappearsbetweentheGlacial-area/Basin-areaandtheProductionRate(tons/sq.mi.).However,whenthesevaluesareplottedonlogarithmicpa~er,thePaxson,Denali,andGoldCreekstationsfallonastraightline,withCantwellconsiderablyoutofline.TheCantwellstationisbi"sedbytheLakeLouisearea.Thebiascanbe'eliminated,however,byintroducingbasinheightasanerosionindex.ByplottingtheGlacial-area/Basin-areaversusProductionRateintonspercubicmileofdrainagebasin,therelationshipbecomesconsiderablystronger,andastraightlinecanreasonablybefitted.Transformationoftherelationshipshowsthatadirectestimateofyearlysediment,measuredintons,canbeobtainedbythesimplerelationshipof:-0.1291.129S=89,144x H x Abx AS=SedimentintonsperyeargH=AverageBasinheightinmilesAb=BasinArea(sq.mi.)Ag=Glacialareawithinthebasin(sq.mi.)ByusingthebasinratingcurveshownonGraph30,damsitesedimentinflowsforDevilCanyonandWatanareservoirswerebasedontheexpectedsedimentattheactualdamsites.DenaliandVeereservoirinflows,becauseoftheaggradingnatureofthestream,werebasedonexpectedinflowattheheadofthereservoirpluslocalinflowfromthetribu-taries.Estimatesoflocalreservoirsedimentforupstreamreservoirswerecomputedbyassumingboth100-percententrapmentattheupstreamreservoirandproductionoflocalsedimentinflowbythetributaryloadbelowtheupstreamreservoir.TributaryloadbelowVeedamsitewascomputedbysUbtractingtheCantwellloadfromtheGoldCreekloadanddividingbytheinterveningarea.TributaryloadestimatesfortheflatareabetweentheCantwellgageandtheMaclarenandDenaligageswereconsiderablymoredifficulttocompute.TheriverchannelisaggradingfromtheglaciersnoutstotheareabelowtheconfluenceoftheSusitnaandMaclarenRivers.Therefore,thesedimentvaluerecordedatCantwellstation,whichrepresentsadegradingcondition,couldnotbesubtractedfromthevaluerecordedatDenalistation.Instead,thetributaryloadaboveCantwellwasbasedoninflowabovetheCantwellstationandbelowtheconfluenceAppendixIA-19 oftheMaclarenandSusitnaRivers.Consequently.tributaryloadbelowtheCantwellstationwascalculatedtobe1.125Ac-ft./Sq.Mi./Yr.•whiletheproductionrateaboveCantwellwasestimatedtobe0.31Ac-~ft./Sq.Mi./Yr.Distributionofsedimentwithinthereservoirwasbasedonwatertemperature,sedimentsize.variationofinflow,andreservoirconfigu-ration.FallvelocitieswerebasedondatagiveninU.S.Inter-AgencyReport,No.7,andreservoircross-sectionsweretakenfromU.S.G.S.contourmaps.Althoughinitialentrapmentratiosofthereservoirs,basedonfullstorageconditions,werefoundtorangefrom75percentatDevilCanyon(becauseoftherelativelyminoramountofstorage)to100percentatDenali,forthepurposeofthisstudy,allreservoirswereassumedtoprovidelOC-percententrapment.Thearea-capacitycurvesdevelopedinthismannerareshownonGraphs31through36.AsummaryoftotalvolumeinflowtothereservoirsisshowninTable11.AppendixIA-20 EVAPOTRANSPIRATIONEVAPORATIONPanevaporationdataforstationsrepresentativeoftheupperSusitnabasinconditionshavebeencollectedforsummermonthsattheMatanuskaValleyAgriculturalExperimentStationnearPalmerandattheUniversityExperimentStationnearFairbanks.Theperiodofrecordforeachstationisfrom1944tothepresent;however,thenumberofcontinuousyearsforeachmonthofdatavaries.Theaveragemonthlypanevaporationsforthetwostationsarepsfollows:AverageMonthlyPanEvaporation,InchesMatanuskaValleyMonthAgr.Exp.Stn.UniversityExp.Stn.Evap.Yrs.Rcd.Evap.Yrs.Rcd.May4.63154.4619June4.58245.0926July4.09294.5030August2.99292.9630September1.83261.4224Subtota1,8.1218.43Morerecentdatacollectedat~1cKinleyParkstation,whichwouldbemorerepresentativeofbasinlosses,showthataveragesummerpanevaporationisonly15inches.However,themoreconservativefiguresshouldbeadequateforstudypurposes.Byaveragingthetwosummersubtotals,applyingapancoefficientof0.7.andassuminglittleevaporationduringthewintermonths,ameanannualevaporationfortheSusitnaRiverbasinofapproximately12.8inchesisreached.Inreality,thespatialvariationofsurfaceevaporationwithinthebasinisinfluencedheavilybyorographicandphysiographicvariationsthroughoutthebasin;hence,theadoptedaveragevalueisbelievedtobeslightlyhigh.CONSUMPTIVEUSEResultsfromconsumptiveuseexperimentsconductedin1955atMatanuskaValleyExperimentStationaregiveninaProgressReportpublishedin1956.Thereportestablishedthatduringthegrowingseason.MaythroughSeptember,averagemonthlyconsumptiveuseamountsareasfollows:APpendixIA-21 Total~1onthMayJuneJulyAugustSeptemberAyerageConsumptiveUseConsumptiveUse(Inches)2.303.503.863.080.1612.90Yearlyconsumptiveuseisconsistentwithfreesurfaceevaporationrates.Thisone-to-onerelationshipisvalidaslongasaverageannualprecipitationfarexceedsaverageannualevaporation.Consumptiveuseduringthesummermonthsoccursatmaximumpossiblerateforthebasin.Ifthetruevolumeofrunofffromglacialmeltwereknownandifaverageannualbasinprecipitationcouldbeestablished,basinconsumptiveusecouldbeeasilycalculated.AppendixIA-22 WATERQUALITYEvaluationofreservoirimpactsondownstreamwaterqualityandsubsequenteffectsonenvironmentalcycleswillrequireconsiderablefuturestudyanddataacquisition.Absenceofcontinuallyrecordedwaterqualityparametersmakesitdifficulttoestimatepost-projectchemicalandbiologicalwaterconstituentsbelowthedamsbyapplyingmathematicalmodels.Existingdataincluderandomsamplescollectedatthefourgagingstationswithinthebasin,publishedbytheU.S.Geologi-calSurvey,WaterResourcesDataforAlaska,seeTable18.NATURALCONDITIONSThelimnologyoftheSusitnaRiverdiffersconsiderablyfromthatofriversinlowerlatitudes.Duringthesummer,theriverreceiveslargequantitiesofcold,siltyglacialmeltandheavyrunoffcontribu-tionsfromlarge,saturatedmuskegareas.Biologicalgrowthflourishesbothunderlongperiodsofsolarradiationandfrominjectionofhighdissolvedoxygenbytheturbulentriverflow.Winterconditionsarealmostcompletelyreversed.Winterflowsconsistalmostentirelyofgroundwatersupply;consequently,suspendedsedimentconcentrationisextremelylow.Heavyicecover,coupledwithlowsolarenergyandlowtemperatures,affectthephotosyntheticandrespirationrateoftheriver,resultinginlowdissolvedoxygenrates.Annualdissolvedoxygenconcentrationsshouldapproachsaturationduringspringbreakupandfallfreezeupwhenwatertemperaturesarenearfreezing;slightlylowerconcentrationswilloccurduringwarmsummermonths,andminimumconcentrationsareexpectedinextremecoldperiodsofwinter.Forthesereasons,chemicalandnutrientcyclesareexpectedtodifferfromthoseofstreamsinwarmerregions.RESERVOIRCONDITIONSChemicalconcentrationsinthereservoirsareexpectedtobeheavilyinfluencedbythethermalstratificationthatnaturallyoccursinlargebodiesofwater.Summerstratificationwilloccurafteramplewarmthhasbeenaddedtothetop50feetofwater.Unlikereservoirsinsouthernlatitudes,winterstratificationshouldresultafteraveragewaterAppendixIA-23 temperaturehasdroppedto40Cwhenlighterdensity,colderwaterisforcedtothesurface.Thisstratification,coupledwiththelongretentionrateofthereservoirs,willresultinareductionofturbidity,silica,andcoliformbacteria.Reservoirperipheriesshouldincreasealgaegrowth.However,reduceddissolvedoxygeninthelowerportionofthereservoir,excessivehydrostaticpressures,reducedsunlight,andsedimentbuildupshouldreducebiologicalgrowthindeeperwaters.Ironandmanganeseconcentrationswillincreasesignificantly,aswilldis-solvedsolidsandhardness.DISSOLVEDOXYGENAhighlycriticaliteminreservoirsofthesizeofthosebeingcontemplatedisthedissolvedoxygen(DO)contentofimpoundedwater.Normally,theDOcontentofimpoundedwaterdropswiththegreatestchangetakingplacein~eeperpartsofthereservoir.WaveactionandturbulenceofthewaterareestimatedtomaintainanadequateDOcontentinthetop50feetofthereservoir.Althoughpowerhouseintakelocationwouldbetoolowfordownstreamutilizationofthisoxygen-richwater,artificialmeanscanbeemployedtoenhancedownstreamconcentrations.AlthoughtheturbulenceoftheriverdownstreamofDevilCanyonwouldpromotereoxygenationmorerapidlythanwouldoccurinaplacidstream,itisnotpossibletopredicttheactualflowdistancerequiredtorestoreDOtoanacceptablelevel.Concurrentwithconstruction,amonitoringsystemtodeterminetheoxygenabsorptionrateinthetorren-tialstretchbelowDevilCanyonshouldbeestablished.Shouldnaturalreoxygenationnotbesufficient,considerationshouldbegiventomechani-calmeansofincreasingtheDOcontentoftheriver.SUSPENDEDSEDIMENTANDTURBIDITYBycomparisonwithothernaturalandmanmadeglaciallyfedlakeswithinAlaska,suspendedsedimentconcentrationswithinthereservoirsareexpectedtorangebetween15and35mg/l.However,thedistributionofconcentrationswithinthereservoirscouldvaryaccordingtothedensityoftheinflowingwater.Mostofthesedimentwillbedepositedintheupperreachesofthereservoirs.butthatwhichremainsinsolutionwillseekanelevationcompatiblewiththedensityofthereservoirstratification.Followingbreakup,sedimentinflowshouldmixwithallelevationsofthereservoir,butastheupperportionswarmthroughoutthesummer,thedenseinflowshouldseekthecolderwaterbelowtheanticipatedthermocline.Theeffectofreservoirsondownstreamsuspendedsedimentconcentra-tionswouldbetoreversethenormalannualtrend,therebyincreasingAppendixIA-24 wintertransportanddecreasingsummermovements.Naturalstreamtrans-portmeasuredattheGoldCreekgageamountstoroughly10milliontonsofsedimentperyear,with95percentoftheloadoccurringfromMaythroughOctober.Summerconcentrationsareproportionaltothevolumeofmovingwater;whilewinterratesaresimilarlyrelated,thefrozennatureofthebasinrestrictstheamountofconveyab1esediment.Conse-quently,wintersedimentconcentrationsareextremelylow.SuspendedsedimentconcentrationsmeasuredatGoldCreekareshowninTable12.Datahavebeenarrangedbyseasontoshowthecyclictrendinvolumeandconcentrationofsedimentmovement.Dynamicsofthereservoirswillcauseanestimated97percentofthesuspendedsedimenttosettleinimpoundments,buttheretardingeffectwillallowwinterreleasestobeconsiderablymoreturbidthanthoseofthenaturalflow.Estimatingsedimentconcentrationofreservoirreleasesisdifficult.butstreamshavingexistingflowcharacteristicsanalogoustothoseofthepost-reservoirSusitnaRivershouldprovideareferencewhichmayhelptodetermineconcentrations.Severalglaciallyfed,silt-ladenstreamsdroptheirheavysedimentloadsinlakesformedbehindterminalglacialmoraines.WinterreleasesfromtheselargeimpoundmentsgivesedimentconcentrationssimilartothoseexpectedontheSusitnaRiver.Datacollectedfromtheseriver-lakesystemsarepresentedinTables13through17.SedimentconcentrationscollectedaboveandbelowLongLakenearJuneauillustratetheentrapmenteffectofthenaturalreservoir.Althoughinflowconcentrationswereashighas569ppm~maximumreleaseconcentrationswereonly8ppm.Similarconditionsareexpectedtoprevailattheotherriversandlakesshown.ItisextremelysignificantthatwhilesummerconcentrationsofglaciallyfedAlaskanstreamsrangeupto5,000ppm,dependingonthebasinproductionrates,winterreleasesfromthosestreamswhichareretardedbylakesareverylowinsedimentconcentrations.Infact,althoughmilkyincolor,theEklutnareservoiris,presentlybeingconsideredformunicipalwateruseintheAnchoragearea.Thechangeinseasonaldistributionofsedimentconcentrationswithintheriverwouldchangetheenvironmenforfishaswell,althoughitisdifficulttoanticipatetheeffectthatthesedimentchangewouldproduce.ResidentfishandthoseanadromousspecieswhichwinterintheSusitnaRiverwouldhavetocontendwithsedimentconcentrationshigherthanthosethatpresentlyexist.butanadromousfishtravelingtospawningbedswouldexperiencegreatreductionsintheamountofsediment.Atpresent,riverhydraulicconditionsdonotpermitmigratoryfishtotravelaboveDevilCanyon.AppendixIA-25ALASKA~'7.<,:::,onr.:r:;«;;:e:;UORAR'tU.S.DEPT..OFINTERIOR Heavysedimentconcentrationscanresultindeathfromlackofabilitytoseefoodandfrommetabolicagitaonwhichcanleadtofatalgilldisease.Furtherproblemsmayresultfromeffectsofheavysilta-.~--/tiononfertileeggssinceoxygendepletionpriortohatchingcouldoccur.Althoughtolerancelevelsdifferaccordingtospecies,existingliteraturesuggeststhattheanticipatedwinterconcentrationsbelowDevilCanyonarewithinthesafelimitsforfishhabitation.Onepubli-cationthatdealswiththesubjectisFisheriesHandbookofEngineeringRequirementsandBiologicCriteria,byMiloC.Bell,privateconsultanttotheNorthPacificDivisionCorpsofEngineers.Afterconsiderableresearch,Mr.Bellconcludesthat"streamswisedimentloadsaveragingbetween80and400ppmshouldnotbeconsideredgoodareasforsupportingfreshwaterfisheries;streamswithless25ppmmaybeexpectedtosupportgoodfreshwaterfisheries."TocompareanticipatedSusitnaconcentrationswiththoseofU.S.WestCoaststreams,averagemonthlysedimentconcentrationsforstreamsinWashington,Oregon,andCaliforniaareextractedfromthispublicationandarepresentedinTable18.Obviously,thequestionofsedimentimpactcannotbesimplyanswered,andtestprogramstostudytheproblemshouldbeimplemented.AprogrampresentlyinprogresshasrevenledgoodfishsurvivalfromtheartificialstockingofTustumenaLake.AsmentionedsedimentconcentrationsbelowTustumenaaresimilartothoseexpectedowDevilCanyon;ifthisprogramprovessuccessfulforfishenhasimilarsuccessshouldbeanticipatedfordevelopmentoftheSusitnaRiver.DISSOLVEDGASOfrecentconcerntosalmonfisheriesisthepossibilityofnitrogensupersaturationoccurringbelowdams.Supersaturationcanoccurbelowdamspillwayswhenairisdrawndeepintothewater,pressurized,andtakenintosolution.ThecombinedhighlevelregulatingoutletsandpowerhousecapacitiesattheWatanaDamareadequatetoaccommodatefloodswithrecurrenceintervalsuptoapproximately50yearssospillwillbeveryinfrequent.AttheDevilCanyonDamthehydrauliccapacityoftheinitialfourgeneratingunitsisapproxy25,000cfsatnormalmaximumpoolelevationof1450feet.ThelowleveloutletworksatDevilCanyonarenotdesignedtooperateatpoolelevation1450feet.Plates2and3showthedailyhydrogriverdischargesfortheSusitnaRiveratGoldCreekfortheperiodofrecord(wateryears1950-1974).Superimposedonthehydrographarethoseistreamflowswhichcouldhavebeenexpectedtospillthroughi1Canyonspillway..SpillswereconsideredtooccurwhenbothDevilCanyonandWatanareservoirswerefilledinconsonancewiththepoweroperationstudy,andwhenthehydrauliccapacitytheDevilCanyonpenstockswereexceeded(25,000cfsatnormalmaximumpoolelevationof1450feet).Ofthe25yearsofstreamflowrecord,spillswereestimatedtooccurin11oftheoperationyears,withtheaveragespilllasng14dayswithanaverageflowof8,500cfs.Spilldurations11speriodsandwilloccuronlyduringthelatesummermonthsafterreservoirshavefilled.AppendixIA-26 Studieshaveshownthatfishcantoleratehighdissolvedgaslevelsforshortperiodsoftime.ItisalsoanticipatedthatthewhitewaterstretchofriverbelowDevilCanyonwillassistinthereductionofnitrogensupersaturation.Theactualat-siteDevilCanyonstreamflowisroughly7percentlessthanthatofGoldCreek,andhence,actualspillagewouldhavebeenslightlylessthanthatshownonPlates2and3.Inaddition,arealtimeoperationwillallowforpooldrawdownpriortofloodevents,andthefrequencyofspillagewouldbefurtherreduced.DATACOLLECTIONANDANALYSISPROGRAMPhysicalandchemicalwaterqualitydatahasbeencollectedatstreamgagingsitesexistinjwithinthebasinasdiscussedpreviouslyinthissection.Adatacollectionprogramdesignedtoprovidetheadditionalinformationnecessarytoevaluateprojecteffectsonwaterqualityandtoprovideinformationfordesignandoperationalcriteriamustbeinitiatedimmediatelytopermitcompliancewiththepresentdesignandconstructionschedule.Datacollectionisalsorequiredtopermitdesignofhydraulicfeaturessuchasdiversionandregulatingoutletsandtransmissionfacilities.Datarequirementsinclude:a.Installationandoperationofsixadditionalstreamgagingstations.GageswillbeinstalledonTyoneRivernearitsmouth;ontheOshetnaRivernearitsmouth;ontheSusitnaRiveratthepriorCantwellgagingstation;attheWatanadamsite;theDevilCanyondamsite;andontheSusitnaRiverattheHighwayNo.3bridgecrossingbelowTalkeetna.b.Measurementofphysicalandchemicalwaterqualityparameters.Theprincipalparametersinadditiontodischargearewatertemperature,dissolvedoxygen,pH,BOD,alkalinity,nutrients,totalsedimentload.andturbidity.c.WatersurfaceprofiledeterminationsforarangeofdischargesattheWatanaandDevilCanyondamsites.Arecordinggage.staffgages.andaerialphotographywillbeutilizedtoobtaintherequireddata.d.Reservoirheatbudgetandselectivewithdrawalstudies.e.Soil.permafrost.andvegetationtypemappingoftheareatobeinundatedbythereservoirs.Photogrammetrictechniqueswillbeutilizedextensively.f.ClearlydefinedwaterqualitymanagementobjectivesincooperationwithappropriateFederalandStateagencies.g.Depthanddurationofreservoirfreezedeterminations.AppendixIA-27 h.ObservationoficingandbreakupconditionsontheSusitnaRiver.i.Windandicingdataacquisitionatapproximately20locationsalongtheproposedtransmissionlinelocation.j.Establishmentofanetworkof20precipitationandairtemperaturestationsintheupperSusitnabasin.k.Biologicalmeasurementsincludingaquantitativeandqualitativeassessmentofbethnicinvertebrates.periphyton.andphyoplankton.1.Ecologicalmodelingstudiesofthereservoirs.Datacollectionandstudycostsareestimatedforselectedtimeperiodsinthefollowingtabulation:AppendixIA-28 PROGRAM COSTS ($1,000) Phase 2 GDMITEMDESCRIPTIONFY76&T Quarter Phase 1 GDM a.Stream Gage Installation and Operation 100 100 40 b.Physical and Chemical Water Quality Parameters 20 20 10 c.Water Surface Profile Determinations 100 50 30 d.Reservoir Heat Budget and Selective Withdrawal Studies 20 20 20 e.Soil.Permafrost.and Vegetation Type Maps ---20 20 f.Depth and Duration of Reservoir Freezing 10 10 10 g.Icing and Breakup Conditions on the Susitna River 20 50 30 h.Biological Water Quality Baseline Study ---50 50 i.Precipitation and Air Temperature Stations ---60 20 j.Ecological Reservoir Modeling ---20 20 - 420 550 350 )::>)::> I "'0 1'\)"'0 ~([) :::3 0...... x ...... PROBABLEMAXIMUMFLOODGENERALThissectiondescribesthederivationoftheProbableMaximumFloodforvariouslocationsalongtheSusitnaRiveraboveGoldCreek.Designfloodswereusedforspillwaysizingandestimatesofdownstreamimpactforpostsystemdevelopment.FloodhydrographswerecomputedbyapplyingProbableMaximumPrecipitation(PMP),asderivedbytheNationalWeatherService(NWS),toamathematicalcomputermodeloftheriverbasin.Theestablisheddesignfloodrepresentsspringsnowmeltaugmentedbyrainfallrunoff.STUDYMETHODSANDCRITERIAThemathematicalmodelusedforthisstudywastheStreamflowSynthesisandReservoirRegulation(SSARR)computerprogramdevelopedbyNorthPacificDivision,CorpsofEngineers,Portland,Oregon.Themodelisadeterministicprogramwhichsimulatesportionsofthehydrologiccycleinanattempttogeneratelongperiodsofdailyorhourlystream-flow.Comparisonofsyntheticstreamflowwithobservedeventswasusedformodelcalibration.BydividingtheSusitnaRiverBasinintosubbasinsofsimilarhydrologicandphysiographiccharacteristics,reconstitutionofhistoriceventsmeasuredatthefourgagingstationsrevealedgoodmodelsimulation.Compositehydrographsforeachdamsiteweredevelopedbycombiningchannelroutedflowswithlocalinflowbetweenthedamsiteandanupstreamcontrolpoint.ThebasinschematicdiagramwhichwasusedforsynthesisisshowninPlate4.Theprimarydatarequiredforwaterbudgetbythemodelareprecipitationandtempera-ture;hydrologicprocessessimulatedbytheprogramaresoilmoisture,evapotranspiration,snowandglacialmelt.depressionstorage,surfacestorage,subsurfacestorage,groundwaterstorage,infiltrationandpercolationintoacquifers,andchannelrouting..Theprogramiswrittengenerallysothatitmaybeappliedtoalmostanytypeofdrainagebasin.TheHydrometeorologicalBranchoftheNationalWeatherServicedevelopedarangeofPMPvalueswhichcouldbeexpectedforthestudybasin(seeAppendix2).AlthoughadetailedstudyofthedesignstormisbeingperformedbytheWeatherService,forthepurposeofthisreport,thepreliminaryvaluesprovidedwereused.RIVERRECONSTITUTIONTheSSARRwatershedmodelfortheSusitnaRiverbasinwasverifiedbycomparingcomputedandobservedhydrographsforthefourgagingstations:SusitnaRiveratGoldCreek;SusitnaRivernearCantwell;AppendixIA-30 SusitnaRivernearDenali;andMaclarenRivernearPaxson.AlthoughtheSSARRprogramisawaterbudgetmodelcapableofreconstitutingmany~.yearsofconsecutivedailyflow,lackofclimatologicaldataprecludedthistypeofcalibration.Instead,becausethebasinactsprimarilyasaprecipitationcatchmentareaformostoftheyear--withtheonlyrealdepletionstakingplaceduringthefoursummermonths--byusingobservedsnowdataforinitialconditions,calibrationwasbasedonobservedprecipitation,temperatures,anddischargesfortheperiodMaythroughAugust.Furthermore,becausethemodelwastobecalibratedforpeakmoistureconditions,basinlinearitywasignored,andthemodelwasverifiedbasedonlyonperiodsofhighprecipitationinput.Thefollowingtimeperiodswereselectedforreconstitution:RecvnstitutionPeriodsPeriod196420May-8July19671Aug-30Aug19716May-30Aug19722May-5JulyGoldCreekAveraoserved85,90076,00066,30077,70070,70080,30073,50053,30078,50060,900BASINMODELCHARACTERISTICSIndevelopingamathematicalmodelofadrainagebasin,thetheoreti-calprocedurewouldentaildevelopmentofmathematicalequationsthatwouldaccuratelysimulateportionsofthehydrologiccycle.Thecompositeresultwouldthenbeacomputedhydrographwhichwouldverynearlyequaltheobservedhydrograph.Inageneralizedcomputermodel,however,onlyalimitedsetofrelationshipsareavailableforprocessdescription,andtoaccuratelydefinethebasinwithoutacomplexsamplingsystemisnotpossible.Therefore,assumingthatthemathematicalmodeliscorrect,calibrationmustbeaccomplishedeitherbytrial-and-errororbyaniterativeprocessinwhichvariablesandconstantsarechangedtoreduceerrorbetweenobservedandcomputedevents.Givenalogicalrangeforeachmathematicalvariable,thelattertechniqueshouldgivesuperiorresults;however,computertimerequiredforcomplexmodelsistoogreatforpracticaluse.Therefore,incalibratingtheSSARRmodeltotheUpperSusitnaRiverBasin,atrial-and-errorprocessbasedonjudgmentwasused.Realizingthatthecomputedhydrographcouldshowgoodsimulationwiththeobservedhydrograph,butthatthecomputedhydrographcouldbecomposedofanunrealisticproportionofsnowmelt,rainfallrunoff,andgroundwater;thetotalhydrographwassplitintocomponents,andoptimizationwasbasedonreconstitutionofspecificflowcomponentsaswellascompositeflow.Abriefdiscussionofinputdataandbasinvariablesispresentedbelow.AppendixIA-31 Precipitation:DatafromclimatologicalstionsinornearthebasinwereusedasanindextomoistureiStationsprovidemarginalareacoverageforlowelevationsandalmostnorepresentationforhigher.~elevations.Thestationswereweightedttherefore,tomakeupforobviousdiscrepanciesinhydrographvolumes.GraciousHousestationnearDenaliwasfoundtogivethebestbasinresults,butGulkanaGlacierstationwasusedasanindexfortheMaclarenandDenalisub-basins.Weightingfactorsrangedfrom62300percentforprecipitation.Temperature:BasintemperatureswerebasedondatagatheredfromSummitandGraciousHouseforlowelevationsaGulGlacierandTrimsCampforhighelevations.Meltratesbothsnowandglacialicewerebasedontheaverageofmaximumandminimumdailytemperatures.Snow:Theamountofsnowonthegroundtmeasuredininchesofwater,atthe'beginningofeachrec~nstitutionperiodwasestimatedfromexistingsnowcoursedataandclimatologicaldatareportsforstationswithinandsurroundingthebasin.Waterequivalentdataforlowerelevationsaregoodebutlackofinformationforhighermountainsmadedepth-elevationestimatesdifficult.GulkanaGlacierstationwasusedasanindexforsnowcoverinhigherbasinelevations.Afterinitialconditionswereassumed.thedepth-durationofsnowonthegroundwasestimatedbythemodelinaccordancewithsnowmeltroutine.Lackofsufficientdatadeniedtheuseoftheenergybudgetsno\~eltroutinewhichisanoptionofthemodel.Instead.thetemperatureindexmethodwasemployed,andgoodresultswereobtained.Withthismethod,thearea-elevationcurveofthebasiniscoupledwithtemperatureforcomputationofvolume-elevationmoisturebudgeting.Alapserateof3.30Fperthousandfeetofelevationfromtheindexstationat2400-footelevationwasused.RunoffRe)ationshie:Percentageofrunoffrelatesdirectlytotheamountofmoisturecontainedinthesoilhorizon.Depletionofthesoilreservoirisaccomplishedbyevapotranspiration.Therelationshipofsurfacerunofftosoilmoistureisexpressedintheformofacurvewhichisinturndevelopedintoatableofvaluesforcomputeradaptation.Thisisaratherflexibleprocedure,butthedifficultyisindefiningtherelationship.Curvedefinitionwasaccomplishedbyoptimizationprocedures,andtheresultsareconsistentwithrelationshipsderivedforAlaskanbasinswithphysicalandhydrologicalcharacteristicssimilartothoseoftheSusitnabasin.Evar,0transpirat;on:Thesoilmoistureindexsnotonlytoindicatesuracerunoff,butalsotoestimatepotentialevapotranspiration.Asinnaturalsoilconditions,potentiallossrelatesdirectlytotheamountofmoisturebetweensaturationpointawiltingpointwhichisinthesoil.Then,byconsideringaveragemeteorologicalconditions,themodelabstractssoilmoisturebytheestedamouAppendixIA-32 BaseFlow:Thepercentageofrunoffwhichbecomesbaseflowdependsonthebaseflowinfiltrationindexandonglacialmelt.Theindexisderivedusingthebaseflowinfiltrationindexforthepreviousperiod,runoffgeneratedinthecurrentperiod,andaroutingprocedurewhichdelaysthebuildupoftheindex.Thebaseflowinthereconstitutionstudiesrangedfrom100to10percentoftotalcomputedflow.RECONSTITUTIONRESULTSObservedandcomputedhydrographsforthefourgagingstationsoftheUpperSusitnaRiverBasinareshownonPlates5through12.Withtheexceptionofsnowmeltrates,reconstitutionsforallfouryearswerebasedononesetofrelationships,variables,andconstants.Thesnow-meltratesrangedfromO.',0to0.45inchesperdegreeday.ThesynthesizedhydrographsfollowgeneralpatternsandtimingsufficientlywelltojustifyapplicationofthemethodtoProbableMaximumFloodderivation.Onenoteworthyaspectofthereconstitutionsisthatthemodelwascalibratedtogivegoodreproductionofpeakrecordedevents,yetitstillgavegoodresultsfortheeventsofmorefrequentoccurrence.Rainfalldataplottedonallhydrographsrepresenttheobservedamountsatclimatologicalstationslocatednearthebasin.PROBABLEMAXIMUMPRECIPITATION(PMP)PreliminaryPMPestimatesweredevelopedbytheHydrometeorologicalBranch,NationalWeatherService(NWS)(seeAppendix2)forfourdrainagebasinsareasontheSusitnaRiverasfollows:Drainage72-Hr24-Hr6-HrSusitnaBasinTributarytoAreaPMPPMPPMP(sqm;)(in)(in)nnTDenaliSite12609-125.4-7.22.7-3.6VeeSite41407.5-10.54.5-6.32.3-3.2WatanaSite51807-94.2-5.42.1-2.7DevilCanyonSite58.07-94.2-5.42.1-2.7TheestimatesareforthemonthsofAugustandSeptember;theseasonofgreatestrainfallpotential.Forthesnowmeltseasontheprecipitationestimatesarelessandareobtainedbymultiplyingtheabovevaluesby0.7.Developmentof6-hourincrementsofprecipitationforthePMPstormwasassumedtobeaspresentedinNWSpublicationHydrometeoro-logicalReportNo.43,Figure6-1.Patternc.Precipitationdistributionforthesummer72-houramountof9.0inchesisasfollows:AppendixIA-33 Hour1stDay2ndDay3rdDay0-6.25.6.15'.J6-12.501.2.30'2-181.122.7.6718-24.38.9.23TOTALS2.255.401.35Precipitationdistributionforthespring72-houramountwasobtainedbymultiplyingtheabovesummerdistributionby0.70.ArealdistributionoftheprecipitationamounttothesubbasinsofthedrainageareaisbasedonthedistributionofthemeanannualprecipitationmappresentedintheNWSPMPderivation,rlate14.ThismeanannualprecipitationdistributionissimilartoinformationpublishedinNOAATechnicalMemorandumNWSAR-10,Mea~MonthlyandAnnualPrecipitation,Alaska.Anantecedentstormforthesummereventconsistingofthemaximum72-hourrecordedprecipitation,totaling2.91inchesattheSummitFAAweatherstation,occurring5dayspriortothePMP,wasassumed.ThiseventoccurredinAugust1944.SNOWMELTSnowandglacialmeltforthePMFwascomputedbytheSSARRprogramusingthetemperatureindexmethod.Thesplitwatershedsnowcoverdepletionoptionwasemployedonsubbasinscontainedglaciers.Useofthegeneralizedsnowmeltequationoptionwasconsidered,butwasdeter-minedtobeimpracticalduetolackofadequatedata.Approximately9yearsofsnowcoursedataareavailablefor14locationsinandsurroundingtheSusitnadrainage.ThisinformationwasutilizedbytheNWStodeterminewaterequivalentsofsnowpackforthePMFderivationandareasshownonPlate13.Averagewaterequivalentson1Mayforsubbasinsrangedfrom10.0inchesfortheLakeLouiseareato35.5inchesfortheSusitnaRiverbasinabovetheDenaliHighway.GlacialareaswereconsideredtohaveunlimitedsnowwaterequivalentsforspringandsummerPMFderivations.TEMPERATURESTheNationalWeatherServiceReport(seeAppendix2)includestemperatureinformationforsevendaysincludingthethree-dayPMPeventandthepreceedingfour-dayperiod.Meandailytemperaturesadjustedtothe2400-footelevationSummitFAAWeatherStationforthisseven-dayperiodareasfollows:Date(June)MeanDailyTemperatureOFAppendixIA-34101112131415165754 5251495048 Severalcombinationsofantecedenttemperatureconditionswereanalyzedtoallowdeterminationofthemostcriticaltemperature-precipitation'~sequences.ThemaximumaveragedailytemperaturesfortheSummitFAAWeatherStationfordurationof3,7,and61daysweredeterminedandareasshownonGraph31.Thesecurveswereutilizedasupperlimitsfortheaveragedailytemperaturedurationsforthetemperaturesequenceforthe1Junethrough9Juneperiod.Threedifferenttemperaturesequencesforthisperiodwereanalyzed,asshownonGraph36.Thelowesttemperaturesequenceresultedinthemaximumpeakdischarges.ThelowtemperaturesequenceresultedinagreatersnowmeltrunoffcontributionduringthePMPeventwhichwhencombinedwithrainfallrunoffexceededthepeakdischargesfromotherassumedtemperaturesequences.May1971temperatures(belowaverage)wereusedinallsnowmeltanalyses.Alap~crateof3.30Fperthousandfeetofelevationfromtheindexstationat2400-footelevationwasused.LOSSESLossesduringPMFrunoffweresimulatedinthesamemannerasinthefloodreconstitution.BASEFLOWBaseflowduringPMFrunoffwassimulatedinthesamemannerasinthefloodreconstitution.PROBABLEMAXIMUMFLOODHYDROGRAPHSProbableMaximumFloodhydrographsareshownonPlates15and16.Initialreservoirelevationswereassumedtobenormalmaximumpoolelevationsof1450and2200feetfortheDevilCanyonandWatanareservoirs,respectively.Alloutflowwasassumedtobethroughthespillwayandreservoirswereforcedtosurchargewhenreservoirinflowsexceeded.spillwaycapacitiesatnormalmaximumpoolelevations.Spillwaydis-chargecapacitiesareasshownonPlatesB-5and8-12inSectionBfortheWatanaandDevilCanyonprojects,respectively.DevilCanyonspillwaycapacitywasdeterminedbyroutingthespringandsummerProbableMaximumFloodsthroughtheWatanaandDevilCanyonreservoirs.Maximuminflow,outflow,andwatersurfaceelevationsareasfollows:SummerProbableMaximumFloodMaximumMaximumMaximumReservoirProjectInflowOutflowForebayElevation(cfs)(cfs)(feet)Watana213,000186,0002204.3DevilCanyonwithWatana223,000218,0001451.9AppendixIA-35 SpringProbableMaximumFloodMaximumMaximumMaximumReservoirProjectInflowOutflowForebayElevation(cfs)(cfs)(feet)Watana233,000192,0002205.0DevilCanyonwithWatana226,000222,0001452.5AppendixIA-36 FLOODCONTROLREGULATIONFlooddamagestotheminoramountofdevelopmentontheSusitnaRiverfloodplainbeLowtheDevilCanyondamsitearesmallcomparedtothebenefitsderivedfromtheuseofstorageforpowergeneration.Incidentalfloodcontrolbenefitsarepossible,however,andaseasonalupperfloodcontrolrulecurvewasestablishedfortheWatanareservoirasshownonGraph38.Watanareservoirwillbedraftedduringthewinterlowflowseasoneachyeartoprovideflowforpowergeneration.By'theendofApril.aminimumof2millionacre-feetofspaceisavail-ahlewhichisadequatetoprovidecompleteregulationofallhistoricalspringfloodsthathaveoccurredduringthe25yearsofrecord.OptimumseasonalregulationrequiresthattheWatanareservoirbegraduallyfilledduringthesummermonthssothatthereservoirisatitsnormalmaximumpoolelevationof2200feetby1October.Summerfloodcontrolspaceislimitedtothetop5feetoftheWatanapoolrange2195to2200feetduringthemonthofAugust.NoprovisionhasbeenmadeforfloodcontrolspaceattheDevilCanyonreservoirbecauseoptimumregulationforpowergenerationdictatesthattheDevilCanyonnormalmaximumpoolelevationof1450feetbemaintained.AppendixIA-37 »-1> I »"0 w co "0coI('l) f"Tl::::S 0-».... IX......-- CLI~\TOLOGICAL DATA HEAN NON~'HLY PRECIPITATION -INCHES l I NAY ,I I OCT I , I STATION JAN FEB HAR APR JUN JUL !AUG I SEP KOV DEC A..\01,, I Matanuska.Va11ey ~griculture Exp Stn .90 .73 .43 .39 .74 1.30 2.24 2.90 2.39 1.59 1.01 .92 15.54 Talkeetna 1.76 1.72 I 1.46 .75 1.34 1.77 3.19 5.33 4.46 2.85 1.79 1.62 23.02 .88 1.31 1.21 .73 .81 2.24 3.15 3.27 I 1.3ftSummit2.90 1.72 1.37 20.93 Sheep Hountain .55 .68 .62 .72 1 .56 1.97 2.43 I 1.24 1.41 1.13 .71 I .56 12.58 I I I ·fcKin1ey Pa rk .83 .69 .37 .47 .68 1.93 2.59 2.81 1.54 .98 .75 .65 14.29 Gu1kana .68 .47 .36 .22 .60 1.40 1.92 1.58 '1.85 .79 .60 .72 11.19, HEAN HONTHLY TEHPERi\TURE -OF I,, 113.,D~~tanuska Valley 135.6~gricu1ture Exp Stn 12.1 18.8 24.6 37.1 47.2 55.4 .57.7 55.4 l.7 .7 21.9 Talkeetna 9.4 15.5 20.3 33.8 44.8 55.1 57.9 54.7 46.0 133.1 I I18.8 i 9.6---i-33.3 Sur:unit 2.1 7.5 11.3 23.3 36.9 48.6 52.2 48.5 ~I 9.4 I 2.9 25.6 42.4 Izs.0 I Sheep Hountain 5.1 9.5 .15.7 27.8 41.0-53.3 52.9 51.0 12.7 I ').1 28.8 125.9 I ! 1cKin1ey Park 1.4 7.1 13.2 28.4 41.5 52.2 54.6 50.4 41.3 10.4 2.1 27.4 -I 6.8 1-1.1 I 26.6Gulkana-1..3 2.8 14.5 29.5 43.1 53.3 56.6 52.5 43.4 27.7, SUMMARY OF CLI~~TOLOGICAL RECORDS ( Average Avcrige Length Ground Annual Average of E1eva-Years Temperature (Degrees F.)Preci?i-Annual Growing tion of Maxi-Mini-Nean Hean Mean tation Sno·..lfa 11 Season Station (Feet)Record*mum mum Jant1ary July Annui'll (Ir:ches)(Ir:ches)(D;;vs) 'M.aritime Zone Se\-:ard 70 50 88 -20 24.7 55.5 39.5 ~7.35 81 134 h'hittier 55 22 84 -29 24.5 56.9 39.0 173.73 260 148 Transition Zone Anchorage 114 51 86 -38 11.0 57.7 34.6 14.68 64 124 Ho:r.er 67 36 80 -21 22.6 52.4 36.4 23.08 56 100 ~Iatanuska Agr. Exper.Station 150 49 91 -41 12.1 57.7 35.6 15.54 47 109 Talkeetna 345 52 91 -48 8.5 57.8 32.9 28.39 102 76 Continental Zone Big Delta 1268 30 92 -63 -5.9 59.4 27.0 11.37 41 114 Fairbanks 436 44 99 -66 -12.2 60.5 25.6 11.49 70 100 McKinley Park 2070 47 89 -54 1.4 54.6 27.4 14.29 76 62 *Years of record for maximum and minimum temperature data.Mean temperatures and other climatological parameters are generally based on shorter time intervals. ~-l):::> I ~.o w CO-o \.0 r CD 1"T1;j ):::>~ ~,X ...... (' SUSITNA RIVER NEAR DENALI Monthly Volumes in 1000's of Acre-Feet Drainage Area -950 Square Miles YEAR OCT.NOV.DEC.JA...~.FEB.MAR.APR.MAY JUNE JULY AUG.SEPT.TOTAL 726 687 601 239 1958 79 36 18 13 8 7 13 71 498 563 402 112 1820 1959 58 23 11 7 4 3 3 109 529 512 485 149 1893 1960 97 45 35 27 19 17 16 206 312 556 486 286 2102 1961 109 39 30 20 15 17 25 182 382 4"'7 446 160 1922· 1962 79 41 27 17 13 14 17 135 541 628 581 217 2310 1963 66 30 19 15 13 12 13 200 402 646 628 235 2279 1964 57 17 11 9 8 7 8 56 692 466 403 157 1890 1965 90 42 17 14 11 13 19 152 276 415 354 413 1817 1966 57 18 15 13 11 12 17 100 408 510 396 190 1745 1967 1968 728 604 130 1969 43 18 11 9 8 9 14 109 485 581 241 131 1658 1970 62 30 21 16 12 12 19 136 298 520 382 116 1624 1971 32 24 17 10 7 7 8 39 482 640 639 196 2101 1972 64 28 23 21 18 18 16 213 391 642 53'2 165 2132 1973 41 19 13 11 9 9 9 64 342 513 447 146 1623 1974 54 27 23 19 15 14 16 156 336 587 571 324 2216 AVER.66 29 19 15 11 11 14 129 444 570 482 198 1942 )::s-j)::s I )::s"'O -+::-to "'0 -',(I) rt"1::::l 0- )::s -0. I X -+::-...... ( MACLAREN RIVER NEAR PAXSON Monthly Volumes in 1000's of Acre-Feet Drainage Area -280 Square Miles YEAR OCT.NOV.DEC.JAJ.~.FEB.MAR.APR.MAY JUNE JULY AUG.SEPT.TOTAL 210 217 166 47 1959 23 7 8 8 5 4 5 36 171 165 128 51 611 1960 34 15 12 9 6 6 5 107 126 207 187 145 859 1961 42 12 9 7 5 6 9 76 159 207 203 70 805 1962 23 13 11 7 6 6 7 39 174 201 180 67 734 1963 24 12 8 6 5 5 5 131 185 286 193 72 932 1964 26 8 6 5 5 4 4 24 256 170 137 52 697 1965 23 9 3 3 2 3 4 60 135 198 148 125 712 1966 36 11 3 3 3 3 3 16 178 154 129 57 594 1967 23 6 4 4 3 3 3 63 216 200 221 84 831 1968 27 8 6 6 5 6 6 13 193 211 131 40 650 1969 16 7 4 4 3 4 6 52 156 165 60 28 504 1970 15 7 5 4 3 3 4 46 104 150 145 46 532 1971 19 11 8 5 3 3 4 22 203 216 225 69 791 1972 23 9 8 7 6 6 6 75 183 200 164 81 768 1973 34 14 8 5 4 3 3 35 173 176 140 49 644 1974 19 7 5 4 3 3 3 40 123 162 150 92 611 AVER.25 10 7 5 4 4 5 52 173 193 159 69 705 )::>-l)::> I )::>"0 .p;.co "0wrro m::3 0..):>..... I X O"'l .... ;»-1)::0 •)::o"'C.s::-c:J"'C.e::-,m rrl:::l 0-)::0 ...... IX '-oJ ...... DEVIL CA~~ON DA}~ITE Monthly Flow in Cubic Feet Per Second Drainage Area -5810 Square Miles YEAR OCT.NOV.DEC.JAN.FEB.HAR.APR.}IAY JUt'IE JULY AUG.SEPT. 1950 5998 2444 1360 970 744 685 822 10903 18837 21839 19151 7878 1951 3642 1229 1039 906 774 699 1529 13349 19961 21754 18950 20170 1952 5270 2596 1796 1512 945 831 869 5131 30886 25399 20144 13747 1953 7761 3309 1607 1039 774 774 1527 18259 26123 19583 19848 14498 1954 5336 1987 1418 1229 945 737 1167 16372 24170 19733 25088 12266 1955 5080 2612 1934 1698 1323 1039 1134 8827 28519 26498 24754 13567 1956 4683 1798 1229 926 916 888 897 16732 31800 29813 23590 17405 1957 5493 2886 2026 1607 1418 1134 1134 13026 29117 22644 19955 18804 1958 7743 3728 3062 1846 1227 1077 1442 12121 24678 22099 21595 7195 1959 4549 2027 1421 1357 1223 915 1167 15049 22492 24022 29764 16003 1960 6220 2709 2089 1749 1374 1133 1228 14965 14949 22184 22674 19525 1961 7386 2842 2543 2307 1652 1705 2498 16425 28004 23638 21280 12695 1962 5602 2563 1986 1789 1413 1319 1603 11896 41050 24972 22757 15101 1963 6341 2646 1884 1507 1413 944 786 18061 24855 33033 22937 11812 1964 6075 2117 1404 985 908 670 702 4093 48120 22054 15896 9140 1965 5964 2657 1146 908 814 851 1288 12313 24385 26572 20201 18619 1966 6780 1976 1536 1318 1224 1224 1673 9095 31309 19216 20885 11211 1967 3938 1514 1418 1418 1323 1134 1103 14672 28217 25801 30336 16013 1968 4635 2226 1943 1873 1797 1797 1806 15275 30103 25628 16800 8394 1969 3609 1544 832 683 682 769 1422 10451 15163 15819 8596 4922 1970 2978 1166 829 784 729 735 1027 10782 17788 21825 19171 8666 1971 4965 3204 2153 1355 973 892 1016 3550 31409 23239 30643 13731 1972 5521 2916 2365 2109 1910 1717 1611 20979 33158 22449 18997 11990 1973 4544 2122 1379 1129 1128 941 966 7882 26834 18008 19814 8790 1974 3552 1456 992 839 745 693 944 15258 17143 18327 15899 13231 AVER.5347 2331 1656 1354 1135 1012 1254 12619 26763 23046 21189 13015 ( WATANA DAHSlTE Monthly Flow in Cubic Feet Per Second Drainage Area -5180 Square Miles YEAR OCT.NOV.DEC.JAN.FEB.MAR.APR.MAY JUNE JULY AUG.SEPT. 1950 5067 2083 1174 847 657 607 722 9600 16527 19133 16791 6929 1951 3089 1064 904 793 682 619 1315 11757 17519 19057 16614 17759 1952 4457 2211 1540 1301 825 730 761 4511 27164 22280 17664 12100 1953 6548 2810 1381 904 682 682 1314 16085 22959 17138 17403 12762 1954 4512 1700 1223 1064 825 651 1012 14422 21234 17271 22015 10795 1955 4297 2225 1656 1457 1205 904 984 7770 25074 23251 21721 11941 1956 3964 1541 1064 809 801 777 785 15947 30237 28301 22370 16576 1957 4644 2455 1733 1381 1223 984 984 11472 25520 19808 17453 16555 1958 6538 3164 2608 1585 1064 938 1244 10700 21662 19363 18966 6319 1959 3851 1735 1227 1174 1062 803 1015 13282 19716 21081 26174 14104 1960 5251 2303 1784 1499 1185 983 1063 13178 13107 19441 19896 17179 1961 6230 2417 2168 1972 1420 1465 2131 14475 24653 20736 18662 11173 1962 4726 2275 1765 1605 1257 1176 1451 11181 36248 23432 20208 12954 1963 5581 2478 1701 1316 1201 875 761 15526 21137 29169 21146 10822 1964 5235 1809 1205 856 787 579 613 3607 43031 20162 14241 7711 1965 4896 2376 1061 852 801 797 1216 10995 21384 23470 17650 16465 1966 5398 1608 1239 1085 1007 1007 1372 7319 26477 16569 17790 9442 1967 3328 1237 1155 1140 1065 917 880 12703 24974 22436 26101 13850 1968 4050 1948 1713 1631 1572 1572 1586 13009 26103 22554 24589 7268 1969 3155 1363 751 617 608 686 1262 9327 14094 14948 7842 4339 1970 2472 1034 721 653 615 632 974 9574 14816 18835 16S86 7363 1971 1750 2572 1736 1120 796 733 832 2933 27848 21312 27650 12248 1972 4969 2589 1990 1716 1537 1402 1334 16722 28194 20276 17723 11022 1973 3852 1815 1191 981 980 823 8(44 6915 23520 15679 17304 7687 1974 3010 1251 861 733 655 612 823 13459 15046 16012 13867 11590 AVER.4435 2003 1422 1164 980 878 1091 11059 23530 20469 19137 11478 ):>-I ):> I ):>-0 .j::::oCO-o 011(J) rT1::::s ):>0....... eb x ..... l>-fl> I l>'"O ..j::o OJ '"0 0'Ir-C'D fT1 :::J 0..l>...... IX <.0 VEE DAJ.'1S ITE..... Monthly Flow in Cubic Feet Per Second Drainage Area -4140 Square Miles YEAR OCT.NOV.DEC.JAN.FEB.MAR.APR.MAY JUNE JULY AUG.SEPT. 1950 3529 1489 867 643 513 479 557 7449 12713 14665 12895 5362 1951 2177 791 682 606 530 487 963 9128 13487 14606 12758 13780 1952 3114 1576 1117 954 628 563 584 3487 21021 17130 13572 9382 1953 4545 1986 1009 682 530 530 962 12498 17736 13103 13369 9896 1954 3151 1226 900 791 628 508 756 11203 16388 13207 16941 8367 1955 3004 1585 1196 1060 1009 682 737 6024 193<.:8 17892 16714 9258 1956 2777 1117 791 617 612 595 601 11451 21652 20188 15920 11887 1957 3242 1743 1249 1009 900 737 737 8907 19583 15127 13324 12843 1958 4550 2234 1859 1153 795 708 918 8354 16682 14847 14626 4873 1959 2700 1253 907 871 795 617 764 10364 15133 16226 20247 10969 1960 3651 1634 1281 1087 874 735 791 10227 10065 14912 15309 13305 1961 4323 1716 1549 1418 1038 1068 1525 11256 19121 15946 14339 8660 1962 3281 1800 1400 1300 1000 940 1200 10000 28320 20890 16000 9410 1963 4326 2200 1400 1000 850 760 720 11340 15000 22790 18190 9187 1964 3848 1300 877 644 586 429 465 2806 34630 17040 11510 5352 1965 3134 1911 921 760 780 709 1097 8818 16430 18350 13440 12910 1966 3116 1000 750 700 650 650 875 4387 18500 12200 12680 6523 1967 2322 780 720 680 640 560 513 9452 19620 16880 19190 10280 1968 3084 1490 1332 1232 1200 1200 1223 9268 19500 17480 10940 5410 1969 2406 1063 618 508 485 548 998 7471 12330 13510 6597 3376 1970 1638 815 543 437 426 463 887 7580 9909 13900 12320 5211 1971 2155 1530 1048 731 503 470 529 1915 21970 18130 22710 9800 1972 4058 2050 1371 1068 922 881 876 9694 20000 16690 15620 9423 1973 2709 1309 881 737 737 628 643 5319 18048 11834 13161 5865 1974 2114 912 646 559 507 478 624 10488 11585 12190 10513 8880 AVER.3158 1460 1037 850 726 657 822 8355 17952 15989 14515 8808 DENAL I DA..'1S ITE Monthly Flow in Cubic Feet Per Second D~ainage Area -1260 Square Miles YEAR OCT.NOV.DEC.JAN.FEB.MAR.APR.~.AY JUNE JULY AUG.SEPT. 1950 1651 635 333 226 165 149 186 2903 7470 101f06 8217 2029 1951 976 296 245 209 173 153 380 3573 7686 10396 8145 5442 1952 1443 679 454 375 219 188 198 1331 9798 10880 8570 3575 1953 2163 881 401 245 173 173 379 4926 8877 10106 8467 3831 1954 1462 507 348 296 219 163 279 4406 8500 10127 10294 3269 195:5 1388 683 492 426 401 245 271 2335 9340 11027 10180 3625 1956 1274 454 296 211,212 204 206 4505 9975 11469 9778 4680 1957 1:508 760 518 401 348 271 271 3485 13844 1241,2 10891 5098 1958 1846 877 506 345 230 188 306 1870 9769 10399 7766 2295 1959 1267 529 264 20S 161 98 119 2657 10164 9697 9581 3!,23 1960 2029 949 718 562 411 347 344 4212 6087 10293 9197 5937 1%1 2321 860 661 492 382 396 590 39'18 8018 9419 8459 5233 1C)'?1700 820 549 373 318 292 358 2600 11411 10991 10628 465b.0_ 1963 1452 603 403 343 331 237 227 4448 8473 12305 11062 4436 1964 1329 438 281 203 199 154 174 1143 14109 8496 7318 3289 1965 1959 840 324 251 212 238 361 3113 6091 8231 6958 7956 1966 1556 471 377 319 301 301 420 2447 9096 9481 7852 ItOl3 1967 1064 402 376 382 354 298 294 4026 9204 11012 12695 4400 1968 1208 1261 474 464 441 441 441 4308 9802 13230 10793 2721 1969 765 452 213 179 177 187 309 2324 8639 9848 4274 2480 1970 1233 563 389 325 274 242 349 2801 6369 9816 7407 255 1t 1971 1015 687 469 281 208 195 221 913 9803 11315 11830 4009 1972 1317 640 557 521 479 432 400 5364 8805 11395 9234 3241 1973 996 470 302 250 236 211 213 1495 7257 9343 .8376 2944 1974 1128 557 426 359 313 273 319 3426 6620 10570 10179 6202 AVER.1442 653 415 330 277 243 305 3141 9008 10508 9126 4060 )::s-!)::s I )::s-o .j::>c:o-o "'-1\(1) 1T1:::::S 0- )::s .... I X...... 0 ...... Note:50-yearunitweightofsedimentis80lbs/ft3.100-yearunitweightofsedimentis81lbs/ft3.AppendixITABLEA-11A-48DevilCanyonWatanaVee(2300ft.W.S.EL.)Denali(2535ft.W.S.EL.)RESERVOIRSEDIMENTINFLOWUpstreamSedimentInflowSedimentInflowDevelopment50-yearVolumelOO-yearVolume(ACre-Feet)(Acre-~eet)None252,000497,000Denali137,941272,000Vee94,000186,000Watana35,00070,000~one204,000403,000Denali102,000202,000Vee59,000116,000None162,000320,000Denali44,00087,000None290,000572,000 »-1» I »"0 U1 CD "00,(1) m::l 0..».... IX KENAI RIVER BEL()1;,]SKILAK LAKE..... w ..... Sediment Sediment Temperature Turbidity Discharge Concentration Discharge Date ~Deg C)(JTU)(cfs)(PP:l:)(Tons IDav) Sept 2,1967 20 21,900 45 2,700 Oct 22,1967 4 4,570 35 430 Apr 2,1968 1 1,440 15 58 May 17,1968 7 2,480 37 250 Jun 19,1968 10 9,150 22 540 Aug 2,1968 12,300 27 900 Aug 21,1968 11 13,640 30 1,100 Oct 23,1968 2.0 2,090 11 62 Jan 15,1969 0 1,190 28 90 Feb 27,1969 0 1,880 41 208 Mar 19,1969 0 1,530 4 17 May 5,1969 5.0 1,480 11 44 Jun 25,1969 8.0 14,200 58 2,220 Ju1 31,1969 13.0 11,000 16 475 Sept 9,1969 9.0 5,450 4 59 Oct 16,1969 6.0 26,000 103 7,230 Mar 5,1970 0 1,810 5 24 Jun 24,1970 9.0 9,050 12 293 Aug 9,1970 10.0 14,000 22 832 Jan 28,1971 0 1,300 3 11 Mar 24,1971 0 1,130 1 3 Ju1 14,1971 12.0 16,700 151 6,810 Aug 26,1971 10.0 2 15,300 Oct 6,1972 5.5 2 4,910 Nov 22,1973 2.0 3 2,150 Ju1 26,1973 10.5 3 10,400 Sept 5,1973 10.5 1 8,190 Note:Measurements taken at Soldotna gaging station. KASILOFRIVERBELOWTUSTUMENALAKE'-'"SedimentSedimentTemperatureDischargeConcentrationDischarge~(DegC)(cfs)(ppm)(Tons/Day)Sep3,19671010,300371,000Oct22,196753,89045470Mar15,196817103363May16,196885973048Note:Mea~urementstakenattheKasilofRivergage.AppendixITABLEA-14A-51 »-1» I »-0 (Jl c:o-o N ....ro 1'T1::::l 0-»..... IX...... (Jl ..... EKLUTNA RIVER BELOW EKLUTNA LAKE Sediment Sediment Temperature Turbidity Discharge Concentration Discharge Date (Deg C)(JTU)(cfs)~(tons/day) Oct 6,1973 6.5 25 371 17 17 Dec 18,1973 2.5 9 438 10 12 Feb 15,1973 3.0 4 236 4 3 Apr 17,1973 3.0 7 193 3 2 Ju1 17,1973 11.5 20 145 20 8 Ju1 31,1973 12.5 40 159 13 6 Aug 27,1973 10.5 35 275 11 8 Sep 26,1973 9.0 15 331 5 4 Note:Water samples were taken from the Ek1utna Powerhouse outlet. ( ( LONG RIVER -LONG LAKE SEDIMENT RATES Station 15-0310 Long Riyer Apove Long Lake Station 15-0520 Lon~_River Below Long Lake ( Suspended Suspended Discharge Sediments Sediments c.f.s.mg/l tons/day 111 3 .9 715 8 20. 183 2 .99 -Water Suspended Suspended Temperature Discharge Sediments Sediments Date °c c.f.s.mg/1 tons/day 3 Oct 67 3.36.12 1.2 19 Dec 67 1.9.8 2 .05 29 Mar 68 2.8.8 2 .05 29 Apr 68 2.13.1 .04 22 Ju1 68 5.233.96 60. 1 Oct 68 3.84.14 3.2 1 Apr 69 O.2.3 2 .01 1 May 69 1.25.2 .14 29 May 69 2.141.8 3.0 8 Ju1 69 945.569 1450. 16 Ju1 69 4.155.88 37. 8 Aug 69 4.241.182 118. 18 Sep 69 4.67.39 7.1 18 Dec 69 .5 11.4 4 .12 2 Mar 70 11.5 2 .06 1 Apr 70 1.5 11.9 3 .10 28 May 70 1.5 96.7 1.8 21 Ju1 70 2.205.22 12. 20 Oct 70 2.0 33.0 8 .72 28 Apr 71 2.0 20.0 3 .16 14 Ju1 71 2.5 237.0 32 20.0 12 Jul 72 2.0 361 51 50.0 )::0 -cx::> I )::0 "'0 <.Ti co "'0Wrro .,,:::3 0- )::0 .... IX...... 0'\...... 6.6 95 1 5 .02 1.3 l>-fl> I l>-oU'1o;,-o .$:or-(\) ITI :::I 0-l>..... 1)<..... ".!.... SUSPENDED SEDllffiNT CONCENTRATIONS IN PPM IN RIVERS OF CALIFORNIA,OREGON,AND WASHINGTON IN THE PERIOD 1906-1912. State Jan Feb Nar Apr Nay June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec h Coastal Rivers california 139 225 160 126 120 85 80 53 38 48 59 46 Oregon 27 16 9 8 10 8 20 5 6 3 12 6 Washington 12 7 19 18 14 12 6 4 7 16 28 13 Interior RiversL.·,: Califo:J:'nia 137 107 88 96 51 32 44 56 42 47 51 79 Oregon 94 107 58 113 107 194 81 74 62 33 37 13 \,14Washington624474126141617131419 (' MISCELtA:;EO(;S "'~o\LY5ES OF STll::A.~p,;AtASICA Che=lcal analyaea.In parta per =111100 Ot ..olved liard""..Spec I ftc aolida A'Caco,conduc t- (reo Idue .nee Hean S l11ca Iron Cal-Mag-SodlUlll Pot...-SIcar-Sulfate Chloride fluoride ~Itrate.on evap-Calcium.Non-(",1c ro- Oate of collection dlocharge (SI 02)(Fe)d"'"nes1um (Na)a1um bonate (SOl.)(Cl)(f)(S03)oration .....g-urbon-~hc.at pH Color (<f.)(Ca)(liS){K'(HC03 )at lRO Oe}neatu::t___ate 25 0q SUS Ir.-IA RIVER AT GOLD CREEK 22 Jun 1949 4.9 11 2.0 7.6 50 8.4 1.4 0.5 60 .36 0 100 6.8 3 Aug 7.8 15 2.4 5.5 50 11 4.5 .4 77 48 6 115 7.2 31 Jul. 1-10 Aug 1950 6.6 0.40 20 2.6 7.1 70 12 4.2 0.1 .1 92 61 3 142 7.7 30 11-18 Aug 5.2 .19 24 2.3 8.7 80 15 4.8 .1 .1 102 69 4 170 7.5 20 6 Aug 1953 23.400 5.6 0.01 22 1.8 3.0 3.7 66 16 1.8 0.0 0.3 87 62 8 150 7.2 8 1953 9-2OOet 6.350 11 0.02 29 5.4 8.6 1.8 85 29 12 1.0 145 95 25 231 7.7 0 21 Oct 4.350 13 .03 24 3.7 10 2.1 74 13 18 120 75 14 201 7.9 22-26 Oct 4.210 12 .00 28 5.6 8.4 2.0 84 25 13 .7 142 93 24 228 8.0 0 27-J!Oct 2.830 11 .00 33 7.8 8.4 1.3 97 36 13 1.4 173 114 35 265 7.8 0 1-5 Nov 2.300 11 .00 31 6.6 9.6 1.6 94 30 15 1.0 158 104 27 257 8.1 0 7-13 Nov 2.300 11 .01)Jl 5.2 11 2.3 91 24 18 1.0 153 99 24 255 7.7 0 1954 11 "'feb 1.160 13 .00 30 4.4 17 2.7 89 17 31 0.1 .7 160 93 20 282 7.2 1955 24~1,060 11 .00 31 4.5 16 2.5 83 24 29 .2 159 96 28 211 8.0 1-10 Jun 20.700 7.7 .12 13 1.5 4.3 1.0 43 8.5 4.0 .0 .7 62 39 3 101 7.2 40 11-20 Jun 34.400 5.9 .12 12 1.4 3.4 1.0 39 6.5 4.0 .0 .6 63 36 4 91 7.2 40 7 Jul 28.000 6.1 .11 16 2.0 3.5 2.1 53 14 4.8 .1 .4 75 48 5 122 7.7 10 11-20 Jul 24.800 7.1 .10 17 1.7 4.9 2.3 56 11 5.2 .0 .4 78 49 4 133 7.6 10 21-30 Jul 25.500 4.7 .08 23 1.9 3.5 3.5 68 16 4.0 .0 .2 90 65 10 161 7.4 5 31 Jul 23.000 5.4 .00 25 3.1 4.2 3.6 77 19 2.5 .0 .3 101 75 12 174.7.8·0 1-10 Aug 20.000 6.5 .00 22 3.2 4.6 2.4 67 16 5.0 .0 .2 93 68 13 .156 7.8 5 11-20 Aug 20.890 6.9 .00 19 3.1 4.9 2.0 60 14 5.2 .0 .1 85 60 11 147 7.7 0 21-31 Aug 35.400 6.9 .00 21 5.7 3.5 1.3 66 21 3.2 .0 .8 96 76 22 156 7.7 8 1-10 Sep 19.400 7.5 .00 21 5.0 4.6 1.1 69 22 4.5 .0 .4 100 73 16 171 7.9 5 11-20 Sep 13,700 8.2 .00 23 5.0 4.8 1.3 68 22 5.0 .0 .4 103 78 22 176 7.8 5 1956 24 ~y 31.100 5.2 .00 13 .3 2.8 1.7 37 5.5 2.8 .1 .2 61 34 3 86 6.6 45 25 ~y 30.400 5.6 .00 12 1.4 2.9 1.7 39 5.5 1.8 .1 .2 62 36 4 91 7.0 50 26-31 May 23.300 5.5 .00 16 2.8 3.8 1.3 48 11 4.5 .0 .9 70 51 12 121 6.5 15 1-10 Jun 32 .400 6.5 .00 16 2.3 3.5 1.4 "9 9.9 3.5 .0 .5 68 49 9 115 6.6 8 n-20 Jun 39.000 6.0 .00 16 2.3 3.5 1.6 49 9.9 4.0 .0 .4 68 49 9 118 6.7 8 21-30 Jun 28.700 6.0 .00 17 1.5 3.5 1.7 50 11 4.0 .0 .5 70 49 8 116 6.9 10 1-2 Jul 27.900 10 .00 20 1.8 4.1 2.4 63 12 4.2 .1 .1 86 57 6 140 7.8 5 22 Aug 1967 29.400 7.1 .06 19 3.5 3.4 2.4 67 15 2.8 .1 .9 87 63 8 147 7.6 11 Jan 1968 1.960 1.1 .19 34 4.5 11 2.4 98 12 29 .1 .5 152 38 0 277 8.0 5 SUSn~;A RIVE?NEAR D~;ALI 1957 9 Apr 164 12 0.00 51 6.8 15 6.5 163 37 19 0.2 0.3 228 155 22 382 7.5 5 27 Aug 46.950 3.2 .04 23 6.2 3.8 3.6 70 31 3.8 .0 .0 109 84 26 194 7.4 5 ):::>-l ):::>17 Oec 190 12 0.06 41 8.0 18 6.3 137 36 21 0.1 0.2 210 13~23 351 7.6 0 I):::>"'C 1958 ~OJ "'C 3 Apr 126 13 .02 46 16 23 6,6 196 39 30 .1 .0 270 181 20 467 7.1 5rCD12Juna8.770 5.7 3.0 17 2.6 2.1 2.6 52 13 3.0 .0 .2 75 53 .10 121 7.2 10 I'T1 ~21 Jul 48,360 4.5 .03 19 2.9 2.2 3.4 63 13 2.0 .1 .0 78 60 8'140 7.5 0 ):::>......28 Aug .3.860 5.4 .09 21 3.1 3.8 2.5 65 18 4.5 .2 .1 91 65 12 157 7.4 0 I X 24 Sep al.400 6.9 .02 23 6.4 7.5 2.1 83 23 9.0 .3 .2 120 84 16 199 7.9 10ex;......5 Jul 1960 7.3 .04 18 2.4 3.4 2.8 60 14 3.0 .1 .4 a81 55 6 129 7.8 0 23 May 1968 5.840 4.2 4.0 17 1.9 3.6 2.3 57 9.2 4.2 .1 .2 75 50 3 124 7.2 30 1 OCt 1968 963 7.4 29 3.6 10 2.1 92 20 11 .0 .0 130 87 12 226 7.8 5 ::t>-i::t> I ::t>"0 (J1 co "0 0'1 r-(l)rn::::sc.::t>...... MISCELIA'lEOUS ANALYSES OF STREA.'lS TIl ALASKA (Contbued)IX Chemical analy.e.,in part.per million..... 1.0 ...... Dissolved Hardness Speclflc oolid...CaCO)conduct- (residue ance Sulfate Chloride Fluoride Nitrate on evap·(micro-Cal-Hag-Sodium Pora.-Bicar- mhos at pH Color Mean ~lica Iron (Cl)(F),(NO)orationDateofcollectiondischarge(Si02)(Fe)clum nesium (Na)Bium bonate (S04) at 180o C)25°C)(d.)(Ca)(M8)(K)(HC03) "MACL\REN RlVOR NEAR PAXS(7.; i2 Jun i 958 38 /II 2.0 0.0 0.3 59 1111 III 95 6.8 203.800 11.8 0.11//2 3.5 1.1 2.02iJul 112 /5 .5 .0 .3 61 115 10 110 7.2 03,560 11.7 .02 12 3.7 1.11 2.2 17 130 7.2 018Au')/.260 11.11 .12 15 11.1 1.6 2.1 116 19 1.5 .2 .0 71 51124Sept6926.7 .05 18 5.4 3.5 1.6 59 22 4.0 .2 .3 91 67 18 144 7.6 55Jul19605.0 .37 13 4.3 1.8 2.6 44 15 3.0 .2 .4 ..68 SO 14 103 7.8 2022Jul196740304.2 5.39 4.0 2.3 1.7 2.2 41 17 0.4 0.0 1.5 69 44 10 101 7.7 1017Aug53204.8 .12 11 2.2 1.1 1.7 34 13 .7 .1 .9 53 36 8 84 7.6 520Sep9365.3 .14 19 3.4 2.1 1.4 54 20 3.2 .0 .7 82 62 18 141 7.8 1027Mar19688.5 .37 27 3.9 2.8 2.5 78 20 4.3 .0 .4 108 84 20 182 7.6 0 SUS ImA RIVER NEAR CANnlELL 23 Aug 1967 16100 6.1 0.10 20 2.6 3.2 2.8 63 16 2.5 0.2 0.7 85 61 9 142 7.7 1021Sep74806.8 .87 20 3.2 4.8 1.4 64 10 7.4 .0 1.1 87 63 10 147 7.6 1029Sep57507.6 .90 27 1.1 5.7 1.8 67 16 B.5 .3 3.9 106 70 15 174 7.2 108Juu196815.600 5.4 .66 14 1.8 2.2 7.3 48 7.5 3.5 .1 .1 66 42 3 105 7.4 4024Jul18.200 4.4 7.9 23 2.2 2.1 3.0 67 16 3.0 .2 .6 95 66 11 148 7.9 1020Sep40407.1 1.0 25 3.4 6.3 4.9 72 18 9.2 .3 .0 HO 76 17 177 7.5 --IS May 1969 8.670 2.7 17 2.4 4.8 2.8 54 12 7.4 .1 .7 77 54 10 136 7.6 3024Jun15.800 .4.6 18 4.4 2.1 5.2 64 14 2.1 .2 .2 95 62 10 145 8.0 517Jul197010.900 5.7 --70 19 2.6 3.3 2.8 59 1318Sept7.040 6.3 --SO 24 3.0 4.6 2.2 70 16 t· Susitna Drainage Basin Hypsometric Curve H =13,153 Feet A =6,160 sq.mi. LEGEND.j ---.---1____~_-J -.,- 1.0 ~~~:~c~-:==-:1~~:r~g~~~::§-m~~S I o ,9'":',:-~L::::~:t ~,. :':~:---.,: _._1._..__.._ __l .~ ,I0.8 1-1-- 0.7 - ...------.---'--."----..-.--.--- ---!---r-----;·----·--.+--_..-.-.+---._---f-----J.c1:I:__._.__i --..-............---·-----·-·+----..-+--..·-·1!--·-,---.;...-------+-..---+---_.-...;....-_.-I--1-------.--.----l-----j--__ ~0.6 1==:=;::::-::=:.::-:.-+===t==:Jc=+==t==t===t=:=j~==-l&J :I:o.5 i".').----;---.,.---.L---!---.-....---+-- ~'\'0 -.---::~~1=-==t-Ill8i ..,«O.4 ._........,--+__--1-__-;-__-+-__-+-__+-__+-__ ....I ......-. l&J -...,.-.f'........f-~.....i-.-l ..... 0::.-.__.L~.-....c--..-...--+------+-----:i-----l.-.--+-----+~.......,...j 0.3 ~.-!.._ __~...: -.:'~.----_'"1--__....-..-..+:_--.-A-Vl-er-a'''q-e-tR-e-a-t-i'i--V-e-H-e-i-+g'';'h-t--J; --------.------......-.-....-~'__r"'~"'~,~,~~,.,~--1 --i ""'"" INTERIM REPORT SOUTHCENTRAL RAILBELT AREA,ALASKA ALASKA DISTRICT CORPS OF ENGINEERS JUNE 1975 RELATIVE AREA : 0.1 ""( .,+- o 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 i 1 ...... »GJ > I ;::J-::::l U"1>"'O -....J'o 0 =5.>...... I x -< ~-,-I ~..:;""C tn:'"C O"lvC =:;:s >:.:: I x ['..>..... 1500 280260240 A !OOO ¢,,'(.r :#-<?t .... 20~ ~ EXPLANATION POTENTIAL POWER PLANTS POTENTIAL RESERVOIRS :-----~ TYONE RI~~R ~200 :I MACLAREl"RIVER I I I I I l:i "~'It I I:3000 b >:II:III I I ...~'It III I I 0 2535 100 ~~;2~OQ >I 2500 10 - -~2050 PORTAGE CREEK :~:--- - - - - - - - -\J E R 2000 zl 11 d::-::~~:P""'~L,:::::;..2:::::::::F--250~-2i01r-200 220~I ~1000 GOLD CREEK GAGE I NTERI M REPORT SOUTHCENTRAL RAILBELT AREA t ALASKA ALASKA DISTRICT. CORPS OF ENGINEERS JUNE 1975 RIVER PROFILE SHOWINGII1500AN ALL DISTANCES SHOWN ARE IN MILES FROM THE MOUTH AT COOl(INLET. ALL ELEVATION ARE IN FEET AND REFER TO MEAN SEA LEVEL DATUM. S \T SU,I I I 10 POTENTIAL 100 120 140 160 180 RESERVOIRS ANp HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANTS ,.r 1 12,000 I:'I F i I I -I-I !-.-l_----l---t--~0-u-+-+--i ~_.~=-_\-f l..,.'I _+I !+-=~=--r-_+-_--"===::"J • "..I,,-r-T 1 __---=:r=---t--+--..:.-Jf----...,!i i ...'\,:!l 11,000 ,~==±=±=--:-:-J~:c=1~-~'~------t0= i '..±--~-;."-'-f--I----+-'_,--+-'-...l.I _"__.._."-__ 10,000 1 ____~---+-i+l..u-4~-f-.L.-+~-;--+h-~+_--'-.:.+---t--.-;-_,:')"__+_'_"1--_--+~~ I ~_~ ..i'I'_"J ):;>CJ):;> I ;';:;-0 01 ):;>-0 ""-CHi):=::::lc.. .....,~. I >:: ...J G1 :;:. ;0 "'0 >"'0>-0 (l) IX:::! O'l 0-0>...... I X .t::> ~=Adopted RelationShio 0.128 OG +3889;~2 ~0.24 DENALI Monthly Streamflow GOLD CREEK Monthly Streamflow. SUSITNA RIVER AT GOLD CREE~AND DENALI -;'--!--'-'--;-+-I---'---~-----'--,-I-----'-0--'--'---f----,----------f------c------ - ----~-~-~-~_-----~-------1 L ~~- INTERIM REPORT SOUTHCENTRAL RAILBELT AREA.ALASKA ALASKA DISTRICT CORPS OF ENGINEERS JUNE 1975 I !I i I r~-·-r-···---;--T I ' ., 1 ' -_·_------f ---------------t ------------ Correlation 1---,- ___.____.____1, -.----1 t=~June Monthly Flow ·J [ II' j )(1) ",1l.L: (0 J~~ CLL iJ ~~ t::::t:I- :(~ 2::E ij :> () i i i I I ! o 6000 12000 18000 24000 30000 36000 42000 46000 56000 MONTHLY FLOW C.F.s. SUSITNA RIVER AT GOLD CREEK if rr ~ -R:t+-l- I l500 ~•••••~-.~.....".'.~.~.•:•••._::.:::~=._.....-.:::...:INTERiM REPORT ..'-::.'.::-=.=::.:::.__.----.........I·'SOUTHCENTRAL RAILBELT 12~••.-..L __ .'7Tf----.•.•..,-'...•:f-'"..-AREA.ALASKA ~ f---'--.-.~..•c ••:';-t :-...-..':r::.:-'··C ~~ASK~DISTRICT •• 1000 ..•.lOW FLOW COR 11 ELA T ION ._._..:1--"7-•--••-•••--..0 SJ8NE EI~~~EERS 7~•.:':=::.::::=..::--:....-.t:'-:=..'.'~~~..":..::.:'.-:...-. ::::.:::=..:-=::.......•..",-'-'_---_._..•- _._____*.__,~-~m-'--'-_.._.-._--.-._..+ .-=;';:.=':.=..._\;1_._.--•••:.:.:--.-....·..c5OOf---;-;-_,..~'..•.--......-...-.••..••- h--.:-=.:::·':-::':0:.:0"'~:'~---..Gl--.--t:.:::::.:·:..:::.~..:=:..:::.......--=-=:=:(;;S ~..Gl......~.1\'[..L.;--''"..••••.---•..2~f+·""""~':'-'l¥I :.~~.:.....'~C!)~:'~-::.=:..--'.-'-..t':'i'_il-.~G--."...--I".;."',......::0.".-."".---.. -..{I e~"".....•....-- o "..l2!la:':'J5 )0.'.)150 ;~.•z&:---.::x :;0:::.•__.:--•. _.~Flow Correlation For MONTHLY FLOW C.FS..- ,SUSITNAFlIVERAT GOLD CREEK .s--=--.SUSITNA RIVER At GOLD CREEK And DENALI ~++H;'-i-j : :..f-._Adopted Re I at i ons,n I p .,..L.QD;;(-1.916 +.462 IOGI 2 ;[>2 =0.91 H QD ;;DENALI Monthly SlreHmllow QG =GOLD CREEK Montilly Stredmflow 8000 ~IT'- :, I I :J<tozen 1&.1""O. a::u <t31:1&.1 0z..Ja::u. ~~ ii:j:; ;i~ !:::f (f.) ~ :;. <[en ffill.: 00 ."1'+-1-'--H+ -- 2ZOOO ,~+-:- ",- t-~'-'-i-':-'+T4;- 20000I000O e,__' L.L:... ;l I -r.r ..-::'3: ~._,m ::E::__.._..:::::e=--.,......"'-'-'-:±:-- --.........--e.--=:==:::-.. =~.,,.,;...~_.,:==.--......"--'-' ~.','C____ ~f-'-_.-'.-.---'.-.---....------.-.~--.._--- 2QIlO «lOO 6000 l!OOO ססoo 12000 14000 16000 SUSITNA RIVER AT GOLD CREEK MONTHLY FLOW C.F.S. r·"i"" o 2000 4000 -'" G»> ;::0 "'0»»"'0 I \j CD Cl'>:::r:::::l .....0-».... I X '."'1 ..... G1 :l::> :;0 "'0 :l::>:l::>"O 1 -0 (I) 0'::x::::s N 0-:l::>.... IX 0'....... 1- " ! I I 32000 i- i 28000 .~L !i !l t ! 2400020000 . ...-,--,~--.--_..1..-.I:-_=-_-l::.:_-.__:._-. :-.-·.-f..'..-~!l·:~'r :_:.:'-, 1600012000 :I :-.:-=--:-..II I 80004000. :::--::"rr t.Aug us t Mo nth I y Flo W Correlation i.SUSITNA RIVER At GOLD CREEK And DENALI Adopted RelationShip QD ;2.5527 X QG 0.802;"R 2 =0.50 QD =DENALI Monthly Streamflow 0G =GOLD CREEK Monthly Streamflow o '~'. i '.__.. -e-:~; :cFY-::·~.l'""'.-:€F .~:...~Ei-F~~--:_-:~~:::-E1l:::_!-.'-~-'-'--,. ~~Tit ~j""'"~~':";"-Ii~-T-E-R;-IM...J-..R"'E-P-O-R-T-.....J,..""""--"Ir 4000 1--7-'--'----r-:--'-~.~~.-::..........-,.oICoI:::"""---+1~-'--.-.....:-c-.-.:I-:-'-_~-=.~:::.:~~-:---t __.:S OUT ~~~~R~~A::~LBE LT . ...ALASKA.DISTRICT +--.-.---r.r-·~.-__.-1_'-CORPS OF ENGINEERS I .',.JUNE 1975 16000 en u..;12000 (.) ~ ~aooo 1 ' I I -l-,I 'i "':-:"-+--+1--.--'__ ~ ::E --J«zwo a:::« ~~ 0::u. W> a::: «z...... en:::> U) MONTHLY FLOW C.F S, SUSITNA RIVER AT GOLD CREEK ··H+H-t- I INTERIM REPORT SOUTHCENTRAL RAILBELT AREA,ALASKA ALASKA DISTRICT CORPS OF ENGINEERS JUNE 1975 '"./ i7 -r-r "t"'-"•:;if r. \9 ..c..'-"'C'. ,,""to1r ,,/ ._~- ":t· ~.. "vvv~_/'.,.\:}...I •• ~_=f:"-...t c_,I:..:..~:'-_-='-.....~.•••~..:.:::...~~~.....-._..==-:::::~;/~~' ~..May Thru September Monthl y.::-e...-.•~:~~.'/E Flo IV Co r rei at ion .,..-':::' 30000----if SUSITNA RIVE~At GOLO CREEK And CANTWELL ~.':~f~.•.__:.::..::.....r---:-._.:." , ==AdoetedRelationShip _.:.•___.".Jt:::::~...." t::::+00 =0.651 0G -38.98;R2 =0.93 ..._.f;:Z'==--...........;.~ct 00 =DENALI r~onthly Streamflow -.--•.-+,..1·'--··__···.~ I-J-L.-.r±t:QG =GOLD CREEK Month I y Streamf I ow A ,,/r ~"-'m ;I ,~~~ """../+::illi±:itttt=t::::::::::.:j:GC::::::-,d:t=t ..,.--- ..J ..J W 3= I- Z <i (fj(.) IJ.: U ~ I.l. ~ :I: I~ Z ~ 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000 45000 5ססoo 55000 en):::> ;0-0 ):::>):::>-0 I '"0 CD Q):::c ::sw0- ):::>-I. IX -...,J MONTHLY FLOW C.F.S. SUSITNA RIVER AT GOLD CREEK ..... _.'_.:> -~.5::-:;-0 I "'0 Q CTI .=='+:>c.>.....~ I X C~...... '---.,-----...~.-.-."--"1---.-...I'"-==~~-~-:-~--,··-1----·-.----._.._._....-----...-~.--",:=-~J~==-=-~_~-~..~-=_0 __ .~ 1-- October Thru Apr i I Month I y Flow Correlatjon ~':'::-::l-===-.-_.=.:..-:---_._---_._+_.-...... -----.--.-t----_·_----.---.---., .-.----.----f :_<f.>.=::--~-•..,..._. 4000 SUSITNA RIVER At GOLD CREEK And CANTWELL ..--.-..._"---.-----'--r..'........'_'~~Adopted RelationShie ;~--~=~~~:§~~~~;~J)~ 3:--0D;;0.5438 II 0G +84.I;R2 =0.92 :==.-::::::~==-=._-==-::.:--'---.--.....=.f=__;:=-:-._~,=~'-.:~~-_:.~.::f:::I---..-.7"'1--,---,---,------k'::'::::.--I- Zen 3200 ~QD =DENALI Monthly Streamflow =_-=_=----:---,-.-----__'--.:/~__:::::-E>"==:_:::_..:== <ttL:-Q =GOLD CREEK Monthly Streamflow _._..c;)-:------/'----------------..-...---.---~Uo G ----,-r-----r---------..-----.---I- a::12 ",'I-__._--=::~_.:='::.-.-,-._--------:::~--.-y......-=::_·.~~::-:-:::=;R <t:,.'.,;_,.!_,_.L.....'./-+-__.__.______-'r-",----~RW3:..::==:.,-..---..-,....~L+.__..._:----.---'---r-f-iz92400,-"'W '._r--:--'----.---.:>--.--..~".'...--f-Ja::W~_~~=:~_=_===t::=--:::~=;..--::~.~=-~.----;-r-;-·./__::v -=;.:-:=._:§t~__:::==~=-=:-:.-~~=,=:::-r-'~~=-=~ :...J .f:\.I--_~,__'~I-~~f----_._~:-==::-::<~::~-_-=-:I=~~e--:-;~-'.-..---c~:=~~~··-=-:~~-~:==~o ',I ./---'-__1-..---_.__.__.1-' .~::!:1600 .:'''=-_=_-====-=-=-=:-.--_~_~_././---~-~~~~~-~.--..____-::-=--=:::~ ~"_,._--:_~=-==;:=~.:=_---~=-:-:-~~:~Col ;~---.-.-.'..__--.~. ~=::==~:::=-=-=--=~=::-===-~~~~-~~~....---·:=:===-~~ISOUTHCENTRAL RAILBELT----'.....e~~t..-.,AREA,ALASKA ~t;-------'--'-'"..:.e-----"-ALASKA DISTRICT ri-:-..--.~-,-_.--.'.'------...:....---..CORPS OF ENGINEERS ~'-,-,'-;-,-",--.--.--------JUNE 1975 J-- "'--'-'-7"-'-'.-----~-----.---'---,--"--'....-i--,--:~.~;--===~.~=~.:-:=~:=~=.---:::.:-t--.------i~-'-J o 800 1600 2400 3200 4000 4800 5600 6400 7200 MONTHLY FLOW C.F.S. SUSITNA RIVER AT GOLD CREEK I- 800...I !....1/"T INTERIM REPORT _.+,.._.....:-0-_._+..L._~_:V:~._:-'--i'-'-:--'SOUTHCENTRAL RAILBELT 600 +'-W-.':-iT~V I'~,AREA ALASKA ,(;),y , I''._L.<-.i I :ALASKA DISTRICT, ,1::--'---I---r.r---r----m..r--CORPS OF ENG I NEE R S 400 I '+t:-__:=::.:--..-€~.---~~.--.---.-'J UN E 1975 -nl---+-:---_-+_,..._.'_.AO r ._I ;i \.:i :!I!1 ,.;,..l.)...../''f·-_.!'!!, 200 rill"'./:':I-~,, ' :i :I ,,,:", i-H---+----i=-'~.-l-..l!l.c.......,'+':':\i ~d...I \'..'.~~'~c._'-'-'-:::~=:::-.--::-"::::::=:::_-,',..!:LH--H--+'-t-'+'';''+-+++-+-f---l--:;...:::..!:-,-'~-'---..-r·----....»-....,--------.-_.f-.,-..·-~--h-:_7-+..,.,--:-+-.;-;..1-'-.;...,-;....,....j.---,-;.-t---4-....,..-H-.....j...;-'-,.......... "'1 I t:;-I '',.:I!II!1 Ii·!I j I j ! 2200·I i - •-_..I l ·f··!I T~.I i..--·t =:.!...i r .f-·-·--'-r -~I 2000 October Through May Monthly 1'-It··-.--.-.-=I Flow Corre 1a ti on -l=--~:..:~'--:.-:l::-::...::._I ---- 1800 L MACLAREN RIVER Near PAXSON -=.=-.--='='-:'-::=I=-=:~--t-=--=-=-==-==- !!And SUSITNA RIVER At GOLD CREEK --..--!•.--I ....-.---.----.- :..._-NOTE:Low Flows Deleted For Clarity :.::- 1600 :_,_.._.Adopted Re 1at ions hi p .-I _.-._.--,--.-.e---.--.··......-·-·---,·-----7..---·-'-- I .-2 .---..-.-------.--f--,-----~---.I----.~-------:_Q =064 Q 0.994 .R =a 89 .--..---.....-.-..-....--,-----.--.-1---.-..----I r=1 ..M'G ' •:_:==:::-..:':"--~.-...--=_--::'.:=-'::::-----:-,----r-------.---,- 1400 ./I'::':QM =MACLAREN ~10nthly Streamflow ~~:-:-.-==~=...::::::.---------::::~.~~/--~~.:;- 1200~Q(=GOLD CREEK Monthly Streamflow ~---..--~./t.-""",..i-..,:~-+- .._•••__;_....•..__t---'__'.__'"'"iI'"! _._...._:::._:::::_._::..:-::::::.=.-_=-===,_;-!--:--.",Y !,;::;,"--;:::4 1000.-.--.:.-e-y/_.-.--:!!": 1 -,-------···.·....---..--1----.--f--·---·----~·---·-,_-'.:J /,' , :1 .-.-.--.---.-.-.----,-...-:......------.-.--~------,--h-:.,!:: ---"",-..---.-....-------.!--.-...-,-r.t--'-'I--'---.•."'1 ''_11 ,;, ,.---.-.-.;....-(c...;....::..L ..;. zo Cf) x«Cf) Q.1.L. """ug3:zo ....I 0:::1.L. iJJ >>--....I 0:::I Zl- wZ 0:::0 «~ ....I U« o 4000 8000 12000 16000 20000 24000 28000 G"))::> :::0 -a ):>):>-0 I \J CD 0):c ::::; U1 Cl.. )::>..... IX <.0 MONTHLY FLOW CFS SUSITNA RrVER At GOLD CREEK ...... INTERI M REPORT SOUTHCENTRAL RAILBELT AREA,ALASKA ALASKA DISTRICT, CORPS OF ENG I NEE R S JUNE 1975 3000 t----.-:-------L ...---+------+--;.,-..~-t-..-.,t-··..J --..-.l·------f~-·-+-·-"-"4---.---.'_.--JIf·..····r ..-.-,-.-I --.1--..---••-.-.----•••--••----~----.-c---.---;- ,--.September Monthly Flow ·-·t --.-.-.,.....--.,--.-----.----....------..-..-.-.--'-.,I~"~~Correlation ~-~h -=..~=+_.~-~~.-~.~,"--,'---'--'-i"-__.-.--_-_-+1------...._--+. 1 ~[--=--.MACLAREN RIVER Near PAXSON :::=:::-==::-:-:::::::=-.:.--=::-..=-;::~--.._.-=-+.---.-- ~[:And SUSITNA RIVER At GOLO CREEK .=--=:-------;=---_:..;=--~.~-_--'_---j a..«U):::::Adopted Relationship -:::::'::::::..:_==::::".'h'_..~-;.-=':::"-.'IJ...-..--.,..-~..-..-.-.-.------.----e...-.....- lI..U 2000 --.-.Q =0 08Q 1.011 .R-2 =8 ."--'.,.---.--.-I:...'''i~3::::::::::::::M . G 'O.8 ,_-,____~........ Z 0 f--·'-'-'-...:..._--.!:":----a:::-I ~QM =MACLAREN Month ly Streamflow ~-i'".___I ..:...;.~~, IJ...I--..-..~_..,....---..-....: ' ~>-1i=P QG =GOLD CREEK Monthly Streamflow ==.~:-=::"':::-'-...;i./'"tT:,i :::: a:::-I ....- ...-.....~,~I I ':.'H-+-+-,-;-,,..,...--/::I:----.--.-.----.-.---...if ...;..'.,",,. Z .---....-.--.,.,-./..k:f ._",,;;,''-+-',.fl¥v-++-+--'-+-r--:-+,.-i-H--+-+7-;--;-1 W Z 1000 ..---....-,-"-'../,.-"~r--;-,+-,.,I,': t:rO -r-"_.'-_.~i :I'!III l !I _tIIII:::i.....','-'!"'.:''I ""'-4...c::::JC-..v ;I ~I i-I Ill .....-:--'-"~:r :,--+-rj I--.....--..----"'/r.' -....~...,........-----":t+-++-i ____....._"__..__.~.......,-'''','---,-1--'!!" u <{ ~-7 ..-.-t ...-.-......-'·1--,··-·~_rl_o--..--rl_t-o-r--t··t+--o..,.-H--~+__._-...;..··."- °3,000 6,000 9,000 12,000 15,000 18,000 21,000 MONTHLY FLOW CFS SUSITNA RIVER At GOLD CREEK c :> ;::0 "0 J:>J:>"O I -0 (l) O'I=~ 0'1 0-::t:>..... I x O ......II----=~=====---------I ( ~3t 30001 QG =GOLD CREEK Monthly Streamflow 1':'\...--..•.....~/(!:'''_.''__''''I :I :.~,' • " Z 0 ,...,1"".,\,IV "'-'i •!'ii,:,!a::~--..==~===-~_~=-..:.=..:=:--.....h':':'.._..::,,...,/'",,..-~." ,':::::;,!__i 1 W......_,_.._..__."....._._->;;-,a--JD...:i I::i :.-",-+-".;-r.--j>)-....-.....-......,...,7 iL-.'E...,--·t-··j-'-....:...--!-............;-;...j-I..+_·,-'-f-a::-.J ".-...--."".......-.---'_"'_""_X 2000 './'.~ ,-1..'-"+--..V '''r''-'l!)-t-.~-_i_..,..._+__.-~~...,....-t-r-h-.---.r--,-.. .-~~'·r·,.·..··+---;..--,-,~.l...INTERIM REPORT -':-,- I-+-H......i--+·-···-..--;+··..-..·,·..·+·-·,--j--··-'-f---:-;--:..y ·..·-;-·.-r-..r--·-.-H-SOUTH NTR RAI ELT h"~- I-++..t-·,·..~l··,·--·""-·I ..··•...-..·-·Ir--·ro...·....·l····...···..,·-.....j -;--+-_..----"1.:.::::=~-_.A til I\C.IL 1\, 1000 t+'".......DISTRICT, H-++-··+··----··+-·..-··-...-t-·······-..·-CORPS OF ENGI NEERSr--r--...----1-'-'._......J J UN E 1975 u<t 5000,J ThIune rough August Monthly ...-_.....-.,.----.>-..-' I Fl C 1 t'._.I·--.-..--..-..-........-..---.--"..•.."_+-.._, It ow orre a lon __,"r-'-~=-~':'::':::':=~=...':-~-=.=-.=.=~=-':.'<;5-.:'~--~.--_.....::::=::::=--=::::~==..·-~-t MACLAREN RIVER Near PAXSON ==-__;.t-::.=__..~~_._...~--=~__.f--::::--::-_.._...:.-.:::::f---;""'--~-'''""~-,.._:..~~-==01 And SUSITN.l\RIVER At GOLD CREEK "'T"--,~,,-,"--"'1-'--._.f--.--.'-'7-..~.-.-·--1I...-..-..-...-'-....---.-...-....T'....-v .'-""--1 Z 40001'Ad t d R 1 .h.,~o op e e a tl ons 1 p +-..---_...·""1-'--~-,-r---+-;'-""'".---·1,-"",,,,,1 (f)I .---""""--,-""",.."7"._·~-·_·..1 [ 0.667 -2 --·--r-·,,·,,--..-(':'C.."-..----.. X Q =3.376Q ; R =0.59 ..'...y..:.I -.,..,-...T$-"·"r""\V'''·~-n·,...:..~-,-.....-,-----,.-~~M G +..'-~_A'.....'--.....;...;.":..'I,""'' , "QM =MACLAREN Monthly Streamflow .-~t:rd{D"""[0 {.\..:I :!,I .....'",~I,,.,....''''0 '+'~I "'!: ,: .:=-=L ..I I'1 I '1 T'\T 1 : ,.._f-..,.+...;......;-...-l-j-r--.-I--'----'-r.t-'---+-.....,.--t-'-i-;-'--1II -..j1...,......,..+-1-++;""'.--l-.1-.j.. o 6000 12000 18000 24000 30000 36000 42000 48000 ':J);:> ;0 "'0 )::>);:>"'0 ,'"'01) m::C:::::S -...J 0->--'. IX -' -'...... MONTHLY FLOW CFS SUSITNA RIVER At GOLD CREEK DAILYFLOWDURATIONCURVES100000AVERAGEANNUALFLOWLINEINTERIMREPORTSOUTHCENTRALRAILBELTAREA,ALASKAALASKADISTRICTCORPSOFENGINEERSJUNE1975PERIODOFRECORDGOLDCREEK1949-1971DENALI1957-1971CANTWELL1961-1972MACLAREN1958-19725020001005002001000500001I,1\1 \20000\"........\........\................'.......""""10000"'....'""\....""\,5000\,"'....",',,-~""'-',,,,,-,enLL:UZ/2010o102030405060708090100AppendixIGRAPHA-12A-68PERCENTOFTIMEFLOWEXCEEDSINDICATEDVALUE ANNUAL LOW FLOW FREQUENCY SUSITANA RIVER AT GOLD CREEK r-----------..---~--...----------------.---..----.,.~!:I!:.!i ;:~:.:i -l. I I ":..J r _,_.--··----=::..:----.L--~-.:.·l__·-i--+_-·--t.--:.-..'---"-.--.---.:.-----._._-.,.....----~ If'i i".:.I ", i I'"::I I : ;._.:1~'~~~~~~_-d-::_---t-·L -l-I ~!._J=--±-=::::.L-==~=-;~._-=~::...~::_-::.L:=:.:::~_: u ~7000-----·--:--~r-~!~--='-T::~·l···.·:i.'';O~dr0 0~' oo- IJ.. IJ..o I ~3000~__:.··1 I "i-;-:---T~.--'--l __j .;::;1 ••~~:~.;:. ;NOTES --t---.'----'----..:---.-------.-.....------;---..--'---4 ..J r-··-.t -f .-_..i -j ~f ........i..;.....;...;.;...;;;-...;..;;;-.;.;'...;..:----........----ai «!.I.Curve I based on annual flows!1'··jl.::..;INTERIM REPORT~20001~exclusive of 1969 water year.T:..:.l_.-..i .~_.=.SOUTHCENTRAL RAILBELT~L.2.Curve 2 based on annual flows I ··_~::-·_·-t i'..·r·AREA ALASKAr-.-__inel us ive of 1969 water year.-r=:i ---j--.-.-;.--:-r ' I _••..•_,"--.--1",."----..i ALASKA DISTRICT,I ··~~----.---~-:t·..r·-=-~I'1--I'..J .:---=-..J:~..i ..:'1 .CORPS OF ENG IN EE R S f".,_.-'r ...1--'.-.t=_l '/""',1 I I I JUNE _19_7_5 1000-2 5 10 20 50 100 lOCO 10,000 EXCEEDENCE INTERVAL IN YEARS G>)::s ;;0 -0 )::s :>-0 I -0 c:> O"l::C;::' 1.0 0..»...... I X...... G");:c:. ;;0-0 ;:c:.;:c:.-o I -0 ([) ......,:::::::3 o.::::..::>...., IX.......~......... SYNTHETIC 32-MONTH LOW FLOW FREQUENCY SUSITNA RIVER AT GOLD CREEK INTERIM REPORT SOUTHCENTRAL RAILBELT AREA,ALASKA ALASKA DISTRICT CORPS OF ENGINEERS JUNE 1975 SUPERPOSITION OF THE 32-MOHTH SUSITNA CRITICAL PERIOD VOLUME OF RUNOFF REVEALS A RETURN PERIOD......t::.~ 19.00 ,b=-::-:-:+,.,.-,-~",-....,---,-,::-+c:---+-~;"--+---c--+--+-~ 18.00 ~+~~~~~~p+4?4~$~~$~4=S~k 17,00 §4~±~:~+::::~~~±=:.::F=:'=+~+~~~2-:+~4~ 14 ,oc'r.:c~~~~';;;;;;;;'-:=::-±~=-:-::f-'-~+-+~:.:.:::-4=-':"':'+~ IN EXCESS OF ~OO YEARS. (' I ...~~1~T"--8 +-----+----+----.-f-.-1---7-~f~ij=..j'F;"-';"'-F--.'.'1--~tf~~~~~~t.<..-.~~-J ,. I ,....-1'---I ---'--l·r.J" 10.00 '-.--L.__----- 2 5 10 20 100 200 500 1000 29 00---,..--.,.i ,T ":':1"----,-:-1 __..,.I •••:dll ' ;··I_'-+"'::-'-"+--t---r- 24,00:,-~,~:'I',i --+1 -~~--r ....',-I ..;..1 '21.00!"~~J .=::I-j,...!' t-= lI- (,)« ·0 I LL. ~ Z ::::>a::: ~ I- W:r...z>-CJ) :J: I- Zo :::E I N ", EXCEEDENCE INTERVAL IN YEARS -........-•t•.Ie I ••tt I~T[..I....(!tORt SOUTHCENTRAL RALIlLT AREA.ALASKA Al.ASlCA DISTRICt CORPS OF lNGI"'U"S .IUN£1975 -•..f .....-....."'..--............... .._'~'~.....••0 tOt.~""..·.,~:i:;:::;:;;::1 :,T:!• ....,I.'.,io'of .0CO'd:1~-18"3.0-;;;i ;.~:i.1 ,• ......,2.Poi"U Olottedlh:-t rr.uimulll annual inatantalleoua Clisc:llarg 1 ;:;,:.::;!;:i ;~_:I ;: for tlUt Pe,iOd of record.r-::,:1_:I ' ::.::uo.ooo~::f':'f."!:!':-I·'~f:"'!';!"l-~IY::-'-i-"'I':;.,'",:.!,,':c'r];::·;::!;"'-:::T'"i ;:.i:.:r:::::,;L:r ~:':;- :;:1::1":;]~:.JT',t ::,'::...,I:-l I :i i l :..,1 :d.::!:,\';"q.i :Iii'Ii!iii·il.·!.'i ":1·+'i !_.I'ii'I i J i·iii !:i i !I,.!";;!:::.,. 'U):> :".1"'0 ::0»"'0 "Cl:>..,:c :s...c. ):o- f )( ..J <:.n ..... » G)"o :;:0 "0 :i>c:> "t:l:::l=c..->x I NOTES:-INTERI""REPORT ,SOUTHCENTRAL RAILBELT I.PerIod of Record:1951-1972 AREA,ALASKA 2.Points plotted are maximum annual instantaneous discharge for the ALASKA DISTRICT period of record.CORPSJ~EE~%NEERS ! ;i ~i~i ~:i --"t-of: 'C\ ::t> I -..J N ............... 9ElClOO 9I2OOC ----. _..... ••ttl so .. ",.-vA.... OtQ10ZO •• ..""""Ot01Saoa. A ....... •to 1.20 •• .... etOlS,JOn ,""'- S '0 ,"20 2'$ ,Jut.., S '0 IS :!O .." AUGUST •10 t5 20 Z'$ ........K. •10 15 ::0 2$ 0CT00CJt •to '5 :Iv I'J Nevt:...... S 10 1'1 20 .." DClC••'"•to ,e 20 .. ..i :~TTi----r-T i i!li::bl.,.....!.I'•.J:""1!j ,.;1'11'!'T1'TI T -,!!:,,'.:.:;,;:!::.:!:::f:"::::,,~::f.± I :~t":i ..+:·',c'i .,i·:";,.."'''''•.'.1.:'1 ..!.!i".:.::.'.,:...,•.;:::~:,,.I2:f,:!I .,I :i.1 .::i:,••',!:I,Y ...L::b.,......"l !Iii'!'.!i !C",..::.:J,~:12000~.•:i ":,~.l·,:!SUSITNA RIVER NEAR CANTWELL:L i !i.:•.tl i .•!!!!!i!:+:!:, ':1 'I'!,:..J '!'T '·2:."',,,..:..'.,1 !iii,'!!I',i .j::,:!:~,:"r::,....::,.:,.i'"::,:.:.."DrainaQe Area :~I~O ml,'il!!!::.!.•.,..:.:..:..;.,...;.;:'..,::::,'~::m,:,",~c,i,i'i!:i :':;:"'C,";::;+J:l '-,!Ii :!1;1 i,:i :::Hi::!;::!:j:::;ii:'~':,"';,;;{ I000O ::,,::::,.""1"I:"Y''!!:":1.i:J'!::.1 t:l"..:.,I.I .I:..:lI11 111 .1.1 1..L.: :,::1 .:,,+'.1 .L l::,.I .:::,y ,.~f~f;::~~;'::;k:::'j;'is 11 i \\'!,l',":.'L:I ill 1 '".,.., ,;;!:rF}T~"~-:::.""E.:;~::'1'!....tjfrt :...,.~.H'It--+:1:,+,'.,:~:.'.;..:,,':,.,,'.:,.,'.!":,1 ,.,'i/iV ::":".'-7 V·IA \:,i ,_,!;::':..:~"'T TI"T-t~:"l;il ,"I l,i",l L ';:!':/:: :I :,\\1l:\ltiJm\·t:.n~:--·:-!i,-t';-;:-'-+,'1'P+!'2':'~;-r;=t-:.::L,.LLJ..d..:±'±i!EilltJ§~~ l6OOO',':';~.'.,':",";.!"':'':-':~f-J.-'~~.·''9·,·.\,1/\['h,t'",::z MAXIMUMDAILYFLOW I.',..'"...,.::...,.r-.I r'";,'" ,..,":'.:.""'f II ,;i',~'11/"'~::i\,Yii.""'."'1 120001,:::.;.: 'J i J .,.N..-+~,':!:'::I V ..: :'?MEAN DAILY FLOW . ..,...•;:1 I:I :'I'.,~_:!:\./;°7 ,..~8000 :.~.:::::T'i-f--,,.l....,.~..../I-l...,',_,./'.'+;"",..~I-.,e.!l!lfl-I·"""'".....,-,......, I I ,,,,. I:;.'."i:';:~/:(:V r :\·f..'V :::~7',;::.7 MINIMUM DAILY FLOW 4000 1 :T,i I .:"'-v-j ..~;r-'.~.I"1'..::!:.-'/:h/•:.'1::-1'.I"','.::1::::::::::...:.....,::••J',_..I~:, ...,..;"'t;'..,."...,"'.::''::.:.:'.::'':::• ......¥'./."J f:!:;~.,iii .':....,'\"';-;"'.!'1 ii,.I:','"1,"",kJ,.,.L'I":..',I !,:i:......../~~'-.i..'. .'......- ,..'.I:.LJ.2[:.].J.dell I:,:;:"hld;,ddJ1..i.l:.i~-;-::--.-~';''':';'_~::Iilll!i~ """"'" - ..10 III ao zs .JAMUAl!tY •to .~20:t1t D.O 15 20 25 •fO IS 20 a.D •10 'D .to aD •ID ,.1:0 2:1 II '0 '"aD as •to '0 1:0 ao "10 UI 20 .0 •10 10 .10 .0 •to HI 1'0 aD 0 '0 II ao au ,..••UAAy &I"RCH ......'L MAY'JUNlJ JULY AUOU8T _I[PTIt...£",OCTo.aR HOVI:Man altCRMllIlUI ,f&MItiU:a.c..............."''''t\,._",or "".....I\K..'"aU4u1rf'•....,...U ~~~ •to fa to .."t..•I.Ie,_to ....ttl ..10 l'1:-0 I."'0 ,..to a',to It I,)It •'0 "...IS ..to ""0 "..'0 "10 1$.,to "1'0 I'•'0 I'10 " •to ...... lOIJ(lOk ,t:.:-':J....l--~£::l:=.-i':.::...""-"-~.,t..,l.i i ~;:;I ..'Ii,:: I .....__.__.1...•••Iii i :r,j f~f"~ Z 1lOrl..,,.,:'!:.I :i ;,.1 INTERIM REPOftT !-4 1.Pedod of Iacorel:195&-1911"i :.1 MCt.AREN RIVER IiEAIt PA.1CSOle ·1·!!.' :2.Points Plotted are K.u:1Iwa ;,:DRAlllAGE All£-'•280 8i 2 •,'0 SOUTHCENTRAL RAILBELT M soJ Amw&1 Instantaneous Discharge.:,,;..I "'",• •I '.•AREA ALASKA tiiJ..for the Period of ..«orel I';. I ,..,i .;.; ;...-,__~•~ ..."--rT·"""·"C:I"~"'':='',.,,-r,...,.....,..i.~i i :;.i I:'i:::.'0'c~I;.~S~~r~J~~tftS ~ I !i"I!I'..'I 1.l!:,I ! :_:,JUNE 1975 ~. i·'1 ';:!·.i!!!1:::i I:1 i''.1 '.',......1.(;";Iii I !iii !i!!i:'i i!Ty!1 :;.::. 'COol..;i:.:::,i.:i i ::j j ,,'::;:,i ',!,;,:!;::..:::'~:';;;;::~ !i !••I :I ._".!!.••_!;!''::'l'llf:h!,,: h _.+-i--+.....;-j-++-~~....:.......;...+--"--I--+-+--i--+-+-+-.;-...;-.-;--'.'-'--+"',"l.'~=~++-f-i:'Y-"·1fC?:1-~-;t-..!I i...-"+!..~!.~..,•F:;I l Ii'r:f~J~; T"TT .Ii 1.::T!:-Ii!i ··f·1 ;:T1~TTl;;;'i "'-:-;.I::·ii."!:i:;:;:lt!§§ "r I 1 :!:!:l ;'1 ;::i:',T !•i ;:;!!':,:;.:,i;i:i'ii-f:;:P3bf-;:;~;.;;.~:~~!;::l ;[:_L_~~.L*+r~.+_~.:i ';:i .i;.;::;::.i·r~!.:~ ;:\.:i i ;'j l i ;i.i i i·l;l :::11.i :'!!;;;'.,!..''i":'::':'i;U~.::;:\ ;ji i!i·:l.±i l.;;..;!!.;'!~'It !i .i.n:l I;::"'!j :l"'I<!'Jh~,:;·~i=·-,~l'=r==rn==i :'i:I;I!;'jli ~r.100014 1-1 I :1 i lit 1 H=HJ....tq ~:~~~j 1-+-4~-lll-n "~+·-+··;M .:19-;+-~:'~-.:i'::;:;Ii ::!"T{(;f!;;-,:,,, <~!'!""~!;~!-r;>::!,:;!.~..~j "I:·:,.i ;<r;;t:I ;:!._ j-r-I'V'IH~iFfn-4T;ffiF=t :.!~[-+=FlY "H!-.t.l:fJB ,:i~ :4'a?~ :!·;!If.:iEi:-=. ~~~~f.-l..+.I-.'-.fiJ.~t~t:0 'l1~TIEIflH±J[-H+tH±fEIJ i'~I'r-.!,,~lrr;,~~;~~."'h··TIlf~lR;lFFTFRT·::i-FFR=l.:,":!":....:;:,;;;:'m~:~: IT,.II -:rTf i !I"',;1 !;ii T TT 1966 \It'"'l~"T:T 11:TilT ,T lLiL!;:T:TIl:;':::",,:~~:§~ :"l::•.,".,."!:;:;i!".".!I::,J-:i ,.!;i·'..'rf"\.~·--q..i;':-11tt I!Ifl l I ._.I l !',!";','!:.1'",,!..'!'.!,:,,,,,~..:::,-= ,,:.:,.!I"'I:.i ,.i'j!I:!!;!!i r i ;I ;.•il,iii I'!.::,i:::·;;ii: ':.'''.i.·"!:·!::::ii:'jil!','j ::':"."+!:l ;i..T'i'!'i l!I·T;::L l'.l-::'"'.:.J-.,:'.Y>:d.:J.i,,.!,:":.:l ,,::.:":0.:::; j T."::"1'.'"•..f,.J :!.I.',I I Ii :!.._I ;:i :"::':'.I''j .T·:;.1:.L'i':::lli!l~'f.'l~ :c.:::.i::.":"Lil:':l:';:.:;!':·"'..:'t!:''.'!'I Iii !A:;.'j.....\l I ;TTl ,",I!!leT ..•·r::!:"~i::::f b'§l ...".,,:..::;,.!"!".:;.'.:t \./"''\j.;•.,I i'·,""".,.,:.:;.•'j'"·.·.F:"""~:='7...'...I .....,......,"L._.::+-r-...I ,.,...-I,:.,..,.,...,..;.""""..1;.:."".::..,,,.,):0-'''' !..•.'i .:.:i'!··:,::1 !:;:!.,.i 'II !I,,-MAXIMUM DAilY FLOW .,:"','b:,..,:'!-,,:•.•:.;!i ;if::;.:.il;,-~.,!,~.;:;:''1':'.1 !,.:I:il!·::!LT:;;t.::::,. _.,I ..''':.:':.!:., , . :i'".T I . .'-.-"";I .,,,.i i ·1':i i ."···1·'··1··..!··~:='1·-~..""','............;:::....,..f·',,':!,.-!•Ii ,'.~.+'...,..""",;':,.,:,!.''i!,'''.i1'':,,':'-;: ..;'j.....:;i j."."•..":,'ii'Iii:I j f i i 1\';i \'Ii .:j.-MEAN DAilY FlOW'jf:l-'" T T ."::";~;':":;.I;:·:'·'.••;:'il;""::i"r ~:VV\tH~raA-l;:1 ~-..:;y;~;~.;.;~.L.::·:•.:!;~r}~;;~!0J; 1'"i !,",",•.':.'',,'liI,iE:.:::,'..i ·I,:i·f....;:!!·i',..,:;:"~I 'n 'f ,!\'1 V II);.!!.'I·....i ./:i i j,.,.MINIMUM DAILY FLOW fIll".....:ii.;:,;;''!iii,r':l.i··i i·;"1:IA:N 1 iii·!;i',I \..';.Ii ~~IA:/'!i·!V!'1':::'::'1'!"1::'!!;;'J':i:"1i'=f'9E:i. L ;".;i T'.k.1 :i I :I :t\'Il.I :,I ,!•;!\:I t'.i/l!;,!J.q.1000 iii'I.':!i i !!,;Iii r:J:v.Ii!.:!..,'\"/::!;i i,L;:'I ,i !I:I i.·....",i I ;..f!!,:!r~:"!!••,:\.I..ti !,!.1,:1· ,.,I ...I:i ii;""1''-:'i ;'..;...::.;,')<.s.;;;~!!;j:l::,: j'):J::>i,i I I ,!;:/!'l !~~~../-...."--I',I'.$t:j'f[;::1:~~~...--I!i 1 :i_I +;Ir"f"i 'ii;,,1;1 ~;;ii!!!li;r ::,!d.r;:;:L.,:,Ld"!;:"'~'=';:.+:I:::i '~i:--'_~_'_I:~!,:::,l!fi§ ~~'t .J:::s 6 fO ..HI'20 Itt •fO tS 20 2"1 5 to <15 20 .ts a:10 .1 20 2S G '0.US 20 ae •to 1$1:0 :IS •to IS 20 .8 D 10 IS 10 as •to t._0 .ID •10 1.20 28 D 10 1.20 as D '0 1.10 .e....,...,a..,JAU'(JNlfY ,C.RUAJtY "'''lifeM A"Ut.HAY JUNe JULY AUGUUIT CftPTC"OItA oc:TOGn NOvC14alElJIt OCCU:UIltIUll ..J.. )( ......- G)» ;;:0 '"0»»"0 I v (1)......,:r::::l ..,.0-»-'. IX..... 0:>..... INTERIM REPORT SOUTHCENTRAL RAILBELT AREA,ALASKA ALASKA OtSTRlCT CORPS OF ENGINEERS JUNE 1975 instantaneous discharge 5/57 -9/66 7/68 -10171 Period oj Record: Points plotted are maximum annual the period of record. I. 1l0TES: 2. 41,000 441.000 44,000 for --roo,-),i ,,' .It:,:i 41 000'b!!,!.'i .,.T ,.:',!:"r J "r'·!T'''!".I .,,. :":.,':1 ,:!SUSI TNA RIVER NEAR DENALI f+-i''.[..:.:] ;'Drainlloe Area ;'950 mi2 !,i 'i ••i "'.·"d 40.000,'i.,':i i !i."~~ i .:i :.~""'-,:,;-.mt'·-'.......,--_..-.,::,>~ U.OOO !•!iii i.j .1,L..,~,,f', I :i j !i .:i "i if!'•).;!:.,.::'ill' ..i !':I :l 1"Ft."i !iii i,',L l 1 ·.1,",:'::,,-,= 14.!-tr ;::i:'I';;';i i .•::l t i::,;:·'i::i i "::~'jfd~~ !,.'",...,:I ',.,---+7"'rlilt000.!I.!.",..,.,'.!. ..,.,'-i--.::,i .. •.:!','.'1<i !I <i !i :.'.1'!.":Ii.!-:',,.,..:i L .:i'·:.'..'I .:'i .r.,"~:,'i1'!:".';!'I'::'::'_~;,..,:">+-C "!',::Ii ~!~ ~i ;','",,i ..:i',,1971.if''f 'i i .:""""~~24,000.':i",i iT''''.'f ,"-":.,•......:',!" :I ';".:i,<i.,:,.·t'",I:·j'.,.i...:;:' LL.,:j,....1 ·i·,i I ..:'....,':::i"<'ii:, 22,000 ..I!!.,....,;.·l',,':,'i .::::.:'ii,i' 'i;I ":..'>91.,I·::X'" 10,I.i ,.j...f,.i j.1 ,.~/'i ,i i:.:'! ",:::!:I"''::.196!"~"":e ·i :·/'.19I1l'if'ill !.':<riC, '.",:,;1 ......:..~.\,.A !:G/9 11l'Gl_''i iiii III .j !._l964 1\L"J!.""'":'ji •',:':•j 1\196~\"L..[if,.;..1,_.'-_.U-t-:ill".!''.n·i f"t:.'b IAI ",,,9 ;: . 14.000 ..'':/ \/I ").v'" ••..\t\"'11 ~V ~bn'";-,.,;iI!OOOH......;--;--+-'-+++~+--.:....+.....:...__.....:...--'-++-.....:....,..-;--.,-f....,..--'--+----!l-.....:...---H-4-+---1A---f--¥.....:.J::flllI.---1f·+\..HA-...,.I-+--.....:...-+-_.....:.......,.......:...+--+--~......;-----+-+-...."..-+-+~•I"!i>i l •'II \I "\.A'I,.i ....:.cL. 10.J ,I::i I .'ii',...I-y '.'1170-:-''''';.\1-'-.1--1---MAXIMUMOAILYFLGW 1,:."<:. "000j ';--j--;.;i i .•::.::;.'/:;:-:/'-'L,\......(:::;;.:f-\':\\,.._-l(..~:.'::!.:;:~E~~"o'~;~~'~~'o::=:'"l'F.·..:;':' II ,.::'•j'.'..--••:/:"'"f_--J\'~..-~.~A.....!-~/'/:~·~~·;'~~:~:~;~:I~~~..~I "L._'..:..._..:_.1..~I;-••••:I;~.VV.J\AF 1\.\\/j .._/'T"!,!C'~:I'A":> 4 ..1-..;.I 'i 1\".7 -7";:,':."'ii,' ,.j .I:...~:·"J'V\.r.I.;...,\.J ,':!..{....V :!l:eii ;:ii' 2.000L..•-fr'-.!J',.,,......:.-.."•••••••.i ;i··'~'~: 'I.,...iL i._,-_;•,i.;.,';'/ii,_......IV "--~.i~~"''''''''~''...'!.'"0'"r"'",.;i i.:il,'--"{--.. ~10 15 20 :r~IS 10 15 21'}:us a 10 l~20 25 8 10 1S :to 25 '0 to IS 20 as e 10 ,S 10 25 !J to IS :to as IJ 10 15 2'0 25 S 10 .!)20 25 !l 10 15 2':).1:1$Il 10 l'10 ,n fJ to H'ao •• .JM'ilUAR'r ~"."UA"Y MA"CH /\",,"-MAY .lUNa JULY AVGUST aI:PTt:..D'UIt OCTODltll'NOVI..DllI:R DCCtlt4.(t8 ( --- -~ /.01 EXCEEDENCE FREQUENCY PER'HUNDRED YEARS 99.9 99.8 99.5 99 98 95 90 80 70 60 50 40 5 2 1 0.5 0.2 0.1 ~~UITS:I.'Freq~~n~Anaiysi~i~bas~o~.23'rears of record'(1950-1973),::===:c_I~:;:==_2.Fr~Tc~rve~asc~teduSingtheLog Pearson T)1'e_~T~thOd~---:---,- 100,000 '!.i j <J 90,000 80,000 I I I............f.'1 ~ .,:' I !-'..,...--1 c',,:,.,c" 70,000 'I '~t':'~_,_:..,j ..::.:., 50,000:""~~1.A<S:'i'_'--.;:-'~,:=~:-:'-=-:::-:~ I~:::-::=~:1 .'-:':':I.'.L~'j',.I::"':;=-:=..:..._~~.:-:':':.:'_.-- 50 000 '.'~.)\.:J;.i,,L.......,,,...--.-,I'...;/'\.".,'I'•"..:I.~..w:--~I-.::':..':::=.'.:'.:::en .:-.-1-'......._'1"'.f:"-tl V . ,..,. '40000 :'C.:,',:I~II.:.I~·""":;:.:'::::::.::::: ....' i ..~:·····'.':'I"':l..\::':..:::;..'i=..:.'.:::~:::':':'.:.'".._':'':=i=:·:":·:·_..-~.....,.!.._.j ..-.,,"......-.--.._- I::..'-:'--'..:'.:.:(,:)./.!:.:::..:...'~:::I:...···.1 I·:::.:--_..Z 30,000 ,...--'~::--·1 I....,,-..........1 .1 ---. -.-:..:;:G.:2'::;:'::.-.l:-:I:':::::::.::.':'.:i . ..__.3:1..-,,:.---::.'::~=::............··--1·.......----......j,....... g 20,000 ::7~'::~~::~:'-:.~~-~.:::~~1:;::1',:;.:..1::::';=.~::::.::=:::-=~---,~::~l:.~·-i;-..1 "';;.:.' u..i--..•-~:~..~.~:::=-_I=-.:.-::~=..__-::_.__,=::.~.-.l ..I,1 0'-__ '-"...........--_.-.-- 1·--..--..,.......,...•--------.............----.Peak DIscharge Frequency --- --"..._.I ._,,____',••_.._.....t SUSITNA RIVER -- ......--~--j__.-.-1 --.,-----i---,---...----.-..--'---..j At ,.-....--.--_-'--1 r,old Creek 10,000 I .--.-,.--..-,---.\I Iii I I I.I 2 5 10 20 50 100 1000 EXCEEDENCE INTERVAL IN YEARS G»::> ::0-0:;p ):ot-o ,-0 CD -.I::I:::s <.TI a. ):ot .... IX -' <.::>..... INTERIM REPORT SOUTH CENTRAL RAILBELT AREA,ALASKA ALASKA DISTRICT. CORPS OF ENGINEERS JUNE 1975 ~).P ;;0-0 ).>-0 ).>'"'0(1) I :::::::=' ......0-m ).>.... IX N 0 ....... EXCEEDENCE FREQUENCY PER HUNDRED YEARS Peak Discharge Frequency SUSITNA RIVER Near CANTWELL /',,/ .,,//' .G /'~Curves based~_.Anr1 Computed on observedpeaks Curves based on Observed Peaks onlyLEGEND ()-Observed Peak •-Calculated Peak NOTES 1.Observed peaks are for water Years 1961,1962,1964, 1967, 1969,1970,and 1972.Computed values are based on Regres- sion Analysis between SUSITNA at GOLD CREEK and SUSIT- NA near CANTWELL. 2.Frequency Curves were computed using the Log- Pearson Type III Method. --- 50,000 100,000 90,000 80,000 70,000 60,000 ~o -I 20,000 lL. C/) ....:40,000 o Z 30,000 10,000 1.01 1.1 2 5 EXCEEDENCE INTERVAL IN YEARS 10 20 50 100 1000 INTERIM REPORT SOUTHCENTRAL RAILBELT AREA,ALASKA ALASKA 01 STRICT. CORPS OF.ENGINEERS JUNE 1975 EXCE EDENCE FREQUENCY PER HUNDRED YEARS 1000 / ~ ~ ~ ~CURVES BASED ON~OBSERVED AND~COMPUTED PEAKS. CURVES BASED ON 0 OBSERVED PEAKS ONLY. Pea k Discharge Frequency SUSITN A RIVER Near DENALI 1.1 2 5 10 20 50 100 EXCEEDENCE INTERVAL IN YEARS 1.01 LEGEND 0-OBSERVED PEAK -COMPUTED PEAK NOTES:I.Frequency Analysis is based on 13 Years of record (1960-1973L Computed values are based on Regression Analysis between Denali and Gold Creek peak recorded flows. 2.Frequency Curves were Computed using the Log -Pearson Type 11/Method. 60,000 100,000 90,000 80,000 70,000 ~ -'t.l.20,000 Z30,000 .50,000 (J) 10,000 '+-:40 ,000 o G)::o ::0-0 )::0 )::0-0 I '"'0 CO '-I:::C;:j '-1)::0:;' I X N............ INTERIM REPORT SOUTH CENTRAL RAILBELT ARE A,ALASKA ALASKA DISTRICT, CORPS OF ENGINEERS JUNE 1975 ;o-E! :J>"'Cl :J>-oCl) I:I::::J "0..co :J>..... IX N N ..... EXCEEDENCE FREQUENCY PER HUNDRED:YEARS NOTES:1.Frequency Analysis is based on 13 Years of record (1960-1973).Computed Values are based on Regression Analysis between MACLAREN and SUSITNA at GOLD CREEK peak recorded flows. 2.Frequency Curves were computed using the Log- Pearson Type III Method . ~~~ Peak Discharge Frequency MACLAREN RIVER Near PAXSON ..De Curve based on observed peaks only ~.Curve based on observed and Somputed peaks LEGEND o -Observed Peak •-Calculated Peak 3,000 20,000 .10,000 en 9,000 ~8,000 d 7,000 Z 6,000 3:5,000a ....JI.L 4,000 2,000 1.01 1.1 2 5 10 20 50 100 EXCEEDENCE INTERVAL IN YEARS 1000 INTER!M REPORT SOUTHCENTRAL RAILBELT AREA,ALASKA ALASKA DISTRICT, CORPS OF ENGINEERS JUNE 1975 200,000 ( EXCEEDENCE FREQUENCY PER HUNDRED YEARS ~OTf:S:1.Frequency Analysis based on 23 years of record (1950-1973) 2.Frequency Curves were computed using the Log Pearson Type III Method INTERIM REPORT SOUTHCENTRAL RAILBELT AREA,ALASKA ALASKA DISTRICT t CORPS OF ENGIN E ERS JUNE 1975 100,000 90,000 80,000 ~70,000 "I- 0 60,000 Z50,000 :J:40,000o -I lJ...30,000 20,000 10,000 G'>)> :::0 -0 »-0»-0 CD I :c::::s ~0. W »...... IX Nw ....... 1.01 1.1 2 5 EXCEEDENCE INTERVAL IN YEARS 10 Voll.nne Frequency SUSITNA RIVER At GOLD CREEK 20 50 100 I DAY :3 DAY 7 DAY 10 DAY 30 DAY 1000 C'):t> ;0-0::t>:t>-o •-0 moo:r:::so0-::t>.... IX N.,r:;:.t-1 EXCEEDENCE FREQUENCY PER HUNDRED YEARS 1.FREQUENCY ANALYSIS BASED ON 11 YEARS OF RECORD(l9GI-1972). 2.FREI1UENCY CURVES WERE COMPUTED USING THE LOG PEARSON TYPE III r"'f:THOD _ I DAY 3 DAY 7 DAY 10 DAY 30 DAY 0.2 0.10.52 VOLUME FREQUENCY SUSITNA RIVER NE/\R CANTWELL 5(020304050607080909598 80,000 70,000 60,000 50,000 99.9 99.8 99.5 99 100,000 90,000 NOTES: ~30,000 ¢It 00-:40,000 U 3: 9 ~~~~i§~~~~~~~~~::::IL.20,000;;; 10,000 1.01 1.1 EXCEEDENCE 2 INTERVAL IN 5 10 YEARS 20 50 100 1000 INTERIM REPORT SOUTHCENTRAL RAILBELT AREA,ALASKA ALASKA DISTRICT CORPS Of ENGINEERS JUNE 1975 . 02 0.10.5 EXCEEDENCE FREQUENCY PER HUNDRED YEARS 95 90 80 70 60 50 40 30.20 10 5 298 NOTES:1.FREf~UDlCY i\;,j}\LYSIS I.::>J:,SED UN 13 YEARS OF Rr::CORD(I!)(iO-1973). 2.FRE(~UDJCY CURVES ':JEPE CC>r-1PUTED US 1 NG THE LOG PEAR SON TYPE III HET:iOD. 100,00099.9 99.8 99.5 99 90,000 80,000 70,000 60,000 50,000 30DAY ,DAY 3 DAY 7 DAY 10DAY \000 VOLUME FREQUENCY SUSITNA RIVER AT DENALI 1.1 2 5 10 20 50 100EXCEEDENCEINTERVALINYEARS\.01 10,000 ~ 9,000::~ 8,000:- 7,000 6,000 f/'I 40,000 -..: U 30,000 Z- ~20,000 0 ..J I.L 0);>0 ):>~:g I "ct>0:>::t:::::I -'0- ):>..... IX N <.TI ..... INTERIM REPORT SOUTHCENTRAL RAILBELT AREA,ALASKA ALASKA DISTRICT CORPS OF ENGINEERS JUNE 1975 en»:::::ro :P >"'0 I -0 (j <Xl::::::l N c:.. );::>..... I X N ..... 0'\ 1,000 I DAV 3 DAY 7 DAY 10 DAY r30.0AY INTERIM REPORT SOUTHCENTRAL RAILBElT AREA,ALASKA ALASKA DL TRIcr CORPS OF ENGINEERS JUNE 1975 ( SUSPENDED SEDIMENT RATING CURVES ,.'I f ~ i i I • lIOO.Ol:»l 1 J •!o ,"'I 1 7.\J.t,., •.,...,..,1- !I 1 ..-f"""!..1. ~.•••!,-,o.I ,,!i 'l--,•'~I i fl. ,';0;HOTE;iii::...____:....-;:i j i 1. ';:;;':":'"Seo;Ne.t Do,.ooseO 0.Puo'i._eo v.lue from U.S.6.S.Wonr Supp,y,,.,.~.~_~l_"~+~_.._~.. ,..-Pagers for tt\e perlot1 of recorC1 1952 throuOh 1973._.f-;.....+--_._.;,,~.--l:1l~1 ;"~i -.i."_=--"-''~'----""--;:'--:7-"H+H'r----'-__~-+--:--r-""h'-t :T ,'1 ' ,..".,.I IT;,!_u ..rH GOLD.",..,..~c':.'-f--7-'/c:.+'-+-++"'H·"'-";"-+"~'T -c--:--j--r-:-f'f-.--",..+tt .....,_.......,.....~"": :j.i I:'I :!:i i:'5USITNA U ANT.ELL ~'....--!~-C:C"":7"!~/_:;-;'-'H-i-++H-!,....-:---;!__-t--"-~'-r~ .f.ILl !!:I I Vt !,J ;USlrNANAI DEN I .'~f"'\.1)--1 I ::/I ~~"'r ,.,r,I 't ~'''''-~11;,;/-:./.....'...-.1.:~:.::1'ii J i ~A:LAINHEARPA(SOH""V--r:;!IX '\'i J..rr:,;./.:+.:.!Ili1·'·j'" •~---j-'r-r-..,.---';..->'r-A-' 1 !1 ,.,......7 ./1 ,'"i ..;.- I I ,:il ........i "-.,./V i i': "!'i..!!;.._!I ....--:-----:./',lL.';':__.~I ~:..",-; o L:l!..~....;-;_.1'+"i··"';-4'+._--;--.,!':~i •V I ?fT'!I k-r:t!I V ..:._..A :I ,!i :!..;...--r'I I n ~,'".:..d'"Ii.:::i ..'!i V I I LH1 I;~..:I 'Ui I :!if: :IV!i!·!....-n-III :i /"r~.",,--·-;-r;~~\i-iri,!·!:[::; l,OfJOl 'Y j V 1 ,~!./.I :'1 ,I •; ,t ,!..L'L i ...L i !!I ..L...w._I---+ ~-+--+--+-HI--+ l. !, 100'I T •, j I,61'91 •1.roJ;.oo1000 SUSPENDED SEDIMENT TONS/DAY .)a', 000,000 i .i ;.,I 1 J 1,000,000 .. .,' t,, "'.1 G>)::o ;;0-0 J::>J::>-o I -0 (J) o::>:::r:~w 0-J::>.... I X N -....J I-t G">» :::0-0 »~-g I ::I:;:, 0:>0.. .$::>)>..... j x Nco .....- 1.0 1 I .. -f' "'.9 ..•+r ..• , R •• • ..•..,r T t-••u -·-···f '\:I 1 I 1\\..........!;I'"Ii f l··..,·:::t·:·:~···r :'t::::I::--I·r I;:=~_::,~--:)::-:.\.':1 I j J l '..I ;I I !:i j-:::i :':::..I·'::H4.'.....5 ..,.1---+--'-'-~,..~--_....-., . i I .i I ....,.,,.I '-..,."..I ..I . ir".,..;..r=--=::::':c::.~.:I .i I :,.:.•~.,:I !:'.;:,:':I iii •'--.:~SUSPENDED SED "·:Er"SIZE AIIAL YS IS ·l''.i It.;...i ..L:-~J7\··J"f-~':~~--LEGEND STATION _.J III'~:'"--r:·--VI /~Jt::=:=:::.SUSITNA At GOLD C~EEK I:',i ...::1·)If ;....-l~1 1~f-:':::::-'::::-:::::------SUSITNA Near CANT ../ELL '!~.I .i V:·..i·....1?'r I I I.IJ eo .:::....-----SUSI TNA Near DENALI -l-i I : 'I :;Zl :,f}/"I I ' IN f--.-:..-::__.- - - --MACLAREN Near PAXSON _I !~1-1 _______._1..:..;.L._.1..:0;f-.'.-:-~~'.I -I :'""-:'i:'TT I it-··~i"!-'j '1'''Io1IO:_~..-.::::1:1),-lA"".y'..~f'~w ~........1 ,.~I I I.i •!•II I I....'.h •••,I.,1 • I I C[70~__h ••:-::,I~:'i : ..:"I'1_,.':1 ':!.:I • V i I L.-"..B !I , Io\-....'I j .•1 --,,I ./I '":.r......:I I I~60 .::...:'::I .,'..b-CL:.~...:A-'::.--::,.: : I·''1 ..!':..--....•!""-:::i'CTi '::J..._*----_..,•..•I·...jfJIII"'""IZ5O~...I .l .~'-I I ' , """.:.I,i'::~_........J ...,I .J'.......-""'_.'!..~,--,., • i=40 f ,:..t ::.i I'I """"'--:;v"":::'---.'I'i :;.I·:--.~.-.'.'.';....b~-~.!I ;I I . I i IIrr30~-"__:I .:.::....~-;~,=.'.'1IJ -.-----.--..."'·1 '·1 .:...~~I . I - ..1 •.~.:::::.----..~-,.;J i·: : ::r .'~20 ==~:.J~-;....;.o\:.~.:_.l..~._..,It .:.-_..:~:;;.L--1_-'_1--J:::+-+-tz-;.::'I :;•'11 !;I I'!,:;:Iw10'-~-I j ~,',1 "_....I "-t~..,'1'I ' It'"r,"""1·"r::::.'-..::I .:.l ..,..."\':..I ; I " 'j ;.:I:.--:'.:,•~5'--'"...~!I .--.,.:.....~~'_1 -I--'I _.1--.....;.1-'-+-.l--jll--l--i-I---1-1-+-141-1-11I~i .-.~:::~l:--l"l'.......:;-~~!:I .i-I-': 2 blIIT._.--.--...--.I:::'....----I ::'1 ::..--,.I , ~;--~:~/:~~:.:~:~:::1:'::::::::::':,...,:=:-."1 i 1 ::.:::.-.::::::r-:::..:.:I ::..,'."'::'1·::.',.J :1.I AREA,ALASKAO.li --..-------....,---:~..---1 ..·--•.,•.-.l I ~~:--.ALASKA DiSTRICTTllli~;--.::::::"--..\:...1---:':'._..•:'\'1 :':':1'CORPSJ3~EEI~~~EERSIU.-------I ..---·1--\--·----..'.,1---'01H-'T iTi"j-';•.-,~_:._-~--..-.•~..····,..··i·..:_".'j.'I l j l.0.001 .01 .I PARTICAL SIZE IN MMS /' (' ..,t---+-- ___.~•••_'"'~'i-'- .0.1 ::1::1 tJllli 11 i I III U J..:;:i 'Ii I i.!I i I Ii I !.1:·:lI j I I 1:1 I i I j II I ill I I I 7'1'1'1 11/1 L..J-1";I·j I;1.111111 !I ILL_LLI.III I I LL.I 111111 I 11.1,i .!1....J..__LJ....L..LLLl...Ll-:....I '!.-..--LL.-LLJH+'·i it31---'-'~~-:hr4:-++4~-4++++-'--~-l----'-+-+---+-:Hr-H-++-t+~'--TIi L._LL..LJLl 11 __;•iT!I'':I I I .1==::lrVfllJ ILI::'[-I!I !I'j I 1111::I I iii I II I III!:1 :1:/Illll!I .!,..,.t ,I t [ :L.-,:.·,+mfH j h ;I I H-t:bH4 :.'"'II,H-:--4~-H-H---'-'---,--+'--q~=+'-'--'f-=-1;-4~i-"$-t :t=$=t+=hmttt-t=fl±±tfj=lli±bD=fFRt=FRR+P+=tH=~ttit=f±t=tmEill :,L H;·_-_1 L_L1-++~i-=~=L-=-i·-··-F[Ti _.J.._LLL1+!-,--r·~'-l :r-r i i--H+--'.~+,:·~4-L4-Hh==p==f~L:-tI-+--!--~.....f-'-'+,--TT:+:l·-jcH, r--;'I j I I .!I ;!'[;!ITT!I :'---'----..L'![ ,i .I ',I "-:I :I 'F 'i:'.i..I H-f1I·I __,....tt ..I'::i !!i I::~,i·!L:!'il.iii Ii,!1/,i;:d"-l,1'1,. BEDlOADRATlNGCURVE _.I:!'-i---'-+-:-+:'·-·---..:---·;.·--"C-"t'--'--.l--.-f-+-r+-+-:-----,-r I 1 ,:71--:.:,·t·-,'·t :,1 I for '::I j iii;i : : :I :!i !!!i I :._'r j :I .:;:';'I --,$USITNA RIVER Near DENALI,;',--,i II.!!tt:!:.I.!.1 :II I ',:.1 ".aM"··.;.,r.It 11 .'i::_l~J: I ":.:;.1.-:-::-..:r---.--'-··:r-1 1 r-:-I '---..:.:._-f--''.1 ..:.rH-H ,;1 :,:"-•.'"!I I "y.;..:~:I '...I ":1 .-i r I III : " :I--T I i I II ..j.I.i "'f .....,11 1 11 :,::,:\,:_.:::-;::'~'::::'F..-t-.'t ......---,j ,.'\I :;'!:.i I ....,!.<!l ..._..1.__...,.--L.-_ t-----.,.,...,--,--';'"i"["\Oll !~,.=R=t=R=R I ~'I'!I '!r-++tii,O,~;, ,i :.:'!"~-i :'.i !.I ,.!;;,t=!::1:::t!1'•.,•''Ll ,..,!0 """"J'"\o ',', .[,.8L .:I f 1.-.1 ..L -"_ ~5 :~,T·::1>::l-S I I ,••~41~:-:=,I':'1:.r :.::'i :1 ,i I ITw,.".,'"",I ,["i ,I,',~PT;ro:'~"+:'"I C,"!.I 'vY"': ' ,t i '.".4 .•."."L '-!-'", .L 7',.,.:.•,I'·:::['.t-:-:..;::::;:1'"lt11i:i ,":L"=>...'~, ,1",,'...,,:To l'"".".EEE!::~:;.J:;:i~Ht:,~Y;k.'!!",=::,:'iIH""'C~ .iF','• ,."......I""'"',:J F+·"7'-.---1...,1==:I:::,::,1 jl:~I:::1 FTI I Z J 45oS"!;])(5~7~'Z}.c~5 ,;1 3 &~€'~.,'1 4 &1 ••1~O'~:I'I i Jill!I I I I I !!I _!!i ::!!i i :R+i-:_I !I r--=m:j ,',I I '~:!;Ii::i !i!.'---+--:j !::!!:i :/.!i !i !""i !! 5'-;·,i,l ;111 i i!i 1::::.:!:'i'!!li!!!·,Hr.!I-LII'i !i ,r'I -r:I '1 I I I I ,!-,~,-.----,--;-~-r--~,~,'~I',~-,:-r-~I","""!.'1111 4 ,:::-=.-::..:I ::j I 1,'I Ii:':i i ::;:I !!i I :!':I,':I 'i '-,I i !i -:-,t ;. I '._l I!~-m-m-iI-I I • t I 11'I'·I I· =:::/-~.:::"'1---:"--1'--1 I --1·--·1 ....",I2t-~/:-::.t:·:...,.~:::-:~'I ::'.:::::::~:~ (,j,» ;;0 -0»>-0 I '""j~ CO"""::::l(J1-o. ~.... I >< j',,) ll"'>...... SEDIMENT DISCHARGE IN TONS/DAY TOTALSEDIMENTRATINGCURVEFORSUSITNABASINABOVEGOLDCREEKGAGE0.401()Qon01n.0'04,'"()II..L......:_..L-•.L.•.__.__J.'0002000.,III..130004000500010000wooo300004000050000,II!l.'IlO000OAppellfI:~,1GRA;>1Ii-3DA-S6TOTALSEDIMENTDISCHARGETONSperCUBICMILE AREAANDCAPACITYCURVESDEVILCANYONRESERVOIRRESERVOIRAREA(IOOOACRES)7I6I5-1I3I2·Io...-.--.....-_.--.-....-....-I1200-II1000.-~.----1,-·.-.•.----_...-1800-..I,00_.-----...--._.---------_...--...15001--1--11-4--1-+-+-Capacitywith50··year--sedimentforIIJ50ft./-.:l1\H--l--+--+-+-+-+-+-+-.+-..+-+-lpoolelevationandno\upstreamstoraQe..~-._.i--~~"'---I--+--+-+-+---d.-+-+-l---1?vI--~"-_--.-././v-__~v--..==~..:...~~-~/~~-~----7~~'l:>:::::...1\----._i--t-+--lZV.--T.-.........-Initialcapacity==o.,//V~=:~==~--=.:-=~r--...,__:.1:-...:_=.~1300I-II-I-i-l--l-/-+V......F/-+,,...,q..-+--+.-:.I-.:::.......,~I-.=~_1-__-1.-=-1.-.•~-+-_+---P""""-+-K-.+-+-=-_+-:-=-+-=-..t-~-_I-=-~I-II-Iw/V----.--'-...........J/___.______.~",.___..w//_._.._-=.==:::=~.=.-=::.~::~-=,=.~._~W12('10UI7.OriginaIarea....:......-.--~/ /......-_..=~\.=-==:~.~~/--=~~=~1100/11~1f--I-/+--f-f-l-4-+--+-._-1-...+-_....+-_-1-1=-1.-=.+.,-+-_..-.f-.-1-..+-.-f-f--l-l--+--+--+-.=--+:-__.-_+.--.+\\,.-i.1-1:.'._..._-10001-/1-+-4--+---+-..-+.-+-._.+-~+-_.+.-+~-:+-~-.:+-~-.+-,:~-·_·l-.-+--+--+-·--tl-l-IN-T-l-E-R+IM-+-R-E+p-O+-R-r+-'.-+-..=-..+-::--=+--:-.f>,..~~.. .-::.~-.:--.=.-=:-:=-SOUTHCENTRALRAILBElT9001--11--11-41-4-+-+-+-+-+-+-i--i--i--4-fAREA,ALASKAALASKADISTRICTCORPSOFENGINEERSJUNE1975.........1--1--1---_.1400-I--l-LL.-STORAGECAPACITY(THOUSANDAC.FT.)AppendixIGRAPHA-31A-87 AREAANDCAPACITYCURVESWATANARESERVOIRRESERVOIRAREA(1000ACRES)oI4812I40363228242016!_-,_;-'-.................-;-1-r---,---1 I I IT1TTI I I I I I I.,j---...I-+-+-Capacitywith50-year......2200r!""....-+-...........-+--i-+--f',\r-+--+--+-!~".1~I......sedimentfor2200ft.'v"-::v"":'r"o...........i\.elevationpool,andno;""/VV--.-1-'~-1--+-''d-+r"o.........I\.upstream.storage./vv.,.'i'~,\~~/.=._.-=-21001-1-i-t-+-t--+-P~+++-+--I-+-H-t-+-:p~""9--+-+-t-+-+-+-+-H~~~/;~~v~~~~_IAV.'\1-'..~.._.....1\...18001--J.---11--l~-+-+--+--I--I---1-+--+-+--I-I--If-t-+-+-t--t--+--k--t--1--+--t--t-t-l)1..··_I~=:~1/.....···I\;1nitia Icapacity--.1\"I-.......be(~V....._2000!-11-i-t-+-t--++++-+I\~I\~I/7+VX-P!'.."":l-+++-+-+-+-HH-+-t--+-t--t--j!V'::vf'/~~.."I-,-!--1-+-+-f..-1--+"'~+-+--I-+-J.---1I--l~-t-+-+-+--I--t--1--+--t--t-t-l~V..',,,\.:..-=~:==.=I~r\.1900I-H-t-+-t--+~.q.-+-1-+-+-t-t-H-+-+-t-~-t--+-+-t-+-+-t-t-Hj~-:',,-...._.__.......---._.--..(MILLIONAC.Fl:)CAPACITYSTORAGEjV......::.=I"'::....-::III.-1'5..--1-17001-1I-17flY--+-+-+-+-HH-+-+-+-+--+-:-1..H-.'+-'+-.+1_-+1-+-_++="-.::-+z-~~r\:-'.+I-:'=-_·.+-I..-....t--l...-+--f--+--+--t-+-+---1f--t-+-+-+--i'f-"'-t-'OriginaI..V·-.....======area_...===.~._.-_._.....16001-IH1--l-+-+-+--+--I--I---1-+-+-+-"-"'-I-I---t--1-+--t--t--I-I--If-t-"'+---t--t---t---t\:-I--l-:=::-'.::=:==\-Ir-S...O-U....T-H~~~~::~:-:~:-::I~~A-:~~E~P~~:-~T::-IL"B-'E'-L-l.T.-.L.l-t-=+·--+-···-i-=-·_+-H-.=~+!:":'-'==.~._:J:~:=-+.-='.+.~~.~.~.~H\1500-AREA,ALASKA....~:=====.:::=.:=:...JALASKADISTRICT=::=======.:::.==.==':=:'CORPSOFENGINEERSJUNE19751400I---lL:r:~:''1:'"1:'l:-:'L.-:t.'4r:.'1:''l:'+-:'!.I:'L.~~...I.·-:":..1.'-::.-/-:-'.J..----.l--t-.""".I...-....J--t--.J.!-_.J..._-:..t-=-."'-I....-{.II 1 1 1IIIoI 2345618910wU<tu..a:::::::>C/)zo....~W....lWAppendixIGRAPHA-32A-88 AREAANDCAPACITYCURVESVEERESERVOIRRESERVOIRAREA(1000ACRES)o--------..--642_,.--.--..-....{--,________J_-------_.1412108111 .-'--'-1-'-1-+I--rl-n'I I I I I-1_Capacitywith50~year~\23801---+-+-+-sedimentf()r2300ft.1---++-\-+-+-+-+--I---lI---+-+-+-+--1--+--+--IpoofeIevation,andno~.~---=._upstrea'lstorage.\...-----~~2320~I--;....---:-~.--'''-~- .~r---l\........~~---:--::.::-~:i'---.~v---..-.,----"'"-./....-..--.----i=IJ...-zot-:;W..JWvv~--:=:---"-//~=.::==...."22001---1f--1.-t-+--f--+-""*"~4--+-+-+-+-{-I-l-+-+--f--+--+-...:Ik--+--+--+-+-+-+-l-l/~~.~===~/~~-~~~---1--1f---it4L.+-f--+--I--+--+--+-OriginaIarea-l-""+--+-~-I--+--i-+-+-I//\21401---1f--1-+-I-I:..t,4+/-+--I--+--+--+-+-+-+-{-I-l-+-+-f--+--I--I--+--+-4t--J-+-+-l-l0-~~\'~=-./il-..----~-----2080IV=__=_=_.~~_~_____~.=.!~_If-¥-+-t-+-t-I-t-I--I--I-..t-,.+-_.-+-+-+--+-+--+-+--+-+-+-+--I--I---+--Jf----\--l-l2020r-/++-+++_-t-+-HH-+-~+_-=+.~-=:+------t-HH-+-+-+-+-++-+--+--~~+-~_;+:='_-~+-K*-I..-------.-I----W~._-J--!-:-.t-l-.~.-_-L__.....:~-~-J--.:...=__.t-:~=.=!-===J.W--"S-O...U-T....H~~~~~::~::~::I~~A'*:R::-:LE~P:-:~~~-:~L-Bc=l.E-L·T.-..'~t...1960fHf--I-+-+-f--+--+--i--4I-...--+---+i'-+---+--'--1-1~_.==,===AREA,ALASKAALASKADISTRICT--____.._____CORPSOFENGINEERS-=._..-_.'-.--..--.-f----+-----+--4-1JUNE1975-1900I---....J.'---....I.._--.....1.--1--...1..---.L-'.'_-.1----1'-I._-..J.,'--l..---_-+-C~t2J·fL-··~.,.·I_·""".J.'l"'I.::...-"""--.J.~I'.-----..J..IF"'-"""l_!_I-~·--C1...·-rfLJI_-4"FT_-.J.T,.._--.LIF"'_"""l.LI-__"""l_~I--_-~·l.-JI1IIIo2004006008001.0001.2001.400STORAGECAPACITY(THOUSANDAC.FT.)Appcn,iixIGRAP~1,'-33A-89 AREAANDCAPACITYCURVESHIGRESERVOIRAREA(lOOOACRES)oII45II:310II215I20I.-_.•--_."..•..----._.II--_..-_..IntiaIty-...........1capaci\.........-"l---;;-..............-k._-_.......'-~...--_....K-.-v---_..-'.-----/.-..._--I·..·-!'-.V-.-_.-i····'""-V_.i·····.....k------_.--_..-.~..---;;..----_..•_.--_._....--.-....-Vl:7"I'".__.-._._._....-..-.-~V.-"'-'..----c_'"II:;V._.-..-..I---,,------...-._.~.-..--i---..1/..-.---_._-\!-_.._...--------I·-_."-------.~V------/~_..-.--"_.-1---.----~_.--1-._..--I-I/i'-.._..---._--/---"-~.-'-'---t----7~Origlnalarea",,:":""f_.1-·"-._..I"'-.-_..--------i'-..-.-0"__-J..1\..._--III"'-..---"-._-"--...-.-....--I.........-fCapacityWIth50-year--...::::::::...'\1600ft.-sedimentfor-'.-\--Ipoolelevation,andno_--_.---_.--~...---...'--upstreamstorage.------..,.--_.H....--....------------_..----....."\--.------..--._._."--.-...--,_.-----.-1·----_.--1------.---..-..-.-\----~..---._-.----0«...--.-----..._...-.-'......---INTERIMREPORT\---..--..-....SOUTENTRRAILBELT..----...lilfI.~ILA,ALASKADISTRICT-'CORPSOFENGINEERSJUNE19"'5--------I IIT-...25I110010001o1300120016001500180014001700zol-e{>wwa:w....~w(J«I.L.a:::::>CJ)...-t-I.L.....,AppendixIG!n;:11.'\-34A-9nSTORAGEA AREAANDCAPACITYCURVESOl.SONRESERVOIRRESERVOIRAREA(ACRES)750900I6CQ4503001500iIIIII035~-I--+--l--4--1--+--I--.J-.I-·+-+--....+:"_~-I--'.-1--~-'1-=-+-_.''-+-+-+-+--I--.'''''--+--'-I-..+--I-+-;-;_._--_._..._-.-..-_.,._.-..---.....'--l-Ll..-zo~>W...IlLJ......-.-.--1-•-.-_.,._..---'.-...-...---....•_----0::lLJI-~-_.----v\91(5H-V~/j__r_t;;;;f;;;;;;;t;;;;;;;;;l;;±±::I=t=:1f;;;;;;;j;;;±±±::I=t;-jH~~\t-H--:-··t·±-t-::t-1/INTERIMREPORT1\.----SOUTHCENTRAlRAILBElT1'\1-...jAREA,ALASKA"'.=.=:\':"~=~~-::--895J..-I-1~--I--+-l--+-I..---1\.-"."-./_.-_ALASKADISTRICT..__1•.'\---••,.~.~CORPSJ3~EEI~~~EERSi=~_--:--:.---=-=-~=~==60-....~'..___=i=:::::=-__~~_~-=-=:.:.~.-=-i=-~:.:.-875t-Jl...-I-.L-.I--+.....I-.....l-....J--'-+-...l-..L......I-.-..__-.1....-1--1---1....-..1--..1.'_-'-+._--.1...-.I...-_.I...._.-J-._-f._.-...I-..I.-..I...-..l-'~-IIIII1o1020304050STORAGECAPACITY(THOUSANDAC.FT.)AppendixIGRAPHA-35A-91 EoI5I--I1--I1--I--1-50I60---r-l-'paci2540f--::>k-1--1--1--1--sedimentforpoolelevation,upstreamSorage.t-+-+-I--~-,I23601f-f-+-+-+-+-++-+-+--+--+-2510I--i--+--i--l-+--+--+-~-t·-+-wu<tIJ...a:::::>(J)zo~2450I-t-+-+--tf-7'f--+-+-+--+--+--+--t~~>W--lWt=2480I..L.......AppendixIGRAPHA-36A-92 oI-I,I-I...~1,IjIIIIIII,1,!t;t-"II,,I;iiiIii!,I,,IIII,t-~!IIII!!II!i!Ii,,1IIIi!iII,,II,IiIIi,,,t-H,++r"t,'rrJLlijtII!i"III,IiIh,,II,1:,Iiij,!IIII,Ii:I!iI!T!,:,i,,,I!,IiI!iiII,,i;i!IIIi,,,,I, I Ii, ,;i!'I •!1I';;;t':11'1II,, !;,Il'I:~10I~lO2;~101!JJUNEJUlY:'0AppendixIGRAPHA-37A-93 I i ,: !r.....I ~i 1 It! .....r i I : t t ++V i 1 i 'i i !I I I !I T I _1-,- I I .l I I I i I cA"Flood Control i I i i I I I I I I I I Rule Curve I I I I I I I-Il- I I,t I I,I :I I I ,1 i -j t I ifIIIt- Hormal Minimum Pool El evat i on =1950 Feet I ~I I i I -l.+I ~+t+---_. I.- -I I !I j.-I ! I Normal Maximum Pool Elevation=2200 Feet 7 en» :::0 "'0»)::0"'0 I ·0 (I) ~:::::::1 ~c.»..... IX W CO ..... 2200 .....I (f) ~ ..... W 2100 W IJ.. Z Z 0 I-2000 <:( > W .....I W 1900 JAN FE8 MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC 9,624,000 8,148,000 I- W W IJ.. 6,674,000 Wa:: <..>« 5.200,000 Z W (!)4,000,000 « 0:: 0 3,400,000 WATANA RESERVOIR FLOOD CONTROL RULE INTERIM REPORT SOUTHCENTRAL RAILBELT AREA,ALASKA ALASKA DISTRICT, CORPS OF ENGINEERS JUNE 1975 MONAHANFLAToMOUNTMeKINLEY28~MILES!,@SUMMITU.S.G.S.GAGINGSTATIONSNOWCOURSEANCHOlIAGE,ALAIKADECEMM:R1975PROPOSEDDAMSITETRIMSCAMP~16MILES\GULKANAGLACIERSUBORDERCLIMATOLOGICALSTATiONSTUDYl:.OCATIONMAPFIRSTORDERCLIMATOLOGICALSTATIONALASKADISTRICT,CORHOFENGlNlIERIUPPERSUSITNARIVERBASINSOUTHCENTRALRAILB£LTAREA,ALASKAINTERIMREPORTNO.ILEGENDo•FILENO.2-S0U-92-04-01APPENDIXIPLATEA-I20Miles15.10SCALEo5/"\(J'-"(/\;"../V"/'"v...,rGRACIOUSHOUSEr"/\",IV."""-'"-,.,.-->~../-....j,/'OLSON./"f"---..r----/TALKEETNAJf'lJfr1J--_!J-1L-4/145(AL~NA/MILES/>----<l-"'@GULKANA"\.~iLE'\...OSHEEPMOUNTAIN57MILES\©MATANUSKAVALLEYEXP.STN. CORPSOFENGINEERS,U.S.ARMY"3PRECIPI-::~~:""""""""'~~'~~~'~~~~'~""~""~"""'~"""""""""""""""""""""'1"""""""""""""""""""""""""~"III'II~p;:::;':A~i~~""""""""~"",EL~;:;:~~""""'T:\~J'HES••opOO',..,,,,".;~~~AL~AXI~UMPOOL""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""''''''''''''Z3:LEVATlON."",..,..",:::.,',,:2S0,000ELEVATION=2200FEET240.000......................................................................................................•...................................................../I~~.~C!~.WATANAr---,200POO,'r~I./''"-1'-,/....r\.~-160.000·························································································································/·r·.:J···············.':.,.~-;-:-;~--..:...:.:..;.--.r-\._,'/"""...~OUTFLOWI....."120,000..,,,.,, ,..",.".., ,,'"r::-:7"-:-~~.:..:r_r:"'~,.~L_~TEMPERATURErSo.ooo/r:"':-:":I•••••.•..••••••••••••••••·r-:-············,',r,.--.~_JL_,-,r-,....-J---'1.....-.J'-I,..-_--JI I1,.--...,4\--.1IIL-J1..-...'----'40,000.:..j'~":":\.-_--"".~.-J'"434F;:~.'.."""..'..""''~,,'."""""I"rI'"I"'"~"",,,,,,,,,.,,,,..,.,"",,""',,III'I[r:~~~::'~A~:~""'"",,"""',,".EL~~:.'"''''''~~~~~;TION320,0001455. . . . . . . . . . 2TEMPERATURE../ELEVATIONINDEGREESPFAHRENHEITNORMALMAXIMUMPOOLELEVATION=1450FEET2SO'OOO---'-="'-==:!..l----.Jt;;..---------------:...:---------./FILENO.2-S0U-92-04-01ALASKADISTRICT,CORPSOFENGINEERSANCHORAGE.ALASKASOUTHCENTRALRAILBELTAREA,ALASKAINTERIMREPORTNO.IUPPERSUSITNARIVERBASINSPRINGPROBABLEMAXIMUMFLOODHY(;)ROGRAPHSDEVILCANYONANDWATANAPROJECTS~~~::-~~;~f~2~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~£~x2g~~~~§~gggg2g~gc:g~ccccccc:cc~~~~~~:~~~~~~~~~~~~;~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~;;~~;;;~~;~~~;;;;~:;;~:;;~:~~~~~~~~~~~~;;~~~~~~;;.DEVILCANYONWITHWATANA0··········································································.··.·.·.::-~.-:::.>:~::-c:240,00070".200,00060"~~~~~~~'~~::-:-:i.-IL,r'--~_160,00050. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....":,":,-:.,.~-:,'7":"!--..,.r-r-,--/INFLOW-~I~~~120,000'40', "..·r":'·,0~','".TEMPERATURE,..I'---'SO,OOO.:,········30·················.r:~·r-:-:s··········.L__,.-_,-.J1.__-'"'\r--I,..----IIr--J..........J~_J_-.J'--40,000·········20··························································.DECEMBER1975APPENDIXIPLATEA-16 CORPSOFENGINEERS-0.S:ARMYFLOWINPRECIPI-TATIONINItII)"II'.'"-,,,0'0-,,.,,I'I'."EL~~A~~~~"""-INCHES.....................................2210.280,000320.000/~~~Y:4!.I~.N2205NORMALMAXIMUMPOOL~,2200~ELEVATION=2200FEET23240pOO························································································································.200.000··························.r-'x/'\.OUTFLOW160poo·························································································································/·'·V·······.···························\\120,000·······················································································································\.\80,000·························································································································...............................................•.......\.....·I·NFL-OW······················40.000.WATANA0"..,.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------~~~~~~~~~~~,~~~~~~~~,~~~~~-~-~~~--~---~--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ccC"cccccccccccC'CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC:<,:c"",,:c":r.:c,,",,"'.:_.....-I\._"._-------------_I-,..,...........,..r-....!"-....,..I-C'CCCcr::ccccc::::c::cc;"'"c",,"":;c:-('~~cecce:::c"X""C,,:<<.:<:,,<:t:<:.o.:;<:<:<:<!<:<.:-------------««..;;«..<.;;<,;;.~~"'....,..r-...::r""«:rC--'3"-----,--------'-'FLOWINC.F.S.360POOPRECIPITATIONININCHES320.000280POO..................'.~_~__~__~_~__~__~_~__~~.."./'"'\./ELEVATION_/NORMALMAXIMUMPOOLELEVATION=1450FEET,/<1455145023FILENO.2-S0U-92'-04-01DEVILCANYONANDWATANAPROJECTSOUTHCENTRALRAILBELTAREA,ALASKANO.IINTERIMREPORTUPPERSUSITNARIVERBASINSUMMERPROBABLEMAXIMUMFLOODHYDROGRAPHSDEVILCANYONWITHWATANA........................................"./OUTFLOW.................................................................................................~..~\.o40,00080,000120POO160POO200.000240POO,§~~c~,~,c,,,~--ALASKADISTRICT,CORPSOFENGINEERSANCHORAGE,ALASKADECEM8ER1975APPENDIXPLATEA-15 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NDECJANFEBMARAPRMAYJlJN£JUlLYAUGSEPTOCTNOVDE'ANFEBMARAPR'MAYJUNIIUl.'-ISEPTOCTNOVDECJANrEBMAR,APRII._lIEP1OC'INOVDECJANt!S619571959CI'8I/IILLooo..0...24DAY7DAYIIDAYIllAY54.0001,000CFSSPILL'"7990051eoo3,300crsSPILL",l,eoOCI'8SPILL11l.9OC538001,000,\)h)II'.JJ\-----/II/.W=,VV5I/A33~I».M\~-_.--'fileM"III1\1\2J\1Vl,...;;;_.--~\IHilII~I,..-Jk:V'l....~V25"'-~/I\fJW\/\I\II"1'\"'.J\I-I-MAYJUNEJULYAUG~OCTr:DECJOCTNOVDECJANFEBMARAPRMAYJUNEJULYAUGSEPTOCTNOVDECJANFE8MARAPRMAYJUNEJULYAUGSEPTOCTNOVDECJANFEBMARAPRMAYJUNEIJlY,AUGSEPTOCTNOVDECJANFEBMARAPRJANFEBMARAPRMAYl.l,Y-BEPI96l1962196319641965AHCIIOIIAGE,ALAIl<ADECEM8ER1mSOUTHCENTRALRAILHLTAREA,ALASKAINTERIMREPORTNO,IUPPERSUSITNARIVERBASINSUSITNARIVERATGOLDCREEKDALYFESTIMATEDDAILYSPILLRATEFORDEVILCANYONANDWATANA(22lOd)SYSTEMALASKADISTRICT,COfftIOF'ENGINlII:RIo40305o~30DAY7DAY13,000CFSSPILL584005,000CFSSPILL50,00071!0001,\,IJ,-51\/115I~~MIII~/\I5V'~1"1111M2p11AW\w·I20IVVyVIV\.\I~/'Ah5\I1'/\I,~;Iv1\Io \III\/\.r-..If'\.~5f-''\-........---/OCTNOVDECJANFEBMARAPRMAYJUNEJULy.AUGSEPTOCTNOVDECJANFEBMARAPRMAYJlJN£JULYAUGSEPOCTNOVDECJANFEBMARAPRYJUNEYAUGSEPOCTNOVDECJANMAYJUNELYAUGISEPT19661967IlI6B~3O~2~2«IWa:::I-en~~FILENO.2-SOU-92-04-01APPENDIXIPLATEk2 PROJECTDESCRIPTIONANDCOSTESTIMATESPLANOFIMPROVEMENTSELECTEDPLANLOCATIONANDDESCRIPTIONTheselectedplanconsistsofatwo-damdevelopmentontheupperSusitnaRiverinthesouthcentralpartofAlaska(seePlateB-1).Thedarns,inthesequenceiiiwhichtheywillbeconstructed,are:WatanaProject:TheprojectconsistsofanearthfilldamwithsaddlesJ.:dTlwayth-a:T-dischargesintoadjacentTsusenaCreek(seePlateB-5).Theproject'sundergroundpowerhousehasacapacityofthree264-MWgeneratingunitstotaling792-MW.Thedarnsiteisatrivermile165,about45.5milesupstreamofGoldCreek,theclosestpointontheAlaskaRai1road.Dey_tL_C_a_n.t~rl_£.t'gje~t:Theprojectconsistsofaconcretethin-archdamwithaspillwaythroughtheleftabutment(seePlateB-12).Theproj-ect'sundergroundpowerhousehasacapacityoffour194-MWunitstotaling776-MW.Thedamsiteisatrivermile134,about14.5milesupstreamofGoldCreek.TheDevilCanyonreservoirwillextendtowithin2milesofWatanaDarn.FEATURESOFTHESELECTEDPLANThissectiondescribesindetailthefeaturesoftheWatanaandDevilCanyonprojects.WatanaFeatures:MainDarn:Themaindamconsistsofanearthfillstructure810feethighh-a·vTri~jacrestlengthof3,450feetatelevation2,210feet,m.s.l.Themaximumsection,shownonPlateB-6,hasanupstreamsideslopeof1verticalon2.5horizontalandadownstreamsideslopeof1verticalon2horizontal.Aconcretegravitydamwasconsidered;however,estimates(foralowerdamheight)indicateddamandspillwaycostswerenearlydoublethoseforacomparablegravelfilldamandspillway.Processingofaggregateandcementcostswereamajorreasonforthelargedifferenceincosts.Fortheearthfilldam,adesignearthquakeof8.5Richtermagnitudeorequivalentisbeingusedinstabilityanalysis,asdiscussedinSectionDofthisappendix.AppendixIB-1 SpI1J.w,ay:Twodifferentspi11wayswerestudiedindetailfortheWatanadamsite,onearightbankspillwayandtheotherasaddlespillway.Althoughtherightbankspillwaywasfoundtobemoreeconomical,becauseofotherconsiderationsincludingtheverylimitedspacebothupstreamanddownstreamontherightabutment,thesaddlespillwaywasselected.Thesaddlespillway's1,650-footconvergingentrancechannelslopestowardthereservoirpool.asshownonPlate8-8.Thecrestisalowageetypewithanelevationof2,162feet,m.s.l.Thespillwayiscontrolledwiththree59-footx42-foottaintergates.AnaccessroadtothespillwayandsaddleareaisshownonPlate8-5.Thechanneldownstreamofthecrestiscon~retelinedforaminimumdistanceof150feetandthentransitionstosoundnaturalrock.Thechanneldivergesto600feetwideapproximately930feetdownstreamandcontinuesatthatwidthforabout2,350feetwhereitdischargesintoTsusenaCreek,approximately2.6milesupstreamfromitsmouth.Thechanneldaylightsataboutelevation2,090feet,m.s.1.,andcascadesdowntheremaining410feettothecreekatelevation1,680feet,m.s.l.Routingofthedesignfloodthroughthereservoirresultedinamaximumprojectdesignfloodof192,000cfsatareservoirpoolele-vationof2,205feet,m.s.l.Thespillwaycandischarge165,000cfsandtheremainderwillpassthroughthehigh-leveloutletworks.ThespillwayandoutletworksratingcurvesareshownonPlate8-5.OutletWorks:Theoutletworksconsistoftwoseparateintakesandconduffs':Eh-e-'hlgh-levelintakeatelevation1,925,andthelow-levelintakeatelevation1,725.ThecontrollingcriteriafortheseintakesareER1110-2-50(theemergencydrawdownrequirement),andthemaximumsafeheadforservicegatesof250feet.AlthoughtheERrequiresevacu-ationof90percentofthereservoirvolumeinfourmonths,amoreextendeddrawdowntimeofeightmonthsisproposedforthefollowingreasons:1.Thelargesectionalwidthofthedam,oncethewaterdropsbelowthespillwaycrest,providesaninherentlysaferstructurethanaconcretedamofthesameheight.2.Thefloodplaindownstreamissparselypopulated.3.Thecostdifferentialbetweenoutletsnecessarytoprovideafour-monthdrawdownandaneight-monthdrawdownisexcessive,beingintheorderof$50million.\AppendixB-2 Asingleoutletlevelwasnotchosenbecausethegateswouldhavetooperateunderamaximumheadof480feetandforaprotracted250-plusdayperiod.UndertheproposeddeviationfromtheERrequirements,thereservoirisdrawndowntoelevation1,775,evacuating90percentofitsvolume,in275days.DrawdowntimeisplottedagainstreservoirelevationonGraphB-2.Ratingcurvesfortheoutletswith100-percentgateopeningsareshownonPlateB-5.Eachoutletworksconsistsoftwo10x14emergencyslidegatesandtwo10x14controllingtaintergates,a25-foot,circular,steepconduit,anda30-foot,horseshoe,flatconduit.Theflatslopeconduitsarethedownstreamportionsofthediversiontunnels.Profilesoftheoutlet~orksareshownonPlateB-7.DetailsoftheintakeareshownonPlateB-9.Qiversion~~~tur2sandOperation:Diversionoftheriverflowthroughtwo3,700and4,000-foot-longby30-foot,straight-legged,horseshoetunnelswilldewaterthedamsiteandtailraceportals.Gravelfillcofferdamsabout100feethighprotecttheareaagainstallfloodsuptothe20-yeardesignflood,72,000cfs.Thecofferdamsareincorporatedinthemaindamembankment.Eachtunnelinletiscontrolledbytwol2.5-footby22-footrollergates.Sequencesofconstructionandoperationareasfollows:1.Sheetpilecofferdamsisolatetheupstreamanddownstreamportals.Inletandoutletstructuresareconstructed,tunnelsaredrivenandlined.SeePlateB-9fordetails.2.AftercompletionofdiversiontunnelNo.1,theriverisdivertedintoit.Thiswilltakeplaceinthefallassoonasriverdischargeislowenough.ThedownstreamportionofdiversiontunnelNo.1willeventuallybecomepartofthehigh-leveloutletworks.ThedownstreamportionofdiversiontunnelNo.2willbecomepartofthelow-leveloutletworks.Uponriverclosure,constructionofthecoffer-damscommences.3.ConstructionofdiversiontunnelNo.2cancontinueuntilspringoftheyearfollowingriverclosure.However,bothtunnelsmustbereadyforthehighsummerflowsthatyear.Thecofferdamsmustalsobeatorneartheirdesignelevationatthistime.Constructionoftheinclinedshaftofthelow-leveloutletworkscancontinueindiversion.tunnelNo.2duringthewinter.4.Oncethelow-leveloutletworksarecomplete,allriverflowcanbeshiftedtodiversiontunnelNo.2(inthewinterseasononly),andtheinclinedshaftforthehigh-leveloutletworkscanbecompleted.AppendixIB-3 5.Inthefalloftheyearbefore'poolfillingcorrmences,riverflowisroutedthroughtunnelNo.2.ThefillingvalveandpartialplugarethenconstructedintunnelNo.1(seePlate8-9).Poolisfilledbyclosingandpern~nentlypluggingtunnelNO.2.MinimumriverflowsaremaintainedthroughfillvalveintunnelNo.1,andriverrisestolow-leveloutlet.Bythistime,plug-intunnelNo.2isinplaceandflowisallowedthroughlow-leveloutletandstoppedthroughfillvalve.ThepartialplugatthefillvalveintunnelNo.1iscompletedandthereservoircontinuestorisetopowerintakes.Thesystemisdesignedtomaintainminimumsummerandwinterreleasesof5,000cfsand1,000cfs,respectively.POyJ€!pJil!1_t:TheWatanapow~rplantislocatedinanundergroundchamberintheleftabutment.Installationwillconsistofthree264-MWgeneratingunitsbeingturnedbythree362,000-horsepowerFrancisturbines.Thepowerhousechambercontainsthegeneratorsandturbines,two600-toncranes,amachineshop,andallothernecessaryequipment,asshownonPlatesB-10andB-ll.Thethree-phasetransformersandcircuitbreakersarehousedinaseparatecavernupstreamofthemainpowerhousechamber,asshowninprofileonPlateB-ll.Vehicleaccesstothepowerplantisprovidedbyaserviceroad1.9mileslong,andincludesa2,lOO-foottunnel,asshownonPlateB-5.Acostcomparisonbetweenanabovegroundandanundergroundpower-plantattheWatanadamsiteshowedthattheundergroundplantislessexpensive.Otherfactors,suchasseverewinterweatherconditions,shortconstructionseasons,higherabovegroundmaintenancecosts,andlackofgoodabove-groundsitelocations,alsofavortheundergroundplantselection.Pe_n_sJg..<:_k5_.e:t_r1_cL_~~terw~~_:ApenstackandwaterwayprofileisshownonPlateB-8.Thepenstockentrancesarebell-mouthopeningsthattransitionintol8-footand25-foot-diameterconduitspriortoleavingtheintakestructure.Intheselectiveintakesystem,thepenstockcenterlinesareplacedintheintakestructureatelevation1,910feet,"1.5.1.•anddesignedtoselectwateratthedesiredelevation,whichwillhelplIIeetdownstreamwaterqualityrequh'ements.Therearemanyadvantagestohavingaselectivewithdrawalcapabilityanditisespeciallyimportantinprojectswithhighheads.Thepenstocksdropfromtheintakestructuretoelevation1,460feetpriortopassingthroughbonnetted,wheel-mountedgatesinstalledinthegatechambersjustupstreamofthepowerhouse.Surgechambersanddrafttubebulkheadwellsareplacedinaconmoncaverndownstreamofthepowerplant.Thethreedrafttubesjointoforma60-foothorseshoedrafttubewhichreturnsthewatertothenaturalriverchannel.ModelStudies:Modelstudieswillinclude:ageneralmodeloftheoutflo~Jfr-cinl"fhe-diversiontunnels,thedrafttubes,andtheoutletworks,andtheinflowtotheselectivewithdrawaltower;detailedmodelsoftheoutletworksintake,tunnel,stillingbasin,anddownstreamchannel;anddetailedmodeloftheplugandfillvalve.AppendixIB-4 ?~iJ~_~ardandTransmissionSystem:TheWatanaswitchyardislocatedontheleftbankoftheSusitnaRiverjustdownstreamofthedam,asshownonPlateB-5.Theswitchyardcoversanareaapproximately700feetby500feet,atelevation2,100feet,m.s.l.Thehigh-voltagecablespass throughanaccessshafttotheswitchyardabove.Thetransmissionsysteminvolvesapproximately30milesoflinetotietheWatanaswitchyardintothemainsystemattheDevilCanyonswitchyard.The30-mile230-kvsystemwouldconsistoftwosingle-circuitlines.LandsandReservoirClearing:SomelandswithintheWatanareser-voirarea-werewithdrawnforpowerpurposesinFebruary1958.However,accessroads,transmisrioncorridors,andsomeotherprojectfeatureswerenotincludedinthewithdrawal.Therearenoexistingroads,railroads,orotherimprovementsaffectedbythereservoirimpoundment.ThepowersitewithdrawalforWatanadamsite,ineffect,includesalllandsbelowthe1,910-footcontourelevation.Theadditionallandsrequiredcompriseanestimated35,000acres.Watanareservoir,shownonPlateB-1,hasasurfaceareaof43,000acresatnormalfullpoolelevationof2,200feet.Thenormalminimumpoollevelwouldbeatelevation1,950,whilethemaximumelevationproducedbytheinflowdesignfloodwouldbe2,205feet.Thereservoirwouldextendabout54milesupstreamtoapointapproximatelyfourmilesbelowtheconfluenceoftheTyoneRiverwiththeSusitna.Regulationsrequirethatthereservoirarea,betweenminimumandmaximumpoolelevations,plusaverticaldistanceforsafetyreasons,beclearedintotal.Therefore,itisplannedthatallfloatableandotherdebriswhichmightcreatepublicandwildlifehealthhazards,operationalhazards,andnavigationalhazardsberemoved.AccessRoad:AccesstotheDevilCanyondamsitefromtheParksHighway--woulCllnvolve27milesofnewroad.Severalrouteswerecon-sidered.Theselectedrouteisthemosteconomical.Thisroute,asshownonPlateB-1,beginsatHighway3nearChulitnaStationandwindssouthandeastalongtherailroaduntilitmeetstheSusitnaRiver.TheroadcrossestheSusitnaona650-footbridgeandparallelstheriveronthesouthbankforseveralmiles.Then,climbsoutoftheSusitnaRivercanyon,theroadtakesaneasterlydirectiontotheDevilCanyondamsite.TheaccessroadtotheWatanadamsitefromtheDevilCanyondamsiteinvolvesanadditional37milesofnewroad.Theselectedsouthernroute,asshownonPlateB-1,wasfoundtobethemosteconomical.TheroutenorthoftheSusitnaRiverinvolvedseveralmajorbridges.Inthesouthernroute,onlyonemajorbridge,a500-footstructurecrossingthereservoirwheretheDevilCanyonpoolbacksupintoCheechakoCreek,isrequired.Theaccessroadthenclimbstoitshighestpass(elevation3,075feetm.s.l.)asitwindssoutheastandtheneast.TheroadpassesbythenorthernendofStephanLake,continuesacrossFogCreek,windsnortharoundtheFogLakesarea,andendsattheWatanadamsite.AppendixIB-5 The24-foot-wideroad,usingAmericanAssociationofStateHighwayOfficials(AASHO)standards.isdesignedfora30-mile-per-hourspeed.with275-footminimumcurveradiusandmaximumgradesof8percent.TheAlaskaRailroadsidingatGoldCreekmaybeenlargedforarailheadandtransferpointfortruckingofheavymaterialsbyaccessroadtotheprojectsite.AsmallplanerunwayisplannedfortheWatanadamsite.Buil_d_LnJLsy__§!oun_ci~_andUti1ities:Thetemporaryconstructioncamp,whichisplannedtobelocatedatthedamsite,consistsoftrailersandmultidwellingunits.FacilitiesusedduringconstructionoftheWatanaprojectmayberelocatedandusedduringconstructionoftheDevilCanyonproject.Operationandmaintenancefacilitiesatthedamsiteincludeawarehouse,avehiclestoragebuilding,andpermanentlivingquarters.ThevisitorfacilitiesatWatanaaretobelocatedneartheleftabutmentofthedamandincludeasmallvisitorcenterbuilding.Theplannedvisitorcenterprovidesinterpretivefacilitiesandrestrooms.Thebuilding,parkinglot,andwalksaretobedesignedandlandscapedtoblendharmoniouslyintothesurroundingarea.Parkingspacesforvisitorsandadministrativepersonnelprovidefor30vehicles,10withtrailers,duringthefour-monthrecreationalseason,15Maythrough30S(>ptember.TheparkingfacilitiescouldalsoservetheWatanaCreektrailsystemwhichbeginsontherightabutmentattheWatanaDam.Fivepicnicunitsarelocatedwithinthisarea.OperatingfacilitiesatWatanareservoirarelocatedapproximately2to3milesupstreamfromthedamsiteonthesouthshoreofthereservoir.Thefacilitiesincludeapavedboatrampapproximately65feetwidethatservesareservoirdrawdownofabout50feet.Therampalsohasaone-1ane,()rave1-surfacedextensionthatcanbeusedforreservoirmainten-ancepurposeswhendrawdownisinexcessof50feet.Relatedfacilitiesincludeparkingfacilitiesfor28vehicles,20withtrailers,and2vaulttoilets.Thefacilitiesaretobedesignedandlandscapedtoblendharmoniouslyintothenaturalsurroundings.Per!~l:l!~e_llt_Op_~Tati-"-.9_.l9-~ment:ThepermanentoperatingequipmentfortheWatanaprojectconsistsofapproximately5piecesofheavyequipment(e.g.0-8dozer,lowboy,mobilecrane)about9piecesoflighterequipment(e.g.pickups,sedans,smallflatbeds),andapprox-illkltely4piecesofothermaintenanceandemergencyequipment(e.g.snowtractors,firetruck).Project-ownedoperationandmaintenancetools,suchasshop,warehousing,andconwunicationsequipmentareincludedinthisfeature.Watermanagementactivitiesrequiretheinstallationofadataacquisi-tionsystem(withitsassociatedpermanentoperatingequipment)toobtaindataonrainfall,snowpack,andriverandreservoirstages,waterqualityparametersandreservoiricethickness.ThemajorpartofthissystemisrequiredatanearlydatetoprovidecapabilityforfloodAppendixB-6 forecastingduringconstructionandforthefillingandoperationofWatanareservoir.DevilCanyonFeatures:MainDarn:Themaindam,asdesignedbytheUnitedStatesBureauofReclamationTUSBR),consistsofthreeintegralsections:(1)a635-foot-highconcrete,doublecurvature,thin-archrightabutmentsectionwithacrestlengthof1,370feet;(2)a110-foot-highconcretethrustblockcentersectionwithacrestlengthof155feet;and(3)a200-foot-highcurvedearthorgravelfillleftabutmentsectionwitha950-footcrestlength.Thecrestelevationis1,455feet,m.s.1,.atthethin-archsection,andtransitionsto1,461feet,m.s.l.attheearthfillsection.Topographiccond~tionsnecessitatetheleftabutmentthrustblock.Thefoundationrockispredominantlyfine-grainedclasticorphyllitecapableofwithstandingthehighloadsimposedbythethin-archdamdesignandaccompanyingreservoir.Apatternofshearsthatstrikecross-riveranddipnearlyverticallyrequiresremedialtreatmentwheretheyareassociatedwiththefoundationofthedam;however,theamountoftreatmentinvolvedisslightandisnotasignificantcostfactor.Asuitableborrowsourceforcoarseandfineaggregatesexistsinafandeposit(intheCheechakoCreekarea)upstreamfromthedamaxisontheleftbankoftheSusitnaRiver.Foundationgroutingistobeprovidedalongtheentirelengthofallthreesectionsofthedam.Acompletestabilityanalysisofthearchdamforearthquakedesignwasmade.TheMaximumCredibleEarthquake(MCE)usedintheanalysishadamagnitudeof8.5ontheRichterScaleat40milesfromthedamandafocaldepthof20miles.TocompensateforaboveaveragetensilestressesproducedbytheMCEintheupperthirdofthecentralportionofthedam,asystemofhighstrengthsteelstrandsisincor-poratedintheupstreamfaceofthedam.Amoredetaileddiscussionoffoundations,borrowsourceareas,andseismologycanbefoundinSectionD.5~ilJwal:Theservicespillwayislocatedontheleftabutmenthighgroundbetweenthearchdamthrustblockandtheearthfillauxiliarydam,andisintendedtooperatewheneverreservoiroutflowisneededinexcessofthepowerplantdischarge.Acentralspillwayandplungepoolwereanalyzedbutnotselected,principallybecauseoftheplungepool'sproximitytothedamandtheverygreatdepthstowhichthistypeofroolcanerode.Secondarily,nitrogensupersaturationproblemsaremuchgreaterwiththistypeofoverflow.SpillwaydesignfloodforDevilCanyonDam,withtheWatanaprojectcompleted,is222,000cfs.Thespillwayisdesignedtopassthisflowatareservoirelevationof1,452.5feet,m.s.1.Theageecrestisatelevation1,395.Two64-foot-wideby50-foot-highradialgatescontrolflowandprovidestoragetomaximumpoolelevation.ElevationandsectionsareshownonPlateB-13.AppendixIB-7 Thechuteterminatesatelevation1,110inaflipbucketwithasuperelevatedfloorwhichdeflectsthewaterintoatrajectoryparallelwithanddirectlyabovetheriver.AspillwayratingcurvewithbothgatesopenisshownonPlate8-12.Low-LevelOutletWorks:Fourll-footby7-l/2-footgatedsluice-waysatelevation1,075inthedamprovideemergencydrawdowncapabilitytoelevation1.150inaccordancewiththecriterionestablishedbyER1110-2-50,dated22August1975,whichstasthat90percentofthereservoirvolumemustbeevacuatedwithinafour-monthperiodduringthehighinflowseason.Additionalcriteriaarethattheoutletsshouldbeatorabovethe100-yearsedimentationlevelandthatoperationheadsonservicegatescannotbeover25Jfeet,exceptthatifthegatesareusedonlyinspecialoremergencysituations,350feetcanbeused.Inflowduringthefour-monthdrawdownperiodiscomputedat18,550cfs(averageoffourhighmonthsasperER).Evenassumingfourunitsdischarqingatmaximumcapacityduringdrawdownwiththereservoiratthespillwaycrest,thisplantoutflowisonly18,000cfs.Therefore.additionaldrawdowncapacitymustcomefromthelow-leveloutlets.Anoperatingheadof350feetmeasuredbelowthespillwaycrestelevation(1,395)wouldindicateaminimumelevationof1,045foroutlet;however,thiselevationiswellbelowtheminimumconsistentwiththesedimentationcriteria.(Thefoursluicewayswithaminimumdischargeof21,000cfsunder75feetofheadwereselected.)Asacompromisebetweenaheadconsistentwithflowsgreatenoughtoachieverapiddrawdownandthesedimentationcriterion,with1,075astheoutletelevationandopeningthesluicegateswith350feetofhead,thereservoircanbedrawndowntoelevation1,150in25days.Thespillwayandfourunitsinthepowerhousealsodischargeduringthefirstpartofthedrawdownperiod.SeeGraphB-1forthedrawdowncurve.AratingcurvefortheoutletworksisshownonPlateB-12.Eachsluicehasanemergencygate,aservicegate,andfacilitiesforinjectingairaroundtheperipheryoftheflow.A300liponthedownstreamendofthesluiceprojectsthewaterwellawayfromthetoeofthedam.Becauseoftheinfrequentuseoftheoutlet,noplungepoolisprovided.DetailsofthesluicewaysareshownonPlateB-13.DiversionStructure:Construction.oftheWatanaprojectfirstpro-vides"-flowregulationandsubstantiallyreducesthediversioneffortatDevilCanyon.A26-foot.lined,horseshoediversiontunnelwillbedriven1,150feetthroughtheleftabutment.Acellularcofferdamwillbeconstructeddownstreamofthediversiontunnelentrancetodewaterthedamsite.Thedamwillbehighenoughtoallowaheadof50feetonthetunnelentranceinvert,enablingthetunneltopasstheoutputofthreeunitsfromtheWatanaplant,about20,000cfs,underpressureow.Upto15,000cfs,thetunnelflowisopenchannel.Two12-1/2-by22-footintakegateswillregulateflowduringdiversion.Acellularcofferdam,toberemoveduponcompletionoftheproject,willalsobeconstructeddownstreamfromthedrafttubeoutlets.AppendixIB-8 Agatedbypassopeningconstructedeitherintegrallywiththeintakestructureorinoneofthegatesprovidesminimumdownstreamflowsduringinitialreservoirfillingonly.Apermanentconcretetunnelplugisconstructedimmediatelyafterclosureofthebypassvalve.Powerplan!:TheDevilCanyonpowerplantislocatedinanunder-groundchamberintherightabutment.Four194-MWgeneratingunitswith266,000-horsepowerFrancistypeturbinesareinstalled.Thepowerplantchamberhousesthegeneratorsandturbines,two425-toncranes,serviceareas,andamachineshopforequipmentmaintenanceandrepair.Thethree-phasetransformersandcircuitbreakersarehousedinaseparatlcavernupstreamofthemainpowerhousechamber,asshowninplanonPlate8-14.Drafttubegateslotsareprovidedinthepowerplantchambertominimizepumpingfordrafttubeunwatering.Personnelaccessisprovidedthroughadividedtunnelfromthedam.Theotherportionofthedividedtunnelwillcarrythehigh-voltagecablesfromthepowerplanttothedam.Thehigh-voltagecablespassthroughthedamviaagalleryandthentothe345-kvswitchyardlocatedonthe1eftabutment.Vehicleaccesstothepowerplantisprovidedbyaserviceroadacrossthetopofthedamandanall-weatherroadontherightbankoftheriver.Theroadis2.3mileslongandincludes2,100feetoftunnel(seePlate8-12).PenstocksandWaterways:Penstocksaretwo24-foot-diametersteelconduitsthroughblocks10and11ofthedam.Twoinclined,semi-circular,metaltrashracks,locatedontheupstreamfaceofthedam,preventdebrisfromenteringthepenstocks.Guidesthatextendfromthecrestofthedamtothebottomoftheintakesareprovidedtoallowforinstallationofstoplogsandsubsequentinspectionoftheselectivegateintakesystem.Intakeopeningsareat50-footintervalsbeginningatelevation1,100andendingatelevation1,400.Theselectivewithdrawalcapabilitywillhelpmeetdownstreamwaterqualityrequirementsfordissolvedoxygenandtemperature.Downstreamfromthedam,thesteelconduitsareinstalledintunnels.Thetwo24-footpenstocksbifurcateintofour18-foot-diameterpenstocksjustbeforetheyenterthepower-plant.Emergencygateregulationforallpenstocksisprovidedbybonnetted,wheel-mountedgatesinstalledinagatechamberimmediatelyupstreamfromthepowerplant.Accessfromthegatechambertothepowerplantisprovidedbyatunnelsufficientlylargetotransportawheel-mountedgatetothemachineshopofthepowerplant.Theindi-vidualdrafttubesfromthefourunitsjointoformtwolargedischargetunnelstotheriver(seePlate8-12).ModelStudies:AnticipatedhydraulicmodelsfortheDevilCanyonprojectare:(1)ageneralmodelshowingspillwayflow,outflowintotheriverchannelfromthediversiontunnels,thelow-leveloutlets,andthepowerplantandinflowintotheselectivewithdrawalsystem;(2)adetailmodelofthelow-leveloutletworks.AppendixI8-9 Switchya!9andTrans~issionSystem:TheDevilCanyonswitchyardislocatea·o·ntheTefflinKoftheriverimmediatelydownstreamoftheearthfi11sectionofdam.Theswitchyardandtransmissionvoltageis345kv.Theswitchyardandpowerhouseisconnectedbyhighvoltagecableswhichpassthroughasystemofaditsandgalleries.ThetransmissionlinefromtheswitchyardtotheAnchorageareaconsistsofa345-kvsystemwithtwosinglecircuitl36-milelinesusing954ACSRconductors.ThetransmissionlinetotheFairbanksareaconsistsofa230-kvsystemwithtwosinglereuit198-milelinesutilizing1272ACSRconductors.ThetransmissionsystemsandtheirrelatedcorridorsarediscussedinSectionH.La.nd.?__a.n.9.l<eservoi!-.-SJearing:Therearenotroads,railroads,orotherfacilitiesaffectedbythereservoirimpoundment.TheDevilCanyonDampowersitewithdrawal,ineffect,includesalllandsbelowthe1,500-footcontourelevation.Theadditionallandsrequired(byER405-2-150)compriseanestimated1,840acres.DevilCanyonreservoirwouldhaveasurfaceareaof7,550acresatnormalfullpoolelevationof1,4~)Ofeet.Thenormalminimumpoollevelwouldbeatelevation1,275whiletheelevationproducedbyroutingtheinflowdesignfloodthroughthereservoirwouldbe1,452.5feet.ThereservoirwouldextendaboutmilesupstreamtoapointneartheWatanadamsite.Thereservoiran'a,confinedwithintheSusitnaRivercanyon,wouldberelativelynarrow.ASshownonPlateB-1.ThereservoirareabetweennllnlmUmandmaximumpoolelevationsplustheverticaldistancerequiredbysafetyregulationswouldbeclearedintotal.Also,allfloatableandotherdebristhatmaycreatepublicandwildlifehealthhazards,operationalhazards,ornavigationalhazardsaretoberemoved.Achievingapleasantgeneralappearanceisaplanningobjectiveinfinalreservoirclearing.BuiJ.d.Ln.g_~.,__Gr_o_l!..n_ds,andUtilities:Tentativesiteshavebeenselectedforconstructionofcontractors'andgovernmentcamps,aswellaspermanenthousingforoperatingpersonnel.Thetemporaryconstruc-tioncamps.locatedatthedamsite,consistoftrailersandmulti-dwellingunits.Permanenthousingaretobecompletedforutilizationbyconstructionpersonnelpriortooccupancybytheoperatingpersonnel.Operationandmaintenancefacilitiesarelocatedontheleftabutment,andincludewarehousing,vehiclestorage.andpermanentlivingquarters.ThevisitorfacilitiesatDevilCanyonaretobelocatedneartheleftabutmentofthedam.Theplannedfacilitiesincludeavisitorcenterbuildingwithadministrationspace,interpretivefacilities,andrec,troollls.Thebuildingistobedesignedandlandscapedtoblendharmoniouslyintothesurroundingarea,aswillthewalksandparkingfacilities.Parkingspacesforvisitorsandadministrativepersonnelprovidefor40vehicles,15withtrailers.Thevisitorfacilitieswillprobablyoperateforafour-monthperiod,15Maythrough15September.AppendixB-10 TheparkingareacouldalsoservethedownstreamterminusoftheDevilCanyontrailsystem.Sixpicnicunitsarelocatedwithinthisarea.TheoperatingfacilitiesatDevilCanyonreservoirincludeapavedboatrampwithafloatingdocktoservea10-footreservoirdrawdown.Theboatramphasagravelsurfacedone-laneserviceextensionthatcouldbeusedforreservoirmaintenancepurposesifdrawdowneverexceeds10feet.Theboatramplocationisbetween1and3milesupstreamfromthedamonthesouthshoreofthereservoir.Relatedfacilitiesincludeparkingfacilitiesfor40vehicles,30withtrailers,and2vaulttoilets.Thefacilitiesaretobedesignedandlandscapedtoblendharmoniouslyintothesurroundingarea.PermanentOpel~atingr::guipment:ThepermanentoperatingequipmentfortheDevilCanyonprojectconsistsofapproximately2piecesofheavyequipment,4piecesoflighterequipment,and2piecesofothermainten-anceandemergencyequipment.WiththemaintransmissiontielocatedatDevilCanyonalllinetrucks,operationandmaintenancetoolsandequip-mentassociatedwiththetransmissionlinearestationedatDevilCanyonorattwosmalllinestationsnearTalkeetnaandHealy.ThedataacquisitionsystematDevilCanyonconsistsprimarilyofreservoirandtailwatergages,andinstrumentationtomeasurereservoirwatertemperatureatselectedreservoirelevations.Facilitiesformeasure-mentofotherwaterqualityparameterswithinthereservoiranddownstreamoftheprojectareprovided.ALTERNATIVEHEIGHTSCONSIDEREDFORTHESELECTEDDAMSMaximizationstudiesoftheselectedplanuseddesignandcostestimatesforoneDevilCanyonreservoirpoolelevation(1,450feet)andfourWatanareservoirpoolelevations(1,905,2,050,2,200,and2,250feet).ThefollowingtabulationgivesestimatedprojectcostsfortheselectedplanusingvariousWatanaDamheights.ThereducedDevilCanyoncostinPlans3and4isduetotheconstructionsequence.Plans1and2werebasedonconstructingDevilCanyonfirstwhileareversesequencewasmostdesirableforPlans3and4.WithWatanaconstructedfirst,certainDevilCanyoncostseithertransferredtotheWatanatotalordecreased.Costsin$1,000,000PlanDevi1CanyonWatanaTotall.Devi1Canyon-LowWatana(1905)714.0420.01,134.°2.Devi1Canyon-Mid-Watana(2050)714.0628.01,342.03.Devi1Canyon-HighWatana(2200)432.01,088.01,520.04.DevilCanyon-HighWatana(2250)432.01,153.01,585.0Q~~j_L~pyo~Dam:TheDevilCanyonDamheightislimitedtoamaximumelevationof1,455becauseoftopographicrestraintsattheleftabutment.AppendixIB-11 ThereservoirstoragecapacityatDevilCanyonisrelativelysmallduetothenarrow,steep-walledcanyon.Decreasingthedam1sheightwoulddecrease thepowergeneratingcapabilitybecauseofreducedhead.Forthesereasons,theonlynormalpoolelevationconsideredforDevilCanyonwaselevation1,450feet,m.s.l.RefertoTablesB-2andB-6forsummaryanddetailedcostestimates,respectively.WatanaDam:TheWatanaDamwasestimatedforthefollowingfournormalp-o-oT-e-oCev-a-tions:(1)LowWatana(1,905feetelevation);(2)Mid-heightWatana(2,050feetelevation);(3)High(2,200feetelevation)and(4)HighWatana(2250feetelevation).TheHighWatanaDam(2200feet)ispartoftheselectedplanandhasalreadybeendiscussedindetail.RefertoTablesB-1andB-5forsummaryanddetailedcostestimates,respectively.ThesitelocationforallfourWatanastructuresisthesame,SusitnaRivermile165,asshownonPlateB-5.LowWatanaconsistsofa5l5-foot(structural)highearthfil1damwith1verticaland2.5horizontalupstream,and1verticaland2hori-zontaldownstreamsideslopes.Thedamwouldhaveanapproximatecrestlengthof1,650feetatelevation1,915feet,m.s.l.Thespillwaywouldpassthroughtherightabutmentandcascadedownachute,droppingmorethan400feetbeforereturningtothenaturalriverchanneldown-streamofthedam.Thelowogeecrestwouldatelevation1,870feet,m.s.l.•haveacrestlengthof260feet,andsupportfour57-footx42-foottaintergates.Theintakestructurewouldbeplacedupstreamontheleftsidewithabridgetoconnectthestructuretotheleftbankaccessroad.Theintakestructurewouldhousethepenstockentrancesandthe"irassociatedtransitionsections,inadditiontocontainingthenecessaryelevator,machineryshaft,valveroom,andotherincorporatedmiscellaneousfeatures.ThediversiontunnelswouldbeplacedintherightbankoftheSusitnaRiver.Themethodusedincofferdamming,diverting,andunwateringfortheestimated3,000-foottunnelswouldbeasexplainedinthediscussionofHighWatana.Thepowerplantwouldbeundergroundwithanestimatedinstalledcapacityof420-MW.ThelocationofthepowerhousechamberwouldbesimilartothatofHighWatana's.TheoverallcostofthepowerplantforLowWatanaDamwereobtainedfromamethodpresentedinFederalPowerCommission(FPC)publication,1968.HydroelectricPowerEvaluationllsinggrossheadandinstalledcapacityoftheproposedpowerplanttoobtainacost-per-kilowattvaluethatwasthenequatedtopresentAlaskanconstructioncosts.Thisguidewasappliedtoallprojectsinthestudy.ItwascheckedagainsttheDevilCanyonandHighWatanapower-plantcoststhatwereestimatedindetailusingcomputedquantities.Thecomparisonshowedthatthetwovaluesforeachpowerplantagreedwithinfivepercent,theFPCestimatingmethodbeingfractionallyhigherforbothDevilCanyonandHighWatana.TheswitchyardandtransmissionsystemissimilarforalithreeWatanaprojects.Appendix8-12 AmajorportionofthelandswithinthelowWatanareservoirareawaswithdrawnforpowersitepurposes;however,additionalacreswouldberequired(asperER405-2-150).LowWatanareservoirwouldhaveasurfaceareaof14,000acresatnormalfullpoolelevationof1,905feet.Thenormalminimumpoollevelwouldbeatelevation1,650,whilethemaximumelevationproducedbytheinflowdesignfloodwouldbe1,910feet.Thepoolwouldextendabout40milesupstreamtoapointneartheVeedamsite.Thereservoirarea,confinedwithintherivercanyon,wouldberelativelynarrow,asshownonPlateB-3.Thereservoirareawouldbecleared,asrequiredbyregulation.Theaccessroadisequiva~lentinscopeandcosttothatofHighWatana,asarethebuildings,grounds,andnecessaryutilities.AsummarycostestimateforLowWatanaislistedonTableB-7.Mid-Watanadamconsistsofa660-foot-highearthfi1lstructurewithupstreamsideslopesof1verticaland2.5horizontal,anddownstreamsideslopesof1verticaland2horizontal.Thedamwouldhaveanapproximatecrestlengthof2,600feetatelevation2,060feet,m.s.l.Mid-Watanawouldutilizetherightbanksaddleforitsspillwaylocation,asdoesHighWatana.Theogeecrestwouldbeatelevation2,005feet,m.s.l.,haveacrestlengthof210feet,andsupportthree59-footby42-foottaintergates.TheoveralldimensionswouldbesimilartoHighWatana'sspillwayexceptthattheapproachchannelwouldbelongerasisthetotallengthdownstreamofthecrest.TheintakestructurelocationwouldbesimilartotheotherWatanaprojects.Thediversionwouldbebytwo30-foot-diameterhorseshoetunnels,3,800feetinlength,placedintherightbankoftheSusitnaRiver.TheMid-Watanapowerplantwouldbeundergroundalso,withanesti-matedinstalledcapacityofjustunder500-MW.Itslocationwouldbeinachamberontheleftabutmentcenteredapproximatelyunderthedamaxis.TheFPCcostestimatingmethod,explainedearlier,wasappliedtoobtainoverallpowerplantscosts.AlargeportionofthelandswithinMid-Watanareservoirarecoveredbythepowersitewithdrawal;however,additionalacreswouldberequiredtomeetacquisitionregulations.Mid-Watanareservoirwouldhaveasurfaceareaof25,500acresatnormalfullpoolelevationof2,050feet.ThenornBlminimumpoollevelwouldbeatelevation1,720,whilethemaximumelevationproducedbytheinflowdesignfloodwouldbe2,055feet.Thepoolwouldextendabout50milesupstreamtotheconfluenceoftheOshetnaRiverwiththeSusitnaRiver.Thereservoirareatobecleared,asperregulation,wouldberelativelynarrow,asshownonPlateB-2.Theaccessroad,buildings,grounds,andnecessaryutilitiesareequivalentinallthreeWatanaprojects.AsummarycostestimateforMid-WatanaDamisgiveninTableB-7.HighWatanaDam(2250feet)consistsofan860-foot-highearthfillstructurethatraisesthedamtoitstopographiclimit.ThisheightwasestimatedforseopingpurposesanditwasfoundthatwhilethisAppendixIB-13 50footincrease(from2200-footheight)providedminimumpowerbenefitsitcreatedlargeincreasesinconstructioncosts.Damembankmentquantitiesincreasedsignificantlyinthemaindamalone.Also,theadded50feetrequiresamajorsaddledamanditsassociatedseepagecontrolmeasuresintheareofthesaddlespillway.Therefore,withlargecon-structioncostsoffsettingminorbenefitsgainedthisheightWatanaDam(2250feet)wasnofurtherconsidered.AppendixIB-14 ALTERNATIVESYSTEMSSTUDIEDPROJECTSUSEDINSYSTEMSSTUDIEDThreeotherprojectsthatwereconsideredinthealternativesystemsbeingstudiedwereVee,Denali,andHighD.C.Dams.Sum~arycostesti-matesareincludedforVee(attwoheights),Denali,andHighD.C.(SusitnaI)DamsonTable8-7.DIFFERENTSYSTEMSCON~IDEREDThissectiondiscussestotalprojectcostsforsingle-dam,two-dam,three-dam,andfour-damsystemsthatwereconsideredandlatercomparedwiththeirrespectivebenefitsinthepowerstudiesandeconomicssectionofthisreport.Single-DamConcept:Thefivedamsconsideredassingleprojectsarelistedbelow,withtheirtotalprojectcostsinmillionsofdollars.Project(NormalFullPoolElevation)1.DevilCanyon(1450)2.HighD.C.(1750)3.LowWatana(1905)4.Mid-Watana(2050)5.HighWatana(2200)Cost714.01,266.0688.0877.01,088.0Two-DamSystems:Thefourcombinationsstudiedastwo-damsystemsaretabulatedbelow,withtheirtotalsystemcostsinmillionsofdollars.~'ystemI.DevilCanyon(1450)-Denali(2535)2.DevilCanyon(l450)-LowWatana(1905)3.DevilCanyon(1450)-Mid-Watana(2050)4.DevilCanyon(1450)-HighWatana(2200)Cost1,054.01,100.01,309.01,520.0Three-DamSystems:Thefivecombinationsusedasthree-damsystemsarelistedbelow,withtheirtotalsystemcostsinmillionsofdollars.System1.DevilCanyon(1450)-LowWatana(1905)-Denali(2535)2.DevilCanyon(1450)-Mid-Watana(2050)-Denali(2535)3.DevilCanyon(1450)-HighWatana(2200)-Denali(2535)4.DevilCanyon(1450)-LowWatana(1905)-Vee(2300)5.DevilCanyon(1450)-LowWatana(1905)-Vee(2350)Cost1,440.01,649.01,860.01,577.01,627.0AppendixI8-15 ~~uI~DamSystems:Thethreecombinationsstudiedasfour-damsystemsaretabulatedbelow,withtheirrespectivetotalsystemcostsinmillionsofdollars.~~_telll_1.D.C.(1450)-LowWatana(1905)-Vee(2300)-Denali(2535)2.D.C.(1450)-LowWatana(1905)-Vee(2350)-Denali(2535)3.HighD.C.(1750)-01son(1020)-Vee(2300)-Denali(2535)AppendixIB-16Cost1,917.01,967.02,463.0 CONSTRUCTIONSCHEDULECONSTRUCTIONSEASONTheoutdoorconstructionseasonatDevilCanyonandWatanadamsitesisaboutsixmonthsandcouldbeextendedbycarefulscheduling~planning~andtheuseoftemporary,heatedenclosureswhereconstructionsitua-tionswouldpermit.Reservoirclearingoperationswouldbeconductedduringthewinter.Undergroundworkwouldproceedonayearroundbasis.PRECONSTRUCTIONPLANNINGFORTHESELECTEDPLANAperiodofaboutfouryearswouldberequiredforpreconstructionplanningfortheselectedplan.Theworkscheduledinthisperiodincludesaneconomicreanalysis,detailedenvironmentalsurveys,mapping,explorationsandfoundationinvestigations,apioneerroadtotheWatanadamsite,andacquisitionofhydraulicdatafortheDevilCanyonandWatanaprojects.CONSTRUCTIONSCHEDULEFORTHESELECTEDPLANGeneral:Theconstructionperiodfortheselectedplanis10years,6years--forWatanaDamandpowerplant,and5yearsforDevilCanyonDamandpowerplant.Constructionperiodfortransmissionfacilitiesis3years.Overlappingconstructionwillberequiredtocompletetheselectedplanandtomeetpower-on-lineschedules.Thefollowingpara-graphsdescribethesequenceofconstructionfortheselectedplan'sprojects.AgraphicalscheduleisshownonGraphB-3.AccessRoads:ThecompletionoftheaccessroadtoHighwayNo.3andthe-upgradll1gofthepioneerroadtotheWatanadamsiteistobecon-structedduringthefirsttwoplusyearstoallowheavyconstructionequipmentintotheprojectarea.ThisroadalsoprovidesaccesstotheDevilCanyondamsite.DiversionPlans:ConstructionofthediversionworksforWatanaistostart-,n-1fhewinterofthefirstyearandthewinterseasonofthefifthyearforDevilCanyonDam.Thediversionworksforeachprojectistobecompletedintwoyears.MainDams:Siteclearingandfoundationpreparationstartsinthethirdyear-withmaterialplacementscheduledfromthefourthintothesixthyearofconstructionforWatanaDam.ThediversiontunnelistobeclosedinJuneofthesixthyear,andWatanareservoirfilledtoitsnormalfullpoolelevationbyOctobertosupplypower-on-linethebeginningoftheseventhyear.AppendixIB-17 ClearingandfoundationpreparationforDevilCanyonDamistostartintheseventhyearwithmaterialplacementbeginningintheeighthyearandcontinuingintothetenthyearofconstruction.ThediversiontunnelistobeclosedinJuneofthetenthyearandDevilCanyonreservoiristofillbyOctoberofthetenthyear.Powerhouses:Constructionofundergroundpowerhousesisconcurrentwithffie--liialn-crainsofbothprojects,andexcavationandinstallationofmechanicalandelectricalequipmentcontinuesyearround.ThreegeneratingunitsaretobeinstalledintheWatanapowerplantandfourgeneratingunitsintheDevilCanyonpowerplant.Power-on-line(POL)forWatanaisscheduledfor1986andDevilCanyonPOLis1990.AppendixB-18 COSTESTIMATESTheprojectcostsaresummarizedinTablesB-1throughB-4andinTableB-7foreightindividualmajorprojectsstudiedinthisinterimfeasibilityreport.TableB-5isthedetailedcostestimateforWatanaDam,reservoir,andpowerplant.Table8-6isthedetailedcostestimateforDevilCanyonDam,reservoir,andpowerplant.AllestimatesarebasedonJanuary1975pricelevels.Thecontingencyusedforallproj-ectsstudiedwas20percent.ThecostsforengineeringanddesignandsupervisionandadministrationareconsistentwiththeChiefofEngineers'(OCE)curves,publishedinEC1110-2-144.TheprimarycostdatawereobtainedfrombidpricesonrecentmajorpowerprojectsinthePacificnorthwestandadjustedtoreflectcurrentpricelevels,Alaskalaborcosts,andtransporcationcostsformaterialandequipmenttothesites.TheestimatesfortransmissionfacilitieswerepreparedbyAlaskaPowerAdministration(APA)andarediscussedinSectionHofthisappendix.Thetotalestimatedconstructioncostfortheselectedplanis$1,520,000,000.AppendixIB-19 TableB-1AppendixIB-20 SUMMARYCOSTESTIMATE'-"JANUARY1975PRICELEVELDEVILCANYONDAMANDRESERVOIR1450FEETNORMALPOOLELEVATION(SECOND-ADDED)FEATUREACCOUNTCOSTNO.ITEM{$1,000)01LANDS1,44403RESERVOIRS3,45604DAr~S219,543MainDam140,971Spi11way19,792PowerIntakes42,136Auxi1iaryDam3,897ConstructionFacilities12,74707POWERPLANT147,977Powerhouse42,702TurbinesandGenerators57,808AccessoryElectricalandPowerplantEquipment10,475Tailrace13,921Switchyard19,518ConstructionFacilities3,55308ROADSANDBRIDGES8,52814RECREATIONALFACILITIES51219BUILDINGS,GROUNDS,ANDUTILITIES2,51920PERMANENTOPERATINGEQUIPMENT1,80030ENGINEERINGANDDESIGN26,96231SUPERVISIONANDADMINISTRATION19,259TOTALPROJECTCOST432,000TableB-2AppendixIB-21 SUMMARYCOSTESTIMATEJANUARY1975PRICELEVELWATANADAMANDRESERVOIR2200FEETNORMALPOOLELEVATION(SECOND-ADDED)FEATUREACCOUNTCOSTNO.ITEM($1,000)01LANDSANDDAMAGES16,39203RESERVOIR9,18004DAMS479,775MainDam194,172Spillway57,665OutletWorks44,544PowerIntake123,298ConstructionFacilities60,09607POWERPLANT232,305Powerhouse67,229TurbinesandGenerators50,649AccessoryElectricalandPowerplantEquipment11,121Tailrace47,287Switchyard15,717TransmissionFacilities12,667ConstructionFacilities27,63508ROADSANDBRIDGES26,13714RECREATIONALFACILITIES3919BUILDINGS,GROUNDS,ANDUTILITIES3,56520PERMANENTOPERATINGEQUIPMENT1,80030ENGINEERINGANDDESIGN30,14231SUPERVISIONANDADMINISTRATION37,665TOTALPROJECTCOST837,000TableB-3AppendixIB-22 SUMMARYCOSTESTIMATEJANUARY1975PRICELEVELDEVILCANYONDAMANDRESERVOIR1450FEETNORMALPOOLELEVATION(FIRST-ADDED)FEATUREACCOUNTCOSTNO.ITEM{$l,OOO)01LANDS1,44403RESERVOIRS3,45604DA~1S236,728MainDam140,971Spi11way19,792PowerIntakes42,136AuxiliaryDam3,897ConstructionFacilities29,93207POWERPLANT359,700Powerhouse42,702TurbinesandGenerators57,808AccessoryElectricalandPowerplantEquipment10,475Tailrace13,921Switchyard19,518TransmissionFacilities206,933ConstructionFacilities8,34308ROADSANDBRIDGES31,26614RECREATIONALFACILITIES51219BUILDINGS,GROUNDS,ANDUTILITIES2,51920PERMANENTOPERATINGEQUIPMENT1,80030ENGINEERINGANDDESIGN44,64831SUPERVISIONANDADMINISTRATION31,927TOTALPROJECTCOST714,000TableB-4AppendixIB-23 DETAILEDCOSTESTIMATEWATANADAMANDRESERVOIRELEVATION2200JANUARY1975PRICELEVEL(FIRST-ADDED)CostAccountUnitTotalNumberDescriptionorItemUnitQuantCostCost($)($1,000)01LANDSANDDN-fAGESR('servoirPublicdomainAC18,600323.00(6.008)PrivatelandAC30,000317.009,510SiteandotherAC1,080500.00540AccessroadAC780615.00480TransmissionfacilitiesPublicdomainAC4,400300.00(1,320)PrivatelandAC3,795620.002.352RecreationAC90500.0045Subtotal20,255Contingencies20%4,051Governmentadministrativecosts880TOTALLANDSANDDAMAGES(25,186)Constructioncost16,392Economiccost(8,794)03RESERVOIRClearingAC5,1001,500.007,650Contingencies20%1,530TOTAL,RESERVOIR9,180QL,DAMS04.IMAINDAHMobilizationandpreparatoryworkLS23.000ClearingAC8601,500.001,290FoundationpreparationSY105,00010.001,050ExcavationFoundationCY1,800,0003.506,300BorrowandquarryareasLS3,000EmbankmentGravelfillCY39,200.0001.6564,680SandfilterCY1,100,0008.008,800SecondfilterCY1,000,0004.004,000ImperviouscoreCY9,250,0003.7534,688RiprapCY280,00010.002,800SelectdrainCY1,800,0004.007,200'-..,/TableB-5AppendixIB-24 TABLEB-5--DETAILEDCOSTESTI1'1ATE--ContinuedWATANADAMANDRESERVOIRCostAccountNumberDescriptionorItemDAMSMAINDAM(Cont'd)DrillingandgroutingDrainagesystemRightabutmentseepagecontrolSubtotalContingencies20%TOTAL,MAINDAMUnitLFLSLSQuant145,000UnitCost($)18.75TotalCost($1,000)2,7192832,000161,81032,362194,17204.'204.3SPILLWAYClearingandstrippingFoundationpreparationExcavationConcreteMassStructuralCementReinforcingsteelAnchorbarsDrillingandgroutingDrainagesystemTaintergates(3),completeStoplogs(1set)ElectricalandmechanicalworkSubtotalConti~gencies20%TOTAL,SPILLWAYOUTLETWORKSIntakestructureExcavationrockFoundationpreparationConcreteMassStructuralCementReinforcingsteelAC150CY8,500CY10,530,000CY97,000CY15,100Cwt240,000Lbs1,510,000Lbs37,000LF6,200LS1.SLSLSCY41,000SY8,000'CY20,400CY18,500Cwt82,000Lbs3,055,0001,500.0016.003.0050.00325.004.00.601.2521.5015.0010.0050.00325.004.00.6022513631,5901+,8504,908960906461332503,25030050048,0549,61157,665615801,0206,0133281,833AppendixI8-25 TABLEB-5-DETAILEDCOSTESTll1ATE--ContinuedWATANADAMANDRESERVOIRJCostAccountUnitTotalNumberDescriptionorItemUnitQuantCostCost($)($1,000)04DAMS04.3OUTLETWORKS(Cont'd)ElectricalandmechanicalworkLS100GatebonnetsEA4133,000.00532GateframesEA4130,000.00520Gates(slide)EA4285,000.001,140TrashracksEA496,000.00384TaintergatesEA4395,000.001,580ExcavationTunnelsCY95,300125.0011,913ConcreteCY21,700300.006,510CementCwt100,0004.00400ReinforcingsteelLbs4,790,000.602,874ElevatorLS1200StairsLS1100Steelsets&laggingLbs349,0001.00349RockboltsEA3,700170.00629Subtotal37,120Contingencies20%7,424TOTAL,OUTLETWORKS44,54404.4POWERINTAKEWORKSIntakestructureExcavationCY222,00015.003,330FoundationpreparationSY3,70010.0037MassconcreteCY39,50050.001,975StructuralconcreteCY69,200325.0022,490CementCwt376,0004.001,504ResteelLbs4,839,000.602,904Emb.metalLbs35,0003.00105TrashrackLS12,000StairsLS175ElevatorL81200BulkheadgatesL811,500StoplogsLS11,500ElectricalandmechanicalworkLS11,600TruckcraneLS1225BridgeL812,500TrashboomLS1300TunnelexcavationCY79,000125.009,875-........-/AppendixIB-26 TABLEB-5--DETAILEDCOSTESTlMATE--ContinuedWATANADAMANDRESERVOIRCostAccountNumberDescriptionorItemUnitQuantUnitCost($)TotalCost($1,000)DAHSPOWERINTAKEWORKSConcreteCementResteelSteellinerBonnettedgatesElectricalandmechanicalworkSubtotalContingencies20%(Cont'd)CYCwtLbsLbsLSLS16,65084,0003,745,00021,000,000300.004.00.602.004,9953362,24742,000900150102,74820,5500707.1TOTALpm'fERINTAKEI-lORKSTOTALDAMSPOiVERPLANTPOWERHOUSEHobilizationandpreparatoryworkExcavation,rockConcreteCementReinforcingsteelArchitecturalfeaturesElevator.!'1echanicalandelectricalworkStructuralsteelMiscellaneousmetalworkDrafttubebulkheadgatesRockboltsSteelsetsSubtotalContingencies20%TOTAL,POWERHOUSELS1CY?02,000CY57,600Cwt261,000Lbs5,228,000LSLSLSLbs1,250,000Lbs150,000LSEA563Lbs102,000110.00325.004.00.601.503.00170.001.00123,298419,6793,50022,22018,7201,0443,1371,0002003,3001,8754503809610256,02411,20567,229AppendixIB-27 TABLEB-5--DETAILEDCOSTESTH1ATE--ContinuedWATANADAMANDRESERVOIRC08tAccountNumber070'7.2DescriptionorItemPOWERPLANT(Cont'd)T~RBINESA~IDGENERATORSTurbinesGovernorsGeneratorsSubtotalContingencies20%UnitLSLSLSQuantUnitCost($)TotalCost($1,000)20,60876520,83442,2078,44207.'307.4TOTAL,TURBINESANDGENERATORSACCESSORYELECTRICALEQUIPMENTAccessoryElectricalEquipmentLSContingencies20%TOTAL,ACCESSORYELECTRICALEQUIPMENTHISCELLANEOUSPOioJERPLANTEQUIPMENTHisce1laneousPtwerplantEquipmentLSContingenciesTOTAL,HISCELLANEOUSPOWERPLANTEQUIPHENT50,6494,0658134,8785,2021,0416,243SubtotalContingencies20%07.:>TAILRACEExcavation,tailracetunnelCYConcrete,tailracetunnelliningCYCementCwtReinforcingsteelLbsRockboltsEASteelsetsLbs07.6TOTAL,TAILRACESWITCHYARDTransformersInsulatedcablesLSLS223,00021,000104,0005,202,0003,4001,115,000125.0027,875300.006,3004.00416.603,122170.005781.001,11539,4067,18147,2875,8261,030AppendixIB-28 TABLEB-5--DETAILEDCOSTESTe·1ATE---ContinuedWATANADAMANDRESERVOIRCostAccountNumberDescriptionorItemUnitQuantUnitCost($)TotalCost($1,000)0707.6POWERPLAm'SWITClIYA1W(Cont'd)SwitchyardLS6,241SubtotalContingencies20%13,0972,620TOTAL,SvJJTCHYARD15,71707.8TRANSMISSIONFACILITIESTrans~issionFacilitiesContingencies20%LS183,00036,flOOTOTAL,TRANSIIISSIONFACILITIES219,600TOTAL,POWERPLANT411,603OSROADSANDBRIDGES1,500.002036.201,3022.001,77030.008112.002,59210,noO3,0001,500.002936.202,2322.002,48830.0011412.003,6483,7001,5855,0961,51580AppendixI8-29135210,000885,0002,700216,00011AC195CY360,000CY1,244,000CY3,800CY304,000L81.81L811.811.8127milesCanyon)ACCYCYCY(crushed)CY1.SLSmilesPermanentAccessRoad-(HighwayNo.3toDevilClearingExcavationEmbankmentRiprapRoadsurfacingBridgesCulvertsandguardrailPermanentAccessRoad-37(DevilCanyontoVlatana)Cll',uingExcavationEmhankr.lentRiprapRoadsurfacing(crushed)BridgesCulvertsandguardrailPermanenton-siteroadsPowerplantaccesstunnelPowerplantaccessroadDamcrestroad TABLEB-5--DETAILEDCOSTESTIHATE--ContinuedWATANADAMANDRESERVOIRCORtAccountNumberDescriptionorItemUnitQuantUnitCost($)TotalCost($1,000)08ROADSANDBRIDGES(Cont'd)SpillwayaccessroadLSSwitchyardaccessroadLSRoadtooperatingfacilityLSPowerintakestructureaccessroadLSSubtotalContingencies20%TOTAL,ROADSANDBRIDGES111138020020025040,7298,14648,87514RECREATIONFACILITIESSiteDCampunits(tentcamp)VaulttoiletsSubtotalContingencies15%TotalSiteDSiteETrailsystemContingencies15%TotalSiteEEAEAMI102121,800.002,000.001,000.00184223251221419TOTAL,RECREATIONFACILITIESBUILDINGS,GROUNDS,ANDUTILITIESLivingquartersandO&MfacilitiesLSVisitorfacilitiesVisitorbuildingLSParkingareaSFBoatrampLSVaulttoiletsEARunwayfacilityLSSubtotalContingencies20%12,000213.002,000.00391,6311003620041,0002,971594TOTAL,BUILDINGS,GROUNDS,ANDUTILITIESAppendixIB-303,565 TABLEn-5--DETAILEDCOSTESTIMATE--ContinuedWATANADAtiANDRESERVOIRCostAccountNumberDescriptionorItemUnitQuantUnitCost($)TotalCost($1,000)20PERNANENTOPERATINGEQUIPMENTOperatingEquipmentandFacilitiesLSContingencies20%TOTAL,PER~1f\NENTOPERATINGEQUIPHENT11,5003001,80050CONSTRUCTIONFACILITIES1HversjontunnelsExc<1vationCY281,000115.0032,315ConcreteCY48,750275.0013,407CementCwt244,0004.00976ResteelLbs11,544,000.606,927SteelsetsandlaggingLbs1,404,nOO1.001,404RockboltsEA7,800170.001,326Diversionoutlet\vorksExcavationCY14,00015.00210ConcreteCY7,500325.002,438CementCwt30,0004.00120Restee1Lbs1,500,000.60900AnchorsLS1500DiversioninletworksExcavationCY43,00015.00645ConcreteCY16,500325.005,363CementCwt58,000Lf•00232ResteelLbs2,475,000.601,485GateframesandgatesLS1861DiversiontunnelplugLS13,000Careof\v<1terLS11,000Subtotal73,109Contingencies20%l!-t,622TOTAL,CONSTRUCTIONFACILITIES87,731TOTALCONSTRUCTIONCOST998,86430ENGINEERINGANDDESIGN39,6383JSUPERVISIONANDADMINISTRATION49,498TOTALPROJECTCOST1,088,000WATANADAMANDRESERVOIRELEVATION2200(First-Added) DETAILEDCOSTESTIHATEDEVILCANYONDAMANDRESERVOIR,ELEVATION1450JANUARY1975PRICELEVEL(SECOND-ADDED)Co:,;!I\ccounlNumberDescriptionorItemUnitQuantUnitCost($)TotalCost($1,000)SubtotalContingencies20%(;ovcrnmentadministrativecostaILI\NDSI\NDDAHAGESReservoirPubIIcdomainPrivatelandSiteandotherHccreation'1'0'1'1\1.,LI\NDSI\NDDM1AGESConstructioncostEconomiccost03KESERVOIHClearingContingencies20%'1'01'1\1.,RESERVOIRACAtACAC!l.C8,3508502507401,920300.00(2,505)300.00255600.00150600.004403,350670430(4,450)1,4440,006)1,500.002,8805763,45601,DM1SOIl.1MAINDI\NMobilizationandprep<JratoryworkLS24.300PreventionofwaterpollutionLS500ScalingofcanyonwallsCY21,00075.001,575ExcavationExploratorytunnelsCY3,500190.00665DamCY327,00015.004,905FoundationtreatmentCY3,00060.00180Dri11inglineholesforrockexcavationLF34,0004.60156Dr!11ingandgroutingLF64,00022.001,408DrainageholesLF29,57015.30452ConcreteDamCY994,00050.0049,700ThrustblockCY25,60060.001,536FoundationtreatmentCY3,000125.00375Table8-6AppendixI8-32 TABLEB-6--DETAILEDCOSTESTIMATE--ContinuedDEVILCANYONDAMANDRESERVOIRCostAccount:-JumberDescriptionorItemUnitQuantUnitCost($)TotalCost($1,000)O/~()/~.]DAMS~~INDAM(Cont'd)Foundation,massStructuralCoolingconcreteContractionjuintandcoolingsystemgroutingCementPozzo1anReinforcingsteelGatesCY15,250CY10,240i.SLSCwt3,779,000Cwt922,000Lbs1,200,00050.00325.004.003.00.607633,3282,0001,13515,1162,766720Slidegates,frames,guides,andoperatorsEAMiscellaneousHighstrengthsteelstrandsLbsl~rthquakeanchoragesLSGantrycraneLSGantrycranerailsLbsElevatorsLSStairwaysLbsInstrumentationLSRockboltsLFChain-linkfenceLFElectricalandmechanicalworkLSMiscellaneousmetalworkLSSubtotalContingencies20%TOTAL,MAINDAM4290,00039,000105,50050,0001,535170,000345,000.002.001.005.2010.7015.003.001,38058050038539280549115535231,000510117,47623,495140,97104.2SPILLWAYExcavation,allclassesFoundationpreparationllri11ingandgroutingAnchorbarsDrainagesystemConcreteMassStructuralCementCYSYLFLFLSCYCYCwt239,0007,5208,00048,000137,00012,000152,00015.0010.0025.001.2550.00325.004.003,58575200605001,8503,900608AppendixI8-33 TABLEB-6--DETAILEDCOSTESTIMATE--ContinuedDEVILCANYONDAMANDRESERVOIRCostAccountNumberDescriptionorItemDAMSSPILLWAY(Cont'd)ReinforcingsteelTaintergatesandhoists,completeStoplogs,complete~1iscellaneousElectricalandmechanicalworkSubtotalContingencies20%TOTAL,SPILLWAYUnitQuantLbs1,191,000EA2Set1LSGnitCost($).602,000,000.00TotalCost($1,000)7154,00050050016,4933,29919,792POWERINTAKEWORKSExcavationOpencutCYTnnneisCYConcreteMassCYStructuralandbackfillCYCementCwtReinforcingsteelLbsPenstocksLbsBonnettedgatesandcontrolsEAStoplogs,completeLSTrashra~ksLbsSubtota1Contingencies20%TOTAL,POWERINTAKEWORKSAUXILIARYDAM(EARTHFILL)ExcavationDamfoundationCYFoundationpreparationLSDamembankmentCYDrillingandgroutingLFConcreteCY7,20034,4007,30010,43074,0001,070,0008,175,00051,224,000110,0001760,0008,8005,40015.00125.0055.00325.004.00.602.001,375,000.001.503.502.2546.60120.001084,3004023,39029664216,3506,8759141,83635,1137,02342,136385401,710410648AppendixI8-34 TABLEB-6-.,..DET./\ILEPCO~TE~TIMATE~-ContinuedDEVILCANYONDAMANDRESERVOIRCostACCDuntNumberDescriptionqrIte~UnitQuantUnitCost($)TotalCost($1,000)DAMSAUXILIARYDAM(r;ARTHFILL)Cont'd)Cementewt13,500SubtotalContingencies20%TOTAL,AUXILIARYDAMTOTAL,DAMS4.00543,2476503,897206,79607()7.JPOWERPLANTPOWERHOUSEMobilizationandpreparatorywprkExcavation,rockConcreteCementReinforcingsteelArchitecturalfeaturesElevatorMechanicalandelectricalworkStructuralsteelMiscellaneousmetalworkSubtotalContingencies20%TOTAL,POhlERHOUSELS1CY120,000CY20,000Cwt100,000Lhs4,600,00PLSLSLSLhs1,200,000Lbe150,000110.00325.004.00.601.503.005,00013,2006,5004002,7601,000754,4001,80045035,5857,11742,70207.2TURBINESANDGENERATORSTurbinesLSGovernorsLSGeneratorsLSSubtotalContingencies20%TOTAL,TURBINESANDGENERATORS22,5752,54623,05248,1739,63557,808AppendixIB-35 TABLEB-6--DETAILEDCOSTESTIMATE--ContinuedDEVILCANYONDAMANDRESERVOIRCostAccountNumherDescriptionorItemUnitQuantUnitCost($)TotalCost($1,000)0707.:307.4POWERPLANTACCESSORYELECTRICALEQUIPMENTAccessoryElectricalEquipmentLSContingencies20%TOTAL,ACCESSORYELECTRICALEQUIPMENT1'1lSCELLANEOUSPOWERPLANTEQUIPMENTHiscellaneousPowerplantEquipmentLSContingencies20%TOTAL,MISCELLANEOUSPOWERPALNTEQUIPMENT6,6001,3207,9202,1294262,55507.507.6TAILRACEExcavationtunnelConcreteCementResteelDrafttubebulkheadgatesDrafttubestoplogsSubtotalContingencies20%TOTAL,TAILRACESWfTCHYARDTransformersInsulatedcablesSwitchyardSubtotalContingencies20%TOTAL,SWITCHYARDTOTAL,POWERPLANTCY37,000CY13,800Cwt69,000Lbs3,163,000LS1LS1LSLSLS125.00300.004.00.604,6254,1402761,89837828411,6012,32013,9215,9671,3728,92616,2653,25319,518144,42408ROADSANDBRIDGESOn-sHeroadClearingandearthworkPavingMileMile2.32.3200,000.0072,000.00460166Appen'xIB-36 CostAccountNumber08TABLEB-6--DETAILEDCOSTESTIHATE--ContinuedDEVILCANYONDAMANDRESERVOIRUnitTotalDescriptionorItemUnitQuantCostCost($)($1,000)ROADSANDBRIDGES(Cant'd)CulvertsLF85039.0033Tunne1LF2,1002,975.006,248Roadtooperatingfaei1ityHile2100,000.00200Subtotal7,107Contingencies20%1,421TOTAL,ROADSANDBRIDGES8,528RECREATIONFACILITIESSHeA(Boat:accessonly)Boat:dockEA125,000.0025CampingunitsEA101,800.0018Two-vault:toiletsEA22,000.004Subtotal47Contingencies15%7TotalSiteA54SiteBAccessroadMile0.5100,000.0050OvernightcampsEA502,500.00125ComfortstationsEA235,000.0070PowerLS25,000.0025SewerageLS50,000.0050Subtotal320Contingencies15%48TotalSiteB368SiteCTrailheadpicnicareaaccessroadMilePicnicunitsw/parkingEATrailsystemMileTwo-vau]ttoiletsEASubtotalContingencies15%TotalSiteCTOTAL,RECREATIONFACILITIES0.2100,000.0020122,000.0024301,000.003022,000.004781290512AppendixIB-37 TABLEB-6--DETAILEDCOSTESTIMATE--ContinuedDEVILCANYONDAMANDRESERVOIRCostAccountNumberDescriptionorItemUnitQuantUnitCost($)TotalCost($1,000)19BUILDINGS,GROUNDS,ANDUTILITIESLivingquartersandO&MfacilitiesL8VisitorfacilitiesVisitorbuildingLSParkingareaSFBoatrampLSVAulttoiletsEASubtotalContingencies20%15,00023.002,000.001,7002004515042,09942020TOTAL,BUILDINGS,GROUNDS,ANDUTILITIESPERMANENTOPERATINGEQUIPMENTOperatingEquipmentandFacilitiesLSContingencies20%TOTAL,PERMANENTOPERATINGEQUIPMENT12,5191,5003001,800')0CONSTRUCTIONFACILITIESCofferdamsSheetpileTon1,0241,000.001,024EarthfillCY38,0005.00190DiversionworksTunnelExcavationCY32,000115.003,680ConcreteCY5,750275.001,582CementCwt29,0004.00116ResteelLbs1,323,000.60794SteelsetsLbs157,0001.25197RockboltsEA1,150170.00196DiversionintakestructureRockexcavationCY6,80015.00102StructuralconcreteCY3,800325.001,235CementCwt150,0004.0060Restee1Lbs750,000.60450GatesandframesLS1860DiversionoutletstructureRockexcavationCY6,80015.00102ConcreteCY3,800325.001,235CementCwt15,0004.0060AppendixIB-38 '-TABLEB-6--DETAILEDCOSTESTIMATE--ContinuedDEVILCANYONDAMANDRESERVOIRCostAccountNumber'iODescriptionorItemCONSTRUCTIONFACILITIESResteelAnchorsCareofwaterSubtotalContingencies20%Unit(Cont'd)LbsLSLSQuant750,00011UnitCost($).60TotalCost($1,000)4502501,00013,5832,717TOTAL,CONSTRUCTIONFACILITIESTOTAL,CONSTRUCTIONCOSTENGINEERINGANDDESIGNSUPERVISIONANDADMINISTRATIONTOTALPROJECTCOSTDEVILCANYONDAMANDRESERVOIRELEVATION1450(SECOND-ADDED)16,300385,77926,96219,259432,000AppendixIB-39 ,):::>--1 "OOJ •"0 0-,n:-' :::3 (1)c.. ....OJ X I -....:.- SUMMARY COST ESTIMATES--OTHER PROJECTS STUDIED JANUARY 1975 PRICE LEVEL (Costs in $1,000) PROJECT DENALI VEE VEE HIGH D.C.WATANA WATANA WATANA WATANA FULL POOL ELEV.(Ft.,m.s.1.)2535 2300 2350 1750 1905 1905 2050 2050 CONST.SEQUENCE (Added)(Second)(Second)(Second)(First)(Firs t)(Second)(First)(Second) a' ACCOUNT 'PROJECT .fl. NO.FEATURE 01 LANDS AND DAMAGES 7,000 2,550 3,495 8,400 4,381 4,381 12,050 12,050 02 RELOCATIONS 13,000 03 RESERVOIR 4,800 3,165 5,160 7,650 5,100 5,100 7,920 7,920 04 DAM 237,017 203,170 225,500 574,900 165,058 165,058 287,229 287,229 07 POWERPLANT 143,788 159,600 450,478 313,076 106,143 360,721 153,788 08 ROADS AND BRIDGES 1,500 19,968 20,748 34,511 47,587 24,849 48,231 25,493 14 RECREATIONAL FACILITIES'39 39 39 512 39 39 39 39 19 BUILDINGS,GROUNDS,AND UTILITIES 3,565 3,565 3,565 3,565 3,565 3,565 3,565 3,565 20 PERMANENT OPERATING EQUIPMENT 1,800 1,800 1,800 1,800 1,800 1,800 1,800 1,800 30-31 ENGINEERING AND DESIGN - SUPERVISION AND ADMINISTRATION 36,279 48,855 53.093 104,184 62.638 44,309 79.419 60,090 50 CONSTRUCTION FACILITIES 35,000 50,100 54 000 80,000 64,756 64,756 76,026 76,026 TOTAL PROJECT COST 340.000 477 ,000 527 000 1,266,000 668,000 420,000 877 .000 628,000 (/)~ozw:2:I-ooNoo:!oo10--30N'1tlNOI1'1tl3dO,S>ltlOM.l3Ino131\3MOl...IZWw0::E>-:::>w.......1...1<2:0.SllNni7)...IG>hS'1313tlIN1t1dtl3MOd-,0<2:0::ro0>-WQ..w§:~o~o::wow....0::0(1)SOlw~-5NOI1'1tl3dO00::0::__A'1M11IdSWOIL\IO::ILOZV;QI-~;;hOW)N0...J3=w<t...J0::0zoo~-r~---_.~VzU0::<tZ-<..>wO<96::::!0::W>w(/)hI-~-W--e-------!/---------10"-owo::L/-------1---------~1.0-""~/.~(lS~).L33.:lNINOI.LVI\3133:>'o1.:l~nS~3.LVM~IOl\~3S3~iCrJ',h~-1j\:JD01l,:iXIR-41 r-~----T----~f~WAANAREERVOIREM~RGENCYiDRAWDO'VNRE~ERVOIRPOOLELEVATION"STIMEl~---.-----}"_.---.---._-1\I~,I-'::iIU,-I~g;~\l~IIi<ll5I-knI-W:w~..J~f-._.----~-~.~-I-\..J:::>(!)a.0\..0::..J~vWlJJIX:i:>0lJJba...J::J:,~I~-,.._---------"~_._-._---_.._"II1\It:,I.,....\-::J:en'lSiIt)N\'I-!~W~I..JI-:::>1'\0(!)I!~wI:!.>lJJX..J0I§-~I~-~.~_._~--_._.-+-----_.__..~II'""'ELE\/.1775I'--MIN.FOREMERENCYDRlWDOWN2200...J(J)~..-w~2100zo}--~W._JWlJJ2000oIt0::=>(J)0::/900o>0::W(J)Wa:::1800oGraphR-2AppendixI8-42100TIMEINDAYS200 ~LENDERYR-If.YR__'o1AJJASONDJF°EACQUISITIONIPROJECTCALENDERYR_____AppendixIGraphB-3DESIGNaCONSTRUCTIONSCHEDULESheet1of2B-431539-76 CORPSOFENGINEERSCALENDERYR1~761CALENDERYR1§!7ICALENDERYR1j[l8ICALENDERYRI.~l.~ICALENDER'FISCALVRFISCALVRFISCALVRFISCALYRFISCALVROND'JFMAMJ JASONDrJFMAMJ JASONOJFMAMJ JASONoJJFMAMJ JASONOJFMAMJ JI..R)AncAIUILANDS&IIIII03RESERVOIRCLEARINGIII0lJ..1MAINDAMII0lJ..2SPILLWAYIU'+.;SOUTLET0lJ..lJ.POWERINTAKEIII07.1POWERHuUSEIIII07.2TURBINES&GENERATORS-::;07.3ACC.ELEC.EQUIP.=:.ICnIl110107.lJ.MISCPOWERPLANTEQUIP1'"'"t07.5TAILRACE.I07.6SWITCHYARDI07.8TRANSMISSIONIIDI·u!:sKUAlJ:>&l:SKllJ\it:>IT NI1lJ.Kt.vKt.AI IunrAGI19BLOGS.GNOS.&UTIL.20PERM.OPR.EOUIP.bUcUN:>T.FACILITIESTlNREITudEi2IIttREALESTATEACQUISITIONWATANADAMPROJECTNPAFORM104APR75 U.S.ARMYALENDERYRJ.MlICALENDERYR1988ICALENDERYR.J..aaaICALENDERYR1990ICALENDERYRI~ICALENDERYR...l.illl2...ICALENDERYR1993ICALENDERYRICAL.YR_YRFISCALYRFISCALYRFISCALYRFISCALYRFISCALYRFISCALYRFISCALYRFISCALYRMAMJ JASON01JFMAMJ JASON0'JFMAMJ JASONDJF M A MJ JASONDIJFMAMJ JASON0IJFMA MJ JASOND1JFMA MJ JASONDIJFMAMJ JASONDJF1MAMJ JA 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]Choln-finkfenet£1.1350__Topof/noetH"capacity.£I/275~AirinjectordtYle.~'.:.~."j',,:';SECTION"~>•J,:."Servicegate/I';t7//2"EmerqlfflCygateEI./075tal/water,£1925Lewlev,1W1c'-Utdlfloi!lh;ssht.£1.1075/1.401.WS.£1/"55Topofo~tJ't~conservation/I.r:--[11455copaclty.[fl450,!;~,~_--LPLANSECTIONTHRUPENSTOCK.ANDPOWERPLANTSECTIONLOWLEVELSLUICEDETAIL201002040llwlwd!!!!SCALEOFFEETAXISofdom_1100-/300_/2002-64'xSO'HighTatntergofe'::--...,-'400-c....Crest£1.1395IKlO--//"--II//~////I400300200SPILLWAYSECTIONI700£1./4$5R,R,R,R,RADIUSPTEI,'l$O~95.357'PCCElIlOO///Topofparapet.£1/45'Metaltrcshrocksl-f2H-Bi~~£Info'e,IIIIvr.i-,J--/n/tOOReferenceplane""'-~'>'~-Penstock/fltckestructur~s+-+-+4"''''-LOWltv'"sLicesfib(EJ.1075foremergencydtawdOWt'lorJyUPSTREAMELEVATIONDEVELOPEDALONGAXISorDAM'00,,'''''sellEOFFEET'00,£26'Dio.DiversionI"~INol/o",ole}VCCllstructicnbIocklEfMff}fncycrowdawnpool£1.1150~\---;rl'-----'-.;f--IOriginalgroundsurfaceAssumedlineofexccrationTopofembonkment.£1./46/ThrustblockALASKADISTRICT,CORPSOFENGINEERSANCHORAGE,ALASKADECEMBER1975ELEVATIONANDSECTIONSUPPERSUSITNARIVERBASINDEVILCANYONDAMSOUTHCENTRALRAILBELTAREA,ALASKAINTERIMREPORTNO,I20,VariesScaleinfeetSPILLWAYSECTIONA-A.".~2,5ARCHLAYOUTDATAIo£/.845--"''''--~~,.*---------'''''-''"'---------',.------t'1-\\\--J..--EI.925Diversionpod(Mox)\2-/2.5'Jl:22'Go,es"I200"-"-'.........-//"--"'7:77';'Tl"n---£1./050(.Lowlewd!AictsI,800rooDIVERSIONTUNNELPROFILEI1000I/200FILENO.2-S0U-92-04-01APPENOIX UPPERSUSITNARIVERBASINDEVILCANYONDAMPOWERHOUSESOUTHCENTRALRAILBFLTAREA,ALASKAINTERIMREPORTNO.ITRANSVERSESECTIONTHRU£UNITSNotto.cMPOWERPlANTOATA(ATBESTGATE)GENERATORS:4a194,000KWEACHTURBINE:4a26&,000HPEACHCRITICALHEAD:520FtISCHARGE-6,250CFSEACHI IGENERALPLANSNol10SCaleT"lftsformHandOrcui,Bf~rrC~,EI.907IIII:8a)'.,2GENERALPLANEL.907No''0SCole£I.907~fectl¢llBayAccusTU11",1PLANSANDSECTIONSALASKADISTRICT.CORPSOFENGINEERSANCHORAGE.ALASKADECEMBER1975FILENO.2-S0U-92-04-01APPENDIXPLATE8-14 POWERSTUDIESANDECONOMICSPURPOSEANDSCOPEThissectionservesasthebasisfordeterminingoptimumpowerdevelopmentfortheAnchorageandFairbankspopulationcenterscon-sistentwithStateandNationalobjectivesforfossilfuelconservation,Nationalenergyindependence,andminimumenvironmentalimpact.ThedevelopmentofAlaskannaturalresourcescoupledwithhighpopulationgrowthrateshaveprovidedaStateenergydemandthatisbeingmetalmostexclusivelywithfossilfuel.Thedepletionrateofuseablepetrochemicalsandthesubsequentriseinfuelcostshaveresultedintheincreasedeconomicattractivenessofalternativeelectricalpowergenerationresourceswhichcouldsupplementorreplaceconventionalfuel-firedgenerationplants.Theavailablealternativescanbebrokendownintothreebroadclasses:thosewhichcanbeimplementedbyalteringexistingconsump-tiontrends,specifically,conservationandcontrolledgrowthmeasures;thosewhichentaildevelopingfuelsourcesnotindangerofimmediatedepletion;andthosealternativeswhichentailtheutilizationofrenew-ableresources.Inadditiontoselectingthemosteconomicalandlong-lastingpoweralternative,muchconsiderationisgiventodevelopingtheplanwhichwillresultinminimalenvironmentaldegradation.Therefore,thissectionwillevaluateabroadrangeofenergyresources,andthroughascreeningprocess.selectaplanwhichisnotonlyeconomicallyattrac-tive,butthatwhichprovidestheleastenvironmentalimpactinconsonancewiththeobjectiveofelectricalpowerdevelopment.TheoverallpurposeswouldbetodeveloppowergeneratingresourcestomaintaintheAlaskanstandardoflivingandtoconservefossilfuelsforhigherpriorityusage.ThesectionalsodiscussestheeconomicclimateoftheRailbeltservicearea,pastandestimatedfuturepowerrequirements,powervalues,andcostsofcomparablyfinancedalternatives.Powerbenefits,projectcosts,benefit-to-costratios,andnetbenefits,basedonJanuary1975pricelevels,havebeendevelopedforpracticalalternatives.Environ-mentalconcernsarediscussedindetailintheEnvironmentalAssessment,SectionEofthisappendix.However,portionshavebeenincludedheretohelpweightheimpactofvariousalternatives.MuchofthissectiondealsspecificallywithhydroelectricdevelopmentoftheUpperSusitnaRiverBasin,asthatplanfordevelopmentappearstoprovidethemostattractivesolutiontoelectricalpowergeneration. PHLVIOUSSTUDIESf\.R.e_c.!?nnai~sance~ortonthePotentialDevelopmentofWater1(.e,:>o_u-,"S~~l_~_fheTernJ:..o.-!1oLAlaskawaspublisheabytheBureauofi{eclall1alloninDecember1948.ThisreportpresentedexistingandprojectedAlaskangrowthandidentifiedanumberofpotentialhydro-electricsitesthroughouttheState.Containedinthereportwere72potenti~lsites.ofwhich6arelocatedintheSusitnaRiverbasin.CookInletandTributarieswaspUblishedbytheCorpsofEngineersinl')S'(f,-"TheCh"efoTEn-gineers'reportrevea1edthepassibi1ityofathree-damdevelopmentoftheUpperSusitna.RiverBasinfromwhichanestimated5.7billionkilowatt··hoursfirmannualenergycouldbepro-duced.Theproposeddamsitesareinthelocationssimilartothosestudiedinthisreport.A~tE?J;.0.r_ton£..ote-.!1tiajDevelopmentofWaterResourcesintheSusitna!Uv{'rBaslOoTAlaskawaspublishedbytheBureauofReclamationinJunePF~r.~'-WTfhinthisre'port,thedevelopmentofthetotalSusitnaRiverbasinentailed12damsites.4ofwhichareintheUpperSusitnaRiverBasinatthesiteswhicharecurrentlyknownasDevilCanyon,Watana,Vee.andDenali.Thetotalinstalledcapacityforthe12-damsystemwasestimatedtobe1.249mega\'Iatts.O~~jJ__~an~_J)roj_~~t,Alaska.waspublishedbytheBureauofRecla-filationinMarch1961.Inthisreport,itwasproposedthattheUpperSusitnaRiverBasinbedevelopedbyafour-damsystem,withafirst-',togedevelopmentofDevilCanyonDam.powerplant,reservoir,andtrans-missionsystelThandadamandstorageresarvo.i.ratDenali.Basedonthehydrologicdataavailableatthetimeofthereport,theestimatedenergypotentialofthesystemandfirst-stagedevelopmentwas7.0and?9billionkilowatt-hours.respectively.I,n_'teI_~__~Q!:_t__o_n__y_~eProject,.Alaska,publishedin1964,suggestedthattheVeeDambeconstructedasthesecond-stagedevelopmentwithintheUpperSusitnaHiverBasin,andthatthisdambefollowedbytheWatanaDam.Thiswouldgivefull-basindevelopment\tJiththenormalfila111ll1l11poolofeachreservoirextendingtothetailwaterelevationofthpnextupstreampowerdam.l)ev~ll~-.!1.tQ..'.l...:?_t_Cl!.~_?.Report:.waspublishedinMay1974bytheAlaskaPowerA<lministration.Thisreportupdatedthe1961USBRreportandincludedmodificationstotheDevilCanyonDamandpowerplantandtheDena1iDam.~~_(~~_~2_essmer.Lt.J~.p.S?L~~~pper~usitnaRiverHydroelectricDevelopment.t!).~'.•t.h_~S..!~t.~...2_~J..?_s_~~waspub1ishedinSeptember1974bytheHenryJ.KaiserCompany.whichwasconsideringthedevelopmentofamajorenergy-IntensiveindustrywithintheRailbeltarea.contingentupontheavaila-bilityoflargequantitiesofinexpensiveenergy.Tomeetthisdemand,Appendixc-? Kaisersuggestedafirst-stagl=upperSusitnaRiverdevelopmentconsistingofasinglehighdamfivemilesupstreamfromtheUSSRDevilCanyondamsite,andsubsequentdevelopmenttoincludepowerprojectsbothupanddownstreamfromthehighdam.Althoughthehighdamcouldproduce3.7billionkilowatt-hoursofaverageannualenergy,Kaiserdeterminedthattheprojectedenergyden~ndoftheRailbeltareawouldsoonabsorbtheinitialhydrostageandwouldnotleavesufficientsurpluslowcostenergyforfurtherconsiderationofthealuminumplantdevelopment.STUDYAREATheareathatwouldbenefitfromtheenergyoftheproposeddevelop-mentplanhasbeentermedthe"Railbelt"community,which,forthepurposeofloadgrowth,consistsofportionsofthesouthcentralandYukonregionsofAlaska.ThemaincommunitiesservedwouldbethosecontiguoustotheAlaskaRailroadrouteconnectingtheAnchorage-CookInletareaswiththeinteriorFairbanksarea;and,ifafeasibletrans-missionandmarketingplancouldbedeveloped,servicecouldbeextendedtocommunitiesalongthepipelineroutefromFairbankstoValdez.TheloopcouldbecompletedbyaconnectinglinebetweenGlennallenandPalmer.In1972.theRailbeltutilityloadstotaled80percentofthestatewiderequirementsfortheyearand96percentofthesouthcentralandYukondemand.COORDINATIONWITHOTHERSTATEANDFEDERALAGENCIESThepowerandeconomicstudiesoftheSusitnaprojecthavebeencoordinatedwiththeFederalPowerCommission(FPC)andtheAlaskaPowerAdministration(APA)oftheDepartmentofInterior.AnappraisalofpowerrequirementsfortheStateofAlaska,withprojectionstotheyear2000.waspublishedintheMay1974reportofthejointState-FederalAlaskaPowerSurveyTechnicalAdvisoryCommitteeonEconomicAnalysisandLoadProjections.TheprojectedpowerdemandcontainedinthisreportwasusedbyFPCinthedevelopmentofthepowervaluesandcompar-ablyfinancedalternativecostsfortheeconomicevaluationoftheproject.AnevaluationofpowermarketabilitywithinthestudyareawasprovidedbytheAPA.Thisinformationwasusedforpowerplantsizingandstagedevelopmentofthebasintomeetprojecteddemands.AlsofurnishedbytheAPAwerethedesign,associatedcost,andtentativerouteofthetransmissionsystemthatwouldlinktheprojecttotheRailbeltloadcenters.InformationobtainedfromtheFederalPowerCommissionispresentedinAppendixII.TheAPAreportsonmarketa-bilityofprojectpowerandthetransmissionsystemtoservetheprojectarepresentedasSectionsGandHofthisappendix.FORMULATIONANDEVALUATIONCRITERIANationalEconomicDevelopment(NED)andpreservationandenhance-mentofEnvironmentalQuality(EQ)wereconsideredasequalobjectivesAppendixIC-3 duringtheformulationstudies.ImpactsweremeasuredintermsofcontributionstoRegionalDevelopment(RD)andSocialWell-Being(SWB)taswellasNationalEconomicDevelopmentandEnvironmentalQuality.InaccordancewithPrinciplesandStandardstthedevelopmentoftheEQplanwasimplementedafteritwasdeterminedthatanalternativepowersourcewaseconomicallyjustified.ThecontributionstotheNEDandEQaccountstheoverallbeneflcialandadverseimpactsoftheproposedaction,andthenetgainsoftheRDaccountaremeasuredbytheeffectonregionalincome,employment,population.economicbase.environment.ndsocialdevelopment.ImpactontheSWBaccountismeasuredbytheionaleffectonrealincome.securityoflife.health,andsafetYteducationculturalandrecreationalopportunities.andemergencypre-ness.TechnicalCriteria:Thegeneralguidelineswhichwerefollowedduring<1>la-nl'Ormulationentailthreebasiccriteria:(l)ThatthegrowthineltricalpowerdemandwillbeasprojectedbytheAlaskaPowerAdminis-tion;(2)Thatthepowergenerationdevelopmentfromanysourceorsourceswillsatisfyprojectedneeds;and(3)Thataplanconsideredforopmentmustbetechnicallyfeasible.TheAPAloadprojectionsareonanumberoffactors,oneofwhichispopulationgrowth.Iniranalis,APAutilizedanumberofpopulationprojectionsratherthanngtheOfficeofBusiness/EconomicResearchScience(OBERS)esmaperse.ThiswasdonebecausetheOBERSprojectionstothistimehaveprovenunrepresentativeofobservedAlaskangrowth.AmoredetaileddiscussionoftheenergyprojectionsispresentedinSectionGofthisappendix.Byassumingthatpowerdevelopmentwouldproceedtomeetdemandratherthanexceeddemand,theproposedsystemofdevelopmentwouldrequirestagedevelopmenttoinsurethatexcessiveenergyproductionwouldnotstimulatetheenergydemand.Inshort,developmentwasstagedtomeetthedemandthatcouldhavebeenexpectedhadconventionalenergydev(~1opmentproceededunderexistingratesofgrowth.InherentintheNEDobjectiveisthecriterionthatthealternativesconsibetechnicallyfeasibleunderexistingengineeringcapabilities.Th;criterionisofparticularimportancewhenconsideringsuchalter-nativesasthermal.hydro,solar,andwindpowerresources.Ifthetechnicalilitiesofthealternativesconsideredarenotpresentlyadequatetocomplementorenhancetheexistingintegratedenergysystemofthestudyarea,littlevaluewasgiventothepotentialoftheresourcetomeetloadsintheperiodofthisanalysis(1985-l995).Analysisinthismannerassuredeconomicfeasibilityconsistentwithknowntechnology.N.i1tign~l.EconomicDevelopmentCriteria.:TheeconomiccriterionusedinevaluatingtechnicallyfeasiblealternativeplansissimilartothatuinmostsibilityreportssubmittedforCongressionalreview.!\m<l&>rlrlixI Tangiblebenefitsmustexceedtotalprojecteconomiccosts.andeachseparableunitofworkorpurposemustprovidebenefitsatleastequaltoitscost.Therefore.becausetheselectedplancouldprovideinci-dentalbenefitsinadditiontothoseassociatedwithelectricalpowergeneration,thecostofeachbenefitisallocatedinproportiontoindividualbenefitsappliedagainsttheportionofthetotalcostwhichissharedbyallbenefitcategories.Inanalyzingthebenefitsandcosts.itisimperativethatthetwovaluesbeexpressedincomparablequantitativeeconomicterms.TheannualcostsarebasedonalOO-yearamortizationperiod.aninterestrateof6-1/8percent,andJanuary1975pricelevels.Theannualchargesincludetheamortizedconstructionandinterestcosts.andtheestimatedaverageannualoperations.maintenanceandreplacementcosts.BenefitsrtrebasedonthepresentworthoftheamortizedrevenuethatwouldaccrueovertheIOO-yeareconomiclifeoftheproject.Powerbenefitsrepresentthecostofprovidingthesameenergybyconventionalthermalelectricgeneration.ThecostofalternativethermalgenerationisdeterminedbytheFederalPowerCommission.Finally,thescopeoftheplanisdeterminedbythesystemofdevelopmentwhichistechnicallyfeasibleandwhichgivesmaximumnetbenefits.!.nvit'o.!1mental~alitySriteria:ThefollowingcriteriawereconsideredlillrormulatingtheEnvlronmenta1QualityPlan.a.Conservationofesthetics,naturalvalues.andotherdesirableenvironmentaleffectsorfeaturesareconsideredtobebasicEQplanobjectives.b.Asystematicapproachwasusedtoinsureintegrationofthenaturalandsocialsciencesandenvironmentaldesignartsinplanningandutilization.c.Anoverallsystemassessmentofoperationaleffectswasmade.aswellasconsiderationofthelocalprojectarea.d.Alternativecoursesofactionweredevelopedforanyproposalwhichinvolvedconflictsconcerningusesofavailableresources.e.Allknownenvironmentalimpactsofanyproposedactionwereevaluated,includingeffectswhichcannotbeavoided,alternativestorroposedactions,therelationshipoflocalshort-termusesandof10ng-termproductivity,andadeterminationofanyirreversibleandirre-trievableresourcecommitment.AppendixIC-5 f.Detrimentalenvironmentaleffectswereavoidedtotheextentpossible.butwheretheseareunavoidable,practicablemitigatingtureswereincluded.AppendixC-6 ECONOMICBASEANDAREANEEDSTHESTUDYAREA1/InkeepingwiththedirectiveofCongress,thestudyareaforthisreportencompassestheSouthcentralRailbeltareaofAlaska.ThisareaincludesAlaska1slargestconcentrationofpopulationandeconomicactivity.Becauseofitsgreatsizeanddiversity.thestudyareaisdividedintothreesubregionsforpurposesofdescription.ThesearedenotedastheCookInlet,GulfofAlaskaandTananasubregions.PlateC-1showsthestudyareainrelationtotheStateofAlaska.andPlatesC-2, C-3,andC-4depicttheindividualsubregions.Thefollowingdiscussionofthestudyareaanditseconomyisdesignedtoprovideinformationonwhichtobasejudgmentastowaterresourcedevelopmentneedsandimpactsofanyproposedsolutions.Forthepurposesofthisreport.thepopulationandemploymentprojectionsoftheAlaskaDepart-mentofLaborhavebeenusedinlieuofOBERSprojections.ThiscoursewastakenbecausetheobservedpopulationgrowthwithintheStatehasbeenconsiderablyhigherthanthatestimatedbyOBERS.ThebasisfordeviatingfromOBERSismorethoroughlypresentedhereinandinSectionGofthisappendix.CLIMATECookInletSubregion:AtAnchorage,averageannualprecipitationisT4:7incheswithone-halftotwo-thirdsfallingduringtheperiodJulythroughNovember.ThemeandailyJanuarytemperatureis+12.loFandthemeanJulytemperatureis+58.2oF.RecordlowandhightemperaturesatAnchorageare-380Fand+86oF.Thereareabout125frost-freedaysperyearwiththelastfreezeinthespringoccurringabout11May.andthefirstfallfreezeoccurringabout18September.~ulfofAlaskaSubregion:InlandoftheChugachMountainsisanareacharacterizedbyasemiaridclimatewithrelativelyclearskiesandextremetemperatures.Themeanannualtemperatureisgenerallyabout290F.Thesouthernflankofthesemountainsissomewhatwarmer.Thefirstfreezeinthefalloccursaround14September,andthelastfreezeinthespringusuallyoccursabout24May.givinganannualaverageofabout110frost-freedays.Precipitationvarieswidely,asdemonstratedbyannualaveragesof60inchesatValdez,and80inchesatCordova.with100-300percentmoreprecipitationinthemountainsthaninthelowlands.Earthtremorsarecommon,especiallyalongthesouthernportionofthissubregion.1l'Note:MostoftheinformationinthissectionofthereporthasbeentakenfromResourcesofAlaska,compiledinJuly1974bytheResourcePlanningTeamoftheJointtederal-StateLandUsePlanningCommissionforAlaska.Itisthemostcomprehensiveandup-to-datecompendiumofresourceinformationforthestudyarea.AppendixIC-7 '_d.n_il!l..a.;S:PIegi0f!-:Theaverageannualprecipitationis11.3inchesatfairbanks,andoverone-halfoftheannualprecipitationfallsinthesprinqandsummermonths.AtFairbanks,recordhighandlowtempera-turesareabout990Fand-650F.ThemeandailyJanuarytemperatureisabout-16orandthemeandailyJulytemperatureisabout600F.Fairbanksaverages89frost-freedaysperyear.rOPOGRAPHYANDHYDROLOGYC.oO}.J!IJ.e_'L.Subregion:ThesubregionischaracterizedbyruggedmountainrangessurrounaingacentrallowlandandtheoceanarmofCookInlet.Moderateprecipitation,includingtheannualsnowpackcombinedwithglacialmelt,generallyprovidesaplentifulwatersupply.OnthewestsideofCookInlet,thelargestriversaretheChakachatnaandBeluga.InthenorthofCookInletistheSusitnaRiver,sixthlargestriversyst.eminAlaskawithatotaldrainageareaof19,400squaremiles.Thissystemincludesthemajortributaries:Yentna,Chulitna,Talkeetna,andTyonekRivers.TotheeastoftheSusitnaarethedrainagesoftheMatanuska(7.170squaremiles).Knik.andEagleRivers.TheriversoftheKenaiPeninsulaarerelativelysmall.\'IiththelargestbeingtheKenaiRiverwitha2.000-square-miledrainagearea.Thelowgroundareawithinthesubregionisgenerallyfreeofpermafrost.whilepermanentlyfrozengroundmayexistinthehigherelevations.TheKenaiMountainsandtheAleutianandAlaskaRangescontainglaciers.TheCookInletsubregioncontainsAnchorage,Alaska'slargestcity,aswella5thecommunitiesofKenai,Soldotna,andHomer.ItalsocontainsoneofAlaska'simportantfarmingareasintheMatanuska-Susitnavalleys,withPalmerbeingthehubcity.Thesubregioncontainsthe'"Rai1be1t."extendingfromthedeep-waterportsofSewardandWhittierthroughAnchoragetoFairbanks.AmajorshareoftheState'shighwaysystemisalsohere;however.largeareasremainwithoutroadaccess.G.u.lf.of~.1-:1..s1?Subregiq!!:ThissubregionincludespartsoftheAlaskaRamje.1,.ft'angellandChugach-KenaiMountains,andtheCopperRiverlowland.Massivemountains.risinginaltitudetomorethan16.000feetintheWrangellssupportthelargesticefieldsandglaciersinNorthAmerica.PrincipalwatershedofthesubregionistheCopperRiversystemwitha24,400-square-miledrainagearea.ItdrainsthesouthslopesoflhpAlaskaRange.southandwestslopesoftheWrangellMountains,mostoftileChugachRange.theCopperRiverbasin.andasma11sectionoftheralkeetnaMountains.Thelandsurfaceislargelyroughandmountainous,withanarrowcoastalplainalongtheGulfandbroadlakebasinsintheGulkanaareabetweenthemountainsystems.AppendixC-H Thecoastalportionofthesubregionisgenerallyfreeofpermafrost,whiletheinteriorportionisunderlainbydiscontinuouspermafrost.GlacierscovermostofthehigherpeaksintheWrangellMountainsandnearlyallofthecrestoftheKenai-ChugachMountains,whichseparatethecoastalareafromtheinterior.Mostofthelargercommunitiesinthissubregionareaccessiblebyroad.AnotableexceptionisCordova.WhittierislinkedtoPortagebyrailandtoValdezbyferry.TananaSubregion:Abroadlevel-to-rollingplainoccupiesthecentralandsouthwesternpartofthesubregion,flankedbymountainstothenorthandsouth.TheentiresubregionisdrainedbytheTananaRiveranditstributaries.TheTananasubregionlieswithinthediscontinuouspermafrostzoneoftheState.Glaciersoccuralongmostofthesouthernboundaryofthearea.TheTananasubregionhasoneofthemostdevelopedsurfacetrans-portationsystemsinAlaska.TheAlaskaHighwaybisectsthearea;theTOKCutoffandRichardsonHighwaybothprovideall-weatherroutestoAnchorage,asdoestheParksHighway.WILDLIFE--FISHERIESAlaskaisendowedwithgeographiccharacteristicsthatmakepossibleahighlyproductivefishingregion.Alaska'scoastcoversabroadgeographicalrangeinlatitudeandlongitude,andincludeseverytypeofcoastalsystemfoundintheLower48States,withtheexceptionofthetropicalarea.CoastalAlaska,withanextensiveintertidalandlittoralarea,providestheenvironmentnecessarytosustainitsfisheriespro-duction.Followingisadescriptionofthefisheryresourcesofthestudyareabysubregion.CookInletSubregion:Pinksalmonarethemostabundantanadromousfishintheareawiththegreatestnumbersarrivingtospawnineven-numberedyears.RedsalmonarenextinabundanceandfoundprimarilyintheKenaiandTustumenaLakedrainages.Chumandsilversalmonarefoundinmostofthecoastalstreams,andkingsalmonarepresentinstreamsnorthofAnchorRiverontheeastandBelugaRiveronthewest.DollyVardenarefoundthroughoutthearea;someremaininfreshwater,othersareanadromous.RainbowtroutinhabitsomelakesandstreamsontheKenaiPeninsulaandmostoftheSusitnaRiverdrainage.AppendixIC-9 1iaretistreamsintroducedintointhearea.indigenoustoverinageandf1owingintoCookI•andtheyhavebeensucceshwaterlakes.WhitefishandlaketroutarealsoyiesareintensivelyusedinmanywatersoftheinsoverIfpeopleoftheStaaswellasSportanglersusecars.airplanes.boats.mosrtsofarea.Sportfishavail~11yVa•arccish.afivespeciesonbeachessubregion.amajorityandeasportfishingisavailablethrougtarea.CookInletisconfinedmostlytoKachemakBayandatCreek.southofKenai.Thenumbersofshasportfishermenareunknown.Many1athroughoutrestockedwithsalmon,trout.orgrayling.Sincemuchofthesubregionismountainous.scharacterizedbymanyshort.steepcoas1ratherlargedrainageoftheCopperRiver.Theentiresareaisheavilyglaciated,andmanyofthestreamscarryaloadofglacialsediment.Thereisapaucityoflakesforsuchaarea.PinkrnonssurvivedraiHiverJ~iveY'andchumsalmonutilizetheshortcoastalstreams.Silverandrearinsomewhatlargerstreamswheretheyoungcanatleastoneyear.Redsalmonarefoundprimarilyintcontainalakeorlakes,suchasmanylakesintheCopperKingsalmonspawnintheupperreachesoftheCopperllyVaarepresentthroughoutthecoastalstreamsgraylingareconfinedtotheclearwatersystemsnCopperRiverdrainageandhavebeensuccessfulyCordovaarea.Rainbowtroutarepresentas1asish.andburbot.marinefishandshellfishareherrihalit.tkingcrab,tannerandDungenesscrab.shritscallF\l)loerH]ix10terportfisharethefivespeciesofPacicrainbowtrout,Arcticgrayling,laketrout,andalmonspawninanumbertributariesofthealmansandrearintheChatanilchaKingsalmonspawnandrearinthesame streamsasthesilversalmonplustheGoodpaster,Delta,andChenaRivers.Grayling,whitefish,andnorthernpikearepresentthroughoutthearea.Laketrout,sheefish,andciscoarescatteredinthevariousdrainages.Sportfishingisassistedbytheextensiveroadsystem.TheTananadrainagereceivesthegreatestanglingpressureintheinteriorandarcticareas.Graylingreceivesmorepressurethananyotherspecies.Otherspeciessoughtarelaketrout,sheefish,andwhitefish.WILOlIFE--BIRDSCook.InletSubregion:PrimarywaterfowlhabitatliesintheMatanuska-SusitnaRiverglacialoutwashplainandtheKenailowland.Trumpeterswansarethemostimportantbreedingwaterfowl;geesedonotnestinappreciablenumbers,andducksareinlowernumbersthanininteriorhabitats.Duringmigration,however,someareasbecomehighlyimpactedwithducksandgeese.Asmanyas70,000havebeenestimatedtobeintheSusitnaRiverValleyatonetime.Coastalareassupportmoderatepopulationsofbaldeaglesandperegrinefalcons.Rainy,Broad,andWindyPassesaremigrationroutesforperegrineswhichmovethroughtheSusitnaRiverValley.Goldeneaglesandgyrfalconsoccupythemoreuplandareas.Greathornedowls,greatgreyowls,andrough-leggedhawksaresomeofthecharacteristicraptorsofthespruce-birchforestofthemorenorthernareas.Otherraptorsknowntobreedinthissubregionincludegoshawks,sharp-shinnedhawks,red-tailedhawks,Harlan'shawks,marshhawks,ospreys,pigeonhawks,andshort-earedowls.Colonialnestingseabirdsarenotabundant;however,severalcolonieshavebeenidentifiedandothersprobablyexist.Themarshesandlakeshoressupportahostofshoreandwadingbirds,andtheentiresubregionishostatonetimeoranothertomostofthepasserinespeciesthatoccurinAlaska.Residentgamebirdsofforestandotherhabitatsarethesprucegrouseandwillow.rockandwhite-tailedptarmigan.GulfofAlaskaSubregion:PrinceWilliamSoundisanimportantmigrationroute-rormanyofwaterfowl.TheCopperRiverdeltaandtheBeringGlacieroutwashplaincontainabout15-18townshipsofexceptionalvaluetowaterfowl.Itistheprincipalnestingareafortheworld'spopulationofduskyCanadageese,andmayproducemoreduckspersquaremilethananyotherknownareainAlaskaexcepttheYukonFlats.Trumpeterswansreachtheirgreatestdensitieshere.Inspiteofitsuniquenestingpopulations,thedeltaAppendixIC-ll i',probab1ymostimportantasastagingngrowboundtoandfromthearcticandsubarcticnesnorconluenceoftheBremnerandCoppervers,40milesfroma•areseveraltownshipsoftrumpeterswanitattheCopperRivertainimportance.J\Inl!varioussnisnealy200squaremilesiverprobablys...""",...1-oneionsbirdlifeinexistence.Ietremaigamebirdsofforest.treeless,andandsharp-tailedgrouseDwilloWDThissionincludeswaterfowltributarystreams.Althoughitislargenumbersofducksandgeeseutilizeportl0nsrestingandforagingareasduringmigration.Primaryswans,ite-frontedandlesserCanadageese,pintailDgreen-wingedteal~mallards,andcanvasbacks.orriversoftheinteriorregionshavesmallintermittentplainsthatareutilizedextensivelybynestingwaterfowl.lcons~ospreys,andbaldeaglesareknowntonestin.Otherraptorspresentthroughouttheareainc1sharp-shinnedhawks;great-horned,greatgray,andyinforestedareas;andred-tailed,Harlan's,Swainson's,•rnah.pigeonandsparrowhawksacons(2.footelevation).Snowysopencoun,aslikelytobefoundinthisionaregullsarcticterns,andlong-tailedj~n,~n.,~ndstandothertsaresandwillow,rock.andwhite-tail,ruffed.ptarmirr-l'l1i1'lI'1i\LS«_<.~<._._~,--c0_n_:SomeofAlaska'sdensestblackbearpopulaonsinsula.initnaValley,andinthemountainsKnikDensityislowerintheinterior Thebrown-grizzlybeariscommonthroughoutthesubregionwithlowestnumbersintheAnchorageareaandwesternKenaiPeninsula.WolvesaremostcommonintheinteriorandSusitnadrainageportionsofthesubregion.Wolverinearecommonthroughoutexceptinareasofhighpopulation.TheyaremostabundantintheinteriorportionsoftheSUbregion.Severalherdsofbarrengroundcaribouuseportionsofthesubregion:theNelchinaherdinthenortheastsection,theMcKinleyherdinthenorthcentralsection,andtheKenaiherdontheKenaiPeninsula.DallsheeparepresentthroughouttheAlaskaRange,Talkeetna,Chugach,andKenaiMountains.Populationsfluctuateinresponsetoweather,rangecondition,andsusceptibilitytopredation.Mooseareabundantthroughoutthesubregionexceptinthehighmountains.TheSusitnaValleysupportsanexcellentpopulation,butthepremierareaistheKenaiNationalMooseRange,whichboaststhehighestpopulationperunitofareaintheworld.MountaingoatsarefoundinlownumbersintheTalkeetnaMountainsandinmoderatenumbersontheKenaiPeninsulaRangewithintheSUbregion.MarinemammalsthatinhabitthewatersoflowerCookInletareharborseal,sealion,seaotter,andvariouswhales.Othersmallermammalspresentincludelynx,redfox,landotter,mink,marten,short-tailedweasel,beaver.muskrat,andsnowshoehare.GulfofAlaskaSUbregion:Blackbearslivethroughoutthesubregion.Populationvariesfromrelativelyhighlevelsalongthecoastalareastomoderatelevelsintheinteriorareas.Brown-grizzlybearsoccurthroughoutthesubregion;thebearsarelesscommononthewestsideofPrinceWilliamSoundthanontheeast.Theyaremorenumerousintheinteriorthanalongthecoast.Wolvesarerelativelyabundantintheinteriorportionsofthesubregion.butquitescarcealongthePrinceWilliamSoundcoast.Theinteriorpopulationnumbersabout300.Wolverinesareabundantintheinterior,butnotascommonalongthecoast.Sitkablack-taileddeerareprimarilyconfinedtoislandsofPrinceWilliamSound.butsomeoccuronthemainlandintheCordovaarea.Appendix'C-13 l\rHTengroundcaribouinhabittheinteriorleh(ontainsa silab1eamountoftheNe1chinal'anqe,subregion,lwnditinctbisonherds,theChitinaandCopperRiver,existinIll\'IlIJreqion.',Ollieu1Il0stmn",~j~AntDallsheeprangeintheStateiscontainedr'1ooseoccurinuon.buthaveuconcentrationsiiaseveredeclineinonsabuntinthemountainsofPrincelliamonlyinlownumbersintheWrangellMountainsandtionsoftheChugachMountains.Aterbeinearlywipedoutinthe19thcen•seaotterslilan,lInazin~~recover'y.Therearenowabout6.000inthefoff\<1~,Htlt'l)Qrseal,stellersealion,andvariouslesareinCuiothl'rIlllkIlId1ermammalspresentincludelynx,redfox,1short-tailedweaselbeaver,muskrat,andsnowshoeGlackbearslivethroughoutthearea.Grizzlybearsinalpine-subalpineareasandsporadicallyinlowlands.\rIo1v<lPn',itcsethroughouttheareaevennearFairbanks.Populationf'lonoV':>l1yhigh.\~oIvoccurthroughoutthearea.ribouoftheDelta,Fortymile,McKinley,Mentasta,useportionsofthissubregion.11spopulationsaresupportedbyhabitastaNutzotin~1ountains.andTananaHillstithete"ulcrcwilycatteredandrelativelyabundantthroughoutthe111('11mamma1popu1tionisingenera1.comprisedofthesameK~(1foun0t\AIO5ubre'gions..f\('III.lllf{[ANDLoo(0ivaareapproximately2.6millionacressuitablecropsintheCookInlet-Susitnalowlandsup Loelevationsof1,500feet.Roughly30percentislocatedonthewest5ideoftheKenaiPeninsula;thebalanceislocatedinthevalleysoftheMatanuskaandSusitnaRiversandtheirtributaries,withasmallpartnearthelowerBelugaRiver.Morethan70percentoftheState'scurrentagriculturalproductionisderivedfromtheseareasofthesubregion.Ingeneral,onlythenorthernportionsofthelowlandsreceiveenoughmoistureforcontinuedintensiveuse.Mostoftheareawillrequireirrigationforbestresults.Thegrowingseasonaveragesupto110daysatlowerelevations,adequateforallcool-weathercrops,exceptinthenorthernpartswhereitdropsto87.TheindexofGrowing[)e~JreeDays(accumulationofdailymeantemperaturesinexcessof400F)variesfrom1,355inthesouth,to1,940inthemid-regionand1,785inthenorthportions.Thisindexdecreasesbyabout300foreachthousand-footincreaseinelevation.Thesefactorsimposelimitationsastowhichcropsmaybeproducedsuccessfullyatdifferentlocations.Atpresent,lessthanonepercentofthelandisinproduction,andgrossincomeislessthan$4million.Thesubregion'sgrazingseasonaveragesaboutfivemonths.LimitedgrasslandsoccuronthelowerKenaiPeninsula,streamdeltas,higherslopes.andonburned-overforestlands.Woodlandpasturesaregenerallyofmarginalvalue.Theshortgrazingseasonisadistinctdisadvantagewhichmayormaynotbeovercomebyproximityofcroplands.G~1_1L.2L_I\_1~§Subregion:PotentialagriculturalandrangeresourcesofthesubregionaremainlyalongtheCopperandChitinaRivervalleys.Narrowcoastalstripsandstreamdeltasalongthecoastmightbegrazedduringthesummerswithremovaloftheanimalsimperativeforthebalanceoftheyear.Climateoftheinterioriscontinentalinnature,withwarmsummersandcoldwinters.Elevationisgenerally1,000feetormore.ThearealiesintheIIrainshadow"ofhighcoastalmountains,andsummerprecipi-tationistypicallybelow10inches.Theproximityofveryhighmountainsanddownwardflowsofcoldaircombinetorendertheareasusceptibletosummerfrostsandlimitreliableagriculturalproductiontogardensandforagecrops.Initsnaturalforestedstate,thelowerlandareahasrelativelylittlerangeforagevalue.Some70farmsarelocatedinthesubregion,mostlyactiveintheKennyLakearea.Noneareoperatedonafull-timebasis.Withthelongwinterfeedingperiod.itisunlikelythatanyextensivelivestockindustrywilldevelopinthenearfuture.AppendixIC-15 landlid:,ulSome3.6millionacresaresucuitlv~'Thecroplandsincludeapproxy0.000acresv/hi<:harc1ovilandsoftheTananaandtributaryrivers.another840000UP',locatedontheYukon-TananauplandseastofNenana,and860.000dcre~~ofgooduplandsoilslocatedonthenorthernfoothillsoftheAla~RdandkomMountains.generallysouthandwestofNenana.nanaaupperYusubregionssharethegreatestpx!.remcsinState.Highere'levat'ions1andsdr-aina(wresubjecttoofsumrnerfrost.dks•subreg'jonsthebestrecordintheSforgrains.normallythehighestcriterionforassessingnorthernlcultura]potentials.Idirbanks,approximatelyinthemiddleoftheCUi1areaiIVCY',l(j(",1)996gt'ovlin9degreesdays,57dayswithtemperaturesorovf\(jfro'it-freedays.and8.06inchesofsummerprecitation.sj';hothwanneranddrierthaneitherTananaorDeltaJunction,butthePTIirean;dissuitableforcoolweatherforages,vegetables.andhardy',lIltlllqt'<lins.Forsustainedcommercialproduction,fertilizersare~,rlrydndirrigationshighlydesirable.arenoextensivegrassrangelandsforalivestockeconomy.Ilowevel'.wiimprovedrangenearcroplands,shelter,andhardymals,lhf'',II'll~eqioncouldhaveacarryingcapacityofapproximately650,000dnill!dlunits.CookInlet~)!1_bT_e5.Lion:Fourforestecosystemsarerepresentedinthe',ll'lIon.Thecoas1SitkaspY'uce-westernhemlockecosystemislocatedOf!till'VenalPeninsulaandthelandsIt/estofCookIeLItcovers1.()ljl.OOOacres.Thebottomlandspruce-poplarforestscover5000s,Hlrlan'locatedprimarilyintheSusitnaandtanusVa',pruceandcottonwoodareofimportantcommercivalue.uplnd(,pruce-hard~"oodforestcoversalargeareaof3,570.000acres,hd',comrnercia1foreststandsonaboutone-fourthofacreage,I)iriyintheSusitnaValley.Thelowlandspruce-hardwoodforest()y(,('Illhaalandareaof2.867.000acres.andcanbeconsiderednOI1COII!IIH'n"Commercial"refersstrictlytoanannualvolumegrowth•notothetimberisaccessible,orhasaneconomic(OllllllCrc1d1va1ueorarnarket.Ofthl',362000acresofinventoriedforestland,commercialandollllllcrcialforestsoccupy4,004,000acres.andnoncommercialfares?,If)i\.OOOere.Thecommercialforestlandcontains7.0ilionboardf,(Intrt'lwtional1/4-incl1rule)ofsawtimber,ofwhich2.7bilion)OMdIpc1.arehardwood--primarilycottonwood,and4.3billionn;;"ihiandSitkaspruce.Anadditional66.1millionboardfeetfJ(:ildbutalvahlembercouldbeaddedtotheabove.ndix~IG Theaveragevolumeisapproximately1,752boardfeet/acre,butcant'rlnqcfromlOaboardfeet/acretoabout25,000boardfeetperacre.A(wneralruleofthumbis15percentdeductionfordefectandcull.StandstockingisgenerallynotashighasitcouldbeifthestandsYJI'Y'(>fullyrequlatedandmanaged.Regenerationappearstobeadequate.Inqeneral,thetreesreachmaturityforharvestingin80to100years,df'pendinqonsiteandproducttobemanufactured.Thetotalnetgrowthvolumeisabout1.8billionboardfeet.Thegrowthvolumefortheentiresubregionissufficienttosupply')('veralpulpmills,particleboardmills,orlargesavmlills,iftherorestedlandswereproperlydev~lbpedandmanagedfortimberproduction.Presently,onlyafewsmallmillscuttimberforvariouslocaluseproducts.SomecantsareproducedforexporttoJapanforfurtherprocessing.Somecottonwoodlogshavebeenexportedtodeterminetheir';uitabiIityforpaneling.Localmarketsexistandareexpanding,andlocalandforeigndemandfortimberisincreasing.G~)!__~~~l-a_~~_5~bregion:Theinteriorforestofthreedifferentforest')ystemscoversatotalof4,998,000acres.Thebottomlandspruce-poplarforestecosystem,303,000acres,islocatedprimarilyintheCopperandChitinaRivervalleysandcanbeconsideredessentiallycommercialforestland.Theuplandspruce-hardwoodforestcovers2,211,000acresrlndhaslocalstandsofcommercialspruceandhardwoods.Mostoftheforeststandsinthisecosystemarenoncommercialhecauseoftheirslowgrowthduetopoorsiteconditions.Thelowlandspruce-hardwood ecosystemcovers2,484,000acresandisnoncommercialthroughout.Thebesttimberproductionlandisinnativevillagewithdrawalsdndnativeregionaldeficiencyareas.ThemajoracreageofforestedlandliesinFederalcontrol.Twoforestinventorieswereconductedinthesubregion;anextensiveinventorycoverin~Jtheentirebasin,andarelativelyintensiveinventorycoveringthebetterbottomlandforests.Thefollowingdataaretakenrromthebasinwideinventory,whichlists4,431,000acresoftotalforestlandfortheCopperRiverbasin,ofwhich1,178,000acresarecommercialandsubcommercialtimber,and3,253,000acresarenoncommercial.Ofthe2.064.000acresofcoastalforest,about901.000acresarecon-sideredcommercialandsubcommercial.Totalstandingvolumeintheinteriorforestsis1.5billionboardfeet(International1/4-inchrule)consistingof1.4billionboardfeetofspruceand52.5millionboardfeetofhardwoods,halfofwhichisbirch.Averagevolumeperacreis1,240boardfeetandtotalannualvolume9fowthis28.5millionboardfeet.ThisvolumecanbeconsideredthepotentialsustainedyieldfortheentireCopperRiverbasin.AppendixIC-17 rhetota1volullleofthecoasta1farestsisabout19.8lionboardlpp!(lntf'rniltional1/4-inchrule).67percentofwhichisSitkas<\1)(1?IlpeY'ccntiswesternhemlock.ThepotentialannualharvestonUHlqtlChNationalForestlandsis103millionboardfeet(International1/~-inLhrule).plusanadditional20millionboardfeetfromotherIilnd';,I(pqenerationinl~othcoastalandinteriorforestsystemsappearsto!H'ddequate,butcouldbeimprovedwithhigherstockingdensity.Rotati(W',fcwtheinteriorfot'cstsareabout100to120years,and70210YPdt",inthecoasta1type.(>!~vc\t'alsawmillsoperateinthesubregion.somesporadicallyand{thpt""1ikpthemillsatSewardandWhittier.onafull-timebasis.fhl'!IliII<;produceavarietyofproductsforlocalmarketsandcantsforP!JOY'!.to,japan.Ildnd~'Il-')T5!2.j.?_r~:Thethreeinteriorforestecosystemsoccupyacon-',iIeareainthisSUbregion.Thebottomlandspruce-poplarecosystem(I,?Illillionacres)isfoundinthefloodplainsandonriverterracesdIOrlqa11themajorstreams--primarilytheTananaRiver.Thissystem(aIll'consideredcommercialthroughoutitsrange.fhplipandspruce-hardwoodecosystemhasthegreatestarea,7.3IlliIIiondct'es.Itispartlycommercialdependingonthesite.~1uchoftll/'frww,tisnoncommercialbecausethetreesareveryslowgrowingand((llllY',iteswiththinsoils.steepanddryhillsides.andnortherly',IIJ{\'.1•fhplovllandspruce-hard\oJoodecosystemisfoundonpoorly'.01I'"w,u,lllyinmuskegareas.andcovers5,184.000acres.ItdIcOn',iderednoncornmercia1throughoutitsrangeduetosmallsizeofhid';prIlCCdhardwoods.andextremelyslowgrowthrates.ThetermCOllfil!PI'(idIY'cferstotreesorforeststandsaddingvolumegrowthin,(",',01ubicfeetperacreeachyear~anddoesnotconsider<((",ibilirhc'tatavolumcofcommercialandsubcommercia1standing1l.(i,;lbillionboat'dfeet.About5.2billionboardfeetof',pnj(f'dIll!dbout1.0bi11ionboardfeetarehardwoods(primarifhl'ovt'Y''lllaveragegrossvolumeis1,265boardfeet/acre.andnil!ltljvolumeqt'owthisabout26.5millionboardfeet.IllI';qY'owthcanbeusedasanindicatorofthepotentialannual,"If",!fortheentiresubregion.Regenerationappearsadequate.t',Il.illll){'Y'';tandsarenaturallyunderstockedandcouldproducemorevnllllliPifirlten~,ivelymanaged.Althoughrotationrateshavenotbeenpi',clydetermined,theyareestimatedat90to120yearsdependingon!.til'',Ite.H'l\dix(l(i Severalmillsarecurrentlyoperatinginthesubregion,somesporadi-callyandsomefull-time.Mostofthemillsaresmallsizeandsawproductsforlocaluse.MINERALSANDENERGYC.90k__I~-'!-jub!'_~.9..t2..r:!.:Mineralresourcesareabundant,andinthefuturewillbecomemoreimportanttotheAlaskaneconomy.OilandgasproducedfromfieldsintheCookInletbasinhavefarexceededothermineralsinvalue.Theoilandgas-bearingsedimentaryrocksoftheCookInletbasin"~ybeasmuchas25.000feetthick.Reservesof2.6billionbarrelsofoilandfivetrillioncubicfeetofgasareestimatedtoexistintheupperCookInlet.TotalprojectedresourcesfromtheCookInletbasinmaybeasmuchas7.9billionbarrelsofoiland14.6trillioncubicfeetofgas.Theresourceestimatesincludebothonshoreandoffshoreareas.Coalresourcesarelargeandexceedmorethan2-1/2billionshorttons.CoalispresentintheBroadPass,Sustina,Matanuska,andKenaiTertiarycoalfields.BroadPasscoalrangesfromsubbituminousonCostelloCreektoligniteatBroadPass.ReserveestimatesfortheBroadPassfieldare64milliontonsofindicatedcoal.TheSusitnacoaldepositsareinthebasinsofBelugaandChulitnaRivers,andareilSmuchas2.4billionshorttonslessthan1,000feetdeep.TheMatanuskacoalisintheChickaloonformation,ranginginbedsupto23feetinthickness.Itishighvolatilebituminousinrank,andsomehavecokingproperties.TheAnthraciteRidgecontainssemi-anthracitecoalbeds.Thetotalresourceestimatesare137millionshorttonslessthan2,000feetdeep.TheKenaifieldhasatleast30coalbedsfromthreetosevenfeetinthickness,andrangingfromsubbituminoustoligniteinrank.Estimatedresourcesareabout318millionshorttonslessthan1,000feetdeep.GeothermalpotentialishighinthesouthpartoftheAlaskaRange,whereavolcanicbeltislocallysurmountedbyvolcanoesandlavafields;someofthevolcanoesarestillactiveandindicatedeepheatreservoirs.ClaydepositswhichcanbeusedforbrickmanufacturingoccuratPointWoronzofintheAnchoragearea,atSheep~10untainintheupperMatanuskaValley,andnearHomerontheKenaiPeninsula.GypsumdepositsoccuronSheepMountain,about50milesnortheastofPalmer.Reservesarecalculatedat310,800tonsofindicatedand348.000tonsofinferredgypsumrockaveraging25to30percentgypsum.LimestonedepositsofnearlypurecalciumcarbonateoccurinthedrainageoftheKingsRiverandinFoggyPassnearCantwell.AppendixIC-19 JheCookInletsubregionistraversedbynumerousmetalprovinces.lh('<.ubregioncontainsdepositsofgold.silver.antimony.ironchromite.molybdenum.copper,lead,andzinc.likemostofAlaska.pastmetallicpnH!lH:tinnhasbeenprimarilygold,aboutonemillionounces.Inaddition.IlcJrlyJOO,OOOtonsofchromiteoreandsmallamountsofcopperorehaveb('pnIJt'oduced.CullofI\la<jkaSubreiLion:HighoilandgaspotentialexistsintheCOil"';"t:l'js"(~c-tT()rl'wifhintheGulfofAlaskaprovince.Themanyoilandqil','jeepsandpetroliferousbedsinsedimentaryrocks.ichexceed(ltl,oonteetinthickness,haveattractedintensiveexplorationbyindusIntey'esthilSnOvlshiftedtotheOuterContinentalShelf.wherethePy'(",cnc('ofmanyfolds,thepossibilityofreservoirrocks.andlackofIltensedeformationindicatehighpossibilitiesofpetroleumdeposits.lh('CopperRiverlowlandshavelowtomoderateoilpotential.COilJ-bearingrockshavebeenmappedover50squaremi1esnearingandKushtakaLakesintheBeringRivercoalfield.SimilarrocksdPP('(jrintheRobinson~~ountainseastofBeringGlacier.Thecoalr<HHJCSupwardfromlowvolatilebituminousinthesouthwesternpart.lhcbedsareafewfeetto60feetthick.Thecoalinpartofthefieldhascokingproperties.(;(\0thermalenergypotentialishigh.TheWrangell~10untainsareUIC·.itt\ofrecentvolcanicactivityandprovideafavorableenvironmentforheatreservoirs.SOlliepotentialforcementmayexistinthelimestonebedsexposedncarMcCarthy.Thebedsareseveralhundredfeetthickandquiteextensive.~)andandgraveldepositsofeconomicsignificanceoccurintheCopperI<iverlowlands,theChitinaValley,andadjacenttributaries.lV1('tdJlicmineralsoccurinseveraldistricts.LodesinrnapartsoftheCopper'Riverregioncontai ncopper.go1d,si1ver.molybdenum,,Hltilllony.nickel,iron,lead,andzinc,butonlygold,copper.andby-pnld!Jctsilverwereminedcommercially.TheKennicottminesnear~"'CCilY't.hy.andminesinthesouthwesternandnortheasternpartsofPrincevJiIIialiiSound,accountedformastofthe690,000shorttonsofcopperpn1dllCcdinI\laska.hloorthreemilliondollarsworthofgoldand"iIvprwereproducfromlodesandasby-productsofcoppermininginIwPrinceWilliamSounddistrict.Goldplacerdepositsproduced35.000OIHlU'~)of<]oldandafe\tlouncesofplatinumfromtheChistochina.Slana.,mdNizinadistricts.GoldandcopperlodesareintheSewarddistrictandeasternpartoftheKenaiPeninsula.Copper.gOld.silver,andmolybdenumlodesarehH\tJP(\ntheChitinaInverandthecrestoftheWrangellMountains.OthermllH'ralllcdsitesoccurthroughoutthesubregion.I\ppendix[-?O TananaSubregion:Lowpotentialforoilandgasexistinthebasinsw1t~nthesubregion.TheremaybepotentialforgasinconnectionwithcoalbedsintheTananabasin.Theremainderofthesubregionisunder-lainbyrocksthatarenonporousortoostructurallycomplexforpetrol-eumaccumulation.LargecoaldepositsexistintheyoungbasinswhichflankthenorthernfrontoftheAlaskaRange.ThecoaldepositsintheNenanacoalfieldhavebeenminedsinceabout1918andarepresentlyproducingabout700,000tonsperyear.Thecoalislignitetosubbituminous,occursinbeds2-1/2feettoover50feetinthickness,haslowsulfurcontent.andisusedforpowergenerationanddomesticuseinFairbanks.Coalresourcesforallfieldsinthisbeltareestimatedatnearly7billiontonslocatedlessthan3,000feetdeep.GeothermalpotentialispresentinthesUbregion.Sandandgravelpotentialishigh.OutwashdepositsfrontingtheAlaskaRangeareeconomicallysignificant.TheNenanagravelnearHealycouldbeutilized.OtherlocalitieswithpotentialforsandandgraveloccurinthefloodplainsoftheTananaRiveranditsmajortributaries.LimestonecontainingahighcontentofcalciumsuitableforcementoccursinoutcropsatWindyCreekandFoggyPassnearCantwellandtherailroad.OtherdepositsoflimestoneareintheMintoFlats-DuganHillsareawestofFairbanks.Metallicmineralsarepresentinanumberofdistricts.ThemineralpotentialoftheHotSpringsdistrictismoderateandcontainssilver,lead,minoramountsofgold.iron.copper,andothercopperassociatedminerals.ChromiteisfoundsouthofBoulderCreek.NickelmineralsarefoundinthevicinityofHotSpringsDome.Tolovanadistrictlodescontaingold,silver.antimony,mercury,chromium,nickel,andiron.Fairbanksdistrictlodeshaveproducedimportantamountsofgoldandsmallerquantitiesofsilver,lead,tungsten,andantimonyare.DeltaRiverdistrictlodescontaingoldandsilver,molybdenum,antimony,copper,lead,zinc,nickel,andchromiumminerals.TheChisanadistrictiswellknownforitslodedepositsofgold,copper.silver,lead,zinc.molybdenum,iron,andantimony.LodeproductionfromtheNabesnaminewassubstantialandconsistedofgoldandsubordinatecopperandsilver.AppendixIC-21 HUMANRESOURCESI)~~~~ion:Since1930,Alaska'srateofpopulationgrowthhasexceededthatofthecontiguousUnitedStates,andeventhatofthewesternSLates.Thispopulationgrowthhasbeencharacterizedbyarelativelyhiqhrilteatnaturalincrease.whichaccountedfor60percentofthe](j!)Oto1960populationincrease.and81percentofthegrowthbetweenl'l(,Oand1970.IncreasesinmilitarypopulationweresignificantinAldska'sgrowthupto1960.afterwhichithasremainedfairlystableatabollt33,000persons.accountingforabout9percentoftotalpopulation.IarliestrecordsindicatethatAlaska'spopulation.around1740lillO,consistedofanestimated74,500nativepeople.Ofthistotal.llo.OOOwereEskimos.16,000wereAleuts.6,900wereAthabascanIndians.andII.BOOwereThngit,HaidaandTsimpsheanIndians.Thenativepopulationdeclinedfr'OlTlthattimetotheearly20thcentury,apparentlytlH'n~~,lJHofsocialdisruptionanddisease.About1920,improvedpconolllicandhealthconditionsreversedthedeclineinthenativepopulation.whichisnowgrowingrapidlybuthasyettoreachthelevelofthelate1700's.Table(-1showstheproportionofnativeresidentsinthevariousU'n'>lISdivisionsofthestudyarea.TableC-lPercentofNativePopulationintheStudyArea~-~-~-------BL~C-ensusDivisiont1970CensusDivi-~-~~-~_.~~-~-Ailehor,HleCordova-McCarthyrdirbanksKl'nd!~~CookInlettltrltanuska-Susitna'';f'ItJilnl',tllltheastrairbanksVilldl'/-Chitina-WhittierYukon-KoyukukPopulation124,5421,85745.86414,2506,5092,3364.1793.0984.752%Native31547411122346~)()llrC(l:-A-Cfarlted--fr-clrll--1flTormatlonfnthe1970CensusandfromtheUn;vcrsityofAlaska,InstituteofSocia1,EconomicandGovernmentalResearch.March1972,Vol.IX,No.1.Publishedin:Ala';kaStatisticalReview,DepartmentofEconomicDeveloprrl{~nt.Dec.1972.Appendix«')'),.*/i AhighrateofnaturalincreaseplusmigrationfromtheStatesboostedthepopulationfrom128.000in1950to227.000in1960.By1010.thepopulationhadadvancedto302.000anditisnowestimatedtobe:lUG,OOO.TableC-2showsRailbeltareapopulationinrelationtoStatetotals.TableC-2_~.t~Ay__A!,_~a~_~1ationAsPel~centofTotalYear'TotalAlaskaStudyAreaIIPercentofTotal_._--,_.__.._..-1BBO33,4266,920211B9032,0528,44526190063,59215,60025191064,35625,96440192055,03619.137351940!2.52425,226351950128,64373.101571960226,167157,979701970302,173220,271731973330,365245,29174S·o·u·r·c·e-:---··"(s-til1laTe-TromAlaska--Regiona1PopulationandEmploY!'lent.G.W.Rogers.SourceNote:Unlessotherwisenoted,allpopulationstatisticsfor1960andprioryearsarefromG.W.RogersandR.A.Cooley,Alaska'sPopulationandEconomy,allpopulationstatisticsfOr-1970arefromtheU.S.Census,andpopulationestimatesfor1971arefromtheAlaskaDepartmentoflabor.Publishedin:AlaskaStatisticalReview,DepartmentofEconomicDevele>pment,Dec.1972.IITheboundariesofthestudyareadonotcoincidewithcensusdistricts,and,therefore,populationfiguresforthestudyareaareapproximate.TheSouthcentralRailbeltareaofAlaskacontainstheState'stwolargestpopulationcenters,AnchorageandFairbanks,andalmostthree-fourthsoftheState'spopulation.TheAnchorageareaalonehasoverhalftheresidentsintheState.IMPLOYMENTAlaska'scivilianworkforceamountedto148.000personsin1974.1Iwlargestsectorwasgovernmentwith30percentofthenumberemployed.Thpnextmostimportantsectorwastradefollowedbytheservicesector.TahleC-3providesatabulationofAlaskanemployment.AppendixIC-23 LaborForceSummary--1974TOTALTotalUnemploymentPercentofLaborForceTotalEmploymentTOTALNon-AgricultureMiningMetalMiningOil&.GasOtherMiningContractConstructionManufacturin9FoodProcessingLogging-Lumber&PulpOtherManufacturingTransp.-Comm.&.Pub.UtilitiesTrucking&.WarehousingWaterTransportationAirTransportationOtherTransportationComm.&PublicUtilitiesTradeWholesaleRetailGen.Mdse.&ApparelFoodStoresEating&DrinkingPlacesOtherRetai1Finance-Ins.&RealEstate~)erviceslIotel.Motels,&LodgesPersonalServicesBusinessServicesMedicalServicesOtherServicesI\pp(\ndix Ililbl£'C-3C-?IIAnnualAverage148,90014,90010.0134,000128,2003,0002002,60020014,1009,6004,3003,6001,70012,4002.2001,0004,0001,3003.90021,1004,00017,1004,1002,0005,0006,0004,90018,3002,5008003,0003,8008,200 TableC-3(Continued)LaborForceSummary--1974AnnualAverageGovernmentFederalStateLocalMisc.&Unclassified43,80018,00014,20011,6001,000TableC-4!H'ovideslocationquotientsforthevariousemploymentsectors.ThelocationquotientscomparetheshareoftotalpersonalincomefromanindustryinAlaskatotheshareoftotalpersonalincomearisingfromthesameindustryfortheUnitedStates.AquotientgreaterthanoneindicatesthatAlaskaismoredependentonthatindustrythantheU.S.asawhole.TableC-4LocationuotientsforAlaskaVis-A-VisUnitedStates1960,197119601971MiningContractConstructionManufacturingTransportation,CommunicationsandPublicUtilitiesTradeFinance,Insurance,andRealEstateServiceGovernment(ExcludesMilitary)1.62.2.21.3.7.5.72.83.71.8.21.5.8.6.82.3S-o-u-r-ce-:--IYerlv-eCfTr-OiTlCTata--in_~urve.xofCurrentBusinessandStatisticalAbstractofUnitedStates,bothcompiledbytheU.S.DepartmentaTconiiiierce.--------Publishedin:I\laskaStatisticalReview,DepartmentofEconomicDevelOpment,1972Edition.AppendixIC-25 Alaskahasexperiencedunemploymentratesconsistentlyhigherthanthenationalaverage.In1974.AnchorageandFairbanksexperiencedanaverageunemploymentrateof8.6percent,somewhatlowerthanthestatewide10percentrateofunemployment.INCOMETableC-5showsthepercapitapersonalincomeforAlaska,FarWestY'I'(Jion.andU.S.averagefor1970through1973.ThistablereducesAlaskanincomebya25percentcostoflivingadjustmenttoshowanpstimatedrealpercapitaincomerelativetootherpartsoftheUnitedStiltes.TableC-5PerCapttaPersonalIncomeforAlaska,FarWestRegions,andU.S.AveragePercentAlaskaofU.S.FarWestU.S.YearAlaska-25%COLAverageRegionAverage----1970$4,603$3.45287.6$4,346$3,94319714,9073.68088.44,5354,16419725.1413,85685.84,8664,49219735,6134,21085.65,3224,918Publishedin:AlaskaStatisticalReviewDepartmentofEconomicDevelopment.SupplementtoDecember1972edition.[DUCI\TIONEnrollmentinprimaryandsecondaryschoolsgrewataslightlyfasterratethanAlaska'stotalpopulationovertheperiodsincestate-hood.Asof1970,asignificantlyhighershareofpersonalincomeinAlaskawenttoeducationthanforthenation,andAlaska'spupil-teacherratiowasslightlymorefavorablethantheU.S.average.AppendixC-26 ECONOMYOFTHESTUDYAREATheSouthcentralRailbeltareaofAlaskaisthefocusofcontinuingsubstantialgrowthineconomicactivity.Constructionofthetrans-Alaskaoilpipelineisprovidingtheprimaryimpetus,withimpactsbeingfeltinvirtuallyallsectorsoftheeconomy.AcontinuedhighlevelofFederalGovernmentspendingcoupledwithsubstantialStatespendingissupportingthegrowth.Thisexpansionisexpectedtocontinueforatleastfivetosevenyears,supportedlargelybyactivitiesof,orrelatingto,thepetroleumindustry.TableC-6providesanindicationoftheserecenttrendsfortheAlaskaneconomy.10"11nc""df'111Popul"tiol11.,1)("Fo,ef'101illIIllploynH~l1tVV"'lf'R:SoIl,1fyllnploYIllf'111N'lfl\llI'lIJIWlllploy"d[>"1""1111JIl"lTlployc!r!VV",!"R:~;"lalYP"ymcntsIlll,,1PI'I',onalIl1come1\1,1!.ka(i,ossProductTABLEC-6ALASKANECONOMICINDICATORS1970197119721973 19741975"302.4311.0322.1330.4351.2386.3108.2115.9122.9129.6148.9176.598.5103.8 110.0115.6134.0160.593.198.3104.2109.S128.2154.59.712.112.913.914.916.09.0%10.4%10.5%10.7%10.0%9.1~$1,116.2$1,283.7$1,422.7$1,546.8$2,078.0$3,100.01,412.8 1,548.31,697.11,957.82,398.03,500.02,196.42,354.72,508.32,756.33,790.05,800.0·r\ilrTlill('~'SOIJl'"I!l/OIIIPl'r!,OlldlInCOllH'fromU.S.DepartmentofCommerce;1970-73GrossProductfromManintheArcticProlilillll,ISU;H,UniversityofAlaska;1974GrossProductbyDivisionofEconomicEnterprise;1975ProjectionsbyI)lv,slor,offcOf1ornicEnterprise.Publishedin:TheAlaskanEconomy,DepartmentofCommerceandEconomicDevelopment,Mid-YearReview,1975.Note-:Unlessotherwisenoted,alltablesandgraphsinthissectionofthereportaretakenfromTheAlaskanEconomy.AppendixIC-27 MineralProduction:ExplorationanddevelopmentactivityintheminerallndUs-try-lsincreasingfollowingashortslackperiod.Along-termtrendofincreasingvalueinmineralproductioncontinuestprimarilyreflectingincreasedproductpricesasshowninTableC-7.TABLEC-7MINERALINDUSTRYINDICATORS(ValueinThousandsofCurrentDollars)t'fOlhJt:lHHl1971197219731974PPI'I,nl''lI!!lV.llur'$257,562 $235,444$261,877$438,540VOIUIlH'1,00042\lal.banels79,49472,89372,32371,540Naill!OIl(.a',Valul'$17,878$18,463$19,483$29,668VolunwMMCF121,618125,596131,007144,021S,lflll(1,(.1;IVf'1V.l1lw$32,806$15,214$19,913$24,936VollIIne1,000shortIons23,81714,18714,99918.740(JoldValue$537$506$695$1,318VollIIne-TlOyounces13,0128,6397,1078,185011lf'1MIIWI;J1SVa1llf!$14,040$16,511$26,821$28,746T01;11$322,823$286,038$328,789$523,208mploynwnlP..llolf'llmlodll',try2,0901,7921,6712,5861\1101111'1Milwlals340321296390101;11MIIIIOO2,4302,1131,9672,976p1',..llIlllllaIY~)OIl!C"II.~;IlppalIrrHmI01theIlltf~1ior:BureauofMines,AlaskaDepartmentofLabor.OilproductionintheCookInletreacheditspeakin1970andhasbeendecliningslowlysincethen.ContinueddevelopmentofprovenfieldsisexpecteduntilcompletionofAlyeska1spipelineallowsPrudhoeBdYoiltobeproduced.nowprojectedformid-1977.Copper,gold,andcOi'llaretheprimaryobjectivesofcurrenthardmineralexplorationilctiVity.DespitetheextensivemineralpotentialttheminingindustrypresentlyfacesaproposedStateseverancetaxonhardrockminerals,strictenvironmentalconstraintstandcomplicatedlandaccessproblemslinkedtonativelandclaimsandDepartmentoftheInteriorlandwith-drawals.Newinterestinsteamcoal,particularlybytheJapanese,I\ppendixC-ZH willattractinvestigationofcoalfieldsintheMatanuskaValleyandtheRailbeltvicinity.FurtherexplorationoftheBelugaRivercoalfieldsisanticipated,accompaniedbyrelatedresearchonrefinementprocesses.Fisheries:Oftheworld's150billionpoundannualfishharvest,morethan4.5billionpoundscomefromthewatersadjacenttoAlaska.Amongthestates,Alaskausuallyranksfirstinvalueoffishproductspro-duced,andthirdorfourthintermsofvolume.SalmonaccountsforthelargestportionoftheAlaskanfishingindustryandthecatchtendstobecyclicfromyeartoyear,assuggestedinGraphC-l.GRAPHC-lValuetoFishermanbyRegion(1960·1971)100_-------------------..,..,~~L.".."..,...~..--:.../.~'/",../...._-/'2080~J!'0a'060'"c~~40Central19606162636465 66 67 68 697071AppendixIC-29 TableC-8showsthesizeandvalueofthefishcatchintheregiontllatcloselycoincideswiththestudyarea.TABLEC-8CENTRALALASKAREGIONCATCHANDGROSSVALUETOTHEFISHERMEN1960-1972(CatchinMillionsofLbs.•ValueinThousandsofDollars)Sa1monShe11fishOtherFishTotalYearn;s.Valuelbs.ValueLbs.Valuelbs.Value----1%0134.2$11.73436.1$2.7896.1$603126.3$15,1261fl6177.09,46354.54,3804.1495135.514.338j9fi?144.821.85163.55,6639.42,502217.730,015196393.311.90670.66,40911.11,944175.020.259!9()'1146.416.95864.76,1478.21,314219.324,419196573.210,178114.110,6917.91,383195.222,2521966116.617•163144.313,14215.63,117276.633,421196747.69.767129.812,17513.71,645191.121,708I96B111.817.68090.814,49212.71,546215.333,7191969121.319.80285.710,29618.43,680225.433,777lQ70140.123.77413.612,02515.64,882269.340,6811(J71109.919,465129.812,35319.04,840256.636,658197?73.316,344140.917,04919.69,380233.844.773Source:-A1a-skaDepartmentofFishandGameMorerecently.thefishingindustryhasexperiencedseveraldifficultIlfldunstableyears.ThefishingindustrywasplaguedbypoorrunsofpinksalmonstatewideandthecontinuingdeclineoftheBristolBayfishery.Consequently,thetotal1975catchwasataboutthesamelevelJ~thepreviousyear'spoorharvest.ThecurrentdepressedconditionofAlaska'ssalmonfisheriesisconsideredatemporaryphenomenon.Pros-pectsforotherfishvarietiesismixed,dependentupon.amongotherthinqs.thepossibleestablishmentofa200-mileexclusivefisherieszoneandharvestingataratethatcanbesustained.Alaskabottomfishpotentialappearstobehigh.lore';tProducts:Ingeneral,Alaska'sannualharvestoftimberhasjn-c-reas-e(rste~ldilysince1959.Nationalforestlandsprovidedover85pprcentoftotaltimbercuteachyear.Aboutone-thirdofAlaska's365IIIiIIionacressupportsforestcoverofvaryingdensity,size,andtype.Onp-fOlwthofthisforestedareaisconsideredtohavepresentorfuturecOllllllercialdevelopmentpotential.Thisincludespresentproductionwithinthestudyareaonthe\vestsideofCookInlet,nearTyonek,andintheChugachNationalForest.Involumeoftimberprocessed,byfarAppendixC-]O thegreatestproductionispresentlyintheTongassandChugachNationalForests.Themajorproductofthetimberharvestiswoodpulp.Asharpdeclineinthetimberharvestoccurredin1974dueprimarilytoadepressedmarketforsawnproductsinJapan.Theunusuallyhealthypulpsegmentmorethanoffsetthepoorperformanceofthelumbersector,however.GraphC-2indicatesrecentindustrytrends.Despitethepresentslowdown.theAlaskaDepartmentofEconomicDevelopmentpredictsnewmarketsinJapanandsteadygrowthinAlaska'sforestproductsindustry.GRAPHC-2TIMBERHARVEST;>!,Or----------------,;;o:!oot----------------~u,,,,,l!,Ol-------------,,,fL---I,,,'0,.~..':;..100)--------:::It""tll..-.=-------I..-----_.....EnelProeluctValuew!,ot------------------I')....<0C3..~-l5'[700:I:~<~..Q.~o'a~OJ0Q>a.."..~1!)(i<)1910191119721!J731974SlHIICI'~.lJSFOIt'stServlCI!,AlaskilDIVISionofLandslJS.HIl"·.,,,IIIInel,,,nAll"",.U.S.BUrl!<lu01LonelM;nagement.il/lelU.S.De".1l1men!01Commerce.AppendixIC-31 Tourism:TourisminAlaskaisamajorindustrywithtouristvolumefrlcrea-s-ingatarateofalmost15percentperyearsince1964.Approxi-mately240.000non-residentpleasuretravelersenteredAlaskain1974.Tourismshouldcontinuetogrowastransportationandfacilitiesareimproved.GraphC-3indicatesrecenttrends.AsthetransportationhubofthebulkofAlaska.theAnchorageareawillrealizethemajorshareofthisactivity.GRAPHC-3I\JlJt"1I\LI,;OFTOURI ST5ENTERINGALASKAL1.;U I'"'>IIIP::~~:-t--I<J7')S__---.JC)7II._I II\[..(YIcJIJgIIfj7()I1C)I')IIlJ14I/\IRLINI::i~~I~I-_1C)72.--1,1CJ7ItL....lHICrlIW/\Yl<JbHI1q101-........___,I<J72L1cJ7I~:~~~===========~~~_=__=__=_~_::J()I'DIt06080100TII()U~)/\ND,SOFTOURJ5T5SOURCE:/\LASKADIVISIONOFTOURISM.I\ppendixC-32 OtherIndustries:Otherindustrieshaveingeneralparalleledthegrowthintheprimaryindustries.Contractconstructionisespeciallyhealthyduetopipelineconstructionactivities,andthefuturewouldappeartodependoncontinuedresourcedevelopmentintheState.Consistentgrowthoverthelastdecadehasoccurredinthetradeandserviceindustries,whileagriculturalproductionhasbeenrelativelystatic.RecentchangestomoreefficientandlargerfarmshaveputAlaskanagricultureinamoresolidposition,andtheamountofpoten-tiallytillablelandisextensive.Thegovernmentsector,alreadythelargestcontributortotheAlaskaneconomy,continuestogrowrapidly.PRESENTPOWERREQUIREMENTSTosustainthecurrentpopulationandlevelofeconomicactivityintheSouthcentralRailbeltarea,powerisprovidedbyseveralutilitysystemsaswellasindustrialandnationaldefensepowersystems.TableC-9providesasummaryofexistinggeneratingcapacityasofmid-1974.TABLEC-9SUMMARYOFEXISTINGGENERATINGCAPACITYInstalledCapacity-1000kwAnchorage-CookInletArea:UtilitySystem45.0NationalDefenseIndustrialSystemSubtota1'45:0Fairbanks-TananaValleyArea:UtilitySystemNationalDefenseSubtotalValdezandGlennallen13.5341.714.5414.89.349.558.810.12.312.432:9344.06'4:04S~.032.142.153.5127.714.963.077.94i:O105.153.5205.66.26.2Notes:ThemajorityofthedieselgenerationisinstandbystatusexceptatValdezandGlennallen.Source:1974AlaskaPowerSurvey,TechnicalAdvisoryReport,ResourcesandElectricPowerGeneration,AppendixA,andAlaskaElectricPowerStatistics,1960-1973,APA.AppendixIC-33 lheAnchorage-CookInletareahadatotalinstalledcapacityof4l4.RMWin1974.Naturalgas-firedturbineswerethepredominantenergysourcewith341.7MWofinstalledcapacity.Hydroelectriccapacityof45MWwasavailablefromtwoprojects.ElkutnaandCooperLakes.Stearnturbinescomprised14.5MWofcapacityanddieselgenera-tion,mostlyinstandbyservice.andaccountedfortheremaining13.5MW.lheFairbanks-TananaValleyareautilitieshadatotalinstalledcapacityof127.7MWin1974.Steamturbinesprovidedthelargestblockofpowerintheareawithaninstalledcapacityof53.5MW.Gasturbinegeneration(oil-fired)provided42.1MWofpower.anddieselgeneratorscontributed32.1MWtothearea.TheenergyneedsoftheSouthcentralRai1beltareaareestimatedbyAlaskaPowerAdministrationtomorethandoubleby1985fromthepresent2billionkilowatt-hoursto5.5billionkilowatt-hours.Bytheyear2000,theenergyrequirementisestimatedtoreach15billionkilowatt-hours.Thefollowingsectionisadiscussionoftheseenergyneedprojectionsaswellasoftheenergyuseanddevelopmentassumptionsuponwhichtheyarebased.PROJECTEDENERGYNEEDSInitsmarketabilityanalysis.AlaskaPowerAdministrationpreparedRailbeltarealoadprojectionsfor1980.1990.and2000underthreedifferentgrowthscenarios.Theseprojectionsarebasedonthe1974AlaskaPowerSurvey,adjustedtoaccountformorerecentdata.currentregionalandsectionaltrendsinenergyandpoweruse.andtoeliminateloadswhichwouldbetooremotetobeservedfromaRai1belttrans-missionsystem.TheuseofarangeofprojectionsisnecessitatedbythewidevariationpossibleinfuturepopulationandeconomicgrowthinAlaskaduetouncertaintyregardingthecontrollingfactorsofcost.conser-vationtechnologies,availableenergysources.typesofAlaskandevelop-ment,andnationalenergypolicy.Allprojectionsassumethatsaturationlevelsformanyenergyuseswillbereachedandthatratesofincreaseformostindividualuseswilldeclineduringtheperiodofstudy.Thisreflectsassumedeffectsofmajoreffortstoincreaseefficienciesandconserveenergyforalluses.InaccordancewithAPA'srecol1111endations.theprojectionsbasedonthemid-rangegrowthscenariowereadoptedforthisstudy.Themid-rangeprojectionisbasedonutilitysystemgrowthratesof12.4percentfor1974-1980.7percentfor1980-1990,and6percentfor1990-2000.Nationaldefenserequirementsarebasedona 1percentgrowthrateandindustrialrequirementspresumeagradualexpansionoffacilities.TahleC-10summarizesthemid-rangeloadprojectionsfortheHailbeltarea.AppendixIC-34 ( ESTIMATED RAIlBELT AREA POWER REQUIREMENTS -MID-RANGE GROWTH RATE 1974 Actual 1980 1990 2000 Peak Annual Peak Annual Peak Annual Peak Annual Demand Energy Demand Engr gy Demand En~rgy Demand Engr gy 1000 kW 10 6 kWh 1000 kW 10 kWh 1000 kW 10 kWh 1000 kW 10 kWh Utilities Anchorage 284 1305 590 2580 1190 5210 2510 9420 Fairbanks 83 33,0 150 660 290 1270 510 2230- Total 367 1635 740 3240 1480 6480 2660 11 ,650 N~tional Defense Anchorage 33 155 35 170 40 190 45 220 Fairbanks 41 197 45 220 50 240 55 260 Total 74 352 80 390 90 430 100 480 Industrial . Anchorage 10 45 50 350 100 710 410 2870 Fairbanks 11 Total 10 45 50 350 100 710 410 2870 Iota 1 Anchorage 327 1505 675 3100 1330 6110 2605 12,510 -I);::>Fairbanks 124 527 195 880 340 1510 565 2 p 490 );::>"'0 -nco "'0 1,(1)Total 451 2032 870 3980 1670 7620 3170 15,000Wrr1::l ()"1 0.n ....· I x..... 0 .....iI R"o'unds to less tl1aliu 'lO MW for all years. I\P~Po~e.!.A~eqkirementPro~ectionMethodol0rY:SeveralbasicassumptionsunderTieasaPowerAdmlnistration'sanaysis.Itisassumedthatboomconditionswillgivewaytoorderlyexpansioninthe1980'sandlQ90's.withanannualgrowthrateforelectricalenergyafter1980similartothatexperiencedoverthelastdecadeintherestofthecountry--between6and7percent.Thepresumptionisalsomadethat,barringmajorchangesintechnologythatfavorotherformsof'energyu:,e.electricalpowerproductionwillneedtoanticipateandkeeppacewiththeoverallgrowthinpopulationandproduction.I\Pl\'spowerrequirementprojectionsareacompositeofthreesectorswhichwereanalyzedseparately.Thefirstiscomposedofut11itysystemrequirementswhichincludesresidential,commercial,lightindustrial.andindustrialsupportservicesrequirements.Theecondsectorexaminedisnationaldefenserequirements,andfinallyindustrialrequirementsforresourceextractionandprocessing,new{>Y"~Y·(1\/·-intensiveindustries,andheavymanufacturingareexplored.Ut.iJJty~.t~~Re~irements:UtilitysystemloadestimateswerecompiledroreXlstlngIn<:rrV1dualsystemsfortheyears1980and1990;thf>S('werethenextendedthrough1990totheyear2000.Themid-rangeextendsthegrowthrateto1980atabout12percent,somewhatlessthanpastdecade'shistoricalrateof14percentfortheRailbeltarea.Hiherandlowerrangeutilityloadestimatesfor1980assumeabout20percentmoreandlessgrowthrespectivelythanthemid-rangeestimate.Itisthenassumedthatsomewhatlowergrowthrateswouldprevailinsubsequpntdecades.Growthratesof9percentinthe1980'sand8percentinthe1990'sareconsideredtorepresentfairlyrapiddevelop-HlfmtoftheAlaskaneconomyinthosetwodecades.Thelowerrangeestimatesareconsideredtorepresentfairlymodestgrowth.TABLEC-11ASSUMEDANNUALUTILITYGROWTHRATESINPERCENTESTmATE:1974-19801980-19901990-2000IIi9herRange1498LikelyMid-range1276LowerRange1164~)t_to_rl..~LjJ_efenseRequirements:Futurepowerrequirementsforniltiana1defensefacilitieswerepremisedonthe1974poweruseforthemiijorbilsesandanassumedfuturegrowthofapproximately1percentperyear.Theseestimatesarelowerthanpresentedinthe1974AlaskaPowerSurvey.whichassumedagrowthrateof1.7percent.I\ppendixC-36 IndustrialReuirements:Industrialuse(asdefinedbyAPAforpurposesofthisanalysisaccountsforabout2percentoftheRailbeltarea's1974totalpowerrequirementandisexpectedtogrowto19per-centin2000,accordingtothemid-rangeprojection.Thisremainswellbelowtheindustrialsharenationwide.Theindustrialrequirementisthemostspeculativeaspectoftheprojectionbecauseitisverydiffi-culttoforeseethetimingofnewfacilities.Theanalysisassumesahighprobabilityofmajornewmineralproductionandprocessing.Alsoexpectedaresignificantfurtherdevelopmentsintimberprocessing,anditisassumedthatAlaskaenergyandtheavailabilityofotherresourcessuchaswater,industrialsites,andportsitesmayattractenergy-intensiveindustries.Theprimarydatasourcefortheindustrialsectorprojectionswasa1973studybytheAlaskaDepartmentofEconomicDevelopment.ThatstudyincludedreviewandestimatesofpowerrequirementsforAlaska'sfishery,forestproducts,petroleum.naturalgas,coal,andothermineralindus-tries,allpremisedonsignificantidentifiedresourcepotentialsandonpowerneedsforsimilardevelopmentselsewhere.SeveralqualifyingassumptionsweremadebyAPAtoadaptthisstudyforuseinthemarketa-bilityana1ysis.1.Powerrequirementsforfishprocessingindustriesandsupportservicesforindustrialdevelopmentarenotincluded,havingalreadybeenaddressedinthe"utilityrequirement"portionoftheanalysis.2.Estimatedmineralindustryloads(exceptforpetroleumandrelatedindustry)fortheyear2000wereadoptedasAPA's"higherrangellestimate,withestimatesfor1980and1990,reflectingantici-patedminimumleadtimesfordevelopingtheresourcesinvolved.Themid-rangeestimateassumesa10-yeardeferraloftheDepartmentofEconomicDevelopment'sprojectedgrowthscenario,andthelowerrangeestimatea20-yeardeferral.3.PowerrequirementsassumedforAlaskapetroleumandpetro-chemicalindustriesaresmallerthanestimatesinthereferencestudy,basedonexpectationsthatmostAlaskaoilandgasproductionwouldbeexportedduringtheperiodofthesurvey.Forexample,themid-rangeestimateassumes7percentofpetroleumindustryloadsestimatedinthereferencestudy.4.Asomewhatslowerpaceofdevelopmentwasassumedforforestproductsindustries.Alloftheabovequalifyingassumptions,withtheexceptionofNo.1whichhadaneutraleffect,weredownwardadjustments,decreasingtheestimatesofthebasicstudy.SpecificindustrialdevelopmentassumedforthestudyispresentedinAppendixI,Part2,SectionG.Onlyplannedexpansionstoexistingfacilitiesandrealisticallyidentifiablenewindustrycloselytiedtoprovenresourcecapabilitieswereassumed.AppendixIC-37 Sunllllar1':Whencombined,thecompositeannualgrowthratesfortheproJrectedpowerrequirementsareasindicatedinthefollowingtable.TABLEC-12COMPOSITEANNUALGROWTHRATESFORELECTRICPOWER(PERCENT)[STIMAT[:1974-19801980-19901990-2000..~-..."-_.~--""HigherRange12.420.2!!3.0LkelyMid-range9.66.77.0LowerRange7.55.84.0liThis-ll-fghrateiscausedbytheassumedintroductionofa2500MW"nuclearfuelenrichmentplantasanexampleofapossiblelargeindustrialload.Withoutthisload,the1980-1990growthratewouldbe9.3percentandthefollowingdecade'swouldbe6.6per-cent.Nosuchloadisassumedforthemidandlowerrangeprojections.TableIIofSectionG,AppendixI,Part2,providestheactualloadprojectionsunderthethreegrowthscenarios.Thesefiguresaredis-playedgraphicallyinGraphC-4andcomparedtothelastdecade'shistoricalgrowthrateof14percentprojectedtotheyear2000.AppendixIC-38• 70,OUO40,00020,00010,000.:..'),000PROJECTED~NERGYDEMANDSOUTHCENTRALRAILBELT1070198019902000AppendixIGRAPHC-4C-39 GraphC-5depictstherelativesharesthroughtimeofthethree(h~ll1andsectorsanalyzedbyAPA.Utilitysystemrequirementsincluderesidential,commercial.lightindustrial,andindustrialsupportservicesneeds.Industrialrequirementsarecomprisedofresourceextractionandprocessing,newenergy-intensiveindustries,andheavyrnanufacturing.GRAPHC-5COMPOSITIONOFENERGYREQUIREMENTSTHROUGHTIME(MID-RANGEESTIMATES)I() ()r--------------------_100INDUSTRIALNATIONALDEFENSEHO1---------------1>08060l-IZ11040W,UTILITIESuI"a::,)wf)'Q.UI0,ll)20o200010001080o"-....t...L..........IJ197IfYEARAppendixC-40 Thisgraphclearlyindicatesthattheprimedeterminantsoffutureenergyneedsareexpectedtocontinuetoberesidential,commercial,andlightindustrialusesofenergy.Theenergyuseinthesesectorsisprimarilydeterminedbyenergyusehabits,population,andeconomicactivity.~nergyUseAssumptions:APAhasassumedsubstantialsavingsinenergyconsumptionduetoincreasedefficiencyandconservationinenergyuse.BothoftheseeffectsareexpectedtoresultfromimminentandprobablefutureincreasesinAlaskaenergycosts.PopulationAssumptions:APA'spopulationassumptions,basedonawiderangeofStateandFederalagency,aswellasfinancialandacademicinstitutionprojections,tendtobesomewhatconservativewhencomparedtothemostrecentprojectionswhichmoreadequatelyincorporateexistingeconomicrealities.Forinstance,theInstituteofSocial,Economic,andGovernmentResearchoftheUniversityofAlaska,employingarecentlyformulatedeconometricmodel(theMAPmodel)andthemostlikelydevelop-mentscenario,predictsanannualpopulationgrowthrateofabout5percentfortheRailbeltareathrough1990.CurrentMAPmodelaswellasNationalBankofAlaska(NBA)populationestimatesbothexceedthoseearlierprojectionsthatwerecitedinthe1974AlaskaPowerSurvey.TableC-13comparespopulationprojectionsbasedonacontinuationof1960-1970annualgrowthof3percentwithMAPandOBERSestimates.OBERSprojectionsarepreparedbytheU.S.DepartmentsofCommerceandAgriculturefortheU.S.WaterResourcesCouncil.TABLEC-13STATEPOPULATIONESTIMATES(1000's)196019701975198019902000Actua12263023percentGrowth(AlaskaPowerSurvey)MAPNBAOBERS(SeriesE)386(est.)410471500333550738391740438OBERSprojectionsareinappropriateforuseinthisstudyasabasisofpopulationestimationinAlaskaasevidencedbythefactthattheactual1975Alaskanpopulationalmostequalsthe1990OBERSprojection.EconomicActivityAssumptions:Withregardtoeconomicactivity,thet1APmodelagreeswithAPA'sassumptionofsteadyeconomicgrowthfollowingthepresentboomperiod.To1980,grossproductisprojectedbytheMAPmodeltoincreaseatanannualrateof7.0percentintheAnchorage-Fairbanksarea,followedinthenextdecadebyanannualAppendixIC-41 growthrateof6.0percent.NationalBankofAlaskaconsidersisasomewhatconservativeestimate.Notallofthesubregionswillshareequallyinthisgrowth.TheAnchorage-CookInletsubregionhasbeenthefocalpointformostoftheSlate'sgrowthintermsofpopulation.business.services,andindustrysinceWorldWarII.Becauseofitscentralroleinbusiness.commerce.('Indqovernment.theAnchorageareaisdirectlyinfluencedbyeconomicactivityelsewhereintheState.PresentandproposedactivitiesindicateahighprobabilityofrapidgrowthintheCookInletareafortheforeseeablefuture.r1uchofthisactivityisrelatedtooilandnaturalgasdevelopmenttoincludeexpansionofrefineriesatKenai,proposedLNGexportstothecontinentalUnitedStates.andprobableadditionaloffshoreoilandgasproduction.TheareawillcontinuetoserveasthetransportationhubformostofAlaska,andtheproposedcapit.,lrelocationwouldprovideadditionalimpetusforgrowth.Fairbanks.intheTananasubregion.isAlaska'ssecondlargestcity.thetradecenterformuchofAlaska'sinterior,servicecenterfortvmmajor'militarybasesandsiteoftheUniversityofAlaska.Currently.itisinthemidstofamajorboomconnectedwiththeconstructionoftheAlyeskapipeline.ItisgenerallyfeltthatpostpipelinegrowthinthelairbanksareawillbeataslowerpacethanthatoftheCookInletSlIbreqion.MajorfutureresourcedevelopmentsintheinteriorandnorthslopewouldhavedirectimpactontheFairbankseconomy.LikeFairbanks.thetwomajorloadcentersoftheGulfofAlaskasubregion,Valdez.andGlennallenareheavilyimpactedbypipelineconstt'uction.Longerrangeprospectsindicateamorestableeconomyossociatedwithpipelineandterminaloperationsandwithrecreation.InstitutionalConsiderations:EnergyprojectionsforAlaskaareofnccessTty--lliO-r-e-speculativethanthoseformoredevelopedareasintherestofthecountry.ThisisduetothepresentrelativelysmallpopulationandeconomicbaseandtheverysubstantialinfluencethatpoliticnldecisionswillhaveregardingdevelopmentofAlaska.Nationalenergypolicy,finallanddisposition,andcapitalrelocationareexamplesofinstitutionalconstraintswhichmaysignificantlyalterflltureenergyrequirements.Itistheeffectofsuchinfluencesthatlargelyaccountsforthewiderangeinenergyprojections.Conclusions:ThehigherrangeprojectionprovidedbyAPAiscomprisedrn'-th-e-year2000ofover50percentindustrialuse.Thismagnitudeoflwavyindustrialdevelopmentisdeemedtoospeculativetoserveasasisforenergyplanningatthistime.Thelowerrangeprojection,ontil('otherhand.incorporatesacompositegrowthratefortheremainderofthe1970'stoofarremovedfromthepresentactualannualrateofincreasetobeacceptedasabestestimateoffutureenergyuse.Inqenet'l~l.thebroadpopulationandeconomictrendsaswellasthemoreAppendixC-42 specificenergyuseandeconomicdevelopmentassumptionsofthemid-rangeestimatereflectarealisticbalancingofrecentexperienceinAlaskanenergyconsumptiongrowthwithexpectedfuturedevelopmentandmoreefficientuseofenergy.Forthese.reasons,themid-rangeenergyrequirementprojectionfurnishedbytheAlaskaPowerAdministrationhasbeenadoptedasthebasisforprojectplanning.Itisrecognizedthatbymakingassumptionsaboutfuturepopulationandeconomicgrowthandthenprovidingenergysufficienttosustainsuchgrowth,theinitialprojectionsmaybecomeaself-fulfillingprophecy.Bypresumingthatenergyneedsmustbemet,theopportunitytousetheprovisionofpowerasatooltodirectgrowthtowardsociallydesirablegoalsisforegone.Intheabsence,however,ofanysuchgenerallyacceptedgrowthgoals,itseemshighlypresumptuoustodootherwisethanplansoastosatisfytheenergyneedsrequiredtosustainthatleveloffuturedevelopmentdeemedmostlikely.PROBLEMSANDNEEDSProblemsandneedsoftheRailbeltareawhichareassociatedwithwaterandrelatedlandresourcedevelopmentcoverabroadrangeofeconomic,environmental,andsocialconcerns.Specificitemsidentifiedfromexpressionsofgovernmentalagencies,ofindustry,ofspecialinterestorganizations,andofprivatecitizensinclude:Theprojectedneedforincreasedsuppliesofelectricalenergy;Aneedforreductionorpreventionofflooddamages;Aneedforimprovedsmallboatanddeep-draftnavigationconditions;Aneedforincreasedmunicipalwatersupply;Aneedforfuturesuppliesofirrigationwater;AneedforreductionandpreventionofairpollutioninFairbanksandAnchorage;Theneedtoconserveandenhancefishandwildliferesources;Theneedforadditionalrecreationalopportunitiesforthepopulation;Thepreservationandmaintenanceofthe"Alaskanwayoflife;1Iincludingpreventionoffurtherpopulationgrowth,preventionofadditionalindustrialization,andcessationofexpansionofurbanareas;AppendixIC-43 Thenationaldesiretoachieveenergyindependencefromforeignsour'ccs;(IindThenationaldesiretoconservenonrenewableresources.Itwouldbehighlypresumptuoustoassumethataspecificwaterresourcesprojectcouldfulfillallofthedesirablewaterrelatedneedsofaco~nunity;furthermore.althoughthepotentialforfulfillingspecificneedsmayexist.theeconomicsorsocialimpactofattemptingtousethewaterresourceasapanaceafortheneedsmaybedetrimental.tis,therefore,necessarytoevaluateindividualneedstodetermineiftheyareinthebestinterestofStateandNationalobjectives.andiftheycanbereasonablyfulfilledbyaspecificwaterresourcedevelop-ment.Inthisrespect,itmaybedesirabletofulfillspecificobjectiveswhichn~yrequireincompatiblewaterusagewTherefore,theextenttowhichdesirablefunctionsofamultipurposeprojectcouldbedevelopedishighlydependentuponwhichvariouspurposesarecompatible.Theeconomic,social.andtechnical implicationsofsatisfyingtheaboveneedsthroughwaterresourceorland-relateddevelopmentisbrieflydiscussedbelow.P!)~_(!LJ~..e_e_ct;_:Historically,mostelectricalgenerationintheRailbeltureahasbeenthroughthefiringoffossilfuelturbines;however,asintedoutearlierinthistext,theabundanceofavailablehydropowercoupledwithourever-shrinkingfuelsuppliesmakesthedemandfor10ng-ran<Jcpowerplanningimperative.RecentpO\.'/ergrowthrateshavebeeninneighborhoodof14percentannually,andalthoughtheseratesareprojectedtodec1ineto7percentbeyond1980.theyear2000totalHojlbeltpowerrequirementsareestimatedtobe15millionmegawatthoursenergyand3,170megawattspeakingcapacity.Theneedforaddi-tionalpowerwasmadeapparentbythe1972U.S.SenateCommitteeonPublicWorksresolutiontostudymeansfordevelopmentofpowerresourceswithintheRailbeltarea.Electricalpowerdevelopmentisobviouslyan('rdwhichcouldbesatisfiedbywaterresourcedevelopment.floodControl:DevelopmentalongtheSusitnaRiverconsistsofroads?In(fhrTdg-es-withsomeurbanareasinthelowerreachesofthemajorriversystem.Presentdamagesoccurfrombankerosionincontrasttooverbankflooding.Withtheupperreachesoftherivercontroll,greenheltareascanbeestablishedwhichwillsupportorderlydevelop-mentplacedbeyondthereachoffloodorthethreatoferosion.rrrnnthestandpointofconventionalfloodprotection,therehasbeenlittlerecordedhistoricalflooddamagetobepreventedorelimi-natedbydevelopment.ThemajorareawheresomebenefitscouldbederivedisinpreventingoccasionaldamagetotheroadbedandbridgesoftheAlaskaRailroadandthelocalroadsystem.BenefitswouldaccrueAppendixC-44 bothfromsavingsinrepaircostsandeconomiccostsresultingfromdelaystotrafficwhilerepairsareunderway.Recreation:Thesteadygrowthofthetouristindustryhasbeenenhancedbythedevelopmentofareasthatwerepreviouslyinaccessiblebycommontransportationmodes.OneofthemostpopulartouristattractionswithintheentireStateistheMountMcKinleyNationalPark,whichiswithinc19~f;proximitytobotLpopulationcentersandtheUpperSusitnaRiverBasin.Asthepopulationcenterscontinuetogrow,additionalrecreationalfacilitieswouldbedesirabletothetouristtrade,andtheroadaccessandlakedev~lQpmentoftheupperSusitnaRivercouldenhancerecreationalpotential.ConservationofNaturalEnvironment:Runningcountertomostdevelop-mentprogr~msisthene~atopreserveaportionofourenvironmentinitsnatl,!.r.~lfstate.Ofprincipalinterestareareashavingsomeuniquescenicor§lWironmentalcharacter,althoughitmaybedesirabletopreserveotb~rareasintheirnaturalstateaswell.Inevaluatingthedevelopmentofastream·~yqhas.theLIPperSusitna,itisnecessarytodeterminetthasSOIll.e~mtquecharacterwhichpossiblyshouldbepreserved~n~Whethertherewillbeadequateareasofasimilarnatureremainingyndisturbed.inthisgeneralgeographicarea.DevelopmentoftheSusitnaRiverwouldcertainlyalteraportionoftheriverfromitsoriginalstate.Associatedhumanencroachmentofthesurroundingterraincouldalsobeexpected,andhenceitshouldbeanticipatedthattotalconservationofthenaturalenvironmentwouldnotbepossible.Thereareopportunities,however,toenhanceportionsoftheenvironmentthroughengineeringmeasuresandgoodlandmanagement.Furthermore,ifoneconsidersthatvirtuallyalldevelopmenthasanimpactonthenaturalenvironment,thenobviouslythereisarangeofseverityasso-ciatedwiththevariousformsofelectricaldevelopment.Waterresourcedevelopmentisgenerallyacleanpowersourceandwhilethenaturalenvironmentmaynotbetotallypreserved,atleastmanwouldhavetheopportunitytoviewaterrainwhichhadbeenpreviouslyinaccessible.NaVigation:AlthoughthepossibilityforenhancingthenavigabilityoftheSusitnaRiverexists,theassociatedrequirementsforchannelimprovementsnecessaryfordeepdraftfaroutweighthepresentbenefits.FuturedevelopmentwithintheRailbeltmayincreasethedesirabilityoftheSusitnaRiverasatransportationmode,but,ingeneral,thispurposewouldnotbeconsideredcompatiblewiththemainandprovenneedforpowerproduction.Irrigation:Theneedforirrigationwaterpresumesalevelofagri-cultura1developmentwhichisnotnowplannedorforeseeable.Inaddition,therearepresentlynumerousopportunitiesfordevelopmentofirrigationwaterwhichcouldbemoreeconomicallyfeasiblethanupperSusitnaRiverdevelopment.AppendixIC-45 M~~ici~l~~terSUQply:Theneedsformuniciwatersupplycanbemoreeconomlcallysolvedbyothermeans.Thisneedisnotconsideredonewhichtherecommendedplanshouldattempttoaddress.I)reservati_onofliTheAlaskanWay-of-Life":The"Alaskanway-of-life"iss~-inducedandisapparentlydefinedbyaspecificdateonwhichthelifestylewasverydesirable.Thelifestylehaschangedconsiderablyoverthepastfewyearswiththegeneraltrendtowardenhancementofstandardofliving.Theregretableinabilitytogainquickaccesstowildernessappearstobeafunctionofthegrowingpopulaonthatiresthisluxury.Thebestsolutiontothisproblemwouldbecon-trolledgrowth.TopreservetheAlaskanlifestylebyhaltinggrowthofallformsatthepresentlevelisbeyondtheauthorityoftheCorpsofEngineersandis,therefore,beyondtheobjectivesofthisstudy.~.i!_J1..Q.nu_tionReduction:Almostallenergyresourceswhichrequiresomeformofheatforelectricalgenerationimpartheat,watervapor.andch~nicalimpuritiestothesurroundingair.TheprobleminFairbanksh~sreachedhazardousproportionsandsomeformofreliefisnecessary.BothAnchorageandFairbanksreceivesomeformsofairpollutionfromexistingelectricalgeneratingunits.Theconversiontohydroelectriccouldhelpdiminishexistingpollutionlevelsinbothcities,andcouldforestallthedatewhennewthermalplantswouldberequiredtomeettheever-increasingenergydemand.ConservationofNonrenewableResources:Thepresentnationalobjective~)rconservation'ornonrenewableresourcescouldbepartiallymetbythelargeabundanceofAlaskannaturalenergysources.One-thirdofthefreshwaterrunoffoftheentireUnitedStatesisfoundinAlaska,aswellasscoresofuntappedsourcesofhydroelectricpower.Inaddition,Alaskahasabundantpotentialfordevelopmentofgeothermal,wind,tidalresources.Hydroelectricappearsdesirablefordevelopmentwhenmeasur'edintermsofenvironmentalimpact,andeconomicfeasibilityascomparedtoconventionalthermalgeneratingplantspresentlyinoperaon.Althoughthetechnologyassociatedwiththeothersourcesofrenewableenergyisnotatthepresentlevelasthatofhydropower,theseotherenergysourcesmaybeamajorsourceofelectricalpowerinthenearfuture.r~a_t..iona1EnergyIndependence:Similartoconservationofnonrenewableresources,anenormouscontributiontowardthenationalobjectiveofenergyindependencecouldbemadebyAlaska.ThePrudhoeBaygasandoilfieldswillcontributetothisgoalaswillanticipatedoilreservesfromoutercontinentalshelfoilexplorations.DevelopmentoftherenewableAlaskanenergysourcescouldfreeadditionalfossilfuelsfor"Lower48"use.ItmayevenbefeasibletotransmitAlaskanAppendixC-46 hydropowerviatransmissionlinestomidwesternpopulationcenters.DevelopmentofrenewableandnonrenewableAlaskanresourcescouldhaveaprofoundeffectonourneedfornationalenergyindependence.AppendixIC-47 POSSIBLESOLUTIONSGLN[RALSolutionsconsideredinthisinvestigationtomeetelectricalneedsintheSouthcentralRailbeltareaweregroupedinthreemajorcategories:alternativesourcesofpower;alternativehydropowersourcesintheRoilbeltarea;andalternativehydropowerplansintheSus;RiverBasin.Theextentofstudygiventoeachpotent;solutionwasp.stablishedbyfirstscreeningeachalternativeforsuitability,appli-cability.andeconomicmeritinmeetingneeds.Eachalternativewastestedforphysical,political,financial,institutional,economic,environmental,andsocialfeasibility.Continuouscoordinationwasn~intainedwithareaStateandFederalagencieswhichhaverelatedinterests.Alternativemeasuresconsideredforpowerpurposesareasfo11ows:AlternativeSourcesofPowerNoGrowthCoalNaturalGasandOilNuclearPowerGeothermalSolarWindandTidalWoodIntertieSolidWasteHydropowerAlternativeHydrologicBasinsinSouthcentralRailbeltAreaYukonRiver-RampartDamCopperRiver-WoodCanyonDamChakachatnaRiver-ChakachamnaDamBradleyRiver-BradleyLakeDamSusitnaRiverAlternativeHydropowerPlansinUpperSusitnaRiverBasinDevilCanyonWatanaHighD.C.Dam(HenryJ.KaiserCompany'sSusitnaIdamsite)DevilCanyon-DenaliDevilCanyon-WatanaDevilCanyon-Watana-DenaliDevilCanyon-Watana-Vee-Denali4-DamKaiserDevelopmentAppendixC-4B ThesealternativeswerescreenedonthebasisofpreliminaryestimatesofresponsetothebasicwaterresourceplanningobjectivesofNED(economicviability)andEQ(contributionstoenvironmentalquality).WithintheNEDconsiderations,inadditiontothepurelyeconomicfactors.suchitemsastechnicalfeasibility(Canitbedonewithexistingtech-nology?)andscale(Doesitdotoolittleortoomuch?)wereconsideredimportant.WithintheEQconsiderations,inadditiontopositivecontri-butionstoenvironmentalfactors,alackofadverseeffectswasconsideredsignificant.Theintentandeffectofthisbriefscreeningwastoruleoutimpracticableandmarginalalternativesleavingasmallnumberofthebetterpossiblesolutionstobestudiedandevaluatedindetail.Thefollowingdiscussionssummarizethepreliminaryevaluation.ALTERNATIVESOURCESOFPOWER~oGrowth:Restrictingthegrowthinpowerdemandandalteringenergypricingpoliciesarepoliticaldecisionsthatcannotbeaddressedinthisreportwithanyauthority.However,anyadoptedpolicysigni-ficantlyreducingindustrialconsumptionofenergywouldhavetoconsiderthelivingstandardwhichdependsonenergyconsumption.Itwouldalsobenecessaryforapolicytorestrictpopulationgrowthandtoapplytoallformsofenergytobeeffective.Thisalternativewouldachievethemaximumpossibleconservationofnonrenewableresourcesandhaveminimaladverseenvironmentaleffects.However,inthepresenceofthepro-jectedtrendsinpopulationandenergyconsumptiongrowthandintheabsenceofanyindicationoftherequiredsocialandpoliticalatmosphere,thealternativeisnotconsideredrealistic.Integraltoanyplantorestrictloadgrowthwouldbeaprogramtoreducewasteandimproveefficiencyofelectricalenergyusage.However,thisisadesirableandperhapsnecessarymeasureregardlessofwhatalternativeisadopted.TheAlaskaPowerAdministrationrecognizesthisintheirloadprojections.assumingsubstantialdemandsavingsthroughconservationprogramsandincreasedefficiencyinuseofenergy.Coal:Coalisthemostabundantfossilfuelinthenation.SouthcentralATa~kahastwoextensivedeposits.TheBelugaRiverarea,northwestofCookInlet,containscoalreservesofatleast2.3billiontonsor,energy-wise,anequivalentofalmost6billionbarrelsofoil.Develop-mentofBelugacoalswouldenhancepossibilitiesforcoal-firedpowergenerationatreasonablecost.CoalresourcesintheNenanaFieldsintheSouthcentralRailbeltsouthofFairbanksnearHealy,Alaska,areevenmoreextensivethantheBelugaRiverreserves,totalingatleast7billiontons.Inmanycases.themajorobstacletoincreasedcoalusageistheproblemofremovingthehighsulfurcontentinordertomeetairqualitystandardswhenthecoalisburned.OtherproblemsincludeenvironmentalAppendixIC-49 impactsassociatedwithstripmining.suchassurfacedisturbanceswastematerialdisposal,chemicallyactivewaterdischarge,post-miningrestoration,andtransportationofthecoal.TheBelugacoalshavelowamountsofsulfurbuthavehighashandwatercontent.Considerablerefiningwouldbeneededforuseofthiscoalinpowergeneration.Thecoalalternativecouldbeavailableonaboutthesametimeframeasothermajornewpowersourcessuchashydropowerandgpossibly,nuclearpower.BaseloadthermalplantscouldprobablybeutilizedintheRailbeltareabythe1980's.Coal-firedplantsshouldalsobegivenconsiderationinremoteareaswhichcouldbesuppliedbywatertrans-portation.Intheabsenceofmajorhydrodevelopmentorthediscoveryofitionalgasreserves,thefutureRailbeltpowersystemwouldprobablyshiftfromoil-andgas-firedpowerunitstocoalastheirprincipalenergysource.ThecoalplantswouldeitherbeconventionalsteamorsteamandgasturbineunitslocatedneartheBelugaandNenanacoalfields.Theuseofcoalasasourceofenergyisaviablealternative.NaturalGasandOil:Followingthe1967DepartmentofInteriorreport,~sl(aNaturalResourcesandth~RampartProject,moststudiesbyFederalagenciesandareautilitycompaniesfocusedontheCookInletsuppliesofnaturalgasand,morerecently.onpipelinefuelsforRailbeltpower.CookInletnaturalgasisacleanfuel.Fewseriousairpollutionproblemsexistforgas-firedunits;however,theextentofgasreservesisnotknownatthistime.Gasturbineexhaustisnoisy,althoughnoisesuppressionequipmentcanreducethisimpactataprice.Energyconser-vationaspectsofgas-firedunitsmaybecomesignificantbecauseexistingturbineshavelowefficienciesandgiveoffvisiblewatervaporemissionsduringthecolderwintermonths.Also,nitrogenemissionscouldbeofsignificantconcernfortheverylargegas-firedplantswhichwouldbeneeded.ExistingplansfortheCookInletareaincludeadditionallargesadvanced-cyclegasturbineunitsatBelugaandadditionalturbinesandwaste-heatrecoveryunitsinAnchorage.TheFairbanksareautilitiesplanadditionalturbineunitsusingpipelinefuels.Nearfutureplansincludeanumberofmeasurestoincreaseefficiencyofexistingunitsgincludinguseoftheadvanced-cycleandwaste-heat-recoveryunits.CookInletnaturalgashasprovidedlow-costpowerbenefitsforthesurroundingareaintherecentpastandgwithsubstantialreservesundercontract,shouldhandleareapowerrequirementsforseveralmoreyears.Also,additionalreservesmaybefoundinfutureexplorationtomeetfuturedemands.ToassumethattherewinbesubstantialincreasesincostforfutureoilandgassuppliesappearsreasonableasUnitedStatesdomesticreservesdecline,worldwidedemandincreasesgandforeignoilpricesremainhigh.AppendixC-50 Planningofmeasurestomeetfutureenergyneedsshouldfactorinhighercostsforfuels.especiallyforoilandgas,andshouldantici-patenationaleffortstodevelopalternativeenergysourcesthatlimittheuseofoilandgasforpovlergeneration.Thesefactorsinvalidatemanypreviouspowerplanningstudieswhicharepremisedonassumptionsofcheap,long-rangeoilandgasfuelsources.Alaskapowersystemsnowdependonoilandgasforabout60percentoftotalenergyproduction.andby1980,about90percentoftheState'selectricenergywillcomefromthesefuels.Estimated1972fueluseforAlaska'spowersystemsincluded1.4millionbarrelsofoiland16billioncubicfeetofnaturalgas.Theusewouldincreasetoabout26millionbarrelsofoiland134billioncubicfeetofnaturalgasannually(ifavailable)bytheyear2000inmeetingthemidrangeconsumptionlevelestimates.Aconcentratedefforttodevelopalternativesforpowergenerationsuchascoal,hydro.andeventuallynuclearpowercouldresultinsubstantialreductionindemandforoilandnaturalgas.Theleadtimesandlargeinvestmentsrequiredtodevelopthesealternativesreinforcethepointthatoilandnaturalgasmustsupplynearfuturerequirements.TheavailabilityofoilandgasinAlaskacouldimproveifmorereservesandfacilitiesaredeveloped.However,thereisnolongeranyreasontoanticipatethatAlaskanoilandgaswillprovideanabundant,cheapenergysourceforthelongterm.Thesefuelswillbeexpensive,iffornootherreason,becausetherewillbepressurestoexporttheresourcestoareaswherehigherpricescanbeobtainedfortheiruseinpetrochemicalindustries.ThepresentuseofoilandnaturalgasasasourceofelectricalenergyisviableforAlaska;however,ahigherandbetterfutureuseoftheseresourcescanbemadeand,inallprobabilitywillbe.Therefore,oilandnaturalgas-firedgenerationisnotcon-sideredtobeaviablealternative.Nuclear:Theuseofnuclearpowerasacommercialelectricalenergysourceforthenationisexpectedtoincreaseconsiderablybytheyear1985.Adverseenvironmentalimpactsareassociatedwithsurfaceandsubsurfaceminingofuranium,changesinlanduse.disposalofwasteheat,riskofaccidents,anddisposalofhighlyradioactivewastes.Inspiteofthesefactors,morethan50percentoftheelectricalpowerofthenationisexpectedtobegeneratedbynuclearpowerbytheyear2000.Bythattime,breederplants,whichproduceadditionalfuelwhiletheyproducepower,willhopefullybeavailabletotakeoveralargershareoftheproductionofelectricity.Possiblyatsometimeinthenextcentury,nuclearfissionplantsandproposednuclearbreederplantswillbereplacedbynuclearfusionreactors.AppendixIC-51 Nuclearpowershouldbeconsideredalikelylong-rangesourceofb.,seloadpowerfortheRailbeltarea,butisgenerallyconsideredadistantoptionbecauseofsizeofpowermarkets,costandenvironmentalfactors,andtheavailabilityofmorefavorablecoalandhydroalterna-tives.TheforeseeablefuturefornuclearpowergenerationinAlaskashouldbecomemateriallymorefavorableonlyifthereisabreakthroughincostsandtechnologyofsmall-sizedplants.GeothernKll:Geothermalresourcesmayeventuallyprovisignificantpower~enerationinAlaska;theSouthcentralRailbeltareahassubstantialgeothern~lpotential.Someofthepossibleproblemsassociatedwithe9cnerationofelectricalpowerfromgeothermalresourcesincludesitingoffacilities,brinedisposal,corrosion,airpollution,thermalpollution.waterpollution,landsubsidence,andpossibleearthtremors.Thisresourcecouldalsoprovideusablesideproductssuchasheat,water.andchemicals.Thissourceofenergyisnotconsideredareasonableshort-termalternativetoothermoreproventypesofpowergenerationbecauseoftherelativelyprimitivelevelofpresenttechnological10pmentandhighcosts.Sor:Theradiantheatthesunisanotherrenewablesourceofenergythathasconsiderablepotentialforgeneratingpowerinthenationandtheworld.Practicaluseofsolarenergytoproduceelec-tricalpoweronalargescaleisprimarilyaquestionofdevelopingthetechnologytogenerateandtostorelargeamountsofelectricitypro-chAcedbythesun'sradiation.Amajordisadvantagewhereversuchdevelopmentispresentisthelargelandarearequiredforreflectorinstallationtoprovideusableamountsofpowerandthusthelargeenvironmentaldisturbancesinherentinsuchchangeinlanduse.Duringthewinter,asecondconcern.especiallyinAlaska.isthatwhendemandforelectricalpowerisgreatest,thesuniseitherabsentfromoratbestabriefvisitortolocalskies.SolarpowergenerationisnotconsideredafeasibleplanningalternativeforAlaskanpowersystemsinthenearfuture.Opportunitiesexistforutilizingsolarheatingsystemsasasupplementarysourceofenergyforwaterandspaceheating.Thiscouldultimatelyservetoreducedemandforotherformsofenergy,includingelectricity.However.itwouldnotreducetheneedfor~Jf'neratingcapacitybecausefunpowersystempeakloadswouldprobablydevelopondayswhensolarenergycouldnotcontributemuchusableenergyandthefullwaterandspaceheatingneedswouldhavetobemetwithelectricityorotherback-upsystems.WindandTidal:ResearchanddevelopmentproposalsforwindgeneratorsshOtlTa--irnprovefuturecapabilitiesofwind-poweredelectricalgeneratingsyst(!l1ls.Withincreaseddieselfuelcosts,wind-generatedelectricalpowerisapossiblealternativepowersourceforremoteareaswithsmallloads.Thealternativeisnotconsideredfeasibileforprovisionoflargean~untsofenergyatthistime.TheCookInletregionofAlaskaexperiencesoneofthelargertidalranqesoftheworldggivingitapotentialforthegenerationofelectricalI\ppendixc-~)2 energyfromalowheadreversiblehydroplant.Tidalpower, however,intheabsenceofmultiplestoragereservoirs,isonlyavailableduringlunar-solartidepeakswhichdonotcoincidewiththenormaldailyreakingrequirements.SucheninstallationwouldrequirealowdamspanningthefullwidthoftheInlet,amassivecostiteminitself,aswellasadeepdraftlocksy~;temtoallowcommercialvesselaccesstotheAnchorageport.ThedamwouldchangetheentireflowregimeofCookInletwithasignificantpotentialforextensiveadverseeffectsonmajorecosystems.AdditionalmajoreffectswouldincludeintensifiedicepackconditionsintheupstreampoolwithpotentialforsignificantadverseimpactsontheAnchoragewaterfront.Furtherstudyofeitherofthesealternativesisnotdeemedjustifiedforthisreport.Wood:InpartsofsoutheasternAlaska,woodisusedtofiresteam-gener-atingpowerplants.Alaskadoeshavevastforestreservesthatcouldbeused;however.thesesametreeshavefarhigherandbetteralternativeusesinwood,paper,andotherindustries.Inaddition,theesthetic,ecological.andenvironmentalimpactsofthelargeharvestsnecessarytoallowproductionoflargeamountsofenergyappeartobemassive.Furtherstudyofthisalternativeisnotdeemedjustifiedforthereport.Intertie:InsteadofproducingtherequiredpowerinAlaska,excesspower-rromCanadaand/orthe"Lower48"couldbeimportedbyatransmis-sionsysteminterconnectingwiththesources.However,thereisnoevidentexcessofpoweravailabletomakesuchadevelopmentfeasibile.Furtherstudyofthisalternativeisnotdeemedjustifiedforthisreport.AlthoughinterconnectionwithCanadaorthecontiguousUnitedStatesisnotpresentlyjustified,thepossiblebenefitswhichwouldaccruebyinterconnectingtheAnchorageandFairbanksloadcenterswillincreaseastheenergydemandofthetwoareasincrease.Interconnectionofexistingsuperloadsystemsthroughouttheworldhaverevealedamultitudeofadvantagesincludingflexibility,economicpotentialandhighersystemreliability.InterconnectionoftheAnchorageandFairbanksloadcenterscouldleadtocooperativelong-rangeplanningtoallowefficientschedulingofadditionalgeneratingplants.Thisinturncouldleadtorevenuesavingsthroughsharedreservesandthroughinter-ureaenergysalestotakeadvantageofthecostdifferentialofproducingenergyinthetwoloadcenters.Sidebenefitswhichcouldberealizedcouldincludeenhancementoftotalsystemreliability,addedflexibilityinschedulingfacilitiesmaintenance,andatleastthecapabilitytoeliminateorminimizeunnecessaryduplicationofstafffacilities.~ecauseshortrangeinvestmentrequirementsforinterconnectionofAnchorageandFairbanksarerelativelylargeincomparisontoinitialbenefits,anareatransmissionintertieisnotnowsuggested.However,ifthetwoloadcenterswereinterconnectedthroughtheincidentaldevelopmentofanaturalenergyresourcetobesharedbythetwoloadcenters,thenobviouslysomeoftheabovementionedbenefitscouldberealized.AppendixIC-53 SolidWaste:TheuseofsolidwasteswasproposedbyAlaskaCenterro-r~l1e-EnvironmentasanalternativesourceofenergyatthepublicmeetingheldinAnchorageon29May1975.Theredoesnotappeartobeanadequ3tesupplyofsolidwasteproductsintheRailbeltareatoproduceenoughenergytomeetanticipatedloadgrowth.ThisalternativeisnotconsideredfeasibletomeetthefullenergyneedsoftheRailbeltarea.However.itmightserveasasourceofsupplementalenergyandshouldbepursuedfurtheratthelocallevel.t~jI2y~wer:ThereconnaissancereportonpotentidevelopmentintheStateo~J\laskamadein1948bytheU.S.BureauofReclamationincludedhundredsofpotentialpowerdevelopmentsiteslocatedthroughoutthefivestudyregionsoftheState:Southeast,Southcentral,Yukon-Kuskokwim,SewardPeninsula,andArctic.ManyofthesesitesarelocatedneartheFairbanksandAnchoragemarketareas.ThelargeamountoftheavailablerenewableresourcewhichcouldproduceelectricpowerhasthepotentialtomeettheenergyneedsoftheSouthcentralRailbeltarea.ALTEHNATIVEHYDROELECTRICPOTENTIALINTHESOUTHCENTRALRAILBELTAREAYukonRiver-Rampartcan~onDam:TheproposedsitefortheRampartCanyon-DamisontheYuonRiver,approximately140milesnorthwestofr,)irbanks.Alaska.TheprojecthasoneofthelargesthydroelectricpotentialsinNorthAmerica.Theplanwouldincludeareservoirwithawatersurfaceareaofapproximately10,600squaremiles,amaximumlengthof280miles,andamaximumwidthofabout80miles.Theprojectwouldprovidefirmannualenergyof34.2billionkilowatt-hours(theenenJYequivalentofover58millionbarrelsofoilperyear).However,substantialadverseenvironmentalimpactscouldresulttofishandwildlifeintheYukonFlatsarea.Thetremendousfinancialinvestments,thelargeenvironmentalimpacts.thelimitedopportunitiesformarketin9theenormousamountsofpower,andavailabilityoffavorable,lesscostlyalternativesareffiajorconsiderationsinevaluationoftheRampartprojectatthistime.Inviewoftheseconsiderations,Rampartisnotconsideredappropriateat thistime.COPJJerRiver-WoodCanyonDam:TheproposedsitefortheWoodCanyonDamfsah()ut85miTesabovethemouthoftheCopperRiverintheChugachMountainsofsouthcentralAlaska.A"highdam"proposalwoulddevelopfirmannualenergyof21.9billionkilowatt-hours.A"lowdam"planwouldprovide10.3billionkilowatt-hoursoffirmannualenergy.TheconstructionofeitherdamatWoodCanyonwouldforcereloca-tionoftwocommunitiesandwouldcreateseriousenvironmentalproblemsaffectingbothfishandwildlifevalues.especiallytothelargesalmonrunsontheCopperRiver.Unlesstheproblemposedtomigratingsalmoncouldbesolvedsatisfactorily,theprojectwouldhaveanextremelyadverseAppendixc-:)4 effectonthemajorcommerciafishingindustryinawideareaoftheGulfofAlaska.Thisalternativeisnotconsideredfeasibleatthistime.~hakachatnaRiver-ChakachamnaDam:ThesitefortheproposedChakachamnaDamislocatedontheChakachatnaRiver,whichdrainsintothewestsideofCookInletapproximately65mileswestofAnchorage.Thefacilitywouldgenerate1.6billionkilowatt-hoursoffirmannualenergy.Theprojectwouldrequiretheerl~ctionofadditionaltransmissionfacilitiesoverdifficultterraintotieintoaSouthcentralRailbelttransmissionsystemandtheconstructionofacostlyII-miletunnelforpowergenera-tion.TheadverseenvironmentalimpactwouldbesubstantiallylessthanfrommanyproposedAlaskanhydroelectricprojects;however,thelowfirmenergyoutputandhighcostscomparedtootheravailablealternativesrenderthisalternativeeconomicallyunattractiveatthistime.~!adl~~ake:ThesiteforthisproposedhydroelectricprojectisatBradleyLakeontheKenaiPeninsulaattheheadofKachemakBay.Thefacilityproposedwouldgenerate0.4billionkilowatt-hoursoffirmannualenergyandcouldserveasasouthernpeakinginstallationforaSouthcentralRailbeltpowersystem.Therewouldbeaminimumofadverseenvironmentalimpactsassociatedwiththisproposedproject.IfaneconomicallyfeasibleplancanbedevelopedforBradleyLake,theprojectcouldbeintegratedwithfuturedevelopmentoftheSusitnaRiverbasin.Byitself,thealternativecanproduceonlyasmallportionofthefutureenergyrequirements.SusitnaRiver:SurveysforpotentialhydropowerdevelopmentintheSusitnaRiverbasinwerereportedbytheCorpsofEngineersin1950andbytheU.S.BureauofReclamationin1948.1952.1961,and1974.The1952USSRreportindicated12potentialhydropowersitesinthebasin;ofthese.the5damsitesstudiedintheupperSusitnabasinshowedthehighestpotential.ThesestudiesshowedtheenvironmentalimpactfromprojectsintheUpperSusitnaRiverBasinwouldnotbeassevereasthosefromotherbasins,andthefirmenergypotentialcouldcontributesubstantiallytosatisfyingtheneedsoftheSouthcentralRailbeltarea.AplanandprofileofthepotentialdamsiteswithinthisbasinareshownonPlatesC-5andC-6.ALTERNATIVEUPPERSUSITNAHYDROELECTRICPLANSEightplansforhydroelectricdevelopmentoftheSusitnaRiverbasinwerestudiedforthisreport.Abriefnarrativeofeachalterna-tiveplanfollows.DevilCanyon:Thepossibilityofasingle-damdevelopmentoftheupperSusitnabasinlocatedattheDevilCanyondamsitewasinvestigated.Theproposed635-foot-highthin-archdamwouldhaveawatersurfaceareaofabout7.550acresatthenormalmaximumpoolelevationof1,450feet,rn.s.1.AppendixIC-55 Watana:Theproposedsingle-damdevelopmentoftheupperSusitnabasinlocatedattheWatanasitewouldbeanearthfilldamwithstructuralheightofaboutS10feet.Thereservoirwouldhaveanormalmaximumpoolelevationof2,200feet,wouldhavesurfaceareaofapproximately43,000acres,andwouldextendabout54rivermilesupstreamtoapointbetweentheOshetnaandTyoneRivers.HiJ)_:L:...J>_a~:InSeptember1974,HenryJ.KaiserCompanypreparedareassessmentreportproposinganalternativehydroelectricdevelopmentprojectontheupperSusitnaRiver.Thereportproposesaninitialprojectconsistingofan810-foot-high.concrete-faced.rockfilldamlocatedabout5milesupstreamfromtheDevilCanyonsite.D~tL.lQ~-Denali_:Thisalternativetwo-damsystemwouldincludethethin-archconcretedamatDevilCanyon.anda260-foot-highearthfil1daminthevicinityofDenali.TheDenalidamwouldprovidestorageonlyandwouldhavenopowerplant.{)~:_yj_l_C~n~on-watana:Thisalternativetwo-damsystemwouldincludetheconcreteamatDevilCanyonplustheearthfilldamatWatana.Bothprojectswouldhavepowerplants,andWatanawouldprovidetheseasonalstorageforthetern.DevilCanyon-Watana-Denali:Thisplanisbasicallythesameastheprecedfngone,butwiththeadditionoftheDenalistorageproject.AdditionofDenalitothesystemwouldrequireanadditional54,000acresoflandforthereservoir.DevilCanyon-Watana-Vee-Denali:ThisisthesystemproposedbytheUureau-o;-Reclamat;oninits1952reportonhydropowerresourcesoftheUpperSusitnaRiverBasin.TheUSBRrecommendedinitialdevelopmentofDevilCanyonDamplustheupstreamstoragereservoiratDenali;furtherdevelopmentwouldincludeearthfilldamsattheWatanaandVeeCanyonsHesbetweenthetwoinitialdams.Inthissystem,theheightofthe~atanadamwouldbe515feetandtheheightoftheVeedamwouldbe455feet.Ili..,ghD.C.(SusitnaI-OlsonSusanaII-VeeSusitnaIII-Denali:TheSeptember~~ryJ.alserCompanysreportasoproposeaour-damultimatedevelopmentplanfortheUpperSusitnaRiverBasin.TheplanincludestheSIO-foot-highdaminDevilCanyon,a195-footconcretegravitydamattheOlsonsite,a455-footrockfilldaminthevicinityofVee,andthe260-footearthfilldamatDenali.ALTERNATIVESCONSIDEREDFURTHEROfthe11basicalternativesinitiallyconsidered,onlytwo--coal-fh'edthermalandhydropower--showpromiseofmeetingincreasedRailbeltrealoadinthelate1980'sand1990's.Ofthehydroalternatives,theupperSusitnaRiverdevelopmentsshowthemostpromise.Inthenexttwosections,ananalysiswillbemadetoevaluatethepowerpotentialoftheeightproposedalternativesandtodeterminewhicharebestfromthestandpointofeconomics.AppendixC-56 HYDROPOWERANALYSISMETHODOFANALYSIS?Cop~:Asdiscussedintheprecedingsection--PossibleSolutions--severalhydroprojectsintheupperSusitnabasinwereconsideredworthyoffurtherstudy.Simulatedoperationstudiesweremadetodeterminethepowerpotentialoftheseprojects,bothsinglyandincombination.Inadditiontopoweroptimizdtion,considerationwasgiventofillingrateschedulesandflowreleaserequirementsforfish,wildlife,andrecreation.Thissectiondescribesthesestudiesandthebasicassump-tionsthatwentintothestudies.Glossary:Thefollowingtermsaredefined.Energy:AverageEnergy:Theaverageamountofenergyproducedeachyearbyahydroprojectoveraspecificperiodofoperationorstudy.FirmEnergy:Electricenergywhichisrequiredtobeavailableata11times.PrimeEnergy:Themaximumenergyexpressedinaveragekilo-watt-hours(ormegawatt-hours)thatcanbeproducedatahydroprojectduringthemostcriticalstreamflowperiod.Primeenergywouldservetomeetfirmenergyloads.SecondaryEnera~:Electricenergyhavinglimitedavailability.Ingoodwateryearsahyroplantcangenerateenergyinexcessofitsprimeenergycapability.Thisexcessenergyisclassifiedassecondaryenergybecauseitisnotavailableeveryyear,andvariesinmagnitudeinthoseyearswhenitisavailable.UsableEnergy:Theamountofenergygeneratedbythehydrosystemforwhichthereisanapparentmarket.Capacity:InstalledCapacity:Theratingofthegeneratorsatdesignheadandbestgateavailablefortheproductionofsaleablepower.~endablecapacit~:Theassuredpeakload-carryingabilityofaplantorsystemunderaversewaterconditionsforthetimeintervalandperiodspecifiedwhenrelatedtothecharacteristicsoftheloadtobesupplied,expressedinkilowatts(ormegawatts).ReserveCapacity:Capacityinexcessofthatrequiredtocarrypeakloadandwhichisavailabletomeetunanticipateddemandsforpowerortogeneratepowerintheeventofscheduledorunscheduledoutages.AppendixIC-57 PowerValues:CapacityValue:Thatpartoftheat-siteorat-marketvalueofelectricpowerwhichisassignedtodependablecapacity.Thisisbasedontheamortizedinvestmentcostsandfixedoperatingcostsofthemosteconomicalalternativepowersource.¥nergyValue:Thatpartoftheat-siteorat-marketvalueofelectricpowerwhichisassignedtoenergy.Thisisbasedlargelyonfuelandvariableoperatingcostsforthemosteconomicalalternativepowersource.At-MarketValue:Thevalueofhydroelectricpoweratthemarketasmeasuredbythecostofproducingtheequivalentpowerbythemosteconomicalmeansanddeliveringthispowertothemarket•.~t-SiteValue:Thevalueofpoweratthesiteofthegeneratingstationasmeasuredbytheat-marketvalueminusthecostoftransmissionfacilitiesandlossesfromgeneratingstationtomarket.Head:CriticalHead:Theheadatwhichthenameplateinstalledcapacitycanbeproaucedatfull-gateopening.pesignHead:TheheadatwhichtheturbinewilloperatetoClivethebestoverallefficiencyundervariousoperatingconditions.RatedHead:Theheadatwhichaturbinewilldelivermaximumgeneratorcapacityatfullgate.Reservoiia:Drawdown:Thedistancethatthewatersurfaceofareservoirislowered-from-a-givenelevationastheresultofthewithdrawalofwater.AdverseWaterConditions:Themostadversesequenceofowsfromthes"tandpointofhydrosystemenergyproduction.Thissequenceisafunctionoftheamountofreservoirstorageavailableandthepowersystemloadrequirementsandisusuallydeterminedbytestingthefullrecordofhistoricalstreamflowconditions.Q£eratingorPowerYear:Forpurposesofthisreporta12-monthperiodbeginning1October.CriticalPeriod:TheintervaloftimewhenhydroenergypY'oduction---rs-limltedbyadversewaterconditions.Theperiodbeginswithreservoir(s)fullandendswithreservoir(s)emptyjustpriortoaI\ppendixIc-sn sequenceofflows\'Ihichwillrefillthereservoir(s).Averageenergyproducedduringthecriticalperiodiscalledprimeenergy.CriticalPeriodStorage:Theamountofwaterinstoragewhichcouldbedraftedtoaugmentthelownaturalflowsassociatedwiththecriticalperiod.Stor'!.9..E;_.B~fi11Period:Theperiodoftimerequiredtorefi11reservoirfollowingthecriticalperioddraft.!>_~aj__Stora~:Theamountofstoragewithinthereservoirwhichliesbelowtheminimumelevationtowhichthereservoirsurfacecouldbelowered.Theminimumreservoirsurfaceelevationisafunctionoftheheadrangewithinwhichtheturbinesaredesignedtooperateatqreatestefficiency.V~~bJeStorage:Theamountofreservoirstoragewhich1ieswithintheelevationsabovethedeadstoragepoolandbelowthefullreservoirpool.Thisstorageisthewaterwhichisavailabletoaugmentnaturalstreamflowduringthecriticalperiod.PowerTerms:P.O.L.:Power-on-linedate.L..9_~_._SJ1_~~:Dailyandannualloadcurvesreducedtoapercentagefactorofaspecifiedload.Forexample,itiscommontoindicatethemonthlyloadsforbothenergyandcapacityinpercentageofannualenergyandannualpeakloads.AreaLoadFactor:Theratiooftheaverageloadoveradesignated·p-erl0dtothepeakloadoccurringinthatperiod,foranintegratedloadcenter.PlantFactor:Theloadfactorforaspecifichydroproject.LoadCenter:Apointatwhichalargeshareoftheloadofagivenarea~iissumedtobeconcentrated.BaseLoad:Theminimumamountofloadrequired24hoursaday.time.PeakLoad:ThemaximuminstantaneousloadwithinaspecifiedMctflOd.oJg-9Y:POYJeranalysisofthestudybasinwasbasedonthehydrologicdataavailablefromthevariousstreamgagingstationswithinthebasinaboveGoldCreek.Thestudyperiodcoveredwasthe25yearsofrecordfortheGoldCreekstationfortheyearsof1950through1974.ThethreegagingstationswithshorterperiodsofrecordwereextendedbyAppendixIC-59 correlationwiththeGoldCreekstation,anddamsitemonthlyowswereestimatedbyextrapolationoftheobservedandcomputedgagingstationflows(seeSectionAofthisAppendix).Theanalysisofthepoweroutputforamultitudeofschemeswithinthebasinwasaccomplishedbyanalyticalregulationusingthe"HEC-3ReservoirSystemAnalysis"computerprogramdevelopedbytheHydrologicEngineeringCenter,CorpsofEngineers,Davis,California.Finalresultswereverifiedusingthe"HydroSystemSeasonalRegulation"computerprogramdevelopedbytheNorthPacificDivision,CorpsofEngineers,Portland,Oregon.TheHEC-3programwasusedbecauseofthesimplicitywiwhichthesystemcouldberegulatedandtheeasewithwhichtheprogramcouldbeadaptedtothestudyconditions.Rulecurveswereestablishedformaximumpoweroutputinaccordancewithhydrologicandsystemconditions.Theprojectedenergyloadgrowth,theyearlyenergydemandshape,andthedailyloadtorswereprOVidedbytheAlaskaPowerAdministration.AdditionaiinformationwasprovidedbytheBureauofReclamation.PowerProductionVariables:Manyvariableswereconsideredpriortoccminencementofthepowerstudy.Abriefdiscussionoftheassumptionsandvariablesusedispresentedinthefollowingtext.freeSurfaceEvaporation:IncludedintheHydrologySectionareratesoffreesurfaceevaporationandconsumptiveuse.Thefiguresshowthatthereservoirevaporationisverynearlyequaltotheconsumptiveuserateofthenaturalvegetationwhichwouldbeinundatedbythereservoir.Accordingly,noadjustmentshavebeenappliedtoaccountforevaporationandconsumptiveuse..HeadLossandTailwaterElevation:Powerheadlosseswereconfinedtofluctuationsinthetailwaterelevationsandtohydrauliclossesthroughthetailrace,turbines,andpenstocks.AlthoughtheHEC-3programissufficientlyrefinedforatailwaterratingcurve,absenceofchannelcross-sectionsdidnotpermitthecalculationofthedamsitebackwater.Penstockfrictionlosses,althoughdependentupondischarge,averagedapproximatelyonepercentofthedifferencebetweenpooleleva-tionandtailwater.Consequently,thefrictionlosswasassumedtobeonepercentofthemaximumhead,whilethetailwaterelevationwasbasedontheaverageflowconditionthatcouldbeexpected.Byaddingthefrictionlosstotheassumedtailwaterelevation,thefollowingaveragetailwaterconditionsweredevelopedforuseinthepowerstudies.TailwaterEl~vations~-2.JectDevi1CanyonHighD.C.WatanaVeeOlsonAppendixIC-60TailwaterElevation(ft)880103014801925875 10080604020ESTIMATEDSOUTHCENTRALANDYUKONPERCENTLcOOADDURATIONCURVE!..•, ,IT·,if-·,1-·I-i--.:t-,\I-,I··I1-·....I··I-I·-!..I :I·I··,iI.-+-• I;-..-_.i··i-i-i-.1·--iI-Ii!I-I-I*,II-i-1--,,'.......1'-.......,,i''I'.r-lirtN-~J!-.!_.,Ii-J.,,II!-II'ioi-!--, I~...iII :; :!i i!r-",,;I·i·'r'\INTE~IMREPORT, !SOUTHCENTRALRAILBElTIAREA,ALASKAALASKA~ISTRICtCORPSOFNGINERSJUNE1975'j'.IiIIiIiIIiIIo20400/0TIME6080100AppendixIGraphC-6C-Gl Sedimentation:Impactfromreservoirreductioncausedbvsedimententrapiilentisdependentonthesystemdevelopedandsequenceofcon-struetion.IfDevilCanyonwerebui1tandnofurtherupstreamdeve1op-lIlentweretooccur,almost55percentoftheinitialtotalDevilCanyonstoraqecapacitywouldbeoccupiedbysedimentattheendof100years.Ontheotherhand,upstreamdevelopmentoftheWatanaprojectwouldresultinnegligiblesiltationintheDevilCanyonreservoir,andheavybuildupintheWatanareservoir.ThepercentageofvolumereductionintheWatanareservoirisdependentonthevolumeofthereservoirselectedforstudy.ThelaO-yearvolumereductionoftheWatanareservoirthatwouldaccompanyamaximumpoolelevationof2200feetisestimatedtobe4.2percent;however.muchofthereservoirvolumethatwouldbeoccupiedbysedimentiswithinthedeadstoragezoneofthereservoir,andactualreductioninpO\>Jergenerationcausedbysiltencroachmentissmall.AscribedintheHydrologySection~thestoragecapacitycurvesforeachofthesixprojectswereadjustedtoaccountfor50-yearsedimentationandthesecuryeswereusedforalloperationstudies.loadEactors:DatapresentedbytheAlaskaPowerAdministration(Sectl"onG)indicatethattheintegratedannualloadfactorfortheRailbell:areaiscloseto50percent;forthepurposesofanalysis,a50-percentloadfactorwasusedinthehydropowerstudies.Itisassumedthehydrosystemwillcarryaproportionalshareofthetotalsystemload.hydroplantgeneratinginstallationswerethereforebasedona50-percentplantfactor.MarketareamonthlyloadfactorsareuniformlyhighthroughouttheY(~ilr.andrangebetween70to76percent.Weeklyloadfactorsareanticipatedtoreach80percent,anddailyloadfactorshaverangedbetween60to85percent.ShownonGraphC-6istheestimatedpercenthourlyloaddurationcurvefortheyear1975.Thecharacteroftheprojecteddemandprofileassumesasteadyindustrialgrowthrateandaslightincreaseintheannualloadfactor.It1',assumed,hO\>/ever.thatwhilethehydrosystemmayprovidemuchofthebaseloadduringtheearlyyearsofoperation,futurethermalenergydevelopmentwouldpushthehydrosystemhigheronthedurationcurve,loweringthehydrosystemplantfactor.Therefore,althoughthemarketarealoadfactormayincreaseduringtheeconomiclifeofthehydroproject.itsprojectloadfactorisexpectedtodiminish.Withtheabundanceofhydropowerpotentialwithinthemararea.itispossiblethathydropower,inlieuofthermalenergy,mayprovidethebulkoffutureAlaskanenergyneeds.Ifthiswerethecase,theSusitnahydrosystemcouldremainatafixedpositionontheloaddurationcurveandth(~respectiveprojectplantfactorwouldremainunchanged.fhroughouttherestofthecountry,hydropowerutilizationhasfollowedtheformercourseofdevelopment.andthereisgoodchanceit"~yeventuallyfollowthatpatterninAlaskaalso.ToprovideforthisAppendixC-()2 possibility,futurestudiesshouldevaluatethefeasibilityforfutureinstallationofadditionalunitstopermitanultimateplantfactorlessthan50percent.Ifadditionalunitsaredeemedappropriate,thenskeletonbaysshouldbeprovidedduringinitialprojectconstruction.MonthlyEnerg,xDistribution:Themonthlyenergydistribution,asderivedbytheAlaskaPower~dministration,wasdevelopedinaccordancewithpresentenergytrendsprojectedtoreflectindustrialgrowthwithintheRailbeltarea.Loaddistributionchangessince1961haveshownasteadyincreaseintherequirementsforthemonthsofDecemberandJanuary,andadecreaseinsummertimeloads.Thisreflectsautilityloadgrowthheavilyinfluencedbythepeakingrequirementsofthecom-mercialandresidentialsectors.Anyadditiontotheindustrialbasewouldtendtoreversethistrend.TableC-14showsthemonthlyloaddis-tributionindicatedbyrecentRailbeltutilitystatistics.AlsoshownistheAPArecommendeddistributionforthecurrentstudy,whichassumesalargerindustrialloadcomponent.Theshapeoftheloadcurvereflectstheneedforreservoirstorage.Althoughnearly65percentoftheenergyproducedisestimatedtobeutilizedinthe,sevenmonthsofwinter,betweenOctoberthroughApril,only14percentoftheSusitnastreamflowoccursduringthesametimeperiod.Inordertomeetenergydemand,theflowdistributionoftherivermustbeconsiderablyaltered,andtheneedforalargeamountofstoragetoaccomplishthisflowcontrolisapparent.FlowReguirements:Downstreamflowrequirementsforrecreationaluseanafishandwildlifeenhancementhavebeenconsideredinselectionofthemostattractivefirst-stagedevelopment.AlthoughminimumflowrequirementsnecessaryforenvironmentalconsiderationsbelowDevilCanyonarenotpresentlyknown,assessmentoffirmpowerreductionasaresultofvaryingreleaseratesshouldbeperformedifminimumreleaseratesareimposed.Alsoconsideredwasneedformaintainingstaticreservoirpoolelevationsforsummerrecreationandwinterwildlifemigration.Inthestudies,poolelevationsatthedownstreamreservoirswereusuallymaintainedsteadyforthecompatibleusesofpowerproduction,recreationusage,andwildlifemigration.Upstreamreservoirsusedforstoragereleaseswereoperatedtofluctuateinaccordancewithpowerdemand,regardlessofrecreationandwildlifeneeds.OperationProcedure:Reservoirregulationwasaccomplishedbyallowingstoragereleasesasestablishedbymonthlyrule-curvesforeachreservoir.Sixcurvesweredevelopedforeachreservoir,witheachlevelinallreservoirsoperatingforagivendownstreamcontrolpoint.Thefirstrule-curveforeachreservoirisminimumpoolstorageandthelastisfullreservoir.Intermediatelevelsareusedasameansofcontrollingthedistributionofstoragewithineachreservoir.Reservoirregulationentailedroutingthe25yearsofmonthlystreamflowsthroughtheproposedhydrosysteminanattempttomeetanassumedfirmloadasperTableC-14.Iftheloadcouldbemetduringeachofthe300monthlystreamflowperiods.ahigherfirmloadwasassumed,andanotherpowerrunwasmade.Thisprocesswasrepeateduntilthatloadcouldbecarriedduringalibutthelastmonthofthecriticalperiod,thusestablishingthesystem'sAppendixIC-63 19611970-72Recommended..DevilUtilityCurrentMonthsCanyon11Loads2/Studies3/October8.97.98.0November9.48.98.8December10.4"0.29.7January9.311.310.6February8.19.2.9.0March8.39.89.4April7.78.08.1May7.67.27.5June7.26.56.9July7.46.45.9August7.77.17.4September8.07.57.7--Total100.0100.0100.011"DevilCanyonProject,Alaska.1IUSBRfeasibilityr~pcrt.March1951.·gjCombinedloadsofCEA,AML&P.GVEA,andFMUSfortheperiodOctober1970throughSeptember1972.~Assumestotalrequirementsconsistingof25percentindustrialloadsand75percenttheabovecombinedloadsforthefourmajorutilities.AppendixITableC-14C-64 firmannualload-carryingcapability.Forthescopinganalysistheinstalledplantcapacityofeachpowerplantwasthenestablishedbasedontheannual50-percentplantfactorandtheprojectfirmannualenergyproducedduringthecriticalperiod.Theselectedplaninstalledcapacity,however,isbasedonaverageannualenergyandthe50-percentplantfactor.Itwasdecidednottouseaverageannualenergyasthebasisforplantcapacityinthescopinganalysisbecauseoftheundueweightthatthisnlethodwouldgivetosingleprojectswithlimitedreservoirstorageandhiqhsecondaryenergy.Averageannualenergywasbasedontheaverageenergyproducedbytheselectedgeneratingcapacityfortheentireperiodofrecord.Thecriticalperiodforeachsystemstudiedwasdependentonthestoragecapacityofthesystemandreservoirlocation.POWERPOTENTIALOFALTERNATIVEDEVELOPMENTAlternativesConsidered:Initialstudieswerebasedondeterminingtheoptirnuml~an--forfulldevelopmentoftheupperSusitnaRiveraboveGoldCreek.Threeplanswereconsidered.1.TheUSBR4-damplan:DevilCanyon-Watana-Vee-Denali2.TheHighWatana3-damplan:DevilCanyon-HighWatana-Denali3.TheKaiser4-damplan:Olson-HighD.C.-Vee-DenaliDifficultfoundationconditionsarepresentatboththeVeeandDenalisites,anditwasdecidedtoevaluatealternativedevelopmentplanswithoutVee,Denali,orboth.Thiswasdonetopermitrecom-mendationofafirst-stagedevelopmentplanshoulditbeconsidereddesirabletodeferconsiderationoftheVeeand/orDenalisites,pendingfurtherevaluationoffoundationproblems.Bothsingle-damandtwo-damfirst-stagedevelopmentwereconsidered,including:l.DevilCanyon2.HighD.C.3.LowWatana4.Mid-HeightWatana5.HighWatana6.DevilCanyon-Denali7.Devi1Canyon-LowWatana8.Devi1Canyon-Mid-Height~~atana9.DevilCanyon-HighWatanaAppendixIC-65 Thevariousalternativesandtheirpowerpotentialarediscussedinthefollowingparagraphs.Whilepowerstudiesweremadeforallofthealternatives,fulldataispresentedforonlythemostpromisingones.I:lL!.L13?sinDeveIopment:Devil.Canyon,Watana,Vee,Denali:Thefour-damBureauofReclama-tionproposalconsistingofDevilCanyon,Watana,Vee,andDenali,basedonthe25-yearflowrecordadoptedforthisstudy,couldproduce6.25billionkilowatt-hoursoffirmannualenergy.Asummaryoffour-damconceptisshownonTableC-15andaprofileofthesystemisshownonPlateC-7.Anadditiontothesystemcouldincludethelow-headOlsonDamandpowerplantthreemilesdownstreamfromDevilCanyondamsite.OlsonDamandreservoirwouldservebothforat-sitepowergenerationandforreregulationofthedailyreleasesfromDevilCanyon.OlsonDamwouldbeconcretegravity,risingapproximately50feetabovetheriverbed,anditwouldhaveanenergy-producingcapabilityof300millionkilowatt-hoursfirmannualenergy.Devilcan~on,Watana,Denali:Athree-damconceptconsistingofDevilCanyon,atana,andDenaliwouldmakemaximumuseofpotentialstorageattheWatanasiteand,withgoodfoundationconditions,theheightoftheWatanaDamcouldberaisedtoanelevationthatwouldallowutilizationofallbut100feetofthepotentialpowerheadbetweentheVeeandDev11Canyondamsites.Asinthefour-damsystem,01sonreregulationwouldremainasapossibleoption.Thethree-damsystem,withamaximumWatanapoolelevationof2200feet,wouldhaveafirmannualenergycapabilityofapproximately6.8billionkilowatt-hours,slightlygreaterthanthefour-damUSBRproposal.WiththeadditionofthegenerationcapabilityofOlson,totalsystemoutputoffirmenergywouldbe7.1billionkilowatt-hours.Thisisconsideredtobetheultimatepracticalbasicdevelopment.ShouldeconomicsindicatealesserWatanaDamheight,a650-footstructuralheightWatanaDamdprOVideasystemoutputof5.9billionkilowatt-hours.Aprofileofthethree-damconceptisshownonPlateC-8,andasummaryofpowerproductiondataisshownonTableC-16.~)lson,HighD.C.,VeelDenali:Athirdproposal(theKaiser4-damplan)consistsofalow-headdam(145feet)andpowerplantattheOlsondamsite.ahigh-headdam(710feet)andpowerplantattheHighD.C.damsite.fivemilesupstreamfromtheDevilCanyondamsite,anotherhigh-headdamandpowerplantatthebackwateroftheHighD.C.reser-voir,andafourthdamattheDenalidamsite.Thesuccessofthesystemisdependentnotonlyonahighstructureforthesecondupstreamdam,butalsoconfirmationofasuitabledamsiteforthethirdupstreamstructure.TheVeedamsiteistheonlypotentiallocationforthethirdupstreamdam,andthiswouldresultinnonutilizationofapproximatelyAppendixC-66 -twomilesofriverfallbetweenthesecondandthirdupstreamreservoirs.BecausefoundationconditionsoftheHighD.C.damsiteareunknown,itsselection,basedonlyontopographiclimitations,mustbeconsideredoptimistic.TheHighD.C.DamcanprovideonlyhalfthestoragecapacityofthehighWatanareservoir,althoughtheirheightsarecomparable.Consequently,powerproductionfortheHighD.C.DamisconsiderablylessthanthatoftheHighWatanaDam.ByintegratingtheHighD.C.intothefour-damschemementionedearlier,thesystemhasafirmannualcapabilityof5.9billionkilowatt-hours.Thisisapproximately0.9billionkilowatt-hourslessthanthethree-damsystemconsistingofDevilCanyon,Hi~hWatana,andDenali.IftheHighD.C.Dam,becauseofbadfoundationconditions,wereloweredtoastructuralheightof650feet,theenergycapabilityofthesystemwouldbe5.0billionkilowatt-hours.Aprofileofthisfour-damconceptisshownonPlateC-9,andTableC-17summarizespowerdataforthesystemwithaHighD.C.elevationof1750feet(structuralheight:810feet).first-StageDevelotment--SingleProjectAlternatives:Powerproductionfromasingledamirst-stagedevelopmentintheUpperSusitnaRiverBasinislimitedbyafluctuatingpowerheadandlackofadequatestorage.Asingle-damdevelopmentwouldbearthetotalcostofthesupportingnetworkofroads,transmissionsystems,andlogisticaldevelopment,andwouldstillberequiredtobeeconomicallyattractiveintheeventthatnofurtherbasindevelopmentweretooccur.Underthiscriterion,themostfeasiblesingledamsintheUpperSusitnaRiverBasinarethosewhicharehighenoughtotakeadvantageofthelargestoragepotentialofthebroadeningrivervalleyinitsupperreaches.Therefore,theelevationsestablishedforfirst-stagesingle-damdevelopmentwerechosenformaximizationofheightconsistentwithtechnology,topography,andfullbasindevelopment.Devilc~naob:TheDevilCanyonDamnormalmaximumpoolelevationwasestablise yassumingthatfullbasindevelopmentwouldincludetheWatanaDam.ThepowergeneratingcharacteristicsforDevilCanyonareshownbelow.DevilCanyonPowerStudy'projectNormmaxreselev,ft.Minpowerpoolelev.ft.Avgtailwaterelev.ft.Maxgeneratinghead,ft.Usablestorage,Ac-ft.Deadstorage,Ac-ft.Dependablecapacity,mwFirmannualenergy,mw-yrsAverageenergy,mw-yrsCriticalperiod,monthsDevilCanyon1,4501,275880570810,000290,0002061031707AppendixIC-67 USSRFOUR-DAMSYSTEM!leviI."._Crllly~)n, ,._..Y.J.?J_a!)_~__,_.~_c~J)_e.nil--..:.l.-:..i_---,T:...::o...:;t.;;;.a..:..lNOflll'l1n,l'(i11111I11Poolrlev.( ft.)IIJ!,O190:'23002535~,iIIiIIII11111'1l\Vf'rPllolIll'v.(fL)1"'1165021112368(I:Jf\ctivp~)tOl'tl<jeCilpa-city(fieft)790,0002,310,000820,0003,770,0007,690,000IlvpPrHlt1bI(~e,lpacily(r'1\4)7024253001427f\(1j11';tf'd1tlilWtlter[lev,Ut.}BBO14801925CI-itlcalp(·t·iodOctober1968thruMay1971(32months),i1'1111\;lIlll<llLnerqy(BillionkWh)3.0771.8601.3156.2S2f\Vl'l"dql'fllllli/'llLller~JY(IIiI Ii011kloJh)3.3HZ2.0311.4686.881AppendixITableC-15C-68 HIGHWATANATHREE-DAMSYSTEMDevilHighCanyonWatanaDenaliTotalNormalMaximumPool145022002535Elev.(ft)MinimumPowerPool127518202368Elev.(ft)ActiveStorageCapacity790,0008,125,0003,770,00012,685,000(Acft)DependableCapacity7857671,552(MW)AdjustedTailwater8801,480Elev.(ft)Critica1PeriodOctober1968thruApril1974(67months)FirmAnnualEnergy3.4403.3606.800(BillionkWh)AverageAnnualEnergy3.506 3.4056.911(BillionkWh)AppendixITableC-16C-69 KAISERFOUR-DAMSYSTEMOlsonHighD.C.VeeDenaliTotalNormalMaximumPool1018175023002535E1ev.(ft)MinimumPowerPool936143021112368Elev.(ft)UsableStorageCapacity43,0003,930,000820,0003,770,0008,563,000(Acft)Dependab1eCapacity1878622981347(MW)AdjustedTailwater8751030 1925Elev.(ft)CriticalPeriodOctober1968thruMay1971(32months)FirmAnnualEnergy0.8213.7751.3045.900(BillionkWh)AverageAnnualEnergy0.9154.1561.4406.511(BillionkWh)AppendixITableC-17C-70 TheDevilCanyonreservoirwasoperatedstrictlyforpowerproduction,andthereservoirfilledands,pilledduringeachyearofthestudyperiodincludingtheyearofcriticalflow.Averageyearlypoolfluctua-tionwas80feet.HighD.C.:Thisproposal,locatedfivemilesupstreamfromtheDevilCanyondamsite.providesincreasedstorageforasingledamdevelopmentbutjeopardizesmaximumbasindevelopment.ThedamandreservoirvirtuallyeliminatetheDevilCanyonandWatanadamsitesandleavenoopportunityforthedevilopmentofupstreamstoragecapacityifDenalifoundationconditionsprecludeitsdevelopment.UltimatesystemdevelopmentcouldincludeprojectsatVeeandDenali,however,iffounda-tionconditionspermit.ThepotentialoftheHighD.C.projectispresentedbelow.D.C.HighPowerStudyrrojectNormmaxreselev,ft.Minpowerpoolelev.ft.Avgtailwaterelev.ft.Maxgeneratinghead,ft.Usablestorage.Ac-ft.Deadstorage,Ac-ft.Dependablecapacity,mwFirmannualenergy,mw-yrsAverageenergy,mw-yrsCriticalperiod,monthsHighD.C.1,7501,4301,0307203,930,000800,00060030038232ReservoiroperationresultedinfullpoolsbytheendofOctoberforeachofthe25yearsexcept2duringthecriticalperiod.Averageyearlyheadfluctuationwas110feet,andspillsoccurredin22ofthestudyyears.WatanaLowDam1905feetelevation:Selectionofanormalmaximumpooleevatlonatt eWatanasiteisependentupontheconceptoffull-basindevelopment.Byselectingapoolelevationof1905feet,theVeedamsiteisavailableforafull-basindevelopmentconsistingoffourdams.Atthiselevation,however,reservoirstoragecontrolatWatanaisnotsufficientandupstreamstorageisrequired.ThisstorageisavailableattheDenalisite.assumingfoundationconditionsaredeter-minedtobesatisfactory,andthefour-damconceptwouldbeaveryattractivedevelopment.TheLowWatanaDamcouldbeconsideredforfirst-stageconstructioninsuchaplan.Asshowninthefollowingtable,thegeneratingheadfortheLowWatanaDamislessthanthatofDevilCanyon,butthelargerstoragevolumeatWatanaallowsproductionsimilartothatofDevilCanyonasafirst-stagedevelopment.AppendixIC-71 LowWatanaPowerStudyprojectNormmaxreselev,ft.Minpowerpoolelev,ft.Avgtailwaterelev,ft.Maxgeneratinghead,ft.Usablestorage,Ac-ft.Deadstorage,Ac-ft.Dependablecapacity,mwFirmannualenergy,mw-yrsAverageenergy,mw-yrsCriticalperiod,monthsWatana(1905ft.)1,9051,6501,4804252,310,000170,0002521261777EnergyproducedforvariousWatanapoolelevationsisshownonGraphC-7.ThepoweroutputfromtheLowWatanareservoirisverysimilartothatofDevilCanyon.Thereservoirfilledforeachyearofthestudy,andspillsoccurredinallyearsexceptthecriticalyear.Theaverageyearlyheadfluctuationwas95feet.WatanaHihDam2200feetelevation:Anormalmaximumpoole1evatl0n0eetort eatanaamispossiblesincerockcon-ditionsattheWatanasiteareadequateforan8l0-foot-highdam.ThehighWatanareservoirwouldfloodtheVeedamsiteandthusprecludeuseofthatdamsystemdevelopment.Thestudyhelpedestablishtheele-vationforwhichWatanaeithersingularlyorinconjunctionwithsystemdevelopmentwouldoptimizesystemdevelopment.AsummaryoftheHighWatanaisgiveninthefollowingtable.HighWatanaPowerStudyProj.~ctNormmaxrese1ev,ft.Minpowerpoole1ev,ft.Avgtailwatere1ev,ft.Maxgeneratinghead,ft.Usablestorage,Ac-ft.Deadstorage,Ac-ft.Dependablecapacity,mwFirmannualenergy,mw-yrsAverageenergy,mw-yrsCriticalperiod,monthsAppendixIC-72Watana2,2001,8201,4807208,125,0001,300,00068634338232 SYSTEMENERGYOUTPUTWATANA23a0.------r--:-r-,;!'"ii""-I!'"it""-I:-T'""'I'"""1:-T'""'1'"""1-'-"'-;-"1'!j:.,...,..-r.,...,..-r\.,...,..-r!"""""""'i'""i"""-"""I'!I:I\I: i:I!IIiIiIKI1I~!jj1\,',I'iT'v'l\r-EANNUALENERGY!,-;~.I!I!II2200z:o2100I-«>w...JW...Jg2000a...~::::::>~x~1900«z:«I-«3:~I-WWu..1800INTERIMREPORTSOUTHCENTRALRAILBELTAREA,ALASKAALASKADISTRICTCORPSOFENGINEERSJUNE19l51700L.._..........._...L.....:-.l-1L.-,~.J....!::===========::=!t0.01.02.03.04.05.0SYSTEMENERGYOUTPUT(BILLIONKWHR)AppendixIGraphC-7C-73 Wata.l!~_.!'1_1ErangeHeight(2050feetelevation):TheWatanaDamofmediumelevationprovidesgoodstoragepotential,allowsfull-basindevelopmentinaccompanimentwithDevilCanyonandDenali,butagainprecludesuseofVee.IfDenalicouldnotbebuiltfortechnicaloreconomicreasons,alargepercentageofthefull-basinpotentialcouldstillbeproducedbytheDevilCanyonandMediumWatanaDams.Thefollowingtablesummarizestheresultsoftheoperationstudy.MediumHeightWatanaPowerStudyProJe(;j:NormIllaxreselev.ft.Minpowerpoolelev,ft.Avgtailwaterelev,ft.Maxgeneratinghead,ft.Usablestorage,Ac-ft.Deadstorage,Ac-ft.Dependablecapacity,mwFirmannualenergy,mw-yrsAverageenergy,mw-yrsCriticalperiod,monthsWatana2,0501,7401,4805704,575,000625,00045722829732TheoperationoftheWatanareservoirrevealedthatthereservoirfilledeveryyearexceptduringthe3-yearcriticalperiod,andspillsoccurredin19oftheyears.Averageyearlypoolfluctuationwasintherangeof100feet.First-StageDevelopment--Two-DamAlternatives:Powerproductionfromaiwo:proJectfirst-stagedevelopmentisalogicalalternativetowardfull-basindevelopment.Themostfeasibleschemesstudiedwerethosec6nsistingofadownstreamprojectwithalargepowerheadcoupledwithanupstreamprojectwithalargestoragecapacity.GoodpowerproductionwasobtainedfromschemesconsistingofeitherDevilCanyon,Watana,orVeeinconjunctionwithstoragereleasesfromDenali.Asmentionedearlier,however,Denalifoundationuncertaintiesexist,butforcompa-rativepurposes,theDevilCanyon-Denalisystemispresentedforreview.Considerationofotherupstreamreservoirswithlargestoragecapacitieswere,therefore,limitedtotheVeeandWatanadamsites.GoodstoragecouldbedevelopedattheVeedamsite,buttopographicconstraintsandbackwaterencroachmentontheLakeLouiserecreationarea,aswellasfoundationconditionsatthedamsite,makethisprojectunfeasibleforlarqestoragedevelopmentatthistime.TheWatanaprojectthenbecomesthelogicalchoiceforlargestoragedevelopment.Thissitecouldprovideinexcessof11millionacre-feetofstoragewithastructuraldamheightof860feet.ThereservoirwouldinundatelessacreagethantheDenalireservoirtbutthestoragecapacitywouldbeapproximatelythreetimesasgreatasthatofDenali.AppendixIC-74 SYSTEMDEVILOUTPWITH300.........-----------------:--r--r--r-r-r--r--r--r--I!ISEDlMUMPOOLFROM1905220021001800SOHCETREALASKADISTRICTCORPSOFENGINEERSJUNE197517002.03.04.05.06.07.0TOUTBIR1900CANYONPOOLELEVATION1450FT.uJ-ioo20000..z:o.....«> Presentedbelowarepowerstudiesrepresentingfirst-stagedevelop-mentofDevilCanyon-DenaliandDevilCanyon-Watana.ByassumingpossiblefuturedevelopmentoftheDenalidamsite,theDevilCanyon-Watanaschemewasstudiedwithdamheightsthatwouldallowtotalbasindevelopmentconsistingofthreeorfourprojects.D~v_iJ__~anyon-Denali:TheDevilCanyonDamnormalmaximumreservoirelevatlonwasestablishedatthemaximumheightthatwouldnotencroachuponthetailwateroftheupstreamWatanadamsite.TheDenaliDamnorn~lmaximumreservoirelevationwasoptimizedforthemostfeasiblefour-dampoweroutput.ByraisingtheDenalimaximumpoolelevation15feet,fromelevation2535toelevation2550,theresultingpowerproductionincreasefromthesystemwasonlyfourpercent.Theincre-mentalcostincreasewasnotrecapturedbythisproportionalpowerbenefitand,therefore,theDenaliDamwiththelowerpoolelevationwasused.Thepoweranalysisofthistwo-damsystemwasbasedonrule-curvesthatmademaximumpotentialuseoftheactivestorageinbothreservoirs.TheDenalireservoirwasheavilydraftedduringthemonthsoflowflowanditwasallowedtorefillduringthefoursummermonthsofhighinflow.UntiltheDenalireservoirfilled,summerflowreleaseswereheldtotheminimumflowreleaseof100cfs.ItwasassumedthatlocalinflowtotheriverbelowDenalicombinedwiththe100cfsreleasewouldbeadequateforfishhabitation.TheDevilCanyonreservoirwasdraftedeachspringtomakeroomforstorageofthesummerrunoffandtoallowDenalitorefillpriortothenextwinter.DevilCanyon-DenaliPowerStudyDevilCanyonDena1iSystemNormmaxreselev,ft.Minpowerpoolelev,ft.Avgtailwaterelev,ft.Maxgeneratinghead,ft.Usablestorage,Ac-ft.Deadstorage,Ac-ft.Dependablecapacity,mwrirmannualenergy,mw-yrsAverageenergy,mw-yrsCriticalperiod,months1,4501,275880570740,000260,0005752853772,5353,770,00080,0004,510,000340,00057528537732TheDevilCanyonreservoirrefilledeachofthe25yearsofstudy,and[~nalirefilledin13ofthe25years.AverageannualDevilCanyonpoolfluctuationwas175feet,andtheaverageannualDenalipoolfluctuationwasintherangeof40feet.Dey_iJ_~.?_nl'g~:J:.:.o~__Wat~..Q~:TheDevilCanyon-WatanacombinationwasstudiedforthethreeWatanaelevationsmentionedundertheprevioussection.AplotofthefirmandaverageannualenergythatcanbeAppendixC-76 2ADIJerldiI l)evJ.1_.C_all-1.9n-HilJl1__~_~..:tana:AsummaryoftheDevi1Canyon-Highvlatanasystemoperationisshownbelow.ThelargestoragecapabilityoftheH;qhWatanareservoirprovidesalmost100percentrivercontrol,andtheconsequentialmaximizationoffirmenergy.ProJec.tDevilCanyonWatanaSystemNormlllaxreselev,ft.Minrowerpoolelev,ft.Avgtailwaterelev,ft.MdXgeneratinghead,ft.Usablestorage,Ac-ft.Deadstorage,Ac-ft.Dependablecapacity,mwfinilannualenergy,mw-yrsAverageenergy,mw-yrsCriticalperiod,monthsAppendixC-7fl1,4501,275880570790,000260,0006953483882,2001,8201,4807208,125,0001,300,0007093543948,915,0001,560,0001,40470278232 SYSTEMDEVELOPMENTEVALUATIONGENERALThepurposeofthissectionistooutlinethebasicassumptionsu~edinmakingtheeconomicanalysisandtoreducethelargenumberofalternativeSusitnaRiverhydrodevelopmentplanstoafewofthemorepromisingthroughapreliminaryeconomicevaluation.EvaluationoftheupperSusitnaRiverdevelopmentwasaccomplishedbycomparingthetotaloftheincrementalbenefitsforeachseparatereservoirpurposetothoseoftheaccompanyingcosts.Thebenefitvalueofhydroelectricpoweris.measuredbythecostofprovidingtheequiva-lentpowerfromthemostlikelyalternativesource,asdeterminedbytheFederalPowerCommission.Althoughalternativeprojectsareassumedtobenon-Federallyfinanced,thecopinganalysiswasmadeusingthefederalfinancingPowerValuesdevelopedbyFPC.Floodcontrol,arearedevelop-ment,andtransmissionintertiebenefitswereestimatedbytheAlaskaDistrict,CorpsofEngineers,andrecreationalbenefitswereprovidedbydconsultant.However,becausepowerandARbenefitsrepresentover99percentoftotalbenefits,thepreliminaryscopinganalysiswasbasedentirelyonthesebenefits.ProjectcostswerebasedontheJanuary1975AlaskaConstructionIndex.Thefeasibilitytestentailedtheevaluationofmaximizationofnetbenefitsconsistentwithengineeringjudgement.Thecostofprovidingequivalentpowerfromthemostlikelyalterna-tivesource,butbasedonfinancingcomparabletotheFederalproject--thesameinterestrateandwithouttaxesandinsurance--isusedinprojectformulationandscoping.Thisisincompliancewiththemethod-ologycontainedinPrinciplesandStandardsforplanners,aspublishedinFederalRegister1973,Volume38,Section134,whichrequiresthatprojectsmeetthetestthatthereisnomoreeconomicalmeans,evaluatedonacomparablebasis,ofprovidingprojectservices.PROJECTANDSYSTEMCOSTSProjectCosts: PresentedinTableC-18isasummaryoftheproject~ostsofthemorefeasibleprojectsconsideredunderthescopinganalysis.AdetailedcostestimateoftheprojectsincludedintheselectedplaniscontainedinSectionBoftheAppendix.Inadditiontothecostestimatesshown,roughestimatesweremadeforanOlsonprojectwitha1020-footmaximumnormalpoolelevation,andaVeestorageprojectwitha2350-footmaximumnormalpoolelevation.InterestDurinConstructionIDCForthepurposeofthescopinganaYS1S.theconstructionperiodofthefirstprojectofeachsystemAppendixIC-79 PROJECTCOSTESTIMATESWatanaWatanaWfltanaWatanaWatanaWatanaWatanaWatanaDev11CanyonDevilCanyonOlsonHiqhD.C.VeeVeeDenaliPoolElevation(ft.fiSl)190519052050205022002200225022501450145010201750230023502535ConstructionSequence.1stAdded2ndAdded1stAdded2ndAdded1stAdded2ndAdded1stAdded2ndAdded1stAdded2ndAdded2ndAdded1stAdded2ndAdded2ndAdded2ndAddedConstructionCosts($1000)668,000420,000877,000628,0001,088,000837,0001,153,000907,000714,000432,000380,0001/1,266,000-477,000527,0001/340,000-1·rReconnaissancegradeestimatesAppendixITable18C-80 dnalyzedwasassumedtobefiveyears.andIDCwasbasedonformulaofsimpleinterestappliedtoeachincrementoftheaveragedannualfirstcost.~1-stemAnnualCosts:Thesimpleinterestchargeonmoneyobligated~jringtheconstructionperiodofanyprojectisconsideredalogicalcostoftheconstructionphaseandisaddedtofirstcosttoestablishtheinvestmentcost.Thisinvestmentcostcanthenbetransformedintoilnaverageannualfixedcostbyapplyingtheappropriatecapitalrecoveryfactorassociatedwiththe6-1/8-percentinterestrateand100-yeareconomicprojectlife.Averageannualcostsofprojectsbroughtonlinebeyondtheinitialpower-an-linedatearecomputedinthissamemanner,butthecombinedcostoftheprojectandtheinterestduringconstructionarefirstpresentworthedattheestablishedinterestratebacktotheinitialpower-an-linedate.Thisprocessisdesignedtogiveallphasesofthesystemanequivalentvalueandthecombinedphasescanthenbereducedtoalevelannualpayment.Byaddingoperations,maintenance,dndreplacementcosts,atotalannualcostisestablishedforthepurposeofdeterminingcomparabilityandfeasibility.Qperation,Maintenance,andReplacementCosts(OM&R):AnnualOM&Rcostswereestimatedbycomparisonofthesystemsizeandoperationwiththoseofexistinghydrosystems.Forthepreliminaryscopinganalysis,thebasicamountof$1millionperpowerprojectand$0.2millionpernon-powerprojectwasusedfortheestimatedannualOM&Rcosts.TheannualOM&RcostfortheselectedplanisbasedontheresultsoftheAPAstudy,whichiscontainedinSectionG.T~talAverageAnnualS1-stemCosts:TheaverageannualcostsforthevarioussystemsofdevelopmentareshownonTableC-19.Thefiguresarebasedona6-1/8-percentannualinterestrateanda100-yeareco-nomiclife.AmoredetaileddiscussionofthemethodofcostderivationispresentedinSectionB.Thecostsalsoreflectthesequenceofprojectconstructionasshown,transmissionfacilities,accessroads,landacquisition,replacementcosts,annualoperationandmaintenance,andotherassociatedprojectcosts.POWERBENEFITS(;eneral:Thebenefitvalueofhydroelectricpowerismeasuredbythec-os[()fprovidingtheequivalentpowerfromthemostlikelyalternativesource.ThetypesofalternativepowersourcesappropriatefortheRailbeltareaandtheannualunitcostsforthosealternativeshavebeendeterminedbytheFederalPowerCommission.Theamountofpoweravail-ablefromthevariousalternativehydroprojectsandsystemswasdeter-minedintheprevioussection,HydropowerAnalysis.Theenergyandcapacity-producingcapabilitiesoftheseprojectsandsystemswereadjustedtoaccountfortransmissionlossesandmarketabilityconsiderations.AppendixIC-81 );> -"::1nQlI\j I ::::T l':) :;::-S::J Nr,)Q....... ~X I l-'.- ..:::> A'I'IIlILfloGlIt !!!!IL M=1"IIllI.Mnn STSl1IIi CXlIn'S SialII'IJI&AIMl.ID! 1at_e.t "'NTalle "-_1 Total During IItV1!"t-nt Invest:lUt't1t "","al\e Ann"",1 "",era;"Ann ..l Spt_of Deve10\l!H!lt -C"""tructi""Co"t Co"t 0H>Jl eo"ts ($I,OOO)($1,000)($1,000)($I,OOO)($1,000) ll<tvil Canyon,Denali,Vee (2300),Vatena (1905)214,701 1,616,825 99.291 3,200 102,491 Devil Canyon,nenali,Vee (2350),Vatana (1905)218,927 1,648,651 101.245 3,200 104.445 IUgh D,C.,U Ison,Dena Ii,Vee (2300)295,775 2,227,366 136.784 3,200 139,984 Devil Canyon,Watana (2200),nenali 233,297 1,756.868 107,891 2,200 110,091 Devil Canyon,Watana'(2050),nenali 209,519 1,577 ,803 96,894 2,200 99.094 Devil Canyon,Watana (1905),Denali 185,855 1,399,595 85,950 2,200 88.150 Devil Canyon,Vatana (2250)212,522 1,600,423 102,336 2,000 104,336 Devil Canyon,Watana (2200)204,558 1,540,449 94,600 2,000 96,600 Devil Canyon,Watana (2050)180,780 1,361,384 83,604 2,000 85,604 Devil Canyon,Watana (1905)157,116 1,183,176 72,660 2,000 74,660 Watana (2250),Devil Canyon 225,702 1,699,678 104,379 2,000 106,379 Watsns (2200),Devil Canyon ~I 215,748 1,624.725 99,776 2,000 101,776 Vatana (2250),Devil Canyon 183,440 1,381,416 84,834 2,000 86,834 Watana (1905),Devil Canyon 151,437 1,140,413 70,034 2,000 72,034 Devil Canyon,Denali 148,014 1,114,634 68,451 1,200 69,651 Devil Canyon 109,331 823,331 50,561 1,000 51,561 8igh D.C.193,856 1,459,856 89,651 1,000 90,651 Watana (2200)166,600 1,254,600 77,046 1,000 78,046 Watana (2050)134,291 1,011,291 62,104 1,000 63,104 Vatana (1905)102,288 770,288 47,304 1,000 48,304 Notes: 1.Number in parenthesis represents the normal maximum pool elevation of that project. 2.Average Annual Investment Coots computed at 6-1/8 percent over 100 years. 3.Project "t..png 1n SeqlMmClIl lUI ShOlm IIlDd eseh ","oject __...--.1 to IurN ..f1ve-Ylllllr COOlItructlon t!.JMI. 4.SM!Selected Plll1n for Final COlIC ht1llMtcul. PgYV5:..r_Capab_il..-L~_:GrosspowergeneratingcapabilitiesofthevariousrllternativeprojectsandsystemsaresummarizedonTableC-20.Thedependablecapacityofeachprojectandsystemevaluatedwasdeterminedbydividingthefirmenergybytheappropriateplantfactor(50percent).Althoughthedependablecapacityfortheselectedplanisbasedonawinterminimumn9criticalperi,forsystemcomparisonitwasassumedtobeavailableattheabsoluteminimumdrawdown,LinelossesfortheRailbelttransmissionsystemwereesmausn9datafurnishedbytheAlaskaPowerAdministration.Inthepreliminaryanalysis,allsystemsua\'Jereassumedincurfour-percentlossesforcapacity,andone-percentlossesforenergy.MoreprecisetransmissionlossesweredevelopedfortheselectedplanbytheAlaskaPowerAdnTtnistration,SectionH.Inbothcases,thelossesweresubtractedfromtheenergyandcapacitycapabilitiesofthesystempriortoderivationofbenefits.transmissionlossesestab-lishedfortheselectedplanaregiveninSelectedPlanportionofthissection.Becausesomeofthesystemsanalyzedwouldhaveadequatecapabilitytomeettheprojectedloadpluslossesuntilthetimethatallcapacityisneededtoservetheload,transmissionlosseswerenotdeductedfortheconcurrentperiodoftimewhencapacityandenergyweregreaterthandemand.CreditforEnerg~andcapacitf:Theanalysisofusableenergyand(~pacityisbaselargelyonoadestimatespreparedbyAlaskaPowerAdministrationandpresentedintheirmarketabilityanalysis(SectionG).Basedontheprojectedenergyrequirementforthemarketarea,ifnoexistingutilities.facilities.orplantsweredisplaced.allofthepoweroutputfromfull-basindevelopmentcouldbeutilizedwithin13yearsdftertheinitialpower-an-linedateof1985.Therefore.bytheyear2000.fullbenefitswouldberealizedfromthecapacityandenergyoftheUpperSusitnaRiverBasin.Powerfromsystemsoflessthanfull-basindevelopmentwouldofcoursebefullyabsorbedearlier.However,opportunitiesdoexistfordisplacisom~energywhichcouldtheoreticallybeproducedbyexisngthermaplants.Ifthecostofhydroenergyischeaperthanthecostofproducingenergyattheexistingthermalplants,itistotheulities'ntagetoshutdownthethermalplantsandpurchasehydroenergy.Thiswouldservetoconservefossilfuel,ich\'iouldotherwisebeburned.Thethermalplantswouldbeheldinreserveandwouldstillbegivenfullcreditfortheircapacity.Theamountofthermalenergythatcouldbedisplacedisdependentonprevailingfuelcosts.AlaskaPowerAdministrationintheirmarestimatesthatasubstantiamountofthermailityanalysis,willbedisplaced.AppendixIC-83 :-:..:;>,>"':1 Oll;l"':l +'-::-''':l--,·k C. ""-','X N....- POWER GENERATING CAPABILITY Of ALTERNATiVE HYDRO PROJECTS AND SYSTEMS UPPER SUSITHA RIVER At-Site HydrQ Capabilities Secondary Energy (10 6 mwh) 623 110 605 CaD<lbi 1itf es 1 6188 6732 5841 6250 6800 5900 1427 1552 1347 Dependable Firm Secondary Capacity Energy Energy (MW)(l06 mwtI)(lOb mwh) 629 111 611 USSR 4-Dam Plan High Watana 3-Dam Plan Kaiser 4-Dam Plan Total Basin Development First Stage-Single Dam Devil Canyon High D.C. low Watana Mid Watana High Watana 205 594 228 479 10& 900 2600 1000 2100 3ioo 750 600 750 550 3S;Q 197 570 219 460 em3 891 2574 990 2079 li>t.q 743 594 743 545 3lt7 First Stage-Two Dam Devil Canyon -Denali Devil'Canyon -low Watana Devil Canyon -Mid Watana Devil Canyon -High Watana 571 731 1062 1427 2500 3200 4650 6250 700 1270 1000 550 548 702 1019 1370Y 2475 3168 4604 6188 693 1257 990 545 ]j ~I Values include 4 percent capacity transmission losses and 1 percent energy transmission losses.c-See Table 27 for power capabilities based on Average Annual Energy. ThetotalamountoffiloadgrowthandthermaltheRailbeltu1;1Themarketabi1ityinthefirstfiveonlyinlow-lCanyonweretoavailabledurianditwauldintheyrs.toasysteminc1ibeconvertedtofirmwouldbesuchthatit~eyond1990,the1couldbeabsorbeduindicatesthatalim;to1990~andthataslimitedbythegivenyearcannotTosimp1ifyna1assumedtthefullable.inaccordancewienergydisplacement.FederalPowerCommission'sestiabsorbedintheRailtareafromAppendix2.ThisestimaassumessomeassumesmuchofthethermalnginAlaskaPowerAdministrationesathermalwillberetiredorplusablecapacityagainngutilityload.TableC-21lisandFPC.Inthec awasused.However,planwasalsomadeusivecosRegionaldated12August1alternativecostsareinc1intotwocomponentsTaxesandinsurancevalue.ThemethodvaluesispresentedPowerCommission.desbothofstudies,itwassmarket-andthermalmateselectedI\nr~o""rlixI USABILITYOFPOWERFROMUPPERSUSITNAHYDROPROJECTSAnnualEnergy~106kWhAPAEstimateDependableCapacity,MWFPCEstimateAPAEstimate19B511987198898919901991199219931994199534503690395542354540486051505470580061506510117213328449575765932111012801/1450T/1640T!7908509009601030111011701240132014001490V"~~Cextendedtheirestimateonlytothepointwhere1233MWcould"~beabsorbed.1233MWistheoverloadcapacityoftheDevilCanyon-WatanasystemthatwasbeingconsideredwhenFPC'sestimatewa·smade.Intheanalyses,usablecapacitywasestimatedforyearsbeyond1993byextrapolation.AppendixITableC-21C-86 ItssysternItJOutherat;Kenai-141Riverrawithinrequipreservescoalforelectricextremelyhig.il-fue1inAlaskaisil-fuelasfbutnotagenciesoilforthonmakestenuous.ned-cycleareaADIDerldixI Powervaluesbasedoncoal-firedsteamplantsforelectricalpowerqenerationinboththeAnchorageandFairbanksloadcentershavebeenadoptedinthisstudyforderivationofpowerbenefits.TheabundanceofusablecoalreserveswithintheAnchoragearea,andthequestionablefutureelectricalpowerresourcerepresentedbythenaturalgas,makethecoalpowervaluesanobviousselection.WorldwideshortagesofenergyhaveresultedinincreasedinterestandcompetitionforCookInletnaturalgas.Ofthe6.9trillioncubicfeetofknownnaturalgasreservesinCookInlet,asofDecember1974,55percentofthattotalhadbeencommittedtoState,national,andinternationalusers.Asummaryoftheknownreserves.ascompiledbytheU.S.Bureauof~1ines,andreportedinOpenFileReport35-74.ispresentedonTableC-22.AlsoshownarethecommittedreservescompiledbytheAlaskaStateDepartmentofNaturalResources.Itisestimatedthatatthepresentuserate.theentireCookInletnaturalgasreservewouldbeexhaustedby1996,andforelectricalgenerationpurposes,availablereservesbeyondtheyear19134wouldbeinsufficientforgasturbinecapacityexpansion.Further-more,theuserateaccelerationpresentlybeingexperiencedcouldfurthershortenthedepletiontimeofknownreserves:(1)thePhilipsMarathonliquificationplantwhichpresentlytransportsCookInletgastoJapanisnowplanningtoselladditionalgastoNorthwestNaturalGasCompanyinPortland;(2)PacificAlaskaLNGCompanyhasappliedtoFPCforapermittoliquifyandtransportgastoLosAngelesHarboratatotalprojectcostofapproximately$1.2billion.TheuseofPrudhoeBaygasisyearsaway.withwellheadpricesestimatedatnotlessthan$0.50perMer,andtransportationcostsestimatedat$1.05perMCFattheCanadianborder.ThealternativetoAlaskanaturalgasusagewithintheAnchorageloadcenteristhepowerwhichcouldbegeneratedfromtheBelugacoalfield,whichhasanadequatesupplyofaccessiblecoaltofuelAnchorageneedsforatleastthe100-yeareconomiclifeoftheproposedSusitnahydrosystem.TheBelugafieldisinthesamelocationasthealter-nativegasgenerationplant.Insupportoftheassumptionthatcoalwillbetheprimaryelec~ricalenergyfuelsourcewithintheRailbeltareabeyondtheyear1985arepublicstatementsfromrepresentativesoftwoofthelargestelectricutilitieswithintheStateofAlaska.ThemanagerofChugachElectricalAssociation.Anchorage-basedandlargestelectricalutilityinAlaska,statedinaspeechtotheAmericanSocietyof~1ilitaryEngineerson30October1975,Ft.Richardson.Alaska.thathiscompanyloodstotheBelugacoalfieldasliterallythesolefuelsourceforpost-1985electricalpowergeneration.ItwasfurtherrevealedthatCookInletnaturalgasreservesallocatedtoChugachElectricalAssociationcouldverypossiblybeexhaustedby1990.This,intheabsenceofnewaccessiblegasdis-coveries.leadsChugachtoitspresentstateofplanningforfutureBelugacoaldevelopment.Similarly.theGoldenValleyElectricalAssociation(GVEA)foreseescoalasthecontinuingelectricalpowergeneratingfuelIntheFairbanksarea.ThepositionofGVEAwaspresentedduringthenOctober1975FairbanksPublicMeetingonUpperSusitnaHydropowerDevelopmentinwhichtheirrepresentativemadethefollowingstatement,AppendixC-U8 "IftheCorpsdoesnotgowiththeDevilCanyon-Watanaproject,veryclearly,iftheirintentisnotveryclearlyknownby1978,thenGoldenValleyElectricalAssociation11havetomakeafirmcommitmenttogotosomealternativemethod.And,theonlysensiblealternativemethodthatappearsfeasibleatthistimewouldbetogointotheNenanacoalfieldsandbuildone,athenasecond~OOO-kilowattcoal-firedstearngenerationunit."Thesubsequenteconomicevaluation11beconductedusingthepowervaluesderivedfromcoal-firedsteamplforboththeAnchorageandFairbanksloadcenters.Thescopinganalysis,forcomparability.willbebasedonbothpublicnon-FederallyfinancedandFederally-financedalternativepowervalues,andthefinaleconomicanalysisoftheselectedplanwillbebasedonpublicnon-Federalfinancing.Forthepurposeofcomparison,thebenefits-to-costratiooftheselectedplanwillbecomputedusingbothcoalandgaspowervaluesfortheAnchoragearea.fairbanksPowerValues:Theat-marketvauefortheFairbanksireaisbasedonestimatedcostofanalternativesourcedescribedasfollo\lJs:acoalgeneratingantth150-~1Wtotalcapacityconsistingoftwo75-MWunits;rate12,000Btu/kWh;capitalcost$640perkilowatt;servicelife,35years;andcoalcostof$0.60perBillionBTU.soincludedinthepowervaluesisa10percenthydro-steamadjustmentmadetoreflectthegreaterreliabilityandflexibilityofhydrogeneration.J\nchora~e-KenaiPowerValues:Thealternativesetsofat-sitepowerv:iTUesortheAnchorage-Kenaiareaarebasedonsystemsdescribedasfo11O\'JS.(1)Combinedcyclegeneratingplantv-lith450-~1Wtotalcapacityconsistingoffour112.5-MWunits(onecombustionturbineandonesteamturbineperunit);heatrate.8,500Btu/kWh;italcost.$235perkilowatt;servicelife.30years;naturalgas(operating)costof$0.70permillionBTU;distillaoil(standby)costof$1.75permillionBTU;andafive-percenthydro-steamadjustment.(2)Acoal-firedgeneratingplant450-m·Jtotalcapacityconsistingofthree150-MWunits;t •.800Btu/kWh,capitalcost$585perkilowatt;servicelife.35years;coalcostof$0.50permillionUTU~andala-percenthydro-steamadjustment.Theresultsofthecomputedpowervaluesaresummarizedasfollows:AppendixIC-89 COOK HiLET NATURAL GAS RESERVES AND 11 1974 >-c-i-c OJ (0ncr::! I .....0- '"m ......o xnI~_ N N FIELD Kenai North Cook Inlet McArthur River Beluga River Beaver Creek S\'Ja nson Ri ver Sterling r1iscellaneous TOTALS RESERVES 2,400,000 /·lIKF 1 ,500,000 Mt1CF 800,000 t1MCF 973,000 M~1CF 400,000 MMCF 300,000 r1MCF 200,000 M~1CF 395,000 MMCF 6,968,000 ~1t1C F ITTALS CO/'r111ITIAL 440,000 MMCF Alaska Pipeline 1 ,038,000 ~1MCF Co 11 i er Chemi ca 1 400,000 MMCF Socal-Arco 228,000 r"MCF LNG 2,1 06,000 ~1r-1CF 532,000 r~MCF LNG 87,000 MMCF Pacific Lighting 373,000 MMCF Chuqach Electric 600,000 MMCF Pacific Lighting 973,000 MMCF 113,000 MMCF Pacific Lighting 3,811,000 MMCF (55%) UNCO~~M I TTED 294,000 MMCF 968,000 MMCF 713,000 r~r-1CF -0- 287,000 MMCF 300,000 MMCF 200,000 MMCF 395,000 MMCF 3,157,000 MMCF (45%) Pacifi eLi ghti ng 800,000 MMCF Committal,11%of Total Reserves ValueofPower~ofFinancingPublic-Non-Federal1/Federal(Pricelevel-of1/1/75)DependableUsableDependableUsableMarketAreaFuelcapacit)tffi%capacit)Energy($!kW-Yr(MillskWh)($/kW-Yr(Mills/kWh)45'/',Annua1CapacityFactor<.••-._.~.--.•-••----Fairbanks96.957.8989.497.89Anchorage-KenaiCoal-firedAlter-native86.155.4275.785.42CombinedCycleAlternative46.896.4341.936.4351.8'X,Annua1Cap~cityFactorFairbanks98.327.8490.847.84Anchorage-KenaiCoal-firedAlter-native87.135.3676.775.36CombinedCyc1eAlternat ive47.786.3742.796.371/CompositeREAandMunicipalC.O!llj)g.sjj:.ePo.werValu_e_~:ByapplyingtheFPCassumptionthatthepowerutilizationofthehydrosystemwouldbedistributedintheratioof75percenttotheAnchorage-Kenaiareaand25percenttotheFairbanksarea,compositevalueswerederivedforboththeenergyandcapacityvalues.Thevaluesdeterminedinthismannerareshownbelow.AppendixIC-91 ~o~p~siteValueofPowerTypeofFinancingPublic-Nan-Federal1/Federal(Pricelevel-of1/1/75).MarketAreaDependable..~acit){$/kW-YrUsableEnergy(Mills/kWh)Dependablecapacit)($/kW-YrUsableEnergy(Mills/kWh)88.8545?,Ann.u.aL.!=_ap_~_cJJ:.r..L~"c_t.9l:Coa1-riredAlter-native6.0379.216.03CombinedCycleAlternative59.386.8053.826.80Coal-firedA1ter-nDtiveComl)inedeyc1eAlternativeg9.9360.425.986.7480.2854.805.986.74J/CompositeREAandMunicipalTheFPCcomputedpowervaluesforthetwoplantfactors,45percentdndSI.Bpercent.The45-percentplantfactoristhealternativetoDevilCDnyonwithoutupstreamstorageand51.8percentforDevilCanyon-Watana.Sincesubsequentanalyseshavebasedinstalledcapacitiesforallplantsona50-percentplantfactor,theclosestFPCvalues,theSI.B-percentplantfactorvalues,wereusedinallanalyses.Derivationofrowerl3enefits:Annualpowerbenefitswerecomputedforeachofthesysferiis·,Tnc"iudingbothfirst-stageandfull-basindevelopment.Bec,luseinsomesystemstheinitialpower-on-lineisinexcessofcommunitynec(jc"benefitsduringtheearlyyearsofoperationwerelimitedbytheRailbeltareacapacityandenergygrowthrate(seepreviousdiscussionunder"CreditforEnergyandCapacity).Therefore,benefitswerecomputedfor(~achyearcoveringthe100-yearlifebeginningwiththe1985power-on-linedate.Thiswasaccomplishedbypresentworthingeachyear1sbenefitstocompositelifetimebenefitsthatwerethenconvertedtoanequiva1entannua1amountatthediscountrateof6-1/8percent.DetailedcomputationsofbenefitsfortheDevilCanyon,Denali,Vee.ilndWatanafour-damsystemareshownonTableC-23.Similardetailedcomputationsfortheremainingsystemswereperformed;however,inorderAppendixIC-92 sample Power Benefit Calculations Scoping Analysis "fVI~~ANvn~WIT~1"·"A~I ANn V"f ANfl wATA~A .J~":"F~r ;;)~.::,,;:1 r ~'\{<.:r ,1\0.</.;:.)~.;;:~r ..:[-<'1 ....,{<.-:r d ;';'*;:P-<~'i';:"'d S \lnt\~v 'lH"'P '4"~TH "Ih>{("Th"',F wn~T'"·l~~AOh~r fv .:!~'"WfNf ...~I~'".::'I'::-:C";Y ~~:fl"iUqV l.iO-l T'"~F~~';Y ;"'''4CI Tv Tn T ;\1~ y~,,~"'~fn~r;A.JACI fV r;A"hCrTV ~F'JI=~'TS --:"'~l{r;'(ENI="IV i\~""1=ITS r:Nt:·V;V ";~F;qt;V !-IF Ir<;~;:"',,,::ITS 'l"NI';~lrS--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------,..."","'W)r ~I fl.)()I r"''''V{),·...'~V ~),~t'1')(1)1M'.f \I '''I'''V~),SlJOJI 1~1000)(,.t CJ)) ) I.CAl)~I.0/....')'1 It 7.fl lin.;:>HFl"jl .~107.01 q.,.l ':;034.4 197.0 \A<;.",'172'1.'1 0.0 2V>'l'-l.~ 1.Q"'k ".AR7Q ?t3.1A'l.!1<;lq4.7 t ')7.)Qf).,..·+743.~197.;)\74.'l '11"'2.1 0.,1 29)9).7 ',oA7 ".A1"'1 P'l.')77/....4-?7l1:'13 .<;1f)?1)'1->.3 447'l.\197.0 164 '.A A,,>'1'1.'1 O.v 3<;1'1".'-1 '.OQk ').7 A.'J4 44'l.f)3~4.1 7A47f).'1 tl::?·1 ~().4 47l?I t'H.1 1<;<;.3 AI3<;.l 0.,)4J71>'l.[ I <..HlQ.n.14?Q 'i4R.ri '.()7.I 'PI,A5.<;I07.f)7-;.~3'1t.,9.r,197.0 146.'1 7'>/,'i.1,O.V 44'\2).0 ',4qf)".7f)f)f)54~.'1 3A3.;3f)79'1.1 2A'!.)['1'1.1 1'137".4 1'1.0 <;<;."1 2"1'1".'>0.)44,:7 ~.[ "001 ".1,59"~ltR.n 3"I ....7 9 l171.<;7'13.')IP~.7 '1777.5 79.0 <;2.1 2729.4 0.0 41~21.<; 1,0°2 ......?15 ':;4R.n ,\4f).1,:>7"'4"'.<;?'1"'.f)17->.'1 n\3.?·19.0 4'1.\2<;71.9 0.0 '19l'1l.7 t,093 '1.~R'i7 'i4H.ll 3:>1).9 :><;7'>'1.7 ?'I3.)1''';.7 '1'>'11 ....79.0 46."2423.<;0.,)3/'~n.2 I.qQt.,".551 0 !j4A.{i 3l17.4 7 4 :>'11.1 7'l3.f)1<;'>.2 ,q ilf).5 79.0 4'1.f>22,<,\.1,0.0 3474~.1 ',44,)f).'5?nll A'IIl.0 41,7.0 37497.'>'.'>3.f)24().""p'>t 1.1 75.'l 39.0 2)42.'1 0.0 ~214".'" 1.49'"".49()()'1QA.fl "40.fl 3<;.,,7H.A '.'>3.1):>7'>.9 II'lA.".,\75.0 '6.7 1924.'1 0.0 401".0 1,997 ".4/'\7 /loll.I)414.'>337'l'l.'1 "t.,3.f)213.'1 1\t'l7.1)75.0 34.f>lil\3./l 0.0 4/,'1)t.1 1,qQA f).43<;1 'l'lR.f)390.7 3t3"'A.5 4"'3.0 2l11.4 1"551.2 75.0 '12./'1709.2 0.0 4"621.9 ',4QO f).41f)f)A'IA.f)3,,>~.1 7Q<;<;A.\4'>3.0 lRO.A 9'147.3 75.0 :'\0.7 1,,\0.<;0.0 41 UJ.'1 41143().t74A44.">532"'.O.601""),). ?Ilfln )O'l~~."'~f)4 137l1. P~FS~'T wn'lT ...'l~~5FrTS 'It I I.731531. 11429"'1. 7l1'>.4'>'15.745935. 370779. 71.472.24733. '10059. 'J.tJnl99. O.1">0'\79'1. Cll.~=".fl'>14 hV A~~il"~"FIT<;71)\9l1.7.2770.5531.O.'1R4'10. (')1-3 > I >"CI \0 b:1"C1 Wt""Cll l":I:::l (l. (')1-'- I >l"-, ':APA';lTv VA'_II;:= ENERr;v Vh~1I1';= SEr;n~')AIl.V Vh'."E= i'HEQ':'ST RATE Rf).?R9'1'1 ~:>.379'l'l 5?37999 1).f)6l25 to1l1lnlmlZethebulkofsupportingmaterial,theyhavenotbeenincludedinthisreport.OTHERBENEFITSRecreation:Rationaleforrecreationalbenefitsiscontainedwithin~ectiol1~ofthisAppendix.Theanalysisconcludedthatanestimated77,000recreationdayscouldbeanticipatedforthepowerprojectsintheyear1985.Ofthese.70percentwouldbeofgeneralizednaturewithanestimatedrateof$2.00pervisitorday.and30percentwouldbeforspecializedrecreationatarateof$8.00pervisitorday.Onthebasisofthesefigures,theannualbenefitsforrecreationhavebeendevelopedintheamountof$300.000.(Roundedfrom$292,000.)AreaRedevelo~ment~AR):InaccordancewithDraftER1105-2-352,ARbene1rftsareefineasbeneficialcontributionstotheNEDobjectiveresultingfromtheuseofotherwiseunemployedmanpowerinconstructionandinstallationofaproposedproject.PresentedbelowarethestepstakenincalculationofARbenefitsforasystemdevelopmentofDevilCanyonandWatana(2200feet).Similarcalculationsweremadeforalldevelopmentplansbutinordertoreducethebulkofsupportingmaterialthese.calculationswerenotincludedinthistext.AsummaryofARbenefitsfortheplansunderconsiderationispresentedonTableC-24.ThelaborareaisdefinedtobethecombinedAnchorageandFairbanksareas.Theproposedprojectistobeconstructedinarelativelyunpopulatedareaandwillnecessarilydrawheavilyfromthesetwopop-ulationcenters.TheStateofAlaskahasbeenclassifiedbytheU.S.DepartmentofLaborasanareaofsubstantialandpersistentunemployment.Thelabormarketwasassessedtodeterminethepresentandpro-spectiveemploymentsituationintheconstructionindustry.Construc-tionactivityinAlaskaispresentlypeakingattheheightofpipelineconstruction,withaconstructionworkforceofapproximately20.000outofatotalcivilianlaborforceof190.000.Ofthe average16.000personsunemployedinAlaska,about25percent,or4,000areintheconstructionindustry.Employmentinconstructionisexpectedtoremainatahighlevelafterpipelineconstructionduetotheincreasedneedforhouses,schoolsandotherfacilitiescausedbytheincreaseinpopulation.Additionally,aprogramofresourcedevelopmentthroughouttheState.thecapitolrelocationproject.oratrans-Alaskagaspipelinewouldfurtherhelptomaintainafairlystableemploymentpicture.EstimatedmanpowerrequiredforconstructionoftheWatanaandDevilCanyondamsandthetransmissionlineisasindicatedinthefollowingtab1e:AppendixC-94 AREAREDEVELOPMENTBENEFITS1985ARAverageAnnual?ystemofDevelopmentValueARValue($1000)($1000)DevilCanyon,Denali,Vee(2300),Watana(1905)178,68610,971DevilCanyon,Denali,Vee(2350),Watana(1905)181,89911,169HighD.C.,Olson,Denali,Vee(2300)209,95612,891Devi1Canyon,Watana(2200),Denali177,61410,905DevilCanyon,Watana(2050),Denali156,6249,617DevilCanyon.Watana(1905),Denali135,7358,334Devi1Canyon,Watana(2250)162,7909,995DevilCanyon,Watana(2200)155,7619,564DevilCanyon,Watana(2050)134,7718,275DevilCanyon,Watana(1905)113,8826,992Watana(2250),DevilCanyon159,1759,773Watana(2200),DevilCanyon152,6479,373Watana(2050),DevilCanyon131,4588,072Watana(1905),DevilCanyon110,4696,783DevilCanyon,Denali105,8496,510DevilCanyon71,7044,403HighD.C.127,1397,806Watana(2200)109,2636,709Watana(2050)88,0745,408Watana(1905)67,0854,119AppendixITableC-24C-95 MANPOWERREQUIREMENTSBYBASICSKILLSKILLSOperatingEngineersTeamstersLaborersCementMagJnsCar~ntersPaintersIronWorkersElectriciansPipeFittersSheetMetalWorkersTechnicalEngineers~1AN-DAYS482,680131,640482,68087,760351,04065,820241,340131,640153,58043,88021,9402,194,000PERCENTOFTOTAL22%6%22%4%16%3%11%6%7%2%1%100%Ofthistotal,projectplannersestimate20percenttobeinsuper-visoryandmanagerialroles,giving438,000man-daysofsupervisorylaborand2,194,000man-daysasconstructionemployment.Itisestimatedthat200daysofconstructioneffortarepossibleeachyeargiventhecircumstancesofclimateandprojectlocation.Thecon-structionperiodfortheprojectis10years,allowingacalculationoftheaveragenumberofmenneededperyearasshowninthefollowingtable:MANPOWERNEEDSMAN-DAYSMAN-YEARSMENPERYEAR,.~-"--"---~-'-Total2,194,00010,9701,097Construction1,756,0008,780878Supervisory438,0002,190219Alyeskapipelineemploymentdataindicatesthat60percentoftheconstructionmanpowerneedsarebeingmetfromwithinAlaska,40percentfromoutsidetheState.TheexistenceofthepipelineprojectwillensureasizeableskilledAlaskanworkforce,whichinturnwillmeanthatalesserproportionofmanpowerrequirementswillbeimportedintoAlaskaforfutureconstructionprojects.Withthepresenceofthislargelaborpoolandassumingastable,butsomewhatreducedlevelofconstructionactivityduringthe1980's,aproposedUpperSusitnadevelopn~ntisestimatedtodraw80percentofitsconstructionmanpowerrequirementsfromwithinAlaska;20percentwillcomefromoutsidetheState.Theactualnumbertobeemployedfromtheresidentlaborforceisthus878workers.Itisfurtherestimatedthat50percentor439ofthislocallabordemandwillbemetoutoftheprojected4,000construc-tionworkerswhowouldotherwisebeunemployed.Theremaining50percentthenispresun~dtobepartofthenormaldemandforconstructionemploy-mentandwouldcomefromalreadyemployedmanpowerresourcesoftheState.AppendixC-96 Aweightedaveragehourlywageiscalculatedusing1975Fairbanksvicinitywageratesforthevariousskillcategories,supervisorylevelsandappropriateover-time.Thiscompositewagerateof$17.40whenmultiplieClbythenumberofhour'sperdayand200daysperyeargives$34.800.Whenappliedtothe4~9otherwiseunemployedworkers.anannualvalueof$15,262,770resultswhichoverthe10yearsoftheconstructionperiodamountsto$152,627,700.Thisamountisapproxi-matelyequivalenttothepresentvalueofthis10yearstreamofbenefitsbecausethewagepaymentsarefairlyevenlydistributedbeforeandafterthepower-on-linedate.Convertedtoanannualbenefitoverthe100-yearprojectlifeataninterestrateof6-1/8percent,theroundedARbenefitamountsto$9,373,000.IntertieBenefits:ItwasestablishedunderareaneedsthatintertiebenefitscouldberealizedfromsharedreservesandfromthetransferofenergybetweenAnchorageandFairbankstotakeadvantageofthediffer-entialcostofproducingenergy.Beinginterconnectedalsopermitsadditionalflexibilityofoperation.TheTechnicalAdvisoryCommitteeonCoordinatedSystemsDevelopmentandInterconnectionhighlightsfurthersomeofthepossibleintertieadvantagesinthe1974AlaskanPowerSurvey.Dollarquantificationofincidentalintertiebenefitsassociatedwiththepowerlineswhichwouldconnectthehydroprojectstothetwoloadcentersisdifficult,however,thevalueofsharedreservesandenergytransfercanbeevaluatedtosomeextent.SharedReserves:Reservecapacitywithinaloadcentercanbedes-cribeO!astneamountofgenerationrequired,beyondthatnecessarytomeetload,Whichwouldprovideapredetermineddegreeofreliabilityagainstpartialortotalsystemfailure.Therequiredreservesisafunctionoftheutilitysystemmakeup.maintenanceschedule,anddegreeofinterconnection.TheSystemmakeupisamultitudeofgeneratingunitseachwithitsownreliabilityinaccordancewithefficiency,age,fueltype,unittype,size,etc.Evaluationofreserverequirementsisacomplexprocedurewhichattemptstodeterminestatisticallytheproba-bilityoftotalorpartialfailureandthereserverequirementsnecessarytobolsterthesystemtoinsurethepredeterminedreliabilitycriteria.Therefore,intertiebenefitsthroughsharedreservesofthetwoloadcenterscouldbeestablishedbyfirstdeterminingindividualloadcenterreserverequirements.andsecond,subsequenttotalreserverequirementsifthetwoloadcenterswereintertiedandre-evaluatedasasingleloadcenter.Thereductioninreserverequirementscouldthenbeconvertedtoadollarvaluewhichwhenamortizedwouldrepresentanaverageannualbenefit..Aspointedoutinthemarketabilitysection(SectionG)AnchorageandFairbankspeakloadrequirementsareverynearlyidenticalintermsofpercentoftotalcapacityrequiredthroughouttheyear.Therefore,whilethesystemmakeupofthetwoareasispresentlyquitedifferent,AppendixIC-97 theconcurrentpeakingrequirementsleavelittleopportunityforsharingreserves.Furthermore.sinceitisestimatedthattheAnchoragethermalunitswillshiftfromthepresentgasturbinemodetothatofBelugacoal.thenbythetimethatreservescouldconceivablybeshared,thecombinationofconcurrentrequirementsandsimilarsystemmakeupswouldleavescantpossibilitiesforreservesharing.EnergyCostDifferential:BasedonFPCpowervaluesforcoalfiredsteamplantslnbothAnchorageandFairbankstheanticipatedcostofproducingenergyintheFairbanksmarketareaisroughlyeightmillshigherthaninAnchorage.Therefore,ifAnchorageoff-peak-monththermalenergycouldbesenttoFairbanks.aportionofthedifferentialenergycostcouldbeclaimedasabenefit.Theamountofenergywhichcouldbetransferredinanymonthwouldbedependentonthetransmissionlinecapability,theamountofhydroenergybeingtransmittedovereachline.andtheabilityofAnchorageutilitiestopursuethisnewmarket.TheactualtransferofenergywouldentailahigherportionoftheSusitnahydrobeingshiftedtoFairbanks withtheassociatedmillcreditgiventotheAnchorageutilities.Inanalysingthemaximumpossiblebenefitthatcouldberealizedinthismanner.thefollowingmonthlyenergytransfercapabilitiesareassumedforthetwosinglecircuit230KVtransmissionlinesfromGoldCreektoFairbanks:LineHydroAvailabler1aximum~1onthcaracitycaracityLineca)acityEnerg~cahacitymw}mw){mw(10kw1,January35835800February35835800March3582738563Apri135824411482~1ay358219139103,June358206152109July358200158118August358215143106September35823212694October35823212694November3582649468December3582827657TOTAL894Withanassumedhydrosystemfirmgeneratingcapabilityof6.1billionkwh.thereservetransmissionlinecapacitywouldnotberequiredpriorto1995,andthefullcapacitycouldonlybeabsorbedbeyondtheyear2005basedonmid-rangeenergyprojections.Ifitisassumedthatthe894millionkilowatthoursperyearareabsorbedlinearlybetween1995andtheyear2005,thenthefollowingbenefitcalculationscanbemadebasedona1985hydropower-on-linedateand8millsat6-1/8per'cent.AppendixC-9H 1996199719981999200020012002200320042005thru2086EnergyPOLPresentPOLDollarTransferredWorthofEnergyWorthofEner,gy(106kwh)006kwh)(Dollars)89.443.8$350,400178.882.6660,800268.2116.7933,600357.6146.61,172,800447.0172.31,378,400536.4195.21,561,600625.8214.61,716,800715.2231.21,849,600804.6245.01,960,0008944,406.935,255,200TOTAL5,854.9$46,839,200Theamortizedvalueofthe$46,839,200benefitroundsto$2,900,000basedonthe100-yeareconomiclif~ofthehydroproject.Theannualworthofthedifferentialcostofenergyisbasedonassumptionsoftheamountandtimethatenergycouldbetransferredandthedifferentialcostofenergyinthetwoloadcenters.FloodControl:Traditionalfloodcontrolanalysisinvolvingthereduc-tionordamagetorealandpersonalpropertydoesnotapplyinthecaseofthisprojectduetothelackofindustrialandgeneralurbangrowthdownstreamfromtheproject.However,theAlaskaRailroadhasestimatedthatapproximately$50,000ofannualmaintenanceofrailroadbedcouldbeeliminatedbycontrollingtheriverflow.ECONOMICANALYSISOFALTERNATIVEDEVELOPMENTSThepurposeofthisanalysisistonarrowdownthealternativehydroplanstoseveralofthebestplansforanalysisunderPrinciplesandStandardscriteria.Sincethecombinedfloodcontrol,recreational,andintertiebenefitsaresmallcomparedtothepowerandARbenefits,preliminaryscopingoftheupperSusitnahydroalternativeswasdoneonthebasisofpowerandARbenefitsalone.However,floodcontrol,recreationandtransmissionbenefitsareincludedinlaterstagesoftheanalysis.BenefitsestimatedinthismannerforthevarioussystemsofdevelopmentarepresentedonTableC-25.AppendixIC-99 :> -i-:::~~.--.."lIW<i .....- t :::;-I'1l --:::l~-~-'"-'-(,X 1',,)...... ....1 SYS!Dl 3F:'<TI1TS -SCOP1!lG ANALYSIS Federal Financing Capacity Prime Energy Secondary Energy AR TO'fAL System cf revelcp?€nt BEXITITS BE~TIITS BE:'l'ITITS BE~TI1TS BE~"IT1 IS ($1,000)($1,000)($1,000)($1,000)($1.000) Devil Canycn,Denali,Vee (2300),~atana (1905)70,190 22,770 5,531 10,971 109,461 Devil Canyon,Denali,Vee (2350),~atana (1905)72,703 23,532 5,172 11,169 112,407 High D.C.,Olson,Denali,Vee (2300)73,037 23,931 3,795 12,891 113,654 Devil Canyon,~atana (2200),Denali 89,057 29,726 3,500 10,905 133,188 Devil Canyon,watana (2050),Denali 78,359 25,903 4,735 9,617 118,615 Devil Canyon,~atana (1905),Denali 63,953 20,816 5,624 8,334 98,727 Devil Canyon,Watana (2250)84,267 28,153 3,847 9,995 126,262 Devil Canyon,Watana (2200)83,751 27,980 4,893 9,564 126,188 Devil Canyon,Watana (2050)66,244 21,826 6,847 8,275 103,195 Devil Canyon,Watana (1905)47,992 15,451 7,787 6,992 78,222 Watana (2250),Devil Canyon 84,223 31,051 2,100 9,773 127,147 Watana (2200),Devil Canyon 83,751 30,883 2,516 9,373 126,523 Watana (2050),Devil Canyon 65,823 23,688 4,964 8,072 102,547 Watana (1905),Devil Canyon 48,083 15,596 6,706 6,783 77,168 Devil Canyon,Denali 39,238 12,379 5,731 6,510 63,858 Devil Canyon 15,446 5,343 4,452 4,403 29,644 High D.C.40,629 15,400 3,562 7,806 67,397 Watana (2200)45,892 17,757 2,671 6,709 73,029 Watana (2050)33,671 12,414 3,248 5,408 54,741 Watana (1905)17,083 5,919 4,452 4,119 31,574 Notes: 1.Capacity Value:$80.29/Kw;Energy Value:$52.38/mw-yr.(Federal Financing) 2.Dependable capacity based on prime energy and 50%plant factor. 3.I~tereBt rate at 6-1/8 percent over 100 years. PresentedonTableC-26isasummaryoftheeconomicevaluationofthesystemsanalyzed.Thetablegivesinformationonbenefits,costs,andnetbenefits.Fouralternativesweredeemedworthyoffurtherconsideration.TheUSBRfour-damschemeappearsquiteafavorableprojectfromaneconomicstandpoint,asdothetwo-andthree-damschemesdesignedaroundaWatanaprojectatamaximumpoolelevationofapproximately2200feet.Thefour-damschemeconsistingofOlson,HighD.C.,Vee,andDenalidoesnotappeareconomicallyfeasible,andtherefore,thissystemwasnotincludedinsubsequentanalysis.Ofthesingle-damalternatives,theWatanaDamwithapoolele-vationof2200feetappearsmostfeasible.However,becausethetwo-,three-,andfour-damalternativesaremuchmoreattractiveeconomically,allsingledamalternativeswereeliminatedfromfurtherconsideration.TheDevilCanyon-Denalicombinationwaseliminatedbecauseitwaseconom-icallymarginal,andthepoweroutputofthesystemrepresentsonlyafractionofthebasinpotential.InanattempttomaximizebenefitsfromtheUSSRfour-damscheme,systembenefitswerecomputedbasedontwoelevationsfortheVeedamsite.TheanalysisindicatesthatnetbenefitsincreasedastheVeemaximumpoolelevationincreasedabove2300feet,andthatmaximumnetbenefitsareobtainedforaVeepoolelevationof2350feet,just11feetbelowLakeLouisewatersurfaceelevation.Thepoweroutputfromthissystemwouldbeconsiderable,buttheenvironmentalimpactcouldbethemostseverofthesystemsanalyzed.Therefore,thesysteminclusiveofthelower(2300feet)Veeprojectwasselectedforfurtherconsideration.TheDevilCanyon,Watana,andDenalisystemwasanalyzedforWatanapoolelevationsrangingbetween1900and2200feet.Analysisshowedthatbasedonpowerbenefits,themosteconomicalWatanathree-damschemeisaWatanapoolbuilttoanelevationofabout2200feet.However,optimizednetbenefitsfromthethree-damschemeisnotasgreatasthosefromthetwo-damsystemconsistingofDevilCanyonandtheWatanaprojectwitha2200-footnormalmaximumpoolelevation,Graph9.NEDPlanandConstructionSeguence:Thetwo-damDevilCanyon-WatanasystemwasselectedastheNEDplanonthebasisofmaximizationofnetbenefits.ThesequenceofconstructioninfluencesthenetbenefitsobtainedfromtheNEDplanisapparentasshownonGraph9.AsummaryofthebenefitsandcostsassociatedwiththeNEDplanforbothconstruc-tionsequencesisshownbelow:AppendixIC-101 ....15WZ52000I\ppendixI(;raphC-9(-IO?NETBENEFITSCOPINGANALYSISDEVILCANYON-WATANAWATANAMAXIMUMPOOLELEVATION SCOPING ECONOKlC JUW..YSIS Total Average Total Average System of Development Annual Costs Annual Benefits NET BENEYI T: ($1,000)($1,000)($1,000) Devil Canyon,Denali,Vee (2300),Watana (1905)102,491 109,461 6,970 Devil Canyon,Denali,Vee (2350),Watana (1905)104,445 112,407 7,962 High D.C.,Olson,Denali,Vee (2300)139,984 113,654 -26,330 Devil Canyon,Watana (2200),Denali 110,091 133,188 23,097 Devil Canyon,Watana (2050),Denali 99,094 118,615 19,521 Devil Canyon,Watana (1905),Denali 88,150 98,727 10,577 Devil Canyon,Watana (2250)104,336 126,262 21,926 Devil Canyon,Watana (2200)96,600 126,188 29,588 Devil Canyon,Watana (2050)85,604 103,193 17,589 Devil Canyon,Watana (1905)74,660 78,222 3,562 Watana (2250),Devil Canyon 106,379 3/127,147 20,768 Watana (2200),Devil Canyon 101,776 -126,523 24,747 Viatana (2050),Devil Canyon 86,834 102,547 15,713 Watana (1905),Devil Canyon 72,034 77,168 5,134 Devil Canyon,Denali 69,651 63,858 -5,793 Devi 1 Canyon 51,561 29,644 -21,911 High D.C.90,651 67,397 -23,254 Watana (2200)78,046 73,029 -5,017 Watana (2050)63,104 54,741 -8,363 Watana (1905)48,304 31,574 -16,730 1.Number in parenthesis represents the normal maximum pool elevation of the project. 2.Project staging in sequence as shown and each project was assumed to have a five-year construction time. 3.S~year Watana construction and IDe based on annual expenditures would have resulted in an Annual Cost of $103,920,000 (See Table 30). ::c:. --;-:::1 (",)s::J""O I u l? --':;:$:::::11':)0- W ..J.nx I N ....... SYSTEMCOMPARABILITYConstruction_SequenceARAndPowerBenefits{$1,0(0)AnnualCostsB-C($1,000)($T:QOO)DevilCanyon,Watana126,188Watana,DevilCanyon126,523Theanalysisshowsthefollowing:96,60029,588101,77624,7471.Bothsequencesforsystemdevelopmentareeconomicallyfeasible.2.TheDevilCanyonfollowedbyWatanastageconstructionappearstogivethemosteconomicalsequenceofconstruction.AlthoughmaximumnetbenefitsarerealizedforasystemconstructionsequenceofDevilCanyonfollowedbyWatana,asmentionedearlier,thetruemarketfortheSusitnahydroisdifficulttopredict,andhenceeitherconstructionsequencemayproveequallyfeasible.Theabovefiguresdonottakeintoaccounttheintangiblebenefitsthatwouldbeexpectedbyspecificconstructionsequence.IftheDevilCanyonprojectwerefirsttobeconstructed,thefollowingintangiblebenefitsoradverseimpactscouldoccur:1.ThefirmenergyproducingcapabilityofDevilCanyonprojectwouldbeadequatetomeetonlytwoyearsofenergydemandbasedonAPAprojections.ThiswouldresultinaneedforcapitalexpendituresbyutilitiesintheregionpriortoWatana'sPOL.2.ThespillrateoftheDevilCanyonprojectduringthefiveyearspreceedingtheWatanaPOLdatewouldbequitefrequentandofrelativelyhighmagnitude.Theadverseimpactsfromthisoperationhavenotbeenfullyassessed.3.IftheWatanaprojectwerenotbuiltorifitwasdelayedasignificanttime,theresultingactivestoragesedimentencroachmentcouldfurtherlimittheprimeenergyproducingcapabilityofDevilCanyon.IftheWatanaprojectwerefirsttobeconstructed,thefollowingintangiblebenefitsoradverseimpactscouldoccur:1.TheflowregulationprovidedbyWatanawouldminimizethediversionstructuresrequiredfortheconstructionofDevilCanyon.Thissavingsinconstructioncostshasbeenestimatedintheselectedplan.2.Thefrequency,duration,andmagnitudeofspillsfromWatanawouldbeconsiderablylessthanthoseofDevilCanyon.Furthermore,theAppendixIC-I04 operationstudiesrevealaveryinfrequentspillratefortheWatanaspillway.Thiswouldminimizepossibleadverseimpactfromgassu~ersaturationoftheriverbelowtheproject.3.TheenergycapabilityoftheWatanaprojectwouldbethreetimesthatoftheDevilCanyonprojectwithoutupstreamstorage.4.BecauseofthelargeWatanareservoircapacityandthelargedeadstorage,theWatanareservoirisnotsusceptibletosignificantsedimentencroachmentontheactivestorage.Byweighingtheintangiblebenefitsfromthetwoprojectsandrealizingthattheeconomicsofthesystemisinfluencedbyapowermarketwhichisdifficulttoevaluate,theconstructionsequencethatwouldprovideWatanapowerfirstandDevilCanyonpowersecond,appearsthelogicalselection,anditisthatsequencewhichhasbeenchosenforfurtheranalysis.PlansConsideredFurther:PrincipalsandStandardsrequirethatalter-naffve-sdisp1ayedunderthesystemofaccountsbecomparedonanequalbasistothefullestpossibleextent.Whilethescopinganalysisisadequatefordeterminingtherelativevalueofeachsystemofdevelopment,itwouldbeimpropertocomparethenetworthofsystemsanalyzedunderthescopinganalysistothatofnetbenefitsderivedfortheselectedplan,whichisevaluatedunderslightlydifferentcriteriaasoutlinedundertheSelectedPlanSection.Therefore,althoughtheDevilCanyonandHighWatanasystemwasultimatelychosenastheselectedplanfordevelopment,inordertocomparethisplanwiththethreeandfour-damsystems,itisnecessarytoapplytheselectedplancriteriatothethreeandfour-damalternatives.TherationalefortheslightlydifferentcirteriaispresentedundertheSelectedPlanSection.Inshort,thethreeandfourdamalternativeswerereanalyzedusingthefollowingcriteria.1.Transmissionlosseswerelimitedto3.2percentcapacityand0.7percentenergy.2.Minimumdrawdowncriteriaforturbineefficiencyreducedprimeenergyslightly.3.Dependablecapacityisbasedonaverageannualenergyanda50percentplantfactor.4.Powerbenefitsarebasedonnon-Federalpowervalues.5.Allbenefitsareusedincomputingnetbenefitsandthebenefits-to-costratio.Thesubsequentat-marketpowerwhichcouldberealizedforthethreealternativehydrodevelopmentsisstlmmarizedonTableC-27.AppendixIC-105 TableC-27Two-Dam1/Three-Dallj2/Four-Dam3-PrimeEnergy(106kwh,)690576,6036,107SecondaryEnergy(106,kwh)785110724DependableC.apacity(mw)1,5181,5281,5201/Watana(2200);DevilCanyon2/Watana(2200);DevilCanyon,Denali~DevilCanyon,Denali,Vee(2300),Watana(1905)Benefitsarethosewhichcanberealizedfrompower,floodcontrol,recreation,arearedevelopment,andtransmissionintertie.Thefollowingtablesummarizesthebenefitsforeachproject.AreaPowerFloodControlRecreationIntertieRedevelopmentTotal($1000)(SlOOO)(SlOOO)(SlOOO)(S1000)($1000)TwoDam135,198503002,9009,373147,821ThreeDam135,288503002,90010,905149,443FourDam1169825504002,90010,971131,146Theeconomiccomparison,therefore,forthesystemofaccountsisshownonthetablebelow.ForafullexplanationofhowthebenefitswerecalculatedseetheSelectedPlansubsectionofSectionC,Appendix1.Annual AnnualTotalAnnualNetConstCostOM&RAnnualCostBenefitsBenefitsBIC($1000)($1000)(S1000)(SlOOO)(S1000)(Rati0)TwoDam101,5202,500104,020147,82144,6581.42ThreeDam113,0662,600115,666149,25233,7771.29FourDam99,2913,200102,491131,14628,6551.28TheseplanswereselectedbecausetheyareeconomicallyjustifiedandtheymeettheobjectivesformeetingtheloadgrowthoftheRailbeltcorrmunity.ThenextsectionwillanalyzethesethreeplansfromanenvironmentalstandpointinanattempttodevelopanEQplan.Developmentsequenceforthetwo-andthree-damplanswouldhaveWatanaconstructedfirstandDevilCanyonsecond.Thefour-damplanconstructionsequencewouldentailDevilCanyon'sbeingbuiltfirstfollowedinorderbyDenali.Vee,andWatana.AppendixIC-106 '",'""SELECTINGAPLANALTERNATIVESSELECTEDFORFURTHERSTUDYThepreliminaryscreeningdisclosedfouralternativeswitheconomicjustification.adequatescale.technicalfeasibility,andnoadversepnvironmentaleffectsofsuchobviousmagnitudeastoprecludeplanimplementation.TheseincludeoneplanwhichdepictsthemostprobablefutureifnoFederalactionistakentomeettheprojectedpowerneedsoftheRailbeltandthreediversehydroelectricplansforutilizationofthepowerpotentialoftheupperSusitnaRiver.Thefourselectedalternativesare:CoalDevilCanyon-WatanaDamsDevilCanyon-Watana-DenaliDamsDevilCanyon-Watana-Vee-DenaliDams.EVALUATIONOFALTERNATiVESSelectionofthebestplanfromamongthealternativesinvolvesevaluationoftheircomparativeperformanceinmeetingthestudyobjectivesasmeasuredagainstasetofevaluationcriteria.ThesecriteriaderivefroM'law~regulations.andpoliciesgovern;waterresourceplanninganddevelopment.Thefollowingcriteriawereadoptedforevaluatingthealternatives.TechnicalCriteria:ThegrowthinelectricalpowerdemandwillbeasprojectedbytheAlaskaPowerAdministration.Thatpowergenerationdevelopment.fromanysourceorsources,willproceedtosatisfytheprojectedneeds.Aplantobeconsideredforinitialdevelopmentmustbetechnicallyfeasible.NationalEconomicDevelopmentCriteria:Tangiblebenefitsmustexceedprojecteconomiccosts;Eachseparableunitofworkorpurposemustprovidebenefitsatleastequaltoitscost;Thescopeoftheworkissuchastoprovidethemaximumnetbenefits.Thebenefitsandcostsareexpressedincomparablequantitativeeconomictermstothefullestextentpossible.AnnualcostsarebasedonalOO-yearamortizationperiod,aninterestrateof6-1/8percent,andJanuary1975pricelevels.Theannualchargesincludeinterest;amortization;andoperation.maintenance,andreplacementcosts.AppendixIC-I07 Powerbenefitsarebasedonthedifferenceincostsofprovidingtheenergyoutputofanyplanascomparedtoprovidingthesameenergybyconventionalcoal-firedthermalgeneration.EnvironmentalQualityCriteria:Conservationofesthetics,naturalvalues,andotherdesirableenvironmentaleffectsorfeatures.Theuseofasystematicapproachtoinsureintegrationofthenaturalandsocialsciencesandenvironmentaldesignartsinplanningandutilization.Theapplicationofoverallsystemassessmentofoperationaleffectsaswellasconsiderationofthelocalprojectarea.Thestudyanddevelopmentofrecommendedalternativecoursesofactiontoanyproposalwhichinvolvedconflictsconcerningusesofavailableresources.Evaluationoftheenvironmentalimpactsofanypropo~;cd<'lction,includingeffectswhichcannotbeavoided,alternativestoproposedactions,therelation-shipoflocalshort-termusesandoflong-termproducti-vity.andadeterminationofanyirreversibleandirretrievableresourcecommitment.Avoidanceofdetrimentalenvironmentaleffects,butwheretheseareunavoidable,theinclusionofpracticablemitigatingfeatures.SocialWell-BeingandRegionalDevelopmentConsiderations:Inadditiontothebasicplanningcriteria,con-siderationwasgivento:Thepossibilityofenhancingorcreatingrecrea-tionalvaluesforthepublic;Theeffects,bothlocallyandregionally,onsuchitelTlsi'lSincome,employment,population,andbusiness;Theeffectsoneducationalandculturalopportunities;Theconservationofnonrenewableresources.AppendixC-l08 Coal:Thisalternativeisvy,the"without"condition,thei)ro-hableturethatwoulddevelopifno1actionweretakentoprovideelectricalpowerthroughahydroelecicgenerationdevelopment.Acoal-firedgenerationsystemcoulddevelopinanumberofwaysincludingpiecemealconstructionoflantsatnumerouslocationswithnointertieoroverallgridingofsimplificationandmoredirectcomparabilitythehydropoweralternatives,asinglelargecoal-firedcomplexlocatedatthemostfavorableminemouthsite(theHealyarea)withatransmissionsystemintertiebetweenAnchorageandFairnisanalPlantconstructionwouldbestagedtoessentiallyduplicatheurnrangepowerdemandcurveuptotheenergylevelsachievedbythecomparativehydropowerplans.Thisalternativeistheeconomicstandardagainstwhicheachofthehydropovlerplansistested.Thatisthepowerbenefitsofagivenhydrosystemrepresentthecostofproducingthesameamountofpowerbyconstructingandoperatingaconventiona,state-of-the-art,generationsystemusingcoalasfuel.Inclinallcasesarethecostsofthenecessarytransmissionsystemtobringthepowertothesameloaddistri-butioncentersintheAnchorageandFairbanksareas.Thus,abenefit-to-costratioofgreaterthanone(1.0)indicatesthatahydrosystemismoreeconomicalthanitscoalcompetitor,whilearatiooflessthanunityindicatesthatitiseconomicallyinferior.Sincethealternativevaluesofelectricalproductionandplantconstructionusingcoalasthefuelarethesourceoftheenergyandcapacitybenefits,respectively,forthehydropowerplans,itfollowsthat,foranygivenalternativecoalsystem,thesumoftheenergyandcapacitybenefitsisidenticaltothecostsgivingabenefit-to-cost(B/C)ratioof1.0andnonetbenefits.Theprojectedenergycosttothedistributorsforthisalternativeisestimatedtobe26.4to31.4millsperkilowatt-hour.Theprojectedgeneratingplantwouldrequireanareaofapproxi-n~tely40acresforthebUildingsandgrounds.Anadditionalareaofabout90acreswouldberequiredfora30-daystockpileof500,000tonsofcoal.Thetotalannualcoalrequirement,basedonagrossenergyoutputof6.88to6.91billionkilowatt-hours(Kwh)annuallyandafuelefficiencyforcoalof1,181Kwh/ton1/wouldbefrom5.83to5.85milliontons.Overthe100-yearanalysisperiod,thiswouldamountto583to585milliontonstotal.NosingledistrictintheNenanafieldhassuchreservesatadepthsuitableforstripmining;however,theH!!avyCreekdistrict2/hasreservesestimatedat535.7milliontonsatdepthslessthan1,000andseamthicknessgreaterthan5feet.~1aximumuseofthisdistrictisassumedwiththedeficittobesuppliedbynearbyreservesfromDryCreekandSavageRiverasneeded.O--i\Ta-ska-TYel:-frTcPow-erStatistics,1960-1973,APA,December1974.Z!CoaTlReso'urcesofAlaska,GeologicalSurveyBulletin1242-B,1967.AppendixIC-I09 Toestimatetheprobableimpactsofthestripmining,thefollowingsimplifiedminingoperationwasprojected.Aparallelstriptechniquewiththeoverburdenandwastessidecastintowindrowsbetweentwo4~ctiv~workingfacesisprojectedsinceitrequirestheminimumlanduse.Amaximumeconomicoverburdenof200feetisassumed,whichwithcoalrunninganywherefromthe'surfacedownwardwouldmeananaverageoverburdenof100feet.Itisfurtherassumedthatthecoalliesintwo10·foot-thickseamswitha10-footpartingbetween.Atn~ximum.totalexcavationdepthwouldbe230feet,with130feetstheaverage.Ninetypercentrecoveryofthecoalispresumed.Onthisbasis,eachacreofminewouldproduce209,733cubicyardsofmaterialcomposedof29,040cubicyards"of"recoveredcoalandl1ln,693cubicyardsofminewastes.SincetheNenanacoalshaveanapproximatespecificgravityof1.30andaunitweightof1,770tonsacre-foot.therecoveryratemeansthatatotalof183to184acresoflandannuallywouldhavetobemined.Overthe100-yearlife.atotalacreageof18,300to18,400exclusiveofroadsor.othersubsidiaryuseswouldberequired.Itshouldbeemphasized,thatthQdisturbedacreageisbasedonarelativelyfavorableforma-tionofcoalseamsthattendtominimizethelandrequirements.Actualfieldconditionscouldeasilydoubleortriplethestripminingacreage.TheHealyCreekValleyandmostofthelandwestwardtotheDryCreek-SavageRivercoalbedsiscoveredbyuplandspruce-hardwoodforestbelow2.500feet,nl.s.l.Theinterveninglandsaregenerallyalpinetundra.Asaresult,themajorityoftheareaisclassifiedasfallandwintermooseconcentrationarea.1/Dallsheeprangeextendsonbothsidesofthevalleyandalong-thesouthernrimof(thewestwardarea.Thevalleyupstreamofthe2,500-footelevationandtheDryCreek-SavageRiverareaarebothwinterrangeforcariboulThevalleyof-theNenanaRiverrunningnorth-southbetweenHealyCreekandthewestwardcoalbedsislistedasanesting-moultingareaforwaterfowlandamajormigrationroute(flyway).TheNenanaRiversupportsbothresidentandanadromousfish.Thus,thedestructionofthevegetativecoverandlanddisturbancewouldbe,acreforacre.destructionofimportantwildlifehabitat.Revegetationoverthelongtermwouldbepossible,butfortheactivelif(::oftheminin9operation.itisunlikelythatanysignificantportionofthedisturbedhabitatwouldreturntousefulness.Initiontotheeffectsonwildlifehabitat,thecoalalternativewouldhavearangeofotherenvironmentalimpacts.Theminingandhaulingofthecoalcouldbeexpectedtop~tconsiderableamountsofdustintotheairintheprojectvicinity.Sincetheoperationswould,ingeneral,befollowingnaturalwatercourses,thereisaAppendixIC-ll0 strongprobabilitytsedimentscouldpreventedfromreachingthestreamsandbeingcarriedintoRiverwheretheincreasesinturbiditycouldbeexpectedtohave~n'JAY'Ceeffectsonfishpopu-lations.Further.althoughthecoalislowinsulfurcontent,groundwaterandrunoffwatersincontactwiththebedsandtheuncoveredcoalresiduescouldwelllencewhichinturncouldhaveadverseeffectsontheNenanaRiver,shtandotheraquaticbiota.Theoperaonofthegeneratingplantwouldhaveenvironmentalimpacalso.withpollutiondevicestorestrictand/orremoveharmfulsubstancesttherewouldsomedegradationofirqualityfromcombustionproducts.Thesewouldincludewatervaportcarbonparticles.sulfurcompoundstandunburnedgasestothelimitspermittedbyairqualiregulations.ThecharacteristicodorofburningcoalwouldbepervasiveoverawideareaincludingtheParksHighwayandrailroadwhichrunbesidetheNenanaRiverthroughthisregion.Water,eitherfromgroundwasources.ormorelikely,fromtheNenanawouldberequiredtoiingforthesteamcondensersoftheplant.Thiswawouldneedtoreturnedtotheriverinexchangeforcoldwaterstocontinuethefunctionofsystem.Thiscouldeffectasharpchangeinthethermalregimeoftheriverwithpossibleadverseeffectsonitsecosystems.Alternatively,coolingtowersorotherartificialmeanscouldbeinstalledtoavoidther~alpollution,butatasubstantialincreaseinthecostsoftheproject.Athirdbroadsourceofpossibleenvironmentalimpactsfromtheplantliesintheneedfordisposalofthesolidcombustionwastessuchasflyashandcinders.Thesecouldbeaddedtotheminewastes.thusincreasingthebulkofthesespoilridgesorcouldbediedonotherlands.Eithermethodwouldinvolveprobableadverseeffectsinthattheash-cinderswouldtendtohindereffortsatrevegetationoftheminewasteswhiledumpingelsewherewauldremoveadditiana1acreagefromwildlifehabitatorotherbeneficialuse.Theamountofwaste,basedonthecoalcontentofnoncombustibles.isestimatedasup10percentofthevolume.Thusudirectcorrelationtorequiniwouldgiveadisposalacreageofabout18acresperyear.Again.leachingofchemi-calsbysurfacewaterscould1causewaliproblemsinthesofthedisposalarea.TheHealyCreekicinityhasalonghistoryofnllnlngandmineralexplorationwhichincreasestheprobabilitythathistoricsiteswouldbeofabovoaverageoccurrencewithintheareaofprojecteffects.TheStateDivisionofParconsiderstheareatobeextremelyrichinarchaeologicalpotential.TheDryCreekareaisbeingexcavatedwhiletheareafromDryCreektoSavageRiverisbeingsurveyed.Stripminingwouldtendtohaveadverseeffeconpreservationofhistoricsiteswhileitcouldbothencouragediscoveryandrecoveryofprehistoricartifactsanddestroysitesforarchaeologicalstudy.AppendixIC-lll ThisaltivewouldmakenocontributiontoeitherfloodcontrolorrecredtionintheRailbeltarea.Infact.thedestructionofhabitatandthewidespreadpresenceofhumanactivitiescouldbeexpectedtoreducegameanimalandfishpopulations.bothofwhichwouldreducetheentmainrecreationalpotentialforhuntingandfishing.Itisesmathatconstructionofthecoalfacilitywouldimpactontheregionaleconomyinmuchthesamewayandmagnitudeasthealternativehydropowerpla~s.However.becauseoftheplantloca-tion,moreffecwouldbefeltinFairbanksthanAnchorage.Thesewouldincludebothemploymentoflocallabor.aswellasatem-influxofadditionalbusinessactivityfromnonresidentworker~~ckingrecreationandservices.Itisprobablethattheyear-by-yeartswouldbemoreevenlyspreadoveralongertotalconstructionladsinceconstructionwouldbeinseveralstagesasthepowerdemandCjrl.?1t1andwouldnotbecompleted(totheoutputlevelofthehydropowerdlternatives)untilabout1995.Permanentjobsarisingfromoperationtheprojectareestimatedtobe67inthemining-haulingofthecoal»a35intheactualpowerplantoperationandmaintenance.!~~O.rl.?_t~JO_st6~,Y.Q!;~ect1ves:Theresponseoftheeoa1 a1ternativetothestudy0J~ctlves1Ssummarizedasfollows:Power:Providespowerequivalenttoanyotheralternative(6.88to6.91billionkilowatt-hoursannually).Meetstheprojecteddemanduntilthemid-1990's.FloodControl:Nonresponsive.AirPollution:Adverseresponse.fishandWildlife:Directlossof18.000-20,000acresofimportantmooseandcaribouhabitat.Probableadverseeffectsonanadromousfish.Nopositivecontributions.I<ecreation:Nonresponsive.ervationofNonrenewableResources:Adverseresponse--expend5.83-5.85milliontonsofcoalannually.LneIndependence:Conservesequivalentof112.5-112.9'04billioncubicfeetofnaturalgasannually,orlS.1-15.2millionbarrelsofoil.D(?viI5:;J_nY.9_n_:!'lEtana:Thisalternativewouldconsistofaconcretethin-archdlHI1G3Sfeethighwithafour-unitpowerhouseandaswitchyardatrivprIIIiJe134oftheSusitnaRiver.anearthfi11dam810feethighwithathree-unitpowerhouseandaswitchyardatrivermile165.anaccessroadfi4mileslongfromthevicinityofChulitnaStationontheAlaskar,ppendixC-1l2 RailroadandtheParksHighway.and364milesoftransmissionlines.Ine'udedinthepermanentfacilitieswouldbe1ivingquartersforoperatingpersonnel.visitorcentersateachdam,boatlaunchingramps.andalimitedsystemofrecreationalfacilitiesincludingcampingspotsandhikingtrails.Thefirstcostoftheprojectisestimatedas$1.52billion.Annualcostsareestimatedas$104,020.000,including$2.500.000foroperation,maintenance,andreplacements.Averageannualprojectbenefitsaccrueasfollows:PowerRecreationFloodControlAreaRedevelopmentTota1$138,098,000300,00050,0009,373,000$147,821,000Thebenefit-to-cost(B/C)ratiois1.4to1.Netannualbenefitsare$43,801,000.Thesystemwouldhaveanaverageannualenergyoutputof6.91billionkilowatt-hoursandafirmenergyoutputof6.10billionkilo-watt-hoursfromaninstalledcapacityof1,568MW.Theprojectedenergycosttothedistributorswouldbe21.1millsperkilowatt-hour.KnownandsuspectedprojectimpactsfortheproposedDevilCanyon-Watanahydroelectricprojectarediscussedbelow.RiverFlows:ThenaturalaveragedailyflowsatDevilCanyonfromthelifterpartofMaythroughthelatterpartofAugustfluctuateintherangeof13,000to27,000cubicfeetpersecond(cfs).ForNovemberthroughApril.theaveragedailyflowsrangebetween1,000pnd2,300cfs.Theriveralsocarriesaheavierloadofglacialsedimentduringhighrunoffperiods.Duringwinterwhenlowtemperaturesreducewaterflows,thestreamsrunpracticallysiltfree..Withaproject,significantreductionsofthelatespringandearlySUnlnerflowswouldoccurandsubstantialincreasesofthewinterflows.Theaverageregulateddownstreamflowsforthisplancomputedonamonthlybasisareestimatedbetweenabout7,600cfsinOctobertoabout15,000cfsinAugust.Inextremeyears,themonthlyaverageswouldrangefromabout6,500cfstoover28,000cfs.Thefollowingtablecomparesnaturalandregulatedflows.AppendixIC-113 r·10flth,)i1flUdry!ebruaryr1dn.h{,pt'i1MdYJune,JulyAU<jw,t')('pU:ll1ber-OcLoberNovemberDecemberRegu1atedcfs9,8969...4249.0208,2618,1928,3249,61815,06610,8027,5568,3678,964Unl~egulatedcfs1,354l,1371,0311,25412,62726,76323,04721,18913,0155,3472,3311,656lhehiqhfloW';ofthesummerandfallplusunregulatedfloodflowsofnluchhighermagnitudepresentlyrequireanaverageannualexpenditureof1/)0.000bytheAlaskaRailroadtopreventerosionoftheroadbed.Ihpn~<Julatedf1owswouldmakesuchprotectionunnecessary.Theresultingsavingsisthesourceofthefloodcontrolbenefit.~i'U~:r.J.~l~.:TheheaviersedimentmaterialnO\l1carriedbyther'ivpr1)f'tltlcenDevilCanyonandthejunctionoftheChulitnaandTalkeetnal(iV(~t'<;withtheSusitnaRiverduringhighrunoffperiodswouldbe';ub',Ldntiallyreduced.andayear-round,somewhatmilky-textured"glacialflour-"(suspendedglacialsediment)wouldbeintroducedintothecon-trolledvlaterreleasesbelowthedams.Preliminarystudiesindicatethatthesuspendedmatedalsinthereleasesbelowthedamswouldbeintherangeof15to35partspermillion.Onoccasionsafterthedevelopmentofupstreamstorage,whens,Jillinqoverf)evi1CanyonDamwouldbenecessat~.Yduringperiodsofhiyhflows,nitrogensupersaturationcouldbeintmducedintotheriver!Iclowthedamandwouldcauseanadverseimp~ctonfishforsomedis-tdrlCf:downstreamfromthedamdependingonthelevelonddurationofthesupersaLuratedcondition.Fishexposedtothisenvironmentsuffergasbubbledisease(likebendstoadeep-seadiver)I/Ihichisoftenfatal.particularlytojuvenilesalmon.Withtheuseofappropriateoperationalprocedures,spillingwouldoccurabouteverysecondyearwithanaverageannualdurationof111days.Nitro<]cnsupersaturationint!~oduceclbythespillingshouldbeIII1..1nt1allyredllCedinthetlJrbulentriver~lec~ionjlJstdownstreamofUI('ddJll.1heproposedspillwayatthevlatanaDamisnotconducivetonitro1wn:;upersaturation.Becauseofthefloodstoragecapacityofthhfluctuatingill1poundrnentandthelargereleasecapabilitiesoftheolJl.letworksandpowerhouse.useofthespillwayshouldberequiredonlyaboutoncein50years./\ppendixC-114 Comparedtonaturalconditions,temperatureofthecontrolledreleasesofwaterfromDevilCanyonDamwouldtendtobecoolerinthesUl11nerandwarmerinthewinter.CoolersUl1ll1erwatertemperaturesandwarmerwinterwatertemperaturescouldhavebothbeneficialandadverseeffectsonmigratingsalmon,juvenilesalmon,andresidentfishpopu~lations,andwillbeinvestigatedfurtherinpost-authorizationstudies.VariationsinwaterreleasesatDevilCanyonDamwouldcauselessthanaone-footdailyfluctuationofdownstreamwaterlevelsintheriverduringtheMaythroughOctoberperiodsincethereservoirwouldnotbeusedforpeakingpurposes.Theregulateddailyfluctuationsduringthewintermonthscouldrangeuptotwofeetundernormalpeakingconditions.AccordingtoU.S.GeologicalSurveystudies,thenaturalnormaldailyfluctuationsintheSusitnaRiverbelowDevilCanyonrangeuptoaboutonefoot.StratificationconditionswithinthereservoirscouldcausesometemperatureanddissolvedoxygenproblemsintheriverforsomedistancedownstreamfromtheDevilCanyonDamandwithinthereservoirsthemselves.Thiscouldhaveanadverseimpactonthedownstreamfisheryandtofishwithinthereservoirs.Themultilevelintakestructuresatbothdamsprovideforselectivewithdrawalof,watersfromvaryingdepthswithinthereservoirs.Thisfeatureallowsforconsiderablecontrolofbothdownstreamwatertempera-tureanddissolvedoxygencontentofthereleasewaters.Becausethelowestintakelevelsarewellabovethedeadstorageareasofthereservoirs,thereshouldbenoincreaseinpassageofsedimentsevenwhenthedeepestintakelevelsareused.Generalchanneldegradationcausedbyariver'sattempttoreplacethemissingsedimentloadwithmaterialpickedupfromtheriverbedisnotexpectedtobeasignificantconcernalongthegravelbedreachesoftheSusitnaRiverbetweenTalkeetnaandDevilCanyon.Therewillundoubtedlybesomedegradationwherebedconditionsarefavorable.Itisexpectedthattheriverwillchannelizeintoasingledeepwatercourseduringthewintermonths.However,becauseofthegenerallycoarsenatureofthesurfacematerialsoftheriverbanks,nosignificantbankerosionispredicted.Upstreamfromthedamsthemajorenvironmentalimpactswouldbecausedbythereservoirimpoundments.ThereservoirbehindtheDevilCanyonDamwouldremainessentiallyfullthroughouttheyear,whileWatanareservoirwouldfluctuatebetween95and120feetbelowfullpoolduringtheaverageyear.DevilCanyonreservoirwouldcoverabout7,550acresinasteep-walledcanyonwillfewknownareasofbig-gamehabitatandaminimalamountofresidentfishhabitatatthemouthsofsomeofthetributariesAppendixIC-115 U\<ll.enterthe:)usitnaRiverinthe28-milesectionabovetheproposedd<ll11',i!('.nlf~reservoirVJOll1d,hm'iC'ver,f1ood9ofthe11milesofthewhitywatl'r<,('ctionknowna:,DevilCanyon.Theserapidsarehighlyt'p(j<H'dedbywhitewatcrcnthusias1.sfortheirextremevi01enceandfortheirrarity,beingratedasClassVI--cannotbe<!ttemptedwithoutriskofIifl'tothemostexpertboatman.Thisveryviolencehas,todate,I11111tedt'l'creaLionalboatinguseofthissectionoftherivertoonlyaf,·\vhillhlyexpertindividualsand/orparties.Nosignificantfutureusehythe~lenera1public,eitherforactiveboatingorestheticappreciation,',('elllS1ikelyconsiderin~Jthedifficultyofaccessandtheextremedangeroft.hewater's.Constructionofthisalternativeprojectwouldprovide,1CCl~SStothecanyonareaandtheremainingtwomilesofrapidsbelowIJevi 1CanyonDam.Watanareservoirwouldfloodabout43,000acresina54-mile''('(lionofthe~)usitnaJ.<iverthatvlOuldreachupstreamtotheOshetnaHiVI't',lX(flptinafeviareasnearthemouthsoftributarycreeksandIIlO:,lofthevJatanaCreekvalley,theWatanareservoirwouldbecontainedwithinafairlynarrowcanyonformuchofitslength.vJaL111ilre~.f~rvoirwouldfloodan~asusedbymigratingcaribouincro:,';ingtheSusitnaRiverandwouldalsofloodmoosewinterrangeinI.hrriverboLtom.Thereservoirwouldcoverexistingresidentfishl1dbitat,11.themouthsofsomeofthetributariesandpossiblywouldU'cilteother'fishhabitatathigherelevationsonthesetributaries.li',Il:HowsomeofthedownstreamriverconditionscausedbythePI{)PO~,f'((hydropowl'rpt'ojectwouldaffecttheanadromousandresidentfi',hpopulationshE'lowthedamshasnotyetbeenfullydetermined,butpa';!.,on~loinfJ,and·uLurestudiesbyStateandFederalagenciescoqrdi-nilledbytheU.S.FishandvJi1dlifeServiceshouldprovidetheanswersrW('dedtofurtherdefineadverseandbeneficialimpactsoftheproposedprojectonfishandwild1ife.Ina1974~.tud'ybytheAlaskaDepartmentofFishandGameon',lInf''y\conductedtolocatepotentialsalmonrearingandspawning',lolJ<jh:,onthe50-milesectionoftheSusitnaR'ivet'betweenPortageCn'cK,!TIdtheChulitnaRiver,21sloughswen~founddlJl~ingthe23JulyUlrolJ(Jh11S('ptelllberstudyIWI~iod.Salmonfrywel~eobservedinatleastII,UlU\('seIIbilckwaterareas.Adultsalmonwerepresentin9ofthe/1'.101Iqhs,In5oftheslOughs,theadultsalmonwen:foundinlowIltJlllherr,(f)to7average).In4otherslol1ghs,largenumberswerepresent(YindVera()e).fJllt'lmjDecember1()7/1andJdllUJryandrcbl'uary1975,theAlaska!lep.ll'trllenl.01I'hhandGameinvestigated16ofthe21sloughspreviously',Ur'VI''ypdduringthesummerof1974.Ofthe16sloughs,5indicatedpre:.encpofcohosalmonfry.Manyofthe16sloughssurveyedwereAppendixC-116 appreciablydewateredfromthesummer/fallstate.Also,anumberofcohofrywerecapturedintheSusitnaRivernearGoldCreek,indicatingthatsomecohosalmonfrydooverwinterinthemainriver.Itisreasonablet~.assumeonthebasisofexistingdatathattherewillbesomechangesintherelationshipbetweentheregulatedriverandaccesstoexistingsalmonrearingandspawningsloughsandtributariesdownstreamfromDevilCanyonDam.ItappearsfeasibletodevelopaprogramtoimprovefishaccesstoandfromsomeofthesloughsandtributariesintheSusitnaRiver,ifsuchisdeterminedtobeneededasaconsequenceoftheproject'sstabilizingeffectonsummerflows.Suchaprogramwouldbeaprojectconsideration.PeriodicfloodconditionsthatpresentlydestroysalmoneggsinthisstretchoftheriverwouldbealmostcompletelyeliminatedbyregulationoftheupperSusitnaRiverflows.Reductioninflows,turbiditYtandwatertemperaturesbelowDevilCanyonDammightcausesomedisorientationofsalmonmigratingintothesectionoftheSusitnaRiverbetweenPortageCreekandtheChulitnaRiverduringaninitialperiodafterconstructionofthedams.AccordingtoastudydiscussedintheJournalofFisheriesResearchBoardofCanada--Volume32,No.1tJanuary19i5tEcologicalConseguences9r'1~eProposedMoranDamontheFraserRiver,someofthebeneficial-downstreamimpactsofthedamcouldincludethefollowing:Thehigherregulatedwinterflowsmightenhancethesurvivalofsalmoneggsintheriverdownstreamfromthedam.Theincreasedflowscouldinsurebettercoverageandbetterpercolationthroughthegravelandpresumablyenhanceeggandalevinsurvival.Anadditionalconsequenceofreducedturbiditybelowthedammightbeagradualreductioninthepercentageoffinematerialsinthesalmonspawningareas.Thiscouldalsoleadtoimprovedpercolationthroughthegravelinthestreambedandpossiblyimprovesurvivalofeggs.Reducedsiltationduringthesummermonthscouldprovebeneficialforbothanadromousandresidentfishspeciesinthe50-milesectionoftheSusitnaRiverbetweenthe()ropo'edDevilCanyonDamandTalkeetna.Withthealmosttotaleliminationoftheheavierglacialsedimentloadsoftheriver.itislikelythatthepotentialforrecreationalsportfishingwouldbeimprovedinthissectionoftheSusitna.Upstreamfromthedams,themajorimpactontheresidentfishpopulationswouldbecausedbythereservoirimpoundments.DevilCanyonreservoirwouldfluctuateverylittle.Thesteep-walledcanyonAppendixIC-117 ofthisreservoirmightprovelessthandesirnbletodeveloparesidentfishpopulation;however.somespeciesoffishmightadapttothisreservoirandprovidesportfishingbenefits.WatanaDamwouldhaveawideJyfluctuatingreservoirandthusbeuenerallydetrimentaltothedevelopmentofresidentfishpopulations.Suspendedglacialsedimentcouldbeafactorinbothofthereservoirsaftertheheavierglacialsedimentshavesettledout;however,manynaturallakesinAlaskasuchasTustumenaandTazlina,withsilt-ladeninflowssustainfishpopulationsundersimilarconditions.Mo~tresidentfishpopulations.especiallygraying.utilizethe-clearwatertributariesoftheSusitnaRiverorareasnearthemouthsofthe<;estreamsastheyentertheglaciallyturbidmainriverduringIJcriodsofhighrunoff.Allofthesetributaries,approximately10innumber.wouIdbefloodedintheirlowerreachesbytheproposedreser-voit'impoundments.Hesidentfishpopulationswouldbeaffectedbytheincreasedwaterlevelsintheproposedreservoirs.Inabouthalfoftheareas.accesstothelessprecipitousslopesoftheuppertributarieswouldbl!improvedbyincreasedwaterelevationsandcouldbenefitresidentfishpopulations.FishldouldexperienceextremelyhighmortalityratesiftheyiltU~mptedtomigratedmvnstreamthroughturbinesoroutletworksattheproposeddams.ItappearshighlyunlikelythatanadromousfishsuchassalmoncouldbeintroducedintotheUpperSusitnaRiverBasin.Therelatedprohlemsandcostsofpassingmigratingfishoverandthroughhighdamsilppearinfeasible.However,theintroductionofaresidentland-loc;kedsalmonspecies.suchassockeye(kokanee).tosomewatersoftheupperSusitnabasinmightprovefeasible.WiId1ife:Reservoirimpoundmentsbehindtheproposeddamswouldhavev-arifii-g--degreesofenvironmentalimpactonwildlHe.TheDevilCanyonreservoirwouldbelocatedwithintheconfinesoft1narrow,steep-vJalledcilnyonwithfewareasofbig-gamehabitatandnomajormiqrationroutesforhi9-gameanimals.Basedonobservationsofterrainslopes,andvegetation,itisestimatedthatabout100acresofthi~reservoirmightbefavorablemoosehabitat.Thereservoirwouldcreateabout6~)milesoflakeshoreline.Becausethepoollevelwouldvarylittle,itisilssumedthatafringeofwater-orientedvegetation',uchfie;willoworaldervlOulddevelopalongtheshore.SuchafringeIOtlf'couldprovidefavorablehilbitatforavarietyofsmallmammalsandbinJs,andmightprovidereplacementhabitatformoose.Acontinuousfr'inqingloneonly50feetinwidtharoundthelakewouldrepresentJOO-400ao'es.AppendixC-lIB TheproposedWatanaDamwouldbegenerallycontainedwithinafairlydeepandnarrowrivercanyon.WatanareservoirwouldlieacrossoneoftheintermittentcariboumigrationroutesbetweenthenorthsideoftheSusitnaRiverandthemaincalvingareaoftheNelchinacaribouherd.locatedsouthoftheriverinthenortheastfoothillsoftheTalkeetnaMountains.CalvinggE!nerallytakesplaceduringamonth-longperiodstartinginthemiddleofMay.Ice-shelvingconditionsalongtheshorelinecausedbywinterdrawdownonWatanareservoiroricebreakupconditionsonthereservoircouldcauseproblemsforcariboumigratingtothecalvinggrounds.Thisreservoirwouldhaveahighwatershorelineabout145mileslong.Developmentofafringehabitatwouldbeconsider-ablylesslikelythanforDevilCanyonbecauseofthehighlyvariablewaterlevelofthelake.Creationofbeneficialhabitatisdoubtful.Ascaribouarestrongswimmers.theyshouldhavefewerproblemscrossingthenarrowreservoirduringJulyaftercalvingthantheywouldcrossingtheswollenglacialriverduringnaturalperiodsofhighrunoff.Cariboucouldmigratearoundthereservoir.CariboumigrationpatternsfortheNelchinaherdarecontinuallychanging,asstatedinAlaskaDepartmentofFishandGamestudyreports.Underadverseiceconditions.thereservoirscouldcauseincreasedmortalityinsomesegmentsoftheherd,andsomepermanentchangesintraditionalherdmovements.AmoosesurveyconductedinearlyJune1974bytheAlaskaDepart-mentofFishandGameindicatedthat,althoughspringcountingcondi-tionswerelessthanideal,atotalof356moosewereseenalongtheupperSusitnaRiverandinthelowerdrainageareasofthemajortribu-taries.A1973fallcountinthesamegeneralareasightedatotalof1.796mOOSE:.Ofthe356moosecountedintheJune1974survey,13wereseenintheareaoftheproposedWatanareservoir.NoneweresightedwithintheproposedDevilCanyonreservoirimpoundment.Basedonvisualobservationsandmapstudiesofvegetationandterrainslopes,itisestimatedthat2,000to3,000acres,mostlyinthelowerreachesofWatanaCreek.couldbefavorablemoosehabitat.Wildlifemanagementagenciesstatethatsuchhabitatformooseshouldbeconsideredascritical,especiallyaswinter~abitat.Further.studiestodelineateboththeextentandvalueofthehabitatwouldberequiredtodeterminetheneedand/orextentofmitigation.TheproposedreservoirsatDevilCanyonandWatanaarelocatedalongamajorflyway.forwaterfowl.Veryfew\vaterfowlappeartonestonthesectionsoftheriverthatwouldbefloodedbythesereservoirproposals.butthereservoirscouldprovidesuitablenestingareasnotnowavailableforwaterfowlmigratingthroughthebasin.Thelossofhabitatforbears,wolves,wolverines,Oa11sheep.andotheranimalsappearstobeminimal.Otherbirds.includingraptors,songbirds,shorebirds,andgamebirds,donotappeartobesignificantlyAppendixIC-119 dIfededbythereduct ionofhabitatintheareaoftheproposeddamsandreservoirs.althoughsomehabitatwillbelostforallspeciesofwi1~llHe.HOudaccesstothetwodams5t;escouldhaveasignificantimpactonfishandwildliferesourcesinareasopenedtovehicleencroachment.SpecificareassuchasStephanLake.FogLakes,lowerDeadmanCreek,andthenorthernslopesoftheTalkeetnaMountainscouldbegreatlyimpactedbyhunters.fishermen.andotherrecreationistsasaresultoftheaccessroadtoWatanaDam.However,suchanimpactisproperlyafunc-tionoftheestablishmentandenforcementofproperregulationsbymanagementauthorities.notoftheproject.TheproposedreservoirsatDevilCanyonandWatanaarelocatedalon<!amajorflywayforv'aterfowl.Veryfewwaterfowlappeartonestonthesectionsoftheriverthatwouldbefloodedbythesereservoirproposals.Ontheotherhand.thereservoirswouldprovidesuitablerestingareasforwaterfowlmigratingthroughthebasin.r1iCjratingbirdswouldpossiblysuffersomemortalityfromcolli-sionswithtowersorlines.butsuchlossesshouldbenegligible.TheIincvwuldgenerallyparallelnormalnorth-southmigrationroutes.Thecal)leswouldbelargeenoughtohaveahighdegreeofvisibilityandwouldbewidelyenoughspacedtobeineffectivesnares.Electrocutionofbirdsisalsounlikelysincethedistancebetweenlinesandbetween1inesandgroundwouldbegreatenoughtomakeshortingoutbybirdsalmostimpossible.Atransmissionlinepersewillnothavemanyimpactsuponwild-Iife;mostoftheimpactswillbeasaresultofconstructionandmaintenance.Directdestructionwillaffectthelessmobileanimatssuchasthesmallmammals,whoseterritoriesmaybesmallenoughtobe~ncompa5sedbytheconstructionarea.Thesignificanceofthisimpacttotheseanimalsissmallinrelationtotheirpopulationinsurroundingi)n:?as.l<ecrei:lt.ion:MuchoftheUpperSusitnaRiverBasin,exceptnearthe[)(,lhl1T1IT(!ll~,.iaY---andlakelouisevicinity,haslittlerecreationalacti-vityatthepresenttime.Acombinationofpoorroadaccess,roughtplt'ain.andgreatdistanceslimitstheuseofthe5.800-square-mileIJi!',in.especiallythelandsdirectlyimpactedbythisalternative,toafewhunters.fishermen,andcamperswhoutilizetheselandsforrecrea-Lion,11purposes.lheconstructionoftheproposedhydroelectricprojectwouldhaveanimpactonanumberofpresentandprojectedrecreationalactivitiesbothintheimmediatedamandreservoirareasanddownstreamfromthedarns.AppendixC-120 Atthepresenttime.the·SusitnaRiverupstreamfromPortageCreektoLheDenaliHighwaybridgeisafree-flowingriverwithfewsignsofman'sactivities.Theconstructionofdamsontheriverwouldchangesectionsoftheriverintoaseriesofmanmadelakes.Theviolent.whitewatersectionoftbe.riverthroughtheareaknownasDevilCanyonwouldbesubstantiallyinundatedbyadamattheDevilCanyonsite.Otherareasoftheriverwouldalsobechangedfromriver-orientedrecreationalopportunitiestolake-orientedrecreationalactivities.ImprovedroadaccessintosomeareasoftheupperSusitnabasinwouldsubstantiallyincreasepressuresonalltheresourcesimpactedbyoutdoorrecreationalactivitieswithintheseareas.Theconstructionofproject-orientedrecreationalfacilitieswouldsubstantiallyincreasetherecreationaluseoftheareasaroundtheproposeddamsandreservoirs.Theserecreationalfacilitiescouldincludevisitorfacilitiesatthedams,boatlaunchingfacilitiesonthereservoirs,campgrounds,picnicareas,trailsystems,andotherrelatedrecreationalfacilities.RecreationalfacilitiesatDevilCanyonandWatanacouldalsobedevelopedtocomplementthe282.000-acreDenaliStateParkcomplex.whichislocatedontheParksHighwayjustwestofthesettlementofGoldCreek.FewpeopleresidewithinalOa-mileradiusoftheprojectareaatthepresenttimeandday-useoftheprojectbylocalresidentswouldbeminimal.AprojectrelatedrecreationaldevelopmentprogramwouldinvolvecooperationbetweentheBureauofLandManagementandtheoperatingagencyformaintenanceofthedevelopedrecreationalfaciljties.Theprojectedrecreationalprogramwouldprovideforanestimated77.000usedaysofrecreation,mostlyfishing,camping.hiking.andsightseeing.Thisisthesourceoftherecreationalbenefit.t~t~~jcandArchaeologicalSites:ThecurrentNatio~~lRegisterofHistoncPlaces"hasbeenconsulted,andnoNationalReglsterpro-pe-rtiesw~lt)(~--arfectedbytheproject.ArecentlycompletedstudyfortheCorpsofEngineers,madebytheAlaskaDivisionofParks.indicated11historicsiteswithinthestudyportionoftheupperSusitnabasin,allofwhicharerelatedtothediscoveryofgold.Oneknownsite(cabin)isintheproposedreservoirimpoundmentareas.OnlyonearchaeologicalsitehasbeenexaminedwithinthestudyareaoftheupperSusitnabasin,andithasneverbeenexcavated.ThisistheRatekinsite.severalmilesea~toftheSusitnaRiverneartheDf'na1iHighway.TheDivisionofParkssurveyprojectsatotalof40zonesofpossiblearchaeologicalinterestwithintheDevilCanyonandWatanaimpoundments.AppendixIC-121 ~1.inin.1:TheSusHnaRiverbasinintheproposedreservoirimpound-llH'nt,)feaS1Sgenerallyfavorableforvarioustypesofmineraldeposits,buttheareahasneverbeenmappedgeologically.Anextensivemineralexaminationprogramisexpectedtobenecessaryintheareasofproposedhydroelectricdevelopment.andthi~programwouldprobablybefundedtods~essmineralresourcepotential.·rr~l_n~!!.l_~_~_~ign_~.:s_~!!1..:~10stofthepowergeneratedbyhydroelectricdevelopmentontheupperSusitnaRiverwouldbeutilizedintheFairbanks-TananaValleyandAnchorage-CookInletareas.Forthisstudy,atrans-missionsystem.consistingoftwo230-kvsinglecircuitsfromtheprojectoreatoFairbanks,andtwosinglecircuit345-kvlinestotheAnchorage-area.isplanned.1\111ineswouldgenerallyparalleltheAlaskaRailroad,~ndwouldbeconnectedtogenerationfacilitiesatbothDevilCanyonandWatana.Mostdirectimpactsofthetransmissionlineuponvegetationwouldberelativelysmallwithrespecttothemagnitudeofsurroundingunaffectedland.Upto6,100oftheapproximately8,200acresofright-of-waywouldhavetobecleared.Theclearedright-of-waywouldhaveamajorlmpilctonscenicquality.Regrowthbeyondalimitedheightwouldhavetobepreventedbyn~intenancesothatcutsthroughforestedareaswouldbepermanentlyvisible.Inmoreopenareasathigherelevations,suchasUroadPass,thiseffectwouldbeassignificant.However,insucharcasthelineitselfwouldbevisible.OisposalofslashanddebrishaspotentiallyadverseeffectsonrCIl~iningvegetationandotherresources.Regardlessofthemethodofdisposalchosen,someimpactscouldbeexpected.Roads:PermanentroadswouldbebuilttoprovideaccessfromtheParksTffghwaytotheDevi1CanyonandWatanadamsites.Permanentroadswl/uldalsoprovideaccesstoproposedrecreationalfacilitieswithintheprojectarea.Temporaryroadsforprojectconstructionandreservoirclearingoperationswouldalsobeconstructed.Resourcevaluesimpactedbyproposedroadsincludefish,wildlife,vegetation.recreation,scenery,water,andsoils.Airandnoisepollutionrelatedtoroadconstructionanddustgeneratedbyvehicletravelonunpavedroadscouldalsobesignificantthoughtemporaryadverseenvironmenta1impacts.Oesign,location,construction,rehabilitation.andmaintenanceofaIJrojectroadsyst~nshouldgiveprimeconsiderationtotheutilizationofyoodlandscapemanagementpractices.I\ppendixC-122 ConstructionActivities:ProjectrelatedconstructionactivitieswouldlncludetheDuiT<ffngofthedamsandrelatedfacilities;theclearingofreservoirareas;theconstructionofroads,electricaldistributionsystems.andrecreationalfacilities;andthebuildingoffacilitiesforworkers._lheconstructionoftheDevilCanyonandWatanaprojectisestimatedtotake10yearstocomplete,withanestimated5to6yearsrequiredforconstructionateachofthetwosites.Theactivitieswilloverlapassimultaneousconstructionwilloccurinthefinal1-2yearsoftheWatanaproject.Theactivitiesthemselveswouldcausevaryingdegreesofphysicalpollutiontotheairland,andwaterwithintheprojectareaandtosomeareasoutsidethedevelopmentarea.Fish,wildlife,vegetation.visualresources,soils,andotherresourcevaluescouldbeseverelyimpactedbyconstructionactivities.Roadsandotherfacilitieswouldneededinordertoobtainmaterialsfromborrowsourcesandquarrysitesfortheconstructionofthedams.Areaswouldalsobeneededtodisposeofsomematerialsanddebris.Allconstructionactivitiescouldbecontrolledtominimizeortoeliminateadverseenvironmentalimpacts;environmentalenhancementcouldbeconsideredwherefeasible.Workers'Facilities:NocommunitieswithincommutingdistanceoftheproposedP-rorectareacouldabsorbthenumberofworkersrequiredfortheconstructionofthedamsandrelatedfacilities.Temporaryconstructioncampswiththenecessaryfacilitieswouldneedtobepro-videdduringtheconstructionperiods.Permanentfacilitieswouldhavebebuiltformaintenanceandoperationalpersonnelaftercompletionoftheconstructionphase.Theconstructionandoperationsofthe workers'campswouldhavetomeetStateandFederalpollutioncontrollawsandstandards,andallctivitiescouldbecontrolledtominimizetheadverseenvironmentalimpactspresentedbythecamps.Esthetics:Theprojectwouldbelocatedinareasthathaveprac-Llcfl1linopermanentsignsofman'spresence.ThelandbetweenPortageCreekandtheDenaliHighwayisanundisturbedscenicarea.fheconstructionofahydroelectricprojectwouldhaveasubstan-ti~limpactontheexistingnaturalscenicresourcevalueswithintheIJrojectarea.AnydamconstructionontheupperSusitnawouldchangeafn\(~~flowingriverintoaseriesofmanmadelakes.DevilCanyonreser-voir'i'JOuldfluctuateupto5feet,vJhileWatanareservoircouldfluctuateuptu120belOi'/fullpoolunder;-lormaloperatingconditions.The~easonalfluctuationoftheWatanaimpoundmentwouldnothaveasubstan-tial~cenicimpactinasmuchasthemajordrawdownwouldoccurinthewinterwhenpublicaccesswasnotpossibleandthepoolwouldbeAppendixIC-123 (",{'ntiallyrefilledbythetimeaccesswasrestored.ThewhitewatersectionoftheSusitnaRiverthroughDevilCanyonwouldbesubstantiallyinundaledbyadamatDevilCanyon.Roadsandtransmissionlineswouldalsoimpactthenaturalscenicresourcevaluesofthearea.Afterdamconstruction.manyvisitorscouldviewthemanmadestructuresandtheirreservoirs.ItcanbeexpectedthataconsiderablenumberoftouristsandStateresidentswouldvisitthedams.Ifconsiderationweregiventominimizingtheadverseimpactsofconstructionactivities,agreatdealcouldbeaccomplishedtomaximizescenicresourcevalueswithintheprojectarea.Goodlandscapemanage-Illentpracticeswouldaddsubstantiallytotherecreationalexperienceoftheprojectvisitor.AirPollution:Mostoftheexistingelectricalpowerinthe')()uthce-rl"traTRailbeltareaisproducedbygas,coal,andoil-firednOlna.-atingunitswhichcausevaryingdegreesofairpollution.CookInletsisacleanfuelthatcausesfewseriousairpollu-tionproblemstthepresenttime.Theexistinggasturbineshaveverylowienciesandgiveoffvisiblewatervaporemissionsduringthe(cllderwintermonths.Also.nitrogenemissionscouldbeofsignificantconcernforanyproposedlargergas-firedplants.HydroelectricenergycouldreplacetheburningoffossilfuelsforelectricpowergenerationinmuchoftheFairbanksareaandcouldhelpfa1levitewintericefogandsmokeproblems,whicharecausedinpartbycoal-firedelectricalplantsinthatarea.Hydroelecicprojectsprovideaverycleansourceofpowerwi'thpracticallynodirectairpollution-relatedproblems.Thistypeof~lectricalpowergenerationcouldreduceasubstantialamountoffutureairllutionproblemsassociatedwiththeburningofgas.oil.andcoa1•Anice-freestretchofwarmer,openwaterbelowDevilCanyonDamouldcauseice-fogconditionsinthatareaduringperiodsofextremeoJdweaocia1:Pop_u_layion:Substantialincreasesinpopulationareexpectedthcen1Hailbeltareathroughtheyear2000,andwithrclocaionofAlaska'sStatecapitalfromJuneautotheitionalpopulationimpactcanbeexpectedinthisarea.\tilInpoS<;ib1eI~aiIbe1anThepopulationoftheareawillincreasewithorwithoutthedev('lthydroelectricprojectsproposedfortheSusitnaRiver;Appendi constructionofprojecisnotexpectedtotonoverallpopulationgrowth.anysignificantEcon~~~s~:Theproposedtwo-damDevilCanyon-Watanahydro-electricdevelopmentwo~ldhaveaminimaltomoderateoveralleffectionvariousfacinvolvedintheconstructionprogramIftheconstructionunitisbroughtinfromoutsideAlaskatoeet,thesocialandeconomicimpactonthelocalsystemmlnlmlbutiftheprojectwereconstructedusingsubstan-tiallaboramaterialfromtheAnchorage-Fairbanksareasitwoulhavemoremoderatetonlocalconditionsduringconstructiontheprojectandwouldhelptostabiizeeconomicconditionsngtdevelopmentiad.Itisprojectedthatabout80percent(878outof1.war~)ofthelaborforcewouldbelocalandthathalf(439workers)thatislaborthatwouldotherwisebeun-orunderemployed.TheresultibenefittosuchlaboristhesourceofAreaRedevelopmentbenefit.Variouscommunity.borough,State,andprivatefacilitiesandagencieswouldbeimpactedtovaryingdegreesbytheworkersinvolvedintheconstructionoftheproposedproject.Workers'campswouldbebuiltinvicinityofsomeofthevariousconstructionactivities.butitionalimpactswouldbecreatedbythefamiliesoftheconstructionworkerslivinginvariousnearbycommunities,whowouldrequireaddi-tionalcilitiesandservices.Aftertheconstructionoftheproject,anestimated45permanentpersonnelwouldberequiredtooperateandmaintaintheprojectandproject-relatedfacilities--thesepeoplewouldnotcreateasignificantoverallsocioeconomicimpactontheRailbeltarea.OtherEffects:Thelandswithinthereservoirareashavesporadicoccurrences-of---rmafrost.Thelakeswouldthawsuchmaterialtoaconsiderabledepthandincreasetheprobabilityearthslidesaerosionofthematerial.However.theoverburdendepthtorockisquiteshallowthroughoutmostofthesharplyincizedcanyonterrainoftworeservoirsandthequantitiesofmaterialswhichwouldbeinvolvedinsuchslidesand/orerosionarethusnotconsisignifi-canteitherintermsofreservoirsedimentationorinthecreationofldrqewavesofdangertothedams.Itisestimatedthatof210I"ilesofconlbinedshoreline.40milescouldexperiencesignificaerosioniletheremaining170mileswouldbesubjecttoonlyminorefts.Thefectsofeventhesevereerosionwouldbeexpectedtolasonlyfewyearsuntilthethawedandsaturatedslopeshadattainedequium.AppendixIC-125 P!'~)j>5J..fl~':!'.Y2......s...tu~m!"'i.s'~:...t...iy_~...~:TheresponseoftheDevi1Canyon-Watanahydropoweralternativetothestudyobjectivesissummarized,1sf011ows:Power:Provides6.91billionkilowatt-hoursaverageannualenergy.Meetstheprojecteddemanduntilthemid-1990's.FloodControl:Providesminorfloodcontrolbenefits.AirPollution:ProvidespartialairpollutionabatementbydisplacingandordelayingincreaseduseofcoalinRailbeItarea.FishandWildlife:Directlossof50,550acresoflandincluding2,100-3,100acresofcriticalwintermoosehabitat.Possibleadverseeffectoncariboumigrationandanadronousfish.Probablecreaonof300-400acresofreplacementmoosehabitat.Possiblecontri-butiontoestablishmentofnon-migrationfishpopulation.Provides50,550acresofpossiblewaterfowlrestingarea.Recreation:Provideslightuserecreationalfacilitiesequivalentto77,000visitordays.Adverseeffecton9milesofwhitewaterboatingpotential.ConservationofNonrenewableResources:Conservesequivalentof5.B5milliontonsofcoalannually.EnergyIndependence:Conservesequivalentof112.9billioncubicfeetofnaturalgas,or15.2millionbarrelsofoilannually.Ill'ViIL,lr'.Y.9.t1.-!Ja.t.?!1_d_-llS:!1.?_I...i:Thisa1ternat ivewou1dbeidentica1tothepreviou')two-dulTlsystE'mexceptfortheadditionofa260-foot-highearthfilldamatrivermile248nearDenali.Thisdamwouldprovideanadditionalstorageareaof54,000acres,andwouldhavenopowerhouse.Thefir',tcostofthethree-damsystemisestimatedas$1.89billion.Annualcostsareestimatedas$115,566,000,including$2,600,000foroperation,maintenance.andreplacements.Averageannualprojectbenefitsaccrueasfollows:PowerR0creationloadlxoIAreaRedevelopmentTotaI111('lSILrati0i1.3to1.Netannualbenefitsan~$,877.000.AppendixC-126$138.188,000300,00050.00010,905,000$149,443.000 Thesystemwouldhaveanaverageannualenergyoutputof6.91billionkilowatt-hoursandafirmenergyoutputof6.80billionkilo-watt-hoursfromaninstalledcapacityof1578MW.Theprojectcostofenergytothedistributorswouldbe21.0millsperkilowatt-hour.Projecteffectswouldbeessentiallyidenticaltothetwo-damproject.exceptasfollows:~;verFlow~:AverageregulateddownstreamflowsatDevilCanyonwouldrangefromabout8,900cfsinOctoberto11.000cfsinFebruary.Inextremeyears.theflowswouldrangefrom7800cfsto16.000cfs.Overall,theeffectwouldbetoprovidebetterriverregulation.Floodcontrolwouldremainessentiallyunchangedwithfloodcontrolbenefitsidentical.~~~erguali~x:DevilCanyonreservoirwouldremainunchanged.Watanareservoirwouldreceivelessheavysediment,approximately3.5milliontonsperyearratherthan7.1milliontonsperyear.Denalireservoirwouldhaveahighpoolsurfaceareaof54.000acresandwouldfluctuateanaverageof30to40feetannuallytoalowsurfaceareaof3S.000acres.Thereservoirwouldbe34mileslongand6mileswideathighpool.Thepoolwouldforcerelocationof19milesoftheDenaliHighway.Fish:Residentfishwouldbeseverelyimpactedbythefluctuatingpool.'Somemightsurviveinthetributarystreamsatlowpool,butmanywouldbetrappedintemporarypoolsanddieduringdrawdown.Downstreameffectsonanadromousfishwouldbeidenticaltotheprecedingplan.AdverseeffectstoresidentfishinWatanareservoircouldbeincreasedmarginallysincethefluctuationofthatreservoirwouldb~increasedfrom95-120feetannuallyto110-140feet,providingalessfavorableenvironment.StockingofDenalireservoirwouldprobablybenonbene-ficialinthatthepoolfluctuationswouldhavethesameadverseeffectsonthesefishasonfishnowresidenttothetributarystreams.Wildlife:Theimpactsonwildlifewouldbeincreasedgreatly.Ofthe54,000acresinundatedbyDenalireservoir.anestimated52.000acresismoisttundraandpotholelakeswhichprovidemoderatehabitat,tomooseandarehighlysignificantascaribouhabitat.Inaddition,thelakes.estimatedtonumberabout400.providesignificantresting'andnestingforwaterfowl.Effectsatthetwodownstreamdamswouldnot'besignificantlychanged.Humanaccess,viathereservoiratfullpool.wouldbeimprovedtotheheadwaterareasoftheSusitnaRiver.Themajorecosystemintheseareas.alpinetundra.isquitefragileand:couldbeadverselyimpactedifaccesswerenotcarefullyregulated.,TheDenalireservoirwouldhaveahighwatershorelineabout100mileslong.However.becauseofthefrequentandrapidpoolfluctuations,littlebeneficialhabitatcouldbeexpectedtodevelop.AppendixIC-127 Hpcr(~ilt.ion:TheDenalireservoircouldhavesignificantadversei1np'lcL'"()-n-"pre-s'entrecreationalusesmadeofthearea.t100seandcaribouhuntinginthisareanowaccessiblebytheDenaliHighwayprovidesalargepartofthepresentrecreationalactivityintheUpperSusitnaRiverBasin.Establishme.ntofthereservoir,byremovingmuch()fthesuitablehabitatofthegameanimals,wouldgreatlyreducethehuntir1<Jopportunities.Becauseofthefluctuationsinthereservoirlevr-landtheresultingunfavorableconditionsforfish.littleifanyreplacementt'ecreationalopportunitywouldbeprovidedtooffsetthisloss.tlorecreationalfacilitieswouldbeprovidedatthereservoirinviewoftheunfavorableconditions.'U,s_torieil...Q..d,_j\.Ich.9_~J.QSLLc~Uites:Inadditiontothesinglesiteofhistorcnterest,1nd40zonesorarchaeologicalinterestcontainedinI,hetwo-damsystem.theDenalireservoirwouldemcompass20archaeo-10rpCdllanesofinterestand3potentialhistoricalsites.t1inir~:TheareaadjacenttotheDenalireservoirhasalongand(ontin'iJTnghistoryofgoldmining.Althoughnoactivemineswouldbeinundatedbythereservoir.furtherexplorationand/ordevelopmentwithintheconfinesoftheimpoundmentwouldbehamperedorprecluded.1t~l_n-,,~n_l~~)_i~)_~)y:.telll:BecauseDenaliDamwouldhavenogenerationcapaity.noadditionaltransmissionlinesoreffectswouldresult.1~()d(L:Inadditiontotheeffectsofthetwo-damsystem.therevJOuldFe''at'(~quir('drelocationofabout19milesoftheDenaliHighway.11]('U-rnporiwyconstructionaccessroadswould.forthemostpart,beiIlerqedintothepermanentroad.Themostsignificanteffectsofthel'('locationyJOuldbelossofabout200additionalacresofwildlifehabitat,wdbetteraccesstothedamsitevicinity,whichcouldimposeaddedpressuresonwildlife.COI1<.,ly'urJionI\ctivities:Thegeneraleffectswouldbethose1i:_ted-To'r--ihi::"Tvlo-':':(fi1insy-s-telllwiththeadditionofanestimo.tedthreetofOllY'Vl'ilrsofsuchactivityattheDenalisite.\~rJt"kel''''filcjlities:ConstructionofaDenaliDamwouldrequireal.empol'a-y'y-Cdlllp-r6"r-abo'uT600workerssincetheonlynearbysettlements,DenaliandPaxsondonothavefacilHieswhichcouldabsorbthevlork-force,Tileimpactsandcontrolsrequiredwouldbethesameaslistedforthetwo-damsystem.I';til('tics:TheDen<1]iD,llllandreservoir.viiththeDenaliHighwayq>(),,',inqth(·"-dalllstructureitself.wouldbehighlyvisibletoallmotor1l,1ffic.fheI~eservoiratlessthanfullpoolwouldhaveadefiniteMlvl'l";('ill1PdCtontilescenicvaluesofthearea.Becauseofthegener-,)Ilyflatterrain"Jit-hinthereservoir,evenafewfeetoffluctuationinIhepoollevel\<.Jouldcreateawide"bathtubring"ofdefoliatedshore.Atlargedrawdowns.theringcouldbeamileormoreinwidth.!\ppendiL-] Nonleansofpreventingorsignificantlylesseningtheimpactofthisfeatureiscompatiblewiththepowerproductionobjectivewhichrequiresthedrawdown.AirPollution:Exceptfortheshort-termeffectsofconstructionactivTITesatDena-liDam,theeffectsofthethree-damsystemwouldbeidenticaltothetwo-damsystem.Social:Theeffectswouldbethesameasforthetwo-damsystemexcepf-tli-atadditionalemploymentwouldbeprovided.TheincreasedAreaHedevelopmentbenefitsreflecttheadditionaluseofun-orunder-employedlaborintheconstructionoftheadditionaldamandfacilities.Aspreviouslystated,theadditionoftheDenaliDamwouldresultinanincreaseof4,from45to49,inpermanentjobscreatedinoperationandIMintenanceofthedamsystem.TheconstructionofpermanentlivingquartersatthedamsitemightbeforegoneinfavoroflocatingthepersonnelatPaxson.OtherEffects:TheDenalireservoirareaisunderlainbyperma-fros(.lnunaation""wouldcauseasignificantthawingofthismaterial.Gecauseoftheveryflatterrain,ear~hslidesshouldnotbeofconse-quences.However,thematerialsaregenerallyveryfine-grainedandwhenthawedandsaturatedcouldhavp.poorstructuralintegritywhensubjectedtoearthquakes.Assuch,thematerialsposeadifficulttechnicalprobleminthedesignofaDenaliDam.Thecostofadequateremedialfoundationtreatmentforthestructureisasignificantfactorintheoverallcostofwhatwouldotherwisebearelativelysmalldam.[roslonofthethawedshorelinewouldnotcontributesignificantlytosedimentationofthereservoir.ItisestimatedthatallofthelOO-mileshorelinecouldbesubjecttosevereerosionuntil,equilibriumwasrestoredandvegetationreestablished.1~..e_'U)o_ns~J:"oSll~Objectives:TheresponseoftheDevilCanyon-Watana-Denalihydropoweralternativetothestudyobjectivesissummarizedasfollows:Power:Provides6.91billionkilowatt-hoursaverageannualenergy.Meetstheprojecteddemanduntilthemid-1990·s.FloodControl:Providesminorfloodcontrolbenefit.AirPollution:Providespartialairpollutionabatementbydisplacingand/ordelayingincreaseduseofcoalinRailbeltarea.FishandWildlife:Directlossof104,550acresofland,including2,100-3,100acresofcriticalwintermoosehabitat,and52,000acresofimportantcaribouhabitatAppendixIC-129 ~ndwaterfowlnestingarea.Possibleadverseeffectsoncilriboumigrationandanadromousfish.Probablecreationof300-400acresofreplacementmoosehabitat.Possiblecontributiontoestablishmentofnonmigratoryfishpopulation.Provides.104.550acresofpossiblewaterfowlrestingarea..Hecreation:Provideslightuserecreationalfacilitiesequivalentto77.000visitordays.Adverseeffecton9milesofwhitewaterboatingpotential.Probableadverseeffectonrecreationalhuntingandfishingin54.000-acreDenalireservoir.ConservationofNonrenewableResources:Conservesequivalentof5.85milliontonsofcoalannually.LnenJYlndepend('nce:Conservesequivalentof112.9billioncubicfeetofnaturalgas.or15.2millionbarrelsofoilannually.[levi.I,1,~.l.tlJon.·.~,a_t~!~9.,_Ve_(~J)_~.ilJj.:Thisalternativewouldconsistofthept'pviouslydescribeddamsatDevilCanyonandDenaliwithalower(515f('Ptv',1110feet)edrthfillWatanaDamanda455-foot-highearthfilldamIIIVel'(dnyonattheextremeheadofWatanareservoiratrivermile208.rhI>threedOvillStreamdamswauldhavepowerhousesandswitchyards.AnaddItional110milesofaccessroadwouldconnectVeeDamtoWatanaDam.I\nadditional110milesoftransmissionlinewouldalsoberequiredtoI.ollnrcfVeeDamtothedownstreamsystem.Thedamwouldhaveavisitor[.I'rlU.'I'ilboatramp.andlimitedrecreationalfacilities.Theprojectlire;!(ostisestimatedas$1.95billion.Annualcostsareestimatedas$IO?,q'JI,OOO,including$3.200.000foroperation.maintenance.and'r~placements.Averageannualprojectbenefitsaccrueasfollows:Powerf~ecreationFloodControlAreaRedevelopmentTota11hl'iiiCY'dti0is1.3toI.Netannualbenefitsare$28.655.000.$119.725.000400,00050.00010.971.000$131•146,000The',y',1.cl1lwouldhaveanaverageannualenergyoutputof6.88IJi11ionki10watt-tloul~Sand<1firmenergyoutputof6.15billionkiIm'/all-hoursfromaninstalledcapacityof1570~'1W.TheprojectederWr'fJYc()~Ltothedistributorswouldbe24.3millspel~kilowatt-hour.I\ppendixC1 ProjectimpactsoftheDevilCanyon,Watana,andDenaliDamswouldbeessentiallyasdescribedpreviously,exceptthatWatanareservoirwouldhaveanareaofonly14,000acres.Becausethemostfavorablewildlifehabitatisinthevicinityofthestream-riverconfluences,therewouldbeessentiaUythesamelossesofcriticalwintermoosehahitataswiththehigherdamandlargerreservoir.Veereservoir;about9,400acresinextent,wouldimposethefollowingadditionalimpacts.RiverFlowJ_:AverageregulateddownstreamflowsatDevilCanyonwouldrangefromabout7.900cfsinOctobertoabout12,200cfsinAugust.Inextremeyears.theflowswouldrangefrom5,800cfsinOctoberto23,000cfsinAugust.Riverregulationwouldbesomewhatbetterthanthatofthetwo-damsystemandnotasgoodasthatofthethree-damsystem.Floodcontrolbenefitswouldbeidenticalinoriginandvaluetotheotherplans.~Qter~ality:SedimententrapmentatWatanareservoirwoulddecreasefurtherto2.0milliontonsperyearfromthe3.5milliontonsperyearofthethree-damsystem,thedifferencebeingtheentrapmentofVeereservoir.Allotherdownstreamwaterqualityeffectswouldremainessentiallyunchanged.Fish:ThelowerWatanareservoirlevelwouldofferlessopportunityforallowingresidentfishtogettotheuppertributariesabovethesteepsectionsofthesetributarieswhichnowbaruseofthispossiblehabitat.Inaddition,VeereservoirwouldfloodthemouthofTyoneRiverwithafluctuatingandturbidpoolandwould,inalllikelihood,severelydecreasethepresentresidentfishpopulationofthis,themainclearwatertributaryoftheupperSusitnaRiver.FluctuationsinWatanareservoirwouldbedecreasedtoanaverageof80-95feet,whichmightofferpotentialforestablishmentofalake-orientedfishpopulacebystocking.Simultaneously,fluctuationofDenalireservoirwouldincreasetoanaverageof40-60feet.Nochangewouldoccurineffectsonfishbelowthesystemofdams.Wildlife:TheadditionofVeereservoirtothesystemwouldhaveasignificantimpactonwildlife.About7,000acresofthe9.400-acrereservoirarelowlandspruce-hardwood,whichisprimemoosehabitatandfavorableforsmallermamna1sbecauseofitsdiversevegetation.TheinundatedlandsaremuchlessprecipitousthanthoseoftheDevilCanyonandWatanareservoirsandarenotonlymorefavorablefor.butaremuchmoreheavilyusedbywildlife,especiallybymoose.Inaddition,ifthereservoirsystemsshouldprovetobeabarriertotraditionalcariboumigrationroutes.forcingthecariboutogoaroundthem,Veereservoirw011ldincreasethedetourmileagefrom25to45milesfromtheKosinaCreek-JayCreekvicinity.TheVeereservoirwouldhaveahigh-watershorelineabout100mileslong.Becauseofthelargeandfrequentpoolfluctuations,littlebeneficialhabitatcouldbeexpected'todevelop.AppendixIC-131 Recreation:Veereservoirwouldincreasetherecreationalpoten-I.i~lo-f"waTa-nareservoirbyreducingthefluctuationlevelofthatilllpollrldment.TheVeeimpoundmentandtheadditionalaccessprovidedbytill'necessaryroadswouldprovideaddedrecreationalopportunityinthemselves,althoughtheVeereser'{oirwouldhaveanaveragedrawdownof(10-100feet.Aswiththetwodownstreamreservoirs,lowdensityfishing,boatinq,hikinq.andcAmpingusewouldbemostinkeeping\'1iththelanddndlocation.Anincreaseinusedaystoabout100,000(from77,000)wouldgiverecreationalbenefitsestimatedat$400,000annually.Improvedaccesswouldalsotendtoincreasehuntingpressuresintill'areaextendinqfromWatanaDamtoVeereservoir.Asaresult,addedp"n"',5Ilreswouldalsobeplacedonresponsibleagenciestoinsureproperresourcemanagement.iiic,toricandArchaeolojLicalSites:Theareaatandaroundthemouth()f"'-TYone-lfivE,-r-l·ia-s-a-'onqhistoryofoccupationandusebyman.Veereservoirwouldaffect25zonesofpotentialarchaeologicalinterest,byfarthemostofanysinqlereservoirstudied.RepresentativesofthenativepeopleoftheregionhaveindicatedthattheTyoneRivercon-fluencewiththeSusitnaRiverisalong-usedandvaluedareawhichthey~'lOuldIiOtcarf'toseedisturbed.ConstructionofthereservoirwouldbenefittHchaeologicalknowledgeinthatitwouldspurexplorationofthatarea;however,itwouldadverselyaffectboththeinterestsofthenativepeoplesandfuturepossiblearchaeologicalexplorations.r'1inin5.t:lheVeereservoirwould,initself,havelittleprobablet~ff('conmininqpotentialbeyondthatoftheotherimpoundmentsofthesystem,especiallyDenalireservoir.T!.a_rl2!!.~iy:;io.!:l..2L~_ten~:Anadditional40milesoftransmissionlinetoconnectVeeDamandpowerhousetothesystemdownstreamwouldben'(uiy'cd.ThisvlOuldinvolveadditionalclearinganddisturbanceofapl;roxillldte1y900Jcrf's.Theeffectsofthiswouldbethesameasforth(~restofthetransmissionrouteintype,but\'1ouldbeincreasedinproportiontotheaddedlinelength.Hoads:Anadditional40milesofaccessroadwouldalsoberequiredfortheVeeDam.Thiswouldrequireapproximately500additionalacresoftlabit(\tlossanddisluy'banceofwildlife.ThisparticularsectionofI'otldwouldintersectthegeneralcariboumigrationroutesintheKosina-,J.\yCreeksvicinity.Althoughtheroadshouldposenobal~tomigration,Own-wouldbepossibleinterferencebetweentheanimalsandhumansindSIIHlChi'lStheroadwouldbeopentovehiclesduringthesummerwhenthenm'tllvlal'dmovementoftheherdcouldbeexpected.(orlslructiontivitics:Thetypeofeffectswouldbethesameasforl)e·v·iT{anyon··an·(rW·at~j-na-··Dams.VeeDamwouldprolongtheperiodofeffectsbyaboutfivemoreyears.AppendixC-132 ii.~J;.ers'..lacU)_~ies:Aswiththeprecedingsystems,noexistingc0l111l1unitlescouldabsorbtheprojectworkforce.Commutingdistancefromthenearestestablishedcampfacility,WatanaDam,wouldbetoogreatforeconomicaluseofthesefacilities.Thus,atemporarycampwouldberequiredinthevicinity-ofthedamsite.Theeffectswouldbeidenticalandadditivetothosepreviouslydescribedforthetwo-andthree-damsystems.~JLthetics_:ThepreviouslydiscussedadversevisualimpactswouldbeincreaserThe"bathtubring"atDenalireservoirwouldbeincreasedbytheaddeddrawdown.TheVeereservoirarea,notsomuchthesteepcanyonsectionsdownstreamofOshetnaRiver,butthemoregentlysloped,rollingterrainintheTyoneRiverandupstreamarea,wouldacquireasimilarringofdefoliatedbarrenlandwhichwoulddecreasethescenicvaluedrastically.Thesewouldbeadditionstothedownstreameffectsdescribedfortheothersystems.AirPollution:Exceptfortheshort-termeffectsduringconstruc-tionofVeeDam.theeffectsofthefour-damsystemwouldbeidenticaltothethree-damsystem.Social:Theeffectswouldbethesameasforthetwo-andthree-damsistemsexceptthatadditionalemploymentwouldbeprovided.TheAreaRedevelopmentbenefitsfromthisplanreflecttheincreaseinuseofun-orunderemployedlaborovertheotherplans.FacilitieswouldhJvetobeprovidedatthedamforpermanentoperatingpersonnel.Itisestimatedthat10additionalpermanentjobswouldbecreatedbycon-structionofVeeDam.raisingthesystemtotalto59.OtherEffects:Theeffectsofthereservoironunderlyingperma-fros(woulabeac·ombinationoftheeffectsatthedownstreamreser-voirsandtheDenaliimpoundmentsincetheVeereservoirwouldlieinpartinsteepcanyonswithshallowfrozenoverburdenandinpartinflatterterrainsimilartotheDenaliarea.Nosignificantreser-voirsedimentationorslide-causedwaveswouldbeexpected.Signifi-cantshorelineerosionwouldbeexpectedtoaffectabout35milesoftheshorelineforafewyearsuntilanequilibriumconditionwasreached.1<!).:~l).9_n~_t<L-_S..!:!-1..~jJO_bjectives:TheresponseoftheDevilCanyon-WatJna-Vee-Denali~ydropoweralternativetothestudyobjectivesissummarizedasfollows:Power:Provides6.88billionkilowatt-hoursaverageannualenergy.Meetstheprojecteddemanduntilthemid-1990's.FloodControl:Providesminorfloodcontrolbenefits.Appendix IC-133 I\irPollution:Providespartialairpollutionabatementbydisplacingand/ordelayingincreaseduseofcoalinRailbeltarea.FishandWildlife:Directlo~of84.950acresoflandincluding9.100-10.100acresofcriticalwintermoosehabitat,and52,000acresofimportantcaribouhabitatandwaterfowlnestingarea.Possibleadverseeffectsoncariboumigrationandanadromousfish.Probablecreationof300-400acresofreplacementmoosehabitat.Possiblecontributiontoestablishmentofnon-migratoryfishpopulation.Provides84.950acresofpossiblewaterfowlrestingarea.I{ecre,lt.ion:Provideslightuserecreationalfacilitiesequivalentto100,000visitordays.Adverseeffecton()milesofwhitewaterboatingpotential.Probableadverseeffectonpresenthunting-fishinguseofTyoneRiverconfluence.ConservationofNonrenewableResources:Conservesequivalentof5.83milliontonsofcoalannually.energyIndependence:Conservesequivalentof112.2billioncubicfeetofnaturalgas,or15.1millionbarrelsofoilannually.N[DPLI\Nrromtheprecedingevaluations.itisconcludedthatthesystemcOlllprir;edofdamsatdleDevilCanyonandWatanasitesbestaccomplishesth(>objectiveofmaximizingNationalEconomicDevelopment.Thetwo-dam~)Y5tell1hasthehighestB/Cratioat1.4andthemaximumnetbenefitsat$113.B01,OOOannuallywhileproducingelectricalenergyequaltoanyofl.hrotherplans.U)PLI\Nfroll1theprecedingevaluations,itisevidentthatnomeansofpt'OduLin<jal11eanin()fuloutputofelectricalenergywasfoundtobefreeof~iqnificantadverseenvironmentaleffects.TheplanwhichminimizesttwlJrl,lVoidablcadverseimpactsonfishandwildlifevalueswhileprovidinqbencficidIcontributionstoairand"Jaterqualityandsocialwpll-heinqisconsideredtocontributemosttotheEnvironmentalQualityobjectives.Onthisbasis,thesystemoftwodamsatDevilCanyonandWdtandisalsotheEQplan.I\ppendixC-134 THLSEl.ECTEDPLANThetwo-damDevilCanyon-Watanasystemisselectedastheplanprovidingthebestoverallresponsetothestudyobjectives.Thefollm·!ingtabledisplaysasummarycomparisonofthesignificantfactsandfactorswhich"guidedformulationoftheselectedplan.AppendixIC-135 ll·IESELEmDPLANTheplanwhichprovidesthemosteconomicaldevelopmentofelec-tricalpowergenerationfortheRailbeltcommunitiesattheleastenvironmentalimpactisahydroelectricalternativeconsistingoftwohigh-headdamsandaccompanyingpowerplantslocatedintheUpperSusitnaRiverBasin.Thetwoprojects,DevilCanyonandWatana,wouldproduce6.1billionkilowatt-hoursfirmannualenergy(1/)withadependablecapacityof1,568,000kilowatts.TableC-28givesasummaryoftheenergycapabilityofthesystem.TheDevilCanyonproject.located14.5milesupstreamfromtheGoldCreekstreamgage.wouldbea635-footthin-archconcretedamwiththepowerhouselocatedunderground.Thereservoirwouldinundate7,550acresand28milesofnaturalriver,thusgiving1,050.000acre-feetofstol'agecapacity.Themulti-levelintakestructurewouldallowamaximumpowerpooldrawdownof175feet,butwhenoperatedinconjunctionwiththeupstreamWatanareservoir,DevilCanyonannualdrawdownwouldnormallybelessthan5feet.DraftingoftheDevilCanyonreservoirwouldoccuronlyunderthemostadversestreamflowconditions,andonlyaftercompletedr~rtinqoftheWatanausablestorage.Normalmaximumpoolelevationwouldbeatelevation1450feet,andtheaveragetailwaterelevationwouldbeabout875feet.Thepowerhousewouldhavefour194MWFrancisunits.Hydrauliccapacityofthefour-unitinstallationwouldbeabout25,000cfsatcriticalhead.TheWatanaprojectlocated32milesupstreamfromtheDevilCanyonprojectwouldcontainanundergroundpowerplantandanearthfilldambuilttoastructuralheightofapproximately810feet.Thelargestoraqecapacityofthe~~atanareservoirwouldprovideflowaugmentationdurinqperiodsofnaturallylowstreamflow.Thereservoirwouldextend54milesupstreamandhaveasurfaceareaof43,000acres.Thetotalstoragecapacitywouldbe9,624.000acre-feetafter50yearsofsedimentinflow.Theuseablestoragecapacitywouldbecontainedinthetop250feetofthereservoirandwouldtotalapproximately6,100,000acre-feet.NormalmaxilllUIl1poolelevationwouldbe2200feetandtheaveragetail-waterelevationwouldbeapproximately1470feet.Thepowerhousewouldcontainthree264f1WFrancisunitswithacombinedcriticalheadhydrauliccapabilityofabout23.000cfs.lTFreTlinTrlaryscopngsiesgavetheselectedplanafirmannualenerqycapabilityof6.25billionkwh,butrefinementsinturbinesizingandreser'voirregulationcriteriareducedthisto6.1billionk\'Jh.OUH'r';ystell1sstudiedunderthescopinganalysiswouldbesimilarlyf'(>r1iHedforturbinesizingandreservoirregulation.AppendixIc-1]() SYSTEMOFACCOUNTSACCOUtITSPLANAWITHOUTCONDITIONConventionalCoalThermalPlantPLANBNATIONALECONOMICDEVELOPHENT(NED)ENVIRONMENTALQUALITY(EQ)PLANSDevilCanyon-WatanaDamsPLANCMAXlMUNPOWERDEVELOPMENTPLANDevilCanyon-Watana-DenaliDamsPLANDPREVIOUSLYRECOMMENDEDPLANUSBRFour-DamSystemIndexofCoding1."NATIONALECONOMICDEVELOPMENTa.BeneficialImpacts(1)Valueofincreasedout-putofgoodsandser-vicesa)Power1,6,0,9$138,098,000$138,098,000$138,185,000$119,725,000b)Recreation1,5,0,100300,000300,000400,000c)FloodControl1,6,0,9050,00050,00050,000d)AreaRedevelopment1,5,0,909,373,00010,905,00010,971,000TOTALBENEFICIAL$138,098,000$147,821,000$149,443,000$131,146,000b.AdverseImpacts(1)Projectcosts($1,000)a)Investmentcost1,6,0,9$1,650,848,000$1,653,136,000$1,841,144,000$1,616,825,000b)Interestandamortization1,6,0,9$101,380,000$101,520,000$112,966,000$99,291,000c)Operation,mainte-nance,andreplace-ments(OM&R)1,5,0,9$36,718,000$2,500,000$2,600,000$3,200,000TOTALADVERSE$138,098,000$104,020,000$115,566,000$102,491,000c.NEDPerformance(1)NetNEDbenefits($1,000)0$43,801,000$33,877,000$28,655,000(2)Benefit-to-costratio1.01.41.31.31.Impactisexpectedtooccurpriortoorduringimp1ementationoftheplan.2.Impactisexpectedwith-in15yearsfollowingplanimp1ementation.3.Impactisexpectedinalongertimeframe(15ormoreyearsfollowingim-p1ementation.Uncertainty4.Theuncertaintyasso-ciatedwiththeimpactis507~ormore.5.Theuncertaintyisbe-tween107.and507..6.Theuncertaintyislessthan107..Exclusivity1,6,0,930-401,5,0,10360,000to480,0001,4,0,1001,4,0,10(Unquantified-areahasveryhighpotential)1,4,0,902,4,0,1001,5,0,901,5,0,902,4,0,901,6,0,901,6,0,9Noeffect1,6,0,9Noeffect1,6,0,901,5,0,901,6,0,901,6,0,9NotApplicable2.ENVIRONMENTALQUALITYa.Environmentalqualityenhanced*(1)Reservoirsa)Numberb)Wateracreagec)Shorelinemiles(2)Improvedaccessformanagementof.wilder-nessareasa)Accessroadmilesb)Accessibleacreage(3)Acceleratedarchaeo-logicalknowledgea)Potentialinvesti-gationinvestmentb)Numberofzonesinvestigated(4)Biologicalresourcesa)Expandedhabitforidigenousfishb)Introductionofnewfishspeciesc)Provisionofwater-fowlrestingareas(acres)d)Habitatdiversityacreageprovidedbyclearingutilitycorridors(aboveGoldCreeke)Improvedmoosefeedinghabitatacreageindown-streamfloodplain*(5),laterquality(streams)a)Hileageaffectedb)Suspendedsolidschangec)Flowcharacteristicsb.Environmentalquality(1)Pristineareasa)Acreageinundatedb)Hileagealteredbyutilitycorridors(aboveGoldCreek)c)Acreagealteredbypoolfluctuationsd)Downstreammileagealtered1,6,0,91,6,0,91,6,0,.9ooo250,55021040-50480,000to600,000$15,200,00040(Potential-loworderofsignificance)50,550acresofpotentialhabitatformed50,55075050-10054Reductionfrom800ppmto35ppm6,500-28,000cfsvs.unregulated800-90,000cfs50,5504413,000543104,550310(IncludeswidelyfluctuatingDenalipool)50-60600,000to720,000$18,900,00060(EssentiallyidenticaltoPlanB)50,550acresofpotentialhabitatformed(ExcludeswidelyfluctuatingDenalipool)50,550to104,55075050-10054Reductionfrom800ppmto35ppm7,800-16,000cfsvs.unregulated800-90,000cfs104,5504445,00054484,950400(IncludesDenali)90-1001,080,000to1,200,000$19,500,00085(EssentiallyidenticaltoPlanB)30,950acresofpotentialhabitatformed(excludesDenali)30,950to84,9501,40050-10054Reduction.from800ppmto35ppm5,800-23,000cfsvs.unregulated800-90,000cfs84,9508045,000547.Overlappingentry;fullymonetizedinNEDaccount.8.Overlappingentry;notfullymonetizedinNEDaccount.Actuality9.Impactwilloccurwithimplementation.10.Impactwilloccuronlywhenspecificadditionalactionsarecarriedoutduringimplementation.11.Impactwillnotoccurbecausenecessaryaddi-tionalactionsarclacking.Section122*Itemsspecificallyre-quiredinSection122andER1105-2-105.ApPi;J1j)IXIC-bj ACCOUNTSSYSTEHOFACCOUNTS(continued)PLANAWITHOUTCONDITIONConventionalCoalThennalPlantPLANBNATIONALECONOHICDEVELOPHENT(NED)ENVIRONHENIALQUALITY(EQ)PLANSDevilCanyon-WatanaDamsPLANCMAXIMUHPOWERDEVELOPHENTPLANDevilCanyon-Watana-DenaliDamsPLANDPREVIOUSLYRECOHHENDEDPLANUSBRFour-DamSysternIndexofCoding2.ENVIRONHENIAtQUALITY(Cont.)b.Environmentalqualitydegraded(Cont.)(2)Biologicalresourcesa)Caribouroutesaffectedbyreser-voirsb)Routesaffectedbytransmissionlinesc)Waterfowlnestingacreageaffectedbypoolfluetuations1,(3)Waterquality(streams)a)Mileageaffectedb)Nutriententrapmentc)Winterturbidity*(4)Airqualitya)Construction1,4,0,91,4,0,91,4,0,91,6,0,91,4,0,91,5,0,91,6,0,9oo70-80oProbableyear-roundincreaseTemporaryinputofdustfromcon-structionequipment&smokefromburningofbrush,treesstrippedfromconstructionsite(s).Estimatedduration15years.1o54PotentialIncreasedfromnilto15-35ppmSameimpacts·asPlanAexceptin-creasedburningfromreservoirclear-ing-probableshorterdurationofeffect'10-12years.10,00054PotentialIncreasedfromnilto15-35ppmSameasPlanBexceptincreasedclear-ingacreage.Durationestimatedat15-17years.210,00054PotentialIncreasedfromnilto15-35ppmSameasPlanCexceptslightlyre-ducedclearingacreage-durationestimatedat20-22years.1.Impactisexpectedtooccurpriortoorduringimplementationoftheplan.2.Ir.1pactisexpectedwith-in15yearsfollOWingplanimplementation.3.Impactisexpectedinalongertimeframe(15ormoreyearsfollowingim-plementation..t:ncertainty4.Theuncertaintyasso-ciatedwiththeimpactis507.ormore.5.Theuncertaintyisbe-tween107.and507••6.Theuncertaintyislessthan107..ExclusiVityc.b)Operation(5)Landqualitya)Shorelinemileagesubjectedtosevereerosionb)Shorelinemileagesubjectedtomoderateerosionc)Clearedutilitycorrideracreagesub-jecttoerosiond)Stripmininge)Permafrostsub-sidenceEnvironmentalqualitydestroyed(1)Freeflowingrivera)Totalmileageaffectedb)Hileageinundatedc)Whitwatermilesin-undated(2)Biologicalresourcesa)Uplandspruce-hard-woodfarestdestroyed1)Hoosehabitatvalue2)Caribouhabitatvalue3)Waterfowlhabitatvalueb)Lowlandspruce-hardwoodforestdestroyed1)Moosehabitatvalue2)Caribouhabitatvalue3)Waterfowlhabitatvaluec)Moisttundrade-troyed1)Hoosehabitatvalue2)Caribouhabitatvalue3)Waterfowlhabitatvalued)Aquaticareasinun-dated1)Rivermiles2)Numberofpot-holelakes1,6,0,92,4,0,91,6,0,91,6,0,91,6,0,91,6,0,91,6,0,91,6,0,91,6,0,9Long-terminputofdustfromstrip-mining&transportofcoalresource.Long-terminputofsmokeandpollu-tantsfromcombustionofcoalatpowerplants-magnitudeofprobableeffectsignificant.oo25020,000acresHinoreffectifanyooo15,000acresHighlysifnificantInsignificantInsignificanto5,000acresNaderatelysignificantHighlysignificantInsignificantooEssentiallyzero40170250oHoderatepotential9982947,000acresHighlysignificant(2-3,000acres)InsignificantInsignificant1,000acresHighlysignificantInsignificantInsignificanto82oEssentiallyzero140170250oHighpotential162116948,000acresHighlysignificant(2-3,000acres)InsignificantInsignificant1,000acresHighlysignificantInsignificantInsignificant52,000acresHoderatelysignificantHighlysignificantHoderatelysignificant116400Essentiallyzero175225500oHighpotential162138921,000acresHighlysignificant(9-10,000acres)InsignificantInsignificant8,000acresHighlysignificantInsignificantInsignificant52,000acresModeratelysignificantHighlysignificantModeratelysignificant1384007.Overlappingentry;fullymonetizedinNEDaccount.8.Overlappingentry;notfullymonetizedinNEDaccount.Actuality9.Impactwilloccurwithic:plementation.10.Irr~actwilloccuronlywhenspecificadditionalactionsarecarriedoutduringimplementation.11.Impactwillnotoccurbecausenecessaryaddi-tionalactionsarelacking.Section122*Itemsspecificallyre-quiredinSection122andER1105-2-105.ApPf,NDIXC-b8 SYSTE1:1OFACCOUNTS(coritinued)"LANAWITHOUTCONDITIONPLANBNATIm:ALECONOHICDEVELOPHENT(NED)ENVIRONHENTALQUALITI(EQ)PLANSPLANCHAXIHUNPOWERDEVELOPHENTPLANPLANDPREVIOUSLYRECONNENDEDPLANIndexofCodingACCOUJ:TS2.ENVIRONHENTALQUALITI(Cont.)c.Enviromnentalqualitydestroyed(Cont.)(3)Archaeological!Histaricalareasin-undateda)Zonesofpotentialpasthumanhabit-ationoruseb)Knownprehistoricsitesc)Knownhistoriesites3.SOCIALWELL-BEINGa.Beneficialimpacts(1)Enhancementofqualityoflife,healthandsafetya)Powerprovidedb)Dependability(Fairbanks-Anchoragintertie)(2)Educational,cultural,&recreationaloppor-tunitiesa)Camping,picnicing,&sightseeingb)Boating1)Lakeacreage2)Rivermileagec)Fishing1)Lakeacreage2)Rivermileaged)Accesstoremoteareas1)Accessibleacreage2)Accessroadmileage3)Acreageforfloatplaneoperatione)Regionalresourceknowledge(3)Energyresourcescon-served'1:a)Tonsperyearofcoalb.Adverseimpacts(1)Deteriorationinqualityoflife,healthandsafetya)Airquality(2)Degradededucationa1,cultural,andrecrea-tionalopportunitiesa)Archaeologicalzonesprecludedfromstudyfollow-ingprojectcon-structionb)Boatingc)Huntingd)Streamfishing1,6,0,91,6,0,91,6,0,91,6,0,91,6,0,91,5,0,101,6,0,91,5,0,101,6,0,91,5,0,101,6,0,91,6,0,91,4,O,101,6,0,91,5,0,101,6,0,91,6,0,91,5,0,9ConventionalCoalThermalPlant°°°6.9billionkilowatt-hoursannuallyYes°°°°°360,000to480,00030-40°Nofederalinvestment°SignificantpatentialUnquantified-areahasveryhighpotentialNoeffectPotentia1reducedby habitatlossesReducedpresentusefrompollutionsofHealyCreek-NananaRiverDevilCanyon-WatanaDams40°6.9billionkilowatt-hoursannuallyYes77,000usedays50,5506550,55063480,000to600,00040-5050,550Possible$15,200,000archaeologicalinvestment$5,850,000None40ReducedwhitewaterboatingpotentialPotentialreducedbyhabitatlossesEssentiallyunchangedopportunityDevilCanyon-Watana-DenaliDams60°46.9billionkilowatt-hoursannuallyYes77,000usedays50,550to104,5503150,58029600,000to720,00050-6050,550to·104,550$18,900,000$5,850,000None60ReducedwhitewaterboatingpotentialPotentialreducedbyhabitat~osse$ReduceduseofDenalireservoirareatributaries:insignificantUSBRFour-DamSystern8546.9billionkilowatt-hoursannuallyYes100,000usedays30,450to84,9501030,95081,080,000to1,200,00090-10030,950to84,950$19,500,000$5,830,000None85ReducedwhitewaterboatingpotentialPotentialreducedbyhabitatlossesReducedpresentuseoflDenali-Veereservoirareatributaries:moderatelysignificantbecauseofTyoneRiversportfishing1.Impactisexpectedtooccurpriortoorduringimplementationoftheplan.2.Impactisexpectedwith-in15yearsfollowingplanimplementation.3.Impactisexpectedinalongertimeframe(15ormoreyearsfollowingim-plementation.Uncertainty4.Theuncertaintyasso-ciatedwiththeimpactis50%ormore.5.Theuncertaintyisbe-tween10%and50%.6.Theuncertaintyislessthan10%.ExclusiVity7.Overlappingentry;fullymanetizedinNEDaccount.8.Overlappingentry;notfullymonetizedinNEDaccount.Actuality9.Impactwilloccurwithimplementation.10.Impactwilloccuronlywhenspecificadditionalactionsarecarriedoutduringimplernentation.11.Impactwillnotoccurbecausenecessaryaddi-tionalactionsarelacking.Section122*Itemsspecificallyre-quired-inSection122andER1105-2-105.ApPENDIX(-139 SYST~lOFACCOUNTS(continued)PLANAPLANBPLANCPLANDWITHOUTCONDITIOllNATIO::ALECONOMICDEVELOPMENT(NED)E:;VIRO~lIENTALQUALITY(EQ)PLANSMAXIMUMPOWERDEVELOPHENTPLANPREVIOUSLYRECO~ENDEDPLANIndexofCodingACCOUNTSConventionalCoalTherr..alPl"ultDevilCanyon-WatanaDamsDevilCanyon-Watana-DcnaliDamsUSBRFour-DamSystemuses1)Alaska1,6,7,9$1,650,848,000$572,000$;;72,000$743,0002)Nation1,6,7,90$1,652,564,000$1,840,572,000$1,616,082,0003)Total1,6,7,9$1,650,848,000$1,653,136,000$1,841,144,000$1,616,825,000(2)Undesirablepopu1atiordistribution1,5,0,9NoeffectNoeffectNoeffectNoeffect1,5,7,1026.4-31.41,4,8,10Moderateincreaseintaxrevenues,disposableincome1,5,7,9Noexcessbenefits1,5,7,91,6)7,94.Theuncertaintyasso-ciatedwiththeimpactis50%ormore.5.Theuncertaintyisbe-tween10%and50%.6.Theuncertaintyislessthan10%.UncertaintyActuality7.Overlappingentry;fullymonetizedinNEDaccount.8.Overlappingentry;notfullymonetizedinNEDaccount.ExclusiVity1.Impactisexpectedtooccurpriortoorduringimplementationoftheplan.2.Impactisexpectedwith-in15yearsfollowingplanimplementation.3.Impactisexpectedinalongertimeframe(15ormoreyearsfollowingim-plementation.9.Impactwilloccurwithimplementation.10.Impactwilloccuronlywhenspecificadditionalactionsarecarriedoutduringimplementation.11.Impactwillnotoccurbecausenecessaryaddi-tionalactionsarelacking.24.35911,2002,80014,000Hinima1effectNoeffecto$28,655,000$28,655,000Hoderateincreaseintaxrevenues,disposableincome10,7002,70013,40021.049NoeffectHinimaleffecto$33,877,000$33,877,000Hoderateincreaseintaxrevenues,disposableincomeNoeffectMinimaleffect8,8002,20011,0004521.1o$43,801,000$43,801,000Hoderateincreaseintaxrevenues,disposableincome10211,000o11,000NoeffectMinimaleffect1,5,0,91,5,0,91,4,7,91,4,7,91,4,7,91,4,7,10"(2)Quantityofincreasedemploymenta)Constructionman-yrs.AlaskaNationTotalb)Operation-permanenjobs-Alaskaonly*(3)Desirablepopulationdistribution(4)Increasedstabilityofregionaleconomicgrowthb.Adverseimpacts(1)Economica)Diversionoffundsfromother4.REGIONALDEVELOPHENT(RD)a.Beneficialimpacts(1)Valueofincreasedincomea)DistributionofNEDexcessbenefits1)Alaska2)Nation3)Totalb)Costofpowertodistributor(millskWh-hr)*c)InducedeconomicactivitySection122*Itemsspecificallyre-quiredinSection122andER1105-2-105.ApPENDIXC-140 lAt-Site'-#SelectedPlanPowerCapabilities~1onthlyCriticalEnergyPeriodAverager'1onthRpUirementEner~)Ener~)-.--Percent)(MWHR1MWHOCtober8.0488,000488,800November8.8536,800536,800December9.7591,700591,700,January10.6646,600646,600February9.0549,000549,000Milrch9.4573,400573,400Apri18.1494,100494,100MeW7.5457,500457,500,June6.9420,900420,900.July6.9420,900510,000August7.4451,400865,200September7.7469,700756,000----Tota1100.06,100,0006,890,000AppendixITableC-28(-141 PowerwouldbedeliveredtotheAnchorageandFairbanksloadcentersviaddoublecircuit,doubletowertransmissionsystem,whichwouldconsistof136milesof345kvcircuitsfromtheDevilCanyonswitchyardtoAnchorageand198milesof230kvlinetoFairbanks.POWERCAPABILITIESFollowingisatabulationofthepowergeneratingcapabilitiesoftheDevilCanyonandWatanaprojects.At-SitePowerCapabilitiesDevi1CanyonWatanaTotalInstalledCapacity(MW)7767921,568MaximumPeakingCapacity(MW)8929111,803DependableCapacity(MW)7767921,568AverageAnnualEnergy,106kwh3,4103,4806,890FirmAnnualEnergy,~06kwh3,0203,0806.100SecondaryEnergy,10kwh390400790Under'thescopinganalysis,dependablecapacitywasbasedonfirmannualenergyanda50-percentplantfactor.Thismethodwasadoptedinordertominimizetherelativeimportancethatsecondaryenergywouldhaveonplantsizing.Ontheotherhand,dependablecapacityfortheselectedplanhasbeenbasedonaverageannualenergy.Thismethodwasemployedbecauseoftheinfrequencyofacriticalperiodassevereasthe32-lllonthperiodonwhichfirmenergyisbased.Inordertoevaluatetheexceedencefrequencyofthecriticalperiod,asyntheticlowflowfrequencycurvewasconstructedfortheGoldCreekgagingstationsfora32-monthflowduration.Fourhundredyearsofmonthlystreamflowwererandomlygeneratedbasedonthestatisticsofthe25yearsofrecordedGoldCreekstreamflow.Andinaccordancewiththemethodoutlinedunder"H£C-4.MonthlyStrearnflowSimulation.II1/Consecutive32-rnonthperiodswerederivedforthe400yearsofsynthesizedmonthlystreamflow.andalowflow32-monthfrequencycurvewasdevelopedinaccordancewithproceduresoutlinedunderChow'sHandbookofHydrology,Chapter18.2/Superimposedonthefrequencycurve,graphA-14isthe32-monthGold-Creekselectedplancriticalperiod.Therespectiveexceedenceintervalforthecriticalperiodis400years.Onthebasisofthisratherinfrequentreturnintervalitappearsappropriatetobasedependablecapacitynotonfirmenergy,butratheronaverageannualenergy.1/"IIEC-4,~10nthlyStreamflowSimulation",GeneralizedComputerProgramiZ3-340,HydrologicEngineeringCenter,U.S.ArmyCorpsofEngineers.Davis.California,February1971.2/"HandbookofAppliedHydrology",VenTeChow,Editor-in-Chief,McGraw-HillBookCompany,NewYork,1964.AppendixC-14? FirmAnnualEnergyisbasedonaverageenergyproducedduringthe32-nunthcriticalperiod.TheWatanaunitsaredesignedtoproducedependablecapacitywiththeheadavailableintheFebruarywiththesecondgreatestdrawdowninthe25-yearperiodofrecord(February1970).Februaryisassumedtobethemostcriticalmonthconsideringbothsystemloadsandreservoirdrawdown.TheworstFebruary(February1971)hasanextremelylowprobabilityofrecurrence,soitwasconsideredthatthesecondworstFebruarywouldbemoreappropriateforevaluatingdependablecapacity.TheheaddurationcurveforWatanaisshownonGraphC-IO.Coincidentally,theWatanacriticalheadisthesameastheFebruary1970head,andtherefore,theInstalledCapacityequalsdependablecapacity.BecausetheDevilCanyonpowerpoolwouldneverbedraftedduringtheperiodofpeaKlOaddemand(February),designheadforthatprojectwasestablishedatfullpoolelevation,andconsequently,in-stallednameplatecapacityequalsdependablecapacity.Nameplatecapacityisbasedontheheadavailableataveragepoolelevation.Itisassumedthattheunitswillgenerateratedcapacityatmostefficientgateopeningatthishead.Itisfurtherassumedthattheunitswillgenerateratedcapacityatfullgateopeningatcriticalhead.Theunitswouldalsobecapableofgenerating15percentoverloadatfullgateataveragehead.AssumedperformancechartsfortheDevilCanyonandWatanaunitsareshownonGraphC-ll.AlaskaPowerAdministrationhasestimatedtransmissionlossesfortheselectedplantobe3.2percentonpeakcapacityand0.7percentonaverageenergy(SectionH).Followingisacomputationoftheat-marketpowercapabilitiesoftheselectedplan:LossesAt----501,518581,744486,842436,05757851,5681,8026,8906,100790MarketAtMarketPowerCapabili~yAt-SiteDependableCapacity(MW)MaximumPeakinqCapacity(MW)!\vPY'ageAnnua1rnergy,106kwhFirmAnnualEnergy,106kwhjpcondaryEnergy,106kwhSEASONALRESERVOIROPERATIONThebasicreservoiroperationconsistsofhavingthereservoirsfullattheendofthesummerhighrunoffseasonU1ay-September),withrlrawdownoccurringthroughthefall,winter,andspringmonthsas~'equiredtomeetloads.Drawdownwouldbeguidedbyrulecurveswhich.Jr'('basedona32-monthcriticalperiod.Inactualopel'ation,drawdownduringlatewinterandspringwouldbeadjustedinaccordancewithrunoffforecasts,andthiswouldpermitbetterutilizationofsecondaryenergythanisshownbythesimulatedoperationstudies.AppendixIC-143 ANNUALHEADDURATIONCURVE1WATANARESERVOIR.-_....._'_.._co"---'...._..,_...----..--I....---..-..---1----,--1------\----"..-_.---.---:1=1::::-"FEBi971HEAD-~i=-_____1---1_"":-----._--,---....""""--.._------------,-----------..-.....----,--.--..-----.--,,------..-.----..----."."....----=--===.~:--=DES1GNHEAD"=':=_.-,..-.-1_-=:::.-.:::.==::::-:=-----1·-'---------,---1---1---.==-=-=f"\'-:-=---+-4-4--+--+--+--+--+---f-----+--+--1---,_!--i._.+_._-+._-+-t-1f-t-+--tI~~_,I-__J-+-!CR1TICALHEAD~FEB1970HEAD--\.1.------..'\610ESISO-630f---.....WWLL610-0!'>900«w:z:!HO0::W~550.--1----Q..5300«Z0«510-,--,_._"ALASKADISTRICT..1--1--------1--1--;-CORPSOFENGINEERS-----1--1-..-.1-1---1----,-----'JUNE1975::1::..:-1=:=:-::::-...1::-1::1:::--.:...1.------1-410L-.....:.::.:.::-.:.:..:...:..tl=1::J.=1.:.::l.:.::l=.1..=J..=JDl.=l.=1=1=:l=do102030405060 708090100PERCENTOFTIMEHEADISGREATERTHANINOICATEDVALUEAppendixIGRAPHC-10C-144 DEVILCANYONANDWATANAUNITMAXIMUMPERFORMANCES200300MAXIMUMGENERATOROUTPUT(fy1W)INTERIMREPORTSOUTHCENTRALRAILBElTAREA,ALASKAALASKADiSTRICTCORPSOFENGINEERSJUNE1975AppendixIGHAPHC-11c-1Il5400 Withbothprojectsinoperation,storagewouldnormallybewith-drawnfromWatana.theupstreamproj{~ct.andDevilCanyonwillbekeptatornearfullpowertomaximizegeneratinghead.TheonlyconditionunderwhichDevilCanyonstoragewouldbewithdrawnwouldbeinlatespringattheendofthecriticalperiod.afterWatanausablestoragehasbeencompletelyevacuated.Theprobabilityofthisoccurringisverysmall.Themonthlyregulatedandunregulateddamsitestreamflowsforthe25-yearperiodofoperationareshownonTablesC-29andC-30.TheDevilCanyonpoolwouldnOvmallybemaintainedatmaximumpoolelevationinordertodevelopmaximumheadandminimumflow.TheWatanastoragewouldbedraftedtomaintainflowrequirementsforbothprojectsand,therefore.theaverageannualWatanadrawdownwouldbeabout100feet.Powerintakestructureswouldbesituatedtolimitthemaximumdrawdownto35percentofthemaximumheadatWatanaand30percentatDevilCanyon.Theoperationstudyfortheselectedplanrevealedthatin11oftheyearsofthe25-yearstudyperiod,annualrunoffwasinsufficienttorefilltheWatanareservoir.FiveoftheyearshadrunoffvolumesinexcessofthecombinedcapacityofWatanareservoirstorageandturbinehydrauliccapacity,andhencespillsoccurred.Themagnitudeofthespillswassuchthattheoutletworkscouldaccommodateallflowwithouttheuseofthespillway.PlateC-11illustratestheseasona1regulationofDevilCanyonandtJatanathroughthe25-yearperiodofrecord.Graph12showsfrequencyofdrawdownbymonthforWatana.AslightlydifferentoperationwillbefollowedduringtheearlyyearswhenonlyWatanaisinoperation.ThiswillbenecessaryforflowcontrolattheDevilCanyondamsiteduringconstructionofthatproject.ItisnotanticipatedthatthemodifiedoperationswillalterthefirmenergyordependablecapacityofWatanaduringtheDevilCanyonconstruc-tion.PlateC-10describesregulationoftheDevilCanyonprojectwithoutupstreamstorageoverthe25-yearperiodofrecord.DAILYPROJECTOPERATIONTheactualroleoftheDevilCanyonandWatanaprojectsinmeetingthesystemdailyloadwi11dependontheothertypesofgeneratingplantsintheRailbeltsystemandtheprevailingfuelcostsforfossilfuel-firedplants.Itwillalsodependontherelativemagnitudeoftheloadonanyqivenclayandtheamountofsecondaryenergy\'Jhichcouldbeqeneratedinadditiontofirm.Undersomeconditionsitcanbeexpectedthatbothplantswillbebaseloaded,withtheresultthatdischargefluctuationswillbeminimal.Inothersituations,DevilCanyonandWatanamaybereliedonfor"peaking,"thusfollowingthedailyfluc-tuationsinsystemload.Ifoperatedinthepeakingmode.fluctuationsindischargewilloccur.AppendixC-146 _ATANA MONTHLY STORAGE FREQUENCY FOR THE OEV1L CANYON AND WATANA SYSTEM ':::: "'II '"'"... 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MastofthetimeitcanbeexpectedthattheDevi1Canyon-Watana~ystemwillberequiredtogenerateacombinationofbaseloadand!H:akinqpower.Inthissituation,itisplannedtocarryasmuchofthepeakingloadaspossibleatWatanaandoperateDevilCanyonatnearbase10adgeneration.ThiswouldmimizefluctuationsintheopenriverbelowDevilCanyon.GraphsC-13andC-14illustratethistypeofoperation.Theportionoftheloadservedbyeachproject;sshownonGraphC-13,theresultingstreamflowispresentedonGraphC-14.Alsoincludedisthestage-dischargerelationshipfortheGoldCreekgage15milesdownstreamfromDevilCanyon.AlthoughtheriverwidthisdifferentfortheDevilCanyonandGoldCreekstations,thesteepchannelslopeatDevilCanyonshouldcompensatefortheGoldCreekwidthwhichwouldinturnmaketheGoldCreekstagefluctuationrepresentativeofDevilCanyon.However,duringperiodsofhighpowerdemandorwhenforcedthermaloutagesmakeothergeneratingresourcesunavailable,thefullpeakingcapabilityofbothDevilCanyonandWatanamayberequiredtomeetsystemload.Itisanticipatedthatthiswilloccurinfrequently.Themostextremeconditionwithbothprojectspeakingwouldoccurinwinter.However,underunusualcircumstances,highpeakingdemandscouldbeplacedonhothDevilCanyonandWatanaatothertimesoftheyear.GrdphsC-15andC-16illustrateapossibleoperationonahighloaddayinthewinterof1995.Althoughthedailyloadfactorofthesystemdemandis81percent,thehydrosystemhasbeenassignedtooperateundera62percentdailyloadfactor.Inordertomeetthedemand,butstillprovidesomeofthesystem1sreserverequirements,allthreeoftheWatanainstalledgeneratorswouldberequired,andthreeofthefourDevilCanyonunitswouldbeused.Theminimumgeneratorloadwasassumedtohe40percentofnameplatecapacity.Undertheseextremeconditions,thedailyfluctuationatGoldCreekwouldapproachthreefeet.IfthefullpeakingcapabilityatDevilCanyonwererequired,thefluctuationscouldapproachfourfeet.However,mostofthetimethedailyfluc-tuationswouldnotexceedtwofeet.Duringthe1atterpartofsummerwhenbothDevi1CanyonandWatanareservoirsarefilled,bothofthereservoirswouldbereleasingconstantstreamflowamountsthatwouldmatchthenaturalstreamflowhydrographsforthetwolocations.Theriverstageforbothlocationswouldthenmatchthestagesthatwouldhaveoccurredundernaturalconditions.FUTUREGENERATINGUNITSANDREREGULATIONIfpowersystemdevelopmentintheRailbe1tareafollowsthesamecourseassystemselsewhere,largebaseloadthermalplantswilleventuallybebuilttohandleincreasingbase10adpowerdemands.HydrosystemssuchasDevilCanyonandWatanawouldthenmoveupintheloaddurationcurvetohandlepeakingdemandsalmostexclusively.However,inordertoprovidethepeakingcapacity,additionalgeneratingunitswouldberequired.AppendixC-150 INTEGRATEDRAILBELTSUMMERDAYPOWERCOMPOSITION12001000-~800~....zw~W0::::::>0w0:::0:::W:r;0a..I"'".I.II:'II,::!I,:;;::iI..l-1..-J',.•••••~-"'.--1__1.-i.~.....2 46A6r'.,.I'"lINTERIMREPORTSOUTHCENTRALRAILBELTAREA,ALAAAlASKADISTRleTCORPSOFENGINEERSJUNE1975.!I ITHERMALDECREMENT,.I.j10122 46P610I:TIME(HRS)AppendixGRAPHC-1C-151 30POO24,000.IT··IDISCHARGE-CFS6,00012,000lepoo122I81~I~_;U)r"''.....~-,.p#I~wI(.!)(;~<{:r:uen02468101214161820 2224Appendix1TlE(HRS)C;I<APHC-14(-IS? INTEGRATEDRAILBELTPEAKDAYPOWERCOMPOSITIONo2THERMALDECREMENT1.~,.J .I~i-.~.•,",.,.J......;6A810122P12:-.i.rj..,:I',,':[.Ii:!..J~•I:ij1Ii!10864,'.IINTERIMREPORTSOUTHCENTRAlRAILBELTAREA.ALASKAAlASKADISTRICTCORPSOFENGINEERSJUNE1975l'I':'Iii''I'25002300t-Z1900W:=Ewa::awa::1700a::w3:-0a..TIME(HRS)AppendixJGRAPHC-l~C-153 DAIDISCHARGE-C.F.S.2436.00022120.!.-....\,IIIII30.000181624.0001·1'""IWATANADISCHARGESTAGEHYDROGRAPH14INHRIMREPORTSOUTHCENTRALRAILBELTAREA.ALASKAALASKADISTRICTCORPSOFENGINEERSJUNE197~I12I·18,000,1i!,:.II1--------------------~---------I.,II!1l'"l'•....•,,..,.I'DEVILCANYONDISCHARGESTAGEHYDROGRAPH10864bPOO2()1412w(!)~(/)~wwa:::uo_Jo(!)4AppendixIGHAPII(>16C-154TIME(HRS) IfnoproVlslonsaremadeforfutureunitsatDevilCanyonandWatana,thecostofinstallingthematalaterdatewouldbeveryhighbecauseoftheundergroundpowerhouseconstructionandadditionaltunnelrequirements.However,minimumfacilitiescouldbeincludedintheinitialconstructionphaseatrelativelylowcost.Undertheexistingplanofdevelopment,itistechnicallyfeasibletoincludeatleasttwoadditionalunitsateachplant,thusloweringtheannualhydroloadfactorto32percent.Moredetailedstudiesoffuturesystemrequirementsmayultimatelyshowthatevenmoreunitswouldbeneeded.Therefore,althoughthepresentplandoesnotmakeprovisionsforskeletonbays,theirinclusionduringinitialconstructionshouldbecarefullyconsideredunderGDMPhaseOneshouldtheprojectbeauthorized.Inaddition,considerationshouldalsobegiventoalteringthenumberofunitsineachproject.ItmayprovedesirabletoutilizetheDevilCanyonunitsstrictlyforbaseloadpower,andtheWatanaunitsforallpeakingpower.ThisoperationwouldrequireanincreaseinunitsintheWatanapowerplant,andadecreaseinnumberofunitsintheDevilCanyonpowerplant.DevilCanyonwouldthenprovidereregulationforWatanapeakingoperations.However,ifadditionalunitsareinstalledatDevilCanyonareregulatingdamdownstreamtominimi~etheimpactoftheincreasedflowfluctuationsresultingfrompeakingoperationsmayberequired.Thecostofthereregulatingdamcouldbepartiallydefrayedbyat-sitepowergenerationofbaseloadelectricity.Whilenodetailedsiteselectionstudieshavebeenmadeforareregulatingdam,suitablesitesappeartobeavailableasapossiblefutureelementoftheselectedplan.ECONOMICANALYSISCosts:ThedetailedconstructioncostsforthetwoprojectsandconnectingtransmissionsystemsarepresentedinSectionBofthisAppendix.Alsoshownistheconstructiontimetableandtheestimatedconstructioncoststobeexpendedduringeachyearoftheconstructionperiod.Itisantici-patedthatconstructionwouldbeginin1980,Watanawouldbecompletedin1986,andDevilCanyonwouldbefinishedby1990.ThetotalestimatedfirstcostoftheDevilCanyonandWatanaprojectsandtransmissionsystemis$1,520,000,000basedonJanuary1975pricelevels.InterestDuringConstruction(IDC)computationswerebasedoneachyear'sestimatedexpenditure.Simpleinterestwascalculatedat6-1/8percentforeachoftheannualexpenditures.ExpenditureandIDCaccruingbeyondthe1986POLdateoftheWatanaprojectwerepresent-worthedbackto1986.Theresultantinvestmentcostwasthenamortizedover100yearsat6-1/8percenttogivetheannualinterestandamortizationcost.TheIDC,investmentandannua:intere~tandamortizationcostcomputationsaresummarizedonTableC-31..AppendixIC-155 Lv..- ):. SElECED P'LA~wATA~PHASE SEU::C::D PlA~,DE\'H CA!iYON PHASE ~ AnnWll Construction Cost (S 1,000) Acc\.lIl1l:lulated Cons true t ion Cost ($1,000) Interest During Construction ($1,000) AnnWll Construction Cost ($1,000) Acctmllllu111ted Construction Cost ($1,000) Interest During Construction ($1,000) Percent of Construcl COllts ('1.) 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 5,659 6,200 17,919 17,919 46,453 92,852 202,090 347,421 219,893 120,890 19,498 1,096,794 5,659 11,859 29,778 47,697 94,150 187,002 389,092 736,513 956,406 1,077,296 1,096,794 173 537 1,275 2,373 4,344 8,611 17,643 34,472 51,845 62,282 -1,125 182,430 1986 Present Worth 5,390 165 5,390 5,390 495 9,840 10,780 961 15,170 20,620 1,728 16,186 35,790 2,688 101,596 51,976 6.295 148,784 153,572 13,963 90,359 302,356 21,286 35,531 392,715 25,142 6,760 428,246 26,437 435,006 435,006 99,160 (304,501)(69,411) 0.4 0.4 1.2 1.2 3.0 6.1 13.5 23.0 15.0 8.9 2.3 6.7 9.7 5.9 2.3 0.4 100.0 Construction COSt (pw)2 Interest During Const.(PW) Investment Cost Average AnnWll Cost $1,096,794,000 182,430,000 $1,279,224,000 $78,544,000 Construction Cost (PW) Interest During Canst. Investment Cost Average Annual Cost $1,401,295,000 (PW)251,841,000 $1,653,136,000 $101,520,000 1.The 1987 expenditure is discounted one year to the POL date. 2."PW"in this and later tables ind icates that figure has been discounted to the October 1986 power-an-line date. AnnualOperations,Maintenance,andRepair(OM&R)costsestimatedbytheAlaskaPowerAdministration,SectionG.wereaddedtotheaverageannualinterestandamortizationcosttoobtainthetotalaverageannualcost.TheOM&Rbreakoutfortheselectedplanisshownontable37.ThetotalOM&Rannualcostis$2,500,000including$100,000forrecreationOM&R._~~ropowerBenefits:Thebasicprocedureforderivinghydropowerbenefits1nthescopinganalysiswasdiscussedinthesectiononSystemDevelopmentEvaluationunder"CreditforEnergyandCapacity".Thesamebasiccriteriawereusedinevaluationoftheselectedplan,butwithslightmodificationsasfollows:1.Firmenergyisfullyuseableupto75percentofthetotalAnchorageandFairbanksutilityload.2.Dependablecapacityisbythe50percentloadfactor.onaverageannualenergyratherabove-mentionedsection.basedonaverageannualenergydividedThereasonforbasingdependablecapacitythanfirmenergywaspresentedinthe3.CreditforDependableCapacityislimitedtotheannualvaluesestimatedbyFPC(Appendix2).4.Transmissionlosseswereestimatedat3.2percentforcapacityand0.7percentenergy.5.Watanaconstructiontimewasassumedtobesixyearsratherthanthe5yearsfollowedunderthescopinganalysis.6.Useablereservoirstrorageislimitedbyturbinedesignconsider-ationswhichlimitthemaximumpermissibleheaddrawdownto35percentofmaximumheadforWatanaunitsand30percentofmaximumheadforDevilCanyonUnits.Thishastheeffectofslightlydecreasingthefirmenergycapabilityoftheprojects.7.DependableCapacitymustbeavailableunderthesecondworstFebruarydrawdownintheperiodofstudy(seesubsectiononPowel~Capa-bilitiesunderSelectedPlan).Theestimatedannualconstructioncostsforthetwosingleprojectsandforthecombinationofprojectsaresummarizedbelow.Tota1AverageAnnualCostsInterestandAnnualTotalAvg.DevelopmentAmort.CostsOM&RAnnualCost($1000)($1000)($1000)i4atana1178,5441,30079,844DevilCanyon22,9761,20024,176i'JatanaplusDevi1Canyon101,5202,500104,020IT·~iriCTU(re-s·-to-t~l-transmissioncostandthemajorityofroadvJOrksandsupportingfacilities.I\ppendix IC-157 BenefitsandAlternativeCosts:ThebenefitsfortheUpperSusitnaf<rver"Pr'ojectarepredominantlyderivedfromhydroelectricpowergenerationwithlesserbenefitscreditedtoAreaRedevelopment.TransmissionIntertie,Recreation.andFloodControl.floodcontrol,recreation.andarearedevelopmentbenefitswerediscussedearlierinthissection,butpowerbenefitsdevelopedinthescopinganalysiswererefinedtomoreaccuratelyreflecttheactualuseabilityoftheprojectpowerduringearlyyears,beforethesystemisabletoabsorbthefulloutputoftheprojects.8ecausethelasttwocriteriaarerelatedtopowergeneratingcapabilityoftheprojects,anewreservoirregulationstudywasperformedtoreflecttheseadditionalconstraints,andthepowerbenefitsarebasedontheenergyoutputshownbythatstudy.TahleC-32showsthecreditableenergyandcapacityclaimedyearbyyearforthetwoprojectsinaccordancewithcriteriaoutlinedabove.GraphC17alsoshowshowthepowerisassimilatedintotherailbeltareaenergyandcapacityloadsasestimatedbybothFPCandAPA.Powerbenefitsarebasedonthecompositeat-marketenergyandcapacityvaluesdiscussedearlierinthissection.Thesepowervaluesarebasedonnon-Federalfinancinganda51.8percentplantfactor.Incomputingthebenefits,itwasassumedthatWatana,thefirstprojectconstructed.wouldhavea100-yearlife.TableC-33showsthecomputationofpowerbenefitsbasedonthecreditableenergyandcapacityvaluesderiv~~dinTableC-32.andasummaryoftheaverageannualpowerbenefitsfortheselectedplanisasfollows:CapacityGenefit($1,000)FirmEnergyGenefit($1.000)SecondaryEnergyBenefit($1,000)TotalPowerBenefits($1,000)Watana$58,65917,9112,220$78,790WatanaPlusDevilCanyon$101,38030,9032,915$135,198Total13enefits:TotaltangibleprojectandsystembenefitsfortheS-ti"sTfnat]ydro---developmentarethesumofaverageannualbenefitsaccruedfrompower,recreation,floodcontrol,arearedevelopment,andthetransmissionintertie.ThefollowingtablesummarizestheestimatedbenefitsfortheWatanaprojectandfortheselectedplan.AppendixC-ISH x -10M-1-Yf:A1'l ItHE~""REPORT SOIJTHCENTRAl 'RAILBELT AREA.A\.l.SKA ALASKA Il1STRICT COftPS OF ENGINEERS JUNE 1975 HYDROPOWER ENERGY AND CAPACITY GROWTH ASSUMPTIONS AS DERIVED BY FPC a APA WATANA FIRST ADDED ••-._.•-t- -11174:IOOll1-'""Yf:A1'l"'"1M<> ~ 1 ~,~o ii~~~~:±±t=:ttJG=l=~;+;FEr--j=ji~ftttt=tt~24=~~ "... I :J)> :0"0n:1>"0 I -0 r.>-'::c:::s 1:'.U1 1.0 n .... I -' """-I ..... x ..... ,~.,; "'1 :: IJrt!CIiATED UILBEl..T LTItrTY ~_·\!'::-L'1'WITH StlSUNA If'{DRO £L ECTIU C !Q!!m!1986 .!ill ~1989 .!2.22 ill.!~.!lli lill. 1-!at.Capacity Require~ent (~tility)APA 1120 1210 1300 1380 1480 1570 1670 1770 1880 2000 2110 22202.Incremental Hydro Load ~!arket FPC ..117 213 328 (,49 575 765 932 1110 1280 1450 1 6 4 0 1 7 3 0 l.Vatana Dependable Capacity COE ..264 528 767 167 767 7 6 7 767 767 767 767 767 7674.Useable Watana Dependable Capacity ~col 2 "111 213 328 449 575 765 767 767 767 767 767 7675.Devil Canyon Dependable Capacity COE .. 388 582 751 751 7 5 1 751 751 7516.Useable Devil Canyon Dependable Capacity 4+5;2 .. HiS 343 513 683 751 7517.Hydro System Dependable Capacity 3+5 "264 528 767 767 961 1155 1349 1518 1518 1518 1518 15188.Useable Hydro System Dependable Capacity 4+6 ..117 213 318 449 575 765 932·1110 1280 1450 1518 15189.Market Area Capacity Deficit 2-8 II 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 122 21210.Est.Energy Requirement (Utility)APA lO\wh 4910 5280 5650 6050 6480 6900 7300 .7750 8200 8700 9250 960011.Maximum Useable Hydro Energy APA ..3450 3690 3 9 5 5 4235 4540 4860 5150 5470 5800 6150 6510 700012.Existing Thermal 10-21 II 2905 1825 2195 2595 1940 2040 2150 2280 2400 2550 2740 275813.Watana Prime Energy COE ..2005 3058 3058 3 0 5 8 3058 3058 3058 3 0 5 8 3058 3058 3 0 5 8 305814.Watana Secondary Energy COE ..397 397 397 397 397 397 397 397 39.7 39715.Devil Canyon Prime Energy COE ..2999 2999 2999 2999 2999 2999 2999 299916.Devil Canyon Secondary Energy COE ".386 386 386 386 3 8 6 3 8 6 38617.Hydro System Prime Energy 13+15 ..2005 3058 3058 3058 6057 6057 6057 6057 6057 6057 6057 6057ilLHydroSystemSecondaryEnergy14+16 ..397 397 391 785 7 8 5 785 7 8 5 785 7 8 5 7 8 5 19.Useable Hydro System Prime Energy 17~1l ..2005 3058 3058 3058 4540 4860 5150 5470 5 8 0 0 6057 6057 6 0 5 7 20.Useable Hydro System Secondary Energy 18 's1l-17 "397 397 397 93 453 785:!l.Total Useable Hydro 19+20 "2005 3455 3455 3455 4540 4860 5150 5470 5 8 0 0 6150 6510 684222.Market Firm Energy Deficit 10-12-21 ..0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0-- COE -Corps of Engineers APA -Alaska Power Administration FPC -Federal Power Commission Selected Plan Power Benefit Calculations wAT.~.-;>;>"n .~0 n~VI~c.~YnN AVFRA~~AN~}AI.~APACITY :J"U:'.~"iT v-{"seNT ".",~er.·".e o~p.:<;F.NT ;:.f Q~MA-{<tT~"I'1I.;:v~eS~NT 5 ~nNn.",y i")I''''''' IoInQTo.;"."'~FT."".F wnRTH ,j':CIDIC r rv "I-{'"wn«'-",~Iq ..j;:'\i;'::{I~Y St=::llNnA-.tY "W{T4 SF':N':t«(;¥':,\~hCI Tv TnrA'. V~fiQ ~...rn<{..1"1 ..1 IV r;."'.~1 TV ~FN"FrrS ':NJ.:Q(;¥E"fF~',Y f\~N':'H Ts t:"IF-{r,v ;::1\lJ=KhY IIF ':"1 Ts "":"''''::ITS I\':'N~':I IS------------------------------------------------------------------------ -------------------------------- (MW)("W)1\10001 ("\'<'1'l I ,1M'4Y{)(\11)1)11 1"'loIn)("wv-{)(\1 loi)(~IOJO)(~IOJ,)) l.Q~/-.{\.Q/.?,117.(\1 II).;>'1'114.>;"Q.1l 'b.il 113M.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.')~12lf.',4Q7 n.~fl7'1 ?!'l.1l Ifl'l.1.171l1l7.fl "14Q.1)3I)Q.Q 1'>~j 1.',4>;.n 40.0 2)'1;>.'1 U.')~~:;3~.~ I,GAR ".R3A7 3?fl.(\;>74.4 ".A7",Q ?>4'1.n ?Q;>.n 1'>;><'>4.1,45.0 '7.1,1<'>72.1 0.0 41,!4>;./-. I.'1fl'l n.7R"4 444.()3~4.'1 31Si'l3.3 i4Q.,'71".1 14411.'1 45.0 "I'>.'>1'l~>\."1 0.)MiI,H.4 I.qqq f"I.7 t.')Q S7'>.(\4'7.,'1 R:I ..1 ~.~I)1 ~..(l 3H!...M '01 ~f .,fl.O 0.0 ;1.0 o.a <;"~""l.il '."I'll 0.71l1)'1 7A~.n S'I'>.>;l..R 1,7.')-;.;S.,)"IRq.>;?·),I..I.)•.,1.1 .).1)1.')0.""Ii';,!'>.7 "'!Q?n.AS'I"93'."I,14.7 5'>'Si3.q .,B'l.f);Q I.H "3h.;;:fl"l a.o ,).,)O.J 7'>~<'>"I.l '.9"1"1 n./-./I';1110.n '>~'I.'I /-.'114'.3 6,4.0 'lH7.H ;>"3\4.7 0.0 '1.0 0.0 0.')H2''>7.0 I 4ql..'1.':>1<57 1?"o.n 74q.~,,74\S.\6";>.'),"7.7 ;>13'lq.'1.11.0 ').I)'J.J 0.:1 q7723.1 I.Qq.,fI.SSI4 I t.')O.f)flnfl.,71 '1A 1.1 A91.n 3"1.3 199/4.'\1.0 h.l ,1".0 0.0 922~,.2 '.QqA fl.S,lln \5111."71l9.4 7'1QSi7.9 691.1)359.3 1'l'P\.4 52.0 27.0 \416.4 0.0 91220;.1> 497A9A.IQ74Sifl.7AS8.O.702A'n. '''1'17 ?IlSi"".447;>15t'l. P~FS~~T wnQ,TH IlE~EFITS 121l;>3.1 I S3'\S'>. )I,SOIl5n. "9\.S1l37.31)5742. 503221. 90.760.391l22. 47479. O.1498717. O.2201S',9. CRF=fl.nl,\4 hV I~~IlEN":F1TS 11)1381l.30903.2915.O.13519'>. -I)::> )::>-0nco-o 1,(1) ~f"115. -t n ...J. IX Ww_ CAPACITY VI~UE = ":"'ERt;v v h'.oE SEem,mARY VA'.IIE= r"'TE~EST IUH R'I.9'999 S'.37'199 5,.37999 fl.fl6125 Tota1Power·IloodControlHl'Cn'iltionAredHedevelopmentlranslIlissionIntertieTOTAtAnnua1BenefitsWatanamooO)$78,790501006,709$85,649vJatanaplus9n~-60~)nyon$135,198503009,3732,900$147,82T"y~,telil,Justification:Thebenefits-to-costratio,netbenefits,andincrellientalncreaseinnetbenefitsfromthelastprojectareasfollows:?.tstemJusficationAnnualCost($1000)AnnualBenefits($1000)NetBenefits($1000)filLHiltioI~atana$79,84485,6495,8051.1WatanaplusDevilCanyon$104,020147,82143,8011.4DevilCanyonLastAdded$24,17662,17237,9962.5Theaboveanalysissh()\'/~)thefollowing:1.fheWatana-DevilCanyonsystemiseconomicallyfeasible.2.TheWatanaprojectiseconomicallyfeasiblebyitself.3DevilCanyonisincrementallyjustifiedonalastaddedbasis.COlllpardlJility.Tc.-:>.1::PY'inciplesandStandardsrequirethataproposedproject<llsobejustifiablewhenbenefitsandcostsarecomputedonalullycOlllparablebasi',intermsoffinancing,taxes,etc.Powerbenefitsv/ererecolllputedfortheselectedplanofdevelopmentusingthermalplantaltemativecostsbasedonFederalfinancingat6-1/8percentinIieuo~thenon-Federalpowervalues.Derivationofthealternativeco,;tSt~n'discussedearlierinthissection,under"PowerValuesandA1tPrrJ.<rlivpCosts".Usinqthealternativecosts,theaverageannualpower~f>enefitsfortheselectedplanare$124,331,000.Thecostsandnon-powerbenefits,whicharealreadybasedonfinancingcomparableto(W,t,;',Y'ernainunchanged.Thetotalbenefits,costs,andjustificationrrltio::(ortheselectedplanareasfollows:I\veY'dCjpAnnualBenefits($1000)I\vpraCjeAnnualCosts($1000)·Ju~LificationRatio/"PJ)(·!t.tJjx,~('I(i?$136,954104,0201.3 ~~~?itiyityTests:ThefollowingsensitivitytestsareincludedtodemonstratetherelativeeffectthatdifferentassumptionscouldhaveonthefinaleconomicoutcomeoftheSelectedPlan.Eachofthetestswasconductedunderthesamecriteriaoutlinedearlierinthissubsection,butwiththespecificchangescitedbelow.Noneofthetestswerecom-bined.Gas-FiredPowerValues:FPCprovidedtwosetsofpowervaluesfortheAnchorageloadcenter:onesetbasedonacoal-firedsteamplantandonesetbasedonagas-firedcombinedcycleplant.BycombiningbothsetsofvalueswiththeFairbankscoalpowervalue,theresultingnon-FederalpowervaluesareaspresentedundertheSystemDevelopmentEvaluationSubsection.Ithasbeendemonstratedearlierthatthecoal-firedpowervaluesaremostrepresentativeofthefuturealternativepowersourceintheabsenceofhydrodevelopment.Forthesakeofcomparison.however.theselectedplanwasreanalyzedusingthegaspowervaluesfortheAnchoragearea.Theaverageannualpowerbenefitwasestimatedtobe$106,231,000.Bycombiningthisbenefitwiththoseoffloodcontrol,arearedevelopment.intertieandrecreation,thetotalProjectBenefitsamountto$118,854.000.Whencomparedtothe$104.020.000AverageAnnualProjectcosts.thebenefits-to-costratiobecomes1.13.Low-loadGrowthAssumption:TheselectedplaneconomicanalysiswasbasedonAlaskaPowerAdministration's"mid-range"estimateofloadgrowthfortherailbeltarea.Thisisconsideredtobeareasonableestimateofwhatmightoccur,basedonpresentknowledge.However,inresponsetotheconcernthatthepresentuseofenergyisexcessive.andthatmeasuresmustandwillbetakentoimproveefficiencyofuseandtherebyreduceloadgrowth.itwasconsideredappropriatetoevaluatethefeasibilityoftheprojectusingAPA'slowerrateofloadgrowth.However.regardlessofwhatmeasuresareimposedandhowsuccessfultheyare.somegenerationwillberequired.ItwasassumedthatWatanawouldcomeon-linein1986.butthatDevilCanyonwouldnotberequireduntil1992.Usingthecoal-firedpowervaluesandthesameproceduresasoutlinedearlier,butusingrevisedcostsbasedondelayofDevilCanyonandrevisedbenefitsbasedonthelongerperiodrequiredforthesystemtofullyabsorbthepowerfromtheprojects,thetotalannualbenefitsdropto$134,283.000.andtheaverageannualcostschangeto$100.595.000givingabenefit-to-costratioof1.30.Anevenlowerloadgrowthratecouldfurtherreducethenetbenefits,buttheprojectwouldremainfeasible.APA.fapacj~t.YAssumptions:AlaskaPowerAdministrationintheirmarketablityanalysisdeterminedthatamuchgreatershareoftheSelectedPlancapacitycouldbeabsorbedduringtheearlyyearsofoperation.Afterreviewingexistingandprojectedrailbeltcapacity.itwasdeterminedthatby1985someoftheoldersteam-firedplantswouldbeatorneartheendoftheirusefullifeandwouldtherefore.bereplacedbySusitnahydro.Furthermore.itwasassumedthatbecausefuelcostswouldcontinuetogrowdisproportionatelyhigh(atleasttwoAppendixIC-163 tothn'ptimesthatestimatedbyFPCbasedon1975prices),thatitwouldbedesirabletoplacemuchofthegasturbineequipmentincoldreserveexceptforlimitedoperationinthepeaksharingmode.Thisisalsoverytrueforoil-firedequipment.Undertheseassumptions,itis<1';sllIlledthatfirmdemandforSusitnahydrowoulddevelopveryrapidlyinthf."!earlyyears.ItwasthereforeconcludedbyAPAthatasmuchas75percentoftheRanbeltutilityloadcouldbedisplacedbySusitnahydroGicity.ThispositionissupportedbytheCorps.butitwasdecidedtousethelesscontroversialcapacityassumptiondevelopedbyFPC.Forthepurposeofcomparison,powerbenefitswerecomputedusingI\PA's';omcwhathigherestimatesofwhatquantityofcapacitycouldbeabsorbedintothesystemduringtheearlyyears(seeSectionG).Usingtheseestimates,thepowerbenefitbecomes$146,147,000.Bycombiningthepowerbenefitwiththoseoffloodcontrol.recreationandarearedevelopment,andcomparingagainthebenefitstocosts,thebenefits-to-costratiobecomes1.51.Thisvaluewouldincreaseifevenmoreulpacitywereclaimedintheearlyyears.VariousInterestRates:InterestratesforCivilWorksProjectsarce~tablishedbyCongresiannually.Furthermore,theinterestrateisappliednotonlytoprojectcosts,butalsotoprojectbenefits.Itispossiblethatiftheprojectisauthorized,thatpost-authorizationecononlicanalysiswillbeconductedusingadifferentinterestratethanthe6-1/8percentusedinthisreport.Itisnotpossibletofullyassesstheimpactthatvariousinterestrateswouldhaveontheprojectunlessnewpowervaluesbasedonthedifferentinterestrateswerederived.However,inordertodeterminetherelativeeffectthatinterestratescouldhaveontheproject,twoseparateanalysesweremadeusinginterestratesof5percentandIJpercent.Underthe5percentinterestrate,costswentdown,andbenefitswentup.Thetrendwasreversedforthe8percentinterestrate.butunderbothsituations,benefitsexceededcosts.Ifnewpowervalueshadbeenderivedbasedonthedifferentinterestratesthe5percentinterestratewouldhaveresultedinadecreasedbenefit,andtheIIpercentratewouldhaveshownanincreasedbenefit.Underthechan~edpowervaluesitisanticipatedthattheprojectwouldstillremainfavorable.Interestratechangeshaveshownonlya1/4percentrnaxirntlll1increasefromoneyeartothenextand,therefore,itisnotanticipatedthatfutureratechangeswillhaveasignificanteffectontheprojecteconomics."Appendix"C-164 COSTALLOCATIONPrQiec.tCosts:TheestimatEldconstructioncostoftheselectedplanisff,520,000,000,whichincludes$572,000innon-Federalrecreationalcosts.The$11,800,000valueofpublicdomaintransferredwithoutcostaddedtotheconstructioncostgivesatotalprojectcostof$1,531,800,000.Theprojectcosts,alongwithappropriateinterestchargesandoperation,IMintenance,andreplacementcosts,aretobeallocatedtothethreeprojectpurposesofpower,recreation,andfloodcontrol.Thespecificpowerfeaturesoftheplanconsistofthepower-houses.switchyards,transmissionline,powerintakes(exclusiveofthemultilevelselectionfacilityfordownstreamwatertemperaturecontrol),andaccompanyingconstructionfacilities.Thespecificrecreationalfeaturesarecomprisedoflandsandfacilitiesforthefiverecreationalsites.Therearenospecificfloodcontrolfeatures,andallothercostsareconsideredjointcosts,asitemizedinTablesC-34andC-35andsummarizedbelow.SpecificpowerfeaturesSpecificrecreationalfeaturesSpecificfloodcontrolfeaturesJointfeaturesProjectCost$674,189,0001,051.000°856,560,000$1,531,800,000Interestduringconstructioniscomputedassimpleinterestonprojectcostsfromtheestimateddateofexpendituretotheappropriatepower-on-linedate.Interestduringconstructionisestimatedseparatelyforspecificfeaturecosts.TheconstructioncostsandinterestduringconstructionfortheseconddamarediscountedtotheWatanapower-on-linedateofOctober1986.ThesecalculationsareshowninTablesC-31andC-36.Theinvestmentcosttobeallocatedistheconstructioncostplusinterestduringconstruction.bothdiscountedtothe1986power-on-linedate.Constructioncost(PresentWorth)Interestduringconstruction(PW)Investmentcost$1,401,295,000251,841,000$1,653,136,000AppendixIC-165 '.~r.{_•••i r .COSTS-;:; ~, ~,, '"""~~; .:..-.- .;::,. tUr-2 Specific S ific S ific reation F Control int Use tal 01 LANDS AND DA"lAGES 1/ Reservoir,Site,-Roads Recreation Transmission line 4,257 03 RESERVOIR 04 DAn Dam Power Intake 2/61 ,649 07 POWERPLANT -411,603 08 ROADS AND BRIDGES 14 RECREATION FACILITIES 19 BUILDINGS,GROUNDS,AND UTILITIES 20 PERf'lANENT OPERATING EQUIPMENT 30 ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 31 SUPERVISION AND ADMINISTRATION 50 CONSTRUCTION FACILITIES 27,635 CONSTRUCTION COST 505,144 47 39 86 o 20,882 9,180 296,381 61 ,649 48,875 3,565 1,800 39,638 49,498 60,096 591,564 20,882 47 4,257 9,180 296,381 123,298 411 ,603 48,875 39 3,565 1,800 39,638 49,498 87,731 1,096,794 1/Included is the value of lands transferred without cost.Figures differ from detailed cost estimate -due to inclusion of appropriate share of contingency and administrative costs. 2/One-half the cost of the intake is estimated to be the direct result of the multilevel nature of -the intake. )::> -fO :Js:lJU I O·ro .....--':::::l:»roO- -...J .....nx I WI-I (}1 SUMMARY OF CONSTRUCTION COSTS--DEV IL CANYON ($1 ,000) Specific Specific SpecificFeaturePowerRecreationFloodControl Joint Use Total Federa 1 Costs 01 LANDS AND DA~1AGES Jj Reservoir,Site 3,993 3,993Recreation45345303RESERVOIR3,456 3,45604DAM Dam .164,660 164,660PowerIntake?J 21,068 21 ,068 42,13607POWERPLANT144,424 144,42408ROADSANDBRIDGES8,528 8,52814RECREATIONFACILITIES51251219BUILDINGS,GROUNDS,AND UTILITIES 2,519 2,51920PERMANENTOPERATINGEQUIPMENT1,800 1 ,80030ENGINEERINGANDDESIGN26,962 26,96231SUPERVISIONANDADMINISTRATION19,259 19,25950CONSTRUCTIONFACILITIES3,553 12,747 16,300CONSTRUCTIONCOST169,045 965 0 264,996 435,006 (PRESENT WORTH)(118,330)(761)(0)(185,410)(304,501) l!--rncluoE:d-ls-thE!value of l a n d s transferred without cost.Figures differ from detailed cost estimateduetoinclusionofappropriateshareofcontingencyandadministrativecosts. 2/One-half the cost of the intake is estimated to be the direct result of the multilevel nature of-the intake. SP IFIC 88,895 1 ,401 ,295 I 251 ,841 1 3 3.ITota1 Cost 3 3 4 17 ISpecific Power 623,47486 1981 1982,. 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 I Cons fruction;I nteres t ':":::::':~~'::':":"::~~:+::-:::.t:::::~~~'i-__r_IDC I Cost (PIA)I Cost P'fI 3,000 I 0 47 0 2,879 I 3,000 272 47 96,283 I 5,879 3,309 47 194,112 102,162 12,202 47 123,404 I 296,274 21,926 47 66,718 419,678 27,748 39 47 18,748 I 486,396 -1,082 lJ 505,144 64,467 n I -' -'. OX I ,:...,...,)l'-< Q) Devi 1 !canyon Specific Recreation 847 14 28 Specific Flood Control 0 28 28 Total Specific 624,321 28 44 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 (PvJ) 42,524 79,430 35,530 5,781 5,780 169 ;045 (118,330) o 42,524 121,954 157,484 163,265 1 ,302 5,038 8,558 9,823 10,177 34,898 24,428) Devil ICanyon 453 0 453 453 453 453 512 I 453 965" (761 ) T70 (134) Joint Use 776,974 847 o 89,046 162,795 CONSTRUCTION COST (PW)$623,474 ~ONSTRUCTION COST (PW) INTEREST COST (PW)88,895 INTEREST COST (PW) INVESTMENT COST $712,369 NVESTMENT COST 11 The 1987 expenaiture is di scounted"one year to the power-on-l i ne date. Theestimatedaverageannualoperationandmaintenancecostoverthe100-yearlifeoftheproposedplanis$1,928,000.ThebreakdowntospecificandjointusefacilitiesisshowninTableC-37andsummarizedasfollows:AnnualOperationandMaintenanceCostsSpecificpowerSpecificrecreationSpecificfloodcontrolJointuseTotal$1,117,00045,000o766,000$1,928,000Annualcostsforreplacementofmechanicalequipmentandotheritemswhichnormallyhaveausefullifelessthanthe100-yearprojectlifeareestimatedat$572,000.Replacementcostswereassignedtofeatures,asshowninTableC-37andsummarizedasfollows:AnnualReplacementCostsSpecificpowerSpecificrecreationSpecificfloodcontrolJointuseTotal$517,00055,000oo$5i2,000TableC-38summarizestheconstruction,investment,andaverageannualcostsfortheproposedplan.Averageannualcostsincludeestimatedannualoperationandmaintenancecosts,estimatedannualreplacementcosts,andinterestandamortizationontheprojectinvest-ment,computedataninterestrateof6-1/8 percentovera100-yearprojectlife.ProjectBenefits:ProjectbenefitshavebeendiscussedearlierinSectionCandaresummarizedasfollows:AverageAnnualBenefitsPowerRecreationFloodcontrolArearedevelopmentl!IntertieyTotal$135,198tOOO292,0003/50tOOO9,373,0002,900,000$147t813,OO(JIT-Notincludedincostallocation.2/Includedasapowerbenefitforpurposesofcostallocation."3/Whereasinpreviousdiscussionofrecreationbenefitsavalueof$300,000isused,forpurposesofcostallocationtheactualestimate of$292,000isused.AppendixIC-169 SUMMAI<YOFANNUALOPERATION,MAINTENANCE,ANDREPLACEMENTCOSTSl!SpecificPower(Powerplant.TransmissionLine.Switchyards.Marketing)OperationandMaintenance$1.117,000Replacement$517.000SpecificRecreationSpecificFloodControl,JointUse(OverallProjectSupervision.AdministrationandMaintenance)lota145,000o766,000$1,928,00055,000oo$572,000T/"r6-r--p-urposes--OTthis-study,O.M&RcostsaretreatedasifDevil-Canyonprojectwentonlinein1986.AppendixIlable(-37C-170 SUf+lARY OF COSTS AND CHARGES ($1.000) SpecHic Specific Specific Cost Category Power Recreation Flood Control Joint Use Total Cost Project Cost (Present Worth -1986) Watana . Devi 1 Canyon Interest During Construction (PW) Watana Devil Canyon Total Investment Cost Project First Cost Wa tana Devil Canyon Interest During Construction Watana Devil Canyon Annua 1 Cha rges Interest and Amortization 1/ Operation and Maintenance - Replacement Total Annual Cost ~-~ased (In-total investment cost. J;::> -t "'Cl nQJ"'Cl I c:r (I) f-'--'::::l '-J (I)0- f-'-l. w><co ...... $674.189 (505.144) (169.045) $99.365 (64,467) (34,898) $43.747 1.117 517 $45.381 $847 (86) (761 ) $151 (17) (134 ) f998 $1,051 (86) (965) $187 (17) (170) $61 45 55 fI6T o o o o o oooo $856,560 (591 ,564) (264,996) $182,038 (117.946 ) (64.092) $57.712 766o "$--58--;4113 $1.401.295 (1.096.7-94 ) (304.50l) $251.841 (182.430) (69.4111 $1.653.136 $1.531.800 (1,096,794) (435.006) $281.590 (182.430) (99.160) $101 .520 1 ,928 572 $104.0-l0 Alternative~rojects:Theleast-costsingle-purposealternativepowerp'roJe·cT-w·oUlbe-therecommendedplanwithoutanyfacilitiesforrecrea-tion.Suchaprojectwouldcost$103,859,000annually.Forrecreation,theleast-cost~lternativewouldbeapublicrect'eationdlplanwhichcouldproduceanequivalenttypeandamountofn~creationalopportunityinthesamegenerallocation.Exactcostestimateshavenotbeendevelopedforsuchaplansincesimplyprovidinggroundaccesswouldnecessitatecostswellinexcessoftherecreationalbenefit.Theleastcostalternativefloodcontrolprojecttoachieveanequivalentamountoffloodprotectionwouldrequireapproximately7.5milesofbankrevetmentworkalongtheriverdownstreamfromthedamandadjacenttotheendangeredrailroadbedat$633,500permileforanalternativecostof$4,750,000,or$292,000annually.AllocationofCosts:AllocationMethod:TheAlternativeJustifiableExpenditure(AJE)metho<fha'sbeenusedhereintoallocateplancosts.ThismethodservestiSareasonableapproximationofthenormallypreferredSeparableCosts-RemainingBenefits(SCRB)methodandisallowablewhennecessarybasicdatatodetermineseparablecostsarenotavailable.Inthisinstance,theseparablecostsofpowerarenotreadilyidentifiable.Thecostsofdf'velopingaplanwithoutpowerwhichwouldprovidethesamerecreationalandfloodcontroloutputasthemultipurposeprojecthasnotbeenesti-1ll,1t.ed.Firstappraisalsindicateanat-sitedamandreservoirprojectwouldbesocostlycomparedtobenefitsastoprecludeitsbeingconsidered.Laterstageformulationwilladdressotherpossiblewaysofprovidingtherecreationalandfloodcontroloutputwithmorereasonableinvest-ments.Meanwhile.theAJEmethodhasbeenusedfollowingthesameqeneralproceduresandprinciplesastheSCRBmethod.Theseprinciples"reasfollows:(1)Costsallocatedtoanypurposeshouldnotexceedthecorres-pondingbenefitorleastcostlyalternativemethodofobtainingthebenefit.(~)Eachpurposemustcarryatleastitsseparable(specificinthiscase)cost.(1)Theremainingorjointcostsaredistributedinsuchamannerthateachpurposesharesproportionatelyinthesavingsresultingfromthemultipurposeplan.Appendix(-172 AllocationResults:ResultsoftheallocationarederivedinTableC-39andaresummarizedbelow:PercentofJoint-UseCostsPUrj202,ePowerRecreationFloodcontrol99.690.220.09AppendixIC-173 > i';:"'~J j~T I AL,R',A-"iE ,~ (\ ;,..,'os s ,S 1 ,000:: FrABLE EYPEIDITURE 45,542 58,659 58,478 104,020 138,J4C 2/ 7DU 1 50 o 50 (0.085:n 50 50 50 292 Flood Control 292 3/ 292 161 131 0.223:~) 130 291 Recreation 138,098 1/ 103,859 - 103,859 45,381 58,478 (99.692'n 58,298 103,679 :Cower c. d. e. +: I. I ter~ 1.ALLOCATION OF ANNUAL COSTS: a.Benefits b.Least Cost S'ngle Purpose Alternative Cost Benefits Limited by Alternative CostSpecificCosts Remaining Benefits Percent Remaining Benefits g.Allocated Joint Costs h.Total Allocation n >< I W -...c ~;;;:g ::::;-;"';)--",,-'" ~::;;:;... ..::::. 2.ALLOCATION OF ANNUAL OPERATION AND r~INTENANCE:a.Specific Costs 1,117b.Allocated Joint Costs 763c.Total O&M Allocation 1,880 45 2 47 o 1 1 1 ,T62 766 1 ,928 3.ALLOCATION OF ANNUAL REPLACEMENT COSTS: a.Specific Costs 517 55 o 572 4.ALLOCATION OF CAPITAL INVESTMENT: a.Annual Investment Costs b.Percent Annual Investment c.Allocated Investment 101,282 (99.76%) 1,649,259 189 (0.19%) 3,079 49 (0.05%) 798 101,520 1 ,653,136 )::> -1'"0ns:;lI '"0 I u (f) 1-'......~ -....I (f)0- U1 .....nx I W I-l 1.0 ,...... ('") o ~..... ALLOCATION OF ANNUAL COSTS (Sl,OOO)(Continued) Item Power Recreation Flood Control Total 5.ALLOCATION OF PROJECT COSTS: a.Specific Investment 712,369 998 0 713,367 b.Investment,Joint Use 936,890 2,081 798 939,769 c.Interest during Construction,162,294 363 138 162,795 ~ Joint Use d.Project Cost,Joint Use (PW)774,596 1 ,718 660 776,974 e.Percent Project Cost,Joint Use (99 .69;~)(0.22%)(0.09%) f.Project Cost,Specific Facilities (PW)623,474 847 °754,826 g.Total Project Cost (PW)1,398,070 2,565 660 1,401,295 6.ALLOCATION OF CONSTRUCTION FIRST COSTS (w/o Public Domain Value): a.Specific Construction Costs 672,869 1,051 °673,920 (w/o Public Domain Value) b.Allocated Joint-Use Costs 51 843,457 1 ,861 762 846,080 c.Total Allocation of Construction 1,516,326 2,912 762 1 ,520,000 First Costs 7.ALLOCATION OF PUBLIC DOMAIN VALUE a.Specific Public Domain Costs 1,320 0 0 1,320 b.Allocated Joint-Use Public Domain 10,448 23 9 10,480 Costs 51 c.Total A1Tocation of Public Domain Value 11 ,768 23 9 11 ,800 8.ALLOCATION OF INTEREST DURING CONSTRUCTION: a.Specific Interest during Construction 99,365 187 °99,552 b.Allocated IDC,Joint Use ~181,474 400 164 182,038 c.Total Allocation of IDC 280,839 587 164 281,590 17 Includes $2,900,000 inter~ 2/Does not include $9,373,000 Area Redevelopment benefit. 31 No cost estimate available,but annual cost known to exceed the annual recreational benefit. 41 IDC allocated on basis of percent remaining benefits. ~Allocated on basis of percent project cost,joint use (5e). THESTUDYAREA-.\\.-\'1',0,"IH"u'-"r.).'1'..MAP\;iI" I\.ItI'TII"",,,"",I,oJ.",,Q\\'IoU'11I1l1tf("11"\'.\..~.\,11'\('II~CALEl:;I,()()O,(l(l(l,\I'I'IWXJ;\I.\TEI.YK(l:\11LES'.,,.':\,.-\'. ..:)~\r,:I,\\(,:/1__..'....--1-----_.........~\./"l'i,(u"lIIiV,.'hfl""'I1>/'fI,.1/)"\IIOlllJ.i••,Hi"••(~)..."',,"t..I,,.f\I~",.~",i....,.,\.n,I-";"""-ll. i;.l::(/).(';;:);::!",,.,.....,,,.>(10''''''11,',.....'~...4/".••""-~""l..."'''",.."I..'1"",1'.,.In....··".I•.lf.",v.~II'""""I I.II..,.....{,".,h~<;',,,'0"~l\~,..:"""V-I.1-....1""......•."t.I"t11'"•"00.' ,1~,•~l"t~~i·tJ~I,."''',.11.v"'."........,,.,.~.("Mldilletllni{,I,I,'().\/.1\:\APPENDIXIPLATE1,".~,"Ill!.",-'------r--..--_..-. 0'J.2"'~(.'J.Wn::Q):::>(/)f--W_JZ~oouJ\o--APPENDIXIPLATE2 "-+-.-------l-----'-;f-~~~/\zol?1i.J0:::m::J(f)IJ...ol.L..J::J<.9APPENDIXIPLATE3 zo<.::JW0:=CD::)(f)«z«z~i[>"¢'~~:r,."~r"~~\~.~.~-----~------APPENDIXIPLATE4 f/)f/)6etcO::Z:::letOf/):l:40081-~~I~200>-(!)(!)wO:::Ew"ZILwO0195019511974DEVILCANYONAVERAGEMONTHLYOUTPUTCRITICALPERIOO--lI--IILJl,~1,r-,r-~r-1,,r-11,r-h,~l~r,~"1,il,~II,~Ilr-"I~~I~~Lcr-~.r-l~L,r-rI~~r-01lJl1\\~\1~\LJ\1.,1~\\l~l\1l~l11LlIL~l~Ll~1LlIrlul~11l1uLLl,--M~~'6"~oS19R/TGE2008004006001200I-W~W1000::oetII.of/)CZetf/):::lo:l:'Iw(!)et0::ol-f/)o195019511952195319541955195619571958195919611962196319641965196619671968196919701971197219731974DEVILCANYONSTORAGECONTENTSOUTHCENTRALRAILBELTAREA,ALASKAINTERIMREPORTNO.IUPPERSUSITNARIVERBASINRESERVOIROPERATIONSANDENERGYOUTPUTFORDEVILCANYONSYSTEMALASKADISTRICT,CORPSOFENGINEERSAIICttClRMI!,AI.A8IlADECEMBER1975APPENDIXIPLATEC-IO t---CRITICALPERIOD900l.L0SECONOA7~~FIRMI,\FIRM:ig600~V\~J:~n~~I~§?I-NII~'00.J1nnn~n--rt:t...n.J1~n~n-,.<tV.~V~-~.~\J.~.~~-\j11I-I.~V~\i~~VlJLI.r'VP'V~"''''o::ww::Ozw019501951195219531954195519561957195819591960196119621963196419651966196719681969197019711972:19731974WATANA(2200')AVERAGE,MONTHLYOUTPUT12,000t--'CRITICALPERIOD• I10.000I-~JIt,~I\/r\rr\!r$f\I:\ri\ff\{1\rf\r1\r~r1\rr\(~[~rr\.rr\wwl.L8,000V\1\J\JlJ\JV1JlJVVLJ1JV\J$\J\)VVr~w1\r0::(c,1,<.><trl.L-06,000V\j\~\J\!enClien:::>4,000NTY0J:MINIMUMCONI-3;SOO,OOOAC.FT.Iw2.000'"<t0::0I-en019501951195219531954195519561951195819591960196119621963196419651966196119681969197019711972:19731974WATANA(2200')STORAGECONTENT600r---CRITICALPERIODIl.LSECQHD~7rRM,FIRM0enenCO::~5400~J:~~~pj1\'~~01-~/lrlr---r~l,A'lr~firLn.~Jl'l.,.~~~~~~~A~.JLruL~~J:I-'i~200,.<t~Uffi~zw01950195119521953195419551956195119581959196019611962196319641965196619671968196919701971191219731974-DEVILCANYONAVERAGEMONTHLYOUTPUT1200r--CRlTlCALPERIODI~I---~~~""-~~~~~....r-h~,.r--IL,,~'"~I'--~h-...~h..-.~~""'~h....F"100~t"-"f--....F-·f·I-wWl.LW8000::<.><tSOUTHCENTRALRAILBELTAREA,ALASKAl.L0600enINTERIMREPOftTNO.IcZ<ten:::>400UPPERSUSITNARIVERBASIN0J:l-IRESERVOIROPERATIONANDw'"200ENERGYOUTPUTFOR<tMINIMUMCO'TENTJ0::260,000ACFT.0WATANA(220d)ANDDEVILCANYONl-V>0SYSTEMS19501951195219531954195519561957195819591960196119£219631964196519661967196819691970197119721973DEVILCANYONSTORAGECONTENTALASKADISTRICT,CORPSOFENGINEERS~ALA8KADECEMBER1975APPENDIXIPLATEC-II ALASKADISTRICT,C0flP8OFENGINEEIUIUPPERSUSITNARIVERBASINPLAT~C-5DAMSITELOCATIONSANCHOIIAGE.ALASKADECEMBER1975APPENDI~SOUTHCENTRALRAILBELTAREA,ALASKAINTERIMREPORTNO.IZOMiles1510SCALE 1500 280260240220 ?-1lO00 ~'-1'() ~'\~';;--+---J 2500 S~ I '2000 20~ C EXPLANATION POTENTIAL POWER PLANTS POTENTIAL RESERVOIRS I I, :~,20 I TYONE RIVER !~'OO I I MACLAREN RIVER I I I I I I:J '"~«I I ~3000 b s ~:::::~2535 100 0 ~....>I =-=--2500 ...J (I) 10 -- PORTAGE CREEK :~~2000 zl LJ=-=~~::II""'"'I~L:::;2::::F==_~}o~200 ~I °1 1000 GOLD CREEK GAGE RIVER PROFILE SHOWING POTENTIAL RESERVOIRS AND HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANTS I I 1500ANS \ TuS,I !I 10 100 120 140 180 leo ALL DISTANCES SHOWN ARE IN MILES FROM THE MOUTH AT COOK INLET. ALL ELEVATION ARE IN FEET AND REFER TO MEAN SEA LEVEL DATUM.INTERI M REPORT SOUTHCENTRAL RAILBELT -0 ~AREA,ALASKA r -0 ~~ALASKA DISTRICT, m 8 CORPS OF ENGINEERS C"I><JUNE ...... EXPLANATION POTENTI AL RESERVOIRS POTENTIAL POWER PLANTS ~n zo>-z<o l&I l&I> V E R :J<Z l&Io 2535 I I I 12000 ..,.-o-~I I I I I I 11500~1450 _:::»200 220 240 260 280 RIVER PROFILE SHOWING POTENTIAL RESERVOIRS AND HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANTS uS I I 1 1 10 100 120 140 160 180 ALL DISTANCES SHOWN ARE IN MILES FROM THE MOUTH AT COOK INLET. ALL ELEVATION ARE IN FEET AND REFER TO MEAN SEA LEVEL DATUM.INTERI M REPORT SOUTHCENTRAL RAILBELT ;r;.U.~Of'12ec,{;A~p.1l0N Pr:20PO~,4.L)E ,ALASKA -0 v ALASKA 0 I STR ICT,s;:;:;:P:1f2M A~lIUAG ~tJB12bY:('.Z513llA..AOU itw i-{Our2f?CORPS OF ENGINEERS-lZ1"118 '--~Il.~- '-.J >< ....... EXPLANATION POTENTI AL RESERVOIRS POTENTIAL POWER PLANTS ~ C I I I 12000 RIVER PROFILE SHOWING V E R ::::; q eX :i ~I l-,0r:==-~2~5~3:=!5~:::::;::::2~~_2200---r-'T...........-=::=:t----f 2500 ____-__:.;;;----,I I=------.:::::--_- ---- -l-----+------j 500 I •~~I I I I I I 1 1500 i 1450 _:7'"200 220 240 260 280 ~::;:..o"""""-I 11000 ...J zo>- Z eX Q N SU,!I I 10 POTENTIAL 100 120 140 160 180 RESERVOIRS AND HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANTS ALL DISTANCES SHOWN ARE IN MILES FROM THE MOUTH AT COOK INLET. ALL ELEVATION ARE IN FEET AND REFER TO MEAN SEA LEVEL DATUM.INTERI M REPORT SOUTHCEN RAL RAILBELT AREA!LASKA _........--"'..."'__v_..."V""·~"'·'-·~iIIIIY·./J""""."_1'.-..-_....-......u~ALASKA DISTRICT,~?11Z'M A~JfJUAG B1.J~:01WOJJ ~W Wee,.CORPS OF ENGINEERS rri lv\Ay 1<:;75 00><• EXPLANATION POTENTIAL RESERVOIRS POTENTIAL POWER PLANTS ~n PLANTS I 1 1 12000 POTENTIAL RIVER PROFILE SHOWING V E R ::::i IlJ <l IlJ Z>IlJ I :~OO 'I 2535c=:::==-i I-~9--l =_-~I I I I ,I I 1500 -200 220 240 260 280 I I 1500 ll: IlJ <I) <l:.: RESERVOIRS ~I 11000 LT RIM RT TRAL RAI L 01 RICT, OF ENGINEERS M.AV 1~75 MIMilJI"llI' ALL DISTANCES SHOWN ARE IN MILES FROM THE MOUTH AT COOK INLET. ALL ELEVATION ARE IN FEET AND REFER TO MEAN SEA LEVEL DATUM. fllZM ArJ~UAL,~p~y:EtfL-~l(J1J lLw 4OU1Z0 "'0r :J:::> -l f11 ....... '-0 X ....... t/)t/)6et00:z~«0t/):I:40051-:1:1-1-«I~200>-<!l<!l1tJ0:::;;1tJ.ZLt..1tJ00195019511974DEVILCANYONAVERAGEMONTHLYOUTPUT200600800400CRITICALPERIOD-1f--I~J11,.r-11';-\..r-I,rl,..r-l,,,-l,cr-~,-r--~r-1,il,r-It,cr-~~hr-~I~L~l,.r-l,r-~.r-rl.r-h~h..,,Jl1l\\I\I~\LJ\111~1\lI1\~l1l~1LllLll\lI~rllr'1L1IlulI1l1'1L1l11l'--M~~~M~oS19RAGE.FT.1200I-ItJItJLt..ItJ10000:o«Lt..ot/)oZ«t/)~o:I:lItJ~0:ol-t/)o195019511952195319541955195619571958 195919611962196319641965196619671968196919701971197219731974DEVILCANYONSTORAGECONTENTSOUTHCENTRALRAILBELTAREA,ALASKAINTERIMREPORTNO.IUPPERSUSTNARIVERBASINRESERVOIROPERATIONSANDENERGYOUTPUTFORDEVILCANYONSYSTEMALASKADISTRICT,CORPSOFENGINEERSAIIl:IlOIlAW,ALAUKADECEMBER1975APPENDIXIPLATEC-IO l---CRlTICALPERIOD"-9000SECOHOA.7~~FIRMI,\F1RM~5600~V\g)",~~'~~?f....NII~300J1~n~-'"~n-~rJ~~~J1J1~~~-,.."V.\...rVU~~~1-r\J"\:.Ic;::cc:1]f.JL,.JWV~\.i·v~VlJL~VV~C>C>o::ww::Ezwa195019511952195319541955195619571958195919601961196219631964196519661967196619691970197!197219731974WATANA(2200')AVERAGE.MONTHLYOUTPUT12,000t---CRfTlCALPERIODI10.000....~!r,~I\/f\r1\!1\(~I1\r~r1\(~rf\r~r~r1\rr\(r\!1\r~r1\ww"-8,000wV\1\1VV\JVLJVVV\flJV\JlJ\J1)VV1\r~r0::r~ur,..r"-~06,000V\j\~lJ\!000:i00::>4.000HTY0'"MINIMUMCON....3,500,000AC.FT.Iw2.000C>..0::0....00a195019511952195319541955195619571958195919601961196219631964196519661967196B1969[9701971197219731974WATANA(2200')STORAGECONTENT600r--'cRIT1CALPERIODI"-SECOND~7rlRMrRM00000t00::!:ia400~I~~3'"~hJi\,!lY~0....~l/lrlr-r~~~~~~A.J~~Ar-~A_~.JlruL~~~i200~ffiL...Ju~~W019501951195219531954195519561957195B19591960196119621963196419651966196719681969197019711972[9731974-DEVILCANYONAVERAGEMONTHLYOUTPUT1200r--CRITlCALPERlQOI...,..,--,.~C-,~~t"t....~~h-.~h.~h~h......,.r-h..-.....r-h.....~.--r-....r-~I-t.,.~]-L..,.~~"""'~"""'~f,....,-100rL-~·"....ww"-W800::U..SOUTHCENTRALRAILIlELTAREA,ALASKAIS60000INTERIMREPOm'NO.I0z..00UPPER::>400SUSITNARIVERBASIN0'"....IRESERVOIROPERATIONANDwC>200ENERGYOUTPUTFOR..MINIMUMCOTENT0::260,000ACFT.0WATANA(220d)ANDDEVILCANYON....00019501951195219531954195519561957195819591960SYSTEMS1961196219631964196519661967196819691970197119721973DEVILCANYONSTORAGECONTENTALASKADIS1lltCT,CORPSOFENGINEERSAIIQIORMlr,ALAlIKADECEMBER1975APPENDIXlPLATEC-II FOUNDATIONSANDMATERIALSREGIONALGEOLOGYINFERREDGEOLOGICHISTORYTheupperSusitnaRiverliesinmiddlegroundbetweenolderrocks(pre-CambriantoDevonian)northoftheDenaliFaultandyoungerrocks(JurassicandCretaceous)southoftheSusitna.TheoldestknownrocksofthisareaarePennsylvanianandPermianvolcanicsandvolcaniclastics.Thesearethebasementterraneorstratauponwhichtheregionalsequenceshavebeenbuilt.Theareareceivedmarinedeposition,probably inatransitionalshelf/trenchenvironment.throughtheMiddleandLateTriassicandcontinuingthroughtheEarlyJurassic.Thisdepositionwascontempora-neouswiththemassiveoutpouringofsubareallavasintheeasternAlaskaRange,resultinginregionalsubsidence(RichterandJones.1973).Marinesediments.orclastics,areevidenttodayassandstonesandshalesinterbeddedwithvolcanicflowsandsediments.Batholithicintrusions,beginningintheMiddleJurassic,areprobablyresponsibleformuchoftheregionalupliftanddeformation.Thisupliftandmetamorphismoftheclasticscontinuedthroughtheendofthe CretaceousandintoTertiarytime.Thesemetamorphosedclastics,predominantlyphyllite,arewellexposedinthecanyonwallsatDevilCanyonandalongtheslopesofValdezCreek.SometimeduringtheCretaceous,theSusitnaRivermusthavebeguntoform.TheLateCretaceousandTertiaryperiodsaremarkedbysevereerosionwhichmusthaverequiredadevelopeddrainagesystem.Blockfaulting.differentialuplift,andbatholithicintrusiveforcesmakeitenrelypossiblethattheupperSusitnaRiver,particularlytheappar-entlymoreyouthfuleast-westsegment,haschangeditscourseanddirectionofflowmanytimessinceCretaceoustime.PaleozoicrocksexposedatthesurfaceinthecentralupperSusitnaregionreflectthesignificantdegreeoferosionwhichhastakenplace.Thisareamayalsorepresentalocallyhighblockwhichwassubsequentlysubjectedtogreatererosion.TheTertiaryperiodwasprimarilydominatedbycontinuingupliftanderosionwhiledepositionwaslimitedtolocalizednon-marinesedi-mentationinfaultblockbasins.Bothintrusiveandextrusivevolcanicshavebeennotedduringthisperiod.Thepost-Plioceneepochwasaperiodofgreatorogenicactivity,involvingsubstantialupliftandfaulting(Payne,1955).NanyofthefaultsintheupperSusitnaregionareprobablyrelatedtothepost-Plioceneorogeny,thoughapositivedateisunknown. DuringtheCaribouHills/Mt.SusitnaandEklutnaglaciationsofthePleistoceneepoch,theentireareawascoveredwithice.Subsequentglaciations(KnikandNaptowne)werenotasextensiveastheearlier-.../onesandonlythenorthernandwesternportionsoftheareaweresubjectedtoglacialscouringandcarving,leavingthecentralandeasternportionstobeoccupiedbyatremendousproglaciallake--alakeformedattheboundaryofaglacier--(AlaskaGlacialMapCommittee,1965).Proglaciallakedepositscoveralargeportionoftheareatoday.PHYSIOGRAPHYTheareaofstudyislocatedwithintheCoastalTroughProvinceofsouthcentralAlaska.TheSusitnaRiverdrainsanareaofnearly6,000squaremilesbetweenthesouthernslopesoftheAlaskaRange,whereitheadsfromseveralglaciers,andGoldCreekbridge,whereitemergesfromtheTalkeetnaMountains.Theriverthenflowsbywayofacon-tinuouslywideningvalleytothetidewatersofCookInlet.Withinthisreachofapproximately200rivermiles,theSusitnapassesthroughavarietyoflandformsrelatedtothelithologyandgeologyoftheregion.FromitsproglacialchannelintheAlaskaRange,itpassesthroughabroad,glaciated.intermontanevalleycharacterizedbyknobandkettletopographyandbybraidedriverchannels.SwingingwestwardalongthenorthernedgeoftheCopperRiverlowlands,theSusitnaentersadeepV-shapedvalleyandpicksitswaythroughtheTalkeetnaMountains,emergingoncemoreintoaconventionalchannelandbroadvalleywhichitfollowstothesea.GEOLOGYThegeologyoftheupperSusitnaRiverregionreflectsthecomplexprocesseswhichmakeupitsgeologichistory.Ithasundergonesubsidence,marinedeposition,volcanicintrusion,mountainbuilding,glacialplaning,anderosion.Intheupperreachesoftheriver,thevalleyflooriscomposedofreworkedglacialmoraineandlakebeddeposits,whicharethoughttobeapproximately200feetthick.Materialsrangeinsizefromsilttoboulders.Adjacentmountainsarecomposedofmetavolcanicsandmetasediments,andthebedrockbeneaththevalleyfloorisalsoassumedtobeametamorphiccomplexofrocks.InthemidsectionoftheupperSusitna,massiveintrusionsofgraniticrockhavewarpedandupliftedtheregion.SubsequentvigoroustectonicmovementresultedinthebuildingoftheTalkeetnaMountains.Throughoutthisareathemetavolcanicsandmetasedimentsarewarpedandtwisted,andmedium-~jrainedgraniteintrusivesareexposedintermittentlyalongthevalleywalls.Atthelowerendofthedrainage,glacialactionisevidencedintheabsenceofoverburdenmaterialsathigherelevationsandthescouringandplaningoftheunderlyingbedrock.REGIONALTECTONICSTwomajorearthtectonicfeaturesbrackettheupperSusitnaregion.TheDenaliFault.activeduringHolocene(Recent)time,isoneoftheAppendixI0-2 earth'smajorfractures.Itliesapproximately43milesnorthoftheproposedDevilCanyondamsite.AsecondarcuatefracturettheCastleMountainFault.liessome75milestothesouthoftheriverbasin.Bisectingtheregioninanorth-east,south-westdirectionandtruncatedbytheDenaliFault,liestheSusitnaFault,approximately2.5mileswestoftheproposedWatanaDam.Largeprominentlineamentspassthroughtheregiontrendingnorth-east.south-westtandtherivervalleyiscontrolledbymanyofthesefeatures.SEIS~~10LOGYLocatedasitisinanareaofmajorfaultstitistoexpectedthattheupperSusitnabasinwouldlieinazoneofmajorseismicacti-vity.Duringtheperiodofrecord.throughtheendof1970.262earth-quakeshadbeenrecordedwithinaradiusof150milesoftheproposedDevilCanyonsite(Kachadoorian1974).Oftheset229hadamagnitudeontheRichterscaleoflessthan5.3t20werebetween5.3and7.0t11werebetween7.0and7.75tand2weregreaterthan7.75.AnevaluationofthepotentialexposureoftheupperSusitnadamsitestoseismicactivitywasmadebytheBureauofReclamation.TheirconclusionsledtoaMaximumCredibleEarthquake(MCE)of8.5MagnitudeforbothDevilCanyonandDenalisites.ItisprobablethatWatanaandVeesiteswouldusethesamer'lCEsincetheyarebetweentheothertwositesandareapproxi-matelythesamedistancefromDenaliFau1ttthemostlikelysourceofaseismiceventofthismagnitude.However,SusitnaFaultisalsounderinvestigationtodetermineitsseismicpotentialinrelationtoWatanaDam.Itisexpectedthatduetoitsrelativelyshortlength,theMaximumCredibleEarthquakeforthisfaultwillbeintheorderof6.INSTRU~1ENTATIONTheimmediaterequirementforinstrumentationattheDevilCanyonandWatanadamsiteareasistoestablishahighgainseismicnetsupple-mentedbyastrongmotioninstrumentateachsite.Thistypeofseismicinstrumentationwillprovidethenecessarydatafordesignofthestructures.Inaddition.instrumentswillbeinstalledduringcon-structiontomonitorporepressures,settlement.anddeformationwithinthestructuresandthefoundations.SCOPEOFINVESTIGATIONSThepotentialoftheSusitnaRiverbasinforhydroelectricdevelop-menthasbeenrecognizedformanyyears.EarlyinvestigationswerebegunbytheBureauofReclamationin1950tandareconnaissancereportwaspublishedin1953onthedevelopmentofwaterresourcesinthebasin.Thisreportwasfollowedbyfieldsurveys,geologicmappingtandsubsurfaceinvestigationsattheDevilCanyonsite.andanEngineering9~2-L~1_.B~~r~-FeasibilityStage.DevilCanyonDamwaspresentedin1960.LimitecrexplorationswerealsoconductedattheDenalisitein1958-1959.anddetailedstudiesoftheVeesiteweremadein1960-1962.AppendixI0-3 Todate,on-siteinvestigationbytheCorpsofEngineershasbeenlimitedtoareconnaissanceofthefour-damareawithparticularemphasisonWatanatoinsurethefeasibilityofWatanaasadamsite.TheworkdonebytheBureauofReclamationisconsideredtobeadequatetoinsurethefeasibilityofDevilCanyondamsite.TheirworkatDenalirevealedpotentiallytroublesomestrataoffinesandsandareasofpermafrostinthefoundation.AppendixI0-4 DEVILCANYONSITESCOPEOFINVESTIGATIONSInthespringof1957sanexploratoryprogramwasinitiatedatDevilCanyonbytheBureauofReclamation.Theirobjectivewastoexploretheareainsufficientdepthtoprovideadequateinformationforafeasibilityreport.Accordinglys22diamond-drillboringsweredrilleddurithesummersof1957and1958.Additiona1y,19trenchesandtestpitswereexcavatedtolocatepossiblesourcesofconcreteaggregateandembankmentmaterials.Geologicmappingwasdonein1957byMr.KachadoorianfromtheU.S.GeologicalSurvey.Mr.Kachadoorianalsoassistedinloggingcoreandpreparingthegeologicreportpresentedin1958.LocationofexplorationsareshownonPlateD-landlogsofexplorationsareshownonPlates0-7through0-10.SITEGEOLOGYTherockswhichformtheabutmentsattheDevilCanyonsitearepredominantlydarkgreytoblacksfine-grainedclasticsofMiddleJurassictoLateCretaceousage.Thesephyllitesaremassivewithprominentcleavage.andcontainnumerousquartzstringers.Calcitefillingintheincipientfracturesiscommonandassemblagesofotherrocksandmineralsmayoccasionallybeseen.Theriverisdeeplyentrenchedinanarrowcanyonwithnearlyverticalwalls.Beddingofthecountryrockdips56to70degreestothesouth.Therearethreesetsofjointsinthedamsitearea.oneofwhichiswelldeveloped.withanaveragestrikeofN250Wandadipvaryingfromverticalto800E.Averagespacingofthesejointsisfourtofivefeet.Theothertwojointsetsarepoorlydevelopedandtight.Severalnarrowfaultscanbeseeninthecanyonwalls.somegougefilled.However.thefrequencyandmagnitudeofthesezonesisnotconsideredtobeacriticalfactorintheevaluationofthesite.GEOLOGYOFFEATURES~1ainDam:TherockcompetencyatDevilCanyondamsitegenerallyisfavorablefortheconstructionofahighconcretearchdam.Theexactrocklineunderneaththeriverhasnotbeenestablished.butitisbelievedthatapproximately35feetofalluvialmaterialsoverliebedrockinthechannelarea.Angleholesdrilledfrombothsidesoftheriverhaverevealednomajorgeologicproblems.butdentalworkwillberequiredintheshearzonesthatinterlacebothabutments.andgroutingwillberequiredtoeffectivelysealthefoundation.Powerhouse:Topographic.geologic.andclimaticconditionsallfavoranundergroundpowerhouse.GeologicconditionsindicatingdesirabilityofAppendixID-5 anundergroundstructureincludetherestrictedtopography,theneedforextensivescaling,andprotectionfromfuturerockfallsifanexternalpowerhousewereconstructed,andtheunusualcompetencyoftherock.Thishighqualityoftheabutmentrockwillgreatlyreducetheamountofroofandwallsupportrequired;however,certainfaultsandfractureswillrequireremedialtreatment,suchasrockboltsandmineties.Explorationsfortheundergroundworkingswillrequiredeepdrillingandthepossibleuseofapilottunneltocompletelyinvestigatethepotentialroofandwallsupportaswellasanylatentgeologicproblems.LeftAbutment:Themostcriticalgeologicproblemsoccuronthesouthside~the-C:anyonwall.Theoverhangingcliffformedbythesoutherlydippingbedshas,insomecases,resultedinlargeblocksseparatingfromtheadjacentbedrock.Minorfaultinghasresultedinzonesofshearedandbrokenrock.Theshearedrockisnotwellhealed,andextensivefracturingwithopencrevicesiscommon.However,pressuretestsinexploratorydrillholesdidnot,ingeneral,resultinheavywaterlosses.Itisestimatedthatbetween35and50feetoflooseandweatheredrockwillhavetoberemovedbeforefirmrockisreached.Itwillnotbepossibletoobtainasmoothexcavationsurfacebecauseoftheblockyandoverhangingnatureoftheformation;therefore,extensivedentalworkmayberequired.Tendonsmayalsoberequiredtoanchorthethrustblocktothefoundationrock.LeftAbutmentSaddleDam:Drillholesintheareaoftheearthandrockfillsaddledamattheleftabutmenthavedisclosedadeepburiedchannelstrikingeastandwest.Themaximumdepthofthevalleyfillinthischannelisapproximately90feet.Thefillmaterialiscomposedprimarilyofwellconsolidatedoutwash,andcontinuousstrataofperviousmaterialsareprobablypresent.Approximately10feetofmorainecoverstheoutwashmaterialandmayformamoderatelyimperviousblanket.However,itwillbenecessarytoeffectivelysealthefoundationmaterialsunderthesaddledamorexcavatetheoutwashandcarrytheimpervioussectionofthedamtobedrock.BjghtAbutment:ThestructuralattitudeofthebeddingplanesontherightabutmentisapproximatelyN700Einstrikeand60Eindip.Thisattitudeisfavorabletoshapingforthearchdam.However,theconfigu-rationofbeddingattitudeandcanyonalinementmayresultinthebeddingplanescorrespondingrathercloselytothetheoreticalshearingplaneformedbythearchthrustattheabutment.Tocompensateforthiscondition.thearchshouldbekeyeddeeperintotheabutmentrock,androckreinforcementmayberequired.Theabutmentisintersectedbyshearzonesstrikingalmostnormaltothestream,but onlythinseamsofgougeareeVident,andthejointsonthissideofthecanyonappearwellhealed.Considerablescalingmayberequiredtoprotecttheexcavationfromrockfalls.AppendixI0-6 Penstock,Tailrace,andDiversionTunnels:Aspresentlypanned,theufldergroundpowerhouse,penstocks,andtailracetunnelswi1belocatedintherightabutment.Drillingdoneinthisareaindicatesthattherocktightenswithdepthandthatfracturingdecreases.Priortofinaldesign,extensivedrillingwillberequiredtodetermineextentofjointingandfracturing,andareasrequiringsteelsupportsorrockbolting.Thediversiontunnelwillbelocatedintheleftabutment.8ecauseoftheseveralwell-developedshearsonthissideoftheriver,thetunnelwillbeconcretelined.SEISMOLOGYAspreviouslynoted,262earthquakeshavebeenrecordedwithin1~)0milesofDevilCanyondamsite.Ofthese,twohavebeengreaterthan7.75M.;oneoccurredin1928about100milessouthofthedamsite,andtheotherwastheAlaskaearthquakeof1964,whoseepicenterwaslocatedapproximately130milessoutheastofDevilCanyon.Therewere42earth-quakeswithepicenterswithin50milesofthedamsite;39hadamagnitudeoflessthan5.3;2werebetween5.3and5.9,andtheotherwasabove6M.Elevenearthquakeepicentershavebeenlocatedwithin25milesofthedamsite.Ofthese.ninehadmagnitudeslessthan5.3;onewasbetween5.3and5.9.andon3July1929,oneoccurredontheTalkeetnaRiver,25milesfromthedamsite,withamagnitudeof6.25.HypotheticalearthquakesconsideredforDevilCanyonbytheBureauofReclamationinselectingaMaximumProbableEarthquakewereamagnitude8.5earthquakeat40miles.andamagnitude7.0earthquakeat10miles.The8.5M.at40mileswasdeterminedtobetheMCE(MaximumCredibleEarthquake).CONSTRUCTIONMATERIALSt1aterialRequirements:Concrete:B]gr~ateSources:MaterialrequirementsforDevilCanyonDamarebasedontheBureauofReclamation'sproposeddoublecurvaturethin-archdamandundergroundpowerplant.Inthisscheme,approximately1.1millioncubicyardswillbemassconcreteinthedam.and100.000cubicyardswillbestructuralconcreteintheappurtenantstructures,includingthepowerplant.Withsomeallowancesforstockpileloss.thisamountofconcretewillrequireapproximately1.25millioncubicyardsofprocessedaggregate.TheBureauofReclamationlocatedanextensivedepositofmaterialwhichwillyieldconcreteaggregateofadequatequalityinafanapproxi-mately1.000feetupstreamoftheproposeddamaxis.ThefanwasformedattheconfluenceofCheechakoCreekandtheSusitnaRiver.Thelowerportionofthisfan,uptoaboutelevation1,000,isrelativelylevel,exceptforsteepbanksalongtheriver'sedge.Aboveelevation1,000,thelevelgroundbreaksintoaseriesofbenchesandridgeswithhummockysurfaces.AppendixI0-7 ThirteentestpitsandtrencheswerecompletedinthefanareabyBureauofReclamationpersonnelin1957.Ofthe13testpits,5wereloggedand4weresampled.Atotalof1,262poundsofminus-3-inchmaterialwasshippedtotheBureauofReclamation,DivisionofEngi-neeringLaboratories,ConcreteLaboratoryBranch(sincechangedtoDivisionofGeneralResearch,ConcreteandStructuralBranch),forbasicaggregatesuitabilitystudies.Anadditional200poundsofmaterialhassincebeenobtainedbyCorpsofEngineerspersonnelforadditionaltestingtoconfirmsuitability.AdditionalgranularmaterialscanbeobtainedintheCheechakoCreekterraces.TheCheechakoCreekfanandadjacentterracesshouldyieldanamplequantityofaggregateforathin-archdam,undergroundpowerplant.andappurtenantstructures.ResultsofInvestigations:Theareasampledbythetestpitsisestimatedtocontainapproximately6millioncubicyardsofmaterialofwhichapproximately50percentissmallerthan6inches.Thisquantityisbasedonexcavationofmaterialtothepresentriverlevel;there-fore.placementofthecofferdamandthecapacityofthediversiontunnelwillultimatelyaffecttheexploitationofthefanareaasanaggregatesource.ThelocationsoftestpitsareshownonPlate0-1,andthedetailedlogsoftestpitsK-6,K-19, K-21,K-93,andK-94canbefoundintheU.S.BureauofReclamation'sAlaskaGeologicReportNo.7rDevilCanyonProject,datedMarch1960.Theresultsoflabora-torylnvestigationsoftheaggregatesampleswerereportedinReportNo.C-932bytheConcreteLaboratoryBranch(nowtheConcreteandStructuralBranch).dated31December1959.TestswererunonacompositesamplefromtrenchK-6andK-19,andasecondcompositesamplefromtrenchK-21andK-93.Depthsofoverburdenonthesetrenchlocationsrangedupto2-1/2feet.Thegroundsurfaceinthefanareaiscoveredwithscrubspruceandbrush.Thegravelsinthefanarecomposedofquartzdiorites,diorites,granites.andesites.dacites.metavolcanicrocks,ap1ites.breccias,schists,phyllites,argillites,andamphibo1ites.Thesandsarecom-posedprimarilyofthesamerocktypespresentinthegravel.Thegravelparticlesarestreamwornandgenerallyroundedinshape.Thesandgrainsvaryfromnearlyroundedtosharplyangularinshape,averagingsubangu1ar.Theseaggregatesmeetusualspecificationsrequirementsforphysicalpropertiesandsoundness.However,thefreeze-thawresistanceofcon-cretecontainingthisaggregatewasconsideredmarginalbyBureauofReclamationcriteriaforuseinsevereclimates.Thegeneralconclusionisthatserviceableconcretecanbemanu-facturedfromthefanaggregatesourceifaircontentandgradationarecloselycontrolled.AppendixI0-8 MaterialReguirements:Embankment:MaterialSources:Approximately900,000cubicyardsofembankmentmaterialswillberequiredfortheleftabutmentsaddledam.Thiswillincludeimperviouscorematerials,sandandgravelfilters,gravelorrockfillshellmaterials,andriprapforslopeprotection.Sandandgravelforfilterscanbeobtainedbyselectiveprocessingofthemoraineandoutwashdeposits.Ifdesignconsiderationsfavortheuseofgravelratherthanrockfortheshellsections,adequatequantitiesareavailableinthedepositspreviouslydiscussed.Rockfillandriprapinthequantitiesrequiredcanbeobtainedfromabutmentpreparation.diversiontunnel,penstocktunnels,andpowerhouseexcavationsorfromextensivetalusdepositswhichexistalongtheriver'sedge.Consider-ableboulder-sizematerialisalsotobefoundintheoutwashdeposits.Therequiredimperviouscorematerialwillbeobtainedfrommorainedepositsatthehigherelevationsorbyblendingthesiltsstrippedfromtheaggregatesourcewithsandygravels.AppendixI0-9 WATANASITESCOPEOFINVESTIGATIONSInitialinvestigationatWatanadamsitewaslimitedtofieldreconnaissancebypersonneloftheBureauofReclamationduringtheperiodbetween1950and1953.ThisreconnaissancewasundertakenasapartoftheinvestigationoftheSusitnaRiverandtheformulationofanultimatedevelopmentplanaspresentedinthereportPotentialDevelop-mentofWaterResourcesintheSusitnaRiverBasinofAlaska,August1952.Atthetimethesitewasexamined,aprofileofthedamcenterline,asproposed,wasmadebytransit-stadiamethods,andanestimatedgeologicsectionwasdrawntoindicateprobableexcavationrequirements.TheBureau'sreportwasfavorableandindicatedthatnoadverseconditionswereobserved.Studiesofrecentaerialphotographsandfieldrecon-naissancesupportedthisview,anditwasfeltthattheknowledgeofregionalandsitegeologywasadequatetowarrantrecommendationofWanaasafavorablesite.Toinsurethatthisrecommendationwasfoundedonabroadbaseofprofessionalexperience,corroborativeopinionsweresoughtfromateamofengineersconsistingofpersonnelfromtheSoilsandGeologyBranchofOCE,theSoilsandGeologySectionNorthificDivision,andtheFoundationandMaterialsBranchoftheAlaskaDistrict,CorpsofEngineers.TheyvisitedthesiteinJune1975,andtheirfindingsservedtoverifytheBureau'sopinionthatthe5iisaviabledamsite.However,anareaontherightbank,approxi-mately1/2-mileupstreamofthedam,mayrequireremedialtreatmentduetotheexistenceofadeepglacialdeposit.Theextentofthedepositwasexploredunderaseismicexplorationcontractduringthefallof1975.TheworkwasaccomplishedbyDamesandMoore,ConsultantsinEnvironmentalandAppliedEarthSciences,andtheirreportisincludedasExhibitD-lofthissection.51GEOLOGYTheproposedsitefortheWatanaDamislocatedatrivermile165innareawheretheriverhaserodedachannelthroughasound,hard,coarse-grainedgraniticformation.TherivervalleyhasbeencarvedtoformaratherbroadU-shapedcanyonwithfairlysteepwalls.Thoughnosubsurfaceexplorationshavebeendoneatthissiteasyet,ithasbeencarefullyexaminedsurficially,asdiscussedinthepreviousparagraph,andisconsideredtobeanexcellentchoicefromageologicpointofview.Thecharacteristicweatheringofthegranitewillnecessitateremovalofsufficientmaterialtoexposesoundfoundationrock,butnoseriousstructuraldefectshavebeenobservedatthedamaxis.Thedepthofweatheringisestimatedtovaryfrom0to10feetonthecanyonwalls.Depthtobedrockintheriverchannelisintheorderof60to70feet.Thecountryrockisbrokenbynumerousnear-verticalfracturesAppendixI0-10 whichtrendN30oW.Thesedominantfeaturescanbeseeninthecanyonwalls.Theytendtobreaktheareaintolargemonolithicfins,some20to70feetthick.Nozonesoffaultbrecciaorgougehavebeenobserved;however,topographicexpressionindicatessuchzonesshouldoccasionallybeexpected.GEOLOGYOFFEATURESPowerhouse:Subarcticweatherandenvironmentalconcernsfavortheuseo1F~ndergroundpowerhouse.ThenarrowSusitnacanyonwithitssteepwallslendsitselfwelltothistypeofstructure.Thegraniticrockisexpectedtobecompetentatthedepthsoftheundergroundfeatures.Seismicvelocitiestendtoconfirmthisconclusion.ProbablythemostimportantgeologicfeatureatthesiteisthefracturepatternwhichtrendsN30oW.Insofarasitispossible,thepowerhousewillbeorientedtominimizetheimpactofthefracturesystem.Patternrockboltingisplannedforthecrownofthechamber.Useofremedialconcreteisanticipatedinsomeareaswherefalloutmayoccurorinfracturezoneshavingasubstantialwidthofcrushedrock.Minorfracturingwillrequireoccasionaluseofrockbolts,mineties,andwiremesh.?pillway:Approximatelyl/2-mileupstreamofthedamsite,arelativelylowsaddlebetweenthenorthvalleywallandTsusenaCreekprovidesafavorablelocationforachannel-typespillway.ExtendingnorthwardfromthissaddletothefootofTsusenaButteisaterracecomposedofglacialtill,someofwhichhasbeenreworkedbyalluvialaction.Animperviouscutoffmaybenecessaryinthisareatoinsurepositiveprotectionagainstseepage.Costofthisremedialworkisincludedintheestimatesfortheproject.AccessRoad:Approximately64milesofaccessroadwillberequiredbetweentheexistingParksHighwayandWatanadamsite.ThisroadwillpassthroughtheDevilCanyondamsiteareaandwillsubsequentlyserveasanaccessroadforexplorationandconstructionatDevilCanyon.Foundationmaterialswillincludestretchesofbedrockandhighterracedeposits,aswellasswampandmuskeg.Thelatterwillrequireremovalandreplacement,orotherspecialtechniques,andshould,ingeneral,beavoidedwherepossible.Steepnorth-facingslopesalongthecanyonrimsshouldalsobeavoidedsincepermafrostwouldbeencounteredintheareaandwouldundoubtedlycreatestabilityproblems.Everyattemptshouldbemadetolocatetheroad,insofarasitispossibletodoso,onbedrockorgranularmaterialstominimizeproblemsoffrostheave.settlementfromdegradingpermafrostandicelenses,andslopeinsta-bility.Severalbridgeswillberequired,butexcellentfoundationconditionsareexpectedsincebedrockisusuallyexposedonthewallsofthesteepgorges.Reservoir:Watanareservoirincludesareasofintermittentpermafrost.Thisisparticularlytrueofnorth-facingslopesand,wherepresent,AppendixI0-11 thepermafrostedoverburdenmantleassumesasteeperangleofreposethanwouldnormallyexist.Itistobeexpectedthatasthereservoirisfilledandthepermafrostdegrades,someslumpingofnaturalslopeswilloccur.Theseslumpsorslideswillbeminimalintheireffectonthereservoir.Thelowerelevationsofthecanyonwhereslumpingwouldoccurarecharacterizedbyverylightoverburdencovers.Abovetheserockywalls,thevalleyflattensabruptlyintothehighesofglacialdepositswherestableslopesgenerallyexist.SEISMOLOGYSeismicconditionsatWatanaareverysimilartothoseatDevilCanyon.TheDenaliFaulttothenorthisequidistantfromDevilCanyonandWatana,andisprobablyofmajorsignificanceinselectionofaMaximumCredibleEarthquakeforWatanasite.However.theSusitnaFaultisonly2-1/2milestothewest.andmustbeconsideredasasourceofseismicactivity.Itsinfluence.duetoitsproximity.might.onexami-nation,provetobemorecriticaltothesitethanthemoreactivebutmoredistantDenaliFault.StudiesarepresentlybeingconductedwiththeassistanceoftheUSGSandtheUniversityofAlaskaGeophysicalInstututetofurtherdefinetheseismiccharacteristicsoftheSusitnaFaulttoestablishaMCEfortheWatanasite.ApreliminaryreportbyUSGSisincludedasExhibit0-2ofthissection.CONSTRUCTIONMATERIALSMaterialRequirements:Concrete:~ateSources:ConcretequantitiesforWatanaDamwillrangefrom200,000cubicyardsorless.iftheproposedearthorrockfi11damisused,toapproximately6.5millioncubicyardsforaconcretegravitystructure.Informationonthequantitiesandqualityofpossibleaggregatesourcesisverylimited.Inareportdated1952.theU.S.BureauofReclamationmentionedtheavailabilityofhard.dense.anddurableconcreteaggregateintheformofstreamgravelsbothupstreamanddownstreamoftheproposeddamsite.DuringtheJune1975fieldreconnaissancebyCorpsofEngineerspersonnel.thegraveldepositswerened,andsamplesweretakentoconfirmtheirsuitability.Ifaconcretegravitystructureisrecommended.aprocessingplantcanbeconstructedinthereservoirareaforprocessingtherequiredaggregates.~~terialReguirements:Embankment:Approximately52.630.000cubicyardsofembankmentmaterialswillberequiredtoconstructanearthfi1ldamttheWatanasite.Ofthisamount.approximately42.000.000cubicyardswillrequiredforthemainshellsectionsofthedam.ThesehellsectionscanbebuiltfromthecleangravelsontheterracealongDeadmankandfromchannelexcavation.Riprapcanbeobtainedfrompillwayexcavationandrockspalls,androckdrainmaterialcanbeobtainedfromexcavationofthediversiontunnelandundergroundfeaturesAppendixI0-12 ofthedam.Sandandgravelfiltersandselectdrainmaterialcanbeobtainedbyprocessingterracedepositsorgravelbarswithintheriverchannel.Imperviouscorematerialcanbeobtainedbyselectingandprocessingglacialtilldepositsfoundalongtheupperlevelsofthesouthvalleywall.DuringthereconnaissanceoftheWatanaareainJune1975,500poundsofsamplesweretakenfortestingfromtheserecommendedsources.AppendixI0-13 VEECANYONSITESCOPEOFINVESTIGATIONSDuringtheperiodfrom1960to1962,theBureauofReclamationconductedfieldstudiesatVeeCanyon.Inall,13holesweredrilledforatotalfootageof1,646feet.Sixteendozertrenchesweremadeintheareatoevaluatein-placematerials.LocationsofexplorationsareshownonPlate0-4.andlogsofexplorationsareshownonPlates0-11throughD-14.SIGEOLOGYVeeCanyonsiteislocatedintheextremenortheasternsectionoftheTalkeetnaMountains.TheSusitnaRiverhascutdownthroughtheoverlyingsedimentsanderodedadeep,steep-walled,V-shapedcanyonintohardcrystallinerock.Thecanyonwallsrisesome800feetabovetheriver.andtheexposedrocksarepredominantlyfinetomedium-grainedgneisswithsomeschistosezones.ThegneissisthoughttobetheresultofcontactmetamorphismaftertheintrusionofthegreatgraniticbatholithwhichformedtheTalkeetnaMountains.Therocksare,ingeneral.freshtolightlyweathered,andhighlytomoderatelyjointed.GEOLOGYOFFEATURESMainDam:Ontherightabutmentneartheproposedaxis,therockout-cropsrisefromtheriver(elevation1895),toamaximumelevationofapproximately2600feet.Therocklinegraduallydropsinelevationbothupstreamanddownstream.Rockqualityisgood,butlargequantitiesofiooserockandextensivetalusatthebaseofthecanyonwa11wi11requireremoval.Foliationisroughlyeast-west,andoversteepeningorundercuttingfoliationplanescouldresultinslidesalongshearzoneswhicharegenerallyparalleltothefoliation.Depositsinthebottomoftheriverchannelareestimatedtobe125feetdeep.LeftAbutmentSaddleDam:NearVeeCanyon,theglaciationformedabroadU-shapedvalleyabout6,000feetwide.Glacialoutwashandstreamsimentsfromadjacentmountainareasfilledthevalley\vithdriftwhichwasonceontheorderof800feetthick.Subsequentstreamerosiongenerallyhasfollowedtheoldvalleyandhasremovedmuchofthedrift.AtVeeCanyon,theriverhaslefttheoldchannelandisnowentrenchedforadistanceof7500feetinhardmetamorphicrockatthenorthsideofthepartially"buried"glacialvalley.Intheareawheretheleftabutmentsaddledamcrossesthisoldburiedvalley,theancientthalweg(orvalleyaxisline)isatalowerelevationthantherockbeneaththeSusitnaRiverinitspresentchannel.Constructionproblemsatthesaddledamsitewouldbedirectlyrelatedtotheburiedchannel.AppendixI0-14 Partiallyfrozen,stratifieddriftestimatedtobeintheorderof400feetthickunderliesthesaddledam.Siltsandsandsaremostcommonwithlesseramountsofgravelandclay.Partofthefoundationupstreammayrestonterracematerialofcrudelystratifiedcobbles,gravel,andsand.Permafrostispresentwiththetemperaturesinthefrozenmasssoclosetothemeltingpointthatstrippingofthemuskegcoverpromotesthawingandmudflows.However,wheredrainageisprovidedbyditches,thematerialwilldrainandstabilize.Extensivefoundationexcavationorothermeasurestopreventseepagebeneaththesaddledamwouldberequired.underaroundPowerhouse:PresentproposalsforadamatVeeCanyoninclueanundergroundpowerhouse,aswellaspowerandspillwaytunnels,intheleftabutment.Itisanticipatedthatmuchoftheexcavationwouldbeinshearedandhighlyjointedrock,andthatsteelsupportswouldberequiredthroughout.Whereconditionsarefavorable,systematicrockboltinginconjunctionwithwiremeshmaybeusedinsteadofthesteelsupports.CONSTRUCTIONMATERIALSMaterialRequirements:Concrete:AggregateSources:ConcretequantitiesforVeeCanyonDamarebasedonarockfilldamwithconcretespillwayandoutletworkstoincludeintakestructures,stillingbasins,andcontrolstructures.Concretequantitiesareestimatedat100,000to150,000cubicyards,mostofwhichwillbestructuralconcrete.ConcreteaggregatesmaybeobtainedfromtheriverchanneldepositsandsandandgravelbarsoftheSusitnaRiver.Thealluviuminthechannelandbarscontainsstream-wornboulder-tosand-sizedetritus.Thedetritusisunsorted,subroundedtosubangular,andmostlyinthe2-tol2-inchsizerange.Cobblesandbouldersto4feetindiameterwereobservedintheriverchannelduringperiodswhenthesiltcontentwasataminimum.Rockvarietiesincludecoarse-tofine-grainedgranitictypes,greenstone,gneissicmetamorphics,andotherdense,fine-grainedmetamorphics.Thesandcontentiscleanandiscomposedofangular,medium-tofine-grainedquartz,andgraytoblacklithicgrains.Asecondpossiblesourceofconcreteaggregateliesintwodistinctriver-cutterracesinthereservoirareaabout2000feeteastofthesaddledikesite.Threetrencheswerecutacrossthebanksoftheseterraces,andexposedcrudelystratifiedperviouscobblegravelandsandwithsomeboulders.Themaximumbouldersizeis1-1/2feet.withabout20percentbeinglargerthan6inches.Anestimated50percentisbetween6-inchto1/4-inchsizeandtheremaining30percentislessthan1/4-inch.Thematerialisgenerallywellgradedandcomposedofsubangulartosubroundedmetamorphicandigneousrocktypes.ThesandtendstobeAppendixI0-15 heavyinthemedium-tocoarse-grainsizesandispartlysiltyandclayey.Permafrostmaybeencounteredinthemainbodyoftheterraces.Theamountofavailablematerialwasconservativelyestimatedtobe2millioncubicyardsbyBureauofReclamationpersonnel.?co~eof-lnvestigations:~1aterialintheriver-cutterracesandadjacentglacialvalleyontheleftabutmentwassampledbydozertrenchesandbyanumberofrandomhand-dugpitsthreefeetdeep.Thematerialencounteredintheglacialvalleyissiltysand,withsomegravellysand,withgravelsrangingto2-inchmaximumsize.MaterialsfromtheseareaswereforwardedtotheU.S.Army,CorpsofEngineers,AlaskaDistrict,foranementarypetrographicdescription.Thematerialswerefoundtobepredominatelyquartz,feldspar,mica,andothermaterials.withweatheringandalterationrangingfrommoderatetoadvanced.Nootheraggregatesuitabilitytestswererun.~~terialRequirements:Embankment:Imperviouscorematerialsaswellassandandgravelfiltersmaybeobtainedbyselectionfromtheglacio-fluvialdepositsintheproposedreservoirareaandontheslopesoftheglacialvalleysouthofthesaddledamsite.ThreegeneralareasweresampledandthematerialsweretestedintheBureauofReclamationlaboratoryatDenver,Colorado.CompletetestresultsareavailableintheBureaureport,EngineeringGeologyoftheVeeCanyonOamsite,November1962.Whileexplorationswerenotsufficientlycompletetodelineatespecficborrowareas.theexploratoryworkandthetestresultsshowedthatverylargequantitiesofpervioustosemi-perviousmaterialcanbeobtainedclosetothedamsiteandinthereservoirareatotheeast.Rockfillandriprapmaybequarriedfromselectedzonesinthegneissupstreamfromthedamsite.Rockfromrequiredexcavationcanalsobeincorporatedintothefills.AppendixI0-16 DENALISITESCOPEOFINVESTIGATIONSDuringthesummerof1958,anengineeringgeologystudyoftheDenalidamsiteareawasconductedbytheBureauofReclamation.Theprimat~ypurposewastomakeasurficialgeologicmapandtoreportonthecharacterandpropertiesofthematerials.Duringthefallof1958andthesummerof1959,5holesweredrilledonthedamsite.and14testpitsandtrencheswereexcavatedatthesiteandinpotentialborrowareaswithinreasonablehauldistances.Samplesfromthetestpits,outcrops.andtalusdepositswereshippedtoDenverfortesting.LocationoftheexplorationsandlogsisshownonPlate0-5,anddetailedlogsareshownonPlates0-15and0-16.GENERALGEOLOGYTheDenalidamsiteliesinabroadglaciatedvalleysome40milesdownstreamoftheglaciersattheheadwatersoftheSusitnaRiver.Theadvancesandrecessionsoftheseglaciersingeologichistoryhavefilledthevalleytoanunknowndepthwithglacialdebris.ExceptforthemountainsnorthofthePaxson-CantwellHighway,theonlyrockoutcropintheareaisinasmallknobapproximately8000feetdownstreamfromtheinvestigatedsite.SITEGEOLOGYPresentSite:Themostcriticalgeologicalfactorsatthepresentdan~teare:(a)permafrostinbothabutments;(b)pervioussandandgravelstrataintherightabutment;(c)lowdensityfine-grainedsandsintheriversection,whichmaybesubjecttoliquifaction;(d)occasionallayersofcompressiblesiltsinbothabutments.Meltingofpermafrostedmaterialsfollowingreservoirimpoundmentcouldleadtoinstabilityofabutmentsandfoundations.Inaddition,theseveredesignearthquake(magnitude8.5at40miles)couldliquefytheunfrozenabutmentandfoundationmaterials.Becauseofthesuspectstability,bothstaticanddynamic,ofthesite,itisnotconsideredtobeafeasibledamsiteatthistime.AlternativeSite:ThealternativesitementionedbytheBureauofReclamationintheirreportwasexaminedbytheCorpsofEngineersduringthereconnaissancetripofJune1975.Particularattentionwasdirectedtowardtherightabutment,whichappearedtopresentthemoreseriousproblems.Nosignsofrockoutcropscouldbefound.butevidenceofdeeppermanently-frozensandsandglacialdepositswasabundant.Itwastheopinionofthegroupthatseriousfoundationproblemsexistedatbothsites;however,theoriginalsiteexploredbytheBureauwasthebetterofthetwosites.AppendixI0-17 irements:CONSTRUCTIONMATERIALS~1ateriaI------,------------~regateSources:ConcretequantitiesforDenaliDamarebasedonanearthfilldamwithconcretespillwayandoutletworkstoincludeintakestructures.stillingbasins,andcontrolstructures.U.S.BureauofReclamationestimatesforDenaliDamincludeapproximately125,000cubicyardsofconcrete.Concreteaggregatesmaybeobtainedfromendmorainedepositsagravelalluvium.ThesematerialsareallavailableinthevicinityoftheiteandinthebedofCorsetCreek,whichflowsintotheSusitnaRiver,approximately6,000feetdownstreamofthepresentdamsiteand2.000upstreamoftherockoutcrop,whichisconsideredthemostlikelylocationforanalternativedamsite.~~2-R~~!__Lny~stJgations:Testpitsandtrencheswereexcavatedintheendmorainematerialatthepresentlyexploreddamsiteandalongtheapproximately8-mile-longaccessroadfromthedamsitetotheDenaliHighway.Thesetestpitsrevealedamaterialconsistingofsandytillwithunsortedrocks.Thetilliscomposedoflessthan10percentsilt,50to70percentsand,andabout30percentpebbles.cobbles,andboulders.Occasionally,therockfragmentsmayconstitute50percentofthedeposit.TerracedepositsalongtheshoresoftheSusitnaRiverandCorsetCreekprimarilyconsistofroundedtosubroundedpebblesandcobblesupto6inchesindiameterinamatrixofcoarsesand.GravelalluviumunderliesthechannelandfloodplainofCorsetCreek.Thedepositsarecomposedofinterfingeringlensesofcleanpebble-cobblegravel.sandypebble-cobblegravel,andminoramountsofsandandsilt.Theaveragegrainsizedecreaseswithincreasingdis-tancefromfoothillsorfromtheendmorainecomplex.Thesurfaceco~nonlyismantledwithafewinchestoonefootofsilt.SamplesfromthetestpitsintheendmoraineweretestedintheU.S.BureauofReclamation'sDenverSoilsLaboratoryforsuitabilityasfill.Apossiblesourceofripraplocateddownstreamofthepresentdamsitewasexaminedandsampled.Petrographicexaminationswerecompletedonsamplesoftheendmoraineandtheriprapsources._____ultsofInvestigations:Petrographicexaminationsofthesandsintheendmorainefromtwoofthetestpitsshowthematerialtobecomposedofphyllites.argillites.shale.andafewalteredandesitesandbasalts.Verysmallamountsofquartzite,chert,andopalwerealsofound.Thesandssampledwouldproduceconcreteaggregatesoffairtopoorqua1ity.ThesampletherockoutcropnearthemouthofCorsetCreekwasexaminedpetrographicallyandfoundtobeameta-andesiteofsatisfactoryqualityforuseascoarseconcreteaggregate.AppendixI0-18 MaterialRequirements:Embankment:Approximately12,000,000cubicyardsofembankmentmaterialswouldberequiredforDenaliDam.Ingeneral,thereappeartobesufficientandsuitableperviousembankmentmaterialsavailableinmoraineandoutwashdepositsnearthesite.Alsolargeterracedepositsareavailableforperviousembankmentmaterials.Filtermaterialsmayalsobeobtainedbyselectionandprocessingofterracedeposits.Theprimarydifficultywillbetolocatesuitableandadequatequantitiesofimperviousmaterialforthedamcore.Verylittleclayoccurs,andmanyofthefine-graineddepositshaveahighmoisturecontentandarepermafrosted.Ifthemorainaldepositsareprocessedforperviousmaterial,costswillbehigh.However,someoftheoversizematerialrecoveredwouldbesuitableasriprap.Theaddi-tionalripraprequiredcouldbeobtainedfromexcavationoftherockoutcropnearCorsetCreekorfromtalusdepositsneartheDenaliHighway.AppendixI0-19 SITEPLANaEXPLORA.TIONSDISTRICT,COfIIPIor:ENGINEIEMPLATE0--1BASINAREA,ALASKANO.1ALASKAAHCIlOllMl,ALASKADECEMBER1m2-SOU-92-04-01APPENDIXUPPERSUSlTNARIVERDEVILCANYONSOUTHCENTRALRAILBELTINTERIMREPORTll2I£Jl.OH-COMBtHATIOHCeREaOf'lvt'AIlIPL~HOLE.Tn<-DOZERTRENCHESFORMATERIALIXPL.QRATIOflTPk-HANDDUGTESTPITSFILENO./",<j'o//---........--/465--'.......'1"":/~",.60"776MWPOWERPLANTCHAMSER 1500DAMCREST-E'L1460'150014001400GLACIALTILL13001300ROCKLINE12001200I-IJJI.lILL.Z11001100-z0ti:>IJJ..IIJJ10001000900..~CHANNELFILL9002600240022002000110016001400.12001000800600400200800+---+--+---+--+---+--+---+--+---+--+---+--+---+--+---+--+---+--+---+--+---+--+---+~-+---+--+---t800oCROSSSECTION-DEVILCANYONLOOKINGDOWNSTREAM1000I1000I20003000!,HorizontolDiatoM.InF.-tSOUTHCENTRALRAILBELTAREA,ALASKAINTERIMREPORTNO.IUPPERSUSITNARIVERBASINDEVILCANYONCENTERLINEPROFILEALASKADISTRICT,.CO,.SOfENGINEERSANCHORAGE,ALASKADECEMGER1975FILENO.2-SOO-92-04-01APPENDIXIPLATE0-2 PLATE0-3ANCHORAGE,ALASKADECEMBER1975~...~.WATANARAILBELTAREA,ALASKAINTERIMREPORTNO.IWotonoDamBorrowAreaALASKADISTRICT,COI'IPSOFENGINt:IRtVICINITYMAPSITEPLAN8CENTERLINEPRQFILEUPPERSUSITNARIVERBASINFILENO.2 -SOU-92-04-01Af'PENDI)\~SACOLEsPlLlWALL2200w.$.ELEV.1470'~JgOOI I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I!rI I I 1 I I I I I Io100200300400500600700800900lOCO110012001300140050016001100I9:lO1900axlO2100220023002400260027002800290030003100:l2OO=>340022oo_:::::::::::::-=--------------------'C"'R"'E"-ST'--E"'L"'E"'VA"'T""0"'N'-"2'"21"-0'-=-__==~::;o-2400-2000-2100-2300-1900-1800-1700-1600-1500-11400- NOTESLEGENDEANDDEPTHDRILLHOLDOZERTRENCHPROFILECENTERLI==..N[_I/~T.lLUS'/-'--.::...-'--"---~---;---~IOOO------;fo;,-&0023tO'DAMCRESTELEv-AL10'CONTOURINTERVI.LTAf<EA,ALASKA__E_'N'_T'RALRAILBESOOTHeRTNO.IINTERIMREPOERBASINUPPERSUSITNARIVVEE~ANYONPROFILE8cCENTERLINESITEPLANCOfIIPSOFENGINl:lERSALASKADISTRICT,ANCHORAGE,ALASI(ACEMBERI975DEPLATED4~..APPENDIXI2-SOU-92-04-OiFILENO..~~;.~,TTK-H-400zoo2400TTK-C- ALASKADISTRICT,CORPSOFENGINElEMUPPERSUSITNARIVERBASINDENALI-UPPERSITESITEPLANPLATE0-5APPENDIXANCHORAGE,ALASl<ADECEMBER19751000'1100":INTERIMREPORTNO.IFILENO.2-SPU-92-04-0125602555 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.4fSURFACV.S02.aPROJECTf\<>vjr~T'iIDRILLOATES'START<;,1Cl<;ll.COMP.,DEPTHOFHOLE!l'DEPTHOFOVERBURDENr1DIAIol.OFHOLEROCKDRILLED82.0'CORERECOVERED%RECOVERYEl.EV.0EPTll~DESCRIPTIONOfMATERIALS90_-HOLES14AND15100PROJE:CTDevilCanen1HOLENO.14CPROJECTOevi1CarWOIlIHOLENO,ALASKADISTRICT,CORPSOFENGINEERSANCHORAGE.A~ASKADECEMeER1975FILENO,2-500-92-04-01APPENDIXPLATED-9 ANCHORAGE,ALASl<ADECEMBER1975HOLESITHRU7SUSITNARIVERBASINOFEXPLORATIONSVEE'CANYONALASKADISTRICT,CORPSOFENGINEERSUPPERLOGSSOUTHCENTRALRAILBELTAREA,ALASKAINTERIMREPORTNO.IHOLENO.00~7.PROJECTVeeCan.i'onBottOillofHoleEl.20S2'DeptllofHole176'DeptltofQ.$.176'1&,C-SUMMARY,?fGN,,,--siJMMARYLOGN22,809.921.61,HOLEN .00-'E1.550.513,$SURFACEELEV.2275HOLENO.OO-JE1.550,432.0SURFACEELEV.2035PROJECTVf:eCan~nDRILLOATES-START8/7/61COMPo8/12/61PROJECTVeeCanyonDRILLDATES'START9/23/61COMP.9/30/61DEPTHOFHOLE149IDEPTHOFOVERBURDEN17DIAM.OFHOLENXDEPTHOFHOLE136IO£PTHOfOVERBURDEN35DIAM.OFHOLENXROCKDRILLED'"CORERECOVERED72-100:%RECOVERYROCKDRillED101CORERECOVERED41~lOO:%RECOVERYANGLEFROMVERT.30·AZIMUTHFROMNORTHn2SIiCOMJ'llLED8Y.OAT<ANGLEfROMVERT.Vert.AZIMUTHFROMNORTHCOIotPlLED8Y,OAT<ICAL•HORIZONTALDISTANCESIVERTICAL•HORIZONTALELEV·lcurn~:;DESCRIPTIONOFMATERIALS"REIolAR!<.5FEI"'00'DESCRIPTIONOFMATERIALS."',REIolARIl.S2.1881\"enf-22-Corelengthsto0.3'!!ill.Blocks.graveland~ar,(l,Drill:Knight&Stene\IIblec:l:sarell>O~e.angulargneissic1\.-fi"fragmentsupto5'across.GravelHoleadvanCed.bychoppingShear~andsarodisglaciefluv1allUterialGood...attrreturn.,,"-washedinfrOl'ilab¢ve.V\/\/'i;i,P,V\p'\StartNXcore.1\1IlLI~Shear100Cerelength~0.1'to0.4',0...I!!!J.!.gneiublocks.,,,,-1\IAIEOl31L~r--JILSi~100/IIsa\1\I--StartBXcore.1\71001\/~llghtgraytoblack~Corelengtltso.l'toO.7'.l41L~r--40~finegrained,modh!rd,follation"'-ICON:length~0.1'to0.4'"\!...';<\dips80·+toaxi~.\1\9S-.Y-~~1\1"Shear~,'''-llottomofHoleEl.2.126'"'-X)BDeptltofHole149''--"-Jts.dip40to6S·Coreisc1o~elybl'¢kenThfcl:;neuofO.6.17'/\/cuetoblockage.RockDrilled132'\1\''''-,0..';Ii).£l/1/\1\17"-7o..~100CorelengtIt0.l'toO.5'7/1/Iv"Jt.surface~areru~tstained.bLlOlL,,,-,0\7V\/\so..(:;-190..'"-;:;-~'00~19851001\/~~.F"IIIT(T"11PROJECTVeeCanyonIHOLENO.CH~2.:~.F~lIl1(TUll.PROJECTVeeCanyonIHOLENO.OO-J;,0,28-.0SURFACEEEV.2U8ES'STARTCOMPo175DEPTHOfOVERBURDEN;76DIAM.OFHOLENXCORERECOVERED%RECOVERYAZIMUTHFROMNORTHCOW'tLEDBY,OAT<•HORIZONTAL"REMAR/($."',20S2HOLEtiO.DH~7SIHOLEtiO.00-2GI>Odwaterreturn.Drill:Knisht&StoneHoleadvance4byclt-,ppingbit,samplesrecoveredwith2H~plitspoonsal:l~pler.REMARt\SCorelength~to0.5'Corelength~O.l'to0.3'100100"'''''E1.551,289,0SURFACEELEV.2228DRILLOATES'STARTCOMPoVeeCanyonCORERECOVERED%RECOVERYDEPTHOfOVERBURDEN176DIAM.OFHOLEXXChy,lean.gray.moderatepla~~t1cfty.roOtfrozen,mofstffrm.Sf1t,srlly,verY'd:t.loose.frozen.Chy,fat,gray,~ticky,frozen,icelenses1/4~thick,grade~tosiltychy.00-7VeeCanyonREMAR/(SANGLEFROMVERT.30·AZIMUTHFROMNORTHN2.5WCOMPILEOBY,OAT!:DISTANCES'VERTICAL•HORIZONTAL2.0_(~~~;~~~~~n~:~~a~::~toblacl:;.97Corelengtlts0.1'to0.3'!7(7finegrain24,mod.hard,foliation-\.1\dlp~30·to50·tocorea)(i~.Ai30_~Shear~breeclate4,QtZItUledD!..\1\6!..,-\/11\1Ai~·0_~Brokenrock,softfriablefrag::'ient~-\1\"III~N82.O~,/\-----JJ"'--"97Cj/\/-~\1\100Corehngtltsto0.3'0_!~Shear~soft,greencorepiece~~\AEJ6l."~-(X:ILl~'''''''t".Q''h''''''"''''-~AIside~.oo_~AI\1\N188100\.I\.:~~.J':611lT(Tuil. .PROJECTVeecanyon,--si:iMMARYLOGN'REMARIl.SOrill:Knight&StOM.Corelengtltsupto3In.IHOLEtiO.OH~lAStartNXcore.Cere1ength~0.1'te0.4'NXto12'axto111'Lestcore.I'.¢leadvance-::!bychopandI<a~hcetllod~;sa/.....lesre~coveredbycorebarrels:Drill:Knight&SteneDrill...a~setupontheiceIntl'leSusitnaRfver;surfaceelevationsr,wni~~Pc~pi~:SIt~~Jebl:~~~1!1s!Pj'lle~rKoveredbyIiXandBXcorebarrels.GenerallyS001:lwaterre-turn.ilaterreturngenerally,w.!.REMARKSStartIiXcore.100"'''''"--'"-"-~'00-""."',PROJECTVeeCanyon901177.:Silt,clayeyandor9anic,olivegray,contaln~~tmefinesandarv..l..;·~,--\sCatttredl'¢undedgrave1s,.-0_.:.~~~;\~:.e~l.:e~~es-:~~.::~~,-?!J.,-~1!<i!:\'~~~'iJ'i50_:{i}j\/Gnehslighttocarl:;gray,fine1\/\grained,rodh!r.:!.5111\7'I\./\7Foliationdlp~40~tocoreaxis.\/1\7\'-'Q..LI\./\/1/\io--:~D.I..1\111\fO_(>(Qt::.epidoteandgarnets./\iI~2069100II.{BnUrnfH1 1'1'EUV.O£PTH~IOESCRIPTIOHOFMATERIALSELEV.O£PTH~:;DESCRIPTIONOFMATERIALSANGLEfROMVERT.30~AZIMUTHFROMNORTHN2.51iCOMPILEDBY,DATEDISTANCES'VERTICAL•HORIZONTALDEPTHOFHOLE116IDEPTHOfOVERBURO£N74OIAM.OfHOLEIlXROCKDRILLED42CORERECOVERED2.7~lOO%%RECOVERY/VJin!ill,lightgraytogray.mad.0_~grain.mod.hard.-/\(......1\Foliationdipranses~t\<i!en45·V\tonearlyvertical.0LSO_1\/7&\/\801100A$ottenofHole£1.1785'F.:;~~".F;;':'.:;·::'m"'..-',,'-'.r=:"::'==':"'::=---...l.-..L-'I-----i,'==,-_-,-,--,P",R",OJ",E",CT,-'''''''-'"'c'!2',"",,'-.J.!!H!!JOL"'EcJN[!;0o..00=-5--11ANGLEFROMVERT.Vert.AZIMUTHfROMNORTHCOMl'tUD8Y,DATEDISTANCES'VERTICAL•HORIZONTAL----suMiiARY~b~GN,.,1HOLEN.1m~5E1,SSO.237.DSURFACEELEV.1901PROJECTVeeCanyonDRILLOATES'START3/15/62COMPo4/2.162REMAR!<.5Corele1'l9ths0.2'to1.5'47''riaterreturnpoor.Ori:Knigllt&Stene.Holeadunce4bycoopand';<Iuhmetr<¢d~;~ample~re~ceveredbyNXarv..lBXcorebarrels.Generallyfairwaterreturn.REMARt\SHOLENO.DH~l00"."',"."',00-sa----,2212'SZ'48'"DEPTHOFOVERBURDEN48DIAM.OfHOLEXXCORERECOVEREO47%%RECOVERYeottcrnofHo1eE1.1S49'Depthefr,ole136'Thldnes~of0.8.35'Rod:;l)rilled101'i •cayeyarv..lorganc.0wegraycontaiM~ooefinesan-::iarv..l\~~~~:~~~~:a:~_/-00140.."'-'0016191L171L•",4.0SURFACEELEV.00PROJECTVeeCanyonCRILLOATES'START9/23/61COMPo9/30/61DEPTHOfHOLE136DEPTHOFOVERBURDEN35DIAM.OFHOLENXROCKDRILLED101CORERECOVERED41~100%%RECOVERYE •o.SURFACEELEV.2264DRILLOATES'START8/12/61COMP.8/3061t422809616.2EI1ANGLEFROMVERT.Vert.AZIMUTHFROMNORTHCOMP1LEOBY,OAT!:DISTANCES'VERTICAL.HORIZONTALEUV.!lUI'H~DtseR1PTlOHOFMATERIALS~U~~~RYN\)~GOO-JN22an,921.6,ni?T:=~.F~1II1rrull.'PROJECTVeeCanyon1005I\./Idem17E;:Jt.~urfac:esareruststained\1'110_)()V\I~,,"-.5.l.1\11-';013"-I~/\1I~L::",~",:.::.:'::.·_7(T_·_"'-,-,-,·Pt:!R~Oi!JE;!iCcLT-::"::.'::.C':::',:::~,::-1l!:H!.Q0IL~I-FILENO.2-S0U-92-04-0lAPPENDIXPLATE0-10 HOLENO.148REMARKS"-COO,806714.42E 1551438.4SURFACEEV.DRILLOATES'START7-2561COMP..i-Z9-61DEPTHOfOVERBURDEN148DIAM.OfHOLENxCORERECOVERED%RECOVERYPROJECTVeeCanyQnOESCRIPTIONOfIolATEIllAL.SBottO?llofHoleEllltptllofHole14S'DepthofO.B.148'silt.gray.soft,non-plutic..moht.frozenlenses.someice1enses.Sand.clayey.gray.veryIard,probablyfrozen,coarsesOlM'gravll1Silt,ollve9ray,sligllt1yplasticsliglltlyclayey.mohttowet.verysoft.quickdilatancy,hardtodrive,probablyfrozen,buttl1aw«lwllenrecover~.SUMMARYLOGHOLEN •PROJECTVeeCar.yenREMAR!'iSriKt'Iight&StoneHOLENO.00-9HoI'lC''ithclle,",jI!~plesrecoven!<.l~IlI28spit-tubes"'~'l'ler...COO,AZIMUTHFROMNORTHCOMPIl£DBY,DAT!:•HORIZONTALDEPTHOFOVERBURDENOIAM.OfHOLECORERECOVERED%RECOVERYDESCRIPTIONOfMATERIALSSanl;!andsiltPROJECTVeeCanyonSindandgravelwel19raded.--considerable1/4~gravelsand".-fineto-medh.ii".fairly---wen9raded.occasionalSr1'-ll1gravel.loose~,fair1ywiflgra'ded:---lackscoarsegralns.occa.sional1/4~gravelSUMMARYLO?Gs-:----!=iNr;;::;;<:;;U:<,===i::;:::;::::wf:fi::i:AL:i:lHOLEN.OH·9E1551438.4SURFACEELEV.2307PROJECT'it"CanonDRILLDATES'START7_25_61COMP'7_29_61-SUMMARY~?fGNHOLEN.00·8E15SO.92:5.8SURFACEELEV,2333PROJECTVADRILLOATES'STARTCOMPoDl"J'lHOFHOLE100IDEPTHOFOVERBURDEN100OIAM.OFHOLENXROCKDRillEDCORERECOVERED%RECOVERYANGLEFROMVERT.AZIMUTHFROMNORTHC:OMP1l.£DBY,OAT<DISTANCES'VERTICAL•HORIZONTAL'''''.0EI'Tli~1DESCRIPTIONOFMATERIALS"-REMAR!'iSCOA'mJj{:r01ml1JL1!IL1lQ..14ll..:1111.0.1..o~175'OepthofHo1eOepthofO.S.175'-1"'--""~;~.'"IfI7(T"1lIHOLENOPH-8,PROJECTVeeCanyonIHOLENO.OO-8DIAM.OFHOLEnxREIolAR!'iS'%RECOVERYSURFACEELEV.CaMp..t;.Drill:Knigllt&StoneHoleadvancedwithchoppingbit,saJl'91esrecoveredwith11/2"split-tubes~ler."-COO,E,DRILLOATES-STARTAZIMUTHFROMNORTH.HORIZONTALCORERECOVEREDDEPTHOfOVERBURDEN100..s1Jj:.froten,stratified.containslaminations(possiblevarves).s~layersccntainveryfinesand,someicelenses1/l6~to112:~noted.gray,sc.meyellowhlllayers.gradJ.tionalcllangetoclayeysiltwithdepth.SUMMARYLOGHOLEN.~.PROJECTHOLENO.~HoleadvancedbyehopplngREWAR!"SHoledrilledtoobtafnthin-walldrivesamplesnoslIccessduatotlbecrumpllngfnfroz.ensoll."-coo,ESURFACEELEV.DRILLOATES'START1-1-61COMPo7-7-61AZIMUTHFROMNORTHC01<U'tLEOBY.OATE.HORIZONTALCORERECOVERED%RECOVERYDEPTHOFOV£RBUROENClAM.OFHOLEPROJECT70100HOLEN.•,PROJECTVCanvonSUSITNARIVERBASINOFEXPLORATIONSVEE·CANYONANCHORAGE,ALASKADECEMElER1975HOLES7STHRUIIALASKADISTRICT,CORPSOFENGINUftSUPPERLOGSSOUTHCENTRALRAILBELTAREA,ALASKAINTERIMREPORTNO.ICorelel19thso.1'to0.4'.COrelsbrokenp,lralleltofol1atfonplanesHOLENO.00-11iiREIoIAR!'iSDrlll-l:nigllt&StoneStartnxCoreGoodwaterreturnHoleadvancedwithchoppingbit90"-COO,10017Corelen9thso.l'to0.4'"100DEPTHOFOVERBURDENDIAM.OfHOLECORERECOVEREDn_l00X%RECOVERYBottomofHoleEl.2240'OepthofHo1e65'DepthofO.B.31'DepthofRock34'.PROJECTVeeCanon1,550,716.4SURFACEELEV.2305DRILLOATES'STARTCOMP:fu:!IDll.wllitetoLt.grayscllistoselitrl,lctl,lrelsveryprooinant~.lttodarkgray.medgrainlUld.llard$hearZGne-CoreisfragmentedsandySU......ARYLOGHOLEUO.Cfl~10REMAR!'iS"-COO,MATERIALSE 151B3.6SURFACEHEV.2199DRILLDATES'START7_S_61COMPo7-24-61NF--AZIMUTHFROMNORTHCOMP1l.£DBY,DAT!:.HORIZONTALDEPTHOFOVERBURDEN<:.DIAM.OfHOLECORERECOVERED%RECOVERYPROJECTVeeCanonBottcmofHoeE.20'DepthofHole151'DepthofO.B.151'1"160170100SUM...ARYLOGHOLEN .PROJECTIHOLENO.REIolARt<S01"111:Kn1ght&StOl'ltHoleadvincedbychop,washandblutmethods.Sampledwith1ln~spl1t-spoonsC'lpler."-COO,PROJECT,Silt.~artlyclayey.ollvegray,scw<t'finesandandsoftclaylayerSan4amiqravel--SandaDdg;.4;;J:-coa~;-$';;d,--dark,r.etamorphlcandsooegranitic,flMgravel.c1ean.~:..i~We~r:¥~trn'TStnm;i----clean,coarsegravels,probablyfrozen70"'-30_10_10020_"-"-"-PROJECT,DRILLDATES'STARTCOMPoDEPTHOFHOLElSIIDEPTHOFOVERBURDEN151ClAM.OFHOLENXROCKDRILLEDCORERECOVERED%RECOVERYELEV.ot:PTH~DESCRIPTIONOFMATERIALS~ARYLOGHOLENO~00-10El,551.e-SJ.6SURfACEELEV,2199FILENO.2-S0U-92-04-01APPENDIXIPLATE0-11 LOGOFTESTPITORAUGERHOLE"''''~~C''..,,~ro<i"~ATt¢'<'''Vut'Q&T~''$E1eYIl.t!ondH'ference,toptob::>ttOtl.oftrench,isabout30'.motos3.14, 3.15,3~17E:~vll.ticndifference,toptobotto=oftrench,hIl.hcut50'.REWARJ(5IHOLE«0.00-12SURFACEELEV.2mCorelengths0.1'to0.5'StartUXCore...CQA'95loeI---I---loeDRILLOATES'STARTN22,003,684.5ET50.631.117lLGravelAn{Sand""7gneisSic;-weatheredgraniteandqlnrtzltePROJECT..~;i~O~fH~f~eE.zrrf.tltpthofO.B.125'DeilthofRock.30'IlIl..Q:1~gray.netoe.e:'1""grainmod.liard.Fo1i4tlondipl~1\/rangesbetwuI\4S0tonur~verticalN14!L·~JtdlP4S.-'10••~(\'1\/\151!..I\t(JL.1"'-COMPoD€PTHOFHOLEDEPTHOFOVERBURDENClAM.OFHOLEIlYPROJECTROCKDRlLLED.,.,.,CORERECOVEREDSO-lOO'.C%RECOVERY2176ELEV.OEPTH~DESCRIPTIONOFMATERIALS~ARYLOGHOLEN".I""I"'"I--'AH:.:G:.:L:::E-,Fc.::R~OM"--,-V,,,ER:.:T:.J'tw.1...J...:A1."''''MU'''T,,HC-'-FR-''O'''M::N:.:O:.:RT:.:H'-_--jCOMf'tUOBY.OAT!:DiSTANCES'VERTICAL•HORIZONTALHOLENO.Im-l:!RElolARtt-SN22808684.51E"SURFACEELEV.DRILLOATES'STARTCOMP,CORERECOVERED5O~lOO:%RECOVERYDEPTHOFOVERBURDEN125OIAM.OFHOLENXPROJECTVeCann~-offve9ray,finetovery--fine,clean,loose,Mist,notfrozen,sornesiltlayers,SO/l!ill!:gravelSUMMARYLOGSUSITNARIVERBASINOFEXPLORATIONSVEE.CANYONHOLE12aTESTPITS"B"THRU"G"UPPERLOGSSOUTHCENTRALRAILBELTAREA,ALASKAINTERIMREPORTNO.IISM)LOGOFTESTPITORAUGERHOLE'':....e~~(lW...~'W"CU'1m'''HsT,ut''''''$,,,'LOGOFTESTPITORAUGERHOLEroo<u..~<::wI.NO'e<;~O~Tle><'''~HTlUI_$Photos2.20,3.0,3.1, 3.2.f'hoto3·3E:levaUondifference,toptobotto=oftrench,!sabout60'.ALASKADISTRICT,CORPSOFENGINEE:ftSANCHORAGE,ALASI<ADECEMBER1975FILENO.2-500-92-04-01APPENDiXPLATED-12 Eir~'-"'"B:!lcv2160theslofe!l.attemloutiUldiaf"ro:;enelaY!ysilt.Page2of2"..IiLOGOFTESTPITORAUGERHOLE1f:0'I_~ow....o'(w~O"T<<l><'~Vln'UT_$Pege1of2LOGOFTESTPITORAUGERHOLE,:~""Re....~e'OI.lNO"nc..'''''tsn'AT~''$C,""'"''''''''"'~eI;'C"'P"C'cr,,_,..1...'...,·"·.......,,,,"'''':.,....OCH,<"."'-"-.",.,."~_",,"',.",..,,••••••••••_••••.•..••••_."<l....!!.:.r::_~.E__~m!qnr~.1!'t.orp::dc,IUVllroYllIIOll;I~::'~{HL>:atlruN'b-.&t~..hv-Utre•••I~.wtd:rlT~llw,;r.dd,r,ra'¥,wu,~loo..,perrto\lill,eru1elT.tnt1t1~.A.qul.&rpu1t1cd$'tntu;eonta1M.c=ae-.ttenldwb&ll.gulu'torOrcl'lll:Ided~1pMral.lyl~ut."lAnI",_C!'ftbto3".Jottl"oUI1.(81).:SOUTHCENTRALRAILBELTAREA,ALASKAINTERIMREPORTNO.ISUSITNARIVERBASINOFEXPLORATIONSVEE·CANYONUPPERLOGSTESTPITS"H"THRU"L"ALASKADISTRICT,COM'SOFENGIN£I£RSANCHORAGE,ALASI<ADECEMBER1975FILENO.2-500-92-04-01APPENDIXPLATE0-13 REWARKSIHOLENQ'---'.-I..C<>IEE5.456SURFAV.2393.DRIl.LDATES'STARTCOMPoPROJECTDenaliDauiuBetto=.of&1_2183.3DcpthofBo1_210'-------PROJECTOllnlll1DuaUeDEPTHOFHOLEDEPTHOFOVERBURDENDIAM.OFHOLEROCKDRIl.LED!ioMCORERECOVERED%RECOVERYELEV.ovont~DESCRIPTIONOFMATERIALSr::AN",G1.;;:,::.E.::F.::RO:.;.M:.;.V=E"R",To..:.""-,,,,,-..J...CIAZ:.;.IM",U:..;T.::H,:.FR",O:..;M"H:.:O,:.RT",H__-iCOMPlUOBY.DISTANCES'VERTICAL•HORIZONTALD'rUl\1utudtoU1ftanlld1cvadton&:lld3dayatopat=itho1ete:qe.ratllrator.tllrDtonorulb_foratakin,tu;>aratllratWins••'U:"lItatuun&d111sa..u:*0I18/4/5'1llail1glurtalloflteeb=at1onThIlI1llOeotqlea.~!!:!2....C.!l.10)6.32026.63026.4'-021.15028.46028.9702'1.6802'1.6'102'1.610030.111030.112030.112730.1..C<>IECORERECOVERED%RECOVERYE5'-56SURFAV.2393.3DRILl.DATES'STARTCOMPoDEPTHOFOVERBURDEN210'DIAM.OFHOl.E3"N626623DESCRIPTIONOFMATERIALS~.f1n=,darksray~.looa.tofir:•.tatkgray11,W.fineto=d1_,varyilllfrol:llooaetofitlll,a:.al1&$O\llltof.lltdarkIray.I:•fit1lltohard,fINth1nlayeraoff:l.n.atl:'ld.datkgray.===--_-J.--'P"'R"'O"'JE"'C.;.T...::.;"='''=':..;'-='''''''----.J.!'!Qh.ENO•.2.el"l:ilOeollplll,uyreqll1'l'&oruc:tio~afternattu=*ll.tbo;haek.d.OVlltead.1l:l.ptu..ll.j/.159",ithlobituaytlt'pthtoWatetHoleat!!.!!.!!...-~~3.05'45'1123/5942.2'15'7/24/5942.3'81.7'7/27/59Te=?!utllreltudinpREMARKSSiltft~125'to200'al'l'uutobllll.bbadd"podt~~104.020.930.8540.88502.05602.53102.&0eo2.&0o3.081003.101103.031203.0521.13.00..C<>IEE5,456SRFACELEV.DRILl.DATES'STARTCOMP.'liUMMARYLOifOLEN .,PROJECTDenaliDll:HiUROCKDRILLEDSO""CORERECOVERED%RECOVERYDEP1HOFHOLE2.10'DEPTHOFOVERBURDENDIAM.OFHOLE=='-_-L--,P",R",OJ"E",CT!..-'l1<='::;"~'''::'-='~''.J.HOLENO.2REMARkS..C<>IEE5.572SURFACEEV.DRIl.LDATES-STARTCOMPoCORERECOVERED%RECOVERYDEPTHOFOVERBURDENDIAM.OFHOLE3"PROJECT{)IfnaliDhnit,finlt,oteu1ondrod';eo1-1!2."d1a.-f...thitllayauof.Ut.t&:lSi<'1Sftto=looICtoeolllpaet.CllMl.gray,.UtIrun..]!ii-ii~€M.2~.J~P~b~-:-_~f1natov.ryfilllt,dullo.fir:tohardpaeklld.Iray.HOLEN . ,PROJECTDEPTHOFHOLEROCKDRILLEDt-'::==.:=...::.::=.>=---l.::AZ::;I;;;MU:.;.T"'H.::FR:.:O:.:;M:..;N.:.:O=RT.::H'----_-ICOWPIUDBY.DArt•HORIZONTALHoledrilledcityto129'-yauttable!not"m:01.ll'ltu~atchildepch.1r:>1ocozpletCl!l,ld.lliidrill1nimud,VAterublenotMalund.REMARKS..C<>IEPROJECT!leaUlnIuitevullg1ngr"landy.1ltlc<>uto<:~..ct.11Ihtgr."COFey.•itOQItd.ned,colorcla:lge.tosnyat93',cc.q>4l;r.<lq.SUMMARYLOG1,HOLEN .1E~.572SURFACEELEV.234.PROJECTDenaliDamsitaDRILLOATES'STARTCOMP.DEPTHOFHOLE,DEPTHOFOVERBURDENClAM.OFHOLEROCKORILlEDlI1lneCORERECOVERED%RECOVERYANGLEFROMVERT.VutAZIMUTHFROMHORTHCOMI'tL£O8Y,DATEDISTANCES'VERTICAL•HORIZONTAL5,362SURFACEELEV.2350.8DRILLOATES'STARTCOMP.SUSITNARIVERBASINOFEXPLORATIONSDENALIANCHORAGE.ALAS/(ADECEMBER1975ALASKADISTRICT,CORPSOFENGINlEIMHOLESITHRU3UPPERLOGSSOUTHCENTRALRAILBELTAREA,ALASKAINTERIMREPORTNO.IREMARKS..C<>IE5,361SURFACEEEV.2.350.8DRILLDATES'STARTCOMP.DEPTHOFOVERBURDEN116.3'DIAM.OFHOl.E"CORERECOVERED%RECOVERYfln:updsravel,Htt1eton1l1ltArteslllnllqllifer,flcwedtoIlllrface-,rate8Cl'M.lk>tt=ofHola2114.S·DepthoflIo1a176.3'flngtpcgaruuru!wellgraded."lthslltandc:111y,llI1caandpyriteflahsthrollg!lout.gnvd~!.:!.i~~o::..~t~ad...!....:':'rD...!.!:..a~f1;"und,Mrogravelbou1denlUeaandpyriteflaku,patked,srayArtu1an.tateSCPH.PROJECTo..nau.DllUit.1tL::::::A"'•.'.:.r.:.·_m_._.u-L--'PC!R!J!O~JE"'C.!.T~""~"~''-',~-~,,~,-lHOL;ENO.3ClAM.OFHOLE:;""Yo.RECOVERYS:dlatt...iann""baekthrudriUrodsfrOllll9S'tolO!'Artui4nflewthrollgbddllred.frc=163.1'.FlmIedatrate8CPH.RAtI!offlevdidrwtehangllin)O=1lWtetllltper:Lod.5.19IU/S'}U.S'1.79/14/5952.5'6.69/15/59103.4'9.19!16!S'J163.7'~..ter!levin,ft¢:lho1aateem;;le.ti..n.110ttllpuatll:£l!re.&d1nsaukCl.Silta.aandafrol:labc>Ut55'tol40'.Kaybal&kaad<I1lj>odu.Artedanflowat8Q'Hfro=115.1'to116.)'.REMARKSFe.to¥.!!!!...£!!!.176.3'..C<>IEN1--:==:::::==..,.-'=======~_-1COtoU'lL£O8'1',OATEFILENO.2-SOU-92-04-01APPENDIXIPLATE0-14 HOLENO.llottcaofItolt1316'I}c;>thofl!olit20)'twh¢uedh,U,.!rca170'c02oo''"'M'PROJECTOom&11D......iteDESCRIPTIONOFMATERIALSSiltwithgravel.hudpaeked.fi_to~i\lll.al:ld.pyrlt.fl&U.hudtocc:;>-.et,gray,Sand"ithn.allUlOlUltailtal:ldfineIltavel,lray.Fine.gr.vel••~.hardpilckll4.Sandandsraveltneeofl11tiJ:l.layen,cCl=l'aet.s'tay.Gr.....el••andalldal1tinuylutoo2'thick~pthoffu!!!...lIXeu1ngto169.3'rutof~£!!!.NX<:uingto119'6.18/17/5935.221.68/18/5990.417.78/19/59113.431.68/20/59150.9102.08/22/59203.102.08/'l4/S9203.REi4ARK$'"'M'5013.6SURFACY.2n9.0DRILLDATES"STARTCaMP.CORERECOVERED%RECOVERYDEPTHOFOVERBURDENOIAM.OFHOLEVeryfilUltofinell&ll.d,eo=pactto1ar~.breNn.nnetoveryfie=s-=d,thinleyerofsUt.<:oq:ls<:ttohud,brovntogny.'::::e...!.~':'~..:.o":'~lI:!...~~.Ficeto_d1Ul1lalld.lccutoc¢l!!l;'act,bl;'OWIl..:!!:.L~~cd~::.~E:':'.!r~._Veryfineroco.::ee.ecd,lc¢eetofin.la.tie"lar.brftl'l1gny."§s'§~~~-_-_-:::::::.:Fine.&IIdandclay"sticky"LEN,PROJECTRE.....RKSU..dddU1IllUdtah"l.bo=lJl'toZ:lO'Holec",e:l.-166.4'FilledhollltoUS'O':lu./:hnm.'"'M'2174'200.?'E5,226SURFACEEV.274DRILLOATES'STARTCOMPoN2Iotithco.uegr.velCORERECOVERED%RECOVERYDEPTHOFOVERBURDEN•OIAM.OFHOLE·3"f-==-=:':"',==""c...L::AZ::IM::U:,:T"=FR:::O::M:::"::::OR:::T:::"__-ICOMJ"lLEDBY,OAT[•HORIZONTAL=='-_--J.-'P"'R"'OJ"'E"'CT!-:::""":::":::''-'':::-'''':::'o'-...I.HOLENO.4HOLENO.40f1lth'0Water~!!.2!!.0.'8/)1/5928.3'20.89/1/596S.3'26.19/2/59130.2'22.59/1.159200.5'Silt£roceo.O·tCl200'caybelakeb"ddepodU.lJ,ill.lltalbdtoholdhcbcpllnfoiU:;>entureuadi"sa.REMARKSNXcuingtoll9'lXenil1<gto129.4'J.Xcaa1nltol92.S''"'M'N511E5,nSURFACEEEV<DRilLOATES'STARTCOMPoCORERECOVERED%RECOVERYDEPTHOFOVERBURDEN200.5'OIAM.OFHOLE3"PROJECTn.naliD4.utteSUMMARYLOGHOLEN .,PROJECTDe.naliOude.DEPTHOFHOLE200.5'SOUTHCENTRALRAILBELTAREA,ALASKAINTERIMREPORTNO.ISUSITNARIVERBASINOFEXPLORATIONSDENALIUPPERLOGSHOlES4AND5ALASKADISTRICT,COl¥SOFENGINEERSANCHORAGE,AUISICADECEMBER1975FILENO.2-SQU-92-04-01APPENDIXPLATE0-15 EOANREPORTSunSURFACEGEOPHYSICALEXPLORATIONPROPOSEDWATANADAMSITEONTHESUSITNARIVER,ALASKAforDEPARTMENTOFTHEARMY.ALASKADISTRICT,CORPSOFENGINEERSCONTRACTNO.DACW85-76-C-0004DAMES&MOOREJOBNO.3221-011-20APPENDIXIEXHIBIT0-1DAMESCMOORE ·."i"A~~()nE,-_..,"\"L......'"("-.\(~.J(l..",r..~;1',lip",.lO'I00·.TOKYO",I""llvIlH;llfAl,H1Jl.fJl.lI!)"'''PUtt)lAI~fH~:,Cltt;c.r"".'ll1("11IiI\fl'il1,;,1:,"'1',,1\1(-1'j."."\,-I,.'\Anchorage,AlaskaSeptember25,1975·tMILeCOLl.eGef~OADMAILINC,/'I..rH'I,·r:~)::,-p"O.nox;\'O/2~,..'r·AIUIIAN1<'""Al:A;~KA'_~Jn?0ii':l(''ll·1;'I2,~I{J!listriclEngineerAlaskaDistrict,CorpsofEngineers.DeportmentoftheArmyP.O.Box7002Anchorage,Alaska99510-Gentlemen:ReportSubsurfaceGeophysicalExplorationProposedWatanaDamsit~ontheSusitnaRiver,AlaskaforDepartmentoftheArmyAlaskaDistrict,CorpsofEngineersContractNo.DACW85-76-C-0004Incompliancewithyour~equestandasauthorizedbyyourcontractnumberDACW85-76-C-0004,wearepleasedtosubmitfivecopiesofourreport,"SubsurfaceGeophysicalExploration,ProposedWatanaDamsiteontheSusitnaRiver,AlilskilforDepartJnentoftheArmy,AlaskaDistr.ict,CorpsofEngineers.1IVIealsosubmitreproducablecopiesofallrecordings,pl.ans,andcross-sections.Theaccompanyingreportpresentsourconclusionsconcerningthenatureoftheoverburdenandbedrock,andthedepthtothetopofbedrockasinterpretedfromtheseismicrefractiondata.Thehorizontalandverticalscalesusedforthecross-sectionshnvebeenmodifiedfromthoseorigina)1yrequested,asauthorizedbyMr.GlennGreeley.Intheeventthatyouhaveanyquestions,ordesirec1arificationofanypartofthisreport,pleasecontactusatyourconvenience.Ithasbeenapleasuretoassistyouonthisproject.,.Verytrulyyours,Of'S&MOORE~~':"':g"""""'\;;::"'"Associate'7'~~I:-t-ForrestD.PetersSeniorGeophysicistSS:FDP:sedfll't,~rhrn()nt<: REPORT,SUBSURFACEGEOPHYSICALEXPLORATIONPROPOSEDWATANADAMSITEONTHESUSITNARIVER,A~ASKAr-ol{·DEPARTMENT.OFTHEARMYALASKADISTRICT.CORPSOFENGINEERSCONTRACTNO.DACW85-76-C-0004INTRODUCTIONThisreportcontainstheresultsofasubsurfacegeophysicalsurveyperformedduringAugustandSeptember1975attheproposedWatanadamsiteontheSusitnaRiver.Alaska.Theproposeddamwouldbearock-filLimpervious-coredamapproximately650'to850feethighwithawater-poolelevationofbetween2.050and2;200feetMSL.ThesiteislocatedinT32N,R5E.SewardMeridian,andisapproxi-mately125milesNNEfromAnchorage.Alaska.ThelocationofthesiteisillustratedonPlate1,PlotPlan./PURPOSEOFTHESURVEYThepurposeofthegeophysicalsurveywastoobtainadditionalinformationconcerningthissite,foruseinevaluatingthefeasibilityofthedam.andforuseinplanningwhatfurtherexplorationmaybenecessaryatthesite.SCOPEOFWORK.Thegeophysicalsurveyconsistedof22.000linealfeetofseismicrefractionlineontheupperrightabutmentareaoftheproposeddam.andIDAIYIESC.1YI00RE - 2 -approximately500feetofseismicrefractionlineacrosstheSusitnaRiverinthevicinityoftheproposedaxisofthedam.ThelocationsanddetailsoftheserefractionlinesareillustratedonPlate1.Theserefractionlineswereusedtodeterminethenatureandthicknessoftheoverburdenandthedepthtothetopofbedrockalongthelines.Inaddition,therefractiondatawasinterpretedtoobtainanyindi-cationsofmajorstructural,tectonic,orlithologiefeatureswhich~ayexist,withinthebedrock.Thespecificpurposeofthegeophysicalworkontherightabutmentareaoftheproposeddam,wastodetermineifoneormoreburied,abandonedriverchannelsexistthroughthisabutmentofthedamsite.FIELDWORKANDRESULTANTDATADetailsofthefieldworkaredescribedinAppendixA.Theseismicrefractionrecordswhichwereobtainedduringthiswork.arereproducedonPlates5and6.Thetimevs.distanceplotsoftherefractiondataandthesubsurfacecross-sectionswhichwereinterpretedfromthisdataarepresentedonPlates2through4.DISCUSSIONTheresultsofthisgeophysicalsurveyareofapreliminaryrecon-aissancenature,duetothefact"thatnoothersubsurfaceinformationisavailableconcerningthissite.Theseismicrefractionmethodofinvestiga-tionisanindirectmethod,whichisbyitself,non-definitiveconcerningmanyaspectsofthegeologyofthebedrockandthecharacteristicsoftheoverburdenmaterials.Theresultsderivedfromrefractiondatabecameprogres-sivelymoredefinitivewiththeincorporationofmoreandmoresurfaceandsub-DAMIGSUMOORIG 3surfaceinformationintotheinterpretationprocess.Theconclusionsdis-cussedinthisreportshould.therefore.bere-evaluatedinthelightofanyadditionalsurfaceandsubsurfaceinformationwhichmaybecomeavailableatalaterdate.UPPERRIGHTABUTMENTAREAl.Q.QographyStation0+00wasusedasalocalelevationdatumforseismiclinesAandBwithanassumedelevationof1.000feet.Theactualelevationofthisstationisapproximately2.300feetMSLasestJmatedfromtheUSGS.topographicsheetTalkeetnaMountafns0-4.Thesubsurfacecrosi~se~tionsonPlates2and3can;therefore.beviewedwithrespecttopossiblepool-eleva-tionsbehindthedamwiththispossibleMSLelevationasareference.ThetopographyalonglinesAandBisgentlyrollingwithsomerelativelysharptopographicbreaksabout10'to15feethigh.Surfacedrain-agethroughoutthisareaisgenerallypoorsuchthatmostofthenear-surfacesoilsarewetorfullysaturatedexceptclosetothesharpertopographicbreaks.SurfaceGeologyTherearenoknownbedrockoutcropsalong1inesAandB.,Igneousbedrockdoesoutcropsouthwestofstation-4+00onthehighergroundinthisdirection.andonportionsoftheslopesleadingdowntotheSusitnaRiver.DAMESCMOORE - 4 -Thesurfieid'l11IJtcritllsobscrvl'JatthecJroundsurfilCCilndIntheLorinusdrilledforshotholes(maximumdepthof9fect,usualdepthsofabout4feet),arewithoneexception,generallyofcoarseglacialtill!glacialoutwashorigin.Largebouldersandcobble-sizedfragmentsofigne-ousrockarecharacteristicofthesurficialmaterialsandformboulderpave-mentsinmanyareas.Thesebou1derpavementshavelittleornointerstitialmaterialsinmanycases.Therestofthesurficialmaterialsconsistofaheterogeneousmixtureofsilttobouldersizedclasticswithaveryhighproportionofboulders.TheonlY,observedoccurrencesofclayalonglinesAandBwereintheshotholesatstations'119+50and132+00.Approximately4feetofclaywaspenetratedintheshotholeatstation119+50andsimilarclajwasobservedatthebottomoftheshotholeatstation132+00.Theoriginandex-.tentofthisclayeymaterialisunknown,althoughitwouldpresumablybeoflacustrineorigin.Asampleofthismaterialwasgiv~ntotheCorpsofEngineersrepresentativeonthesite.DepthtoBedrockandThicknessofOverburdenThedepthofbedrockandthethicknessofoverburdenasinter-pretedfromtherefractiondataareshownonthecross-sectionsonPlates2and3.Theoverburdenthicknessvariesfrom~pproximately15feettoapproxi-mately420feetalonglinesAandB.Thesedepthstobedrockareconsider~dtobeaccuratetoapproximatelyplusorminus20percentofthecalculateddepths.Thisloworderofaccuracyiscausedbyhighlyvariableoverburdencharacteristics,strongchangesinthebedrocksurfaceandvariablebedrocklDAIVII""SC1MI00RE - 5 -velocity.ThequestionoftheaccuracyoftheinterpretationsderivedfromtherefractiondataisaddressedmorefullyinAppendixB.Theinterpre-tationofthedatabetweenstations0+00and53+50(Plate2)isconsideredlessaccuratethanontherestoftherefractionlinebecauseofacombina-tionofoverlappinganomalousconditionsinthebedrockandoverburden.BedrockVelocitiesThevelocitiesofthebedrockobtainedfromthissurveyrangebe-tween10.000to18,000feetpersecon~.Avalueof18.000feetpersecondwasobtainedonlineCintheriverbottomaswillbediscussedlater.This'velocityisconsideredrepresentativeofigneousbedrockwhichdoesnothaveanyappreciableopenfract~rescausedbynear-surfacestressrelief.ThebedrockvelocitiesobtainedfromlinesAandBhaveahighestvalueofapproximately16.000feetpersecond.Thisvelocityisfo~ndfromstation0+00to3+00andfromstation198+00to220+00.I~isconsideredtoberepresentativeofprobableigneou~bedrockwhichhas'beenstressrelievedtodepthsofatleastoneortwohundredfeet.Mostoftheareabetweenstations3+00and198+00hasabedrockvelocityinthevicinityof14.000-15,000feetpersecond.Thevelocitycontrastbetweenthisand16.000feetpersecondisconsideredsignificantandreal,however.thecauseofthisvelocitychangeisopentoquestion.Thebedrockinthisareacouldbeigneousrockwithaslightlylowervelocity,oritcouldbeofadifferentlithology(metamorphicorvolcanicrocks).Thetwolowvelocityzonesinthebedrock(station5+00to11+50andstation161+00to178+50)havevelocitiesbetween,10.000and12.000feet 6 -persecond.Theselowvelocityzonesmustbecausedbyasignificantchang:ineitherlithologyorinte~nalstructureofthebedrockintheseareas.Thelocationandorientationofahighlyfracturedzoneinthebedrockex-posedintheriver-canyonwallsouth-southeastpfstations5+00through11+50.suggeststhatthislowvelocityzonemayrepresentashearzone.However.thislowvelocityzonecouldalsobecausedbylithologicdi~ferences.Thelowvelocityzonebetweenstations161+00and178+50couldalsobecausedbyeitherashearzoneordifferentlithology.OverburdenVelocitiesTheoverburdenvelocitiesrangebetweenapproximately1,200feetpersecondand9,000feetpersecond.Thelowoverburdenvelocitiesbetween1,200and2.000feetpersecondareindicativeofloose,partiallysaturatednear-surfaceoverburden.Intermediatevelocitiesbetween2,000and5,500feetpersecondareprobablytheresultofvelocityaveragingbetweeothenear-surfacematerialsandwatersaturatedmaterialsbelow'them,b~tmayalsorepresentnearlysaturatedmaterialsinsomeareas.Thevelocitiesbetween5,500and9,000feetpersecondrepresentfullysaturatedoverburden.Therangeof5,500to6,500feetpersecondisthenormalvelocityforfullysaturatedalluvium/glacialoutwashmaterial.Velocitiesbetween6,500and9.000feetpersecondmustrepresentotherthanalluvial/glacialoutwashconditionsintheoverburden.Therearethreepassibilities:(1)Groundmoraineoverripenbyrelativelythickglacialicecanhavevelocitiesinthisrange~DAMESIIIMOORE - 7 -(2)Permafrostconditionsinotherwisenormalvelocitymaterialscanhavevelocitiesinthisrange.(3)Overburdencontainingaveryhighpercentageofbouldersandcobbles.whichhavegoodcontactwitheachothercanhavevelocitiesinthisrange.Notethatazoneofshatteredbedrockwillalsofitthisdescription.·Itisimpossibletodeterminefromthevelocitydataalone.whichofthesethreetypesofconditionsarecausingvelocitieswithinthe6.500to9.000feetpersecondrange.Theareabetween15+00and31+50(Plate2)containsoverburdenvelocitiesof7,500to9,000feetpersecond.Thiszoneofhighoverburden.velocityisunusualandispartofthereasonforinterpretationproblemsinthisportionoftheline.Thiszoneappearstocontainarelativelythin(50to100footthick)zoneofhighvelocity·nearthegroundsurface.Over-burdenwithnormalvelocityappearstobepresentbelowthishighvelocityzone.Thisinterpretationissupportedbyunusualhighfrequenciesofthe9,000footpersecondarrivalsfromshotpointsat22+00and31+50whichisindicativeofrelativelythin-bedrefractionarrivals.Thisinterpretationisalsosupportedbythelargeoffsetsinthetime-distanceplotsinthevicinityofthecriticaldistanceoftherefractor.Thisthinbeddedhighvelocityzonemaybeduetoaveryhighconcentrationofbouldersinthenear-surface.orperhapsbynear-surfacepermafrost.Otherinterpretationsofthe 8 -refractiondataarepossibleinthisvicinity,buttheinterpretationgivenisconsideredtobethemostprobablesubsurfaceconfiguration.Theotherareaswithoverburdenvelocitiesabove6,500feetperseconddonothaveanydistinctpeculiaritieswithintherefractiondatathatwillaidusinmakingeducatedguessesbetweenthealternativesgivenforthisvelocityrange.RIVERBOTTOM(LINEC)TopographyThenorthernmonumentoflineC(0+00)wasusedforadatumwithanassumedelevationof100feet.ThewaterlevelintheriveronSeptember7,1975wasapproximately55.0feetusingthiselevationdatum.SurfaceGeo1ogy_.Igneousbedrockoutcropsinaverticalcliffonthesouthsideoftheriverabout15feetbehindthesprucetreeusedfor.thesouthernmonu-mentoftherefractionline.Therewerenoobservedbedrockoutcropsnearthenorthernportionoftherefractionline.Theslopebetweenstations1+00and0+00andnorthof0+00consistspredominantlyoflarge-sizedtalusboulderswithlittleornointerstitialmaterial.Thematerialsonthegra-velbarandintheriverconsistofaheterogeneousmixtureofsilttocob-b1esizedclasticswithalargepercentageofcobbles.DepthtoBedrockandThicknessofOverburdenThequalityoftherefractionrecordsforlineCvariesfromexcel-lenttoverypoor.Thelandgeophonesgaveexcellentarrivalinformation - 9 -whilethehydrophonesgaveverypoorarrival,informationduetotheverygreatnoisegeneratedbytherivercurrent.TheaccuracyofthedepthtobedrockshownonPlate4isconsideredtobeplusorminus15percentofthecalculateddepths,exceptunderthehydrophoneportionofthelinewheretheaccuracyislessthanthis.BedrockVelociltThebedrockvelocityintheriverbottomisapproximately18.000feetpersecond.Asdiscussedpreviously,thisvelocityisconsideredtoberepresentativeofthevelocityoftheigneousrockwhichhasnoappreci-ableopenfracturesinducedbystressrelief.OverburdenVelocitiesThevelocityof7,000feetpersecondobserved.onthenorthernendoflineCisthevelocityofthetalusboulders,orisa'combinationofarrivalsthroughthesebouldersandthroughbedrockduetotheeffectofthesteepslopeonthebedrocksurfaceatthisendoftheline...Thewater-saturatedvelocityofthealluviuminthebottomoftheriverwasobtainedfromashortrefractionlioerunwithaBisonSeismo-graph.Theobservedvelocityfromthislinewas6,100feetpersecondandisinthenormalrangeforwatersaturatedalluviumwithahighpercentageoflargeclastics.SUMMARYANDCONCLUSIONSThesubsurfacecross-sectionssho~nonPlates2through4containourbestestimatesconcerningtheprobabledepthstobedrockalongthe -10-refractionlineintheupperrightabutmentarea"and-inthevicinityoftheproposeddamaxis.Thesecross-sectionscannotbetakenatface-value,butmustbeconsideredincontextwiththediscussionoftheresul~sgiveninthemainbodyofthisreport,andthedicussionofaccuracygiveninAppendixB.Additionalsubsurfaceinformationwouldprovidemoredefinitiveinterpretationsconcerningth~geologyofthisarea.Thereisaconsiderableportionof1ineAwherethebedrocksurfaceisapparentlybelowthepotentialpoolelevationsofeither2,050o~2,200tMSL.Theareabetweenstations20+50and41+50hasabe~rocksurfaceappreciablybelowanelevationof2,050feetifweaccepttheestimategiveninthisreportofatrueelevationof2,300feetforstation0+00.Thearea.betweenstations1+50and59+00hasabedrocksurfaceappreciablybelow'anelevationof2,200feet,ifweacceptthissameelevationestimate.Thisareawithrelativelydeepbedrockmayormaynotcontainanabandoned,buriedriverchannelassuch.It.ispossib'lethatthis'areamaybeduesolelytopreferentialexcavationofmetamorphicbedrockbyglacial'actionratherthanerosionofariverchannel.Theoverburdenmaythere-foreconsistofnormalglacialtillwithorwithouthighlypermeableriverorglacialoutwashmaterials.Ifthisisthecase,nofirmconclusionscanbedrawnconcerningthelateralextentofthislowbedrockarea,andthebed-rockalongthewater'sedgeofth~reservoirmaylieaboveorbelowthepossiblepoolelevations.Thepresenceofboulderpavementsonthesurfaceofthisareaandpossibleexistanceofarelativelythickbo~lderzonebetweenstations21+00and,53+50couldpresentlargewaterlossproblemsiftheseextendtoDAMIESeMOORE theedgeoftheproposedreservoirbelowpoolelevation.However.thehighnear-surfacevelocitie~betweenthesestationscouldbeduetotheIpresenceofpermafrostratherthanaboulderzone.Theclayeymaterialobservedintheshotholes-atstations119+50.and132+00mayindicateapossibleborrowareaforimperviouscorematerial.Thetwolowvelocityzoneswithinthebedrock(station5+00to11+50.andstation161+00to178+50)maybecausedbyahigndegreeoffrac-turingwithinthebedrock(shearzone).orbyalithologicchangewithinthebedrock.Thestronglyfracturedzone-inthe.bedrockexposedintheriverbluffSSEofstations5+00to11+50,appearstotrendtowardthisportionoflineA.andmaythereforeberelatedtothislowvelocityzone.ThebedrockalongtherestoflinesAandBmaybewhollyigneous.ormaybeacombinationofigneousandmetamorphicrocks.-000-Thefollowingplatesandappendiciesareattachedandcompletethisreport:Plate1PlotPlanPlate2SeismicRefractionLineAPlate3SeismicRefractionLineBPlate4SeismicRefractionLineCPlate5SeismicRefractionRecordsLineAPlate6SeismicRefractionRecordsLinesBandCDAMes.&fNiOOAI: SS:FDP:sedAppendixAAppendixB-12-FieldWorkAccuracyofResultsRespectfullysubmitted.DAMES&MOORE~I .£u.~~SukhmanderSinghI .Associate.ForrestD.PetersSeniorGeophysicistDAMESeMOOREIi A-1APPENDIXAFIELDWORKThegeophysicalfieldworkforthisreportwasperformedbetweenAugust28andSeptember8.1975attheWatanadamsite.Thefieldcrewcon-sistedofthreeDames&Mooregeophysicists.twolicensedpowdermen.twosurveyors.ahelicopterpilot.andseveraltechnicians.TheCorpsofEngineerssentarepresentativetothesiteforthedurationofthefieldwork.Thesurveyconsistedofone22,000footseismicrefr'actionlineutilizinggeophonespacingGof25,50,and100feet.One545-footrefrac-tionlinewasconductedperpendiculartotheSusitnaRiverneartheaxisoftheproposeddarn.Inaddition.ashortlOa-footlong,hammerrefractionsurveywasconductedintheriverbottom.Totalfootageforthesurveywas22,645linealfeet.Thesitewaslocated(Plate1)approximatelyfivemilesfromTsusenaLodgewherethefieldcrewwaslodged.TranpsortationfromAnchor-agetothelodgeandbackwasprovided"byfloatplanesandtransportationfromthelodgeto thesitewasprovidedbya2068JetRangerhelicopter.TheabovefacilitiesandserviceswereprovidedbySeaAirmotive.Inc.Alltransportofequipmentandpersonnelalongtherefractionlineswasbyheli-copter.SurveyingserviceswereprovidedbyF.M.LindseyandAssociates.PowderandblastingserviceswereprovidedbyX-DemexCorporation.Allsub-contractorsarebasedinAnchorage. A - 2TheseismiclineswerelocatedatthedirectionoftheCorpsofEngineer'srepresentativeatthesite.TheseismicrefractionlinewasbruihedandstakedatlOa-footintervals.Elevationsweremeasuredtoth~"nearesttenthofafoot.ateverystake.Permanentmonuments.LabeledPTA,PTB,andPTCshownonPlate1,wereplacedatstations0+00,110+00.and'220tOO.Theseismicenergyusedforthesurveywasproducedbydetonationofexplosivecharges(KinemetricsKJ2-componentexplosives),placedintoshallowshotholes.Theshotholesweredrilledwithatwo-manpoweraugerorpoleddownwithacrowbar.Shotholeswerenotlessthanthreefeetdeep.Atallshotpointstherequiredpoundage.whichvariedfrom4to12pounds,wasachievedbyloadingapatternofshotholespositionedwithinafive-foot.radiusoftheshotpoint.Allchargeswerestemmedandtampedwithmaterialfromtheshothole.Theenergyreleasedbythedetonationoftheexplosivechargeswasdetectedbyverticallyoriented,14-hertzgeophones."~T~h~e~l~~h~~~~~w~e~r~e~~c~o~u,pledtotheearthbyburialinahole6to10inchesdeep.Abasicgeophoneandcablelayout(profile)of2,200feetwasusedforthemainrefractionlineasshownonPlate1.Atotaloffiveshotswererecordedintoeachgeophoneprofile.Theseismicenergydetectedbyeachgeophonewasinputintoa24channelSIERA44SeismicAmplifier,andrecordedonanSIER-6RecordingOscillograph.ThefieldworkfortheriverlinewasperformedonSeptember7and8.1975.Totallengthofthelinewas545"feetofwhich275feetwasinDAMESCMOORE A - 3theSusitnpRiver.Tospanthissegmentoftheriver,acontinuousloopofaircraftstresscable(diameter5/32inches)wasextendedovertherivertotheoppositebank.Slackwastakenuptothepointwherethestresscableextendedacrosstheriveratanaverageheightof10feet.Ahydrophonecableandshotlinewasthenattachedtothestresscable.Thehydrophoneswerespacedatintervalsof25feetandsecuredto·cablecrimpsfastenedtothestresscabletopreventanyslippage.Tenver-ticallyorientedlandgeophoneswerespacedatintervalsof25feetonthedrygroundofthenorthbankoftheriver.Shotpointsfortheriver.linewerepositionedatbothendsand282feetdownstreamfromstation1+80.Tosupplementtheriversurvey,alOO-footlonghan~errefractionsurveywasconductedintheriverbottom.Thissurveyconsistedofrecord-ingfirstarrivalsfromhammerblowslocatedatvariouspositionsalongthelineintoasinglechannelBisonSeismograph.Thisrefractionlinewasnotlongenoughtoobtainrefractedarrivalsfromthebedrock,thereforethedatafromthislineisnotpresentedinthisreport:DAMCSU~OORC B-1APPENDIXBACCURACYOFRESULTSAccuracyofCalculatedDepthstoBedrockTheloworderofaccuracyfortheresultsobtainedfromseismicrefractiondataisquitecommonforthismethodofexplorationwhennoother.typeofsubsurfaceinformationisavailable.Accuraciesofplusorminus15and20percentofthecalculateddepthtobedrockarequotedinthisreport.Ifthecalculateddepthtotopofbedrockisshownonthecross-sectionat100feetbelowthesurface,aquotedaccuracyof~20percentmeansthatthetruebedrocksurfacecouldbeanywherebetween80and120feetbelow'thegroundsurface(i.e.+20percentof100feet).Quotedaccuraciesofthistypehaveaveryspecialmeaningwhichmust.beexplained.Theq~otedaccuracyisaqualitativeestimatemadebythegeophysi-cistwhointerpretstherefractiondata,andrepresentshisbestestimateoftheeffectofalarg~numberoffactorsonthecalculateddepths.Themajorfactorswhichaffectaccuracyarethefollowing:(1)Smallscaleirregularietiesonthebedrocksurface.Theseis-micrefractionmethodtendstoaverage(smooth)thebedrocksurface.Aboringmaypenetratebedrockonahighorlowpointofthebedrocksurfacewhichisnotobservedinthere-fractiondata.However,alargenumberofboringsalongtherefractionlinewillshowthattheaver?gedepthtobedrockisveryclosetothatcalculatedfromtherefractiondata.Theaverageaccuracyofthecalculateddepthtobedrockwtll,there- B-2fore.bemuchbetterthanthequotedvalue(forexample.~.10percentoreven~5percentinsteadof~20percent).(2).Hiddenlayersorblindzones.Thesety.pesofsubsurfaceconditionscannotbeobserveddirectlyintherefractiondata,,butarethemajorcauseforlargedifferencesbetweencalcula-teddepthsandtheactualdepthsfoundbyborings.Near-sur-facehighvelocitiesunderlainbylower/velocities.andburiedhighvelocityzoneswhichdonotappearintherefraction~ataasfirstarrivals.arethemajortypesofsubsurfacegeometrieswhicharereferredtoashidden,orblindzones.Thequotedaccuracyforcalculateddepthscontainsalargefactortoaccountforsuchpossiblesubsurfaceconditions.Oneormore··boringswhichpenetratebedrockalongtherefractionline.willpermitrec?lculationofthedepthtobedrocktoremovetheeffectofsuchhiddenorblindlayers.Theaccuracyofthere-calculatedcross-sectionwillthenbecome+10percentoreven~5percent.(3)Highlyirregularsubsurfaceconditionsandoverlappingsub~surfaceanomalies:Therefractiondatabetweenstations0+00and53+50on1ineAisanexampleofthis·typeofaccuracyproblem.Thebedrocksurfaceinthis~reaisirregularwithsomeareasofstrongrelief.Thebedrockvelocityinthisareaisnotconstant.Thenear-surfacearrivalsindicatethepossi-bilityofasurfacehighvelocitylayerwhichisunderlainbylowervelocities.Alloftheseanomaliesoccurtogetherandoverlapeachothertosuchan'extentthatitbecomes.difficultIOAMI:SGMOORE B-3ifnotimpossibletointerprettherefractiondataproperly.Oneormoreboringsinthisareawouldhelpintheinterpre-tationofthedatabyprovidingdefinitivesubsurfaceinforma-tionwhichcanbeusedtosortouttheoverlappingeffectsofthevarioustypesofanomalies.ACCURACYOFCALCULATEDVELOCITIESThequotedaccuraciesfortherefractiondatadonotrefertothevelocityvaluesgivenonthetime-distanceandcross-sectionplots.Theaccuracyofthecalculatedvelocitiesaredependentprimarilyontheinherenttimingaccuracyoftheseismicrecords.Thecalculatedvelocitiesareaccur-atetowithin~5percent.Small-scalevariationsofseismicvelocitywithinthebedrockandoverburdendoaffectthecalculatedvelocities.butthistypeofinaccuracyisincludedwithintheabovequotedaccuracyfortheseismicvelocities.Thevelocitiesshownonthetime-distanceplotsarenotnecessarilytherealvelocitiesofbedrockoroverburden.Theseplotscontain'theeffectsofsubsurfaceconditionsandthegeometryoftheseisloicwavesystems.Thesecalculatedvelocitiesarethereforecalledapparentvelocities.Theapparentvelocityfromonedirection,onageophoneprofileisdirectlyrelatedtothe.apparentvelocityf~omtheotherdirection.Thecombinationofthesetwoapparentvelocitiesisrelatedtothetruevelocitiesandthesetruevelocit-iesaregivenonthesubsurfacecross-sections. ,1--l~.(,Jf'";.lI,t)\'~'tf;\{/ty'...'H'"•".."H'1lH'I'.POH·f1,..II..."."U','Ufl'".,,11H:}!::t¥6i:t,...i!:!~,..i:..:!.'-?~-i~.. .320.320"oi>.280.2801,:'1<>I,~4:'1<>"TJ',#:..2401J1rJ:].2401,'rJ:]15rJ:Jo//.200,.2004SrJ:JI~18Joo,,:DI;~1,'<1>,#'J5700:::!~./60\.v.~.160~8~1'%,<fii'.1?9rJ:Ji;;~~.120.120",'1''''J~~;::~TlI£·OIST"""CtFtOTSUfuell~f~TlCflccuteTto.080.080f~!.l<lTPOInTS(ST~IS1l(1lATSEHMttOCATltriSAtor;(;11s.E1~ICllM.r~ClMlflUTlfn.T~[FC!,..LOWI!GPLOTSl1"5(X.WSlUll~'$[J);...SH:ITNIIiTtOCATICfl.040.0401300.000.000STATION0·005.00IO~OO15·0025·0030.0035·0040.0045.0050·0060.0080.0085·00105..00110..00SHOTPOHHSP18SPIESPlDSP1CSPSCS?SD$PIASP2ASP2£SF3B1157"55-=(!l+OO)NORTHEASTlollnEVATI¢MAA(ULATIVETOAll'u!U'I[O[lEVAnOll(FEETIGlIOOOFttTATst.l.T1Oi'10*00lSOUTHWEST1300130012001200RfACETOf'OSRAPH'f\130014SO11001100llSOi::4200..StIjlfll£T~P.APHY"7300~!:J10001000~12~i;)~8500-900')900SEISMICREFRACTION;::900_1~§'"LINEA'"§i;j800800:::!~STATIONS0.00TO110.00I;l6500~70051~700m'":::!6006005005004004000·005·0010·0015.0040.0050·0055·0060.0065..°0170..0075·0080.0085·0090-0095.00/00..00105-00110·00DISTANCE(FeETIDAM••0WIOO••PLATE2. .320.320.280.280.2401Jv<.V.240<?JQ1'>~J''ll>JSOoo.200,,<fJf:.200JJ~ttJJJJQ1,<:;;"'/}<fi>;;~v...fi".JSOr;,~2./60./~./600>~JSOooJ''ll>l!¥tJo~J~~<fJf:./20<>~./20i5i::~~tl!o\f·~IHAMInOTsfi£ft[ctlkflm'ATlOOCOI.ucn:o.080.080f~5iiUT~lkTSESTMt,HlI!:OAT$EHAAt.tOCATl(),;SJ~~C'oI~A¥iM~~~~~!\c~gU:AnCh.111£'C'..-,s'Pf'...~TNl!\TlOCATl(l!t.040.040i\t.~S~~AC~i[~~~~~~~r:~l\),I.·v.,<$>INT£n'!UTATlOO/ifnU:S[IITtYAVA!I.,UUGtOf'mSltAI.~~~Cl[rYAA1ATIaoS(04.mn£Wtlll1lCf\S~SlE{12001700!loo15001700.000..•.000STATION110*001/5-00/20-00125-00/30..00/35·00140..00145..00/50...00155.,.00/60_00165..00/70..00/75..00./80..00185...00/90...00195..00200·00205·002/0..00215.,.00220·00SHOTPOINTSPf,ASP6!lSP6ESP7ASP6CSPWSl'lESP7CsProSP8ESPECSPWSP9l'SPSCSP'l)SPH(SPIOCSPloo---::<5+55)spn$1'''$1'''SP9AspsaSPIOONORTH224+80.lJ.l£U:YATlO!tSAA£lUtATinTOMA$~[l.£VATlCillSOUTHO/STANCE(FEET/Of'l00)ffrT$lATlClIIOO{J)/3001300/200/200/SURFACf.Toro:iRAPHY100!loa6001/00~100071006800/000i::A'"~~i5900900~SEISMICREFRACTIONi::LINEB§~'"i<J800800'"1'10.00TO1::STATIONS220.00i;l;;~~~70070051"<~;;6006005005004004001/0..001/5..00/20-00125"00130..00/35·00140..00145400/50.00/55·00160..00165~00170~00175..00180·00/85·00190..00195~00200·00205·00210..00215..00220-00O/STANCE(FEET/DAM•••MOOR.PLATE3 002..00DISTANCEINFEET----04.0--26800,0r---._--....-.....\,\/'\V\30'\L\.t>.'l:r\20~I~CbI\0/0f-.'\1\!5..00...6..I3..004..00SPBo.AOf00SPA.01t.....SEIS~ICREFRACTIONLINEC 'DAMlIIlliiI8MOOAlliiIPLATE4 PLATE5SEISMICREFRACTIONRECORDSLINEASTATIONS0+00TO110+00UNREADABLEATREDUCEDSCALENOTREPRODUCEDFORTHISEXHIBIT -PLATE6SEISMICREFRACTIONRECORDSLINEASTATIONS110+00TO220+00LINEC(RIVERLINE)UNREADABLEATREDUCEDSCALENOTREPRODUCEDFORTHISEXHIBIT :.CONTENTSIllustrationsIntroductionGeologi.cSettingDevilCanyonSite\VatanaSiteRegionalFaultingTectonicSettingSeismicityI1evilCanyonandWatanaRes,ervoirRegion.Geolog:icandSeismicHazardsMassMovement'SeichesEarthquakesInducedbyReservoirFillingConclu::donsRecommendationsGeologicStudiesGeophysicalStudiesRef('\rcncesAppendix12"3556678810101415171718192021 ILLUSTRATIONSPlnte1--MapshowingfaultsintheareaofproposedDevilCanyonandWatl1nadamsite,SusitnaRiver.,Alaska.2--Mapshowinglocationsofepicentersinthearea'oftheproposedDevilCanyon:mdWatan<ldamsites,SusitnaRiver,AlaSkaF1gur(~1--Indexmaps!lo'.\·inglocati.onofproposedDevilCanyonandWatanaReservoirr.ites,SusitnaRiver,Alaska.2Indexmapshowinglocationofverticalcrosssections"3Verticalcrosssectionsofseismicdata.if'HapofGouthcentralAlaskaShCl\o1ingtheextentoftheunderthrustPacificpl'Jte.f:UHJIG·......".·':1·:t2..... INTRODUCTIONeAlimkaDistrict,CorpsofEngineers,requestedtheU.S.GeologicalSurveytoconductpreliminarygeotechnicalevaluationoftheproposedDevilCLlnyonand\-lat.-maReservoirareas,SusitnaRiver,Alaska.TheAlaskaDistrict,CE,requested(1)abriefstudyofthepotentialforseismiceventscausedbynwcrvC'irloadingandfaultlubrication,(2)abriefstudyofmajormassmove-\mcntpotentialinthereservoirswithemphasisonpossiblecatastrophicevents,and(3)recfJl:l'1lcnclationsf'>1-remoteinstrumentionLoevaluateitemsland2above.Inviewofthelimitedtimeforresponse,thisreportconsistsofabriefdir:cnn:ionofpotentialgeologicandseismichazardsandrecommendationsfordct::l:Urdstudil'.sofpot<:ntialhEtzanht.hatshouldbeundertakenintheDevilCanyon~ndWat8naReservoirar~as.ThisresponseisbasedonaliteraturecudnpT:lorE;cologieinvestig.ltionoftheDevilCanyonDamsi.teforthe}>ureauofRcclcmation(K~chadocrian,1974).TI1CproposedDevilCanyonandWatanadamsarelocatedontheSusitnaRiverintheTalkeetnaMountains,southcentralAlaska(Figure1).TheDevilCanyonsiteislocatedabout18miles(29kilometers)upstreamfromGoldCreek,whichisontheAbr;LaHallro'll!.Theproposeddamis635feet(193meters)highandtherCHcrvoirformedwouldh<wcamaximumwaterelevationof1,450feet(441meters)nbc.vcscalevelandwouldextendupstreamforabout28miles(45kil"~ters)toth(~W.1tanad<11TLsite.ThehelghtoftheproposedWatanadamis810feet(247meters).Thereservoirproducedwouldhaveamaximumwaterelevationof2,200feet(670meters)abovesealevelandwouldextendupstreamfor54miles(87kilometers).3 FIGURE I RESF"''lOIR H6C 2DEVilCANYONAT;)WATANA 1?.;.':>,.. lOd'"-::.,---'-:.::.J -L;\-j------'l! . \ \~\I,~g -r-ov 1 \-<....IrC/..:.:..;- 0 C EI..r\.2'l ........':'~l·\!119rCa~~r V \..-..'--------..!':::..-~-\ .:.~~ft·}\J '.,.-'-\-~-..,:,'\,i I,\.:',~~.".~.•-,,(~.r.-:.~.-·{Jli '\\.·i 3'·....-'15':':'-','/ t --...( •3"'~~~~~\:..~~\:~\~~.... r---::::::S;-)/~;~\i'~-\~~~\ /";,)~'.'/.'0 '-;'/'--.\.)1 !;r \',/_'-t :-~,/~;.e .&\ <;'):J'~\. .C'J /-".~f .~~....-.~y;a ~-ff .J.-.......\'~t I .Ill....,..!C':.:,{t'.;'\'".....,..'~~!..._....._~._...._.....,....l ...•~_~.•.'i I:.Oit~.D::l~'\1,;.-::,\.,, .,·t .-.r;.·',I 'I'~~..;.:.::....~""'C.;I...'\ ~'..-'.,\.r-'"'-l T...r ,_."....-.....!D ,.J.61C~L ....--../....d:..........._ INDEX MAP SHOWING LOCATIONS OF 22':;-=-03EO SITES,SUSiTNA R!VER ,ALASK/\ ]1(1' o , I,I I I I I I I I Ii l\ 1::- GEOLOGICSETTINGDevilCanyonSitegeo]oL;Y.--TI10proposedDevilCanyondamsiteisunderlainbyargilliteandgray-wackeofCretilccouSage.11H:rockisexposedinthecanyonwallsoftheSusitnaRiverandinscatteredoutcropsthroughoutthearea.Itishard,generallymassive,medium-todark-graymetamoqihosedfine-grainedsedimentsthatcontainnumerousstringersandvugsofquartz(Kachadoorian,1974).ThereservoiroftheprorasedDevilC.:myondamistmderlainchieflybyargillite.graywacke,gr.::mite,andunconsolidatedsedimentsofglacialandnon-glacialorigin•.',.::~:~;_::_.~:.:...:_-:._--ThefollowingdiscussionofstructureistakenfromKachadoorian(197/.).TI1Cr.CUl'CthreejointsetsintheDevilCanyondamsitearea,onewell-·andNopoorlydeveloped.TIlestrikeofthe,veIl-developedormasterjointnrall[;eS.ftomvQrticnlto75°E.andaverages80°E.Theavera~8spacing01th~sejointsisIIto5ft.Locally,however,theyareascloseas2in.andasfaras15itapart.Thejoints,withfewexceptions,aretight.Manyofthesejointsarefilledwithquartzcontainingfinelydisseminatedpyrite.Th~twopoorlydevelopedjointsetsconsistofagenerallytightsetstrikingpm:01)('1'orsubparalleltothebeddingbutgenerallydippingnorthinsteadofSOUtll,andaneastward-striking,nearlyhorizontalset.Thefirstsethasaol'0,-,.."gof3in.to15ft.ItislocallywelldevelopedanditsjointscontainsomeqU.:lrtz.Thesecondsethasaspacingfrom3in.to30ft.Withfewexcepti.ons,thejointsinthissetaretight.Theydipfrom15°N.to15°S.,butmorecommonlytheishorizontal.5 Well-developedshearzones,spacedfrom50to800ftapart,havebeenohservedinthebedrockwallsofDevilCanyon.MOllYofthelargershe3.rzonescontaingouGeasmuchas2itthick.Theshearzoneswi-thgougearemuchtighterthanthosewitltout.Theshearzonesappeartohavedevelopedparalleltooralongthesametrendas\themasterjointsystem,vlld.chisprobablyolderthantheshearzones.Thestrikeofthe::;hO<1rzonesisN.25°H.'andthedipis80°E.Thisattitudeiscompur<lbletotheaveragestrikeanddipofthemasterjointsetdiscussedearlierinthisreport.Thevariationinthe.attitudesoftheshearzonesisofthesameorderofmn~ljtudeasthevari<ltion~nattitudesofthemasterjointset.WatanaSite:hq·nl(ll.~dtheCretacousargilliteandgrayllackc.'Iberefore,I:hez:;raniticrocksf\V~;;olehlLeCretaceoustoTertiaryinage.TheJ:oc1~underlyingthedamsiteissound,hard,andcoarse-grained.ThereservoiroftheWatanadamisunderlainChieflybygranite,argillite,graywacke,greensto~e,andunconsolidatedsedimentsofglacialandnon-glacialorigin.~~J:.t~r.::.t:.~.~~~'·--HehavenoinformationonthejointandshearzonepatternattheproposedWatanadamsiteo~ionalFaultinsExceptforthedetailedworkofKachadoorian(1974)aroundtheDevilCanyondam-BitetherehanonlybeenHmitedgeologicwork,mostlyofareconnaissancenature,doneinthisregion.Plate1showsthelocationofreg10nalfaults(Beikman,1974;CDejtcy,personal'communication,1975).Faultsthatarequestionablearequeriedontheplnte.6 TECTONICSETTINGneproposedDevilCanyonandi-latanaReservoirregionislocatedinthetectonic.•It.ItzonewhicllextendsalongtileentiremarginofthePacificplate.Accordingtothetenetsofplatetectonicsthelithosphereoftheearthismadeupofralmobileplates.TIlePacificplateismovingnorthwe5twardwithrespecttotheNorthAmericanplateandisbeingthrustunderAlaskaattheAleuti,mtrench.Thet~ei;;micityassociated\dththisprocessmaygenerallybedIvidedintothreeglOUpS:earthquakes.suchasthe19G!jAlaskaenrthqual~e.'l'hichoccuronthesurfaceofcont~ctbetweenthePacificplateandtheNorthl.merici111plateinordertoaccommodatetheir'relativemotion;earthquakeswhichOCC'll:illtheNorthAmericanplateinresponsetostressesproducedbyinteractio:1w;.tht.hePacificplate;andearthquakesoccurringinthntportionofthePacifjcp);;tc:uhlehhasb/?cnthrustbelowAlaska.111ClattereventsdefinearegionAl:mjorcomplicationinthetectonicsofAlankawhichisnotHellunderstood:fathetransitionfrOMunderthrustingalongtheAleutiantrenchtostrikesUpmotionontheFairweath~rfault.TIlepresenttrenchextendseastwardonlytoabout145°W.•morethan200kmfromtheFairweatherfault.Thereforethereappearstobea"transition"zonein(iotHhornAla~kabCL'ilCCntheeasternlimitofunderthrustingandthestrikeslipl';J1nlcat!H'rfault.andinthiszoneAbskatr.aybelargelycoupledtothePacificate(Hichterand~bt(;en.1971).llichter.mdHatsen(1971)presentthis-the.explanat:l.onfortheHoloceneandQuaternaryfaultingobservedalongDenaliA{aultHyStClllanditpl:ob<lblyinflucncesthc'tectonicsthroughoutthereservoirregion.It10Ivlithinthistectonicframeworkthattheregionalseismicitywillbereviewed.7 SEISMICITYDevilC~nyonandW3tannReservoirRegionInordertoaccesstheambientseismicityofthisregionseismicdatacompiledintheUSGS(formerlyNOAA)EarthquakeDataFileforJanuary1900throughFebruary1975wassearchedforeventslocatedfrom146.SoWto151.SoWandfrom62°Nto63.7°N.ThisdatasetwasusedtoplottheepicentersshownonPlate2.Theaccuracyoftheseepicentcrsishighlydependentuponthenumberanddistri-butionofseismographstationsusedintheirlocation.Previousto1935,whentheC'.ollege,Al<lskastationwasinstalled,thenearestdata\.]a5recordedatSitka,Alaska.Fiveevents.~refromthisearlytimeperiod.Theyareallratherlaq-:eeventl.::"'ithtlwgnitudesoffrom5.6to6.25.Theyhavebeenassigned0.0kmdl'pthduetolackofdepthcontrolendtheirepicentralcoordinateshaveliflGCCUC1CYofapp:r:J:.j.:o:ntclyleO1.10:.Eart!Je1U:ikesrecordedfrom19.35to]960tltlveencpJcentralaccuracyofapproxim,~tcly50kll1anderrorsindepthasereat£It100km.Inthisd...t;::filetheonlyGlagnitudcassignedduringthe193:>to1960intervalwas6.25forffileventin1948.Theremaining22eventswereprobablyofmagnitude4.5orgreaterinordertoberecordedbyenoughstationsforalocationtobedetermined.WiththeestablishmentoftheWorldWideStandardSeismographNetwork(WWSSN)inthe1960'sandtheuseofcomputertechniquesforcarthqu<:Jkclocationtheprobableerrorswereagainreduced.From1960through1966twoeventsofmagnitudeclass6occurred,bothbelow70kmdepth.Fiveeventsofclass5werelocatedandthreeofthesehaddepthof50kmorless.FurtherimprovementinaccuracyandadecreaseinthemagnitudeofthesmallestlocatableearthquakeoccurredwhenthePalmerObservatoryofNOAAandtheUn!versityofAlaskaestablishedseIsmographnetworksin1967.Sincethattime8 theaccuracyhasbeentypically10-15kmforepicenterand2Skm'fordepthalthougherrorsmaybemuchlargeronoccasion.Thesc1Bmicityintho.:!regionoftheproposedreservoirsrangesindepthfromleesthan10kmtogrenterthan175km.Inordertoemphasizethemorc'reliableearthquakesnotassociai:edwiththeBenioffzone,theeventsshallowerthan50kmoccurringninceJnnuarj1967arcindicatedbysolidsymbols.thar.enotineluded,however,becausethisdepthisassignedtothosewhichlackdepthcontrolandtheymay,infact,bedeeperthankm.Tnefivelargesteventswithreliablydetermineddepthof50kmorJessandlocatedsince1967havemagnitudesra.:.'1gingfrom4.1to4.6.Inadditionclass4eventsareassignedadepthof33km.Theclosestofth€~seCVlmtstothedamsitesoccurredin·1970andwaslocatedabout72kmsouth/.()-.1·!.-,U.:wdau:sitn,cctCldepthof1.4km.T'ifty-fourmugnitt..;dcwithd~pthof50kIDorlosswerelocatedsince1%7.Seven"the28events'i-lithareliabledepthestimatewerelocatedHithin50kmofoneorbothoftheproposeddamsites.Thetectonicsofthisaretoopoorlyknownatthistimetoreliablypredicttheandmagnitudeoffuturecrustalearthquakes.TheDenalifault,~h!chlier.lessthan80kmnortlloftheproposeddamsites.PlateI,isamajortdke-sfaultwithgeologicevidencefora3cm/yraverageHolocenesliprate.couldsustainamagnitude8.0event.TheactivityoftheotherfaulshownonPlate1uncertain,andtheshallowseismicityistooscattoassociateitwithindividualfaults.9 l~~·.0~.l_(~'2~!.'--111('seismicactivitydeeper thanabout.50kmdepthisbelievedtobeassociatedwiththeBenioffzoneoftheundel,thrustPacificplate.PDEhypocentershavebeenusedtodeterminetheextentandconfigurationoftheBenioffzone(1.<.1hr,1975),asshowninFigures2,3,and4~'Portionsofcross-sectionBF.G.andHpassthroughthereservoirregionasnotedonPlate2.}{clferencetoFigures3and4showsthattheupperlimitoftheBenioffzoneliesl\tadepthofappro:d.l:wtcly50to80kmbelowtheproposedreservoirs.Since19G7therehavebeen58Benioffzoneevel,tsofmagnitudeclass3,thirty-oneofclass4.andfiveofclass5.Thisisasubstantiallyhigherrateofactivitythanintheupper50kilometers.Subcrustalactivityatadepthof50kIDorc\o,.ss.ll\Orehelm"thedamsiteandpossiblyaslargeasmagllitudc,Jshouldbeconsideredfor:lts~lIakinghC):,'a'-cindesigningthedams,butfaultingassociatedwithde.e'PGEOLOGICliNDSEISHIGHIIZM.DSMassMovementTheproposedDevilCanyonandWatanadamsitesarelocatedinnarrow,steep-walledcanyonsoftheSusitnaRiver.AttheleftabutmentoftheDevilCanyonsitethereareSomeoverhaneingcliffsformedbythesoutherlydippingbeds.Theoverhangingcliffshaveresultedinlargeblocks,that,insomecases,aredistinctlyseparatedfromthc'ndjacentbedrock.Someoftheseblocksareasmuchas25fee.tacrossand50feethigh.TheseblockscouldbeshakenlooseduringamajorseismiceventandiftheyfellintodIereservoircouldgeneratewaveRoriftheyweretofalluponthedamtheycoulddamagethestructure.ItisunknownwhethersuchlargeblocksoccurintheDevilCanyonandWatanareservoirareasorattheWatanadamsite.10 /",-Ii'+....:-+-I-7..Indexmapshowingthelocationofthe4verticalcross-sectionsshowninFig.3.Enchcross-sectionincludestheepicenterswithina100kmwidezonecenteredonthecorrespondingline.Tickmarksarespacedat100kmintervalsalongeachline.Aft,~rL.:;.hr(1975).11 200-tI200200100200x300xxxxXFieure3.Verticalcross-sectionsofPDEdataforJan.1970-May1973.LocationgiveninFig.2.SmallandlargeX'scorrespondto10-49and50orgreaterstationsusedinlocation;atisplottedaboveAleutianTrenchcrotisings.AfterLahr(1975).12 Figure4.MapofsouthcentralAlaskaregionshowingtheextentoftheunderthrustPacificplate.50,100,125and150kmcontoursaregivenfortheuppersurfaceoftheBenioffzone.TheDenaliandTotschundafaultsareshown(afterRichterandH,ltson»1971).Thethrustfaults.sawteethonupperplate.areafterP1afker(1967).Depthcontoursareinfatho~s.Relativemotionvectorshownisportionofsmallcircleaboutat54oNand61"w.AftcrLnhr(1915).13 Approximately1/2milc(lkilometer)upstreamfromthcproposedHatanadamsiteaRtudyofaerialphotographsindicatesthattheremaybealargelandslideonthesouthwalloftheca;1yonthathasreachedtheSusitnaRiver.Smallland-slideswerenotedonWatanaCreeka1}out1mile(1.6kilomefers)fromitscon-fluencewiththeSusitnaRiver.Itisunknownwhethertheselandslidesarethercsv\:ofseismicactivity.However,studieshaveshownthatnumerouslandslidesoccurduringnseismicevent.Therefore,onemustassumethattheproposedDevilCanyonand'~atanarpservoirscouldbesubjectedtoearthquaker,c:11r.!l'<1teedlandslides.'1'h(~p,an~numerousUI1collsolidatedsedimentsconsistingofglacialdebrisandEllJuv1<.1fandcpoa:i1"13t.hatareplasteredonthewallsof.thecanyonhighaboveIll('r.h'L1',Thesf?unc:o.\~·,oJJ.d;-!Lecl;,c<'limentsviillbeinundated\'lhcntheDevil•.H'dtm(~l1tsnnyl.lidcH'ld~(meratewavesinthereservoir.'Thehighestrunupsofwavesgeneratedbyoverhangingblocksfallingintothereservoirandsubaerialandsubaqueouslandslideswill.occuratthelandslidesiteandontheoppositewallofthereservoir.WavesgeneratedbylandslidesatBbendinthereservoircouldbeorientedprimarilyalongtheaxisofthel·eot~rv(Jir.Ifsuchwavesdooccur.theywouldrunuphigheralongthefaceoftheproposedearthfillWatanadamthantheproposedconcretearchDevilCanyondam.Seiches$l~ichl!Sth.:1tdevelupinlakesandreservoirsduringearthquakesgenerallydonothavehighcrestsnndprohablywouldnotcausesignificantdnffi<lge,how.ever,this14 possibilitydocsexist.IntheHebgenLake,Montanaearthquakeof1959subsidenceofportionsofthelakecausedgreatsurgesofwater,ashighas10feetabovethepreviousstaticwaterlevel,thatovertoppedthedamthreeorfourtimes(MyersandHamilton,1964).EarthquakesInducedbyReservoirFillingTnble1summarizessomeofthecasesinwhichthereisanapparentrelationshipIH:,t."IC(Jn[('servo!!:fillingand~cismicactivity.Manyotherlargereservoirshaveevidencednorecognizedincreaseinseismicactivity.Thisinducedactivitygtmerallydiesoutafewyearsafterthereservoirj.sfilled.Thereisnota;.A)i6e1"..CO!lsc:m;usDCtothemccrwnismforinducingseismicity.Themost"acceptedtheor.y,It'l.:'(\,Cl',:if;thatinn[:<-::;cdfluidpressureintheeartheEfectivt"lyreducesfdcL!OI1iJndal]0\':sabruptfaultingtoreJ.ievepre-existingstregscs.111e...lll~IY<:150he:i.nvo}ved,·'Baseduponthe"reservoirheiehtslistedinTable1,ascomparedwiththeheightproposedreservoirs,some·inducedactivitymightbeexpected,andthelargesteventcouldbeofmagnitudeclass6.Sincetheinducedfaultingwouldbemorelikelytoreactivateapre-existingfaultorjointsystemthantorupturevirginrock.itisprefernbletoplacethedamsawayfromfaultedandjointedareas.15 TABLE1SUMHARYOFSEISHICACTIVITYTHATMAYBERELATEDTORESERVOIRFILLINGRESEIWOIRYEAR YEAROFHAGNITUDEAPPROXIMATEAPPROXIHATETYPECOHPLETEDFIRSTOFFIRSTWATCR\-lATER9 3OFEARTHQUAKEEARTHQUAKEHEIGHT(m)VOLUHE(10m )DA:1qucdFadda,A]gcria19321933UnknownL.Mead,U.S.193519365.011835.ArchRhodesia-1,.l~aribit,Z.:'lInbi195819616.1125175..A,-ch!istfengk11'\0)3,China1959 19596.110511.5Huttres!Cajura,Brazil195919704.830.12!..Cnmdvad,France19591961.V(Intcnsity)78292....:urO~l{:•JL1rn196019024.9180";ccll'H1;0:1f~.'lHrdtFrance!JY6219634.9130275.Arch,In,:J.~.]190219036.41032.8C0nCr(~te·Gnivil:'y....Vt'{4Lirno,~J'.Jlzer1and19641965UnknownI..Kn;l1lrwte,Greece196519656.31201••8Bnrthflangh,Pakistan19681968UnknownlIendrikVerwoerd1970 19712.0665.ArchedWalTalbin~o,Au~tralia1971 19712.4151Earth&Ro·Crancarcvo,Yugoslavia4.1211.3ArchVajont.ItalyAlandslidein1965killed2600peoplet1uryck,U.S.S.R.1971-19715.516120Earth&ROt CONCLUSIONSTheDevilCanyonandWatanadamsiteslieinaregionofhighseismicitybetweentwoIDajortectonicstructureswhichcouldsustainearthquakesinthemagnitude8range--theAleutiansubductionzonealongthesoutherncoastofAlaskaandtheDenalifaultsystemintheAlaskaRangetothenorth.Theearthquakehistoryofthereservoirareahasnotbeenstudiedindetail.norhasthelevelandspatialdistributionofcurrentseismicity.Withinthepresentlim:ttaofknowledge,itshouldbeassumedthattheproposeddamwillbesubject~topotentiallyseriousearthquakehazards.Surfacefaulting,ifitoccursatthedamsites,isapotentialhazard;however,itmaybeminimizedbycarefulinvestigationof!'lurfacefaultingpriortothefinalselectionofthedamsites.Stt'llogBround8hakineh'omnearbyearthquakesisahazardthatisnoteasilyavoidedselectionofalternativedamsites.Accordingly,groundshakingisjJb:lj'tobeamoreSir.;-ilificanthazard.Strongshakingt:laycausedarnasetoE4tructuresdirectlyandmayalsotriggerslopefailuresandseichingofwaterint.hel:escrvoirs.Inadditionto.thenaturallyoccurr:i.ngearthquakeactivityintheregion,thereisalsothehazardthatfillingofareservoirwilltriggerpotentiallydamagingearthquakes(aslargeasmagnitude6orgreater)intheimmediatevicinityofthedamsites.Allthesehazardsshouldbecarefullyassessedinthesitinganddesignoftheproposeddams.RECOMMENDATIONSTheimpetusforthefollowing,recommendationsisthreefold:1)Toprovidethegeophysicalandgeologicdatanecessarytopicktheoptimumdamsitelocationsandtodesignthedamstoaccomodatepotentialenvironmentalhazards.2)Oncethedamsareconstructed,tomonitorthetectonicprocesses17 inthoregionandifpossibletowarnofimpendingdamagetothedamsbyeBrtllquakcsandearthquake-inducedlandslides.3)Tofurthertheunderstandingofthemechanismofre!lervoir-inducedgei~mlcityinordortoimprovetheprospectsforpredictingorcontrollingbothinducedandnaturalearthquakes.TheJ:ntroductionandnndRccommcndatJonsofapublicationentitledEarthquakesRel.:~~ed.....!-_oReservoirFillingbytheJointPanelonProblemsConcerningSeismologyBudRockHachanicstotheNAS-NAE(1972)isappendedforreference.TheirrecolTlmendations,aimedatthethird'category,areexcellentandhaveinfluencedthr'recommendation~;pr.oposedherein.Geol0l'~t...c::.....~~E-diesIn,:(lditi:Jl!to1'1:(:{lctn:iJ.cc1r,coJogicl:,aps'Uwtv1i111\0doubtbelH'Cl)i.1l:eclfor:th~,on:a<ll"oundthefoundationsoftheproposedDevilCanyonand\-latanaDams,f:ctJ10f~icmappingshouldbecarriedoutfortheentireareaofthereservoirs.~thOU~lgreatdetailmaynotberequired,specialattention'shou1dbegiventothepatternsoffaulting,thecompetencyofbedrockandtheextentandnatureoftheunconsolidatedsedimentsinthereservoirareas.G~ologicstudiesshouldbeconductedtoevaluatethefaultsthatarequeriedonPlate1andtodeterminewhetherotherfaultsexistintheproposedDevilCanyonand\-tatunareservoirareas.Emphasisshouldbeplacedontheageandsenseofthemostrecentfaultmovement,inordertoassessthepotentialforfutureseismicactivityandtoimproveourunderstandingofthetectonicregime.TheI:ilLluilityotthept:n:hedunconsolidatedsedimentsandlargeoverhangingblocksofbedrockshouldbeexamined'.18 GeophysicalStudiesBecausethedamsiteslieinaregionofhigh.butpoorlyunderstoodseismicitytcomprehensiveearthquakeinvestigationsarerecommendedincluding:a)Operationofanetworkofsensitiveseismogiaphstationstorecordearthquakedatanecessaryfordeterminingindetailthepatternandlevelofcurrentseismicity,foridentifyingactivefaults,andfordeterminingtheorientationoftf~ctonicstrdssintheregionthroughfocalmcchanif;ms.....LongtermseismicmonitoringshouldLeinitiatedassoonaspossible.b)Criticalreviewanddetailedreassessmentoflocationsandfocalm~chanismsofhistoricearthquakesoccurringwithin100kmofthereservoiraren.Fociofhistoricearthquakesshouldberelocatedbyspecialcomputer·t:C'clmiqul~8tominimLQtheuncerto.intiesinexistingpUblished,locations.Theimprovedlocationswouldaidinthedelineationofactivefaults.toll'(.(li:Ofree-fieldground";','JkingintheadventofputentiallyJarnagin;:Jocal~at·thqu81ws•Forpurposesofearthquakeforewarning.itisrecommendedthattiltingofthereservoirbemonitoredbyinstallingcontinuously-recordingwater-levelgaugesattheeastend,centerandwestendofeachreservoir.AtTasuReservoirinChiOBpremonitorywaterlevelchanges,attributedtotilt,occurredpriortoalargelocalearthquake(B.Raleigh,personalcommunication,1975).GravitystudiesintheproposedreservoirregionshowamajorNEtrendingdiscontinuityingravity.Thesedatashouldbereviewedandadditionaldatapossiblyobtainedtoincreaseourunderstandingofthestructureandtectonicsoftheregion.19 REFERENCESBclkman,II.~l.,1974;PrclminaryGcologic.HapoftheSoutheastQuadrantofAlaska;U.S.G~nI.Survc:1.Jlisc.FieldStudiesH.:lp,MF-612.Kac:ll.lddOrLlll,}{t.;Ubctl,1971.;Gcolor;yoftheDevilCanyonDamSite,Alaska;Ql'.enFilesoftheU.S.Gcolo5ica1Survev,OF-74-40,17p.Lallr,J.C.,1975;DetailedSeismicInvestigationofPacific-NorthAmericanPlateInteractioninSouthernAlaska,Ph.D.Thesis,ColuroblaUniversity,141p.11)'r:'l's,n.rmd\.J.Hnmilton.1964;DeformationAccompanyingtIlelkbgenLakeEarth-quakeofAugust17,1959;U.S.GeoI.SurvevProf.Paper,435-1,p.55-98.JointPanelonProblemsConcerningSeismologyaridRockMechanics,1972;EarthquakesHC'latedt:.0R"'~f:..r..v.oi'£_I:!:..:L1jJ:lg;NationalAcademyofSciences-NationalAcaderuyof:F.ngillc(!l·:i.nr;,HasIlington,D.C.,p.1-5.Richter,D.H.andN.A.Matson,Jr.,1971;QuaternaryFaultingintheEastern20 APPENDIXINTRODUCTIONThere:1.9evidencethatlocalseismicactivity.includingea-r'thquakesofmoderatenwgnitude(uptoRichtermagnitude6.4).someofthemquitedes·tructive.hasoccurredinassociationwiththeimpoundingofwaterinlargereservoirsin,severalcountries.Formanyotherlargereservoirs,thereisnoevidenceofeart.hqu:Jkl'srelatedtofilling.Aqpopulationshavecontinuedtoincreaseandthedemandforwaterhasgrowncorrespondingly.thi~;phenomenol}hasgeneratedaconsiderableamountofinternational1\11<.:rcst.Tholl[:hresc:rvoir-rclatedearth'lua!~eshavenotthusfarcausedlossoflifeornot~bledamar-eintheUnitedStates.inatleastthreeforeignareassuchinhHUn.,J!.KremastnLnke.inG..'ccce.andatlakeKaribnintheZambia-Ehodesia1>OJlldal:yrC6:!on.Inthepast.SUC:learthq:.;akeswerenotg1'J,:msufficientsc:Lcr,Lificnttcntiontopermitacomprehensiveevaluation·oftheassociatedhazards.ItnowBeemswisetoreviewallaspectsoftheproblemtodeterminethetypesandamountsofadditionalinformationneededtoevaluatethesehazards.Ofequalimportance.perhaps.tothequestionofwhytheseearthquakesoccurredintheseplacesisthequestionofwhynoincreaseinseismicityhasbeenobservedwiththefillingofother,equallylarge.reservoirsinotherplaces(forexample.theAswanDaminEgypt).Thisreportsummarizesthehistoryofrecordedcorrelationsbetweenseismicactivityandthefillingoflargereservoirs.discussesscientificconsiderations.andprovidesbackgroundfortherccommendatlonsonthefollowingpageB.Itisimportnnt21 tocon~;1derthJtforarelativelysmallincreaseintheinvestmentofmanpower,effort,andequipmentcalledforintherecommendedmonitoringandstudypl:ogr,lm,veryl<lrgebenefitsmightberealizedintermsofgreatlyimprovedunderstandingofthenh~chanisr.lsofmuchlarger,potentiallycatastrophic,naturaleventsandintheprospectsforpredictingandcontrollingsucheventsorfermodifyingtheireffects.RECOHl:lEED:\nONSThePallelof[ersthefollowingrecomroendations,whosepurposeistoprovideanimprovedunderstandingoftherelation,:hipbetweenearthquakesandtheimpoundmentof1arr,ercscrvoirs}'--oftvhetherthereis.indeed,acause-and-effectrelationshipjnG01',~caSt'S;ofth..,triggering11lechC:ll1isI!l,ormechanisms,ifsucharelationshipJ~l('l(;[r]yFhown;ondof'vlllAt\·fCmi.[;ht:do'tomitigateorpreventsuchearthquakes.tIll!qucr:UQ.\ofwhat.constitutes"acceptabJ.crisk"--aquestionthat"li11h:l\'~to110focC'Ji.ncl'Casi~ILlyinthefut.ureasmen'sneeds,'"5.thgrowingfrcqtH?ncy,COt:lr\lotoconflictwithrisksassociatedwithhiseffortstosatisfythoseneeds.GeologicStudiesInadditiontothedetailedgeologicalmapsusuallypreparedfortheareaaroundthefoundationofaproposeddarn,geologicmappingmustbecarriedoutfortheentire<lfeaofthereservoir.Althoughgreatdetailmaynotberequired,specialattentionshouldbegiventop~tternsoffaultingandthecompetencyoftherock*A"1<1rgereservoir"isdefinedempirically,inthisstudy,asonewithavolumeofonemillionacre-feetormorl'.u,.;u:lll\'il.l!'l'undeclbt'hindad;tm]00fc'ctorr,r":ltcrinheight.AlthougheartiHjUakl,)::;havl,)<.11::;0beenreportedinassociatiollwiththl.'fillingofsomesm;tllerreservoirsthedamngingquakesofrelatively]8q;1'm:lgnltudesh:lvl'occurredncarl:ltgereser.voirs,'1Sdefined:lbovc.22 inthereservoirarea.Aclearerunderstandingofthehydrologicregime,pnrticularlynsrelatedtothefaulting,isrequired.Iflargefaultsarepr~f,cnt.andespeciallyiftheseshowevidenceofrecentmovement,acompleteLt'-evaluationofthechosensite,andofpossiblealternativesites,shouldbemadebeforeconstructionisbegun.Inanycase,theorientationsandpositionsatdepthofsuchfaultsshouldbedetermined.Suchinformationwouldbeextremelyimportantinsubsequentgeologicalandseismologicdlconsiderationsofthenrca.GeodeticStudiesThequestionof\-,'hetherearthquakesoCCourringinthevicinityoflargereservoirswi£Ltbetrigg(!n~d1,yincH~af;cdfJ.uidpressureorbycr\Jstalloc:.ding,orboth,rClr"dll;;toberesolved.C~!oclct·icstud:!.es·beforeandafterrc.'servo:irfilling,qucst-i'·',l,SUcll,;tuciic!":arebeingconductedinconjunction\\'.ithseismicinvestip.ationsatt~t:!LibbyReservoirin}{"ntanaanoshQl.ol.dbeincludedi:1t.heplanningforallfuturelargereservoirs.IthasbeenshownatLakeKaribathatthecrustbehavedinanelasticmannerwhensubjectedtoreservoirloadsandthattheelastic-strainenergyinducedwas.approximatelyequivalenttotheseismicenergyreleased.Themostllsefuldatainthisstudywerefromlonglevei-linesrunbeforeandafterfilling.Anadditionalcheckontheresponseofthecrusttoloadingcouldbeobtainedbytrilateration~~ingelectro-opticalmeasuringdevices.Crucialinformationaboutelasticdefonnationsatdamsitescanbeobtainedfromlonggeodeticlevel-linesestablishedbeforeconstructionhasbegunandrepeated23 afterthedamhilSbeencomplet·cd.An:f.mportantadditiontosuchgeodeticmea.surernentscouldbemadebysomeformofcontinuouslyrecordingstrainmeter.Tiltmctcrsforemplacementinboreholeshavebeendevelopedrecently.Theseinstrumentsshouldbeinstillledinatleastthreewidelyspacedboreholespriortofillingof11reservoirandrecordedonatimebasecomparabletothat'oftheseismicrecording.Iftheresponseofthereservoirtoloadingtakesplacej.nd:l.&contlnuoussteps,wh(~neorthqua!:csoccur,ratherthansmoothlyastheteG(~rvojrisliUed,thetilLl11ctcrswillbeabletoresolvethesestrainsteps.However,itshould1>eemphasizedthatthecontinuouslyrecordingstrain-·meter·-typem~asurementisnotasubstituteforthelonglevel-lines.SeiSlllicStudiesComprehensiveandcontinuingseismicstudiesshouldbecarriedoutbefore,during,of::C'.isll1oBr;:>ph!;::;houldheinstalled.TIH~sewillservetogiveapproxi!7l.:'.tcJoca-ti()n~nf('!\rt:hC:tl::~~('sth.:ltffiF.\Yoccurpriurtofillingandtot)rov.id~an.'.·isOJlc,'vl;;,recordoftheirfrequencyofoccurrence.Ifthepatternofseismicitychangesasthereservoirisfilled,thenetworkshouldbeexpandedtothenurr~erofstationsneededtoprovidegoodcoverageoftheentirereservoirarea.Experiencehasshownthatatleast10high-gain,short-periodstationsarerequiredforacc.uratelocations,ofmicroearthquakesanddeterminationoftheirfocalmechanisms.Strong-motioninstrumentsshouldalsobeplacedwithinandnearthedamtomonitorthelargerquakesandtheresponseofthestructuretolargemotions.Theproposeddamsiteandthesurroundingareashouldbeexaminedcriticallyforgeologicfaultsusingmicroearthquake-detectiontechniquesandothermethods.Ifexist,anevaluationshouldbemadeofthedegreeofhazardassociatedwiththeplannedreservoirand,asrecommendedabove,alternativesitesshouldbeconsidered.24 U.S.DEPARTMENTOFINTERIORGEOLOGICALSURVEYPLATE63"00'151·00'150·00'149·00'148"00'147"00'01020~O40MILESIIIII01020~O4050KILOMETRESIIII,IMAPSHOWINGFAULTSINTHEAREAOFPROPOSEDDEVilCANYONANDWATANADAMSITEStSUSITNARIVERtALASKA PLATE2INTERIOR®OFSURVEY151°00'U.S.DEPARTMENTGEOLOGICAL63°30'MAGNITUDE0 3570000::E~25000:x:50I-¢0<>0-W1000A/::;.6.200o103040MILESIL..--'1L-.J.1---l1o1020304050KILOMETRESLI__-1..'1-'__-1.'1.-'__......'MAPSHOWINGLOCATIONSOFEPICENTERSINTHEAREAOFPROPOSEDDEVILCANYONANDWATANADAMSITES,SUSITNARIVER,.ALASKA ALTERNATIVESOURCESOFPOWERGENERALAlaskahasawidevarietyofenergyalternativestoproduceelectr-,city.Eachofthemajorenergyresources--oil,coal,naturalgas,andhydroel(~ctricpotentialcouldeasilymeetprojectedpowerrequirementswellbeyondth(~year2000.Thenuclearenergyalternativeisalsoavailable,andgeothermalresourcescouldbesignificantinsomepartsoftheState.Presentenergygenerationsystemsdependheavilyonfueloilsandnaturalgaswithsmalleramountsofelectricalenergycomingfromhydropowerplantsandcoal.Majorpowerre:0urces,bothhydroelectricandfossilfuel,andthegreatestpowerdemandsareintheSouthcentralRailbeltarea.ThisareaofAlaskaextendsfromCookInletandtheGulfofAlaskaonthesouthtothefoothillsofthebrooksRangeonthenorth(seeFigure1).Containingabout75percentofthepopulationofthestate,thisregionisservedbytheAlaskaRailroad,andiscommonlyreferredtoastheliRailbelt.IIIthasbeendeterminedthathydroelectricpowerintheSouthcentralRailbeltAreacouldbeoperationalby1986withthecompletionofadam~ndpowerplant;thuseconomicandfinancialfeasibilityshouldbeassessedintermsofrealisticalternativesthat-couldbemadeavailableinaboutthesametimeframe.SuchalternativesincludepowerfromCookInletoilandnaturalgas,coalresourcesintheBelugaandNenanafields,oilfromtheAlyeskapipeline,naturalgasfromtheNorthSlope,otherhydro~esources,nuclearpower,andgeothermalpower.PublicLaw93-577passedbytheCongresson31December1974hasemphasizedtheconservationofnonrenewableresourcesandtheutili-zationofrenewableresourceswherepossible.Theconstructionofhydroelectricdamsisafeasibleprojectthatutilizesarenewableresourcetogenerateelectricalpowerwhilehelpingtoconservetheuseofnonrenewableresourcessuchasoilandnaturalgas.PresentAlaskanpowersystemshaveasignificantenvironmentalimpactonurbanenvironments,butarelativelysmallenvironmentalimpactoutsidetheurbanareas.SubstantialincreasesinSouthcentralRailbeltpowerrequirementswillinvolvethedevelopmentoffutureelectricpowersystems,largerfacilities,andsomealternativesthathaveveryimportantenvironmentalimplications.FuturepowersystemswillalsorequireapPl~oachesthatincludefullconsiderationofenvironmentalvaluesandalternativesandmustantici-patethatAlaskaandthenationwillattachincreasingimportanceto LOCATIONMAPIV.G·,/::',.,","\:.."THEAppendixI..5FIGUREE-1'---.1...--A~L___:s.;.:..i_l~~:..::.::.:.:~=___.!.7i.:5~~~E-2APA-JULY19~ environmentalprotection,energyconservation,andconservationofnon-renewableresources.Additionalrequirementsmustbeanticipatedforlong-rangeadvanceplanningandsiteselection,publicparticipation,andfullconsiderationoftheenvironmentinplanning,design,construc-tion,andoperationofpowerfacilities.Thesignificantenvironmentalimpactsofthe variousproposedalternativeswouldvarydependingonthelocation,design,construction,andoperationofthefacilitiesforeachofthealternatives.Solutionsconsideredinthisinvestigationtomeetelectricalneedsofthe SouthcentralRailbeltareaweregroupedinthreemajorcategories:alternativesourcesofpower;alternativehydropowersourcesintheentireRailbeltarea;andalternativehydropowersourcesintheUpperSusitnaRiverBasin.Theamountofstudygiventoeachpotentialsolutionwasestablishedbyfirstscreeningeachalternativeforsuitability,applicability,andeconomicmeritinmeetingneeds.Eachalternativewastestedforphysical,political,financial,institutional,economic,environmental,andsocialfeasibility.ContinuouscoordinationwasmaintainedwithareaStateandFederalagencieswhichhaverelatedinterests.AppendixIE-3 ALTERNATIVEHYDROPOWERSOURCESINTHERAILBELTAREARAMPARTCANYONConsiderablestudyhasbeenmadeofthepossibilityofdevelopinghydroelectricpowerintheUpperYukonBasin,withadamlocatedinRampartCanyon(seeFigure2).ThesiteforthisdamisontheYukonRiverapproximately140milesnorthwestofFairbanks,Alaska.TheprojecthasoneofthegreatesthydroelectricpotentialsinNorthAmerica.Theproposalwouldcreateareservoirwithawatersurfaceareaofapproximately10,600squaremiles,withamaximumlengthof280milesandamaximumwid~hofabout80miles.Theprojectwouldprovidefirmannualenergyof34.2billionkilowatt-hours(theenergyequivalentofover74millionbarrelsofoilperyear).However,theimpactsonfishandwildliferesourcesintheYukonFlatswouldbehighlydamaging.Implementionofsuchaprojectwouldalsobeextremelycontroversial.Rampartisengineering1yfeasible,andtheproposedprojectwouldprovideenoughexcessenergytoencouragefurtherindustrialdevelopmentinAlaska,butitwouldintroduceanumberofsecondaryimpactsnotassociatedwiththerecommendedalternative.Excessenergycouldalsobetransmittedtothe"Lower48"throughanintertiesystem.However,thiswouldbeamajoractionnotdirectlyapplicabletoenergyneedsoftheRailbeltArea.JustificationwouldhavetobebasedonanationwideplanwhichincludedRampartasarecommendedalternativetothedevelopmentofotherenergysources.Withinthetime-framecriteriaestablishedforfulfillmentofprojectedgrowthneedsintheRailbeltArea,thisisnotconsideredaviablealternative.Thetremendousfinancialinvestments,thesubstantialenvironmentalimpacts,thelimitedopportunitiesformarketingtheenormousamountsofpower,andtheavailabilityofmorefavorable,lesscostlyalternativesprecluderecommendingconstructionoftheRampartprojectatthistime.RampartDamcouldbedevelopediffuturenationalneedsrecommendtheproject'sconstruction.WOODCANYONAnotherpossiblelocationforsignificanthydroelectricpowerdevelopmentisWoodCanyonontheCopperRiver.Thedamwouldbelocatedabout85milesabovethemouthoftheCopperRiverintheChugachMountainsofsouthcentra1Alaska.A"highdam"woulddevelopfirmannualenergyof21.9billionkilowatt-hours.A"10wdam"wouldprovide10.3billionkilowatt-hoursoffirmannualenergy.AppendixIE-4 -0]2i;·tI1:LIA~·:::::.:,1$SOUND.~.·::U~~LNTR~lI~,cf~·t~···············KEYHYDROELECTRICANDTRANSMISSIONALTERNATIVES50100MI14.AppendixIFIGUREE-2E-5 Appendix[-6TheconstructionofadamatWoodCanyonwouldforcerelocationoftwocommunitiesandwouldcreateseriousenvironmentalproblemsaffectingbothfishandwildliferesources,especiallythelargesalmonrunson~theCopperRiver.Unlesstheproblemposedtomigratingsalmoncouldbesolvedsatisfactorily,theprojectwouldhaveanextremelyadverseeffectonthemajorcommercialfishingindustryinawideareaoftheGulfofAlaska.Thisalternativeisnotconsideredfeasibleatthistime.CHAKACHAMNALAKEThepossibilityofdevelopinghydroelectricpowerfromChakachamnaLakewasinvestigated.ThelakeislocatedontheChakachamnaRiverwhichemptiesintothewestsideofCookInletapproximately65mileswestofAnchorage.Thefacilitywouldgenerate1.6billionkilowatt-hoursoffirmannualenergy.TheprojectwouldrequiretheerectionoftramsmissionfacilitieseverdifficultterraintotieintoaSouth-centralRailbelttransmissionSystemandtheconstructionofahigh-costll-miletunnelforpowergeneration.TheadverseenvironmentalimpactwouldbesubstantiallylessthanformanyproposedAlaskanhydroelectricprojects.However,thelowenergyoutputandthehighcostsrenderthisalternativeinfeasibleatthistime.BRADLEYLAKEThesiteforthisauthorizedhydroelectricprojectisatBradleyLakeontheKenaiPeninsulaattheheadofKachemakBaynearHomer,Alaska.Theproposalwouldgenerate0.4billionkilowatt-hoursoffirmannualenergyandcouldserveasasouthernpeakinginstallationforaSouthcentralRailbeltpowersystem.Adverseenvironmentalimpactsofthisproposedprojectwouldberelativelyminorcomparedtotheotherhydroelectricdevelopmentalternativeswhichwereconsidered.IfaneconomicallyfeasibleplancanbedevelopedforBradleyLake,theprojectcouldbeintegratedwithfuturedevelopmentoftheSusitnaRiverbasin.Byitself,thisprojectwouldfulfillonlyasmallportionoftheprojectedelectricalneedsoftheRailbeltarea.UPPERSUSITNARIVERBASINSurveysforpotentialhydropowerdevelopmentintheSusitnaRiverbasinwerereportedbytheCorpsofEngineersin1950andbytheU.S.BureauofReclamationin1948,1952, 1961,and1974.The1952USBRreportindicated12potentialhydropowersitesinthebasin;ofthese,thefivedamsitesstudiedintheupperSusitnabasinshowedthehighestpotential.ThesestudiesshowedtheenvironmentalimpactfromprojectsintheUpperSusitnaRiverBasinwouldnotbeassevereasthosefromotherbasins,andthefirmenergypotentialcouldcontributesubstantiallytosatisfyingtheneedsoftheSouthcentralRailbeltarea.Therefore,theUpperSusitnaRiverBasinwasdeterminedtobethemostfeasiblelocationforhydroelectricdevelopmentnecessarytosatisfyasignificantportionoftheprojectedneedsoftheSouthcentralRailbeltAreapriortotheyear2000.Followingisadetaileddescriptionofthebasinstudyareaalongwithotherpertinentenvironmentaldata,asabasisforevaluatingimpactsattributabletovarioushydroelectricdevelopmentscheme~ ALTERNATIVESFORHYDROPOWERINTHEUPPERSUITNARIVERBASINENVIRONMENTALSETTINGPbY.~Lc_~~_~baracteristics:pescriptionoftheArea:TheSusitnaRiver,withanoveralldrainageareaofabout19,400squaremiles,isthelargeststreamdischargingintoCookInlet.TheSusitnaRiverbasinisborderedonthesouthbythewatersofCookInletandtheTalkeetnaMountains,ontheeastbytheCopperRiverplateauandtheTalkeetnaMountains,andonthewestandnorthbythetoweringmountainsoftheAlaskaRange.TheupperSusitnaRiverupstrea~fromtheproposedDevilCanyondamsitedrainsanareaofapproximately5,810squaremiles(seeFigure3).ThreeglaciersflowdownthesouthernflanksoftheAlaskaRangenear13,832-footMountHayestoformthethreeforksoftheupperSusitnaRiver.Theseforksjointoflowsouthwardforabout50milesthroughanetworkofchannelsoverawidegravelfloodplaincomposedofthecoarsedebrisdischargedbytheretreatingglaciers.Thecold,swift,silt-ladenriverthencurvestowardthewestwhereitwindsthroughasingledeepchannel,some130milesthroughuninhabitedcountry,untilitreachestheAlaskaRailroadatthesmallsettlementofGoldCreek.AftertheSusitnaescapestheconfinementofDevilCanyon,theriver'sgradientflattens.TheriverthenturnssouthpastGoldCreek,whereitflowsforabout120milesthroughabroadsiltandgravel-filledvalleyintoCookInletnearAnchorage,almost300milesfromitssource.PrincipaltributariesofthelowerSusitnabasinalsooriginateintheglaciersofthesurroundingmountainranges.Thesestreamsaregenerallyturbulentintheupperreachesandslowerflowinginthelowerregions.Mostofthelargertributariescarryheavyloadsofglacialsiltduringthewarmersummermonths.TheYentnaRiver,oneoftheSusitna'slargesttributaries,beginsinthehighglaciersoftheAlaskaRange,flowsinageneralsouth-easterlydirectionforapproximately95milesandenterstheSusitna24milesupstreamfromitsmouth.TheTalkeetnaRiveroriginatesintheTalkeetnaMountainsonthesoutheasternpartofthebasin,flowsinawesterlydirection,anddischargesintotheSusitnaRiver80milesupstreamfromCookInletandjustnorthofthecommunityofTalkeetna.AppendixIE-7 100MIIIISUSITNABASINMAPSCALE~~o50UPPERLOCATIONoAppendixIFIGURE[-3E-8 TheChulitnaRiverheadsonthesouthernslopesofMountMcKinley,thehighestpointinNorthAmerica,withanelevationof20,320feet.Theriverflowsinasoutherlydirection,joiningtheSusitnaRivernearTalkeetna.TheprincipaltributariesoftheupperSusitnabasinarethesilt-ladenMaclaren~thelessturbidOshetna,andtheclear-flowingTyone(Figure4).Numerousothersmallertributariesgenerallyrunclear.StreamflowintheSusitnaRiverbasinischaracterizedbyahighrateofdischargefromMaythroughSeptemberandbylowflowsfromOctoberthroughApril.MostoftheUpperSu~itnaRiverBasinisunderlainbydiscontinuouspermafrost.PermafrostISdefinedasathicknessofsoil,orothersurficialdeposit,or ofbedrockbeneaththegroundsurfaceinwhichatemperaturebelow320Fhasexistedcontinuouslyfortwoyearsormore.SuchpermanentlyfrozengroundisfoundthroughoutmuchofAlaska.TheareaaboveandbelowtheMaclarenRiverjunctionwiththeSusitnaisgenerallyunderlainbythintomoderatelythickpermafrost.Maximumdepthtothebaseofpermafrostinthisareaisabout600feet.Aroundthelargerwaterbodies,suchaslakes,permafrostisgenerallyabsent.InsomeareasofthelowersectionoftheupperSusitnabasin,permafrostisnotpresent.AdditionaldataisrequiredbeforepermafrostareascanbespecificallyidentifiedupstreamfromDevilCanyon.RiverCharacteristics:TheupperSusitnaRiverisascenic,free-flowingriverwithveryfewsignsofman'spresence.TheextremeupperandlowerreachesoftheSusitnaoccupybroad,glaciallyscouredvalleys.However,themiddlesectionoftheriver,betweentheDenaliHighwayandGoldCreek,occupiesastream-cutvalleywithspectacularrapidsinDevilCanyonthatareextremelyviolent.TheSusitna,theBremnerinthesouthcentralregion,andtheAlsekinthesoutheastarethethreemajorwhitewaterriversinAlaska.AllthreeareClassVI(onascaleofItoVI)boatingrivers,attheupperlimitofnavigability,andcannotbeattemptedwithoutriskoflife.Fewkayakershavecompletedthedangerousll-milerunthroughDevilCanyon.AppendixIE-9 I.AppendixIFIGUREE-4E-10i:lz..::ilii..ttl.;w0::l:i~!:la:III<{oJCZ0:f-lii:>tnIX:WQ.Q.:>\I\. IIl\....-,<>\It'-II\('l1:i2"2~I'?o.,~0 TheSusitnawasoneoftheAlaskanriversrecommendedfordetailedstudyaspossibleadditionstotheNationalWildandScenicRiversSystemin1973,butwasnotoneofthe20riversrecommendedforinclu-sioninthesystembytheSecretaryoftheInteriorin1974.TheSusitnaRiverhasnotyetbeenstudiedasrecommended.About86percentofthetotalannualflowoftheupperSusitnaoccursfromMaythroughSeptember,withthemeandailyaverageflowfromlateMaythroughlateAugustintherangeof20,000to32,000cubicfeetpersecond.IntheNovemberthroughAprilperiod,themeanaveragedailyflowoftheriverisintherangeof1,000to2,500cubicfeetpersecond.On7June1964,therecordingstationatGoldCreekmeasuredaflowslightlyinexcessof90,000cubicfeetpersecond,whichwasthehighestflowrecordedfortheupperSusitnaRiversincerecordingstartedin1950.Highsummerdischargesareglacialmelt.Themainstreamsduringthehighrunoffperiods.retardwaterflows,streamsruncausedbysnowmelt,rainfall,andcarryaheavyloadofglacialsiltDuringthewinterwhenlowtemperaturesrelativelysilt-free.CookInlet:AllofthemajorwatercourseswhichflowintoCookInleteitheroriginatefromglaciersorflowthrougherosivesoils;eithertypeofstreamcarriesahighsuspended-solidsload.ThenaturalhighflowperiodinstreamstributarytoCookInletoccursduringthesummermonthsofMaytoSeptember,themainperiodwhensedimentistransportedtotheInlet.FreshwaterrunoffintotheupperInletisanimportantsourceofnutrientsandsediments.Largequantitiesofnitrate,silicate,andsurface-suspendedsedimentwithparticulateorganiccarbonentertheInletwithfreshwater.Concentrationsareespeciallyhighintheinitialrunoffeachspringandsummer.TheseadditionsdecreaseinconcentrationdowntheInletuponsubsequentmixingwithsalineoceanicwaterandwithtidalaction.ThelargeinputoffreshwaterdilutesandtendstoreducesalinityandphosphateconcentrationaroundrivermouthsandintheupperreachesofCookInlet.~e~Jpgy/Topogr~:General:TheRailbeltareaischaracterizedbythreelowlandareasseparatedbythreemajormountainareas.TothenorthistheAppendixE-ll AppendixIE-12Tanana-KuskokwimLowland,whichisdelineatedbytheAlaskaRangetothesouth.TheSusitnaLowlandistothesouthwest,boundedtothenorthbytheAlaskaRange,andtotheeastbytheTalkeetnaandChugachMountains.TheCopperRiverLowlandintheeastisboundedonthenorthbytheAlaskaRange,andthewestbytheTalkeetnaMountains.Eachbasinisunderlainbyquaternaryrockssurfacedwithglacialdebris,alluvium,andeoliandeposits.Themountainsareprimarilymetamorphicandsedi-mentaryrocksoftheMesozoic,withseveralareasofintrusivegraniticrocksintheTalkeetnaMountainsandtheAlaskaRange,andMesozoicvolcanicrocksintheTalkeetnaMountains.Figure5delineatesthemajorfeatures.SusitnaBasin:TheAlaskaRangetothewestandnorthandtheTalkeetnaMountainstotileeastmakeupthehighperimeteroftheLowerSusitnaRiverBasin.TheAlaskaRangeismadeupofPaleozoicandMesozoicsediments,someofwhichhavebeenmetamorphosedinvaryingdegreesandintrudedbygraniticmasses.TheTalkeetnaMountainRange,withpeaksupto8,850feet,ismadeupofagraniticbatholithrimmedontheSusitnabasinsidebygraywackes,argellites,andphyllites.Muchoftheinteriorportionofthebasinisfluvial-glacialoverburdendeposits.Glaciers,inturn,carvedthebroadU-shapedvalleys.Glacialoverburdencoversthebedrock,whichiscomposedmainlyofshaleandsandstonewithinterbeddedcoals,PaleozoicandMesozoicsediments,andlavaflows.TheUpperSusitnaRiverBasinispredominantlymountainous,borderedonthewestandsouthbytheTalkeetnaMountains,onthenorthbythesummitsoftheAlaskaRange,andonthesouthandeastbytheflatCopperRiverplateau.Valleysareflooredwithathickfillofglacialmorainesandgravels.SeismicAreas:ThesouthcentralareaofAlaskaisoneoftheworld'smostactiveseismiczones.Inthiscentury,9Alaskanearth-quakeshaveequalledorexceededamagnitudeof8.0ontheRichterScale,andmorethan60quakeshaveexceededamagnitudeof7.0.SeveralmajorandminorfaultsystemseitherborderorcrosstheSusitnaRiverbasin.TheMarch1964Alaskaearthquake,withamagnitudeof8.4,whichstrucksouthcentralAlaska,wasoneofthestrongestearthquakeseverrecorded.MuchofsouthcentralAlaskafallswithinseismiczone4(onascaleof0to4)wherestructuraldamagecausedbyearthquakesisgenerallythegreatest.ThisareaofAlaskaandtheadjoiningAleutianchainarejustpartofthevast,almostcontinuousseismicallyandvolcanicallyactivebeltthatcircumscribestheentirePacificOceanBasin. i \ \ GEOLOGY OF THE RAILBELT AREA <::>•pquf:>~ deEl+'.'":''':~~ ~ A. I '0 glac;al debrIs, PALEOZOIC AI\D PRECA\!BRI.~\ Sandstone.shale.limestone:mostly marine; includes some early \:esozoic rocks PALEOZOIC A.'\D PHECAMBRIPJ, I\letamorphic rocks:schist.gneiss.etc.; mainly Paleozoic \lESOZOIC Sandstone and shale;marine ar.d nor.rr.anne: includes some metarr:orphic rocks Paleozoic 'lolcanic rocks TERTIARY Sar.cstcne.conglcr.-.erate.shale.mudstone; nonrrlarine and rr~ar1ne QCATc:.R:~ARY Surficial ce?cs:ts.allt.l\:i~r:1. eolian sane anc slIt Fault (Dashed where inferred) ~Quaternary and Tertiary volcanic rocks ~ill Paleozoic intrusive rocks;gramtic and ultramafic ~f\!esozoic intrusive rocks;mainly granitic I\lesozoic volcani crocks c=J LJ LJ .... ...-- SED[~E :~-=-..l..?y ,~_,D \;ET .~.~.:O?l':-:[C RCG~S IG:-JEOCS ROCKS LEGS~;D rtlX I (T'1 ...... Source:U.S .C.S. APA-1975 'TJ)::> I ......"0 .....Ci)"owcro ;o::::s rtl 0. Minerals:MostoftheSusitnabasinaboveDevilCanyonisconsideredtobe~ghlyfavorablefordepositsofcopperormolybdenumandforcontactorveindepositsofgoldandsilver.Oneknowndepositofcopperofnear-commercialsizeandgradeisnearDenali.Also,theValdezCreekgoldplacerdistrict,fromwhichtherehasbeensomepro-duction,iswithintheproposedprojectwatershed.Thoughanumberofmineraloccurrencesareknownandtheareaisconsideredfavorablefordiscoveryofadditionaldeposits,muc~ofthedrainagebasinhasneverbeengeologicallymapped.Thus,geologically,thebasinconstitutesoneoftheleastknownareasintheStateexceptforafewareasinthevicinityofDenaliwheresomegeologicmappinghasbeendone.Geologicinformationfortheprojectareaisnotdetailedenoughtoassessmineralresourcepotentialwithintheproposedreservoirimpoundmentareas.TheAlaskaStateDepartmentofNaturalResourcesstatesthatthereare"active"and"non-active"miningclaimsintheupperSusitnaRiverdrainageareabetweenDevilCanyonandtheOshetnaRiver.ManyoftheseclaimsareinupperWatanaCreekabovethemaximumreservoirpoolelevation,andinthesurroundingdrainageareaswherecopperactivityismoderatelyextensive.Climate:TheSusitnabasinhasadiversifiedclimate.Thelatitudeoftheregiongivesitlongwintersandshortsummers,withgreatvariationinthelengthofdaylightbetweenwinterandsummer.ThelowerSusitnabasinowesitsrelativelymoderateclimatetothewarmwatersofthePacificonthesouth,thebarriereffectoftheAlaskaRangeonthewestandnorth,andtheTalkeetnaRangeontheeast.Thesummersarecharacterizedbymoderatetemperatures,cloudydays,andgentlerains.Thewintersarecoldandthesnowfallisfairlyheavy.AtTalkeetna,atanelevationof345feet,whichisrepresentativeofthelowerbasin,thenormalsummertemperaturerangesbetween440and680F,withwintertemperaturesrangingbetween00and400F.Theextremetemperaturerangeisbetween-480and9loF.Theaverageannualprecipitationisabout29inches,includingabout102inchesofsnowfall.TheupperSusitnabasin,separatedfromthelowerbasinbymountains,hasasomewhatcolderclimateandanaverageoverallannualprecipi-tationrateofapproximately30inches.AppendixE-14 Bio19~calCharacteristics:Fish:AnadromousFish:FishinhabitingtheSusitnabasinaredividedinto~womajorgroups:residentandanadromous.Theanadromousfishspendsaportionofitslifecycleinsaltwater,returningtothefreshwaterstreamstospawn.InthisgroupareincludedfivespeciesofPacificsalmon:sockeye(red);coho(silver);chinook(king);pink(humpback);andchum(dog)salmon.Allfivespeciesofsalmondiesoonafterspawning.DollyVarden,achar,iswidelydistributedinthestreamsofCookInletandispresentintheLowerSusitnaRiverBasin,withbothanadromousandresidentpopulations.SmeltrunsareknowntooccurintheSusitnaRiverasfarupstreamastheDeshkaRiverabout40milesfromCookInlet.SalmonspawninvaryingnumbersinsomeofthesloughsandtributariesoftheSusitnaRiverbelowDevilCanyon.SalmonsurveysandinventoriesofthelowerSusitnaRiveranditstributarieshavebeenmadeoveranumberofyears,resultinginconsiderabledistributiondata;however,populationstudiesandadditionalresourcestudiesareneeded.ThesurveysindicatethatsalmonareunabletoascendtheturbulentDevilCanyon,and,thus,arepreventedfrommigratingintotheUpperSusitnaRiverBasin.The14millionpoundsofcommercialsalmoncaughtinCookInletduring1973comprisedabout10percentofthe136.5millionpoundsofsalmonharvestedinAlaskaduringtheyear.Chum,red,andpinksalmontotaledabout94percentofthesalmoncatchforCookInletduring1973.U973Catchand~E..rSJ9uc_tion--Commercia1FisheriesStatistics--Leaflet#26,StateofAlaskaDepartmentofFishandGame).Th(::1973commercia1catchfiguresdonotapproachthemaximumsutainedyieldsforCookInlet,butdopresentthelatestavailableconnnercialcatchinformation,andexceptforchinooksalmon,arerepresenta-tofthelastseveralyearsofcommercialsalmonfishing.SportandfishingforsalmoninCookInletandintheSusitnabasinare150importantconsiderations.AccordingtotheAlaskaDepartmentofFishandGame,asignificantpercentageoftheCookInletsalmonrunmigratesintotheSusitnaRiverBasin.Indicationsarethatalthoughallsalmonstocksareimportant,onlyasmallpercentageoftheSusitnabasinsalmonmigrateasfarupstreamasthe50-milesection,oftheSusitnabetweenDevilCanyondamsiteandtheconfluenceoftheChulitnaRiver,tospawnintheriver'sclearwatersloughsandtributaries.A1974assessmentstudy,bytheAlaskaDepartmentofFishandGame,ofanadromousfishpopulationsinAppendixE-15 AppendixIE-16theSusitnaRiverwatershedestimated24,000chum,5,200pink,1,000red,andbetween4,000and9,000cohosalmonmigrateduptheSusitnaRiverabovetheriver'sconfluencewiththeChulitnaRiverduringthe7-weekstudyperiodfrom23Julythrough11Septemberwhenmostofthesalmonweremigratinguptheriver.Thereportindicatedthatchinooksalmonwerealsopresent.Aminimumof1,036pink,2,753chum,307coho,and104sockeyesalmonspawnedduringtheAugustandSeptemberspawningperiodinthestreamsandsloughsoftheSusitnaRiverbetweentheChulitnaRivertributaryandPortageCreekasdeterminedfrompeaksloughandstreamindexescapementcounts,accordingtothestudy.TheassessmentalsoindicatedthataportionofthepinksalmonspawninthestudyareamayhavebeendestroyedbyalateAugust-earlySeptemberflood.Chinook(KingSalmon):Thekingsalmonspendsfromonetothreeyearsinfreshwaterbeforemigratingtosea.Itisnotunusualforthisspeciestoattainaweightofover40pounds.Themaximumageis8years.In1973,over5,000kingswerecaughtinCookInlet;thetotalcommercialcatchcomprisedabout1.5percentofthetotalweightofsalmoncaughtinthisarea.The1973catchfiguresforkingsalmonwereverylowwhencomparedtotheaverageyearlycatchforthisspecies.SockeyeSalmon(Red):Thesockeyesalmonaveragesbetween6and8pounds,witharangeoffrom2to12pounds.Thisspeciesspendsfrom1to3yearsinariversysteminwhichthereareconnectinglakes.Themaximumageattainedbythissalmonis7years,butmostreturntospawnat4or5yearsofage.Thelandlockedvarietyofthisspeciesiscalledakokaneeandusuallyattainsalengthoffrom12to15inches.In1973,almost700,000sockeyewerecaughtinCookInlet,withatotalweightofover5millionpounds,or37.0percentofthetotalweightoftheCookInletcommercialsalmoncatch.About14.5percentofthesockeyesalmoncatchinAlaskaoccurredinCookInlet.CohoSalmon(Silver):Thecohoorsilversalmonspendsfrom1to2yearsinfreshwaterandreturnsfromtheoceantospawnat3or4yearsofage.Maturecohoaverageabout10pounds;somereachweightsofover30pounds.The106,000cohoscaughtinCookInletduring1973weighedjustover648,000poundsandcomprisedabout4.5percentofthetotalcommercialsalmoncatchforthearea.PinkSalmon(Humpback):Thepinksalmonmigratestoseaimmediatelyafterhatchingandreturnstospawnat2yearsofage.Theaverageweightofamaturepinkis3to4pounds,withsomepinksweighingupto10pounds.The624,000pinksalmoncaughtinCookInletduring1973weighedover2,260,000poundsandcomprisedabout16.2percentofthetotalweightofthecommercialsalmoncatchinthearea.Historically,odd-yearcatchesofpinksalmonarepoor.Even-numberedyearcatchesaverageabout2millionpinks. Chum(DogSalmon):Chumsalmonattainweightsofupto30pounds,withanaveragematureweightof8to9pounds.Thisspeciesmigratestoseaimmediatelyafterhatchingandmaturesbetween3and6yearsofage.The742.000chumscaughtinCookInletduring1973weighedalmost5.800,000poundsandmadeupover41.0percentofthetotalcommercialsalmoncatchforthearea.thelargestpercentageofanyofthe5speciesofPacificsalmon.About12.5percentofthe1973AlaskanchumsalmoncatchoccurredinCookInlet.Salmoneggshatchinlatewinterorearlyspringfollowingthesummerandfallspawningperiods.Theeggsincubateingravellystream-bedsandcannottoleratehighlevelsofsiltationorlowflowsthatdewaterthestreambedsduringtheincubationoralevin(pre-emergent)stages.ResidentFish:Grayling,rainbowtrout.laketrout,DollyVarden,whitefish.sucker,sculpin.andburbot(ling)comprisetheprincipalresidentfishpopulationoftheSusitnaRiverbasin.Althoughdistributionstudieshavebeenmadeinthepast,themagnitudeofresidentfishpopulationsintheSusitnadrainageislargelyunknown.Duringthewarmermonthsoftheyear,whentheSusitnaRiverissiltladen.sportfishingislimitedtoclearwatertributariesandtoareasinthemainSusitnaRivernearthemouthsofthesetributaries.Residentfish,especiallygrayling.apparentlyinhabitthemouthsofsomeoftheclearwaterstreamsontheSusitnaRiverbetweenDevilCanyonandtheOshetnaRiver;however,mostofthetributariesaretoosteeptosupportsignificantfishpopulations.Someoftheuppersectionsoftheseclearwatertributaries,suchasDeadmanCreek,supportgraylingpopulations.Laketroutarealsoprominentinmanyoftheterraceanduplandlakesofthearea.Birds:Waterfowl:Theeast-weststretchoftheSusitnaRiverbetweentheTyoneRiverandGoldCreekisamajorflywayforwaterfowl.ThemajorityofthewaterfowlnestingareasintheUpperSusitnaRiverBasinareonthenearbylakesoftheCopperRiverLowlandregion.ontheTyoneRiverandsurroundingdrainageareas,andonthepondsandlakesofthewidefloodplainintheDenaliarea.TheUpperSusitnaRiverBasinhasamoderateamountofusebywaterfowlwhencomparedwiththeLowerSusitnaRiverBasin.Thelowerbasinhasasubstantiallygreateramountofwaterfowlhabitat,andagreaternumberandvarietyofwaterfowlseasonallyusethethousandsofAppendixE-17 AppendixE-18lakesandpondsinthisareatonestandtoraisetheiryoung.LargenumbersofmigrantbirdsalsousetheSusitnaRiverbasinforfeedingandrestingduringspringandfallflightstoandfromAlaska'sinteriorandnorthslope.DistributionanddensityofwaterfowlhabitatwithintheRailbeltareaisshownonFigure6.Raptors:Raptors,includinggoldeneagles,baldeagles,andvariousspeciesofhawks,owls,andfalcons,occurthroughouttheentireSusitnaRiverbasinbutinsmallernumbersintherivercanyonbetweenPortageCreekandtheOshetnaRiver.AJune1974surveyofcliff-nestingraptorsconductedbytheU.S.FishandWildlifeService,determinedthatthepopulationdensitiesofthesebirdsbetweenDevilCanyonandtheOshetnaRiverarelowandthatnoendangeredspeciesofperegrinefalcons,Americanorarctic,appe~rtonestalongtheupperSusitnaRiver.PeregrineshaveoccasionallybeensightedwithintheareaoftheupperSusitnabasinandalor.gmigrationroutesthroughtheBroadPassareaoftheupperChulitnaRiver.Onthebasisofthe1974U.S.FishandWildlifeServicefindings,otherraptorpopulationsinthecanyonareaoftheupperSusitnaRiverweredeterminedtobeminor,althoughminimaldatawereacquiredonthetree-nestingraptors.Severalnestingpairsofbaldeaglesandgyr-falconswereobservedinornearthecanyonsofthisarea,andgoldeneaglesfrequentlyoccupieduplandcliffsinthevicinityofCoalCreek.SubstantialpopulationsofravenswerefoundinreachesoftheSusitnaRiveraboveGoldCreek.Thenestsofthislargebirdareoftenusedbyraptors,includingperegrinesandgyrfalcons.However,therewasnoevidencethatthenestsobservedwerebeingusedbyraptors.OtherBirds:Unknownnumbersofgamebirds,suchassprucegrouseandwillowptarmigan,inhabittheUpperSusitnaRiverBasin.SomeincidentalhuntingtakesplacealongtheDenaliHighway,buthuntingpressuresarepracticallynonexistentinmostofthearea.Variousotherspeciesofbirdsincludingsongbirds,shorebirds,andothersmallbirdsarefoundthroughouttheUpperSusitnaRiverBasininvaryingnumbers.Mammals:Caribou:OneofthemostsignificantwildliferesourcesoftheUpperSusitnaRiverBasinisthewide-rangingNelchinacaribouherd.Thisherd,amajorrecreationalandsubsistenceresourceinthesouth-centralregion,declinedfromapopulationhighofabout71,000in1962toalowofbetween6,500and8,100animalsin1972.Thisspectacular A.P.A-JULY1975WILDLIFEWATERFOWLHABITAToIillilllilllJllHighDensityfill]Jil]MediumDensity[[[[l]LowDensityoJ-ISCALf,50tOOMilesAppend;x•FIGUREE-lE-19 Appendix[-20declinehasbeenattributedtovariousfactors,includingmigrationtootherareas,badweather,predation,andoverhunting.Motorizedall-terrainvehicleaccesstothebackcountryhasimprovedhuntingsuccesseveninthefaceofarapidlydecliningcariboupopulation.SegmentsoftheNelchinaherdperiodicallyrangethroughoutmuchoftheUpperSusitnaRiverBasin(seeFigure7).ThemajorcalvingareafortheherdisonthenortheastslopesoftheTalkeetnaMountainsontheupperreachesoftheKosinaCreek,OshetnaRiver,andLittleNelchinaRiverdrainages.Calvinggenerallytakesplacebetweenmid-Mayandmid-June.ExceptforintermittentseasonalmigrationroutesacrosstheSusitnaRiverinareasupstreamfromTsusenaCreek,caribouarenotresidenttothemainSusitnaRivercanyonbetweenDevilCanyonandtheOshetnaRiver.Cariboudependuponclimaxrange,especiallyforwinterforage;anyalterationofthevegetation,especiallyofsedgesandlichens,hasadetrimentalimpactupontheirdistributionandnumbers.AtraitoftheNelchinaherdisanalmostconstantchangeofwinterranges,aphenomenonthathasundoubtedlycharacterizedAlaska'scariboupopulationsforcenturies.TheAlaskaDepartment.ofFishandGameconsiderstheNelchinaherdtobeoneoftheState'smostimportantcariboupopulations.SeveralthousandhuntersfromAnchorageandFairbanksparticipateintheannualhuntingofthisspecies.Additionalthousandsofnon-huntingrecrea-tionistsviewthemigrationsofcaribouastheycrosstheState'smajorhighways.Inaddition,theherdprovidessustenancetopredatorsandscavengerssuchaswolves,grizzlybears,blackbears,wolverines,lynx,andvariousspeciesofbirds.Moose:MooserangethroughoutmuchoftheUpperSusitnaRiverBasin(Figure8).Widefluctuationsofpopulationshaveoccurredovertheyears.A1973AlaskaDepartmentofFishandGamefallaerialcountresultedinsightingofapproximately1,800mooseintheupperSusitnaRiverdrainage.ThenumbersofmooseinthesouthcentralregionofAlaskahavebeenreducedinrecentyearsduemainlytoweatherconditions,huntingpressures,wolfpredation,unbalancedage-sexratios,andelimi-nationofhabitat.MuchoftheUpperSusitnaRiverBasinisatorabovetimberline,resultinginlargeamountsof"edge"attimberline,whichproducescon-siderablequantitiesofwillow,animportantwinterforageformoose.Successionalvegetationchangesfollowingfirealsocontributeheavilytoareasfavoringmoosehabitat. ------------~c::2:0°oVICINITYWILDIFECARIBOU,ANDBISON~"':::::":::':::.l:::::::::::::::::~=~~;~lAP~p~endixIo_--",_....;.s:-=:c5:AL:,.:E:......-.=.;..,;;,;....;;.;.lFIGUREE-750,OOM".,E-21A.PA.-JULY1975 LimitednumbersofmooseinhabittheSusitnaRiverbottombetweenDevilCanyonandtheOshetnaRiver,becauseofarestrictedamountofsuitablehabitat.However,theavailablehabitatprovidescriticalwinterrangeformoosethatdoutilizethisarea.Grizzly/BrownBears:Grizzlies,alsoreferredtoasbrownbearsinAlaska,arecommonthroughouttheSusitnaRiverdrainageandarefairlynumerousintheupperSusitnadespitetheabsenceofsalmon.Alpineandsubalpinezonesarethehabitatsmostfrequentlyusedbygrizzlies,althoughthemoretimberedareasareseasonallyimportant.DenningbeginsinOctober,andallbearsareindensbymid-November(seeFigure8).BearsusuallyreappearduringMay,dependingonweatherconditions.Importantspringfoodsincludegrasses,sedges,horsetails,otherherbaceousplants,a~dcarrionwhenavailable.Onoccasion,mooseorcariboucalvesaretaken.Berries--lowbushandhighbushcranberries,blueberries,andbearberries--providemajorsummerfoodsupplements.Aprimeconsiderationforgrizzlybearsistominimizedirectconflictwithhumans,asthegrizzlyisadverselyaffectedbycontactwithman.Huntingforgrizzlybearsinthisareaoftenoccursincidentallytootherhuntingduringtheshortfallopenseason.BlackBears:TheUpperSusitnaRiverBasinsupportsfairblackbeardensities.Thelargerpopulationsareinsemi-openforestedareaswithreadilyaccessiblealpine-subalpineberrycrops.Riverbottoms,lakeshores,andmarshylowlandsarefavoritespringblackbearareas.Blackbearsgenerallyeatmanyofthesametypesoffoodasareeatenbygrizzlies.Denninghabitsarealsosomewhatsimilartothegrizzlybear's.Naturalfiresgenerallybenefitblackbears,especiallywhendensematuresprucestandsareburned.Mostotherlandusesdonotseriouslyaffectbearnumbersinthisarea,andblackbearsarenotasadverselyaffectedbycontactwithmanasaregrizzlies.DallSheep:ThesesheeparepresentinmanyareasoftheAlaskaRange,TalkeetnaMountains,andinthehigherelevationsoftheSusitnaRiverbasin(Figure8).ThegreatestconcentrationsofDallsheepintheSusitnabasinoccurinthesouthernportionsoftheTalkeetnas;herdsbecomescatteredonthenorthernportionoftherange,wherepartsofthemountainsareuninhabitedbysheep.DallsheeparealsofoundintheWatanaHills.BecauseoftherelativelygentlenatureofmuchoftheTalkeetnaMountainsandWatanaHills,predationinthisareahasmoreeffectonsheepnumbersthaninmoreruggedhabitats.Sheephavealwaysfurnishedsomeofthedietofwolvesandothercarnivoresinthisarea.AppendixIE-22 BROWNBEARIAppendixIOOMiI.,FIGUREE·Ai>A-JULY1975-23oIDiMOOSE,DALLSHEEp,IMAP@@Brown/GrizzlyBearDenningAreasoMooseConcentrationInIl1lJl1lDollSheepRange~~J(-\..5"",..Jointr.d.fol·StOIeLondUse~f\./'"'""'"0"~)\...\\~;.~~~\\\\'·.-..'!\1ff1l'lUjll"'"--,~'\\~-~~---'\..'.-------\o/~.~' AppendixE-24Huntingpressureforramsisfairlyheavyduetorelativelygoodaccessfromhighways,byair.andbyATVs(all-terrainvehicles).Nevertheless.asistrueelsewhereintheState.ram-onlyhuntingseemstohavelittleeffectonoverallnumbers.Sheeppopulationsarealmostentirelycontrolledbynaturalfactorssuchashabitat.weatherconditions.predation,anddisease.Conflictsbetweenman'sactivitiesandcriticalsheephabitat.suchaslambingorwinteringareas,canadverselyimpactDallsheeppopulations.MountainGoats:GoatsoccurinlownumbersinvariousareasoftheTalkeetnaMountainsandintheWatanaHillsarea,anddonotprovideasignificantamountofhuntingintheupperSusitnabasin.ThegoatsgenerallyinhabitrougherterrainthandoDallsheep,andarethuslesssusceptibletoman'sacti'ities.Wolves:Wolvesoc~urthroughoutmostoftheUpperSusitnaRiverBasin~Populationsaresubjecttorapidfluctuations.andestimatesshouldbeviewedwithextremecaution.Wolfnumbershavebeenestimatedfromalowof13in1943,afterpredatorcontrolefforts,toahighof400to450in1965.Currentlyanestimated300wolvespopulatetheareaencompassingtheupperSusitna,theTalkeetnaMountains.andtheupperCopperRiverdrainagearea.ThewolfhasbeenremovedfrompredatorclassificationandisnowclassifiedasagameanimalinAlaska.AlaskaDepartmentofFishandGamemanagementstudiesconcludedthat.from1957to1967,wolfpredationneitheradverselyaffectedothergamepopulations,norreducedhuntingsuccessforsportsmen.However,absoluteconclusionswereuncertainsincemooseandcariboupopulationsmayhavereachedtheirhighsduringthisperiod.Thestudyprovedthatwolvesandmencanoftencoexistwhilecompetingforgameanimals.butthatattimesmanmustacceptreductionofavailablegamebywolves.~olverines:ThisareaofAlaskahasconsistentlyproducedmorewolverinesthananyotherareaofcomparablesizeintheState.Wolverinesareseenregularlythroughoutthearea,anditisnotunusualforahunterreturningtoakillsitetofindawolverinefeedingonhismooseorcaribou.Wolverineshavewithstoodhumanencroachmentandtrappingwithoutanynoticeablereductioninnumbersorrange.OtherMammals:FuranimalspeciesoftheupperSusitnainadditiontowolfandwolverineincludebeaver,muskrat,otter,mink.Canadalynx,fox.marten.andweasel.FoundinvaryingpopulationsthroughoutmuchoftheUpperSusitnaRiverBasinandtransmissioncorridor.eachofthesespecieshasitsownuniquehabitatrequirements.However.exceptforalimitednumberofbeaver.therivercanyonareabetweenDevilCanyonandthemouthoftheOshetnaRiverisnotconsideredgoodqualityfuranimalhabitatformostofthesespecies. Othermammalsfoundinthisareaincludecoyotes,snowshoehares,groundsquirrels,treesquirrels,pikas,marmots,andseveralspeciesofvoles,shrews,andmice.Aswithotheranimals,thepopulationsofthevariousspeciesvaryasadverseorbeneficialfactorsareencountered.Somepopulationsfluctuategreatlywhileothersremainfairlystable.ThreatenedWildlifeoftheUnitedStates:TheonlyspeciesintheU.S.FishandWildlifeServicespublication,ThreatenedWildlifeoftheUnitedStates,thatmightberesidentinormigratethroughtheUpperSusitnaRiverBasinarethetwosubspeciesoftheperegrinefalcon:Falcoperegrinesanatum(American)andFalcoperegrinestundrius(arctic).AlthoughnoperegrinesappeartobenestingalongtheupperSusitnaRiveratpresent,therehavebeenoccasionalsightingswithintheareaandalongknownmigrationroutesforthisspeciesastheymovethroughtheBroadPassareaontheupperChulitnaRiver.Thesemigratingperegrinesareoccasionallyreportedtoincludemembersofthetwoendangeredsubspecies.SeveralspeciesofwildlifethatareconsideredthreatenedordepletedintheLower48StateshavesubstantialpopulationswithinAlaska.SuchspeciesincludetheAmericanbaldeagle,thewolf,andthegrizzlybear.Vegetation:ThemajorecosystemsofAlaskaaredividedintomarineandlandgroupings,withthelandgroupdividedintofresh-water,tundra,andconiferoussystems.Thefreshwatersystemincludesglaciersandicefields,lakes,andriverineecosystems;thetundrasystemissubdividedintomoist,wet,andalpinetundras;andtheconiferoussystemisdividedintosixplant-relatedclassifications.TheUpperSusitnaRiverBasinincludesthefollowingfourbroadlandecosystemclassifications:moisttundra;alpinetundra;uplandspruce-hardwoodforest;andlowlandspruce-hardwoodforest.ThelargestpercentageofthebasinisclassifiedasmoistoralpinetundrawithmostoftheareainandadjacenttothemainriverchannelbelowtheMaclarenRiverclassifiedaseitheruplandorlowlandspruce-hardwoodforest.AtGoldCreek,thebottomlandforestofwhitespruceandblackcottonwooodisverymuchinevidenceonwelldrainedbanks.Ascendingtheriver,balsampoplarreplacesthecottonwoodsaroundFogandTsusenaCreeks.ThinhardwoodsandwhitesprucebecomelessandlessinevidencebutstilloccurinsmallstandsonwelldrainedriverbarsandtributaryfansupstreamtoButteCreek.Abovethistributary,onlyscatteredstandsofblackspruceoccur,growinguptotheglaciers.ThelowerAppendixIE-25 hillsideshavealowbrushcoverwithmoisttundrainthelowerareas.Theperiodicallyfloodedriverflatsareinwillow,sedges-highbrush,andwettundra.Sincemuchofthedrainagebasinisuplands,alpinetundraisoneofthemostprominentvegetationtypes.Alpinetundraiscomposedoflowmatplants,bothherbaceousandshrubby.Moisttundrausuallyformsacompletegroundcoverandisveryproductiveduringthegrowingseason.Planttypesvaryfromalmostcontinuouscottongrasswithasparsegrowthofsedgesanddwarfshrubstostandswheredwarfshrubsdominate.Tundraecosystemsareespeciallyfragileandareverysusceptibletolong-termdamageordestructionfromoveruse.Regenerationisextremelyslow,withsomelichensrequiringmorethan60yearstorecover.MostofthetimberecosystemsintheupperSusitnabasinarelocatedadjacenttotheriveraridtributariesonthecanyonslopesandonthesurroundingbenchlands.Themajortimberspeciesincludebirch,balsampoplar,blackcottonwood,whitespruce,andblackspruce.Overall,thetimberqualityinthisareaisnotgood,withawidevarietyofsizes,mostlysmallerandnoncommercial.Muchofthebirchandspruceismoresuitableforpulpthanforsawtimber;however,afairyieldofsaw10gscouldbeobtainedfromstandsofblackcottonwoodandbalsampoplar.CulturalCharacteristics:Population:TheSouthcentra1Rai1beltareaofAlaskacontainstheState'stwolargestpopulationcenters,AnchorageandFairbanks,andalmostthree-fourthsoftheState'stotalpopulation.TheAnchorageareaalonehasoverhalftheresidentsintheState.Recentlyrevisedestimatesfor1975indicateover386,000peoplewillbeinAlaskabytheendoftheyear,comparedtoslightlyover302,000countedinthe1970census,anincreaseofabout28percentinthatperiod.OtherestimatesbytheAlaskaDepartmentofLaborindicateanexpectedStatepopulationofalmost450,000forthe year1980,anadditional16percentincreaseover1975.andapopulationincreaseofnearly50percentin10years.ThelargestgrowthintheStatehasbeenintheSouthcentra1Railbe1tarea,andthistrendisexpectedtocontinue.Withthepossiblerelo-cationofAlaska'scapitalfromJuneautotheRai1beltarea,anaddi-tionalpopulationimpactwillbeexertedonthisareaoftheState.Atthepresenttime,onlyafewsmallsettlementsarelocatedalongtheParksHighwaybetweenAnchorageandFairbanksandtheAlaskaRail-roadintheSusitnaRivervalley.ExceptforthesmallsettlementatDenali,therearefew,ifany,permanentfull-timeresidentsintheUpperSusitnaRiverBasinaboveDevilCanyon.AppendixIE-26 Economics:ThesouthcentralregionofAlaskaincludestheKodiak-Sheli~ofarea,theCookInletarea,andtheCopperRiver-GulfofAlaskaarea.TheSouthcentralRailbeltareaisthatportionofthesouthcentralandYukonsubregionsthatisservedbytheAlaskaRailroad.BothAnchorageandFairbanksareregionaleconomiccentersfortheSouthcentralRailbeltarea.Government,trade,andservicescomprisethemajorportionofthearea1stotalemployment.Constructionandtransportationarealsoimportant.Makingrelativelylesssignificantcontributionsarethefinancing,mining,andmanufacturingindustries,whileagriculture,forestry,andfisheriescontributelessthanonepercentoftheemploymentdollartotheeconomyoftheRailbeltarea.In1972thewagesandsalariesforthesouthcentralregionofAlaskaamountedtomorethan$704,000,000.Inthegovernmentgroups,employmentisdividedmoreorlessequallybetweenFederal,State,andlocalsectors.Thearea1smajorFederalemployeristheD~partmentofDefense,withmostofitsemployeescon-centratedinfourmilitaryinstallations.StateandlocalgovernmentemploymentincludesemployeesfromagenciesoftheStateofAlaskaandthecitiesandboroughswithinthearea.Aftergovernment,thetwogroupshavingthelargestemploymentaretradeandservices.TheirimportanceassourcesofemploymentfortheRailbeltarearesidentsisafurthermanifestationoftheregion1stworelativelyconcentratedpopulationcentersandofthehighdegreeofeconomicdiversity,aswellaslevelsofdemandforgoodsandservices,whicharesubstantiallyhigherthaninmostotherpartsofAlaska.TheimportanceofconstructionislargelyduetothehighlevelofexpansionexperiencedbytheAnchorageandFairbanksareassince1968.ThisgrowthcanpartlybeattributedtotheTrans-Alaskapipelineproject,whichisencouragingmuchnewconstructioninbothpublicandprivatesectors.Highlevelsofemploymentintheregion1stransportationindustryreflectthepositionsofAnchorageandFairbanksasmajortransportationcenters,notonlyfortheSouthcentralRailbeltareabutfortherestoftheStateaswell.ThePortofAnchoragehandlesmostofthewaterbornefreightmovingintosouthcentralandnorthernAlaska.InternationalairportsatAnchorageandFairbanksserveashubsforcommercialairtrafficthroughoutAlaskaandareimportantstopoversfor37majorinternationalaircarriers.Anchoragealsoservesasthetransferpointforgoodsbroughtintotheareabyairandwater,whicharethendistri-butedbyairtransport,truckorbyAlaskaRailroadtomoreremoteareas.AppendixE-27 Althoughexertingrelativelylittledirectimpactontotalemploy-ment,mining,finance,insurance,andrealestateplayimportantrolesintermsofthesecondaryemploymenttheygenerateintheregion.MostpeopleemployedinminingengageinactivitiesrelatingtopetroleumextractionfromfieldsinCookInletandtneKenaiPeninsula.Asub-stantialportionoftheroyaltiesandtaxescollectedbytheStateasaresultofoilproductionintheareaisreturnedtotheareaintheformofjobsinStategovernmentandthroughrevenuesharingwithvariouslocalgovernments.Thetotalvalueofoilandgasproductioninthesouthcentralregionfor1972wasalmost$240million.Similarly,theAnchoragefinancialsector,inspiteofitssmallemployment,exertsconsiderableeconomicleverageasthebankingcenterforAlaska.MostagriculturalactivitiesintheSouthcentralRailbeltareatakeplaceintheMatanuska,Susitna,andTananaValleys.ThepotentialforagricultureintheseareasofAlaskaisconsideredfavorable,althoughdevelopmentoftheindustryhasnotbeenextensive.Commercialfisheriesactivityistheoldestcash-basedindustryofmajorimportancewithintheregion.TheindustryhaschangedsUbstantiallyduringthepast20yearsandcontinuestobemodifiedasaresultofbothbiologicandeconomicstimuli.Thesalmonindustryhasalwaysbeenamajorcomponentoftheindustryintermsofvolumeandvalue.Since1955,thekingcrab,shrimp,andTannercrabfisherieshaveundergonemajordevelopment.ThetotalwholesalevalueofcommercialfishandshellfishforthesouthcentralregionofAlaskain1972wasjustover$100millionincludingacatchofalmost110millionpoundsofsalmon,withawholesalevalueofnearly$38million.Theregion'stimberoutputislessthan10percentofthetotaltimberharvestedcommerciallyinAlaska.Thetimberindustryisshiftingfromsupplyingthelocalmarkettoproductionaimedattheexportmarket.StumpagevalueoftimbercutfromStateandNationalforestlandsinthewholesouthcentralregionduring1972wasabout$130,000.Thetouristindustryplaysanincreasinglyimportantroleintheeconomyoftheregion.Precisedataontourismarenotavailable,butthenumbersofAlaskanvisitorshaveincreasedfromabout130,000in1971toapproximately216,000in1973.AforecastbytheDivisionofTourismin1973estimated288,000peoplewouldvisitAlaskain1975andabout554,000in1980.AppendixI£-28 WithpopulationtrendprojectionsshowingasubstantialincreaseinthenumberoffutureresidentsintheStateandespeciallyintheSouth-centralRailbeltarea,therewillbearelatedincreaseinthedemandforjobs,goods,energy,andservices.Alaskahasawealthofreservesinrenewableandnonrenewableresourcesthatwillhavetobeaddressedintheverynearfuture.Theworldconsumptionofnonrenewableresourcesforenergyproduc-tion,suchasoilandgas,hasreachedorwillsoonreachacriticalpointintimewherealternativemeanstoproduceenergymustbedeveloped.Theneedforthedevelopmentandutilizationofthoserenewableresourcesmustbeweighedagainsttheadverseeffectsthatthesedevelopmentswouldhaveonanever-decreasingregimeofnaturalenvironment.Transportation:Rail:TheAlaskaRailroadrunsfromSewardontheGulfofAlaska,pastAnchorage,uptheSusitnaValley,pastMountMcKinleyNationalPark,andtoFairbanks,adistanceof483miles.TheFederallyconstructedandoperatedAlaskaRailroadwasbuiltbetween1914and1923.Roads:PavedroadsintheRailbeltareainclude:the227-mileSterling-SewardHighwaybetweenHomerandAnchorage,witha27-milesidespurtoSeward;thenewly-constructed358-mileParksHighwaybetweenAnchorageandFairbanks;a205-milesectionoftheAlaskaHighwaythatconnectsTokJunctionwithFairbanks;the328-mileGlennHighwayconnectingAnchoragewithTokJunction;andthe266-mileRichardsonHighwayfromValdez,onPrinceWilliamSound,toajunctionwiththeAlaskaHighwayatDeltaJunction,97milessoutheastofFairbanks.TheonlyroadaccessthroughtheupperSusitnabasinisthe135-milegravelDenaliHighwaybetweenPaxsonontheRichardsonHighwayandCantwellontheParksHighway,andthe20-milegravelroadfromtheGlennHighwaytoLakeLouise.TheDenaliHighwayisnotopenforuseduringthewintermonths.Air:InadditiontomajorairlineswithinAlaska,therearenumeroussmallcommercialoperatorsplusthehighestpercapitaratioofprivateaircraftinthenation.ManysmallremotelandingstripsarescatteredthroughouttheSusitnabasin,andfloatplanesutilizemanylakesandstreamstoferryfreightandpassengerstotheremoteback-countryareas.InmanyareasoftheState,theonlyaccessisprovidedbytheairplane.OtherFormsofTransportation:ATVsandothertypesofoff-roadvehiclesprovidetransportationintoareasintheupperSusitnabasinwheretherearenodevelopedroads.SeveraldevelopedtrailsareAppendixE-29 shownonmapsoftheupperbasin.TrailsareutilizedbyATVs,trailbikes,hikers,horsebackriders,andwintertravelers.Shallow-draftriverboats,smallboats,canoes,rubberrafts,andkayaksutilizesectionsoftheupperSusitnaRiver,afewtributarystreams,andsomeofthelakesforrecreationpurposes.Exceptforthesefewareas,boatinguseispracticallynonexistentwithinmuchoftheupperbasin.Recreation:Access:Thegreatestconstraintonrecreationalactivitiesformostofthe5,800-square-mileUpperSusitnaRiverBasinistheshortageofroadaccess.Exceptf0ra20-milegravelroadfromtheGlennHighwaytothesouthernshoresofLakeLouiseontheupperdrainageoftheTyoneRiver.themainaccesstotheareaisbywayofthegravelDenaliHighwaythroughtheupperpartofthebasin.Floatplanesareusedtoflyinhunters,fishermen,andotherrecreationiststovariousareaswithinthebasin,but,exceptforafewlargerisolatedlakes,thisformofaccessisrelativelyminor.All-terrainvehiclesandsnowmobilesalsoprovideoff-roadaccesstoareaswithintheupperSusitnabasin.BoatsareusedtosomeextenttoprovideaccessontheTyoneRiverdrainageandtoareasoftheSusitnaRiverbetweentheDenaliHighwayandDevilCanyon.MuchoftheUpperSusitnaRiverBasinhasverylittlerecreationalactivityatthepresenttime.Greatdistances,roughorwetterrain,andlackofroadslimituseofmostofthisareatoafewhardysoulswhoenterthesewildlandsforrecreationalpurposes.Hunting:AmajorrecreationaluseoftheupperSusitnaareaisbig-gamehuntingandassociatedrecreationalactivities.Thegreatesthuntingpressuresareexertedfromafewfly-incamps,andfromareasalongtheDenaliHighway.Mostwolvesandbearsharvestedaretakenwhilehuntingcaribouormoose.TheincreaseduseofATVstoprovideaccessandtohaulbiggameisasignificantfactorinimprovedhuntingsuccess,eveninthefaceofdeclininggamepopulations.ThemechanizedATVcanpenetratedeeplyintopreviouslyinaccessiblecountry,leavingfewareasthatprovidehavensforthereducednumbersofcaribouandmoose.ItappearsthattheuseofATVsforhunting,alreadyprohibitedinsomeareas,mayhavetobefurthercontrolled.ThehuntingofDallsheep,mountaingoats,andwaterfowlisminimalintheupperbasineveninareasofroadaccesssuchastheDenaliHighway.AppendixIE-30 Fishing:Accessisagainthemajorfactorindeterminingareasthatareutilizedinfishingforgrayling,rainbowtrout,whitefish,andlaketrout.TheSusitnaandMaclarenRiversaresiltladenthroughouttheirentirecoursesduringthewarmermonthsoftheyear.Therefore,sportfishingislimitedtolakes,clearwatertributaries,andtoareasinthemainSusitnanearthemouthsofthesetributaries.SportfishingpressureintheupperSusitnabasinislight.Manylakesandsomeareasoftheriveraffordlandingsitesforfloat-equippedaircraft.AfewareasalongthemainSusitnaandsometributaries,suchastheTyoneRiverandLakeLouise,havesomepressurefromboatfisher-men.AnincreasingnumberofhuntersuseATVstogetintoandoutofthebackcountry,exertingincidentalfishingpressureinsomeareas.Aspreviouslystated,salmondonotmigrateintotheupperSusitnaRiveraboveDevilCanyonsoarenotafactorinthesportfisheryofthisarea.Q~ating:AminoramountofrecreationalboatingoccursinthewatersoftheupperSusitnabasin.SomelakessuchasLakeLouisehaveaheavieramountofboatingactivity,andsomeriverssuchastheTyoneandtheSusitnahavealighteramountofboatingactivity.SomekayakersutilizeportionsofthemainSusitnaRiver,butveryfewhavebravedtheviolentwatersoftheSusitnathroughtheareaknownasDevilCanyon.~amping:Mostcampinguseinthisareaisincidentaltootherrecreationalactivitiessuchashunting,fishing,boating,andhighwaytravel.SomedevelopedcampgroundfacilitiesarelocatedatLakeLouiseandatthreecampgroundsalongtheDenaliHighwayoutsidetheupperSusitnabasin.Tourismduringthesummermonthsinvolvingtheuseofcampers,trailers,andsimilarrecreationalvehiclesisincreasingatadramaticrateinAlaska.Manyofthesevehiclescampalongtheroadswhereadequatefacilitiesdonotexistandwheretheseactivitiesarecreatingever-increasingadverseimpactsupontheland.OtherOutdoorRecreationalActivities:MostotherrecreationalactivitiesintheUpperSusitnaRiverBasinexertvaryingenvironmentalimpactsonthearea.Manyactivitiessuchashiking,backpacking,andphotographytakeplaceincidentallytootherrecreationalpursuitssuchashunting,fishing,boating,camping,anddrivingforpleasure.Trailbikes,snowmobiles,four.-wheel-drivevehicles,andothermechanicalequipmentcancauseextremeadverseenvironmentaldamagetothefragileecosystemsofthebasinwhenusedinacareless,uncontrolledmanner.Atthepresenttime,recreationisoneofthemajorusesoftheupperSusitnaRiverdrainagearea,buttheoverallutilizationofthisareabyhumansremainscomparativelylight.AppendixE-31 AppendixE-32HistoricResources:Ahistorical-archaeologicalstudyrecentlycompl~tedfortheCorpsofEngineersbytheAlaskaDivisionofParks(HeritageResourcesAlongtheUpperSusitnaRiver,August1975)indicates11historicsiteswithinthestudyportionoftheupperSusitnabasin.Theseareallessentiallyrelatedtothediscoveryofgold.MostoftheearlyminingactivityoccurredonValdezCreek,wherethetownofDenaliwasestablished.Nineofthesitesarelocatedinthatgeneralarea.Twosites,bothdesignatedascabins,arelocatedonKosinaCreek,onenearitsmouth,andoneaboutsixmilesupstream.The~pparentdearthofhistoricallocationsbetweenDevilCanyonandtheMaclarenRiverisexplainedbythefollowingexcerptfromtheAlaskaDivisionofParks'report(indiscussingthefirstmappingoftheareain1912):"ExceptforafewprospectsontheOshetnaRiver,theUSGSneverreceivedanyreportsofgoldbeingfoundontheSusitnabetweenDevilCanyonandtheMaclareninsignificantquantities.ThoughtheTanainaandAhtnaIndiansdidagreatdealofhuntingandfishingontheriverinthisarea,thewhitemanfoundlittlegold,analmostunnavigableriver,andnoreasontosettleanywherenearthe'Devil'sCanyon'."In1920theAlaskaRailroadwascompleted,givinggeneralaccesstoMountMcKinleyNationalPark.Highwaysfollowedinthe1940'sand1950's,andtheprimaryuseoftheareabecamerecreational.TheroadapproachtoMountMcKinleyParkwasbywayofthegravelDenaliHighwayuntiltherecentcompletionoftheParksHighwaybetweenAnchorageandFairbanks.~~chaeologicalResources:OnlyonearchaeologicalsitehasbeenexaminedwithinthestudyareaportionoftheupperSusitnabasin,andithasneverbeenexcavated.ThisistheRatekinSite,locatedneartheDenaliHighwayseveralmileseastoftheSusitnaRiver.Threeotherlateprehistoricarchaeologicalsiteshavebeenreported,oneonupperValdezCreek,andtwoontheTyoneRiver.VerylittleinformationispresentlyavailableontheaboriginalusesoftheUpperSusitnaRiverBasin.Basedupontheknowledgeoftheprehistoryofcontiguousareas,theAlaskaDivisionofParks'reportconcludesthattheUpperSusitnaRiverBasinwaslikelyinhabitedasearlyas10,000yearsago,duringLatePleistocene/EarlyHolocenetimes,withusecontinuinginintensityduringLatePrehistoric/EarlyHistorictimes.ExtensivearchaeologicalremainshavebeenfoundintheTangleLakesareaoutsidetheUpperSusitnaRiverBasinneartheMaclarenRiverdrainage,andtheareahasbeenenteredontheNationalRegisterofH;stoI_if-flace~.Theremainsareapparentlyassociatedwithalarge proglaciallake(alakeformedattheouterlimitofaglacier)thatexistedduringandafterthelastperiodofglaciation.datingbacksome10,000to12,000years.Itisreasonabletoexpectfurtherremainstobefoundaroundthelakebedmarginswhenmoredetailedinvestigationsaremade.EnergyNeeds:PowerrequirementsfortheRailbeltareincreasingrapidly,andsubstantialamountsofnewgeneratingcapacityandadditionaltransmissionsystemdevelopmentwillbeneededinthenearfuture.TheRailbeltnowderivesmostofitspowerfromoilandnaturalgas.Pastplanninghascontemplatedthatnaturalgasand,eventually,fuelsfromtheAlyeskaPipelinewouldcontinulaslong-rangeenergysourcesforRailbeltpowersystems.However,recentchangesinthenationalandinternationalenergysituationindicatethatotheralternativessuchastheabundantcoalandhydroresourcesoftheRai1be1tshouldbereconsidered.Theenergydemandcurveusedinthehydropowerstudyisbasedon1975projectionsprovidedbytheAlaskaPowerAdministration.ThecurverepresentsthecombineddemandoftheareasthatcouldbeserveddirectlyfromaninterconnectedRai1beltsystem,andispremiseduponassumedgrowthratesafter1980thataresubstantiallybelowexistingtrends.Thesegrowthratesassumesubstantialsavingsthroughincreasedefficiencyinuseofenergyandthroughconservationprograms.TheloadprojectionusedinthehydropowerstudyisdepictedinFigure9alongwiththeotherestimatesprovidedinAPA's1975analysis.The"higher"rangeanticipatessignificantnewenergyandmineraldevelopmentsfromamongthosethatappearmostpromising,alongwithanannualgrowthrateinresidential,commercial,andlightindustrialusesthatremainsthroughoutthestudyperiodsomewhataboverecentelectricalenergyconsumptiongrowthratesintheU.S.The"lower"rangepresumes~inimalindustrialdevelopment,aloadgrowthratefortheremainderofthisdecadewellbelowcurrentactualratesofincrease,andenergygrowthoverthenexttwentyyearsthatbarelymatchesthelatestpop-ulationgrowthrateprojectionsforthatperiod.Thislowerestimategenerallyassumesasignificantslackeningofthepaceofdevelopmentalmostimmediatelyandcontinuingthroughouttheperiodofstudy.The"mid-range"appearstobeareasonablyconservativeestimate,withannualratesofincreaseinpowerrequirementslessthan7percentafter1980ascomparedtoanhistoricalannualgrowthrateof14percentduringtheperiod1960to1971.Thisadopted"mid-range'lprojectionassumessteadybutmoderategrowthafterthepresentboomperiodcoupledwithmoreefficientenergyuse.AppendixE-33 40,000a::30,000::r::t::.::zo.J20,000.J:IE10,000LOADPROJECTIONSv,...,.~~././V~\;',;/VVVI1/VIIIVV~~~~vJVvVLO'H!-""l--_f-l----I..--1/l-I--f-f-......J--Vl-f-I--L-~>=I::::::~-o197019801990YEAR2000AppendixIFIGUREE-9E-34PROJECTEDENERGYDEMANDSOUTHCENTRALRAILBELT Becauseofleadtimeneededforcoalandhydroelectricdevelopment,inUllediateneedsforthenextdecadewillhavetobehandledbyadditionaloilandgas-.firedunits.However;theopportunityexistsforhydroandcoaltobecomethemainenergysourcesforRailbeltpowerbyabout1985,ifpriorityisattachedtotheseresources.StudiesbytheadvisorycommitteesforthecurrentAlaskaPowerSurveyprovideestimatesofcostsforalternativepowersuppliesfromcoal,naturalgas,andoil-firedplants.IndicationsarethatpowerfromSusitnahydroelectricdevelopmentwouldbecomparableincosttopresentgas-firedgenerationintheCookInletareaandwouldbelessexpensivethanalternat;vesavailabletootherSouthcentralRailbeltpowermarkets.Therearemanyquestionsconcerningfutureavailabilityandcostsofnaturalgasandoilforpowerproduction.Oilpriceshaveincreaseddramaticallyinthepastfewyears,andtherearemanypressurestoraisenaturalgasprices.Therearealsoargumentsthatnaturalgasreservesareneededforpetrochemicalindustriesandforothernon-poweruses.ManypeopleinGovernmentandindustryquestiontheuseofnaturalgasandoilforlong-rangepowersystemfuels.On31December1974theCongressenactedPublicLaw93-577.Thisactestablishedanationalprogramforresearchanddevelopmentinnon-nuclearenergysources.Oneofthesectionsofthelawstipulatedthatheavyemphasisshouldbegiventothosetechnologieswhichutilizerenewableoressentiallyinexhaustibleenergysources.AppendixE-35 AppendixIE-36UPPERSUSITNARIVERBASINDAMALTERNATIVESGeneral:-----EighttechnicallyfeasibleplansforhydroelectricdevelopmentoftheUpperSusitnaRiverBasinwerestudiedasfollows:pevilCanyon:ThepossibilityofasingledamdevelopmentintheUpperSusitnaBasinlocatedattheDevilCanyondamsite(rivermile134)wasinves-tigated.Theproposedthin-archdamwouldhaveastructuralheightof635feetandawatersurfaceareaof7~550acresatanormalmaximumpoolelevationof1~450.-eet.Thereservoirwouldextendapproximately28rivermilesupstreamandwouldbeconfinedwithinthenarrowSusitnaRiverCanyon.Theprojectwouldproduce0.9billionkilowatt-hoursoffirmannualenergyfromaninstalledcapacityof220megawatts.Becauseoftheverylimitedstoragecapacity,theprojecthasalowfirmenergycapabilityandahighsecondaryenergycapacity.Watana:ThissingledamdevelopmentoftheUpperSusitnaBasinlocatedattheWatanasite(rivermile165)wouldbeanearthfilldamwithstructuralheightofabout810feet.Thereservoirwouldhaveanormalmaximumpoolelevationof2,200feet,wouldhaveasurfaceareaofapproximately43,000acres,andwouldextendabout54rivermilesupstreamtoapointbetweentheOshetnaandTyoneRivers.TheannualfirmelectricalproductionofWatanawouldbe3.1billionkilowatt-hoursfromanin-stalledcapacityof792megawatts.Theprojectwoulddeveloplessthanhalfofthebasinpotential.Q..~~llCanyon-Dena1i_:Thisalternativetwo-damsystemwouldincludethethin-archconcretedamatDevilCanyonanda260-foot-highearthfilldaminthevicinityofDenali(rivermile247).TheDenaliDamwouldprovidestorageonlyandwouldhavenopowerhouse.Thissystemwouldgenerate2.5billionkilowatt-hoursoffirmannualenergyfromaninstalledcapacityof575megawattsatDevilCanyonDam.Thesurfaceacresfloodedwouldtotalabout62,000acres(DevilCanyon,7,550;Denali54,000).Theplanwouldentailsignificantenvironmentalimpactsonwaterfowlnestingareas,mooserange,andarchaeological/historicalvaluesintheDenalireservoirarea. DevilCanyon-Watana:Thistwo-damsystemwouldincludethepreviouslymentioned635-footthin-archdamatDevilCanyonandthe8l0-footearthfilldamatWatana.Thisproposedplanwouldinundateabout82milesoftheupperSusitnaRiverandapproximately50,550surfaceacres.Atotalof6.1billionkilowatthoursoffirmannualenergywouldbeproducedbythecombinedDevilCanyon-Watanasystem.Theconstructionperiodforthistwo-damproposalisestimatedtobe10years.Thisplaniseconomicallyfeasibleandhaslessadverseenvironmentalimpactthananyoftheothermulti-damproposals.Theadverseenvirodmentaleffectsofthisproposalwouldincludethepermanentlossofallvegetationwithinthereservoirpools.Waterreleasedfromthereservoirsmaybeslightlyturbidthrough-outtheyear,whereasunderexistingconditionsthestreamnormallyrunsclearfromlatefalluntilearlyspringbreakup.Studiestodateindicatethatthesedimentinsuspensionwouldnotbehigh,rangingprobablyfrom15-35ppm.Ontheotherhand,heavysedimentloadsnowcarriedbythestreamduringthewarmermonthsofspringthroughearlyfallwouldbesignificantlyreduced.Downstreamwaterqualityproblemsrelatedtotemperature,dissolvedoxygen,andsupersaturatednitrogencouldoccur.Thesewouldbeheldtominimal,andpossiblyinsignificantlevelsbyspillwaydesignandtheincorporationofmultiple-levelwaterwithdrawalstructures.Approximately9milesoftheexistingll-milewhitewaterreachthroughDevilCanyonwouldbelostthroughinundation.Thelower2.5milesofTsusenaCreek,whichwouldbeutilizedasaspillwayforexcessriverflows(thiswouldoccurrarely,ifever,duringperiodsofexcessivelatesummerfloodconditions),willsufferadverseimpactstofishandon-shorevegetationduringsuchperiods.Somemoosehabitatonthecanyonfloorandadjacentslopeswouldbeinundatedbythereservoirs.MostofthepresentuseisupstreamfromTsusenaCreek;thusthegreatestimpacttomoosewouldresultfromtheWatanareservoir.Theamountofgoodhabitatislimited,butitslosswouldbepermanent.Thereservoirswouldliebetweenthespringcalvinggroundsandportionsofthesummerrangeofthewide-rangingNelchinacaribouherd.Increasedmortalitytocaribouattemptingtocrossthereservoirsbetweenthesetwoareascouldresultfromice-shelvingconditionswhichmightoccur,particularlyonWatanareservoir,andotherdifficultieswhichAppendixI£-37 AppendixE-38mightbeencounteredinswimmingbothreservoirs.Thereservoirscouldconceivablyalterhistoricalherdmovementanddistribution,althoughtheanimalsdonotexhibitanyreadilydefinablepatterns,otherthaninthebroadestofterms,atthepresenttime.Althoughothermajorwildlifespecies,suchasbears,wolves,wolverines,andDallsheeparenotexpectedtobedirectlyaffectedbytheprojecttoasignificantextent,therewillinevitablybesomesecondaryimpactsresultingfromdisruptionofexistingpredator-preyrelationships.Overall,terrestrialwildlifehabitatwillbereduced.Smallanimalsresidenttoinundatedareaswillbelost.ResidentfishpopulationsaboveDevilCanyonDam(therearenoanadromousfishunderexictingconditionsabovethispoint)couldbeadverselyaffectedtosomeextentbythechangefromariverinetolakeenvironmentwithinthereservoirpools.Theresidentsportfisheryisnotbelievedtobesignificantwithinthemainriverchannel.Primaryimpactswouldoccurn~arthemouthsofafewclearwatertributarieswhichprovidesomeknowngraylinghabitat.TheintricatechangesexpectedtooccurdownstreamfromDevilCanyonwillresultinbothbeneficialandadverseimpactstoresidentandanadromousfishes.Adverseimpactscouldresultfrompossiblereductioninnutrientsandprimaryproductivity,cutting,anderosionofexistingstreambedconfiguration,increasedturbidityduringthewintermonths,andchangesinthehydraulicandbiologicalregimeofsalmonrearingandspawningsloughs.(AspointedoutinthesectiontitledEnvironmentImpactsofTheDevilCanyon-WatanaHydropowerPlan,manyoftheanticipatedchangesdownstreamfromDevilCanyonDamcouldprovebeneficialtoboththeanadromousandresidentfishery.Determinationsastotheoffsettingeffectsofthesechangesarethesubjectofon-goingstudies.)Roadsrequiredforprojectconstruction,operation,andmaintenancewouldimpairvisualqualityandpermitgeneralpublicaccesstoalargelypristinearea.Thiswouldincreasepressureonexistinggamepopulationsthroughhunting,trapping,andgeneraldisturbanceandharassment.Thisinturnwouldrequireintensifiedgamemanagementandlawenforcementpracticesandpreventivemeasuresforthecontrolofwildfire.Anotherharmfuleffectwouldbetheimpactofsomeoftheroadsthemselveswheredelicateecosystemsaretraversed.Someoftheinevitableconsequencesofroadconstructionaredestructionofvegetationandwildlifehabitat,reducedinsulationoffrozensoils,andsettlingfrompermafrostdeg-radation,resultinginbotherosionandalterationofthegroundwaterregime.Degradationofvisualqualityingeneralwouldbeamajoradverseeffectofprojectconstruction.Thiswouldbeattributableprimarilytoroads,damconstruction,right-of-wayclearingforthetransmissionline,andtheobtrusivenessofthetransmissionlineitself.Althoughcarewouldbetakentominimizetheseimpactstothegreatestpossibleextent,theoverallnaturalsettingandscenicqualityofthedamsitesandtransmissionlinecorridorwouldbepermanentlyimpaired.I Q.~_'{JlSanyo..nHighDam:InSeptember1974,HenryJ.KaiserCompanypreparedareportproposinganalternativehydroelectricdevelopmentprojectontheupperSusitnaRiver.Thereportstatesthatpreliminaryinvestigationsindicatedthatan810-foot-high,concrete-facedrockfilldamlocatedabout5milesupstreamfromtheotherDevilCanyonsitewouldprovide3.7billionkilowattsofaverageannualenergy,or2.6billionkilowatt-hoursoffirmannualenergy(figuresconvertedtostandardCorpsofEngineersevaluationparameters).Thisdamwouldinundateabout58milesoftheSusitnaRiverwithareservoirofapproximately24,000surfaceacresatafullpoolelevationof1,750feet.ThisprojectwouldbelocatedinmuchthesameareaoftheSusitnaRivercanyonastheproposedDevilCanyon-Watanaprojectandwouldhavesimilarenvironmentaiimpactswithsomeexceptions.WhereastheDevilCanyonreservoirinthetwo-damproposalwouldremainnearlyfullallyear,theKaiserreservoirwouldfluctuatesubstantially.Kaiser'sproposedDevilCanyonHighDam,locatedabout25milesdownstreamfromtheWatanasite,wouldhaveproportionatelyfewermilesofpermanentroadsandtransmissionlinesthantheDevilCanyon-Watanatwo-damproject,thereforelessenvironmentalimpactonresources.affectedbythesefacilities.Therecreationalopportunitieswouldbefewerfortheone-damproposal.Thesubstantialfluctuationofthereservoirwouldreducesrnnerecreationpotentialandreduceresidentfishpopulationswhileincreasingtheadversevisualimpactassociatedwithreservoirdrawdown.Theplanwasfoundtolackeconomicfeasibility.l~ee-~amSystem:Athree-damDevilCanyon-Watana-DenalihydroelectricdevelopmentontheupperSusitnaRivercouldbebuildasanextensionofthetwo-damDevilCanyon-WatanaprojectiftheDenalistoragesiteprovedfeasible.Suchadamsystemwouldprovideatotalof6.8billionkilowatt-hoursoffirmannualenergy.Ifathree-damDevilCanyon-Watana-Denaliprojectwereconstructed,itwouldincludeDevilCanyonandWatanadamspreviouslydescribed,anda260-footstoragedamatDenali.Thisthree-damsystemwouldinundateapproximately104,550acresandwouldtake13to17yearstoconstruct.Withathree-damsystem,the100-yearstoragecapacityinWatanareser-voirwouldbereducedbylessthan3percentduetosedimentation.AppendixE-39 AppendixE-40Environmentally,thisplanwouldresultintheadverseimpactsassociatedwiththeDevilCanyon-Watanatwo-damsystemsplustheaddedimpactofinundatingsignificantadditionalmooserangeandwaterfowlnestingareas.TherearealsosomearchaeologicalandhistoricalvalueswithinaproposedDenaliimpoundment.Thisalternativehassignificantlygreatertotaladverseenviron-mentalimpactsthantheDevilCanyon-Watanadeve1opment~Four-DamSystem:InMay1974,theAlaskaPowerAdministrationupdatedaMarch1961reportoftheBureauofReclamationwhichproposeddevelopmentofthehydroelectricresources0;theUpperSusitnaRiverBasin.ThereportproposedaninitialplantobuildtheDevilCanyonDamandpowerp1antandanupstreamstorag€damandreservoiratDenali.Subsequentdevel-opmentofafour-dam systemwouldincludedamsatboththeWatanaandVeesites.Thefour-dam systemwouldgenerateatotalof6.2billionkilowattsoffirmannualelectricalenergy.TheWatanaDamunderthisplanwouldbeabout300feetlowerthanintheDevilCanyon-Watanatwo-damproposal,andtheVeedamwouldbeabout55feetlowerthanintheoriginalBureauofReclamation4-damplan.Initialdevelopmentofthefour-damsystem,DevilCanyon-Watana-Vee-Denali,wouldincludeonlytheconstructionofthehydroelectricdamatDevilCanyonandthestoragedamatDenali.Thiscombinationoftwodamswouldproduce2.5billionkilowatt-hoursoffirmannualenergy.Thisinitialtwo-damstystemwouldalsobecompatiblewiththethree-damDevilCanyon-Watana-Dena1i,alternativeproposal.Thefourreservoirsconsideredinthisdevelopmentwouldinundateapproximately85,000acresoflandandriverintheupperSusitnabasin,comparedwithabout50,550acresfloodedinthetwo-damproposal.Inafour-damplan,thetworeservoirsproposedinthelowersectionoftheupperSusitnaRiverwouldhaveSUbstantiallyfewerknownadverseenvironmentalimpactsthanthetwoupperareareservoirsattheVeeandDenali.Generallythefurtherupstreamareservoirislocatedinthefour-damsystem,thegreatertheoveralladverseenvironmentalimpactwouldbeonfish,wildlife,andestheticresources. Watanareservoir,inthisplan,wpuldbelower.Itwouldcoverasurfaceareaofabout14,000acresbehinda515-foot-highdamwithapoolelevationof1,905feet.Thereservoirwouldextendover40milesupstreamfromthedamsiteandwouldbecontainedinthenarrowcanyonformostofitslength.UndereitherWatanaalternative,thereservoirwouldfloodareasusedbymigratingcaribouandwouldfloodsomemoosewinterrangeintheriverbottom.Itwouldalsocoverexistingresidentfishhabitatatthemouthsofsomeofthetributariesinthissectionoftheriverandpossiblywouldcreateadditionalstreamhabitatathigherelevations.The455-foot-high~eeDamwouldbebuiltonlyunderthefour-damplaninconjunctionwiththelowerheightWatanaDam.Veereservoirwouldinundateabout32milesofglacialriverandwouldhaveapoolelevationof2,300feetwithasurfaceareaofapproximately9,400acres.ThereservoirwouldfloodasubstantialamountofmoosehabitatonthemainSusitnaandonthelowerreachesoftheOshetnaandTyoneRivers.CariboumigrationroutesalongthesouthbankoftheSusitnaRiverwouldalsobeaffectedaswouldsomewaterfowlhabitatofminorsignificance.Presentresidentfishhabitat,especiallygrayling,wouldbefloodedatthemouthsofmanyoftheclearwatertributariesintheareacoveredbytheVeereservoir.AnyroadtotheVeedamsitewouldopenuplargeareasofwildlandsthatareprimewildlifehabitatandescapementareas(inaccessibletoman)forcaribou,bear,andmoose,andwouldhaveasignificantimpactontheseandotherfishandwildliferesourceswithintheseareas.DenaliDam,withastructuralheightof260feet,wouldforma54,000-acrestoragereservoirwithapoolelevationof2,535feet.Largeareasofwildlifehabitat,especiallyformooseandwaterfowl,wouldbeinundatedinanareabetween2to6mileswideandapproximately34mileslong.ManyclearwaterstreamsenteringtheSusitnaRiverinthisareahavevaryingpopulationsofarcticgrayling;howthefluctuatingreservoirwouldaffectthisfisheryisgenerallyunknownatthistime.Substantialareasoflandswouldbeexposedduringtheseasonaldrawdownsofthisstoragereservoir.Fromanestheticstandpoint,thiswouldbeasubstantialadverseenvironmentalimpact,especiallywhenviewedfromthewell-traveledDenaliHighwayduringtheearliersummermonthswhenthereservoirwouldbelow.AppendixE-41 Therelocationof19milesoftheDenaliHighwaynecessarywiththeconstructionofadamattheDenalisiwouldprovideadditionalaccesstothisareawithincreasingpressuresonfishandwildliferesourcesinCoalCreek~ClearwaterCreek,lowerMaclarenRiver,ButteCreek,andtheeasternslopesoftheWatanaHills.TherewouldbesubstantiallylessdevelopedrecreationalpotentialattheVeeandDenalisitesthanatDevilCanyonbecauseoftraveldistancesinvolvedandreservoirdraw-down,especiallyattheDenalidamsite.ItisexpectedthatconstructionVeeprojectwouldtake5to6years,whiletheDenalidamandrwouldkebetween3and5yearstoconstruct.Theconstructionofthefour-damsystemwouldbebetween18a23~ifdamswereconstructedinsequence.Themagnitudeenvironmentalimpactsresultingfromafour-damsystemintheUpperSusitnaRiverBasinclearlymakesthisalessdesirablealternative:nantheone-,two-orthree-damplans.KaiserFour-DamSystem:Anadditionalstudyofafour-damternwasmadebytheCorpsofEngineersutilizingtheKaiserDevilCanyonHighDamasthemaincomponentinanupperSusitnabasinsystem.ThisalternativeincludedboththeVeeandDenaliDamsandalowreregulangjusttheconfluenceofPortageCreekwiththeSusiThissystemcouldprovideanestimated5.6billionkilowatt-hoursofrmannualenergy.Theenvironmentalimpactsofthisfour-damsystemareacombinationoftheimpactsoftheiserilCanyonHighDam,theVeeandDenalidamsites~andalowreregulatingdamdownstreamfromDevilCanyonjustbelowPortageCreek.Thesystemwouldinundaabout88,250acres.Oneofthemajoradditionalimpactswouldincludeanadromousandresidentfisheryimpactscausedbythe200-foothighOlsonreregulatingdamjustbelowPortageCreek.Summary:TheDevilCanyon-Watanatwo-damatotalof6.1billionkilowatthoursoffirmannualenergy,almost90%ofthe6.8billionkilowatthoursprojectedfromDevilCanyon-Watana-Denalialternative,whichwouldproducethehigtamountofelectricalenergyofanyoftheproposedUpperSusitnaBasinaltives.AppendixIE-42TheDevilCanyon-Watanaalternaacrescomparedtoabout104,550acressubstantiallylessareathananyofshownonTableI.vewouldinuteabout50,550withree-damplan~andmul-damalternativesas AppendixIE-44Inadditiontothesmallernumberofsurfaceacresinundatedinthe"DevilCanyon-Watanatwo-damsystem,therewouldbesubstantiallylessoveralladverseenvironmentalimpactwiththetwo-damproposalascomparedtoanyoftheothermulti-damproposals.TheVeeandDenaliproposalswouldinundateasignificantamountofmoose,caribouandwaterfowlhabitatwhereastheDevilCanyonandWatanaproposalswouldaffectaminimalnumberofbiggameanimalsandwaterfowlnestingareas.Thetwoupstreamdamproposalswouldalsohaveagreateradverseeffectonfish,wildlife,andestheticresources.Underthe4-damKaiserproposalareregulatingdamattheOlsonsitewouldbeaprojectrequirement--thisreregulatingdamwouldbeconstructedjustdownstreamfromthePortageCreekconfluencewiththeSusitnaandcouldbeasignificantimpactonthemigrationofsalmontoPortageCreek.TheDevilCanyon-Watanahydroelectricdevelopmentproposalhasthehighestbenefit-to-costratioofanyoftheUpperSusitnaRiverBasinalternativeplansandalsohassignificantlylessadverseenvironmentalimpactthananyofthealternativemulti-damproposals. DEVILCANYON-WATANAHYDROPOWERPLANDESCRIPTIONOFTHEDEVILCANYON-WATANAPLANTherecommendedplanconsistsofconstructionofdamsandpowerplantsontheupperSusitnaRiveratWatanaandDevilCanyon,andconstructionofelectrictransmissionfacilitiestotheRailbeltloadcenters,withaccessroads,permanentoperatingfacilities,andotherprojectrelatedfeatures.Asubsidiarypur~oseintheconstructionoftheelectrictrans-missionlinewillbetheinterconnectionofthetwolargestelectricalpowerdistributiongridsintheStateofAlaska,whichwillresultinincreasedreliabilityofserviceandlowercostofpowergeneration.TheproposedplanfortheWatanasite(figure4)wouldincludetheconstructionofanearthfilldamwithastructuralheightof810feetatrivermile165ontheSusitnaRiver.Thereservoiratnormalfullpoolwouldhaveanelevationof2,200feetandacrestelevationof2,210feet,haveasurfaceareaofapproximately43,000acres,andwouldextendabout54rivermilesupstreamfromthedamsitetoabout4milesabovetheconfluenceoftheOshetnaRiverwiththeSusitna.DevelopmentoftheDevilCanyonsiteincludestheconstructionofaconcrete,thin-archdamwithamaximumstructuralheightof635feetandwithacrestelevationof1,455feet.Thedamwouldbelocatedatrivermile134ontheSusitnaRiver.DevilCanyonreservoirwouldhaveawatersurfaceareaofabout7,550acresatthenormalfullpoolelevationof1,450feet.Thereservoirwouldextendabout28rivermilesupstreamtoapointneartheWatanadamsite,andwouldbeconfinedwithinthenarrowSusitnaRivercanyon.ThegeneratingfacilitiesforWatanawouldincludethreeFrancisreactionturbineswithacapacityof264MW(megawatts)perunit,andamaximumunithydrauliccapacityof7,790cfs(cubicfeetpersecond).ThefirmannualproductionofelectricalpoweratWatanawouldbe3.1billionkilowatt-hours.ThegeneratingfacilitiesforDevilCanyonwouldincludefo~rFrancisreactionturbineswithacapacityof194MWperunitandamaximumunithydrauliccapacityof6,250cfs.ThefirmannualenergyprovidedatDevilCanyonwouldbe3.0billionkilowatt-hours.Atotalof6.1billionkilowatt-hoursoffirmannualenergywouldbeproducedbythecombinedDevilCanyon-Watanasystem.Secondaryannualaverageenergyproductionfromthistwo-damsystemincludesanAppendixE-45 AppendixIE-46additional0.8billionkilowatt-hoursperyear.The6.9billionkilo-wattsoffirmandsecondaryannualenergywouldbetheenergyequivalentofabout15millionbarrelsofoilperyear,orabout112billioncubicfeetofnaturalgasperyear,orabout1.5billionbarrelsofoiloveralOO-yearproject-lifeperiod.MostofthegeneratedelectricalpowerwouldbeutilizedintheFairbanks-TananaValleyandtheAnchorage-KenaiPeninsulaareas.Theproposedtransmissionsystemwouldconsistoftwo198-mile,230kvsinglecircuitlinesfromDevilCanyontoFairbanks(calledtheNenanacorridor),andtwo136-mile,345kvsinglecircuitlinesfromDevilCanyontotheAnchoragearea(calledtheSusitnacorridor).BothlineswouldgenerallyparalleltheAlaskaRailroad.PowerwouldbecarriedfromWatanatoDevilCanyonviatwosinglecircuittransmissionlines,adistanceof30miles.Totallengthofthetransmissionlineswouldbe364miles.ThegenerallocationsofthetransmissionlinesareshownonFigure10.AccesstotheDevilCanyonandWatanasiteswouldbedeterminedbysitingstudiesthatwouldincludeconsiderationoftheenvironmentalimpactsforroadsandtransmissionlines.Preliminarystudiesrecommendanaccessroadapproximately64milesinlengthtoconnecttheWatanasitewiththeParksHighwayviaDevilCanyon.Afactorconsideredinlocationanddesignofaccessroadswouldbetheirsubsequentuseforpublicrecreationalpurposes.Project-orientedrecreationalfacilitieswouldincludevisitorcentersatthedams,boatlaunchingramps,campgrounds,picnicareas,andtrailsystems.Thetotalfirstcostsoftheproposedhydroelectricproject,basedonJanuary1975prices,areestimatedat$1.52billion,includingthetransmissionsystem.Overall,DevilCanyoncostsareestimatedat$432,000,000,andWatanaat$1,088,000,000.WatanaDamwouldbecon-structedfirstandWatana1scostswouldincludethetotalcostofthetransmissionsystem.Thebenefit-to-costratiocomparedtothecoalalternativeat6-1/8percentinterestrateand100-yearprojectlifeis1.4usingFederalfinancing.Variousstudies,reportsandarticlesprovidedbackgrounddataandinformationforthisassessment(seeBIBLIOGRAPHY). Ester.FAIRBANKS•Paxson5075TRANSMISSIONCORRIDORSEGMENTSScalein,miles.~-..o AppendixE-48Generalenvironmentalstudiesarecontinuing.InventoryandevaluatistudiesoffishandwildliferesourcesaffectedbytheprojectarebeingconductedbytheAlaskaDepartmentofFishandGame,U.S.FishandWildlifeService,andNationalMarineFisheriesService.Astheseongoingstudiesidentifyspecificareasofconcern,theywillbeselectedformoreintensiveinvestigationduringdetaileddesignstudies,shouldCongressauthorizeadvancementtothatstage.Examplesofproblemsexpectedtobeaddressedduringthedetaileddesignstudyphaseincludeidentificationofsignificantadverseimpactstoimportantfishandwildlifespecies,andspecificactionswhichshouldbetakentoprevent,ameliorate,ormitigatetheseimpacts. ENVIRONMENTALIMPACTSOFTHEDEVILCANYON-WATANAHYDROPOWERPLANHYDROLOGYANDWATERQUALITYAbout86percentofthetotalannualflowoftheupperSusitnaRiveroccursfromMaythroughSeptember.AveragedailyflowsfromthelatterpartofMaythroughthelatterpartofAugustfluctuateintherangeof20,000to32,000cubicfeetpersecond(cfs).NovemberthroughApriltheaveragedailyflowsrangebetween1,000and2,500cfs.Theriveralsocarriesaheavyloadofglacialsedimentduringthehighrunoffperiods.Durirjthewinterwhenlowtemperaturesreducewaterflowsthestreamsrunpracticallysilt-free.SomeoftheimpactsthatcouldbecausedbytheprojectdownstreamfromDevilCanyonDamarediscussedbelow.Significantreductionsofthelatespringandearlysummerflowsoftheriverandsubstantialincreasesofthe winterflowswouldoccur.Theflowoftheriverduringtheperiod1950through1974averagedabout9,280cfs.TheprojectedaverageregulateddownstreamflowsforaDevilCanyon-Watanasystemcomputedonamonthlybasiswouldrangebetweenabout7,560cfsinOctobertoabout15,100cfsinAugust.Inextremeyears,themonthlyaverageswouldrangefromabout6,000cfstonearly32tOOOcfs.Theaveragemonthlyregulatedflowscomparedtotheaverageunregulatedflowsbasedontheperiodfrom1950through1974areasfollows:TABLEIIRegulatedUnregu1atedMonthcfscfs-~--January9,905lt354February9,4291,137March9,0261,031Apri18,2781,254May8,15812,627June8,32926,763July9,60423,047August15,09121,189September10,80013,015October7,5605.347November8,3692,331December8,9681,656AppendixE-49 AppendixIE-50TheheaviersedimentmaterialnowcarriedbytheriverduringhighrunoffperiodsbetweenDevilCanyonandthejunctionoftheChulitnaandTalkeetnaRiverswiththeSusitnaRiverwouldbesubstantiallyreduced,andayear-round~somewhatmi1ky-textured"glada1flour"(suspendedglacialsediment)wouldbeintroducedintothecontrolledwaterreleasesbelowthedam.PreliminarystudiesindicatethatthesuspendedsedimentinreleasesatDevilCanyonDamwould·beatlowlevels(15-35ppm).Accordingtofisheryinvestigationsduringthewinterof1974-75bytheDivisionofCommercialFisheriesoftheAlaskaDepartmentofFishandGameontheSusitnaRiverbetweenPortageCreekandtheChulitnaRiver,suspendedsolidsamplesofriverwateratGoldCreek,ChaseandtheParksHighwaybridgeindicatedarangeoffrom4to228ppm,andindicatedthatthesesuspendedsolidsarewithinanadromusfishtolerances.Althoughtheaveragesedimentloadinsummermonthsislessthan1000ppm,loadssometimesreachamaximumof5000ppmintheunregulatedriver.ReductionofexistingsummersedimentationpeaksshouldhaveabeneficialeffectonanadromousandresidentfishpopulationsforsomedistancedownstreamfromDevilCanyonDam.WhenspillingwateroverDevilCanyonDamwouldbenecessaryduringsomeperiodsofextremehighflows,nitrogensupersaturationcouldbeintroducedintotheriverbelowthedam.Fishexposedtohighlevelsofthisconditioncansuffergas-bubbledisease(likebendstoadeep-seadiver)whichcanbefatal,Withappropriateoperationalprocedures,itisestimatedthatspillingexcessflowsatDevilCanyonwouldoccuronthefrequencyofonceevery2yearswithanaveragedurationof14days.However,anynitrogensupersaturationanddissolvedoxygenthusintroducedshouldbereducedsubstantiallyintheturbulentriversectionjustdownstreamfromthedam.TheproposedspillwayatWatanaDamisnotconducivetohighlevelsofnitrogenoroxygensupersaturation,andspillswouldoccurseldom,andunderextremefloodingconditionsinlatesummer.Fewfish,underexistingconditions,arebelievedtooccupythe2~milesectionofSusitnaRiverbetweentheproposedDevilCanyondamsiteandthemouthofPortageCreek.Thissituationcouldchangewithadecreaseinregulatedflowsduringthesummermonths.TemperatureofthewaterreleasedfromDevilCanyonDamwouldbeadjustedtoapproachthenaturalriverwatertemperatures.Thiswouldbemadepossiblebytheproposedincorporationofselectivewithdrawloutletsintothedamstructure.VariationsinwaterreleasesatDevilCanyonDamwouldcauselessthanaone-footdailyfluctuationofdownstreamwaterlevelsintheriverduringtheMaythroughOctoberperiodsincethereservoirwouldnotbeusedforpeakingpurposes.Theregulateddailyfluctuationsduringthewintermonthscouldrangeuptoonefootundernormaloperatingconditions.AccordingtoU.S.GeologicalSurveystudies,thenaturalnormaldailyfluctuationsintheSusitnaRiverbelowDevilCanyonrangeuptoaboutonefoot. StratificationconditionswithinthereservoirscouldcausesometemperatureanddissolvedoxygenproblemsintheriverforsomedistancedownstreamfromtheDevilCanyonDamandwithinthereservoirsthem-selves.Theseconditionscouldhaveanadverseimpactonthedownstreamfishery.However,thisproblemcanbeminimizedbymultiple-levelwaterreleasestructureswhichareproposedforincorporationintobothdams.Thiswouldprovidethecapabilityofselectivewithdrawalofwaterfromanylevelwithinthereservoirtomoderatereleasetemperaturesanddissolvedoxygencontent.Spillwaydesignswillalsobeconsideredtoreducesupersaturationofdownstreamwaterflowswithatmosphericgases.Therewouldbeaperiodofchannelstablizationinthe50-milesectionoftheSusitnaRiverbelowDevilCanyonDaminwhichtheriverwouldtendtoadjusttothestabilizedflowwithlowsedimentlevels,butgeneralchanneldegradationcausedbyariver'sattempttoreplacethemissingsediment loadwithmaterialpickedupfromtheriverbedisnotexpectedtobeasignificantconcernalongthecoarsegravelbedreachesoftheSusitnaRiverbetweenTalkeetnaandDevilCanyon.However,thisphenomenonwouldbethesubjectoffuturedetailedstudiestodeterminethedistanceatwhichsedimentloadswouldbecomereestablished.Upstreamfromthedamsthemajorenvironmentalimpactswouldbecausedbythereservoirimpoundments.Undertheproposedtwo-damsystem,thereservoirbehindtheDevilCanyonDamwouldfluctuateupto5feetduringtheyear,whileWatanareservoirwouldfluctuatebetween80and125feetduringtheyearundernormaloperatingconditions.ThemaximumdailyfluctuationatDevilCanyonreservoirundernormaloperatingconditionswouldbelessthantwofeet.DevilCanyonreservoirwouldcoverabout7,550acresinanarrowsteep-walledcanyon(1/4to3/4-mile-wide)withfewareasofbiggamehabitatandaminimalamountofresidentfishhabitatatthemouthsofafewofthetributariesthatentertheSusitnaRiverinthe28-milesectionabovetheproposeddamsite.Thereservoirwouldalsofloodapproximately9milesofthell-mile,whitewatersectionofDevilCanyon.Watanareservoir,withastructuralheightof810feetandapoolelevationof2,200feet,wouldfloodabout43,000acresina54-milesectionoftheSusitnaRiverthatwouldreachupstreamtoabout4milesabovetheOshetnaRiverconfluence.ExceptinafewareasnearthemouthsoftributariessuchasDeadmanCreek,WatanaCreek,JayCreek,andKosinaCreek,theWatanareservoirwouldbecontainedwithinafairlynarrowcanyon1/3-mileto1mileinwidthformuchofitslength.AppendixE-51 ThespillwaydesignatWatanadivertstheexcessriverflowsintotheTsusenaCreekdrainageapproximately2.5milesabovethecreek'sconfluencewiththeSusitnaRiver.Ontherareoccasionswhenitwouldbenecessarytodivertexcessriverflowsoverthespillway,theadverseenvironmentalimpactonfishandvegetationresourcesinlowerTsusenaCreekcouldbesignificant.WatanareservoirwouldfloodreachesoftheSusitnaRiverupstreamfromTsusenaCreekthataresometimesusedascariboucrossings.Itwouldalsofloodsomemoosewinterrangeintheriverbottom.Thereservoirwouldalsocoverexistingresidentfishhabitatatthemouthsofsomeofthetributariesinthissectionoftheriverandpossiblywouldcreateotherfishhabitatathigherelevationsonthesetributaries.Fish:OneoftheenvironmentalimpactscausedbytheproposedDevilCanyon-WatanaprojectwouldbethesubstantialreductionofnaturalriverflowsduringthelatterpartofJuneandtheearlypartofJulywhensalmonstartmigratinguptheSusitnaRiver.TheprojectedaveragemonthlyregulatedflowsduringperiodsinAugustandSeptember,whenthemajorityofthesalmonarespawning,approachtheaveragenaturalflowsoftheriverduringthisperiod(seeTableI,page43).Ina1974studybytheAlaskaDepartmentofFishandGameonsurveysconductedtolocatepotentialsalmonrearingandspawningsloughsonthe50-milesectionoftheSusitnaRiverbetweenPortageCreekandtheChulitnaRiver,21sloughswerefoundduringthe23Julythrough11Septemberstudyperiod.Salmonfrywereobservedinatleast15ofthese21backwaterareas.Adultsalmonwerepresentin9ofthe21sloughs.In5ofthesloughstheadultsalmonwerefoundinlownumbers(from1to24withanaveragebetween6and7).In4othersloughslargenumberswerepresent(from107to681withanaverageofjustover350).DuringDecember1974andJanuaryandFebruary1975,theAlaskaDepartmentofFishandGameinvestigated16ofthe21sloughspreviouslysurveyedduringthesummerof1974.Ofthe16sloughs,5indicatedpresenceofcohosalmonfry.Thenumbersoffrycapturedinthe5sloughsatvarioustimesrangedfrom1to21withanaverageof5.Manyofthe16sloughssurveyedwereappreciablydewateredfromthesummer/fallstate.ThereportalsostatedthatanumberofcohofrywerecapturedintheSusitnaRivernearGoldCreek,indicatingthatsomecohosalmonfrydooverwinterinthemainriver.ThewinterinvestigationsindicatedthattheSusitnaRiverbetweenDevilCanyonandTalkeetnawastransportingsuspendedsolidloadsrangingfrom4ppmto228ppm.AppendixIE-52 Itmaybereasonabletoassumethatoneofthemostcriticalfactorsinsalmonspawningisthedewateringofareasinwhichthesalmonhavespawned.Ifwinterflowsareinsufficienttocoverthespawningbedsitwouldbeoflittleconsequenceifhighsummerflowsallowedsalmontospawninsomeofthesloughsthataredewateredduringtheeggincubationoralevinstages.AccordingtoaHydrologicReconnaissanc9ftheSusitnaRiverBelowDevil'sCanyon.October1974.bytheNationalMarineFisheriesServicewhencomparingregulatedflowstonaturalflows(seeTable1,page43),"ItisreasonabletoconcludethatduringthemonthsofOctoberthroughMarchspringflowsmaybeenhancedintherivervalleybottom,duringthemonthsofMaythroughmid-Septemberthesespringflowsmaybedepressed".ItislogicaltoassumeonthebasisofexistingdatathattherewillbesomechangesintherelationshipbetweentheregulatedriverandaccesstoexistingsalmonrearingandspawningsloughsandtributariesdownstreamfromDevilCanyonDam.ItappearsfeasibletodevelopaprogramtoimprovefishaccesstoandfromsomeofthesloughsandtributariesintheSusitnaRiverasaconsequenceoftheproject'sstabilizingeffectonsummerflows.Suchaprogramwouldbeaprojectconsideration.PeriodicfloodconditionsthatpresentlydestroysalmoneggsinthisstretchoftheriverwouldbealmostcompletelyeliminatedbyregulationoftheupperSusitnaRiverflows.ReductioninflowsandturbiditybelowDevilCanyonDammightcausesomedisorientationofsalmonmigratingintothesectionoftheSusitnaRiverbetweenPortageCreekandtheChulitnaRiverduringaninitialperiodafterconstructionofthedamsanduntilfuturesalmonstocksreadjustedtothechangeinregulatedriverconditions.Duringperiodsofconstruction.riverflowswillbedivertedthroughtunnelsinthecanyonwallsandpasttheconstructionareasatthedamsiteswithminimalchangesinexistingwaterquality.Duringtheperiodinwhichthenewly-constructedreservoirswouldbefillingwithwater,downstreamflowmaintenancewouldbecoordinatedwiththefishandwildlifeagenciestopreventunnecessarydamagetodownstreamfisheryresources.ItisproposedtoconstructWatanaDamfirststartinginabout1981.andDevilCanyonapproximatelyfiveyearslater.AccordingtoastudydiscussedintheJournalofFisheriesResearchBoardofCanada--Volume32.No.1.January1975.EcologicalConseguencesoftheProposedMoranDamontheFraserRiver--someofthebeneficialdownstreamimpactsofthedamcouldincludethefollowing:AppendixIE-53 AppendixI[-54Thehigherregulatedwinterflowsmightincreasethesurvivalofsalmoneggsinthesloughsandbackwaterareasoftheriverdownstreamfromthedam.Theincreasedflowscouldalsoinsurebettercoverageandbetterpercolationthroughthegravelandpresumablyincreaseeggandalevinsurvival.(Salmonalevinareyoungfishwithattachedegg-sacsthatremaininthegravelbedsuntiltheyemergeasfry.)AnadditionalconsequenceofreducedturbiditybelowthedammightbeagradualreductioninthepercentageoffinematerialsinthesalmonspawningareasnearthemouthsofsloughsandtributariesastheyentertheSusitnaRiver.Thiscouldalso1toimprovedpercolationthroughthegravelinthestreambedandpossiblyimprovesurvivalofeggs.ReducedsiltationdurIngthesummermonthsshouldprovebeneficialforbothanadromousandresidentfishspeciesforsomedistancedown-streamfromthepropose~DevilCanyonDam.ItisalsoreasonabletoexpectthatsomeadditionalsalmonspawningandrearinghabitatwoulddevelopwithinsomesectionsoftheSusitnaRiverbetweenDevilCanyonandTalkeetna.Otherhydrologicfactorspreviouslydiscussedwouldalsoaffectthefisheryresourcedownstreamfromthedams.Theseandotherchangescouldalsoinfluencethefoodandlifecyclesforfishinthissectionoftheriver.BiologicalandphysicalchangeslikelytooccurarethesubjectsofongoingstudiesbyStateandFederalagenciesunderthedirectionofU.S.FishandWildlifeService.Resultsofthesestudieswillbeusedindeterminingneedsformoredetailedfinaldesignphasestudies,feasibleprojectmodification,andmitigativeorameliorativemeasures.Upstreamfromthedams,themajorimpactontheresidentfishpopulationswouldbecausedbythereservoirimpoundments.Undertheproposedplan,DevilCanyonreservoirwouldfluctuateverylittle.Eventhoughthesteep-walledcanyonofthisreservoirmightprovelessthandesirableforaprogramtodeveloparesidentfishpopulation,somespeciesoffishmightbeabletoadapttothisreservoirandprovidesomefuturesportfishingbenefits.WatanaDamwouldhaveawidelyfluctuatingreservoirwhichwouldgenerallyprovedetrimentaltothedevelopmentofresidentfishpopu-lations.Suspendedglacialsedimentcouldbeafactorinbothofthereservoirsaftertheheavierglacialsedimentshavesettledout;how-ever,manynaturallakesinAlaskasuchasTustumenaandTazlina,withheavyinflowsofglacialdebrissustainfishpopulationsundersimilarconditions,sotodeveloppopulationsoffishunderrelatedconditionsmaybefeasible.Mostresidentfishpopulations,especiallygrayling,utilizesomeoftheclearwatertributariesoftheSusitnaRiverorareasnearthemouthsofthesestreamsastheyentertheglaciallyturbidmainriverchannelduringperiodsofhighrunoff.Manyofthesetributarieswould AppendixE-55befloodedintheirlowerreachesbytheproposedreservoirimpound-ments.Theresidentfishpopulationswouldbeaffectedbytheincreasedwaterlevelsintheproposedreservoirs;butinsomeareas,accesstotributariesforresidentfishmaybeimprovedbyincreasedwaterelevations.ItappearshighlyunlikelythatanadromousfishsuchassalmoncouldbesuccessfullyintroducedintotheUpperSusitnaRiverBasin.Withthesuccessionofveryhighdamsandtherelatedproblemsandcostsofpassingmigratingfishoverandthroughthesedams,suchaprogramwouldbeinfeasible(Report,EcoloaicalConseuencesoftheProosedMoranDamontheFraserRiver,Thisreportstatesinreferencetohighdams:liThechoiceisclearlybet\'Jeenupstreamsalmonstocksordams.IIHowever,theintroductionofaresidentsalmonspecies,suchassockeye(kokanee)orotherstosomewatersoftheupperSusitnabasinmightprovefeasiblewithfurtherstudies.OtherproblemsrelatedtotheintroductionofanadromousfishintotheUpperSusitnaRiverBasinwouldincludethefollowing:Fishwoul~experiencehighmortalityratesiftheyattemptedtomovedownstreamthroughturbinesoroutletworksintheproposedseriesofhigh-headdams.AccordingtoCorpsofEngineersstudies,a35percentmortalityratecouldbeexpectedonfishsuchasyoungsalmonateachdam.Perhapsevenmoresignificantthanturbinelossistheexperience-backgroundthatjuvenilesalmonidswillgenerallynotmigrateoutoflargestorage-typereservoirs.Reversecurrents,temperaturestrat-ification,etc.•apparentlydisorientthemigrantsandcausethemtolosetheirmigrationalmotivation.Asaresultmanyneverevenreachthedamandtheyspendtheirlivesasresidualsinthereservoir(Example:BrownleeReservoir,SnakeRiver.IdahoandOregon).Wildlife:Reservoirimpoundments,transmissionlinecorridors.andaccessroadswouldhavevaryingdegreesofenvironmentalimpactonwildlife.TheDevilCanyonreservoirwouldbelocatedwithintheconfinesofanarrow.steep-walledcanyonwithfewareasofbig-gamehabitatandnomajormigrationroutesforbig-gameanimals.Insomecases,animalssuchasmooseandcariboumayfinditeasiertocrossthenarrowreser-voirthantheywouldthepresentfast-movingriveratthebottomofadeep.steep-sidedcanyon.TheproposedWatanaDamwouldbegenerallycontainedwithinafairlydeepandnarrowrivercanyon.WatanareservoirwouldlieacrossoneoftheintermittentseasonalcariboumigrationroutesbetweenthemaincalvingareaoftheNelchinacaribouherd,locatedsouthoftheriverinthenortheastfoothillsoftheTalkeetnaMountains,andsomecaribousummerrangeonthenorthsideoftheSusitnaRiver.Calvinggenerallytakesplaceduringamonth-longperiodstartinginthemiddleofMay. Ice-shelvingconditionscausedbywinterdrawdownonWatanareser-voirorspringicebreakupconditionsonthereservoircouldcauseproblemsforcaribou,moose,orotheranimalsiftheyattempttocrossthisreservoirwhentheseadverseconditionsexist.WarmerweatherandarapidlyfillingreservoirshouldeliminateanyadverseiceconditionsatWatanaduringthemonthofMay.Ascaribouarestrongswimmers,theyshouldhavefewerproblemscrossingthenarrowreservoirinthehistoriccrossingareasnearKosinaandJayCreeksduringJulyaftercalvingthantheywouldcrossingthe2/3-tol-mile-widesectionoftheswollenglacialriverduringperiodsofhighrunoff.SomecariboucouldalsomigratearoundtheupperreachesoftheproposedWatanareservoirareaasindicatedinexistingspringmigrationpatterns.CariboumigrationpatternsfortheNelchinaherdarecontinuallychanging,asstatedinAlaskaDepartmentofFishandGamestudyreports.TheirstudiesalsoindicatedthattheuseoftheWatanareservoirsitebyNelchinacaribouforgrazingandcrossingwasminimalduringtheperiodNovember1974throughApril1975.Underadverseiceconditions,thereservoirscouldresultinincreasedproblemsforsomesegmentsoftheherd.Also,therecouldbesomepermanentchangesinhistoricalherdmovementpatterns.Withinthetransmissionlinecorridorsystem,impactstocaribouwouldbelimitedtothe136-milesegmentextendingnorthfromCantwell.Thereisnosignificantcaribouuseofareastothesouth.Althoughthetransmissionlineandrelatedaccesswouldnotimposeaphysicalbarriertomigrationofcaribou,constructionandmaintenanceworkduringcertainseasonsmayinhibitherdmovement.SincecaribouareprimarilyconfinedtothewestbankoftheNenanaRiver,theywillnotbesignificantlyaffectedinthisareaifthelinerunsalongtheeastbank.Althoughphysicaldestructionofcaribouhabitatwillnotbeasignificantimpactofpowerlineconstruction, thereareindirectcon-sequencesichcouldbesignificant.Increaseoffiresresultingfrommanmadecausescoulddestroytundralichenwhichistheirprimesourceofwinterfood.Itisestimatedthatapproximately50yearsarerequiredforaburnedareatorecoverausablecoveroflichenforcaribou.Noisegeneratedbythetransmissionlinescouldalsomodifynormalbehavior,ascouldpublicaccessibilityprovidedbytransmissionlineroads.AmoosesurveyconductedinearlyJune1974bytheAlaskaDepart-mentofFishandGameindicatedthat,althoughspringcountingconditionswerelessthanideal.atotalof356moosewereseenalongtheupperSusitnaRiverandinthelowerdrainageareasofthemajortributaries.A197311countinthesamegeneralareasightedatotalof1,796moose.Ofthe356moosecountedintheJune1974survey,13wereseeninorneartheareaoftheproposedWatanareservoirbelowVeeCanyon.NoneweresightedwithintheproposedDevilCanyonreservoirimpoundment.AppendixIE-56 AlthoughmoosehabitatdoesexistwithinthepoolareasoftheproposedDevilCanyonandWatanareservoirs,theoveralllossofpreferredorcriticalwinterforageareaswouldaffectonlyasmallpercentageofthe,upperSusitnamoosepopulation.DuringtheJune1974AlaskaDepartmentofFishandGamesurveyperiod,onegrizzlywassightedontheupperOshetnaandoneontheMaclarenRiver.FiveblackbearsweresightedontheSusitnaRiver.Atotalof56caribouweresightedinthesurveyarea.TheproposedreservoirsatDevilCanyonandWatanaarelocatedalongamajorflywayforwaterfowl.Veryfewwaterfowlappeartonestonthesectionsoftheriverthatwouldbefloodedbythesereservoirproposals.Ontheoth~rhand,thereservoirswouldprovidesuitablerestingareasforwaterfowlmigratingthroughthebasin.Thelossofhabitatforbears,wolves,wolverines,Dallsheep,andotheranimalsalsoappearstobeminimal.However,lossestoanysignificantelementofthefoodwebwillaffectconsumers.Thus,lossestomooseorcaribouwouldimpactuponpredatorspecies.Otherbirds,includingraptors,songbirds,shorebirds,andgamebirds,donotappeartobesignificantlyaffectedbythereductionofhabitatintheareaoftheproposeddamsandreservoirsandonthetransmfssionlinecorridor,althoughsomehabitatwillbelostforallspeciesofwildlifethatutilizetheaffectedareas.Roadaccesstothetwodamsitesandtothetransmissionlinewouldhaveasignificantimpactonfishandwildliferesourcesinareasopenedtovehicleencroachment.SpecificareassuchasStephanLake,FogLakes,lowerDeadmanCreek,andthenorthernslopesoftheTalkeetnaMountainscouldbesignificantlyimpactedbyhunters,fishermen,andotherrecreationistsbyanaccessroadtotheWatanaDam.Thesamewouldbetruealongvarioussegmentsofthetransmissionline.Stategamemanagementpoliciescouldcontrolsomeoftheadverseimpactsonfishandwildlifeintheseareas.However,thisincreaseinpublicaccessibilitywouldsignificantlyincreasethenecessityforintensifiedlawenforcementandfirepreventionmeasures.Recreation:MuchoftheUpperSusitnaRiverBasinhaslittleor,inmanyareas,norecreationalactivityatthepresenttime.Acombinationofpoorroadaccess,roughterrain,andgreatdistancespresentlylimittheuseofthe5,800-square-milebasin,especiallythelandsdirectlyimpactedbytheproposedproject,toafewhunters,fishermen,andotherhardysoulswhoutilizethesewildlandsforrecreationalpurposes.AppendixIE-57 Theconstructionofanimpactonanumberbothintheimmediatedams.proposedhydroelicprojectwouldhaveentandprojrecreationalactivitiesreservoirareasanddownstreamfromtheAtthepresenttime,theSusitnaRiverupstreamfromPortageCreektotheDenaliHighwaybridgeisafree-flowingriverwithfewsignsofman'sactivitiesandminimalpublicuse.projectwouldsignificantlychangeboththepresentriverinesettingandhumanuseofthearea.ImprovedroadaccessintoupperSusibasinwouldsubstantiallyincreasepressuresonallresourcestedbyoutdoorrecreationactivitieswithintheseareas.Alongapotentialincreaseinhuntingpressure,theconsonofproject-orientedrecreationalfacilitieswouldfurtherncreaseicuseintheimmediatevicinityoftheproposeddamsreservoirs.Theserecreationaldevelopmentswouldeventuallyinclud~visitoratthedams,boatlaunchingrampsonthereservoirs,campgrounds,picnicareas,trailsystems,andotherrelateddevel,asshowningure11.Itisestimatedthatwiththerecommendedopmentplaninitialannualvisitationtotheprojectareawouldabout77,000people.ThepossiblerelocationRiverBasincouldhaveasuofrecreationalfacilitiesAtthepresent,fewprojecta,auseminimalunderexist91totheLowerSusitnaonextentofdevelopmentnyon-Watanaprojectarea.n alOO-mileradiusofthelocalresidentswouldbeAppendixI£-58Anyproject-relarecreationalelopmentprogramwouldinvolvecooperationbetweentheappropriate1,State,andlocalinterestsandwouldrequireStateorlocasponsorship,sringofcostsforconstruction.andmaintenanceofrecreationalfacilitiesbytheappropriateStaorlocalTheStateofAlaska(Divi-sionofParks)hasiicatedaninterestinsponsoringaprogramofrecreational'developmentinareaproject.HistoricalResources:AlthoughapreliminaryinvestigaonbytheAlaskaDivisionofParks{HeritageResourcesalongtheUpperSusitnaRiver,August1975)indicatesthelocationof11historicsiteswithintheupperSusitnabasinhydropowerstudyrea,onlyonewouldbedirectlyaffectedbythecurrentlyproposeddamdeve1ssiteislocatednearthemouthofKosinaawouldinundatedbytheWatanareservoir.Thesignificancethissite,ain,isnotdisclosedintheStatereport.er,onthebasisoflimitedearlymodern """""'.......- RECREATION PLAN ALASKA C<""'CT,CORPS OF E""'NlEfR3 UPPER SUS:TNA RIVER BASIN SOVTHC(NTRAL RAIL8£Lf AREA,ALM 0. .'-~ -'---..J---" \ '1, I <-. ~ "- \ I I 1 .......~ c::::;:;~~('-1/''' ~~-~.J 1~~~- \ l \ -e7"J----/' r-../ J~ .J- ="\: \ \1 ) I '~&Cl L v1 \.1'-,,> p ,,~ ~, Os<- Q C) SIT E ·C· TRAIL HE::'S'toNO PICNIC AREA SCAlf )I ,-r---::::::::rn"):::>~..;.>"\•.•.•==i='I I T.e-. I ........"'0 0 ::.10 C!iVM"...\.~ U1 Ci)"O f ~~cro I ~/ ;0 ::l \/'-........r '-.-A.I I ~'1'5 Jrn~J ~~rnx I .............:-c...... t AppendixIE-60historyassociatedwiththeupperSusitnabasin,particularlythedownstreamportionaboveDevilCanyon,itismostlikelythatthesiteisrelatedtoearlyexploratorymininginthearea.TheKnikhistoricalsite,althoughlocatedinthevicinityofthetransmissionlinewouldnotbeaffectedbythetransmissionlinecorridor.~Cfhaeol~gicalResources:OfthefourpresentlyknownarchaeologicalsitesintheupperSusitnabasin,alllieupstreamfromtheinfluenceoftheWatanaDamandreservoir,accordingtotheAlaskaDivisionofParksreportofAugust1975.Onthebasisofprobablehighestgamediversityinearlytimes,thisreportselects~reasmostlikelytohavebeeninhabitedbypeople,andthusidentifiessitesforpotentialarchaeologicalexploration.Thesesitesareusuallydesignatedasbeingneartheconfluenceofstreamswherehabitativersitywaslikelyhighest.Thereportconcludesthat"--theentireriversystemshouldberegardedasanareaofextremelyhigharchaeologicalpotential.1IThereportfurtherstates:IIWhileitisdifficulttomeasuretheamountofadverseimpacteachofthefourdamcomplexeswillhaveonheritageresources,itispossibletoascertainthattheDevilCanyonDamwillhavetheleasteffect.TheWatanaDamwillhavethesecondlowestadverseimpact.followedbyDenaliDam.TheconstructionoftheVeeDamsitewillhavethemostadverseimpactonsignificantheritageresources.II(TheVeeandDenaliDamsarenotintheproposedplanofdevelopment.)Moreintensivereconnaissanceoftheaffectedareaswillbeneces-saryfollowingprojectauthorizationtodeterminetheactualexistenceandlocationsofsites.TheDryCreekarchaeologicalsiteislocatedinthevicinityoftheproposedtransmissionlinecorridor.Thesitewillnotbeaffectedbydevelopmentwithintheproposedroute.y_egetation:Allofthevegetationwithinthepoolsoftheproposedreservoirsandintheproposedroadlocationswouldbeeliminatedifthedamswereconstructed.Treeswouldalsobeclearedinareaswithintransmissionlinecorridors.Mostofthetreesandshrubswouldbeclearedduringconstructionoperations,andsomeofthecommercialtimberwouldprobablybemarketed.Mostoftheresidueslashmaterialanddebriswouldbeburnedorburied.MuchoftheexistingtreeandshrubcoverintheUpperSusitnaRiverBasinislocatedintheriverandcreekbottomsandonthesteepcanyonslopesabovethestreamsandwouldbelostduringdarnconstruc-tion.Theoperationstoclearthevegetationwithinthereservoir impoundmentsandotherareaswouldrequireanetworkoftemporaryroadsandworkareasforpersonnel,equipment,andvehicleswithinandaroundtheareastobecleared.Controlsovertheclearingandrelatedopera-tionswouldincludeprovisionstoreduceorpreventmanyoftheadverseenvironmentalimpactsoftheseactivitiesincludingthepossibilityofuncontrolledfires.ThemajorecosystemsoftheupperSusitnabasinincludetheuplandandlowlandspruce-hardwoodforestsystemsandthemoistandalpinetundrasystems.Alltheseecosystemsaresusceptibletolong-termdamageordestruction;thepredominanttundrasystemsareespeciallyvulnerable.Particularcarewouldhavetobetakentoprotectthelandandthevegetationfromunnecessarydamage,andremedialactions(wherefeasible)wouldalsoneedtobetakentorepairwhateverdamageshouldoccur.Exceptfortheriveritselftheareawithintheproposedreser-voirpoolisdominatedbytheuplandspruce-hardwoodforestecosystem.Thedisposalofslashanddebris,whetherbyburning,burying,chipping,orstackinghaspotentiallyadverseeffectsuponremainingvegetationandotherresources.Althoughstackedordispersedslashmayprovidehabitatforsmallanimals,thereisahighpotentialthatslashmayresultinincreasedfirehazardandincreasesininsectpopulationswhichcoulddamagesurroundingforests.Chippingisveryexpensiveandrequiresmoremachinerytotravelalongtheright-of-way.Disposalofchipsisaproblembecausetheyshouldbedispersedtopreventkillingtheplantsontheground.Sincedecompositionratesareslow,chipsmaynotreverttohumusforquitesometime.Withproperprecautionarymeasures,burningwouldprobablybethemostdesirablemethodofslashanddebrisdisposalfromanenvironmentalviewpoint.~inin..9.:TheU.S.DepartmentofInterior,BureauofMinesofficeinJuneau,Alaska,hasstatedthattheSusitnaRiverbasinintheproposedreservoirimpoundmentareasisgenerallyfavorableforvarioustypesofmineraldeposits,butmuchoftheareahasneverbeenmappedgeologically.~griculture:Noprojectbenefitsareanticipatedforirrigationatthistime,andexceptforprovidingreasonablypricedelectricalpowertofarmsandagriculturalactivities,noothermajorimpactsonagricultureareexpected.PresentlymostagriculturalactivityintheState,fromcropfarmingtodairyfarming,occursintheCookInletsubregion.Ofthe2.5millionacresoflandthathavesoilcharacteristicsconducivetotheproductionofcultivatedcropsintheCookInlet-SusitnaLowlands,about70percentliesinthevalleysoftheMatanuskaandtheSusitnaRiversandtheirtributaries.Mostofthislandisstillundeveloped.AppendixE-61 Roads:PermanentroadswouldbebuilttoprovideaccessfromtheParksHighwaytotheDevilCanyonandWatanadamsitesandsomesegmentsofthetransmissionline.Permanentroadswouldalsoprovideaccesstopro-posedrecreationfacilitieswithintheprojectarea.Temporaryroadsforprojectconstructionandreservoirclearingoperationswouldalsobeconstructed.NopermanentroadswouldbeconstructedupstreamfromthevicinityofWatanaDam.Theimpactofroadaccesstoareaswithintheproposedhydroelectricdevelopmentswouldbesignificant;also,theroadsthemselveswouldhaveadefiniteimpactupontheland.Resourcevaluesimpactedbyproposedroadsincludefish,wildl~fe,vegetation,recreation,scenery,water,andsoils.Airandnoisepollutionrelatedtoroadconstructionanddustgeneratedbyvehicletravelonunpavedroadscouldalsobesignifi-cantadverseenvironmentalimpacts.Proposedright-of-wayrestorationafterconstructionincludesremovaloftemporarystructuresandtemporaryroads,disposalofslashandrefuse,andwherenecessary,revegetation.Design.location,construction,rehabilitation,andmaintenanceofaprojectroadsystemwillbegivenprimeconsiderationwiththeutili-zationofgoodlandscapemanagementpractices.Itisalsoexpectedthathelipadsandpossiblyanaircraftlandingstripwouldbeprovidedwithintheprojectareaforairevacuationofinjuredworkersandfortheconvenienceofreducedtraveltime;anytemporaryaircraftlandingfacilitieswouldberehabilitatedafterprojectconstruction.ConstructionActivities:Proposedproject-relatedconstructionactivitiesincludethebuildingofthedamsandtheirrelatedfacilities;theclearingofreservoirareas;theconstructionofroads,electricaldistributionsystems,andrecreationfacilities;andthebuildingoffacilitiesforworkers.TheconstructionoftheentireDevilCanyon-Watanaprojectisestimatedtotake10yearstocomplete,6yearsforWatanaand5forDevilCanyon,withoneyearwhenbothdamswouldbeunderconstructionatthesametime.Theimpactoftheseconstructionactivitiesontheexistingenviron-mentwouldbesignificant.Theactivitiesthemselveswouldcausevaryingdegreesofphysicalpollutiontotheair,land,andwaterwithintheprojectareaandtosomeareasoutsidethedevelopmentarea.Fish,wildlife.vegetation,visualresources,soils,andotherresourcevaluesAppendixIE-62 wouldbeadverselyimpactedbyconstructionactivitieswithintheprojectarea.Generalconstructionactivitieswouldintrudeonexistingfishandwildlifehabitat,causesoilerosionproblemswithrelatedreductionofwaterquality,clearareasofvegetation,causenoiseanddustproblems,intrudeonnaturalvisualresourcevalues,introduceairpollutantsintotheatmospherebyburningslashanddebris,andcauseotherrelatedenvironmentalimpacts.Forinstance,breakingthesurfacematofvegetationanddisruptionofsurfacedrainagecanresultinwindandwatererosion,andmeltingofpermafrost,resultinginsubsidenceanddisruptionofgroundwatertables,whichinturnresultsinerosion.Toobtainmaterialsfromborrowsourcesandquarrysitesfortheconstructionoftheda~s,roadsandotherfacilitieswouldbenecessary.Borrowareaswouldbelocatedwithintheproposedreservoirpoolareaswherefeasible.An:'borroworquarrysitesnecessaryoutsideofthepoolareawouldberehabilitated.Areaswillalsobeneededtodisposeofsomematerialsanddebris.Allconstructionactivitieswouldbecontrolledtominimizeortopreventadverseenvironmentalimpacts.Workers'Facilities:Nocommunitieswithincommutingdistanceoftheproposedprojectareacouldabsorbthenumberofworkersrequiredfortheconstructionofthedamsandrelatedfacilities.Sometypeoftemporaryconstructioncampswiththenecessaryfacilitieswouldneedtobeprovidedduringtheconstructionperiods,andpermanentfacilitieswouldneedtobebuiltformaintenanceandoperationalpersonnelaftercompletionoftheconstructionphase.Theconstructionandoperationsoftheworkers'campswouldhavetocomplywithStateandFederalpollutioncontrollawsandstandards,andallactivitieswouldbecontrolledtominimizeadverseenvironmentalimpactspresentedbythecamps.Landsusedforoperatingthetemporarycampareaswouldberehabilitatedwhentheprojectworkwascompleted.Esthetics:Theproposedprojectwouldbelocatedinareasthatpresentlyhavepracticallynopermanentsignsofman'spresence.ThelandbetweenPortageCreekandtheDenaliHighwayisanaturalandscenicareathatwouldprobablyqualifyforwildernessclassificationundermostdefi-nitionsoftheterm.Theconstructionoftheproposedhydroelectricprojectwouldhaveasignificantimpactontheexistingnaturalscenicresourcevalueswithintheprojectarea.AnydamconstructionontheupperSusitnawouldchangeasegmentofwhatisnowanatural,free-flowingriverintoamanmadeimpoundment.Withinal2-monthperiod,DevilCanyonreservoirAppendixE-63 AppendixE-64couldfluctuateupto5feetwhileWatanareservoirwouldfluctuateupto125feetundernormaloperatingconditions.TheproposedWatanaimpoundmentislocatedinanarrow,steep,isolatedcanyonwheretheseasonalfluctuationwouldnothaveasubstantialscenicimpact.Theviolent,whitewatersectionoftheSusitnaRiverthroughDevilCanyonwouldbesubstantiallyinundatedbyadamatDevilCanyon.Roadsandtransmissionlineswouldalsoimpactthenaturalscenicresourcevaluesofthearea.SinceitisexpectedthataconsiderablenumberoftouristsandStateresidentswouldvisitthedamsites,everyeffortwouldbegiventominimizingtheadversevisualimpactsofconstructionactivities.Agreatdealcanbeaccomplishedtomaximizescenicresourcevaluesthatwillremainafterconstruction.Goodlandscapemanagementpracticeswouldaddsubstantiallytotherecreationalexperienceoftheprojectvisitorwithfacilitiesthatarewellplannedandwellmaintained.~arth9uakes:SeveralmajorandminorfaultsystemseitherborderorcrosstheUpperSusitnaRiverBasin,andthesouthcentralareaofAlaskaisinoneoftheworld'smostactiveseismiczones.Oneofthestrongestearth-quakesinrecordedhistorystrucksouthcentralAlaskainMarchof1964;themagnitudeofthequakewas8.4ontheRichterScale.ThequakewascenteredjustnorthofthePrinceWilliamSoundarea,approximately120milesfromtheproposeddamsites.DevilCanyonandWatanaDamswillbedesignedtowithstandaMaximumCredibleEarthquakeof8.5magnitudewithanepicenterof40milesatafocaldepthof20miles,whichistheapproximatedistanceofbothdamsitestotheDenaliFaultsystem,andisthemostlikelysourceofaseismiceventofthismagnitude.TheSusitnaFault,trun-catedbytheDenaliFault,bisectstheregioninanortheasttosouth-westdirectionapproximately2.5mileswestoftheWatanadamsite.DuetotherelativelyshortlengthoftheSusitnafault,amaximumcredibleearthquakeofamagnitudeof6.0isconsideredreasonable.ThispossibleseismiceventhasalsobeenconsideredinthedesignofWatanaandDevilCanyondams.Sedimentation:Reservoirsedimentinflowwouldvaryateachreservoir.Undertheproposedsystem,DevilCanyonreservoirwouldloseapproximately6.5percentofitstotalstorageareatosedimentationduringa100-yearperiod.Watanareservoirwouldhavea100-yearsedimentinflowthatwouldequalabout3.6percentofthereservoir1sstoragecapacity. Bothproposedreservoirshaveadeadstorageareathatisnotutilizedforpowerproduction;therefore,muchoftheinitiallOa-yearsedimentationforthereservoirswouldbecontainedwithinthis"deadstoragespace,"whichwouldnothaveanysignificanteffectonreservoiroperations.MuchoftheheaviersedimentdepositedinWatanareservoirwouldcollectattheheadofthe54-mile-longreservoir.Eventhoughtheproject-lifeiscomputedonalOa-yearperiodforeconomicreasons,withadequatemaintenance,theusefullifeoftheproposedprojectisestimatedtobeinexcessof500years.Ifatsomefuturetimeafeasibleprogramofsedimentremovalweredeveloped,theusefullifeperiodcouldbeextended.ClimaticConditions:Theseverecli~JticconditionsintheUpperSusitnaRiverBasincouldhaveasubstantialenvironmentalimpactonthedesign,construction,andoperationoftheproposedhydroelectricdevelopment.Permafrostconditions,extremecoldwintertemperatures,alongperiodofcoldweather,andiceconditionsonthereservoirandriveraresomeofthesignificantclimaticconditionsthatwouldhavetobeconsidered.TheUpperSusitnaRiverBasinisunderlainbydiscontinuousperma-frost,sosomeprojectareaswillhavetocontendwithpermafrostandotherareaswillnot.Extremelycoldwintertemperaturesandlongperiodsofcoldweatherwillplacesubstantialrestrictionsonmanyprojectconstructionactivi-tiesandincreasethetimeneededtocompletetheconstructionoftheprojecttoatotalof10years.Icingconditionsonthereservoirsandtherivermaycauseawiderangeofadverseimpactsbothonprojectconstructionactivitiesandonprojectoperations.Anice-freestretchofwarmer,openwaterbelowDevilCanyonDamcouldcauseice-fogconditionsinthatareaduringperiodsofextremelycoldweather.Regulationsofwinterflowsarenotexpectedtohaveanysignificanteffectsonrivericeconditionsneces-saryforthecontinueduseofthestreamforwintertraveldownstreamfromTalkeetna.AirPollution:MostoftheexistingelectricalpowerintheSouthcentralRai1beltareaisproducedbygas,coal,andoil-firedgeneratingunitswhichcausevaryingdegreesofairpollution.CookInletgasisacleanfuelthatcausesfewseriousairpollu-tionproblemsatthepresenttime.Theexistinggasturbineshaveverylowefficienciesandemitvisiblewatervaporduringthecolderwintermonths.Also,nitrogenemissionscouldbeofsignificantconcernforanyproposedlargergas-firedplants.Appendi)E-65 HydroelectricenergycouldreplacetheburningoffossilfuelsforelectricpowergenerationinmuchoftheFairbanksareaandcouldhelptoalleviatetheseverewintericefogandsmokeproblemsinthatarea.Hydroelectricprojectsprovideaverycleansourceofpower,withpracticallynodirectairpollution-relatedproblems.Thistypeofelectricalpowergenerationcouldreduceasubstantialnumberoffutureairpollutionproblemsassociatedwiththeburningofgas,oil,andcoal.Itwouldbenecessarytoburnsomeoftheresidueslashmaterialanddebrisduringprojectconstructionandclea~ingoperations,andfireswouldbecontrolledasnecessary.Social:Population:SubstantialincreasesinpopulationareexpectedwithintheSouthcentralKailbeltareathroughtheyear2000and,withthepossiblerelocationofAlaska'sStatecapitalfromJuneautotheRailbelt,anadditionalpopulationimpactcanbeexpectedinthisarea.ThepopulationoftheareawillincreasewithorwithoutthedevelopmentofhydroelectricprojectsproposedfortheSusitnaRiver;constructionoftheprojectisnotexpectedtohaveanysignificantlong-rangeeffectonoverallpopulationgrowth.ThusthetotalamountofpowergeneratedbytheproposedSus;hydroelectricprojectwouldgenerallybeanalternativesource,whichwouldhaveasoneofitsmajorconsiderationsarenewableenergysource.ratherthanbeinganadditionalpowersource.Projectedpowerrequirementsbasedonmid-rangeestimatesshowthattheproposedSusitnahydroelectricdevelopmentprogramcouldsupplyasubstantialportionoftheRailbelt'sprojectedelectricpowerneedsstartinginabout1985.TheproposedupperSusitnaRiverhydroprojectswouldnotcreatelargeblocksofexcesselectricpowerforheavyenergy-consumingindustries.Iflargeramountsofelectricenergyshouldbeneededforaprogramofheavyindustrialdevelopment,additionalenergy-producingsourceswillhavetobeconstructed.Insummary,theprojectwouldserveprojectedpopulationneeds--notstimulatepopulationgrowthasaconsequenceofindustrieswhichwouldbeattractedbylargeblocksofexcesselectricalenergy.A10-yearDevilCanyon-WatanahydroelectricdevelopmentprogramwouldhaveaneconomicimpactontheSouthcentralRailbeltareathatwouldbelargelyfeltduringtheconstructionphaseofprojectdevelopment.ItisexpectedthatthisproposedprojectwouldhavesomestabilizinginfluenceontheoveralleconomyoftheRailbeltareaduringtheperiodofconstructionstartinginabout1980,sinceconstructionwouldbeinitiatedseveralyearsaftertheAlaskanoilpipelinehasbeenbuiltandaboutthetimetheproposedgaspipelineisscheduledforcompletion.Thenumberofmenrequiredtoconstructthisprojectisestimatedtobeabout1.100duringthepeakconstructionperiod.AppendixI£-66 Variouscommunity,borough,state,andprivatefacilitiesandagencieswouldbeimpactedtovaryingdegreesbytheworkersinvolvedintheconstructionoftheproposedproject.Workers'campswouldbeconstructedinthevicinityofsomeofthevariousconstructionacti-vities,butadditionalimpactswouldbecreatedbythefamiliesoftheconstructionworkerslivinginvariousnearbycommunitieswhowouldrequireadditionalfacilitiesandservices.Itisalsoexpectedthatduetoadverseclimaticconditions,muchoftheconstructionontheprojectfacilitieswouldberestrictedtothewarmermonthsoftheyear--probablyAprilthroughOctober.Theseasonalnatureoftheconstructionworkwouldhaveanadverseimpactonthelocaleconomyduringthewintermonths.Aftertheconstructionoftheproject,asmallnumberofpeoplewouldberequiredtcoperateandmaintaintheprojectandproject-relatedfacilities--thesepeoplewouldnotcreateasignificantsocialoreconomicimpactontherailbeltarea.AppendixE-67 RELATIONSHIPOFTHEPROPOSEDDEVELOPMENTTOLANDUSEPLANSPRESENTLANDSTATUSLandsinthegeneralprojectareaoftheproposedUpperSusitnaRiverBasinhydroelectricdevelopmentatDevilCanyonandWatanaareunderFederaljurisdictionandadministeredbytheU.S.BureauofLandManagement.TheselandshavebeenclassifiedaspowersitesbyPowerSiteClassificationNumber443.dated13February1958.TheprojectareasaredesignatedinthePowerSiteClassificationbyapproximatedamsitelocationsandcont~urdesignationsasfollows:DevilCanyon:Thisareabeginsapproximately1.4milesupstreamfromthemouthofPortageCreekandincludesalllandsupstreamfromthispointbelowthe1500-footcontour.Watana:Thisareabeginsapproximately1.5milesupstreamfromTsusenaCreekandincludesalllandsupstreamfromTsusenaCreekandfromthispointbelowthe1.910-footcontour.ALASKANATIVECLAIMSSETTLEMENTACTThePowerSiteClassificationwithdrawalsandthesurroundinglandsintheproposedprojectareaareinanareadesignatedundertheAlaskaNativeClaimsSettlementAct(PublicLaw92-203)forvillagedeficiencywithdrawals:landswhichcanbeselectedbynativevillagecorporationswhocannotmeettheirselectionentitlementfromthewithdrawalsintheirregions.TheU.S.DepartmentofInterior.BureauofLandManagement,statedincorrespondenceof13March1975:liThelandwithinthepowersitereserveissegregatedfromadeficiencywithdrawalunderANCSAbecauseitis'reservedpubliclandlandCongressdidnotgivetheSecretary(Interior)theauthoritytomakedeficiencywithdrawalsfromreservedlands.1IUTILITYCORRIDORSTheU.S.BureauofLandManagementhaspreparedareportsuggestingaPrimaryCorridorSystemfortheStateofAlaska.ThereportwaspreparedinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofSection17(b)(3)oftheAlaskaNativeClaimsSettlementAct(PublicLaw92-203).AppendixIE-68 ThePrimaryCorridorSystemisdefinedasanetworkofcorridorsintendedforthesystematictransportofhigh-value,energy-relatedresourcesfromtheirpointoforigintoprocessingortransshipment~.pointsinotherregionsoftheState.Thenetworkisintendedtoidentifytransportationroutesforresourcesofnationalorstatewidesignificanceandisanalogoustothetransportationnetworkthatalreadyexistsinconterminousstatesconsistingofnavigation,highway,rail-road,andpipelinesystems.TheSusitnaprojectisoneofthehydroelectricpowerdevelopmentssufficientlyadvancedintheplanningphasetowarrantcorridorconsider-ationforhigh-voltagepowertransmissionlines.ThetransmissionlinesfromtheproposedSusitnaprojecthavebeenidentifiedinthesuggestedPrimaryCorridorSystem.AppendixIE-69 BIBLIOGRAPHYFederalPowerCommission.1974AlaskaPowerSurvey,ResourcesandElectricPowerGeneration.___~1974AlaskaPowerSurvey,EnvironmentalConsiderationsandConsumerAffairs.Geen,GlenH."EcologicalConsequencesoftheProposedMoranDamontheFraserRiver,"JournaloftheFisheriesResearchBoardofCanada,Vol.3?,No.1(JanuarY-1975).JointFederal-St~~eLandUsePlanningCommission.ResourcesofAlaska-!iRegionalSummary.July1974Kellerhals,Rolf,andDonGill."ObservedandPotentialDownstreamEffectofLargeStorageProjectsinNorthernCanada,"CommissionInternationaleDesGrandesBarrages,OnziemeCongresdesGrandesBarrages.Madrid,1973Ray,DixieLee,Chairman,U.S.AtomicEnergyCommission.Aspeechgivenat25thAnnualAIBSmeetingatArizonaStateUniversity,Tempe,Arizona.17June1975.StateofAlaska,DepartmentofFishandGame.Alaska'sWildlifeandHabitat.January,1973Alaska1973CatchandProductionCommercialFisheryStatistics.--"""St"-a-:-t-:-isticalLeafletNo.26.Variousletters,revfewcommentsandreports.----AnAssessmentStudyof'theAnadromousFishPopulations~theUpperSusitnaWatershedBetweenDevilCanyonandtheChulitnaRiver,byBruceM.Barrett.1974--c::---Spring1974MooseParturitionCountsoftheProposedDevi1CanyonDamArea,byDonaldCalkins.1974StateofAlaska,DivisionofParks.HeritageResourcesAlongtheUpperSusitnaRiver.August,1975StateofAlaska,JointFederal-StateLandUsePlanningCommissionforAlaskaandtheUniversityofAlaska.CoordinatedbyLidiaL.Selkregg.AlaskaRegionalProfiles-SouthcentralRegion.1974U.S.DepartmentoftheArmy,CorpsofEngineers.AnalyzingtheEnvironmentalImpactsofWaterProjects.PreparedbyInstituteofWaterResources.March1973AppendixIE-70 AlaskaNaturalResourcesandtheU.S.DepartmentoftheArmy,CorpsofEngineers,NorthPacificDivision.~Compendiu~ontheSuccessofPassageofSmallFishThroughT.urbines.May1967(outofprint)U.S.DepartmentoftheArmy,CorpsofEngineers,AlaskaDistrict.AReportontheRampartCanyonProject,YukonBasin,Alaska.1971~~_OffshoreOilandGasDevelopment~CookInlet,Alaska-EnvironmentalImpactStatement.September1974___~AnInventoryandEvaluationoftheEnvironmental,EstheticandRecreationResourcesoftheUpperSusitnaRiver,Alaska.March1975U.S.DepartmentofCommerce,NationalMarineFisheriesService.~HydrologicalReconnaissanceoftheSusitnaRiverBelowDevil~~onDam.October,1974U.S.DepartmentoftheInterior.BampartProject.June1967AlaskaPowerAdministration.DevilCanyonStatusReport.------May'-974~~_BureauofReclamation.FeasibilityReport,DevilCanyonProject,Alaska.March1961FishandWildlifeService.SurveyofthePeregrineFalcon----~_ndOtherRaptors~theProposedSusitnaRiverReservoirImpoundmentAreas.VariousFishandWildlifeServiceletters,reviewcomments----andreports.AppendixIE-71 RECREATIONALASSESSMENTINTRODUCTIONRECREATIONALANDFISHANDWILDLIFEENHANCEMENTProjectsauthorizedsubsequenttopassageofPublicLaw89-72,FederalWaterProjectRecreationAct,July1965,aresubjecttotheprovisionsofthatact.rheactestablishesdevelopmentofrecreationalandfishandwildlifepotentialatFederalwaterresourceprojectsasfullprojectpurposeswheneveraprojectmayservethemconsistentlywithintheact.Specifically,theactprovides:a.Benefitsforrecreationmaybeincludedintheeconomicsofacontemplatedproject,providedthatnon-Federalpublicentitiesagree(letterofintent)toparticipateinrecreationaldevelopment.b.Thenon-Federalentitymustassume:(1)Atleastone-halfoftheseparablefirstcostsforrecreationalfacilitiesandlandsspecificallyrequiredforrecreation;(2)Allcostsofoperation,maintenance,replacement,andmanagementofrecreationalareasandfaciltties.c.Lackinganagreementonnon-Federalparticipationpriortoinitiationofconstruction,separablelandstopreservethefuturerecreationalpotentialmaybeacquiredatFederalexpenseandheldfor10years.d.Thebasicactspecifiesthesameconditionsofcost-sharinginb(l)and(2)aboveforfishandwildlifeenhancement.TheWaterResourceDevelopmentActof1974,Section77,amendsPL89-72,however,bystipu-latingthatthenon-Federalentitymustassume25percentoftheseparablecosts,andthattheFederalGovernmentwillassume75percentofthecostsforfishandwildlifeenhancement.PURPOSEStage1,InterimReportonthefeasibilityofhydroelectricpowerdevelopmentintheUpperSusitnaRiverBasinindicatesthattheDevilCanyonandWatanaprojectsofferthebestinitialcombinationfordevelopingthehydroelectricpotentialofthearea.Thissectionwillidentifyrecreationalandcollateralresourcesofthesetwoprojects,willpresentpublicuseprojections,andwillindicatethelevelofdevelopmentneededtoaccommodatethisuse. SCOPECoverageofthissectionwillbelimitedtoinformationrequiredtoinsureanunderstandingofbasicrecreationalandenvironmentalresourcesrelatedtothedevelopmentofDevilCanyonandWatanaprojects.Typically,asapreauthorizationstudy,ageneralplanofdevelopment,includinglandrequirements,willberecommendedtoassureutilizationoftherecreationalpotential.Detailedsiteplanningwhichwouldbeaccomplishedasapost-authorizationactivitywillnotbeincluded.Levelsofdevelop-mentwillbebasedontheprovisionsofPL89-72;namely,minimumdevelop-mentforhealthandsafetybytheFederalGovernmentintheabsenceofcostsharingandthatlevelofdevelopmentforwhichnon-Federalinterestshaveexpressedintenttoparticipate.Facilitiesnecessarytoaccommodatevisitorsatprojectstructuresw.lichareprovidedatFederalcostwi11alsoberecommended.BACKGROUNDVariousexistingstudiesandreportsprovidebackgrounddataandinformationusedinthissection,including:a.U.S.DepartmentofInterior,AlaskaPowerAdministration,Juneau,Alaska,DevilCanyonProjectStatusReport,May1974;b.UpperSusitnaRiver,Alaska,AnInventoryandEvaluationoftheEnvironmental,AestheticandRecreationResources,U.S.CorpsofEngineers,January1975;c.AlaskaOutdoorRecreationPlan,infourvolumes,February1970,withinformationupdatedin1971,1972,and1973,OutdoorRecreationandHistoricPreservationinAlaska,preparedbyDivisionofParks,DepartmentofNaturalResources,StateofAlaska.GENERALFewplacesintheworldofferthevarietyofoutdoorrecreationalresourcesavailableinAlaska.Bothresidentsandvisitorsalikehaveunexcelledopportunitiesforrecreationalactivitiesamongaprofusionofbeautifullakes,rivers,andmountains,largelyuntouchedbymoderncivilization.FromthefiordsandrainforestsofsoutheasternAlaskatothesummermarshlandsoftheinteriorandthetundralandsofthenorth,thelandislargelyinitsprimitivestate,withsomeareasstillunexplored.Formorethan1,000milesfromKetchikantoBarrowand2,000milesfromBarterIslandtoAttu,elevationsrangingfromlowhillstothecontinent'shighestmountainsdefineAlaska'slandscape.Withinthisbroadexpanseareover3,000.000lakesandover10,000riversandstreams,6ofwhichareover400mileslong.Varietyandabundanceinfishandwildliferesourcesprovideunusualbig-gamespeciesandfish.Fishingandhuntingarenotonlyimportantrecreationalresourcesbut~lsoprovidesignificanteconomicreturns.AppEmdixIF-2 Accesstoallthissplendorislimited;theseresourcesarenotwherepeopleresideandarerelativelyinaccessibletothemajorityofthepeople.Totalhighwayandroadmileageisverylow;airtransporta-tioncostsarehigh;manyportsandriversfreezeoverinthewinter;andonlytworaillinesservetheentirepopulation.Despitedeficientaccesssystems,tourismincreasesandwillbecomeamoreandmoreimpor-tantfactorinAlaska'seconomy.AppendixIF-3 RECREATIONALMARKETAREAMARKETAREAZoneofInfluence:Thestudyarea,lyingeastoftheParksHighwayandsouthoftheDenaliHighway.islocated150to200milesfrombothFairbanksandAnchorage.Byfar,thegreatestsourceofrecreationalusagewillbethesetwocities.Residentpopulationoutsidethesemetropolitanareasissparse.ExceptthoseinthesmallsettlementatDenali.therearefewpermanentrrsidentsinthe'upperSusitnabasinaboveDevilCanyon.Thus.theprojectareaslacka"day-use"marketinthesensethatordinarytraveldistancelimitationswouldapply.Normally,thatareafromwhich80percentofareservoir'srecreationalday-useoriginatesislessthan75milesawayandnotmorethan100miles.Exceptforsightseeinginthevicinityofprojectstructures(interestonlyinviewingthedamandappurtenances),majorrecreationaluseofthestudyareaisexpectedtobeoftheweekendorovernighttype.TouristuseisanticipatedinaboutthesameproportionasthatexperiencedwithintheAlaskaStateParkSystem.IndefiningamarketareafortheDevilCanyonandWatanaprojects,thereisnoconsistentsimilaritytoexistingprojectsintheLower48States.Thus.thesimilarprojectsapproachtoanalysisofmarketareaandusepredictionprescribedinER1120-2-403isnotappropriateforuseinthisstudy.Havingnodefinableday-usezone.themarketareaisassumedtoincludethemetropolitanareasservedbytheParksHighwayandtheAlaskaRailroad.TheareaservedroughlycoincideswiththeSouthcentralRailbeltareaandtheSouthcentralandInteriorPlanningRegionsestablishedbytheStatewideComprehensiveOutdoorRecreationplan(SCOR?).asshowninthefollowingsketch.Dataonpopulation,recreationaTsupplyanddemand,anduseprojectionsforthisareaareobtainedfromSCORP.updated.andrevisedhereinafterasindicated.ThereisalsoarelationshipofusebetweenthestudyareaandtheDenaliStatePark,theeasternboundaryofwhichliesapproximately14milesdownstreamfromDevilCanyondamsite.RecentmasterplanstudiesfortheStateparkprovidedataappropriatetothisstudy.TheDenalistudyrecognizesbothpossibledownstreameffectsofregulatedflowsfromDevilCanyononwater-associatedrecreationwithintheparkandthepotentialthatexiststoenhancetheexistingStateparkattrac-tionwithnearby,butmoreremote,reservoir-relatedrecreationalexperience.SOCIOECONOMICCHARACTERISTICSEconomicactivityinAlaskaisasdiverseasitspeople,topography,andclimate.WithinthisvastarearesideEskimos,Aleuts,andAthabascan,Tlingit.Haida,Tshimsian.andEyakIndians,manyofwhomsubsistbyhuntingandfishinginmuchthesamemannerasdidtheirancestors.AppendixI1"-4 AppendixIF-5~.•Io11....,,,-o(!)ltlu:0:o0::Wl-2 MostoftheotherresidentsoftheState,includingmilitarypersonnel,liveinmetropolitanareas.Thus,twosharplydiverseculturesexistwithintheState'sboundaries:oneengagedinsubsistenceeconomyinvolvinglittleuseofmoney,whereprimaryworkactivityisrelatedtoprocurementoffoodandshelter;andanotherwhichincludesmostresidentsoftheestablishedmarketarea,wheredollarsareearnedto purchasenecessarygoodsandservices.Thestudyarea'szoneofinfluencecontainsapproximatelythree-fourthsoftheStatelsresidents.Accordingtothe1970Census,54per-centoftheState'spopulationresidesinsouthcentralAlaska;themajoritylivewithintheAnchoagearea.MostoftherestoftheState'spopulation,withtheexceptionofurbancentersinsoutheasternAlaska,resideinapproxima~~ly170bushcommunitiesoflessthan1.000people.Ofthisbushpopulation,morethanhalfareEskimos,Indians,andAleuts.LANDUSELandusepatterns,particularlyinthestudyarea,haveyettoevolve.However,landwithdrawalsmadeandpendingunderthetermsoftheAlaskaNativeClaimsSettlementAct(ANCSA)andunderprovisionsoftheAlaskaStatehoodActwillresultinlarge-scaletransferoftitleandmoredefinablelanduse.Pendingcompletionoftheseselections,landswithinthestudyarearemainunderinterimmanagementjurisdictionoftheBureauofLandManagement(SLM).ThereservoirsanddamsitesarewithdrawnunderPowerSjteClassificationNo.443,dated13February1958.Thestudyareaoverall,however,isclassifiedasRegionalDeficiencyLandsunderANCSA.FinaldateforselectionofRegionalDeficiencyLandsis18December1975.Theselands,withpotentialaccessaffordedthroughprojectconstruction,willhavepotentialforrecreationaluse,mineralextraction,harvestingofforestproducts,andsettlement.PowerSiteClassifications:TheprojectareasaredesignatedinthePowerSiteClassificationbyapproximatedamsitelocationandcontourdesignationsasfollows:DevilCanyon:Thisareabeginsapproximately1.4milesupstreamfromthemouthofPortageCreekandincludesalllandsupstreamfromthispointbelowthe1500-footcontour.Watana:Thisareabeginsapproximately1.5milesupstreamfromTsusenaCreekandincludesalllandsupstreamfromTsusenaCreekandfromthispointbelowthe1,9l0-footcontour.AlaskaNativeClaimsSettlementAct:ThePowerSiteClassificationwithdrawalsareinanareadesignatedundertheAlaskaNativeClaimsSettlementAct(PublicLaw92-203)forregionaldeficiencywithdrawals,wherelandscanbeselectedbyNativeRegionalCorporationswhichcannotmeettheirselectionentitlementfromthewithdrawalsintheirregions.App0ndix[F-6 AccordingtoofficialsofCookInletRegionalCorporation,mostlandswithproximitytotheDevilCanyonandWatanaprojectswillhavebeententativelyselectedpriortoDecember1975.Thisreportrecognizestheindeterminatestatusoffinallandsjurisdiction,butassumesthatlandsnecessaryforallprojectpurposeswillbeacquiredthroughexerciseofpower-sitewithdrawalsandthroughacquisitioninfee,orbylandexchange,asrequired.WhiletheproposedrecreationalprogramisbasedonAlaskaStateParkoperation.thepossibilitythatcost-sharingagreementsmaybemadewiththeCookInletNativeCorporation,shoulditqualifyasanadministeringagencyunderPublicLaw89-72,isalsoconsidered.However,thisstudyassumesthemorelikelyoccurrenceofconcession-typeoperationsbynativeelementsfor~uchself-liquidatingactivitiesasmarinas,boatexcursions.andlodges,ratherthanpublicoutdoorrecreationalfacilitiesnormallyprovidedbygovernmentalentities.POPULATIONANDGROWTHPATTERNSAccordingtothe1970Census,Alaska'sstatewidepopulationwas300.382.Ofthistotal,218,145residedwithintheestablishedmarketarea.SCORPprojectionsforthemarketarea(SouthcentralandInteriorPlanningRegions)areasfollows:Region197519802000Southcentral176,000199.000334.000Interior58,00063,00086,000TOTAL234,000262,000420,000PopulationgrowthinAlaskaisdifficulttoforecastwithcertaintybecauseofthesmallbasefortheforecast,pasterraticgrowthpatterns,anduncertaintiesintherateofdevelopmentoftheState'sresources.However.oilindustryactivities,coupledwithanincreasednationalinterestinAlaskaasthelastremainingfrontier,portendsignificantandsharpupwardtrendsinpopulation.OUT-OF-STATEVISITATIONProjectionsofthenumberoftouristsexpectedtovisitAlaskaaretakenfromSCORPasfollows:1975287,8001980553,800AppendixIF-7 Touristsarenotonlyexpectedtoincreaseinnumbersofvisits,asshownabove,buttheirlengthofstayintheStateandthenumberofdaystheywilldevotetooutdoqrrecreationalactivityarealsoexpectedtoincreasesharply.Thisanalysisisbasedoncurrenttrendsreflectingmoreleisuretime,moreexpendableincome,andtheprospectofimprovedmeansoftransportationandaccess.INVENTORYOFFEDERAL/STATE,LOCAL,ANDPRIVATERECREATIONALACREAGEANDFACILITIESAlaska'srecreationalresourceinventoryisonthethresholdofgreatchange.Asaresultofthe~laskaNativeClaimsSettlementAct,40millionacres,or11percentoftheState,maybeselectedbynativevillagesandregionalcorporations,andapproximately80millionacres,or22percentoftheState,maybeaddedtofourFederalsystems(Parks,WildlifeRefuges,WildandScenicRivers,NationalForests);theStatecancontinuetoselectandtoreceivepatenttoapproximately105.5millionacres,or29percentoftheState,underthetermsoftheStatehoodAct.Currently8percentofAlaska's365,481,000acresarededicatedforparkandrecreationalpurposes.Recreationalopportunitiesareavailableonthemultiple-uselandsunderjurisdictionofBLM,U.S.ForestService,andtheState'sDivisionofLands,whichcombined,manageabout90percentoftheState'slandarea.Thefutureavailabilityofrecreationalopportunitiesontheselandswillbereducedastitlerevertstoothermanagemententities(e.g.,40millionacrestonativeregionalandvillagecorporations)andastimbersale~andotherusesofNationalforestsandStatelandsmaterialize.Withinthemarketarea.theStateParkSystem'sRecreationGuidelists60areas;twolargeparks.KachemakBayStateParkandKachemakWildernessPark,remainundeveloped.Theothersites,rangingfromStateparks,suchasDenaliandChugach,tosmallcampgrounds,day-useareas,andwaysides,allhavevaryingdegreesofdevelopment.ManyofthesewaysidesarelocatedatsmalllakeswhichofferfacilitiessimilartothosewhichcouldbedevelopedintheDevilCanyonandWatanaprojectareas.Thefollowingsketchandtableshowlocationandfacilitiesavailableateachsite.MountMcKinleyNationalParkisalsowithinthemarketarea.Useanddemandstatisticswithinthemarketareaaresignificant.TheDenaliStateParkMasterPlan,updatedin1975,showsthefollowing:In1972,372,614visitswererecordedforunitsoftheStateParkSystem.In1973thisfigureincreasedto712,791,nearlydoubletheuseofStateparkunits.Amoremodestincreasefor1974wasrecordedinavisitationof751,892.Interiorandsouthcentralunits(marketarea)receivednearly70percent,or504,656,ofthetotal1974visitation.Appendix1F-8 lSTATERECREATIONALFACILITIES,\Ij,'""-.....-~!G U L FOFALASI<AI'..AppendixI/F-9 I,,,STATERECREATIONALFACILITIES10161151"..15Tok20I16151"........Ihllok415'~I15•........1711"k410115I....1~rokn151~++-"....e11910k2ti121!5i..1"_.....,120;Ddt-I.Junction951B'll15152..•......-tl.!'~~l~?~~52.L-i-i1U"0..••InNorthI'ole2716215139.,..'"....231F3irh:nls.15.3f:.:u1I..CO2LF.:::.i.r:":':~73125151o!o,,'""Ij2S1F;ti:b:/'ok320Il11:>I"\1(,:DeltaJunchon641l40'15..CO"010f7~--24012'IS'.'...lHl10k12813 150..2"11(a~nn.licn515'"t-iJijfi;!';nn.:Jen15I....0J11CopperCenter102(,1501"..321Copper<':enlet11J6115..I~.\l\'JIOCl1926lSi"L-e"34!V3Ith.'z2261151"'I35'(;I~nnJ.llcn50515""III,Jot<..tlcnnalhmi!Ldcl}-bt3nu\y(.l1etel\\':aY}lue2JI(,15".."3~.'JlrnC'rlDngL:\J..eW~yt.lllc2~15.,........39{...timerBonnieJ;ake\Vay(itJe31815""""4l':.ltOlCfKingMou~\\;!Y~lde202215.."III41(',llmNMoo$("OCt.''''\V:w-.ioe;rUI<15....I42Palmer~~~.v~dc473615..""0..4JIl"JlrncrIl~We(Sourh)\~3V..de1613156..0..III•4'1~~IIi!:....k.(b»t)w.'".1.1415.."""..<15W.J~il-I.---ll.ocky....k.W,v"t1o4~1015.."""~h\\';l,tl1:tNancy....k~_"'t1eI35301IS30..""•"47\\tllo\VWillowlh"kW.y..,le')0171I,""·H\:WII:owt4.",yL:akcl{n:t\~ationAnn22.b~51"4'Wlilo-w---""'I~RoilY13LoulllVI:Iound1001520•...."\'llUnwllomb:;131el'Uk282.000I€I"51C.3nt~lIBl;"'ilIW.OonIPll'OU,llIIllUj15......€I....'~n(wt:UAppendixIF-IOIi£. MountMcKinleyNationalParkvisitationincreasedfrom58,300in1971to137,418in1973.Theprimaryreasonforthis135percentincreasewasthecompletionoftheParksHighwaybetweenAnchorageandFairbanks.TheDenaliMasterPlanforecastsincreasesintotalannualdemandforvariousoutdoorrecreationalactivities.Thefollowingisaper-centageincreaseofthe1967demandbaseforusesanticipatedinthestudyareaasindicatedintheDenaliPlan:DemandForSelectedOutdoorRecreationalActivitiesinAlaskaPercentof1967Activity197019751980Trail-relatedActivities129147249Sightseeing146175385Picnicking132162235Fishing134155268Camping156197516Boating134169343Inthe1973revisionoftheAlaskaOutdoorRecreationPlan,deficitsoffacilitiesforseveralpopularactivitieswereprojected.Listedbyregion,threerecreationalpursuitsapplicabletoDenaliStateParkarepresentedbelow:RegionSouthcentralInteriorSouthcentralInteriorSouthcentralInteriorProjected1975Supply-PicnicUnits-1,037492-CampUnits-3,8251,256-Trai1Mileage-587.788.2AsPercentofNeed32%43%67%63%28%16%Theprojecteddeficits,asafactorofsupplyanddemand,aresevere.Developmentofrecreationalcapabilityofthestudyareahasthepotentialtoalleviateaportionoftheseshortagesthroughcon-structionofappropriatefacilitiesatDevilCanyonandWatanaprojects.AppendixIF-ll USEPROJECTIONSBASICASSUMPTIONSVisitationtopublicreportedbythe1973Theinitialyearofrecreutionaluseofthestudyareaisestimatedtobe1986.DETERMI~ATIO~OFOUTDOORRECREATIONALATTENDANCETheStateDivisionofParksplanstooperateandtomanagetherecreationalprogrampresentedforDevilCanyonandWatanaprojectssothattheywouldbecomplementarytoDenaliStatePark;thatis,supple-mentDenali'sfacilitiesandaccommodateincreasedusegeneratedbecauseitisnearby.Thetotalsystemistobeinterrelatedanddevelopedonaphasedbasis,consistentwithneedsidentifiedintheDenaliMasterPlan.Attendanceprojectionswillnecessarilyberelatedtousepotentialofanagreed-uponprogram.Out-of-statevisitationoverthesameperiodwasestimatedtoincreaseover400percent,anaverageannualincreaseofapproximately14percent.Stateparksvisitationwithinthemarketareatotalled668,716forfiscalyear1973,almostdoublingovera3-yearperiod.Thisattendanceisexpectedtoincreaseataslowerrate,levelingofftoanannualincreaseofapproximately10percent.Methodology:MethodDevelopmentofuseprojectionsforthestudyareaiscomplicatedbecausenosimilarprojectexistsfromwhichdatacanbeutilized.Nocurrentmarketareasurveysorreliableactivityparticipationdataareavailable,andeconomicandsocialfactorsofthemarketareaareextremelyfluid.Inthefinalanalysis,itisnecessarytorelyuponinformedjudgmentwhenassessingbehavioralpatternswhichinfluencerecreationaluseofthearea.PopulationandUseTrends:Censusdataforthemarketareafor1970showapopulationof218,145.StatewideComprehensiveOutdoorRecreationPlan\SCORP)projectionsfortheyear2000indicateapossibledoublingofthlSfigure,withanaverageannualincreaseofapproximately7percent.rlationalParkServicestatisticsforMountMcKinleyNationalParkshowusaqeincreasedfrom58,300in1971to137,418in1973.This135percentincreasewasinfluencedbycompletionoftheParksHighway.rutureattendanceisexpectedtoleveloffatarateapproximatingStateparkusage.recreationarevisiontoAppendix1F-12 SouthcentralRegionFederalStateLocal2,656,858541,0212,173,1655,371,044InteriorRegionFedera1StateLocal2,704,100127,695174,0003,J05,795TotalforMarketArea:8,376,839Assumingcontinuationofpresentusepatternsexhibitedwithinthemarketarea,totalrecreationalvisitsby1985areestimatedtoapproxi-mate18,000,000.Atleast0.5percentofthistotal,or90,000ofthesevisitors,mayreasonablybeexpectedtovisitDenaliStateParkandtheDevilCanyonandWatanaprojectareas.Method2(samplingofvicinityactivity):AlaskaStateDepartmentofHighways,utilizingatrafficcounteratEastForkChulitnaRiverbridge(16milesnorthofDenaliStatePark),recordedanaverageof578vehiclesperdayfromJunethroughSeptember1973.Basedonanaverageof2.6passengerspervehicle,nearly180,400personsdrovethroughDenaliStateParkduringthesummer.Updatedprojectionsto1985indicatethatapproximately1,366vehiclesperdaycanbeexpectedduringthe4-monthsummerperiod,atotalof426,192persons.SinceMountMcKinleyandDenaliStatePark(includingthestudyarea)willbemajorrecreationalattractionsandwillbeaconvenientstopbetweenAnchorageandFairbanks,atleastanestimatedoneofevery10through-passengerswillvisittheDevilCanyonarea,approximately27milesofftheParksHighway.Totalvisitationfromthissourceisestimatedtobe42,600.TheAlaskaRailroadestimates75,000passengersweretransportedbetweenAnchorageand~1cKinleyParkStationduringthesummerof1974.Thisuseisprojectedtoapproximately87,000fortheyear1985.Assumingthatshuttlebustransportwillprobablybeplacedinservicetotrans-portrailpassengerstoMountMcKinleyPark,anestimated20percentofthesevisitorswilldesiretovisitDevilCanyonaspartofatotaltourpackage,resultinginpossibly17,400visitations.Nostatisticsareavailableonpossiblefly-inuseoftheprojectareasoronpossibleaccessbyATVvehicles.Bytheyear1985,suchaccessmightresultinanadditional3,000annualvisitations.AppendixIF-13. Totalpredictedusagefromtheabovesourcesis:HighwayRailroadOff-roadTotalUSEPREDICTIONS(STUDYAREA)3,00063,000InitialwithDevelomentCost-sharinAssumingthatarecreationaleveopmentprogramWleprOVleasproposed,theestimatedinitialannualattendanceatDevilCanyonandWatanaprojectsisprojectedbyaveragingtheresultsof~1ethods1and2aboveforatotalofapproxi-mately77,000persons.InitialwithRecreationalDevelopment:WithonlyminimumfacilitiesprovidedatroadendsatDevilCanyonandWatanadamsites,theestimatedannualattendancemaybeapproximately15,000,mostofwhichwouldbesightseeinguseatDevilCanyondamsite.Future:WithDevelopment:Topredicttheextentoffuturephaseddevelop-ment,atthistime,isnotfeasiblewithoutfullanalysisofdevelopmentandprogrammingforDenaliStatePark.However,itisanticipatedthatprojectrecreationalusewillincreaseatanaverageannualrateofapproximately10percentuntiltheyear2000,whenitwilllevelofftoanaverageannualvisitationofapproximately190,000.ThisanalysisassumesthatphasedfutureexpansionwillbegovernedbydemonstratedneedandusepressureasaffectingtheDenaliStateParkSystem.WithoutCost-sharedDevelopment:Withoutformaldevelopment,asidefromsightseeinguseandboatinguseofavailableprojectlaunchingramps,projectareaswillhaveminimalattractionforoutdoorrecreationalactivity.Continuedlackofdevelopmentwouldprobablymaintainusageneartheinitiallevelof15,000.REALESTATEREQUIREMENTSLandsspecificallyrequiredtoaccommodatetheproposedrecreationalprogramoverandabovelandsincludedwithinthenormaltakinglineareestimatedtoapproximate830acres.Intheabsenceofaformalcost-sharingagreement,PublicLaw89-72permitsacquisitionoflandsnecessarytopreserverecreationalpotential,andpermitsretentionofsuchlandsforaperiodof10years.ConsideringthepoliticalaspectsoftheAlaskaNativeClaimsSettlementActandtheAppendixJF-14 circumstancesofnativepossession.settingasidesuchlanddoesnotappearjudiciousunlessaffectedlandownersarewillingtoconveytheselands.Currentphilosophy.reflectedbytheCookInletNativeCorporation.isthatsellingsuchlandsinfeewillbestronglyresisted.Apossi-bilityexiststhatsuitablelandsheldelsewherebytheStateorbyBLMcouldbeconsideredinexchangeforlandsconsideredtobenecessarytoutilizeortopreserverecreationalpotential.AppendixIF-15 RECor1MEI~DEDPLANOFDEVELOP~lEI~TINITIALANDFUTUREDEVELOPMENTThelocationoftheDevilCanyonandWatanaprojects,inrelationto~lountrkKinleyNationalParkandDenaliStatePark,lendsspecificcharactertoandinfluencesthenatureofproposeddevelopments.Inadditiontogivingpeopleanopportunitytolookatdamstructures,thetwoprojectswouldofferreservoir-relatedexperiencesinaremotesetting.ThesewouldincludetraY1use,boating,picnicking,andovernightcamping.Asdemanddevelops,thepossibilityexistsofprovidingconcessionaryfacilitiessuchaslodges,marinas,andboatexcursiontrips.DEVELOPMENTPROPOSED(Seereservoirmaponthefollowingpage.)Developmentsproposedinitiallyareconsideredintwocategories:VisitorAccommodationsatPro~ectStructures:Thesewouldbefacilitiesrorsightseerswhovisittheamanaappurtenantstructures,and,exceptforsightseeing,wouldnotbereservoir-recreationoriented.Suchfacilitieswouldincludevisitorbuildings,interpretivefacilities,parking,andsanitaryfacilities.Cost-sharingisnotrequired.Reservoir-RelatedOutdoorRecreation:Basedonafullycoordinatedcost-sharingprogram,proposeddevelopmentswillincludeapicnicarea,anall-purposecampingandday-usearea,aboat-access-onlycampsite,andareservoir-orientedtrailsystemforDevilCanyon;boatingaccess,boat-access-onlycamping.andtrailsfortheWatanaarea.FutureDevelo~ment:Itisanticipatedthatfuturedevelopmentwillconsistpr;nclpa'1yofexpansionofinitialareasandprovisionofself-liquidatingconcessionarydevelopmentsbyothers.Becauseofthenatureofcost-sharinginvolved,noattemptismadeheretodefineafutureprogram.asthiswouldnecessarilyhavetobeintegratedwiththeDenaliStateParkprogram.MinimumDeveloement:Intheeventacost-sharingprogramcannotbeimplementedprlortoexpenditureofprojectconstructionfunds,minimumfacilitydevelopmentconsistingofalaunchingrampfacilitywithminimumparking(mainlyforoperationandmaintenanceactivities)andminimumsanitaryfacilitieswillbeprovidedintheimmediatevicinityofbothDevilCanyonandWatanaDamswhereroadaccessterminatesforprojectconstructionactivity.AppendixIF-J6 "1'5 RECREATION PLAN ALASKA Ol.rmcr.CORI'3 oF EI<GlNHA:II """""""'.....- SOlJTHC£HTRAl RAfL8£LT AIl£A.ALA.'KA UPPER SUSITNA RIVER BASIN T'~V '-~........J ~t.. '\ '1, I ( ""'"~ "'- \ \ I ".......f"t <"'-~ ) t:P ~~,,~ oc,Y' (> r I .....fr-.......f '--v-/\./ -r-J / ",--0'5',....r :."",,",,0=j '~r I>~\..,./\.{'-,,;./-..,/.__/V I I -/WATAN'" V:SITOR CENT' ANO eOAT R~~~ fJ SCAlE ~o ~,0 I,:).20~,1 .. SIT['c' TPAIL H(:'~;'~;D: PICNIC AREA 1 ..... ...... >< ):::0 ""0 1'1""0 I'D -':::> -JO- ACTIVITYmxThisprojectionofinitialactivitymixisbaseduponanticipatedparticipationrates,adjustedtotheuseconsideredtobecommensuratewiththestudyarea'sroleasrelatedtotheDenaliParkSystem.ActivitySightseeingCampingTrail-relatedactivities11BoatingPicnickingFishingHuntingWatersportsactivity2/TotalPercent65302515107821623/11.~1ayincludesuchactivitiesashiking.snowmobili.ng.motorcycling,snowshoeing.dry-sledding.cross-countryskiing,andnaturestudy.~Includesswimmingandwaterskiing.1/Percentageisbasedonasinglevisitwithparticipationinoneormoreactivities.INITIALFACILITYLOADCRITERIABaseduponestimatedattendanceprojectionsandparticipationratesusedfortheproject.aprojectdesignload(peakdayattendance)andspecificfacilitydesignloadsarecalculatedasfollows:ProjectDesignLoadDL=AAx P x EtDWhere:AA=AnnualAttendancep=%ofannualattendanceduringpeakmonthE=%ofpeakmonthuseexpectedonweekendso =AveragenumberofweekenddaysduringpeakmonthDL=77.000X.20x55+9=940personsAppendixIF-18 1vitywilloccuratneedfor60parkingspaces.servicetspacerequirementsnn~nv'may20percentforanividedbetweenDevilCanyonandSOL::::-~-'--onpeakdaylanet2aunchinglanesofaccesspoints,atprovided,2onDevilcarandtrailerparkingAppendixIF-19 PicnickingSDL=.10x940~12picnicu~its2x4FishingandHunting-Nospecificadditionalfacilitiesotherthanthoseprovidedatdevelopedareasareanticipated.WaterSportsActiVit~-Verylimitedswimmingactivityisanticipatedbecauseofwaterconitionsandgenerallysteepshorelines.AsmallbeachareamaybepossibleattheproposedovernightcampsiteonDevilCanyonbelowWatanaDam.FISHANDWILDLIFECONSERVATIONANDENHANCEMENTSincetheprojectstudyiscurrentlyinthefeasibilitystage,thisreportdoesnotincludeadetailedevaluationoffishandwildlifeimpacts,norspecificrecommendationsforfishandwildlifeconservationandenhancement.IftheprojectisauthorizedbyCongress,currentlyon-goingandfuturestudyresultswillbeusedtodeterminewhatactionsshouldbetakentoconserveandenhancefishandwildliferesources.\AppendixIF-20 FEDERALOfficeandtheguidanceintheImpactovmershibytheExhibitA.STATEContinuousAlaska$tivesintentprogram$asIntentisRegionhasbeeninformededoutunderauthorityof11bemaintainedasrequiredimjurisdictionovermostofrequestedtofurnishanprojectremainunderpublicbedevelopedandoperated~~~nn,~~fromBLMisinclosedas~Nt~nr"wouldoperatetheprojectonstudyprogress.outwiththeStateofisionofParks.Representa-andhaveexpressedopmentandmanagementoftheLetterofLOCALIRegionalDeficiencyCoordinationhasn~l,n~'~tionastherespon-AppendixIF-21 ~1ANAGEMENTANDCOST-SHARINGFEDERALRESPONSIBILITIESTheAlaskaPowerAdministrationwillberesponsibleforoperationandmaintenanceofDevilCanyonandWatanaDamsandappurtenantstructures,includingtheoperationofreservoirsfortheauthorizedprojectpurposes.Toprovideforhealthandsafetyofthevisitingpublicduringandafterconstruction,visitorfacilities--includingavisitorbuilding,inter-pretivefacilities,sightseeingoverlooks,protectivefencing,sanitaryfacilities,andparkingatdamsites--willbedevelopedatfullFederalcost.RESPONSIBILITIESOFOTHERSTheStateofAlaska'sDivisionofParks,aslocalsponsor,willberesponsibleforadministrationandmanagementofpUblicoutdoorrecrea-tionalareas.Parksitesdonotincludecustodialresidencesormain-tenancebuildings.Inviewofthehighpercentageofsightseeingactivityestimatedatprojectstructures,aninterpretiveprogramwillbedevelopedcooperativelybetweenFederalandStateentities.Administrativehead-quartersforparkmanagementforceswillbemaintainedatproposedvisitorcenters.COST-SHARINGByletterdated4April1975,theStateofAlaskaindicateditsintenttosponsortheinitialrecreationaldevelopmentproposedhereinatanestimatedcostof$1,144,600.TheState'sshareofthecostofthefacilitieswouldbeapprOXimately$572,300.AppendixIF-22 GENERALTheaccessimpactonviewscape,shoulddrivingovr1Q~iov~~oplanswillberequiredtoqua1ityandtheoncompositionandwiththetypeofactivitycauseminimumn~c,co~'\lingtheroadside,theible,alinementvarietytotheAppendixIF-23 COSTESTIMATESCostestimatesarepresentedinthefollowingtableforthreecategories;a.Visitorfacilitiesatprojectstructures(nocost-sharing);b.Minimumrecreationaldevelopment--permittedunderPL89-72intheabsenceofacost-sharingsponsor;c.Cost-sharedrecreational~rogram(asagreedtobysponsor).Operatingfacilities(boatramps)andvisitorfacilitieswhichareprovidedatprojectstructuresforpUblicsafetyandconvenienceareprojectcostsandarechargedtoFeatureAccountNo.19,BuildingsandGrounds.Becauseofterrainlimitationsandaccessroadconstructionlimitations,operatingfacilitydevelopmentwillbelocatedwithina2-miledistanceofproposedmainaccessroads.Thelaunchingramps,whichwillalsobeusedforoperationalpurposes,willhaveseparatevault-typetoiletstoaccommodateboaters.RecreationalfacilitiesarechargedtoFeatureAccountNo.14andaretobecost-shared.AppendixIF-24 FeatureCost-SharingFederalNon-FederalDevilCanyon1994,000$294,000o\-latanaTotal19$000,000$163,000$457,000oDevilCanyon19$185000$185,0000Watana19$245,0000$430,000Total887,000$887,000TableF-lAppendixIF-25 DETAILEDCOSTESTIMATESAccountNumberQuantityUnitA.VISITORFACILITIES:InitialUnitPriceTotalCost1915,000SF$3.00$45,000Total$245,000Contingency-20%$49,000TotalDirectCost$294,000191eaLS$100,000TotalVisitorFacilitiesContingency-20%TotalDirectCostTotalVisitorFacilitiesDevilCanyonVisitorBuildingwith19InterpretiveFacilitiesandAdmin.SpaceParkingArea,VisitorandAdmin-25CarSpaces15Car&TrailerSpacesWatanaVisitorBuildingwithInterpretiveFacilitiesandAdmin.SpacesParking,20Carsand1910Car&TrailerSpacesB.OPERATINGFACILITIES:112,000eaSFLS$3.00$200,000$36,000$136,000$27,000$163,000$457,000TotalContingency-20%TotalDirectCostTotalContingency-20%TotalDirectCostDevilCanyonLaunchSitewithParkingandLaunchRampw/Dock2-VaultToiletsWatanaLaunchSitew/Parking&LaunchRampw/Dock2-VaultToilets19191919LS2LS2eaea$150,000$2,000$200,000$2,000$150,000$4,000$154,000$31,000$185,000$200,000$4,000$204,000$41,000$245,000TableF-2AppendixIF-26TOTALOPEP~TINGFACILITIES:$430,000 TABLEII(Continued)DETAILEDCOSTESTIMATESAccountNumberQuantityUnitUniti'r.iceC.COST-SHAREDRECREATION:InitialTotalCostDevilCanyon-SiteA(RoatAccessOnly)BoatDockCampingUnits2-VaultToiletsDevilCanyon-Site13AccessRoadOvernightCampsComfortStationsPowerSewerageDevilCanyon-SiteCTrailheadPicnicAreaAccessRoadPicnicUnitsw/ParkingTrailSystem2-Vau1tToilets141ea$25,000$25,0001410ea$1,800$18,000142ea$2,000$4,000Total$47,000Contingency-15%$7,000TotalDirectCost$54,000*E&D-10%$5,400**S&A-7%$3,800Total$63,200140.5mi$100,000$50,0001450ea$2,500$125,000142ea$35,000$70,00014LS$25,000$25,00014LS$50,000$50,000Total$320,000Contingency-15%$48,000TotalDirectCost$368,000E&D-10%$36,800S&A-7%$25,800Total$430,600140.2mi$100,000$20,0001412ea$2,000$24,0001430mi$1,000$30,000142ea$2,000$4,000Total$78,000Contingency-15%$11,700TotalDirectCost$90,000E&D-10%$9,000S&A-7%$6,000Total$105,000***EngineeringandDesignSupervisionandAdministrationAppend;x IF-27 TABLEII(Continued)DETAILEDCOSTESTIMATEAccountNumberQuantityUnitC.COST-SHAREDRECREATIONWatana-SiteD(WatanaCreek-AccessbyBoat&TrailOnly)InitialUnitPriceTotalCostCampUnits(TentCamp)2-VaultToiletsTrailSystem-SiteE141410ea$1,800$18,0002ea$2,000$4,000Total$22,000Contingency-15%$3,000TotalDirectCost$25,000E&D-10%$2,600S&A-7%$2,000Total$29,600WatanaDamSitetoWatanaCreekLANDS:1412mi$1,000$12,000Contingency-15%$2,000TotalDirectCost$14,000E&D-10%$1,300S&A-7%$900Total$16,200(Separatecostforrecreationoverandabovejoint-costlandsforproject)AcresUnitCostTotalSITEA40$600$24,000SITEB600$600$360,000SITEC100$600$60,000SITED40$500$20,000SITEE(TrailSystem)50$500$25,000AdministrationCostsL.S.$11,000TOTALS830$500,000AppendixIF-28 BENEFITSSTANDARDSTheWaterResourceCouncil'srevisedevaluationstandardspublishedintheFederalRegister,Vol.38,No.174,10September1973,requirethatindeterminingbenefitsforrecreation,asingle-unitvaluebeassignedperrecreationalday.Thevalueassignedshouldreflectboththequalityandvarietyofactivitiesoffered.Thisvaluerepresentsbenefitoftheactivitytotheindividual,basedsomewhatondifficultyandexpenseoftheactivity(e.g.,big-gamehuntingwouldbeassignedahighervaluethanhiking;.Twoclassificationsforanoutdoorrecreationaldayaregivenforevaluationpurposes:RangeofUnitValuesGeneralSpecialized$0.75to$2.253.00to9.00Generalactivitieswouldbesuchthingsasviewingthesites,visitingtheinformationcenter,andwalkingshortdistances;morespecializedactivities,camping,boating,useoftrails,etc.INITIALBENEFITSFORRECREATIONInthisstudyareaavarietyofgeneralandspecializedrecreationalvaluesarepossible,givenfacilitiesandaccessbyroad,trail,andwatertobothpools;andfacilitiesforcamping,picnicking,sightseeing,boating.hiking.andothertrail-relatedactivities.Thespecializedvaluesareenhancedopportunitiestogainaccesstobackcountryforhunting.fishing,photography.orviewingthescenery.Valueofarecreationaldaywithinthestudyareaisestimatedasfollows:GeneralRecreation:Seventypercentofthetotalannualvisitationisconsideredtobeofgeneralnatureandisvaluedat$2.00/day.SpecializedRecreation:Theremaining30percentisclassedasspecialized,withanestimatedvalueof$8.00/day.Thusannualrecreationalbenefitsbasedoninitialvisitationare:77,000x.70x2.00=107,80077,000x.30x8.00=184,800Total$292.600Fish,wildlife,andotherrecreationalbenefitshavenotyetbeenfullyevaluated.WhentheprojectisauthorizedbyCongress.additionalstudieswillfurtherevaluatetheseresourcesasabasisfordetermininglossesandgainstofishandwildlifeandotherrecreationalresources.AppendixIF-29 RECREATlm~ALBGJEFITICaSTANALYSISCONSTRUCTIONCOSTSRecreationalcostsfortheselectedplanconsistofthoseforrecreationalfacilities,recreationalland,andland-relatedadminis-tration,asshowninthefollowingtable.ITEMWATANADEVILCANYONTOTALFacilities11$45,750$598,850$644,600Land45,000444,000489,000Administration2,0009,00011,00pTotal$92,750$1,051,850$1,144,60011IncludesE&DandS&A.Interestduringconstructioniscomputedassimpleinterestonconstructioncostsfromtheestimateddateofexpenditurestotheappropriateprojectcompletiondate.Theconstructioncostsandinterestduringconstructionforpost-1986expendituresarediscountedtotheWatanacompletiondateofOctober1986.Theappropriatelydiscountedconstructionandinterestcostsaresummedtogivetherecreational-relatedinvestmentcost,asshownbelow.YEAR198119821983198419851986AppendixIF-30EXPENDITURE$47,00046,000$93,000WATANAACCUMULATEDEXPENDITUREo$47,00047,00047,00047,00047,000INTEREST$1,4402,8802,8802,8802,8004,290$17,250 DEVILCANYONYEAREXPENDITUREACCUMULATEDEXPENDITUREINTEREST1985$453,0000$13,8701986$453,00027,7401987453,00027.7401988453,00027,7401989453.00027,7401990$599,000453,00046,08019911.052,00064,440$1.052,000$235,350(PW)($781.500)($174,830)ConstructionCost(PW--PresentWorth)S874.500InterestduringConstruction(PW)192,080RecreationInvestmentCost$1,066.580OPERATION,MAINTENANCE,ANDREPLACEMENTAnnualoperationandmaintenancecostsfortherecreationalfacilitiesareestimatedtobe$45.000.whilethecostofreplacementofrecreationalfacilitiesoverthe100-yearprojectlifeisestimatedat$55,000annually.ANNUALCOSTSUMt1ARYFORRECREATIONALFACILITIESInterestandAmortizationOperationandMaintenanceReplacementTotalAnnualCostBENEFIT-TO-COSTRATIO$65,00045.00055.000$165,000Basedonannualcostsof$165.000andannualbenefitsof$300.000(rounded),theBICratioforrecreationis1.8to1.AppendiXI.F-3l AppendixIF-32EXHIBITS UnitedStatesDepartrnentoftheInteriorBUREAUOFLANDMANAGEMENTAnchorageDistrictOffice4700East72ndAvenueAnchorage,Alaska99507INREPLYREFERTO:1780(110)JUL151975Mr.HenryNakamuraDepartmentoftheArmyAlaskaDistrictCorpsofEngineersP.O.Box7002Elmendorf'AFB,Alaska99510DearMr.Nakamura:ImpactsoftheproposedDevilsCanyon,WatanaCreekandDenalihydroelectricpowerprojectonBLMlands,resourcesandprogramsisdifficulttoaccess.Theinformation necessarytodoathoroughanalysisoftheseprojects,simplyisn'tavailable.Thereportsoftheimpactsonthevariousresourcesdraftedbyourstaff,brieflysummarizesthebasicdatathatisavailable,recognizingthatmoredetailedinformationisnecessary.Managementoftherecreationactivitieswhichwouldbegeneratedbydevelopmentoftheproposedprojectswillalsobeanimportantcon-sideration.Ifthelandsadjoiningthefuturereservoirsgointoprivateownership,theon-the-groundrecreationmanagementresponsi-bilitiesmaybetterbehandledbyanagencyotherthantheBLM;theStatemaybeagoodchoice.However,inordertoinsurepublicaccess,itisstronglyrecommendedthattheBLM,throughwhatevermeanspos-sible,retainownershipofpublicaccesspointstothelake.Theactualmanagement,operationand/orultimateownershipcouldrestwithanotherpublicagencyafteramoredetailedcosteffectivenessanalysiswereundertaken.Naturally,iftheadjacentlandsremaininFederalad-ministration,wewouldbeinterestedindevelopingandmanagingarecreationprogram.Withthepresentlandstatussituation,itisimpossibl.etodeterminewhetherornottheadjoininglandswillremaininpublicownership.Amorethoroughanalysiswillbemadeduringtheimpactstatementreviewprocess.DonovanigstActingDtrictManagerAppendixrExhibitF-AF-33 In~l~j\nT':\U~NTOli'N.t\TIJllAI..In~SOIJnCI~SDIVISIONOFP~{KSApril4,1975RE:2[.25ColonelCharlesA.DebeliusCorpsof~ngin~ers,AlaskaDistrictDepartnlentoftheArmyP.O.Box7002Anchorage,AK99510DearColonelDebelius:lAYS.HAMMOND,Governor323f.4THAVENUEANCHORAGE99501ReferenceismadetoyourletterofMarch18,1975andourresponsedatedMarch19,1975concerningthecooperativeaspectsoftheplanningnnddevelopmentofarecreationprogramfortheproposedDevi1'sCanyonHydroelectricProjectandrelatedimpoundments.Thisletterwillserveasndcclaratic1nofintentonourparttoprovidethenecessa.rylocalparticipationatsaidproject,asrequiredundertheFederalWaterProjectRecreationAct,PublicLaw89-72.totheextentsetforthhereafter:TheStateofAlaskawould:1.Administerprojectlandandwaterareasforrecreationalpurposes.2.Withlegislativeapproval,contributeinkind,pay,orrepaywithinterest,1/2oftheseparablecostforrecreation·facilitiesandspecificrecreationlands,inaccordancewiththeFederalWaterProjectRecreationActof1965.3.operateandmaintainsaidrecreationfacilities.-·--Atthisverypreliminarystageofplanning,werecognizethattheproposedprojectshavethepotentialforfulfillingaportionofthesignificantdeficitsofrecreationfacilitieswithintheSouthcentralandInteriorregionsofAlaska.Furthermore,werecognizetheverygeneralandtentativenatureoftherecreationprogramidentifiedherewithrespecttocongressionalauthorizationforfurtherstudyandfunding,andthecapabilityoffuturestatebudgetstosupportsuchendeavors.Itisourunderstandingthatmoredefinitiverecreationareaandsiteplanningwouldfollowprojectauthorizationbycongress,nndbasedonthis,formalcontractagreementcouldbecomepossiblebetweenourAppendixIExhibitF-BF-34 ColonelCharlesA.DcbeliusApi-it4,1975,I'ilge.;~n~spc~ctivc3gcncies.Furthermore,itisourunderstandingthatthisll'ttel~ofintentdoesnotbindtheSt3teofAlaskatoanyfutureformalcontrnctngrcementwiththeCorpsofEngineers.nIletothevc,"rylimitedstaffoftheDivisionofParks,wecanprovideonlylimitedcommentandinputduringthispre-nuthorizationstageofpJnnning.llo\.;cver,i.fauthorized,theproject\o7i11beoff\reatinteresttothestateandatthattimewe,.;ould\vishtodiscussaformalrecreationcontractagreement.Sincerely,;df..'.W11..1amA.SacheckDirectorcc:GuyH.Hartin,CommissionerDepartmentofNaturalResourcesNCJ:krmAppendixIExhibitF-BF-35