HomeMy WebLinkAboutAPA3195SUSITNA HYDROELECTRIC P~OJBCT
PHASE Il:PROGRESS REPORT
BIG GAME STUDIES
Vol.VI.Black Bear and Brown Bear
sterling D.Miller
Alaska Dept.of Fish and Game
Submitted to the Alaska Power Authority
October 1985
II<
)LJ25
.S~
BSY
"o.01'15
A'.l.~?~ii~..w..,"»:....&....t.JLlo...Y
Alaska Resources Lihr;!!y I\:Information ;:'''1 \,,-
Library BuihJ1;w"Suite III
321 i Providence Drive
Anchomgc,AI<.9950ll..J6l4-
Susitna File Copy
File #t/.3.3 .S-
I.SUMMARY.
1
Information presented in earlier reports
-
....
0'>
I"--
<.0
C\I
L!)o
..-oo
L!)
L!)
I"--
C')
C')
is updated in this report using information collected
during the 1984 field season.In most cases these data
are presented without discussion additional to that
already presented in earlier reports.All of these
data will be reanalyzed for the final report due in
1986.New analyses of t~e,following topics are
presented in this report.
Brown bear use of impoundment proximity polygons
including the area within the proposed impoundment,
within the area from the shoreline of the proposed
impoundment to 1 mile distant,and from 1-5 miles
distant from the impoundment shoreline were analyzed
using the Chi Square statistic to determine whether the
number of point locations in each of these 3 zones
differed significantly from expected values based on
the surface area of each zone.Data from 1980-1984
were lumped for this analysis.Brown bears used these
3 zones significantly differently than expected .for all
months lumped as well as just for the spring months
considered separately.These differences were found
for male brown bears as well as for females except that
no differences from expected values were observed for
brown bear females during the period from 1 JUly-March
31.Brown bear females accompanied by cubs-of-the-year
-
2
also showed no differences from expected values in
their use of these 3 impoundment proximity zones.
During years when they did not have cUbs-of-the-year,
these same individuals showed significant differences
in their use of these 3 zones than they did when they
did have cubs-of-the-year.This suggests that females
during years when they are accompanied by cubs-of-the-
year behave differently than they do when unaccompanied
by newborn cubs.In all cases where significant
differences between observed and expected values where
found,the observed values for use of the area which
would be inundated by the proposed Watana impoundment
were greater than the expected values indicating
positive selection by bears for the area which would be
inundated.These analyses will be refined using
vegetation-type categories in the final report using
the vegetation map prepared in 1985.
similar analyses for the black bear point-location data
revealed that black bears are even more highly
dependent on the impoundment zone than are brown bears.
Overall 42%of all black bear point locations in the
Watana dam impact area were in the area that would be
inundated by by the proposed Watana Impoundment.This
value was highest in May and June,as for brown bears.
-
-
3
Brown bear and black bear density estimates were
obtained in spring 1985 using a newly-developed
procedure.A description of the technique is
presented.A black bear density of approximately 10.8
square kilometers/bear was obtained for that portion of
the study area considered to be black bear habitat(95%
CI=7.0-16.2 sq.km./bear).The preliminary density
estimate for brown bears was 34.4
sq.km./bear(95%CI=22.8-50.0 sq.km./bear).These
preliminary estimates will be refined for the final
report.
Brown bear use of Prairie Creek during the salmon
spawning period was evaluated using capture-recapture
techniques.Brown bear move to Prairie Creek in late
June from a documented area of almost 8,000 square
kilometers.During 2 surveys estimates of 48 and 33
bears were obtained.Confidence intervals(95%)for this
estimate indicate of a maximum of .80 bears use Prairie
Creek.This estimate is for bears 2.5 years or older,
inclusion of younger age classes would result in a
larger estimate.This area around Prairie Creek is the
most clearly identifiable area of critical habitat for
brown bears in the study area and its potential for use
as mitigation for the brown bear losses that will
result from construction of the impoundment is
discussed.
-
-
-
4
Brown bear predation rates of 3 moose
calves/intensively-monitored radio-marked bear were
observed in spring 1985.Black bear predation rates on
were lower than for brown bears.Black bears killed at
least 2.1 moose calves/IOO visual observations compared
to 5.5 for brown bears.
II.TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page No.
II.Table of Contents-
I.summary 1
4
-I
-
III.List of Tables
IV.Introduction and Acknowledgements
V.Methodology
VI.Results and Discussion--Brown Bears
A.Sex and Age Compo.si tion of Study Animals
B.Population Biology and Productivity
C.Home Range and Density
D.Use of Impoundment Proximity Zones
E.Density Estimates and Procedures
F.Denning Ecology Characteristics
G.Harvest Data
H.Seasonal Use of Prairie Creek
I.Predation by Brown Bears
5
8
11
12
12
12
13
14
18
21
22
22
28
VII.Results and Discussion--Black Bears 31
A.Sex and Age Composition of Study Animals 31
5
B.Population Biology and Productivity
C.Density Estimations and Procedures
D.Berry Abundance
E.Food Habits
F.Home Range and Movements
G.Denning Ecology Characteristics
H.Use 'of Impoundment Proximity Zones
I.Predation by Black Bears
VIII.References cited
IX.Tables
IV.LIST OF TABLES
31
32
34
35
35
36
38
39
41.
42
-
Table 1..Brown bear capture records
Table 2.Predicted and observed spring 1984 reproductive
status--brown bear
Table 3.Pr~dicted and observed spring 1985 reproductive
status--brown bear
Table 4.Summary of brown bear litter size data for cubs-of-
the-year
Table 5.Summary of brown bear litter size data for yearlings
Table 6.Summary of brown bear litter size data for litters
of 2-year old offspring
Table 7.
Table 8.
1984
Table 9.
Table 1.0.
Table 11.
TablEa 12.
bears
Brown bear offspring survivorship and weaning
Summary of brown bear cub and yearling losses--1978-
Morphometries of brown bear cubs
Morphometries of brown bear yearlings
Crossings of Susitna River by brown bears
Watana impoundment proximity analysis-all brown
....
....
6
Table 13.Watana impoundment proximity analysis-all male brown
bears
Table 14.Watana impoundment proximity analysis--female brown
bears without coy
Table 15.Watana impoundment proximity analysis--female brown
bears with coy
Table 16.Use of impoundment proximity zones by brown bear
females during years when they do and do not have coy
Table 17.Devils Canyon impoundment proximity analysis for
brown bear
Table 18.Brown bear den characteristics
Table 19.Brown bear den entrance and emergence,83/84
Table 20.Brown bear den entrance and emergence,84/85
Table 21.Distances between brown bear den sites
Table 22.status of brown bears marked in 1978
Table 23.status of brown bears marked in 1979
Table 24A.status of brown bears marked in 1980-1984
Table 24B.Summary of brown bear status,tables 22-24A.
Table 25.Annual use of Prairie Creek by radio-marked brown
bears
Table 26A.Prairie Creek brown bear census in 1984
Table 26B.Prairie Creek brown bear census in 1985
Table 27.Brown bear predation rates,spring 1985
Table 28.Brown bear predation rates,summer 198.5
Table 29.Black bear capture records
Table 30.Predicted and observed spring 1984 reproductive
status of black bear females
Table 31.Predicted and observed spring 1985 reproductive
status of black bear females
Table 32.Black bear litter sizes of newborn cubs
Table 33 •Black bear litter sizes of yearlings
.~
-
-
.-
7
Table 34.Losses from newborn litters of black bear cUbs
Table 35.Morphometries of black bear cubs
Table 36.Morphometries of black bear yearlings
Table 37.Natural mortalities of black and brown bears
Table 38.status of black bears marked in Su-Hydro studies
Table 39.Annual comparisons of berry abundance
Table 40'.subjective characterizations of annual berry
abundance
Table 41.Annual home range sizes of downstream black bears
Table 42.Annual home range sizes of upstream black bears
Table 43.Annual numbers of Susitna River crossings by radio-
marked black bears
Table 44.Composition of bear scats collected in 1984.
Table 45.Salmon abundance in downstream sloughs and streams-
1981-1984
Table 46.Characteristics of black bear dens
Table 47.History of black bear den use by bear ID
Table 48.History of black bear den use by den ID
Table 49.Black bear entrance and emergence dates,1983/84
Table 50.Black bear den entrance dates,1984/85
Table 51.Watana Impoundment proximity analysis for black bear
Table 52.Devils Canyon impoundment proximity analysis for
black bear
Table 53.Black bear predation rates,spring 1984
Table 54.Black bear predation rates,summer 1984
IV.INTRODUCTION AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This is the third annual progress report of Phase II
black and brown bear studies that are being conducted
as part of impact assessment work for the proposed
..-
I
i
i
8
Susitna Hydro-electric project.These studies are
being conducted by personnel within the Alaska
Department of Fish and Game under contract to the
Alaska Power Authority.A through discussion of
impacts mechanisms was presented in the Phase I Final
Report{Miller and McAllister 1982)and the reader is
referred to that report for a discussion of these
mechanisms.Some additional analyses of important
features of these studies were presented in earlier
Phase II progress reports as well (Miller 1983 and
1984)and these discussions are not repeated here.All
results will be presented and discussed in the Phase
II final report currently in preparation.
In this report an new analysis of data collected during
the period 1980-1984 on bear use of the proposed
impoundment areas is presented (see section VI-D for
brown bears and section VII-H for black bears).New
data and analyses on bear predation on ungulates in the
study area are also presented in this report.
Additional discussion on the importance of Prairie
Creek salmon resources to brown bear populations in the
study area and the potential to mitigate for
impoundment-related losses to brown bear habitat by
protection of Prairie Creek is presented in Section VI-
H.with these exceptions,the information presented in
-
9
this report is primarily an update of the data and
discussions presented in previous reports.
Many individuals contributed to the Su-Hydro bear
project in 1984.Of primary importance was Dennis
McAllister (ADF&G)who was of invaluable assistance in
all portions of the project,especially the fieldwork.
My supervisor,Karl Schneider,also made many valuable
contributions.Many ADF&G employees made valuable
contributions to many different aspects of the project
including:Warren Ballard,Jack Whitman,Al Franzman,
Charles Schwartz,Craig Gardiner,Bill Taylor,Herman
Griese,Enid Goodwin,Mark Chihuly,SuzAnne Miller,Bob
Tobey,Jim Lieb,Earl Becker,Danny Anctil,Tammy otto,
Polly Hessing,Bob Cassell,Larry Aumiller,Paul Smith,
Carolyn Crouch,Susie Lawler,and Penny Miles.
Granville Cooey(Harza Ebasco)was,as always,of great
assistance in accomplishing what needed to be done.
Craig Lofstedt(Kenai Air Alaska)flew the helicopter
during the tagging portion of this work and several
pilots for Air Logistics flew helicopters at other
times.Larry Roqers(Kenai Air),Al and Jerry Lee(Lee's
Air Taxi),Harley McMahan(McMahan Flying Service),and
Don Deering flew fixed wing aircraft at various times.
Bruce Barrett and his staff conducting su-Hydro
fisheries studies were of great help in providing
logistic support during the downstream scat collection
~-----,-------,_.~--~----,_.~-----------
,~
10
portions of this study.Special thanks are due to Rick
Halford for permitting us to use his strip at Susitna
Lodge to store our aviation fuel.Robin Sener(LGL and
associates),Randy Fairbanks(Harza Ebasco)and Richard
Fleming (APA)also assisted in various ways.No doubt
many other assisted also that I've forgotten to mention
and I of£er these people my thanks and apologies for
neglecting them.
r-,
11
V.METHODOLOGY
Methods used followed those described by Miller and
McAllister (1982),Miller(1983 and 1984).Where new or
different techniques were utilized in 1984,these are
discussed in the text along with the results.
Monitoring schedules were disruped in 1984 because of
intensive,daily or twice daily,monitoring that was
conducted on 15 May through 25 June and again on 23
July through 1 August.Other flights were conducted on
3,18,and 30 April l 10 May,7 and 22 June(downstream
only),12-16 July,13-14 and 27 August,2 and 6
September l 1,11,and 24 October and 7 November.
Various obsevations on individual bears were collected
at other times in addition as conditions permitted.
Techniques used in conducting a brown bear census at
Prairie Creek during the king salmon spawning period
are presented in section VI-H.
No replication of the black bear census effort,~sing
mark-recapture survey flights was conducted in 1984(see
discussion in Miller 1984)but a new technique for
estimating density of both species was conducted in
spring 1985.This procedure and the pre1imninary
results are discussed in Sections VI-E(for brown bears)
and VII-C(for black bears).
-
-
12
VI.RESULTS AND DISCUSSION--BROWN BEARS
A.Sex and age composition of study animals.
Following the May 1984 tagging effort 37 brown bears
were radio-marked includinq 7 cubs-of-the-
year("coyJl)(with females 423,281,340,and 337),4
yearlinqs(with females 299 and 420),20 adult females(3
of these in the downstream,study area)and 6 adult
males(1 of these in the downstream stUdy area).
capture data from 1980-1984 are given in Table 1.
OUrinq the monitoring period in 1984 the 4 radio-marked
cubs with females 340 and 337 all survived,the one
radio-marked cub in the litter of 4 with 423 was lost
to unknown causes,one of the cubs with 281 was lost
to brown bear predation and the other to unknown
causes.All 4 of the radio-marked yearlings survived.
The bodies of the cubs lost to unknown cau.ses were not
found.Circumstances of these losses suggest that
these cubs may have been swept away by swift rivers or
streams.
B.Population Biology and Productivity--Brown Bears.
Based on reproductive status and activity in 1983,
Miller(1984:78)predicted the spring 1984 reproductive
status of 20 radio-marked brown bear females.The
.-
.....
-
-
13
predictions and the observed spring 1984 status is
given in Table 2.
In similar fashion the spring 1985 reproductive status
of 20 radio-marked brown bear females was predicted in
January 1985.These predictions and the results
observed in spring 1985 are given in Table 3•
Litter size information for brown bear litters of cub-
of-the-year during the period 1978-1984 are given in
Table 4,for litters of yearlings in Table 5 and for
litters of 2-year-olds in Table 6.Reproductive
histories of radio-marked females during this same
period are given in Table 7.
A summary of known losses from brown bear litters of
cubs and yearlings is given in Table 8.A total of 39%
of cubs accompanying radio-marked females have been
lost compared to 29%for yearlings(Table 8).
Measurements of brown bear cubs and yearlings handled
in the project area are given in Tables 9 and 10,
respectively.
c.Brown bear home range and density estimates.
-
"""I
14
No additional analyses of brown bear home range sizes
were conducted using the data from 1984.For annual
home range sizes during the period 1980-1983 see Table
19 in Miller(1984:98).
No additional estimates of brown bear density were
conducted in 1984.The best available density estimate
for the Su-Hydro study area is 1/17 square miles(Miller
and Ballard,1982)as was discussed in Miller and
McAllister(1982).Other methods of estimating
population size and density were presented in
Miller(1984),but these were concluded to be highly
inaccurate.An intensive effort to estimate brown bear
and black bear densities in the Su-Hydro study area was
conducted i~spring 1985,an analysis of these data are
currently underway and will be presented in the final
report of this project(Miller,in prep.).
Updated information on numbers of Susitna River
crossings by radio-marked brown bears are presented in
Table 11.
D.Use of Impoundment Impact Zones by Brown Bears.
Miller and McAllister(1982:58-60)provided a
preliminary assessment of brown bear use of impoundment
area proximity zones,this analysis was combined with
'~
-
-
15
data collected subsequently for the analysis presented
here.Three zones were identified for each impoundment
area:Within the area that would be flooded by the
proposed impoundments(zone 1),within 1 mile of the
high water mark of the proposed impoundments(zone 2),
and from 1 to 5 miles from the high water mark of the
proposed'impoundments(zone 3).Data collected further
than 5 miles from the proposed impoundments{zone 4}is
also reported but not included in the analysis because,
of course,the size of this zone is infinite.A
vertical north-south line was drawn to separate the s-
mile polygons of each impoundment which would,
otherwise,have overlapped.An illustration of these
impoundment impact zones was presented in Fiqure 3 of
Miller and McAllister{1982:49).The purpose of this
analysis was to determine whether bears were selecting
for the impoundment area and at which periods of the
year this occurred.Chi square analyses were used to
make this determination under the null hypothesis that
the number of point locations found in each of these 3
zones was in the same proportion as the area in each
zone.Seasons considered included "spring"{April 1-
June 30)and the rest of the year.
Brown bears used the 3 impoundment significantly
differently than expected for all months lumped and in
the spring(Table 12).Use of the impoundment zone was
-
-
16
over twice expected values(Table 12).No significant
variation from expected values was observed during the
period July 1-March 31(Table 12).
Brown bear males,considered separately,also used the 3
impoundment zones significantly differently than
expected·under the null hypothesis(Table 13).In all
months and in both periods ,use of the impoundment zone
was higher than expected values(Table 13).
All brown bear females,considered separately,also
used the 3 impoundment zones significantly different~y
than expected under the null hypothesis(Table 14).This
difference was significant for all months lumped and in
spring period,but did not differ from expected values
during the JUly I-March 31 period(Table 12).
When a similar analysis was done for brown bears
females with cubs-of-the-year(coy),no significant
variation from expected values were observed for either
all periods lumped or for either of the two time
periods(Table 15).This is because these bears tend to
stay at higher elevations,well away from the
impoundment area during years when they have newborn
cubs.I suspect that this behavioral trait is designed
to reduce predation on their cubs from other brown
bears,especially adult males,that are concentrated in
.-.
-
""'"
-.
-
-
17
these lower elevation habitats early in the year.To
test this hypothesis I compared the use of these 3
impoundment zones(both impoundments lumped)during
years when the same set of females had cubs of the year
with the years when they did not(Table 16).During
years when they had cubs these bears utilized these 3
zones significantly differently than they did during
years when they did not have newborn cubs and use of
the impoundment zone was less than expected when these
females had cubs(Table 16).
Similar analyses were conducted for observations within
the 3 proximity zones of the Devils Canyon impoundment
but because of the smaller sample of point-locations in
this area and because of the much smaller area that is
anticipated to be flooded by the Devils Canyon
impoundment,breakdowns by season were not possible.
Use of these 3 zones(all months lumped)was
significantly different for females without coy and for
all bears lumped,it was not significantly different
for males(Table 17).The most significant deviations
from expected values were observed in zone 3 which was
used more than expected.Zone 1,the impoundment area,
was also used more than expected but had only slight
use altogether(Table 17).
-
......
18
E.Brown bear density estimation procedures and
results
No additional work on brown bear density estimates was
accomplished in 1984.Previous work was summarized in
last year's progress report concluded that the best
density estimate for the study area available was one
bear per 17 square miles (Mille.r and Ballard,1982)
based on work conducted in 1979 in an area adjacent to
the Su-Hydro study area(Miller 1984).
Work conducted in spring 1985 was designed to provide
an improved density estimate for brown bears in the su-
Hydro study area.These data have been incompletely
analyzed at this point but it appears that the density
estimate that will result will be approximately one
bear per 14 square miles(Miller in prep.).These data
will be completely reported in my final report but the
techniques followed will be outlined here.
The basic technique followed was the Lincoln-Pet~rson
Index using the ratio of marked to unmarked animals
seen during census flights in fixed-wing aircraft(PA
18).This is a variation of the technique reported by
Miller and Ballard(1982)and of the technique I
reported in Miller(1983)."Marked"animals were those
with functioning radio transmitters at the initiation
.-
19
of the census period,all other bears seen during the
census period were considered unmarked animals and were
captured when they were spotted and were marked with
radio-transmitters or visual markers.Newborn cubs and
yearlings were classified the same as their mothers,
either "marked"or "unmarkedII •Consecutive days of
search e:ffort were combined to provide a series of
independent estimates.over,time.The number of marked
animals present increased in the later periods relative
to the earlier periods.This basically follows the
procedure for developing a Schnabel estimate.
The unique feature of the estimation procedure followed
in spring 1985 was that we tested the assumption that
the population of bears was "closed"to immiqration and
emigration and made a correction for the demonstrated
absence of closure.This testing was accomplished by
flying the periphery of the search area each day and
determining whether the radio-marked bears were present
in the search area or were absent.The number of marks
"present"during the search effort was,
correspondingly,adjusted to be the fractional value
represented by the proportion of times the individual
bear was determined to be present in the search area;
if a bear was present half of the time,for example,it
was considered to be 0.50 of a marked bear present in
the search area.Bears with just visual marks were
--
-
.....
.....
20
assigned fractional presence values based on the
average values for the radio-marked bears of the same
sex and age group.Calculation of population size
followed using the standard Lincoln Index and
associated formulae.This population value was divided
by the size of the search area to derive a relatively
unbiased'estimate of density.Corrections for
"periphery"effects,which,result from lack of closure
of the population,were not needed following this
procedure because this factor was taken into account in
determining the number of marks present.Following
this procedure means that the most seriou.sly violated
assumption is no longer lack of closure but unequal
catchability.Methods of correcting for violations of
this assumption are currently under investigation •
Density estimates,following this procedure,were
accomplished simultaneously for both black and brown
bears during spring 1985.
Using these procedures a preliminary brown bear ~ensity
estimate of 34.4 sq.km./bearwas obtained for the Su-
Hydro study area.Confidence intervals(95%)for this
estimate were approximately 22.8-50.0 sq.km./bear.A
thorough analyses of these data will be presented in
the final report These results are preliminary and
tentative.
21
F.Characteristics of brown bear denninq ecology
Updated data for the winter of 1984/85 on of brown bear
denning habits in the study area are presented in
tables without additional discussion.These data were
previously discussed in Miller(1983)and in previous
reports and recent data support the conclusions drawn
earlier.One brown bear(preqnant Female 396 with 2
newborn cubs in 1985)denned at an atypically low
elevation(2,000 feet)site during the winter of
1984/85.This location would have been inundated had
it occurred in the vicinity of the Watana Impoundment
but it occurred in the vicinity of the Devils Canyon
Impoundment so earlier conclusions that no known brown
bear den sites would be inundated by the proposed
impoundments remain valid.I expect that this low
elevation den site is atypical for brown bears in study
area.
Updated tables giving the characteristics of dens
visited through the winter of 1983/84 are presented in
Table 18.Entrance and emergence dates for the winter
of 1983/84 are given in Table 19,equivalent data for
previous years of study were presented in earlier
reports.Entrance dates for the winter of 1984/85 are
presented in Table 20.Data on the distances between
--
22
den sites used by the same individual in successive
years are given in Table 21.These data indicate a high
level of fidelity to the same general denning area in
successive years by the same individual(a mean
difference of only approximately 4 miles,Table 21).
G.Harvest of marked brown bears in su-Hydro stugy
~
Updated data on the harvest of marked brown bears in
the Su-Hydro study area are presented in Tables 22-24B.
Over the period of study,the proportion of the
population harvested each year appears to be
increasinq(Table 24B)but these data should be
cautiously interpreted.A minimum of 13%of the
population of bears marked in the Su-Hydro study area
were reported harvested by hunters in 1984(Table 24A).
H.Brown bear use of the Prairie Creek area
Each year many brown bears in the su-Hydro study area
move in July and August to a tributary of the Talkeetna
River running out of stephan Lake,Prairie Creek.The
purpose of these movements is the run of king(chinook)
salmon in this creek.These salmon serve as a rich
food source for bears.sport fisheries biologists with
the Department of Fish and Game report that this area
-
:~
23
supports the most concentrated king salmon spawning
area in the upper Cook Inlet region(Larry Engle,
personal communication).Radio-marked brown bears have
been documented moving from an area of 7,894 square
kilometers to utilize Prairie Creek salmon
resources(Miller 1984:27).The actual area of
attraction to brown bears is much larger than this
because these data are biased as a result of tagqing
radio-marked bears only in the Su-hydro study area
which is north and east of Prairie Creek,bears moving
to prairie Creek from south and west directions would
have no chance of being radio-marked.
The proportion of radio-marked bears in the Su-Hydro
study area that have been documented moving to Prairie
Creek to fish for salmon has ranged from 13%in 1981(a
year when little monitoring was done as a result of
poor flying conditions)to 38%in 1984(Table 25).This
proportion appears higher for radio-marked males(50%in
1984,excluding dispersers)than for radio marked
females{33%in 1984)(Table 25).This is probably
because of the larger home ranges of radio marked
males(Miller and McAllister 1982).
In connection with intensive monitoring of radio-marked
brown bears in spring and summer of 1984 to determine
predation rates on ungulate calves(see the following
-
-
.-
I
24
section of this report),efforts were made to census
the number of bears using Prairie Creek during the
salmon run.This number is difficult to determine from
direct counts because of the exceptionally dense
vegetation along the shores of Prairie Creek.This
vegetation makes it very difficult to spot the bears
from the'air,they need only to move a few feet from
the creek and they are well hidden from sight.
correspondingly we attempted to census the bears in
this area using the ratio of radio-marked to unmarked
bears spotted during intensive search efforts along the
length of the creek between upper Murder Lake and the
Talkeetna River.Marked bears spotted were identified
by their radio-frequencies but radio-tracking gear was
not utilized in finding the bears during the search
effort.The search pattern flown was a circular one
overlapping the Prairie Creek from both sides and
following up the tributaries on both sides of Prairie
Creek up to the limit of where salmon could reach.
Subsequent to the search effort,radio-tracking gear
was utilized to locate all radio-marked bears in the
general area to determine how many were present in the
area previously searched.pilot Al Lee(Lee's Air Taxi)
flew these surveys with myself present as spotter and
radio-tracker •
.....
I
....
.....
25
Results of 2 surveys,flown on 29 July and 1 August,
are presented in Table 26A.On July 29 an estimate of
48 bears(95%confidence interval=12-80)was obtained,
on August ~an estimate of 33 bears(95%confidence
interval=10-62 bears)was obtained(Table 26A).This
estimate includes only bears that were not accompanied
by their'mothers (or bears at least 2.0 years old),an
estimate including these subadults would be 30-40%
higher.The large confidence intervals of this
estimate result from a low number of marked bears
present in the search area when the census was
conducted(only 4-5,Table 26A).Obviously the lowe.r
limit of the confidence interval is nonsense as more
bears than this value were actually seen on each
flight(Table 26A)so a realistic lower limit would be
truncated at the number of bears actually seen.
Similar surveys are planned for July ~985.
Equivalent data were collected during summer 1985
during the period 23-27 July using replicated morning
and evening flights each day in a Piper supercub(PA 18)
flown by Harley McMahan with myself as observer.On 6
August another flight was conducted in a Cesna 180
flown by Larry Rogers with myself,Randy Fairbanks and
Richard Fleming as observers,this flight was
incomplete at the lower end of Prairie Creek because of
fuel shortage.The August 6 flight was the poorest in
26
terms of observability because of the larger airplane
and increased number of observers however it may have
provided the best estimate because of the larger number
of marked bears that were present(Table 26B).The data
from these 1985 flights are included in this report
(Table 26B)although they are incompletely analyzed.
These surveys are designed,estimate the number of bears
using Prairie Creek and also to provide baseline data
on this value which can be used to document the
anticipated decline in bear use of Prairie Creek which
will occur when the impoundment is built.This
documentation will result from replicated surveys flown
subsequent to construction when the impact of
development has resulted in the anticipated exclusion
of many brown bears from this resource.This exclusion
will result,in part,from increased numbers of non-
sport brown bear kills by the increased number of
recreational users who will have access to the area
subsequent to construction of access routes from the
Denali Highway.More important,however,will be the
effects of disturbance exclusion whereby brown bears
will abandon the area because of the anticipated large
increase in numbers of humans using the area.
Prairie Creek is the only clear example of critical
habitat for brown bears that has been found in the
-
27
vicinity of the proposed hydroelectric project.As
such,protection of this area from the competitive
exclusion impacts,mentioned above,would appear to
offer an excellent opportunity to mitigate for the
losses to brown bear habitat that will occur as a
result of the project.This mitigation could be
achieved,if the area surrounding·Prairie Creek were
obtained by the state and p,ut into an appropriately
protective land-use designation such as a state Game
Refuge.This protection would not result in any
absolute increase in numbers of brown bears that could
be used to offset the losses that will be caused by the
project,no mechanism that would accomplish such an
increase is known.However,protection of Prairie
Creek from human competitive exclusion impacts would
help maintain larger populations of bears than would be
able to exist in this area without such protection of
Prairie Creek.As this is the only kind of mitigation
which is possible for the losses that the project would
cause to brown bear populations in the study area,
protection of Prairie Creek as a food source for
salmon-fishing brown bears should receive the attention
of mitigation planners.That that factors necessary to
adequately protect Prairie Creek from exclusion impacts
include:
-
-
28
1.Restrictions on human use of the area between 1
July and 15 August,at least;and
2.Minimal human development and impacts in the larqer
area surroundinq Prairie Creek,such as the Fog Lakes
area,through which bears must pass to get to Prairie
Creek.
It is noteworthy that the recreational plan currently
under consideration as part of the FERC license
application is incompatible with either of these
requirements.Amonq other things it is highly
questionable,for example,whether there would be any
point in protecting Prairie Creek as a state Game
Refuge if road access to the south side of the Susitna
River is provided as a result of the project.Such
access would almost certainly eliminate the Prairie
Creek area as a critical habitat area that would be
utilized by brown bears.
I.Brown bear predation rates on ungulates
During spring 1984 selected radio-marked brown bears
were monitored twice per day from 29 May through 7 June
and once per day from 8 June through 1 July,weather
conditions permitting.These data were collected
simultaneously with moose calf mortality studies being
-
-
29
conducted as part of the upstream moose project(Ballard
and others in prep.).similar data were collected
during once/day monitoring of the same bears during 23
July through 1 August to compare spring and summer
predation rates.
During the spring period twenty-six moose calf kills
were positively identified ,for 16 radio marked bears,
an additional 8 kills of non-calf moose and 3 age or
species unknown kills were also observed(Table 27).
This represents a total of 48 known or suspected kills
of ungulates by these bears during the spring,
approximately 3/bear(Table 27).Females with newborn
cubs had the lowest predation rates(l.S kills of moose
calves/lOa visuals)and females with yearlings had the
highest rates(8.7/l00 visuals)(Table 27).The low
rates for females with newborn cubs dOUbtless reflects
the elevational separation which typically separates
these bears from other bears during the spring(Miller
and McAllister 1982).This separation puts most
females with cubs away from the area where most other
bears are concentrated and also away from the areas
where moose calves are being born.
Only one ungulate kill was observed during the summer
observation period(Table 28).If the same ratio of
visual observations of bears to kills of ungulates that
30
had been observed in the spring occurred in the fall,
then 3.5 kills would have been expected(excludes
observations made at Prairie Creek).It appears that
ungulate kills by brown bears are more prevalent in the
spring than during the summer as would be expected.A
more complete analysis of these data will be conducted
for the final report.
""'"I
--
-
-
31
VII.RESULTS AND DISCUSSION--BLACK BEARS
A.Sex and Age Composition of Study Animals
Following the May 1984 tagging effort 30 black bears
(including 13 in the downstream study area)were radio-
marked.'Capture data from 1980-1984 are given in Table
29.losses of marks and bears left 27 radio-marked
bears by spring 1985,11 of these in the downstream
study area.
B.Population Biology and Productivity--Black Bears
Based on reproductive status in 1984,Miller(1984:
Table 31)predicted the spring 1984 reproductive status
of 19 radio-marked black bear females.These
predictions and the observed status of these bea.rs in
the spring 1984 are given in Table 30.Similar
predictions,during January 1985,were made for the
spring 1985 reproductive status of 21 radio-marked
black bears.These predictions and the observed
results are presented in Table 31.These data are
useful in calculating reproductive interval and will be
thoroughly evaluated in the final report.
Updated litter size information for black bear cubs is
given in Table 32 and for litters of yearlings in Table
r
.-
32
33.Updated information on the losses of newborn cubs
of radio-marked females is given in Table 34.Updated
information on sex ratio and morphometrics of black
bear cubs and yearlings is provided in Tables 35 and 36
respectively.Updated information on apparent causes
of natural mortalities to black and brown bears is
given in Table 37.
c.Black Bear Density Estimates
No additional work on black bear density estimates was
accomplished in 1984.For a review of the work
accomplished to date on this topic see Miller(1984),
Miller(1983)and Miller and McAllister(1982).Noneof
these reports provide an acceptable estimate of black
bear density.An extensive effort to provide an
accurate and objective estimate of black bear density
was made in spring 1985 following the same procedures
previously discussed for brown bears(see Section VII C
of this report).This effort was successful.These
data are currently being analyzed and will be reported
in the final report.
A preliminary analysis of these results indicate that
the area of 520 square miles searched for black and
brown bears contained approximately 39 brown bears and
-
-
.....
,-
33
49 black bears(Miller in prep.).All of this area was
brown bear habitat but not all of:it was black bear
habitat.The portion of the search area that was black
bear habitat was determined by plotting the point
locations of all radio-marked bla~ck bears during the
period 1980-1984.These points were used to delineate
"black bear habitat"by manually drawing a convex
polygon such that all but a few o,f these points were
included.Excluded points represented locations felt
to be erratic or point locations outside of typical
black bear habitats.The same pz:'ocess was followed to
delineate the portion of the whole upstream area that
was black bear habitat so that the density estimate
obtained in the census area could.be applied to this
larger area in order to obtain a population estimate
for the whole stUdy area.
The census area of 520 square miles contained about 206
square miles(532 square kilometers)that was considered
black bear habitat determined in this way.
Correspondingly,an estimate of about 49 black bears
for this area would represent a density of about 1
black bear/4.2 square miles or 1/10.9 square
kilometers.The total area of the upstream study area
considered to be black bear habitat was 465 square
miles(1203 square kilometers),calculated as outlined
above.Applying the above density figure to this area
.....
-
-
.......
34
yields a population estimate of about III bears(all
sexes and ages).These data are highly preliminary and
should be cited with care until final analysis is
accomplished.Without doubt some modifications to the
figures presented here will occur when the final
analysis is completed.It is also noteworthy that this
population estimate reflects the number of bears
present in spring 1985,not the capability of the
habitat to support this many bears.As mentioned in
previous reports(Miller 1984 and 1983,Miller and
McAllister 1982)it is felt that the current population
has declined sharply from the number of bears present
in the stUdy area in 1980 and 1981,probably as a
result of the poor berry crop in 1981.
D.Berry Abundance
Four transects designed to documentchanqes in berry
abundance between years were established in 1982(Miller
1983).These same plots were read in 1983 and in 1984
and these results are presented in Table 39 along with
the results from previous years.Fewer blueberries
were counted in transects 2 and 3 in 1984 than in the
previous year.These data suffer from an inadequate
sample size.A SUbjective appraisal of berry abundance
in each of the years of study is presented in Table 40.
This appraisal suggests decreased berry abundance in
"""I
35
1984 relative to 1983.Informati.on on the relative
abundance of berries in different:habitat types is
being collected in summer 1985 il1l association with
moose browse inventory studies.
E.Home Range and Movements
Home range data for radio-marked black bears (1980-
1983)are presented in Tables 41.and 42 for downstream
and upstream bears respectively.Analyses in addition
to those reported in Mi11er(1983)will be conducted for
the final report.Annual numbers:of river crossings by
radio-marked black bears are repclrted in Table 43.
F.~ear Food Habits
The contents of scats collected i.n 1984 are presented
in Table 44.As discussed in Mil.1er(1984)experimental
attempts to develop a technique t:o differentiate
between the scats of black and brown bears were
unsuccessful,so in most cases these results are for
bears of unknown species.
Most of the scats analyzed were c:011ected in mid-August
along the streams and sloughs between CUrry and Portage
Creek,downstream of the proposed impoundments.These
collections were made in·this arE~a in order to evaluate
.....
",...
.-
.-
36
the impacts of expected reductionls of spawning salmon
in these areas subsequent to COl1S:truction of the
impoundments.This reduction was:thought likely to
impact bears feeding on these salmon.Of 39 samples
collected along these sloughs and.streams in 1984
however,none contained identifia,ble remnants of
salmon.,These results are equiva,lent to those reported
previously(Miller 1984 and 1983).Also as reported
before,berries of devils club (Qiplopanax horridus)
were the most commonly found item:in these scats (Table
44).Salmon were more abundant in:these sloughs than
they were in 1983(Table 45).This was because 1984 was
an even-numbered year when pinks,almon are more
abundant •
G.~ack Bear Denning Ecology
Raw data on the dimensions and ot,her characteristics of
black bear den sites found in thel study area are given
in Table 46.The history of den use by each individual
radio-marked bears is provided in:Table 47.Some
radio-marked bears use the same d.en sites in successive
years and some use dens previously occupied by another
radio-marked bear.corresponding'ly,a history of known
use of individual den sites is provided in Table 48.A
total of 82 individual black bear'den sites have been
identified to date throughout the entire study area,23
~.
[i
I
1
I,
37
in the Devils Canyon area,23 downstream of this,and
36 in the Watana impoundment area(Table 48).Dens that
were excavated by bears'represent,ed 50%of the dens
found,34%of the dens were in na,tural cavities(caves,
rock piles,etc.),and 4%were ini trees(Table 48).In
the Watana Impoundment area,20(56%)of the dens
discover,ed would be flooded by th.e impoundment.In the
Devils Canyon impoundment area,olnly 1 (4%)of the dens
found would be flooded by the Devils Canyon
impoundment(Table 48).
During winter of 1984/85,13 dens:that had been
occupied by radio-marked black belars in previous years
were revisited and inspected for occupants.None were
occupied(Table 48).
Entrance and emergence dates of :radio-marked black
bears from their 1983/84 dens are!provided in Table 49.
Entrance dates into 1984/85 dens by radio-marked black
bears are provided in Table 50.Emergence in spring
1985 was delayed by late snows,l:lut these data have not
yet been compiled.
Conclusions of my earlier reports that the Watana
impoundment would impact a signij:icant amount of black
bear denning habitat upstream of the site of the Watana
dam are supported by these data.The Devils Canyon dam
-,------,,-----------
-
-,
38
on the other hand is likely to halve only a small impact
on black bear denning habitats.
H.Black Bear Use of Impoundment:Proximity Zones
Black bear use of nested zones of proximity to the
Devils Canyon and Watana impoundIllents was analyzed
usinq the same methods and procedures previously
discussed for brown bears (see sec:tion VII-D of this
report and Miller and McAllister 1982).Black bear use
of the areas that would be inundated by the Watana
impoundment was highly significant when compared to the
adjacent zone or to the adjacent 2 zones(Table 51)•
Overall 42%of the observations of radio-marked black
bears made in the vicinity of thE~Watana impoundment
were in the area that would be inundated by that
dam (Table 51).This percentage "ralue was hiqhest in
May and June,the same time peric)d when brown bear use
of the impoundment area was highEast.No doubt at this
time the black bears and brown bEaars are using the same
spring food resources that are available earliest on
the south-facing slopes along thEa Susitna River and its
tributaries:carrion,newly-emerged plants,
overwintered berries,and moose calves.
This same pattern is not evident for the Devils Canyon
impoundment.This is probably bl:acause of the very
--
~.I
I
I
""'i'
!
I
39
small area that would be inundated by this
impoundment(only 3.3%of the area within 5 miles of the
Susitna River along the reach of the River that would
be inundated by the Devils Canyon impoundment)(Table
52).In the spring period when the Devils Canyon
impoundment zone is most used(May l-June 30),observed
use was lower than expected values for zone 1 for the
comparison between zones l,and 2(Table 52).In the
area around the Devils Canyon impoundment the
distribution of acceptable black bear habitat is much
wider than farther upstream and a,s a result dependence
of the immediate vicinity of the river is less in the
lower portion of the study area.
I.Black Bear Predation Rates
As discussed earlier in this repclrt for brown
bears (Section VII-I),radio-markE!d black bears were
intensively monitored in spring 1984 and again in mid-
summer.Predation rates by blacJ<:bears on
unqulates(Tables 53 and 54)was lower than for brown
bears(Tables 27 and 28).Black bears killed at least
2.1 calves/laO visual observatiolls in the spring while
brown bears killed at least 5.5/100 visual
observations.These are minimum values because not all
kills could be observed or identified.These data will
be more completely analyzed for 1::he final report,but
it is clear that black bear bear predation on moose
-
.-.
I
~
I
!
I
1
I
'1
40
calves is significant in the study area and that a
complete elimination of brown bears from the study area
would not eliminate predation losses to bears.The
degree to which black bear predation is additive or
compensatory to brown bear predation is not clear from
the preliminary data analysis.I suspect that moose
calf los,ses to black bear predation is largely additive
to losses to brown bear predation but that if brown
bears were greatly reduced in nUE~ers that some
compensatory increase in black belar predation would
occur.This would be because bla,ck bears would
probably range more widely and wc~ld likely frequent
habitats they currently tend to a~oid because of the
dangers of encountering brown beatrs in these habitats •
41
VIII.REFERENCES CITED
__Miller,Sterling D.and Dennis C.McAllister.1982.Susitna
I
Hydroelectric Project.Phase I F'inal Report,Big Game
Studies,Volume VI Black Bear allld Brown Bear.233 pp.
Milier,Sterling D.1983.Susitna Hydroelectric Project.
Phase II Progress Report,Big Game StUdies,Volume VI
Black Bear and Brown Bear.99 pp.
Miller,Sterling D.1983.Susitna Hydr10electric Project.
Phase II Progress Report,Big Galtte StUdies,Volume VI
Black Bear and Brown Bear.174 ~~.
-
I"":",
I
,I
Miller,sterling D.and Warren B.Ballard.1982.Density and
Biomass estimates for an Interio1.·Alaskan Brown Bear,
Ursus arctos,Population.Canadian Field-Naturalist
96(4):448-454.
~-
-
IX.TABLES
42
Table 1.(continued)
J }.-.\
"))J I ._J
SMIL07
SM-1a
page 2
CaEture
Tattoo -.;se-x--";;Age Nt._J)~~~Serial #Ear Tags CODllllents
........
293#2 M
(294#2)M
347 M
(342A#2)M
(373)M
282#2 M
379 F
(380)F
381 F
313#3 F
382 M
(383)F
283#3 F
(003)F
337#2 F
385 F
(312#2)F
386 M
344#2 F
335#2 F
335#3 F
388 F
(389)M
390 M
340#2 F
384 F
(391i M
(392)M
3n."')p
,,~..
293#3'M
(394)F
(004)F
(395)F
281#3 F
(005)M
(006)F
280#3 M
396 F
397 F
398 F
399 M
400 M
299#4 F
418 M
419 M
417 M
(279#2)M
315#2 F
403 F
407 F
4.8
11.8
14.8
3.5
'9.5
6.5
5.5
15.5
3.5
12.5
1.5
1.5
15.5
0.5
15.5
2.5
13.5
2.5
7.5
5.5
5.5
14.5
(2.5)
2.5
5.5
12.5
2.5
2.5
""10 ....
6.5
6.5
0.5
3.5
6.5
0.5
0.5
8.5
13.5
2.5
2.5
9.5
20.5
16.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
12.5
5.5
6.5
4.5
500*
250*
450*
350*
300*
275*
200*
300*
66
53
60
350*
200*
325*
236
450*
135
125*
250*
300*
140*
140*
105
439
250*
10
175*
325*
8.5
8.3
482
274
132
135*
600*
542
275*
13*
13*
13*
700*
203
275*
220*
8/6/81
8/6/81
8/6/81
5/25/82
6/11/82
6/11/82
6/11/82
6/12/82
6/12/82
5/14/83
5/14/83
5/14/83
5/14/83
5/14/83
5/14/83
5/14/83
5/14/83
5/14/83
5/14/83
5/14/83
5/16/83
5/14/83
5/14/83
5/14/83
5/15/83
5/15/83
5/15/83
5/15/83
I;;/l1;/A:I.."JI._,........
5/15/83
5/15/83
5/15/83
5/15/83
5/15/83
5/15/83
5/15/83
5/16/83
5/16/83
5/16/83
5/16/83
5/17/83
5/17183
5/18/83
5/18/83
5/18/83
5/18/83
5/18/83
5/18/83
5/18/83
5/19/83
6259
12546
12542
6340
1024
6309
(15210-125(8)
(1;942J
15]J}=12545 (Imp)
10445
15276
6988
(15214-12544 )
15211-12543
~5)
I'm'§
(15213)
(l'Sm)
152117
15291
(15277)--(15289)
(15284)1l'O21)
(Tm)
(1~)
"flm
(15278)
(Em)
TIm
1024
107S
1022
cmn9)
'mB'a
15275
2905
150.710
(1234/1233)
1228/1227_...--
529/1643
1595/1585
(1588/532)
533/l592
s,ame
2135/2134
(2490/2491)
same
(1360/1359)
same
(1695/1694)
(129971300)
211M 2141
same
same
same
2478/2477
2170/2171
214872141
same
2499/2500
(2078/2079)
(211112110)
lSM7!598
same
(1693/1692)
(13S87U57)
(241sl2416J
same
(1350/134)
1134SIl345)
same
1685/1684
(2493/2492)
m5'1mt
2087/2108
2132/2133
same
1347/1348
1342/1343
536/535
1653/1100
same
1564/1565
2401/1543
1115/1116 collar replaced,recaptured 5/18/83
recapture mortality
collar shed 9/81,recaptured 6/9/85
¢ollar replaced,died 7/84
no tattoo,w/G283 (F),collar sbed 6/83
recapture of marked bear,sbed collar,recaptured 5/84
w/2@c,Downstream stUdy
w/2@1,not captured,shot 9/83
alone,recaptured 5/18/84
w/2@1
w/313 and 383,recaptured 5/18/84
w/3l3 and 382,died unknown CauseS
w/CUb *3
w/283,special cub collar,no tattoo,cUb eaten
w/385@2 .
w/33 7,breakaway 58 collar,recaptured 6/85,tags repled.
w/386@2,died 5/16/84 .
w/3l2,breakway 58 collar,dispersed
w/2@O,not captured
no radio in chopper
alone,one year added to '81 age based on '83 tooth
w/388 and 389@2,recaptured 5/16/84
w/388 and 390,breakaway 58 collar,died 10/83
w/388 and 389,breakaway 58 col1ar-sbed
recaptured 5/17/84,collar replaced 6/85
w/391,392,393@2
w/384 et al.,breakaway 58 collar,shot 9/84
w/384 et al.,breakaway 48 collar,sbot 5/84
w/384 et al.:breakaway 48 collar
w/cub #4,shot 9/84
w/394-chewed on,no tattoo,died later
alone,regular 68 collar,shot 9/4/83
w/2@O (#5 and #6),recollared 5/17/84
w/281,expandable cub collar,no tattoo,eaten
w/281,expandable cub collar,no tattoo,eaten
recaptured 6/85
W/2@2 (397,398)
w/396,recaptured 6/4/85
w/396
recaptured 5/15/84
recaptured 5/18/84
w/3@O,darted in den,recaptured 5/15/84
w/G299,special cub collar,sbed 10/83,old #7
w/G299,special cub collar,old #8
w/G299,special cub collar,shed 7/83,old #9
recapture,previous sbed collar,recaptured 5/16/84
estrus,alone,just marked previously
w/2@lJ,not captured,Downstream
alone,downstream,recaptured 6/85
(continued on next page)
~"I
Table 1.(continued)
Capture
1 1-!})}~J ....
SMIL07
SM-1a
page 3
.J
Tattoo Sex"~Age Wt.Date Serial #Ear Tags Comments
~
111
299#5 F
417#2 M
418#2 M
419#2 M
399#2 M
388#2 F
(#16)M
(1117)F
312#3 F
(279#3)M
2811/4 F
(21)M
(22)M
337#3 F
08 F
09 F
3401/3 F
23 ?
24 ?
420 F
421 M
422 M
381#2 F
400#2 M
3821/2 M
423 F
25 M
F
425 F
2821/3 M
342#3 M
427 M
3981/2 F
3141/2 F
429 F
341#2 F
214#2 M
437 F
309/440 M
442 M
443 M
3971/2 F
447 F
347#2 M
339/450 M
385#2 F
407#2 F
337#4 F
273 F
340 F
280#4 M
17.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
10.5
15.5
0.5
0.5
14.5
13.5
7.5
0.5
0.5
16.5
0.5
0.5
6.5
0.5
0.5
19.5
1.5
4.5
5.5
21.5
2.5
A
0.5
0.5
A
8.5
5.6
A
4.5
7.5
1.5*
10.5
9.5
2.5*
17.5
A
A
4.5
A
18.5
4.5
4.5
6.5
17.5
9.5
17.5
10.5
308
94
86
84
662
400*
00
300*
800*
350*
14
14
325
12
12
375*
17
,14
350*
78
205
263
600*
148
300*
7
195
200*
285*
104
600*
175*
700*
750*
400*
300*
400*
650*
150*
130*
200*
200*
200*
250*
400*
5/15/84
5/15/84
5/15/84
5/15/84
5/15/84
5/16/84
5/16/84
5/16/84
5/16/83
5/16/84
5/17/84
5/17/84
5/17/84
5/17/84
5/17/84
5/17/84
5/17164
5/17184
5/11/84
5/17/84
5/17/84
5/18/84
5/18/84
5/18/84
5/18/84
5/18/84
5/18/84
5/18/84
6/01/84
6/01/84
7/28/84
6/01/85
6/01185
6/01185
6/01185
6/03/85
6/03/85
6/03/85
6/04/85
6/04/85
6/04/85
6/04/85
6/05/85
6/09185
6.09/85
6/09/85
6/09/85
6/09/85
6/09/85
6/10/85
6/10/85
sDe
12080
12081
12076
6405
same
(1389)
(nn)
(m2)
(61B718884)
6407
(1703)
(1710)
same
1108
1711
same
1713
1106
6335
3984/1886
18716
6341
6325
15289
6306
1712
6322
6315
6352
6287
xx46
1036
6298
6449
10337
same
6440
6342
6333
sDe
same
same
same
Same
same
(1389/1390)
(10750)
same,
sDe,
same
1386/1383
(1385/1384)
same
1338/1337
1340/1339
same
45/28
44/27
244712057
1644/2086
2136/2137
same
same
sDe
none
39/32
49/48
1697/2113
same
same
1514/1518
2174/1372
1071/1649
2082/2083
2163/1523
1677/2117
2172/--
1534/1597
2430/2429
2184/2181
1221/2130
1507/1592
same
same
same
same
same
v/3@1,417-419 .
w/G299 &siblings,small implant
v/G299 &siblings,large implant
v/G299 &siblings,ama11 implant
alone
v/2c
v/G388,capture-induced seperation,died/shed 6/84
w/G388,capture induced seperation,died 5/84
v/3c,old and new radio fai1ur~s,capture mortality on 5/17/84
large implant,shot 9/84
v/2e
v /G281,drowned?
v/G281,killed by BrB
v/2c,recaptured 6/85
v/337
v/331
w/2c,recaptured 6/85
w/340,. .
v/340
v/2@1,one is 421
v/420 &uncaptured Sibling.large implant,
female sibling,437,captured 6/85
alone near camp
alone
alone
w(G313,old "implant ~8.110,breakaway
w/4c,drug problem
smallest cub w/G423
other sibling w/G413 not marKed or sexed
v1282 M
w/425,recapture of shed collar
capture mortality
rot-away canvas spacer used
396's offspring @2 in 1983
w/1@1 :2 yr old w/G313 on 5/80;.had litter at age 6
v/G3l4 break-away marker collar w/black flag
old collar failed permature1y added new tags to old
previously shed collar "
w/G42l,probably sibling,rot-away collar
old collar shed,tattoo 440 in upper left,break-away
"Har1ey"'yellow flag in rt.ear
red flag in right,blond
estus w/443,was w/G396 in 1983@2
--,break-away
orange flags in ears,old eartags gone
originally captured in 1981 @Ow/G283,sexed as F,switched
w/sex of sibling?Tattoos=450
green flag on visual drop-off,old ear tags replaced
alone drop-off feature added to collar
w/2@1 -these have no collars
age=3 in 1979,transported,returned,old collar replaced
replaced collar,w/2@1
collar removed
*Weight estimat~~!.()~ndicate~._:hed collar or dead bear,#recapture,-collar or mark replaced subsequently,
SM-l
SMILIO
Page 3
Table.2.Predicted and observed spring 1984 reproductivl!status of radio-collared female brown bears.
Predicted*Observed
IO 1984'age 1984 status Co.ents 1.984 status
281 T cubs lost 183 litter (21 in May 2 cubs
283 lost 183 litterU)!16 cubs'in May,bred alone
394 7 cubs lost 183 1 itter(l)1.n May,bred alone
312 14 cubs weaned 1(~2 in 183,bred 3 cubs
337 16 cubs weaned 1J~2 1.n 183,bred 2 cubs
384 13 cubs .weaned 3@2 in 183,bred 2 cubs
388 15 cubs'weaned 2t~2 1.n 183,bred 2 cubs
396 14 cubs weaned 2@2 tn 183,bred 1 cub
315 6 cubs first 1i1tter?alone
335 6 cubs first litter 2 cubs
340 6 cubs first l1.'t.ter,bred 1.n 183 2 cubs
381 5 cubs ftrst11.tter alone
407**5 cubs alone tn 183,first litter?alone
299 17 3 rIgs had cubs in 183 3 ylgs
344 8 111 9 had cubs 1.n 183 1 119
403**7 1 y1g had cubs 1n 183 1 y1g
313 13 w/1@2 with 1@1 in 183 w/l@2
379**7 w/l@2 with yl915 in 183 2/1@2
385 3 barren weaned frOlll G337 in 183 barren
393 {missing?I 3 barren weaned from G384 in 183 NA
'*See Table 6 in Miller (1984:78)
**bear occurs in the downstream study area
46
Table 3.Predicted spring 1985 reproducttve status of rll.dio-collared female brown bears.
SM-1
.SMILIO
Page 14
....
Predicted*Observed
ID 1985 age 1985 status COIIIDlents 1985 status
281 8 cubs lost '83 &'84 litters in May,2 cubs
bred tn'1184
283 17 cubs litter WilS expected in '84.bred 2 cubs
388 16 cubs lost 184 litter in May,bred 2 cubs
396 IS cubs lost I1t1ter(l)in May 2 cubs
315 7 cubs first 1 Uter was expected in '84 NA (missing)
381 6 cubs first litter was expected in '84,bred 2 cubs
407-6 cutls first 1111:.tar was expected in '84 alone
379**8 cubs weaned 11~2 in 184 alone
313 14 cubs weened 1(~2 in '84.bred NA (missing)
344 9 cubs?lost 1@1 in May,bred NA (missinq)
425 A cutls bred in 1184 2 cubs
337 16 w/2@1 2 cubs il1 '84 2 y1qs
384 (missing)14 w/2@1 2 cubs ill '84 NA
335 7 w/2@1 2 CUbs ill '84 2 y1gs
340 7 w/2@l 2 cubs ill '84 2 y1gs
423 A w/3@1 3 aJbs ill '84 3 y1gs
299 18 w/3@2 3@1 in '84 NA (missing)
403 8 w/1@2 l@l in '1~4 alone?
420 A w/2@2 w/y1qs ill '84 w/2.@2
385 4 barren barren ill '84 alone
*January,1985
47
•J ]1 j J J J ]]]J
SMIL09
SM-1
p.10
Table 4.Summary of Nelchina Basin brown bear litter size data for cubs of the year (base4 on spring
observations of radio-collared bears).
Usable
BEAR ID(yea~-age)_LI,!,,!,~~~I~~~f~()MMENTS____Summary
""00
207 (1978,11)
213(1978,10)
231 (1979,13)
206(1978,13)
3(1978)
2 (1919)
3(1979)
3(1979)'
When last seen on 10/7 {78 had all 3 cubs
on 5/31/79 had only one yearling which
stayed with her until last observation
on 9/12/19
lost apparent yearling due to 1978 capture,
had newborns when transplanted in 1979,
lost thes~8-16 days after release,bear
apparent~y died fn study are~after return
Turgid in 1918,bred,lost 2 of 3 cubs
by 11 June 1979,survivor lived at least
until last observation on 3 August 1979
(no exit data in 1980)
lactating female with male in 1978,during
last observation prior to shedding collar
the cubs were not seen but undergrowth was
thick (6/11/79)
2 of 3 lost
none-transplant
1>ias
2 of 3 lost
none
313 (1981,10)1 (1981)bear had a 2-y offspring in 1980,lost
cub (possible capture-related)
313(1982,11)2 (1982)both survived
312 (1981,11 )2 (1981)had a 2-year old in 1980,lost 1 cub
by 6/18,other weaned in 1983
312 (1984,14 ) 3 (1984)capture-related losses (collared)
283(1981,13)2 (1981)weaned 2 at 2 in 1980,lost 1 cub by 9/1
other lost as yearling
1 of 1 lost
(capture related?)
o of 2 lost
1 of 2 lost
none
1 of 2 lost
}J ]I 1 }])]]1 )J ]j
SMIL09
SM-l
p.11
]
Table 4.(cont'd)
BEAR ID(ye~r-~g~)LITTER SIZE (year)COMMENTS Summary
283(1983,15)
337 (1981,13)
H1983)
3 (1981)
killed by brown bear by 5/17/83,cub was
collared
cubs and female reunited,1 cub lost in
81/82 den.other 2 survived 'to exit (1
weaned in 1983.other lost as ylg.)
1 of 1 lost
1 of 3 lost
337(1984,16)2 (1984)
...344(1981,5)2(1981)\ll
344 (1983.7)2 (1983)
379(1982.5)2 (1982)
341 (1981 t 6)2(1982)
299 (1980,13)1 (1982)
299(1983,16)3(1983)
281 (1983,6)2 (1983)
281 (1984,7)2 (1984)
both survived to den.collared cubs
both lost in '82 as yearlings
lost 1 in early July -other survived
to den exit
both survived
survived until 7/15/82 when bear
was lost
bear weaned 2 @ 2 in 1981,cub
lost by 6/9/82
all cubs collared,alive to den exit
both killed by brown bear by 6/1/83,
cubs collared
lost both in May,one suspected killed by
brown bear,other unknown (accidental
drowning?),collared cubs
o of 2 lost
o of 2 lost
1 of 2 lost
o of 2 lost
none
1 of 1 lost
o of 3 lost
2 of 2 lost
2 of 2 lost
394(1983,6)1 (1983)lost (capture related?)by 5/16,bred 1 of 1 lost
(capture related?)
1 1 ))1 ).~-j 1 J J ]
SMIL09
SM-l
p.12
J
Table 4.(cont/d)
BEAR ID(y~ar-age)LITTER SIZE (year)COMMENTS ~~~ary
lost 1 in Sept.,other ok to exit 1 of 2 lost
survived to Sept.at least o of 2 lost
lost in May 1 of 1 lost
both survived to den o of 2 lost
both survived to den,collared cubs o of 2 lost
capture-related losses (collared)none
one died in July (collared),others ok 1 of 4 lost
to den
403(1983,6)2 (1983)
384(1984,13)2(1984)
396(1984,14)1 (1984)
335 (1984.6)2 (1984)
340 (1984,6)2 (1984)
In 388(1984,15)2 (1984)0
423 (1984,A)4 (1984)
Summary
No.of cubs No.of litters
59 28
mean litter size (range)
2.1 (1-4)
19 of 47 cubs lost in first year of life =40%
(2 of these possibly capture-related)
1 1 l 1 1 1 })}i ]»)1
SMIL09
SM-1
p.13
Table 5.Summary of Nelchina Basin brown bear litter size data for litters of yearlings (based on spring
observation of radio-collared bears).
BEAR IP(y~ar-ag~l _LITT~j{~I~~(y~ar)._C()~ENTL _~~1)ummary
Ul.....
220(l978.5)
221(l978,8)
234(l978.5)
240(l979,5)
244(l979.6)
251 (l979.10)
254(1979,9)
261(l979,7)
269(l979,16)
274(l979.11)
207 (l978,11)
231(1978.12)
1(l978)
2(l978)
2 (1978)
2(1979)
1(l979)
2 (1979)
2 (1979)
2(1979)
2(l979)
1(1979)
1(l979)
1(1979)
ylg entered den and was weaned in 1979,bred
survived.weaned in 1979
Paxson dump bear.lost apparent ylgB
between 6/23/78 and 8/4/78.reportedly
had cubs in August 1979,radio failed
bear transplanted with y1gs,not known
if ylg8.survived to return to expt.
area.bear was alone on 7/18/80
thin female transplanted with ylg,
ylg.survived at least 21 days,female
bred,but alone in July and August 1980
very large yearlings lost 10-17 days
aftei transplant,bear had no cubs in 1980
(August)
female died after transplant (ylgs??)
lost 1 ylg between 1 and 7 days after
transplant,other survived at least until
Sept ••didn't return to study area
transplanted,returned to study area with
female.no cubs on 9/29/80.shot in fall
1981 reportedly without cubs
transplanted.no.radio
survived until 9/12/79
survived until 8/79
o of 1 lost
o of 2 lost
none
none
none-transplant
bias
none,transplant
bias
none
none-tr~nsplant
bias
none,transplant
bias
none
o of 1 lost
none
213(1978.10)1(1978)apparent ylg was not captured,had
cubs following year
---------..---.-~--IContfnued on nextnslUO
1 of 1 lost
(capture related?)
1 1 )1 J !)1 j 1 i 1 -1 1 ]
SMIL09
SM-l
p.14
Table 5.(cont'd)
BEAR ID(year-=-age)LITTER SIZE (yea.r)COMMENTS _..~Summary
277(1980.10)2 (1980)ylgs.visually aged,not captured,survived
to enter den.no exit data as bear shed
collar in den
o of 2 lost
all survived with internals to den
lost by 5/18/82
lost 1 in June-Sept.period
lost 1 by 6/17.other by 7/26/82
o of 2 lost
o of 3 lost
o of 1 lost
1 of 1 lost
1 of 2 lost
o of 2 lost
2 of 2 lost
1 of 1 lost
o of 1 lost
1 of 2 lost
29%7 of 24 lost1.7 (1-3)
mean litter size'(range)
both survived to den entrance.at
least 1 exited den and was weaned
lost 1 in May.sibling lost year before
survived,weaned next year
lost 1 by 6/17/82,other survived
both survived,weaned next year
lost 1 (surgery related?)by 6/2/83,
other survived thru Oct.
24
No.litters
?(1983)
2 (1982)
1(1984)
2 (1983)
2 (1980)
3 (1984)
1 (1982)
1(1982)
2(1982)
2 (1982)
299(1980.13)
299 (1984,17)
312(1982.12)
In 283(1982.14)tv
337 (1982.14)
380(1982.15)
344(1982,6)
344 ('1984.8)
313(1983.12)
3 79 (1983,6)
Summary
No.of yearlings
40
".
0)))"l 1 )))"B ]J J )}
SMIL09
SM-l
p.15
Table 6.Summary of Nelchina Basin brown bear litter size dat~for litters of 2-year
aIds (based on observation of radio-collared bears).
BEAR ID(year-~ge)_1!,!,TE~~!~e~!,)COMMENTS
204(1978,7)2(1978)
283 (1980,12)2 (1980)
312(1980,10)1 (1980)
312 (1983,13)1 (1983)
l.n 313(1980,9)1 (1980)w
313 (1984,13)1 (1984)
220(1978,5)1(1979)
221(1978,8)2 (1919)
269(1979,16)2?(1980)
299 (1980,13)2 (1981)
337(1983,15)1 (1983)
384,1983,12)3 (1983)
388(1983,14)2 (1983)
396(1983,13)2 (1983)
weaned by 6/19/18,bred
weaned in mid-June,bred,new litter next year
weaned right after capture in May,new litter
in 1981
weaned by 6/13,bred
weaned by May,bred,new litte~in 1981
weaned in May,bred
weaned by 6/11,bred
weaned in 5/81,new litter in 1982
weaned by 5/15,bred
weaned by 6/13,one of these 3 may not have been
part af this litter,bred
weaned by 6/13,bred
weaned by 6/1,bred
(c~ntinued"on ~ext pa&e)
I -)l ]1 J J ))]))]1
SMIL09
SM-l
p.16
Table 6.(cont'd)
BEAR ID(year-age)LITTER SIZE (year)COMMENTS
331 (1981,6)
379 (1984,1)
Summary
2 (1981)
1 (1984)
weaned by 6/15,bred,no cubs in 1982,
died in 1982 (reason?)
apparently weaned cub (t~me1).bred
lJ1
II'>
No.of 2-year olds
26
No.of litters
16
Mean litter size(range)
1.6(1-3)
J I l 1 )---1 1 -))»»1 .~
SMIL09
SM-l
Page 6
)
lJ1
VI
Table 7.Brown bear offspring survivorship and weaning,GNU 13 studies.(Excludes bears transplanted in 1979).
MOTHER'S ID (age in ye¥yhEln f!r~!::captured)·
year G207 (11 in 1978)G220 (5 in 1978)G221 (8 in 1978)G204 (7 in 1978)G321 (12 in 1978)
1978 3 cubs,April-Oct.1 rIg.,Hay-Oct.2 y1gs.,May-Oct.2 @2 in May,weaned bred
tn June and bred
1979 1 y1g.,May-Sept.1 @ 2,weaned in :2 @ 2 weaned no data 2 of 3 cubs lost
2 rIgs.,lost in June in May,in June,1
78179 den?)radio fa llure survived
April-Sept.
1980 no data no data no data no data no data.
MQTI!ER'S 10 (<lgEl in year lil1Eln f!rst c612t:ured)
year G277(10 in 1980)G312(10 in 1980)G299(13 in 1980)G313(9 in 1980)G283(l3 in 1980)G281(3 in 1980)
1980 2 @ 1 survived weaned 1 @ 2 in
April thru August,May breeding
collar shed in den not observed
2 of 2 y1gs.
survived
May-Oct.
weaned 1 @ 2 io
May,bred
weaned 2 @ 2 in
June,bred
not estrus
1981 no data
1982 no data
1983 no data
1984 no data
(to Oct.)
1 of 2 cubs lost
in June,other
survived May-
Oct.
yearling
survived
weaned 1 @ 2 in
June,bred,off-
spring=G385,
transmitted
w/2 @O-bear
kll1ed in May
weaned 2 @ 2 in
May and bred
lost 1 of 1 @ 0
in June
3 @ 0 survived
(w/collars)
3 @ 1 survived
(w/interna1s)
1 @ 0 lost in
May (?capture
related?)
2 @ 0 survived
1 @ 1 lost in
June (trans-
mitted inter-
nally),sibllng
survived
1 @ 2 weaned
1n May,bred
1 of 2 cubs lost
in Aug.,other
survived
lost 1 @ 1 in
May,bred
lost 1 @ 0 in
May,bred.
lost cub had
transmitter
alone,bred
estrus,bred
alone,bred
2 @0 lost in May,
bear predation,
not seen breeding
2 @0 lost in May,
bred
rtaDle contlCnued on next page)
»1 )1 }i I 1 1 )J 1 1 1
SMIL09
SM-1
Page 7
1
Table 7.(continuation page 1)
MOTHER'S ID (age !I!ye~wh~I!Hrfit captured)
year 6331(6 in 1981)G334(10 in 1981)G341(6 in 1981)G337(13 in 1981)G344(5 in 1981)G335 (2 in 1981)G340(3 in 1981)
1981 2 @2 weaned in weaned 1 @ 2 in alone,bred in May lost 1 @0 in 2 @ 0 survived weaned from motber alone
May,bred May,bred,bear winter den,2
miss1ng since survived
Sept.
1982 no cubs,bred,no data bad 2 @ 0 tJ1ru lost 1 @ 1 in lost 1 @ 1 in May,alone,br~alone
died 1n July July,bear missing June other lost other in
(reason?)subsequently survived early July
1983 --no data no data weaned 1 @ 2 in 2 @ 0,lost 1 alone,bred alone,bred
May,bred by late June,
other survived
1984 --no data no data w/2 @ 0,collared,1 @ 1 lost in w/2 @ 0 thru w/2 @ 0,
(to Oct)both survived May,bred OCt.survived to
111 Oct.0-.
M~ER~S ID (~g~_!n y~ar when f!~st g~tured)
year 6380(5 in 1982)6394(6 in 1983)G384(12 in 1983)6379(5 in 1982)6388(14 in 1983)6381(3 in 1982)
1982
1983
1984
(to Oct.)
2 @ 1 survived
until denning,
one may have
died in den
at least 1 @ 2
weaned in May,
possibly both.
shot in Sept.
no data
lost 1 @0 in May
(?capture related
pOSSible?),bred
alone,shot
no data
weaned 2 or
3 @ 2 in June,
bred
w/2 @ 0 thru
Sept.,missing
2 @0 survived
1 of 2 survived,
lost 2 (June-
Sept.)
Probably weaned
1 @ 2 after
May 23
no data
weaned 2 @ 2,
bred
w/2 @ 0 -cap-
ture-related
cub loss,bred
alone
alone
alone,bred
MOTHER'f)ID (age ill year w~~I!iil"~~~~tured)
year G396(13 in 1983 6403(6 in 1983)G315(5 in 1983)6385(2 in 1983)G407(4 in 1983)G420(A in 1984)G423(A in 1984)G425(A 1n 1984)
1983 weaned 2 @ 2 in 2 @0 thru Aug.alone,bred
May,bred lost 1 1n Sept.
1984 lost litter of w/l @l in April,alone,breeding
to Oct.1 @ 0 in May,bear not seen not seen
~_~eed!llg?__flub~ently
weaned from
motber
alone
alone
alone
no data
w/2 @ 1 thru
Oct.
no data no data
4 @ 0,one lost alone,bred
in July,others
survived to Oct.
SMILlO
SM-l
Page 9
Table 8.Summary of known losses from brown bear litters of cubs and yearlings.Losses dated from
emergence in year indicated to emerqence the following year.
-
!!!Ir of emer2!DCe
19,18
19,19
19t1O
19E11
19t12
19H3
19!14 (thru Oct.)
Exc:luding possible
capture-related deaths
anI:!inCOlllPlete data:
losses of cubs
2 of 3 lost (G207)
2 of 3 lost (231#)
no data
4**of 10 lost (G312,G313,G283,
G337,G344)
1***of 5 lost (G299,G313,G379)
6'of 11 lost (G283,G344,G299,
G28I,G394,G403)
4 of 15 lost (281,337, 335,340,
384###,396,423)
19 of 47 lost =40%
15 of 38 lost =39%
losses of yearlings
o of 3 lost (G22l,G220)
o of 1 lost (G207##)
o of 4 lost (G299,G277*)
no data
4 of 8 lost (G3l2,G283,G337,
G344,G380****)
2 of 4 lost (G379,G313")
1 of 6 lost (299,344,and 420,
403 not included because of no
visuals after Aprtl)
7 of 26 lost =27%
6 of 21 lost =29%
#last observation on 8/3/79
##last observation on 9/12/79
##;~last observation on 9/6/84
..G277 shed collar in den so family status in sprtng 1981 was not determined,assumed 2 offspring were
alive at emergence tn 1981.
**One lost cub llIa.y have been capture-related (from litter of 1 with G3l3).-*From-litter of one wi.th G299 (bears not handled).
-,,,*G380 had 2 yearl ings thru den entrance in 1982,only one was verified with her in spring 1983 but
both were counted as-surviving.
One lost cub may have been capture-related (from litter of 1 with G394).--
-
,,One of G313's yearlings died wi.thin 1 month of surgery to install intemal transmitter (other
survived),assumed this death was not surgery-related.
57
SMIL09
SM-1
page 4
Table 9.Morphometries of brown bear cubs-of-the-year handled in GMU 13,
1978-1984
CUB"MOTHER'S
ID ID
DATE;
HANDLED SEX WT(lbs)COMMENTS
Mover 10.0 neck=225mm,collared
Mover 10.0 neck=245mm,collared
Mover 10.0 neck=225mm,collared
"...
-
001 G213
002 G213
G207
--G207
G338 G283
G339 G283
G336 G313
003 G283"
004 G394
005 G281
006 G281
418 G299
419 G299
417 G299
016 G388
017 G388
021 G281
022 G281
008 G337
009 G337
023 G340
024 G340
025 G423
G423
018 G312
019 G312
020 G312
22 May 1979
22 May 1979
27 May 1978
27 May 1978
6 May 1981
6 May 1981
6 May 1981
14 May 1983
15 May 1983
15 May 1983
15 May 1983
18 May 1983 (den)
18 May 1983 (den)
18 May 1983 (den)
16 May 1984
16 May 1984
17 May 1984
17 May 1984
17 May 1984"
17 May 1984
17 May 1984
17 May 1984
18 May 1984
18 May 1984
16 May 1984
16 May 1984
16 May 1984
M
M
M
F
M
F
F
F
M.
F
M
F
M
M
F
F
?
?
M
F
F
M
M
10.0
10.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
13.0
10.0
8.5
8.3
13.5
14.0
13.5
12.3
U.S
16.5
14.0
7.0
17.0
16.0
17.0
transplanted,see Ballard
et a1.(1980)
see Spraker,et a1.(1981)
ear tagged
ear tagged
cub abandoned?,ear tagged
collared
neck=230mm,ear tagged
collared
collared
collared,13.5 lbs (5/29/84)
collared
collared,neck =250mm
collared
collared,neck =220
collared,neck =230
collared
collared
collared,smallest of 4 in litter
not collared
collared
collared
collared
Totals:14 males and 11 females
58
SM1L09
SM-1
page 5
Table 10.Morphometries of brown bear yearlings handled in GMU 13,1978-1984
YLG MOTHER'S DATE
1D 1D-HANDLED SEX WT(lbs)COMMENTS--G232 G234 23 June 1978 F 100 (est.)Spraker,et al.(1981)
G235 G234 23 June 1978 F 100(est.)
G238 G240 23 May 1979 M 95 transplanted,see
G239 G240 -23 May 1979 F 65 Ballard et al.1980
G245 G244 24 May 1979 F 46 transplanted,op cit.
G252 G251 27 May 1979 M 134 transplanted,op cit.
G253 G251 27 May 1979 M 139
G256 G254 27 May_1979 M 47 transplanted,op cit.
G257 G254 27 May 1979 M 47
G262 G261 2 June 1979 M 90 transplanted,op cit.
G263 G261 2 June 1979 M 87
G270 G269 6 June 1979 F 100 transplanted,op cit.
G271 G269 6 June 1979 F 95
~G275 G274 7 June 1979 M 68 transplanted,op cit.
G297 G399
4 May 1980 M 65 taggeq.
G298 G399 4 May 1980 M 65 tagged-
G382 G313 14 May 1983 M 66 implant transmitter
G383 G313 14 May 1983 F 53 implant transmitter
G417 G299 15 May 1984 M 94 implant transmitter (small)
G418 G299 15 May 1984 M 86 implant transmitter (large)
G419 G299 15 May 1984 M 84 implant transmitter (small)
G421 G42Q'17 May 1984 M 78 sibling not captured,large
implant and breakaway.
,~
Totals:15 males and 7 females
-
-59
,I j 1 1 l )})1 }J ])]
SMIL07
SM-1/page 29
Table 11.Number of Susitna river c+ossings by radio-marked brown bears,1980-1984.
Yr.Initial No.of River Crossings
Bear ID capt\ll"e(age)1980 1981 19a2 1983 1984 Comments
~
389 1983(2)---1 -388 1s cub,died fall 183
390 1983(2)---0 0 3881s cub,missing 5/84
391 1983(2)---1 -384 1s cub
392 1983(2)---0 -384 1s cub
393 1983 (2)---4 ,.-38~IS cub,missing **
293 1980(3)2 0 1 2 -Wide-ranging
214 1980(4)0 ----shed collar in 180
399 1983(4)---4 2 active
0\
0 280 1980(5)2 10 3 8 5 active,missing 10/84
308A 1980(6)0 ----Missing in 180,shot in 183
282 1982(6)- -
6 4 6 active
279 1980(9)0 - -
3 4 shot (hunter)9/84•
373 1982(9)--3 0 -shed collar
294 1980(10)1 0 ---recapture mortality
295 1980(12)1 ----shed collar in 180
309 1980(12)0 0 ---shed collar in 181
347 1981 (14)-0 ---shed collar in 181
400 1983(20)---1 6 active
342A@ 1981(2)-1 0 2 0 capture mortality 7/84
382 1983(1)----6 active
422 1984 (A)- - - -
10 active
Total males 6 11 13 30 39
!continued)
J 1 J 1 J 1 )]1 ~j ))]j 1 J )
SMIL07
SM-l/page 30
Table 11.(cont1nued)
Yr.In1tlal No.of R1ver Cross1ngs
Bear ID capture (age)1980 1981!~~2 .!~~~____1984 <:Qmmel1t~
Females
315 1980(2)"!'--4 2 rad1o-collared 1n 1983,act1ve
385 1983(2)-- -
0 0 331 1s cub,m1ss1ng 10/84
386 1983(2)---0 -shot (hunter)5/84
281 1980(3)·1 6 5 6*2 6*2
cubs k1lled by other bears (83 &84)
335 1981(3)-0 0 0 °*2 334 1s cub,~ct1ve
340 1981(3)°6 8 4 2*2 actlve
381 1982(3)- -
4 1 8 active
(]'I 395 1983(3)---1 -shot (hunter)183
I-'
308B 1980(5)5 7 ---recapture mortal1ty
344 1981(5)-°*2 °y2 °*2 °y1 act1ve,m1ss1ng9/84
331 1981(6)-4+2 3 --d1ed JUly 1982
341 1981(6)-9 0*2 - -
m1ss1ng 1982 **
394 1983(6)- --10 3 lost cub as capture mortal1ty?,
shot (hunter)9/84
313 1980(9)0 0 0*2 2y1 0 act1ve,m1ss1ng 10/84
277 1980 (10)°y2 ----collar shed 1n 1980
312 1980(10)0 0*2 °y1 °+1 -capture mortal1ty
334 1981(10)-°+1 - --m1ss1ng 1982 **
283 1980(12)0+2 °*2 4 2 2 1983 cub k111ed by another bear
384 1983(12)---°*2_3 0*2 act1ve,m1ss1ng 9/84
299 1980 (13)2y2 2 2 0*'3 6Y3 actlve
337 1981 (13)-°*3 °y2 °0*2 act1ve
396 1983 (13)-- -0*1 0
(cont1nued)
}1 )1 I 1 )})-})I
SMIL07
SM-1/page 32
1
Table 11.(continued)
Yr.Initial No.of River Crossings
Bear ID capture (age)1980 J~t 19li~.19M !~~!~QmmE!nts
1983 (14)..--0+2
1982 (l5)--°y2 0
1983(4)-- -
0
1982(5)- -1*2 5y1
1983(6)- --1*2
1984(19)
1984 (A)
1984(A)
0'1
IV
388
380
407 @
379 @
403 @
420
423
425
Total females
Total both sexes
@ =Downstream bears
Reprod.status
as of 31 May;
y =yrlg
+=2 yr old
8
*=cub
34
14
27
45
36
40
0"'2 active
shot
0 active
·+1 acUve
6y1 active
6y2 active
2*4 active
0 active
47
66 86
**possible unreported hunter kill,collar failure,or emigration.
,....
,~
SMIL12/SM-6
Table 12.Number of observations of radio-marked brown bears (older than 2.a
years)within nestled proximity zones of the Watana impoundment
(den-related activies are not included).
ZONE 1 ZONE 2 ZONE 3 ZONE 4
TIME PERIOD (impoundmen t)(shore-1 mile)(1-5 miles)(over 5 miles)TOTAL
1.April 1-30 6 1 8 9 24
2&May 1-15 12 8 19 69 108
3.May 16-31 31 27 65 108 231
4.June 1-15 70 67 154 89 380
~.June 16-30 45 35 104 69 253
6.July 1-15 6 8 39 37 90
7.July 16-31 4 14 61 42 121
8.August 1-15 4 11 41 44 100
9.August 16-
March 31 26 22 97 168 313
TOTALS 204 193 588 635 1620
Area within zone
(km2 )159.32 327.07 1233.51 1719.00
%9.26 19.02 71.72 100.0
Value of Chi Square test of the null hypothesis that use of each zone is
equivalent to expected values based on the area of each zone for:
ZONE 1 ZONE 2 ZONE 3
Period obs.E(x).obs.E(x)obs.E(x)X2 d.f •
All months 204 91.2 193 187.4 588 706.4 160**2
April I-June 30 164 60 •.4 138 124.0 350 467.6 209**2
July I-March 31 40 30.8 55 63.3 238 238.8 3.9 2
*reject null hypothesis.p less than 0.10
**reject null hypothesis.p less than 0.05
63
SMILI2/SM-6
Table 13 •Number of observations of radio-marked male brown bears (older than..-2.0 years)within nestled proximity zones of the Watana impoundment
(den-related activies are not included).
ZONE 1 ZONE 2 ZONE 3 ZONE 4
TIME PERIOD (il!!Poundmen t)(shore-I mile)(1-5 miles)(over 5 miles)TOTAL
1.April 1-30 4 0 3 3 10
2.May 1-15 6 3 7 15 31
3.May 16-31 9 13 23 24 69
4.June 1-15 15 27 55 30 127
5.June 16030 16 12 25 21 74
6.July 1-15 2 3 9 10 24
7.July 16-31 3 3 16 10 32
.-8.August 1-15 1 2 8 11 22
9.August 16-
March 31 8 6 20 60 94-
TOTALS 64 69 166 184 483
Area within zone
(km2 )159.32 327.07 1233.51 1719.00
""'"%9.26 19.02 71.72 100.0
Value of Chi Square test of the null hypothesis that use of each zone is
equivalent to expected values based on the area of each zone for:
ZONE 1 ZONE 2 ZONE 3
Period obs.E(x)obs.E(x)obs.E(x)X2 d.f.-
All months 64 27.7 69 56.9 166 214.4 61.1**2
April I-June 30 50 20.2 55 41.5 113 156.4 60.4**2
July I-March 31 14 7.5 14 15.4 53-58.1 6.2**2
*reject null hypothesis.p less than 0.10
**reject null hypothesis.p less than 0.05
~
64
-i
-
-
SMIL 12 /SM-6
Table 14.Number of observations of radio-marked female brown bears (older than
2.0 years)within nestled proximity zones of the Watana impoundment
(den-related activies are not included).
ZONE 1 ZONE 2 ZONE 3 ZONE 4
TIME PERIOD (impoundmen t)(shore-1 mile)0-5 miles)(over 5 miles)TOTAL
1.April 1-30 2 1 5 6 14
2.May 1-15 6 5 13 42 66
3.May 16-31 22 14 26 67 129
4.June 1-15 53 27 81 47 208
5.June 16-30 24 24 62 36 146
6.July 1-15 4 4 23 20 51
7.July 16-31 1 9 37 22 69
8.August 1-15 3 7 25 26 61
9.August 16-
March 31 ---ll 14 55 86 176-
TOTALS 136 105 327 352 920
Area within zone
(km2 )159.32 327.07 1233.51 1719.00
%9.26 19.02 71.72 100.0
Value of Chi Square test of the null hypothesis that use of each zone is
equivalent to expected values based on the area of each zone for:
ZONE 1 ZONE 2 ZONE 3
Period obs.E(x)obs.E(x)obs.E(x)X2 d.f.
All months 136 52.6 105 108.0 327 407.4 148**2
April I-June 30 107 33.8 71 69.4 187 261.8 180**2
July I-March 31 29 18.8'34 38.6 140 145.6 6.3**2
*reject null hypothesis,p less than 0.10
**reject null hypothesis,p less than 0.05
65
SMIL12/SM-6
Table 15.Number of observations of radio-marked female brown bears with coy (on
15 June)within nestled proximity zones of the Watana impoundment
(den-related activies are not included).
TIME PERIOD
ZONE 1 ZONE 2 ZONE 3 ZONE 4
(impoundment)(shore-1 mile)(1-5 miles)(over 5 miles)TOTAL
1.April 1-30
2.May 1-15
3.May 16-31
4.June 1-15
5.June 16-30
6.July 1-15
7.July 16-31
8.August 1-15
9.August 16-
March 31
TOTALS
o
o
o
2
5
o
o
o
1
8
o
o
o
13
9
1
2
2
2
29
o
1
16
18
17
7
8
8
22
97
1
12
17
13
12
7
11
7
26
106
1
13
33
46
43
15
21
17
51
240
.-
Area within zone
(km 2 )159.32 327~07 1233.51 1719.00
Value of Chi Square test of the null hypothesis that the use of each zone is
equivalent to expected values based on the area of each zorte for:-
%9.26 19~02 71.72 100.0
,-
ZONE 1 ZONE 2 ZONE 3
Period obs.E(x)obs.E(x)obs.E(x)X2 d.f.
All months 8 12.5 29 25.5 97 96.0 2.1 2
April I-June 30 7 7.5 22 15.4 52 58.1 3.5 2
July I-March 31 1 4.9 7 10.1 45 38.0 3.0 2
*reject null hypothesis.p less than 0.10
**reject null hypothesis.p less than 0.05
66
SMIL12/SM-6
Table 16.Chi square test of null hypothesis that the proportion of observations
in impoundment proximity zones is the same,for a group of
radio-marked female brown bears,during years when they have
cubs-of-the-year (fl coy ")as during years when they do not.(Includes
both impoundments,lumps years 1980-1984,cub status is of 15 June,
and observation associated with den-related activities are not
included)•
Females without coy Females with coy
No.of No.of Expected
observations %observations number of
observations*
Proximity Zone 1
(inundation area)59 18.7 8 30.1-
Proximity Zone 2
(impoundment shore-58 18.4 32 29.4
line-1 mile)
Proximity Acne 3
0-5 miles from 198 62.9 120 100.6
impoundment shore-
lin.e)
Totals:315 100%160 160.1
Chi Square,2 d.f =20.2*
*significan.t,P less than 0.01
-,
-
.....
BEARS INCLUDED:
Bear ID years without coy years with coX
283 80.82,83.84 81
299 80,81,82,"84 83
312 80,82,83 81,84
313 80.81,83,84 82
335 81,82,83 84
337 82,83 81,84
340 81,82,83 84
341 81 82
344 82 81,83
384 83 84
67
SMIL12/sM-6
Table 17.Number of observed and expected observations of radio-marked brown
bears (excluding females with coy and bears less than 2.0 years old)
within nestled impoundment proximity zones of the Devils Canyon
impoundment (den-related activities are not included).
ZONE 1 ZONE 2 ZONE 3 ZONE 4
TIME PERIOD (impoundment)(shore-1 mile)(1-5 miles)(over 5 miles)TOTAL
All males 4 17 38 107 166
All females 10 76 165 174 425
All females without
cubs-of-year 10 76 161 158 405
@l5'i'
TOTALS
Area.within zone·
(km2 )28.92 164.78 689.01 882.71
%'3.28 18.67 78.06 100.0
-
"...
I
I~
.-
Value of Chi Square test of the null hypothesis that the use of each zone is
equivalent'to expected values based on the area of each zone for:
ZONE 1 ZONE 2 ZONE 3
Sex group obs.E(x)obs.E(x)obs.E(x)X2 d'.f.
Males and females
wlo cubs (whole 14 10.0 93 57.1 199 238.9 30.8**2
year)
Males (whole 4 1.9 17 11.0 38 46.1 3.0 2
year)
Females wlo cubs 10 8.1 76 46.1 161 192.8 25.1**2
*reject null hypothesis.p less than 0.10
**reject null hypothesis,p less than 0.05
68
1 ]1 1 i )1 1 I 1 )1 1.))
SMIL07
SM-l
page 5
Table 18.Characteristics of brown bear dens in the Susitna study area during winters of 1980/81,1981/1982,1982/1983,and 1983/1984
Den
No.
Bear Age at Elevation Slope Aspect
ID No.Exit (Feet)(Degrees)(True N.)Vegetation
li'''-1IT'n1l.''-1/'''1l;1
LLl......nau..""".....
h.~L·
CHA..l\ffiER Total Previously
DUrr-DENS
FEMALES
With offspring (@ exit)
w/2 @O 14 G283(sp.)13
G283(wt.)13
37***?
***89 G379
No Spring den/collapsed
Nc;>Winter den
No Collapsed
No
Collapsed/not visited
Collapsed/not visited
Spring den,collapsed
No
No Collapsed
No Collapsed
No Spring den,collapsed
No Partially collapsed
Collapsed
No
No Collapsed
Collapsed
No Spring den,collapsed
No Collapsed
No Collapsed
No Collapsed
No Collapsed
Collapsed
No Collapsed
Collapsed/not visited
230
219
196
291
410
207
136
177
84**290
86 345
88
152 90
165
104
138
239 203 92
151 136 101 350
117 127
102 221
76
56 136
**76
66
69 103 101
83
76 64
58 69
53**79
58
49 65
64
61
67 52
102**-
Willows
Willow,Grass
Grass
Willow,Alder
TussoCk/lg.rocks 57 69
Tundra/rock
Grass
Tundra/rock
Tundra,Willows
Tussock/rock slide -
Moss/rock slide
Tussock grass
Alder
Tundra
Alder
Tundra
Alder,Ferns
Tundra
Tundra
Tundra
Tundra
**34
40
**23
202
176
156
192
210
198
201
166
252
153
145
213
182
118**
189
220
218
93
138
346
**336
26
26
31
28
17
27
34
31
36
27
28
35
30
**35
39
33
**35
45**
45
25
**45
42
3725
4900
4825
3725
4575
4150
5150
2075
1050
3950
3900
3975
1375
4250
4575
3525
**5150
4760
4925
4660
4925
**4750
4575
**4900
5
7
6
7
?
6
6
15
11
13
15
11
16
12
11
14
16
6
10
12
15
15
G299
G313
G283
G337
G313
G299
G313
G281
G337
G344
G312
G344
G341
G299
G277
G299
G331
G312
6337
28
16
22
24
52
59
76
54
31
25
78
30
42
44
47
***87 G379
103
104
107
102
105
w/2 @O
w/l @O
w/3 @O
w/2 @O
w/2 @O
w/2 @1*
w/2 @2
w/2 @O
w/2 @O
w/l @1
w/2 @1
w/2 @O
w/l @O
w/2 @1
w/3 @O
w/3 @O
w/2 @1
w/2 @1
w/2 @1
w/l @O
w/2 @O
w/l @2
w/l @2
0\
ID
(Contlnueo on next pagel
)))J J i 1 J n ]1 )))1)
SMIL07
SM-l
page 6
1
Table lB.(continued)
******G312 13 4540 40 51 TUndra,Grass
Bear Age at Elevation Slope Aspect
!D No.Exit (Feet)(Qegree~l (True N.1 _V~getation
153***6379
ENTRANCE CHAMBER.Total Previously
Ht.Width Ln •.wtatS Itt..Length Used?
(em.l (em.)(em.l (em.)(em.l (em.)IYes/Nol Comments=--~_
Collapsed
Collapsed
Partially collared
Collapsed
Collapsed
Collapsed
Collapsed
Collapsed
Collapsed
Collapsed
Collapsed
Collapsed
No
No
Yes Spring den
Collapsed
Collapsed'
No
275
96 109 113 163
78 212 135
82 112 112 110 230
61
96
-
72
62
69
Alder/shrub
Tundra
Tundra/rock
Tunltra/rocks
Tundra
Tundra
Alder
Tundra
Grass/willow
Tundra/grass/rock
Tundra
Tundra
Tundra
Alder/grass
Tussock/rock slide
69
**101
274
98
303
73
283
238
238
202
249
193
103
142
358
30**
35
**50
11
30**
33
34
25
20
40
26
39
26
30
34
3725
4450
**4750
4125
2330
4150
4525
3500
3700
5000
2250
4700
4550
4550
3275
4
7
6
7
6
7
13
8
6
15
6
17
16
14
13
G337
G313
G299
G281
G340
G396
6335
G388
G340
G30Bb
6344
G384
6344
6281
5·
Den
No.
135
117
134
108
109
112
121
124
125
133
.23
lIB
.119
120
w/l @2
w/2@0
w/2 @O
w/l @1
w/2 @O
w/2 @O
w/2 @O
w/2 @O
w/3 @1
w/l @O
w/l @2
w/2 @O
w/2 @O
w/2 @2
w/o
w/o
-..Jo
w/o
w/o
wlo
46
56
79
G340
G335 .
6335
4
3
4
5150
3525
4350
32
**60
261
**354
WUlow,Alder 47 39 224 No
No
Not visited
Partially collapsed
Collapsed
w/o
w/o
w/o
w/o
106
III
122
131
6340
G381
G381
G2B3
5
4
5
16
**4950
**4500
4300
3450
**45
**30
28
32
**306
**62
205
75
Tundra
Tundra
Tundra
Tundra/alder
Collapsed
Collapsed
Yes Collapsed
Collapsed
Tundra/grass/rock 48 86MALES1
15
6280
G284?
6
3
3950
3990
32
23
158
216 Tundra/grass 56 83
231
135 154
269
77 239
No
No
Collapsed
1D uncertain
lConnnuea on nexr:-p<llJe1
1 }])J -J ))J )
SMIL07
SM-l
page 7
)
Table 18.(continued)
Den
No.
ENTRANCE CHAMBER Total Previously
Bear Age at Elevation Slope Aspect 6t.Width Ln •.Wlath "to Lenqth Used?
ID No.Exit m~et)_(I)~grees~TI1!~Jf--"-_)_~Y~!letattonJclll~l(CIll.)!<:III,)(;III!)!(;IJI~Ljcm!l H'e~/No)~Comments
36***G342A
***94 G342
29
60
86
110
123
132
G294
G280
G282
G280
G280
G279
11
3
7
6
7
8
9
13
2650
2375
4125
2525
3200
**3950
2950
3625
30
31
26
26
33
26
40
40
146
288
210
299
46
54
278
258
Alder/grass
Alder
Grass,WUlow
Alder
Alder,BUlow
Grass,BUlow
KUlow/tundra
KUlow/tundra
52 80
38 71
**66 74
81
157
86
84
89 188
94 124
81 147
No
No
No
No
No
Partially collapsed
Partially collapsed
Collapsed'
Collapsed
Collapsed
Collapsed
Collapsed
Collapsed
DUG DElIS
UNKNOWN SEX/ID
17
26
54 112
154 162 122 220
171
'-J
I-'
NATURAL CAVITY
FEMALES
w/l @2
27
53
77
***101 G380 16
3925
4090
4125
4350
4050
3900
33
29
26
31
29
31
192
162
140
195
169
60
KUlow
Willow/grass
KUlow/grass
Grass
Tundra
Tundra
61
73
62
65
58
61
132 143
68
109 290
No
No
No
No
No
Partially collapsed
Partially collapsed
Collapsed
Collapsed
Slightly excavated
UNKNOWN CAVITY TypE
FEMALES
w/4 @O 149 G423 3500**Tundra Not located
w/l @l 155***G403 7 2450 343 Not located
w/o
w/o
w/o
w/o
w/l yrl
w/2 @2
137
139
148
150
41
48
45
G385
G3l5
G394
G407
G283
G337
G28l
3
6
7
6
14
14
5
3000**
4000
5050
4575**
26
45*'*
25
208**
161
253**
176 Grass
Not located
Not located
Not located
Not located
Not visited
Not located
Not located
~..(conttnued on next page)
)1
Table 18.(continuedl
»)1 1 J 1 )J J »))
SMIL07
SM-1
page 8
1
ENTRANCE CHAMBER Total Previously
Den Bear Age at E1evati()n Slope Aspect Nt.Wlatll Ln.-rlidth Ht.Length .Used?
No.lD No.Exit (Feetl (Degrees)(~ue N.)Vegetation (om.)(em.)(em.)(em.)(em.I (em.)(Yes/No I Comments
MALES
136
151
G399
G342
10
7
Not located
Not located
Dens No.14, 16,22,24,30,31,25, 28, 23,5,1,15,29,17,26
27 are 1980/1981
"-J
W
******
Entered den with 2 yearlings,shed collar in den so exit not observed.
Approximate value .
Downstream
Dens NQ ••2,44, 47,52,5.,59,37,46,56,36,60,53,41,48,
.5 are 1981/1982 ..
Dens No.76,78,87,89,101,102,102,103, 105,107, 108, 109,79,
106,Ill,94,86,110,77 are 1982/1983
Dens No.112,117,118,119, 120,121,124,125,133,134,135, 153,
122, 131,123,132,149, 155, 137, 139,148,150,136,151
are 1983/84 .
1 -i .1 )1 J ]})]I J ~)l I
SMIL12
SM-3/page 10
Table 19.Brown bear deQ entrance and emergence dates,winter of 1983/84.
1983 Entrance 1984 Emergence Days in Den
Bear ID ~earliest latest Mid.earliest latest Mid.Min.Max.Mid.
G279 M 26 Sep 24 OCt 10 Oct 3 Apr 18 Apr 11 Apr 162 205 184
G280 M 5 Oct 25 OCt 15 Oct 18 Apr 30 Apr 24 Apr 176 208 192
G281 F 26 Sep 24 Oct 10 Oct 30 A~r .10 May 5 May 189 227 208
G282 .M 5 Oct 24 OCt 15 OCt 3 Apr 7 Apr 5 Apr 162 215 189
G283 F 26 Sep 5 Oct 1 Oct 18 Apr 10 May 29 Apr 196 227 212
G293 M 27 Sep*
G299 F 27 Sep*24 Oct*11 Oct*8 Apr 18 Apr 13 Apr 167 204 186
G313 F 5 Oct 24 Oct 15 Oct 30 Apr·10 May 5 May 189 218 204
G315 .F 26 Sep 24 Oct 10 Oct 18 Apr 30 Apr 24 Apr 117 217 197
G335 F 15 Sep 26 Sep 6 OCt 30 Apr 10 May 5 May·217 238 228
G337 F 5 Oct 24 Oct 15 Oct 30 Apr 10 May 5 May 189 218 204
G340 F 5 Oct 24 Oct 15 Oct 10 May 17 Hay'14 May 199 225 212
--.J.....G342 M 26 Sep*14 Nov.21 Oct.30 Apr 10 ltay 5 May 168 227 197
G344 F 27 Sep'fr 14 Nov*25 OCt.30 Apr 10 ~y 5 May 168 226 196
G379 F 24 Oct 14 Nov 25 Oct 3 Apr 18 Apr 11 Apr 141 177 159
G381 F 25 Oct*~---18 Apr 30 Apr 24 Apr ~~188
G384 F 5 Oct 25 Oct 15 Oct 10 May 28 May 19 May 198 236·217
G385 F 26 Sap*24 OCt*10 Oct*30 Apr 10 Hay 5 May 189 227 208
G386 M 5 Oct 24 Oct 15 Oct
G388 F 26 Sep*15 Nov.21 OCt*30 Apr 10 May 5 May 167 227 197
G390 M 5 Oct 24 Oct 15 Oct 30 Apr 3 May 1 May 189 211 200
G391 F 5 Oct 24 Oct 15 Oct
G393 F 27 Sep.
G394 F 5 Oct 24 Oct 15 Oct 30 Apr 10 May 5 May 189 218 204
G396 F 27 Sep*25 Oct.11 Oct*18 Apr 30 Apr 24 Apr 176 216 196
G399 M 5 Oct 25 Oct 15 Oct 18 Apr 30 Apr 24 Apr 176 208 196
G400 M 27 Sep*24 Oct 11 Oct*18 Apr 10 May 24.Apr 177 226 202
G403 F 24 Oct 14 Nov 4 'Nov 3 Apr 18 Apr 11 Apr 141 177 159
G407 F ------18 Apr 30 Apr 24 Apr ----G423 F ------16 May 17 May 17 May
---------Mean 3 Oct 23 Oct 15 Oct 23 Apr 4 May 29 Apr 178 215 198
"S"7.8 10.9 7.1 12.0 11.2 11.4 18.0 16.2 15.7
n 18 18 18 26 26 26 23 24 23
_l'~_...~_,.....~,........(....","",I,;.,."''"'....t::!'
1 l ))}1 )J ))]]J ~))-I }
SMU12
SM-3/page 9
Table 20.Brown bear den entrance and emergence dat~s,winter of 19B4/85.
1984 Entrance 1985 Emergence Days in Den
Bear ID ~earliest ~Hid.earliest ~~.!!.!n.:.~Mid.
G280 M 11 Oct (missing)
G281 F 11 Oct 24 Oct 18 Oct
G282 M 7 Nov ?---(unconfirmed)
G283 F 11 Oct 24 Oct 18 Oct
G299 F 1 Oct 11 Oct 6 Oct
G313 F 1 Oct hn1ssing)
G315 F 11 Oct 24 Oct 18 Oct
G335 F 11 Oct 24 Oct 18 Oct
G337 F 11 Oct 24 Oct 18 Oct
G340 F 11 Oct 24 Oct 18 Oct
G344 F --(missing)
G379 F 1 Oct 11 Oct 6 Oct....,
G381 F 11 Oct 24 Oct 18 Octol'>
G384 F --(missing)
G385 F 11 Oct (missing)
G388 F 11 Oct 24 Oct 18 Oct
G396 F 21 Sep 11 Oct 1 Oct (shed?)
G399 M 11 Oct 24 Oct 18 Oct
G400 M 11 Oct 24 Oct 18 Oct
G403 F 7 Nov 13 Nov 10 Nov
G382 M 11 Oct 24 Oct 18 Oct
G407 F 11 Oct 24 Oct 18 Oct
G420 F 11 Oct 24 Oct 18 Oct
G422 M 11 Oct 24 Oct 18 Oct
G423 F 11 Oct 24 Oct 18 Oct
G425 F 11 Oct 24 Oct 18 Oct
---Mean 11 Oct 23 Oct 17 Oct
"S"9.7 6.8 7.6
n 24 20 20
)·il
j J 1 ))1 1 ~l I j 1 J 1 I "~
SMIL10
SM-1
Page 11
Table 21.Distances between den sites (miles)used in different years by radio-collared ~rown bears.Based
on principle winter den,early spring dens not considered.
80/81 80/81 80/81 81/82 81/82 82/83 80/81 81/82 82/83 a3/84
Bear to to to to to to to to to to
ID Age 81/82 82/83 83/84 82/8383/84 83/84 84/85 84/85 84/85 84/85 i s
FEMALES
G312 11 in'81
G379 6 in'83
13 in'81
10 in'81
13 in'81
5 in'81
2 in'80
3 in'82
14 in'83
9 in l 83
4 in l 83
4 in l 83
1.5
2.0
1.4
1.0
3.2
0.9
0.5
9.0
0.8
2.8
2.7
4.4 3.6
4.2
4.1 2.9
2.3
6.1 5.7
1.5 1.3
1.9 1.7
0.6 12.0
1.4
0.5 3.7
0.8
2.5
0.8
9.0
2.2
5.1
2.8
5.3
5.8
4.7
6.2
l.6
1.5
18.0
1.0
3.5
2.7
1.5
1.4
18.1
4.2
3.4
11.3
2.7
5.3
1.7
5.7
0.6
2.5
0.5
0.1
0.9
17.6
4.9
1.0
3.1
1.2
3.5
0.2
2.0
17.7
5.3
6.7
3.7
1.6
3.5
0.2
2.4
0.3
1.6
1.6
3.4
1.9
3.8
7.1
1.7
0.6
2.4
4.4
2.4
1.5
6.7
1.7
2.1
3.2
4.1
3.3
3.1
8.9
1.9
in'81
in'81
in l 82
in l 82
G283
G313
G337
G344
G299 14
G281 4
G335 4
G340 4
G315
G381
G388
G396
G403
G407
"111
(FEMALES)-x =
s =3.9
2.3
2.8
2.1
3.3
2.1
2.7
2.3
4.2
5.7
3.9
5.5
5.4
4.0
4.7
6.6
5.7
5.3
3.0 i(~=77)=3.8
2.6 s =4.0
Range =0.1-18.1
(table continued on next page)
))j l J ))J i })J j ))1 ))
SMILlO
SM-l
Page 12
Table 21 (cant'd)
80/81 80/81 80/81 81/82 81/82 82/83 80/81 81/82 82/83 83/84
Bear to to to to to to to to to to
ID Age 81/82 82/83 83/84 82/83 83/84 83/84 84/85 84/85 84/85 84/85 X 6
MALES-
G280 6 in'81 8.1 6.3 6.0 2.0 2.5 0.5
G342 3 in'82 ---1.3 7.1 7.4
G282 7 in'83 - -
- - -
4.5 --4.6 1.2 4.6
G399 20 in'83 ----1.5
G400 6 in'83 ----1.2
(MALES)-4.3 3.3 3.6 2.6 4.3 3.?4.6 1.3 (n=14)=3.9x =:--X
I>=2.7 2.3 2.2 2.0 5.1 5.1 -- -
0.8 6 =2.7
-..J Range =0.5-8.10\
Both Sexes x =4.3 3.3 3.6 2.6 4.3 3.9 5.4 4.7 5.6 2.7 it (N=9l)=3.8
s ==2.7 2.3 2.2 2.0 5.1 5.1 4.0 6.6 5.0 2.4 s =3.8
Range =0.1-18.1
SMIL10
~SM-2Ipal.l18 1
~
Table 22.Status of brown bears first marked in 1978.(A=alive,T=transplanted in 1979,NR=no return,
R=returned,NO=no data available,F=shot in fall season,Sp=shot in sprinq season).
Bear#Sex/age 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985
Upper Susitna Expt.Area
209 M/5 in '78 A T,NR A Sbot-F
212 F/10 in '78 A A A A Sbot-F
217 M/3 in '78 A A Shot-F
r-1IlIQ 219 F/4 in '78 A A A A Shot-F
218 M/4 in '78 A T,R Shot-F
214 M/4 in '78 A A A A A A A A
230 M/9 in '78 A T,Shot-Sp
211 M/4 in '78 A T,NR NO NO NO NO NO NO
216 MIll in '78 A T,NR NO NO NO NO NO NO
210/242 M/2 in '78 A T,NO NO NO NO NO NO NO
215 F/2 in '78 A T,NR NO NO NO NO NO NO
213 F/10 in ·'78 A T*
Not U1?p!!r Susitna E?$'t.Area
205 M/4 in '78 A A A A A Shot-Sp
206 F/13 in '78 A A A Shot-F
201 MIlO in '78 ·A A A A A Shot-Sp
202 F/8 in '78 Shot-F
221 F/8 in '78 A A A A Shot-Sp
228 M/7 in '78 A A A A A Shot-Sp
~227 M/9 in '78 A A A A A A Shot-F
224 M/2 in '78 A A A A A A Shot-Sp
207 FIll in '78 A A NO NO NO NO NO NO
208 FIll in '78 A A NO NO NO NO NO NO
220 F/5 in '78 A A NO NO NO NO NO NO.-222 MIll in '78 A NO NO NO NO NO NO NO
234 F/5 in '78 A NO NO NO NO NO NO Me
200 MI7 in '78 A NO NO NO NO NO NO NO
204 F/7 in '78 A A NO NO NO NO NO NO
jlJMiIIl.225 K/4 in '78 A A NO NO NO NO NO NO
231 F/12 in '78 A A NO NO NO NO NO NO
Max.No.Sears
potentially alive in
year includes NO (M:F)29(16:13)27*{16:11)26(15:11)24113:11)22 (12:10)19(11:8)16(8:81 14(6:8)
No.JlllU:ked bears known
shot in year (M:F)1 (0:1)1 (l:Q)2 (2:0)2 (1:1)3 (1:2)3 (3:0)2 (2:0)NO
%of pc,tenttal1y alive
bears known shot in year 3\4\8\8\14\16%13%NO
Cumulat.tve \(min.)of.
marked bears shot (N=28)3\7\14\21%32%43\50\NO-Not Inc:1uded:
Subadults @2 in 1978,=203,223 (all NOI
Subadults @1 in 1978 =232 (NO)
*SUSPEiCted mortal ity of 213 in 1979,not included as alive in 1979 or subsequently
.-
-
77
-
SMIL10
SM-2/paqe'2
Table 23.Status of brown bears first captured in 1979 (all were transplanted from upper Susitna drainaqe).
(A-alive,NR=no return,R=retumed,ND--no data available,F=shot in fall season·,SP=shot in sprtnq
season).Does not include transplanted bears first captured in 1978 (see Table 13).NO in year of
capture indicated bear was not collared or soon shed its collar and no subsequent data were
collected.
Bear ID Sexlage 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985
.Max.No.Bears
potentiiill1y alive
in year tnc1udes NO (M:F)24 (12:12)23(11:12)
"""'
-
,~
I
-
246
247
243
265
268
269
270
272
260
240
241
249
258
264
267
274
276
236
237
244
251
273
248
261
M/3 in '79
M/8 tn '79
M/2 in 179
M/4 in '79
M/4 in '79
F/18 in '79
F/1 in '79
MI9 in '79
M/4 in 179
F/5 in·'79
H/3 in '79
MIs in '79
M/2l.in '79·
F/4 in '79
F/4 in '79
FIll tn '79
M/4 in '79
F/5 in '79
MIlO in '79
F/6 tn '79
F/10 in '79
F/3 in '79
F/4 in '79
F/7 in '79
Sbot-F
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A,R
A,ND
A,ND
A,ND
A,ND
A,ND
A,NO
A,NO
A,R
A,R
A,R
A,R
A,R
A,NR
A,NR
A
A
Shot-Sp
Shot-Sp
A
Shot-F
A
A
A
NO
ND
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO ..
NO
A
A
A
NO
NO
A
Sbot-F
Shot-F-
A
A
A
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
A
NO
NO
20 (9:11)
A
Shot-F
A
A
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
A
NO
NO
18(8:10)
Shot-F
Shot-F
A
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
ND
NO
A
NO
NO
17(7:10)
Shot-Sp
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
ND
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
A
NO
NO
14(4:10)
A
13(4:9)
No.marked bears
known shot in year (M:F)1U;0)
Known %of potentially alive
bears sbot in y~4%
Cumulative \(min.)of
marked bears shot (N=24)4!Js
3 (2:1)
13%
17%
2 (1:1)
10%
25\
1U:0)
6%
29%
2 (2:0)
12%
38%
1 (Q:1)
7\
42%
NO
NO
ND
-
Not Included:
Subadu1ts @2 in 1979 =259
Subadu1ts @1 in 1979 =275~262 or 263,256,257, 252,253,245,271, 239,238.
78
-SMIL10
SM-21pa~re 3
i~
Table 2~lA.Status of Brown Bears first marked during Su-Hydro Studies,1980-1983.(A:alive,ND=no data
available,F=shot in fall season,SP=shot in spring seasonl.NO in year of capture indicates
bear was not collared or soon shed its collar and no subsequent data were collected.
Bear IO Sex/age 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985
1980 captures-,
2n FI10 in '80 A NO NO NO NO
279 Ml9 in '80 A·A A A Shot-F
280 MIS in '80 A A A A A A
~281 F/3 in '80 A A A A A
282 M/4 in 'SO A A A A A
283 FlU in '80 A A A A A
.-284 M/2 in '8P A Shot:-F
286 M/3 in '80 A A A A Shot-F
292 F/3 in '80 NO NO NO NO NO
293 MIS in '80 A A A A NO
,~294 MIlO in '80 A.Died in Aug.
295 M/U in '80 NO NO NO NO NO
299 F/l3 in '80 A A A A A
~297 MIl in '80 A Shot-F
306 F/3 in '80 NO NO NO NO NO
308a M/6 in '80 A A A Shot-F
~308b FI5 in '80 A Died in Aug.
309 M/l2 in '80 A A A A A A
311 M/2 in '80 Shot-F
312 FI10 in '80 A A A A D1.ed-NS
313 F/9 in '80 A A A A A
314 F/2 in '80 A A A A A A
315 F/2 i.n '80 A A A A A
~
1981 captures
331 F/6 in '81 A Died in Auq.
I~
332 M/2 in '81 A Shot-F
333 M/2 1.n '81 Shot-F
334 FIIO in '81 lost in Sept.
-shot?
335 F/2 in '81 A A A A A
337 F/13 in '81 A A A A A
339 MID in '81 cub y1q A A A A
340 F/3 in '81 A A A A A
341 Fi6 in '81 A A A A A
342a MI2 in '81 A A A Died-NS
344 F/5 in '81 A A A Lost in
Sept.,
shot?
347 Ml14 in '81 A A A A A
(continued on next page)
79
SMILIO
SM-21paqe 4
Table 2~~A.(cont.)
Bear ID Sex/ave 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985
1982 cal1~
373 M/9 1.n '82 A --*--*
379**F/s 1.n '82 A A A-380 FilS 1.n 182 A Shot-F
381 F/3 in 182 A A A
"""
1983 cal~
385 F 12 in 183 A A A
386 M/2 1.n 183 A Shot-Sp
388 FlU 1.n IS3 A A
389 M/2 1.n 183.A,D1.ed Oct.
390 M/2 in '83 A NO
384 F/l2 1.n 183 A Lost 1.n
Sept.,
shot?
391 Ml2 1.n 183 A Shot-F
392 Kf2 1.n '83 A Shot-Sp
393 F/2 1.n '83 A NO
394 F/6 in 183 A Shot-F
395 F/3 1.n 183 Shot-F
396 F/l3 1.n '83 A A A
397 F/2 1.n 183 A A A
398 F/2 in 183 A A A
~399 Mig in '83 A A A
400 M/20 in '83 A A
403**F/6 1.n '83 A A
407**F 14 in '83 A A A
1984 c.<Iptures
~
420 F/A 1.n '84 A
422 MIA 1.n '84 A
423 F/A in 184 A-425 F/A in '84 A
382 F/2 in 184 A
(conUnued on next paqe)-
-
80
SMIL10
SM-2Ipag:e-5
Table 2~1A.(cont.)
Bear IO sex/age 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985
-
A.Max ..No.marked bears
pot4!nttal1y alive in year,
inc:Ludes NO.Excludes
taqginq'andnatura1
mor1talities (M:F)23 (13:11)31(14:17)30(12:18)44(18:26)45(16:29)37(12:25)
B.No •.!!2!!shot
in crear (M:F).
Min.\!mown shot (B/A)
C.No.lmown shot plus
susjpectecl.(uareported)
shot in year (K:F)
Probable min.\shot (C/A)
D.No.bears known alive
(excludes NO,died,
lost,cubs or y1gs)
Probable \shot (C/O)
Cumu.1ative %shot (based on
bear-years available,
tram row A).
Not Ioc!luded:
1 (1:0)
4\
1 (1:0)
4\
20
5\
4\
3 (3:0).
10\
4 (3:1)
13\
26
15%
7%
1 (1:0)
3\
1 (1:0)
3\
27
4%
6%
3 (1:2)
7\
3 (1:2)
7\
40
8\
6%
6 (5:1)
13
8 (5:3)
18
36
22%
8%
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
..-
....,
",.
Subadul.ts @2=1980:285,
19831:397 &398 both recaptUred tn 1985
Subadults @1=1980:298;
1982::382;
19841:421,417,418,419
81
*Shed collar,had no eartags or tattoo
so was not recognizable as a marked
bear subsequently
**Downstream study area
-
SM-2/paqe 6
Table 24B.Summary of Tables 22-24,bunter killed brown bear marked in GMU 13.
1978 1979'1980 1981 198.2 1983 1984 1985
Max1lllUlll No.of marked
bears potentially
alive in year (includes
N.D.)(M:F)28(15:13)51(28:33)72{39:34)75<36:39)70{32:38)80{36:44}75 (28:47)64(22:42)
No.marked bears
shot in year*(M:ll 1(0:1)2 (2:0)6 (5:1)7(5::2)5 (3:2)8 (6:2)11(7:4)ND
~Min.%of marked
bears shot in year 4%4%8%9%7%10%15%ND
~%males in population
of markedbee.rs 5Q 5511 54%48%46\45%37%ND
%males in harvest 1978-1984
~of marked bears 0 100%83%71\60\75%64\70%
*includes row C in Table 15
82
Table 25.Annual use of Prairie Ck.area by radio-collared brown bears during JUly and August
king salmon spawning period (1980-1985).Reproduct:Lve status reflects July data for
females (c=newborn cubs).
SMIL09
SM-l/Page 26
-
--
Males (age in year
first capturedI
214 @ 4 (80)
279 @ 9 (80)
280 @ 5(80)
282 @ 4(80)
293 @ 3(80)
294 @ lD{80)
342a*@ 2{81l
373 @ 9(82)
382 @ 2(84)
386 @ 2(83)
389 @ 2(S3)
390 @ 2 (83)
391 @ 2(83)
392 @ 2 (83)
399 @ 9(8.3)
400 @ 20{83)
422 @ A(84)
427 @ A(SS)
1980·
no
ND(sbed)
no
yes
yes
1981**
shed
ND.
no
yes
yes
1982
NO
no
yes
yes
-(dead)
no
yes
1983
yes
no
yes
no
no
NO (shed)
no
no
no
no
no
yes
no
1984***
yes
no
yes
(shed)
yes (dead)
dead
dead
missing
dead
dead
yes
no
yes
1985****
no
dead
no collar
yes
yes
missing
missing
dead
yes
-
Subtotals for
MALES:
No.using Prairie Ck.
(males)2
Total No.of collared
males 4
No.collared males
excluding subadult
dispersers 4'
Subadult dispersers out
of study area
(Bear ID)
2
4
3
342a
3
5
4
342a
3
12
7
342a,386,389,
391,392
4
8
8
3
4
4
%males using Prairie
Ck.(excludes dis-
persers)50 67 75 43
(continued on nE!xt page)
83
50 75
""'"
84
-
-
-~
-
-
SMIL09
SM-I/Page 28
85
-----------------------------,-------------
SMILI2/SM-6
Table 26A.Results of brown bear census on Prairie Creek in 1984.Flights
started at 0800 hrs.and pilot Al Lee flew the plane.Bear IDs are
given in parenthesis.Includes only bears older than 2.0.
Date of flight
Minutes spent on survey
Number of adttIe-unmarked
brown bears seen
Number of marked
bears seell ..(R)
Number of marked bears
present but not seen
Number of marked bears
in the general areas but
outside of search pattern
7/29
82
14
1 (399)
4 (407,282,
394,420)
3 (315,423,
396)
8/1
94
17
2 (399,407)
2 (420.,394)
5 (282,315,423,
396,283)
(95%CI)(95%CI).
M (D of marks present)=5 4
I"""C (0 of bears seen)=15 19
R (D of marks seen)=1 2
(M+l )(C+l)(R+l)=N ..48 (12-180)33 (10-62)
He/R =-75 38
,....
86
-------------------------,-"'-
)1 I j )-1 J )--1 1 J ~J )J
SMIL07
SM-7/page 1
Table 26B.Brown bear census on Prairie Creek,July-August 1985.
Parameter 7/23/85 7/24/85 7/24/85 7/25/85 7n5/85 7/26/85 7/26/85 7/27/85 8/6/85*
PM AM PM AM PM AM PM AM PM
Time Start 1945 0752 1945 0755 2010 0753 2014 0755 1948
Time End 2108 0933 2145 1000 2148 0926 2155 0923 2144
Total minutes searching 83 101 120 125 98 93 101 88 116
(additional minutes spent (27)(37)(5)(21)(17)(24 )(35)(33) (23)
radio tracking).
number of black bears takep 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0
A)Unmarked brown bears (~2.0)4 5 16 16 P 8 17 9 11
spotted during search .
B)Additional unmarked brown bears 3 0 0 0 2 2 3 0 0
(~2.0)spotted in search area
during tracking
C)Total unmarked brown bears (2.0)7 5 16 16 14 10 20 9 11
00 verified as present (~+B)--I
D)No.of cubs w/bears in C (#litters)0 2(1)7(4)6 (3)4(3)2 (2)2(1)0 3 (2)
E)No.of y1gs w/bears in C .(#litters)2 2(2)3(1)4 (3)~(l)0 4(2)3 (2)1(1)
F)Total unmarked bears verified 9 9 26 26 20 12 26 12 15
as percent (C+D+E)
G)IDs of marked bears spotted 282 0 420,398 398,420,420 420 0 398 407,423
(No.'""R")"'1 "'2 396 "'3 =1 "'1 =1 (w/3@1)=5
H)Total no.of bears spotted (F+G '""C")10 9 28 29 2l 13 26 13 20
I)IDs of marked bears that were present 420,398, 420,398,396,282 282 398,396,398,396,398,420 420,396,382,398,397,
in the search area that were not 396"'3 396,282 =4 "'2 =1 282 ;;3 282 =3 282 ;;3 282 =3 427,~82,420,
spotted during the search 396,and 283
(w/2c)==10
J)Total no.of marked bears present
in search area (none of these 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 4 15(5@c)
had cubs or y1gs)(G+l ="M")
K)IDs of marked bears present in 397 383,397 382,397 397 397 397,382?396,397,382
general area but not in search area 382
N=(M+1)(C+l)/(R+1)
~-~38 -rr-35 -3r ------sb
'"~light on 8/6/85 was in a 180 w/3 observers and area was incompletely covered
)1 1 1 )1 )},i )~9 ].j~
SMIL12
SM-1
p.1
Table 27.Results of intensivQ monitoring of brown bear predation rates during spring 1984.Bears were monitored tWice/day from 5/29-6/7 and once/day
from 6/8-7/1,conditions permitting.When two bears were on a kill each was credlted with ba1f of the kill unless the bear that made the
kill was known.
Repro.Obsv.No.of No.of %No.calf No.non-calf No.species No.of Total
Bear ID Sex Age status .period locations visuals visuals moose kUls moose kUls age Wlknown kills suspected known/suspected
~!Hs ungulate kU1s
MALES ~/28-711382M 2 --41 29 71 1 0 2 0 3
.,
282 M 8 --6/1-7/1 2S 20 80 2 9.5*0 4 6.5
les~6/8-6/15
280 M 9 --~/28-6/24 30 24 80 0 Q 0 3 3
less 6/10-22
399 M 10 --5/28-6/24 28 22 79 2 0 0 0 2
279 M 13 --S/26-6/12 24 23 96 0.5 1 0 0 1.5
400 M 21 --5/30-6/29 23 21 91 1 0 0 0 1
00 422 M A --5/28-711 32 25 78 3 0 0 1 400
ALL MALES 203 164 81 9.5 1.5 2 8 21
FEMALES
381 F 5 estrus 5/28-6/30 24 21 88 1 0 1 0 2
less 6/11-6/22
281 F '7 estrus 5/26-7/1 39 26 61 1 0 0 1 2
313 F 13.estrus 5/26-7/1 42 33 79 1.5 1 0 0 8.5
388 F 15 estrus 5/30-7/1 29 23 79 0 0 0 0 0
283 F 16 estrus 5/28-7/1 40 33 83 0 1 0 0 1
425 F A estrus 6/1-7/1 24 18 7S 0 0.5*0 0 0.5
less 6/8-6/15
Misc.marked females w/o offspring
(315,344, 385,394,396)**---l!20 83 0 1 0 1 2-
Subtotals (FF w/o offspring)222 174 78 9.5 3.5 1 2 16
340 F 6 w/2@c 5/28-7/1 41 37 90 1*2 0 0 3
(continued)
])J 1 ~.~)1 1 l 1 1 1 )1 1 .~
SMIL12
SM-l
p.2
Table 27.(cont'd)
Repro.Obsv.No.of No.of %No.calf No.non-calf ~o.specles No.of Total
Bear ID Sex Age status perlod locatlons vlsuals vlsuals moose kllis moose kUls age unknown kllls suspected known/suspected
kills kUls
Mlsc.females wlth cubs
(337,423,335,384)**--36 31 86 0 1 0 0 1
299 F 17 w/3@1 5/28-1/1 38 36 95 2 0 0 0 2
420 F A w/2@1 6/1-7/1 37 33 89 4 0 0 0 1
Subtotal (FF wlth offsprlng)152 137 90 7 ~0 1 U
ALL FEMALES 374 311 83 16.5 6.5 1 3 27
ALL BROWN BEARS (BOTH SEXFS)577 475 82 26 8 3 11 48
SUMMARY
Number of known Number of known or Number of known
Category k{n~100 vlSll~lli;suspected ltUlsllOO v{sualli;-moosecalf klllSllOO vls!l~Js
00
\0 AU males 7.9 12.8 5.8
All females 7.4 8.7 5.3
I Females w/cubs 5.9 5.9 1.5
&
1 Females w/ylgs 8.7 8.7 8.7
Females w/offsprlng 7.3 8.0 5.1
All bears 7.8 10.1 5.5
*Wolves were also seen at thls klll along wlth the brown bear whlch had possesslon of the klil.
**These lndlvlduals were not monltored lntenslvely but were monltored occasslonally during tbls study perlod.
))1 J 1 1 1 )1 1 J ]J )
SMIL12
SM-l
p.3
J
Table 28.Results of intensive monitoring of brown bear predation rates during summer 198••Bears were located once/day from 23 July
through 1 August,conditions permitting.
Repro.No.of No of No.of locations No.~f visuals Total known or sus-
Bear ID Sex Age status locaUons visuals (\)at salmon streams at salmon streams (\)pected kills of ungulates
MALES
282 M 8 -..9 4 9 4 0
382 M 2 -~5 1 0 0 0
280 M 9 >'4 1 0 0 0
399 M 10 ..~9 5 9 5 0
279 M 13 --6 3 6 3 0
400 M 21 "'"':~6 0 0 0 0
422 M A --6 5 0 0 1
\0 342 M 5 --5 1 5 1 0a
Subtotals for males 50 20(40.0\)29 n(U.8\)1
FEMALES
381 F "alone 4 '0 0 0 0"
281 F 7 alone 6 0 0 0 0
313 F 13 alone 6 2 0 0 0
388 F 15 alone 4 1 0 0 0
283 F 16 alone 8 2 1 1 0
425 F A alone 6 2 0 0 0
315 F 6 alone 8 5 8 5 0
394 F 7 alone 8 1 8 1 0
396 F 15 alone 6 2 5 1 0
(continued)
i )i --)1 i )1 1 J ,1 )1 1 }]
SMIL12
SM-l
p.4
Table 28.(cont'd)
Repro.No.of No of No.of locations No.of locations Total known or sus-
Bear 10 Sex Age status locations (\)visuals (\)at salmon streams at salmon streams (~)pected kills of ungulates
407 F 6 a~one 6 5 6 5 0
344 &385 F --al~ne 2 2 0 0 0
340 F 6 w/2@0 6 6 0 0 0
423 F A 2/~@O 9 7 7 5 0
335 F 6 w/2@0 5 3 0 0 0
337 F 10 •wl2@O 2 2 0 0 0
299 F 18 w/3@1 6 6 0 0 0
420 F A w/2@1 9 5 9 5 .0....-
It)Subtotals for females 101 5l(50.5\)44 23(52.3\)0.....
TOTALS FOR ALL BEARS 161 11 (44.1\)73 36(49.3\)1
*Note that if the same ratio of kills to visuals observed in the spring (48:475)-were present in the summer,then 7.2 kills would have
been observed during the 71 visual observations made.Excludinq the observations at salmon streams leaves only 35 visual observations
and 3.5 kills would have been expected with this number of observations usinq the ratio of kills:visual observations observed in the spring.
)))1 )}l 1 1 --···1 J J ))
SMIL07
SM-1a
page 4
1 J
Table 29.Black bears captured in Susitna Dam Studies as of July,1985
Capture
Tattoo Sex Age Wt.Date Serial #Ear Tags Comments
\D
'"
(287)M
(28B)F
289 F
(290)F
(291)M
(296)M
(300)M
(301)F
(302)M
(303)M
(304)M
(305)M
(307)M
310 M
(316)F
317 F
(318)F
(319)M
(320)M
321 F
(322)M
323 M
(324)M
(325)F
(326)F
(327)F
328 F
(303#2)M
329 F
318#2 F
(330)M
(342B)M
343 M
(346)M
302#2 M
(290#2)F
(304#2)M
(325#2)F
(303#2)M
(287#2)M
(348)M
349 F
329#2 F
289#2 F
350 M
351 M
(352)M
(353)M
354 F
355 F
356 M
(357)M
(322#2)M
(358)F
10.5
10.5
9.5
8.5
(3.5)
(10.5)
(7.5)
(7.5)
8.5
(8.5)
10.5
(9.5)
2.5
2.5
(12.5)
7.8
5.8
3.8
(4.8)
10.8
4.8
2.8
(5.8)
11.8
(5.8)
(5.8)
6.8
(8.8)
1.3
6.3
1.3
(5.5)
5.5
(9.5)
9.5
9.8
11.8
12.8
(9.8)
11.8
9.B
4.8
2.3
11.3
1.3
1.3
2.5
1.5
5.5
0.5
0.5
4.5
(6.5)
(2.5)
225*
125*
130*
103
73
227
274
115
287
217
235
217
105
85
150*
133
126
174
200*
175*
154
122
190
164
125
118
150
260
15*
31
165
184
175*
300*
160+*
150*
250*
200*
300*
170*
29
112
14
16
100*
29
150*
4*
4*
113
90*
60*
5/1/80
5/1/80
5/2/80
5/2/80
5/2/80
5/3/80
5/4/80
5/4/80
5/4/80
5/4/80
5/4/80
5/5/80
5/5/80
5/6/80
5/7/80
8/18/80
8/18/80
8/18/80
8/18/80
8/18/80
8/19/80
8/18/80
8/19/80
8/18/80
8/19/80
8/19/80
8/19/BO
8/19/80
3/23/81
3/25/85
3/25/81
5/7/81
5/7/81
5/9/81
5/9/81
8/6/81
8/6/81
8/6/81
8/7/81
8/7/81
8/6/81
8/6/81
4/1/82
4/1/82
4/1/82
4/1/82
5/26/82
5/26/82
5/26/82
5/26/82
5/26/82
5/26/82
5/27/82
5/27/82
1083/1084
1095/1083
1103/1104
1306/1305
1043/1044
1106/1105
(~/1056)
1315/1316
1123/1124
(1122/1121)----
1195/1196
~/1045
1194/1193
1243/1244
1087/1088
120011199
(1252/1251)
mI/1192
1247/1248
1246/1245
1266/1265
same
1276/1275
1206/1205
1214/1213
1226/1184
1257/1105
1306/1279
1286/1316
1191/1192
(1055/1056)
(1083/1084)
1131/1132
1326/1325
same
same
514/513
516/515
517/1600
518/519
520/521
501/1651
1662/525
502/1656
Shot on 9/8/82
w/2 y1gs,turgid,collar shed by 8/27/80
w/2 y1gs,turgid,had 3 cubs in 1981,see 4/82 recapture
w/2 y1gs,turgid,see 8/6/81 recapture
Post-capture mortality
Capture mortality
Post-capture mortality
w/l y1g,turgid,had 2 cubs in 1981,see 3/83 recapture,shot 9/84
collar sbed by 8/4/80,recaptured 5/9/81
shot 9/8/83
collar shed in 1982
Shot by hunter 8/30/80
Shot by hunter on 5/17/81
recaptured 6/85
w/1 newborn &1 y1g shot by hunter 8/28/80
w/2 cubs,see 3/83 recapture
w/l cub,immobU ized in den 3/81,3/83 and 5/85 recaptures,shed 7/83
died summer 1981
shot by hunter 9/9/80
had 2 cubs in 1981,recaptured 5/15/83
w/324,collar shed in 80/81 den,see 5/26/82 recapture,died 1982
see 3/83 recapture
w/322,see 3/83 recapture,shot 9/84
collar shed in 80/81 den,see 8/6/81 recapture
w/2 cubs,shot by hunter 8/28/80
w/2 cubs,immobilized in den 3/81,3/83
collar shed 81/82 den,recaptured 5/16/84
recapture,shot 9/8/83
w/327 and sibling,w/heavy collar,see 4/82 &3/83 recaptures
in den
w/3l8,died summer 1981
cinnamon color,shot on 9/15/81
alone,Devil Mountain,recaptured 5/16/83
alon~,see 3/83 recapture,died 6/84
alone,old collar previously shed
neck infected,collar not replaced
collar replaced,shed 6/82
second collar shed in 81/82 den
collar replaced,shot 9/8/83
collar replaced,shot on 9/8/82
alone,shot on 9/82
alone,see 3/83 recapture,shed 7/83,recaptured 5/16/84
recapture in den,see 3/83 recapture
recapture in den w/350 and 351
capture in den
capture in den,recaptured 6/4/85
capture mortality
capture mortality of B30l's yearling
w/2 cubs,recaptured 5/18/84
w/354,no tattoo
w/354,no tattoo
died winter 82/83
recapture,preVious shed collar,died summer '82
recaptured 5/15/84,died 8/84
lconttnuea on next pagel
-l i
Table 29.(continued)
Capture
»}-l I 1 ])J
SMIL07
SM-la
page 5
1 )
Tattoo Sex Age Wt.Date Serial #EaI"_'La~I;QJ!lIlIents
I.D
W
359 M
(360)M
361 F
362 F
363 F
364 F
(365)M
(366).M
(367)F
(368)F
369 F
370 F
(371)M
372 F
(374)F
375 F
376 F
377 F
378 F
376#2 F
(301#2)F
317#2 F
(318#2)F
323#2 M
(324#2)M
329#3 F
(327#2)F
(346#2)M
(349#2)F
361#2 F
(365#2)M
(379)F
369#2 F
372#2 F
376#3 F
370#2 F
(367#2)F
378#2 F
387 M
321#2 F
343#2 M
401 M
402 F
375#2 F
(374#2)F
010 F
011 F
012 F
377#2 F
404 F
013 F
405 F
014 F
015 F
4.5
7.5
7.5
2.5*
4.5
9.5
5.5
6.5
4.5
3.5
4.5
7.5
2.5
9.5
7.5
9.5
6.5
4.5
6.5
6.7
nO.3)
10.3
8.3
5.3
8.3
3.3
8.3
11.3
6.3
8.3
6.3
9.3
5.3
10.3
6.3
8.3
5.3
7.3
4.5
13.5
7.5
3.5
10.5
10.5
8.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
5.5
11.5
0.5
17.5
0.5
0.5
118
250*
175*
40*
120*
170*
100*
200*
100*
110*
90*
220*
150*
135*
125*
160*
125*
126
175*
160*
135
56
175*
115
225*
96
130
120*
135*
10
180*
6.5
6.0
5/27/82
5/27/82
5/27/82
5/27/82
5/27/82
5/27/82
5/28/82
5/28/82
5/28/82
5/28/82
5/28/82
5/28/82
5/28/82
5/28/82
6/11/82
6/11/82
6/11/82
6/11/82
6/11/82
9/2/82
3/20/83
3/23/83
3/23/83
3/21/83
3/22/83
3/22/83
3/23/83
3/21/83
3/22/83
3/21/83
3/23/83
3/24/83
4/14/83
4/15/83
4/16/83
4/16/83
4/16/83
4/16/83
5/14/83
5/15/83
5/16/83
5/18/83
5/18/83
5/19/83
5/19/83
5/19/83
5/19/83
5/19/83
5/19/83
5/19/83
5/19/83
5/19/83
5/19/83
5/19/83
6298
6338
(6351)
6264
(~)
same
(6416)
12449
(6446)
(6305)
(same)
(6449)
same
same
same
same
(same)
same
6288
15286
15287
15280
3616
same
(same)
15282
15272
6314
512/1655
511/1657
522/1596
503/504
505/1593
521/1591
523/1626
538/1627
ill71s79
527/1578
528/1577
537/1576
(530/1584)
50771630
531/1587
509/1659
510/1628
530/1584
same
1547/1196
same
1696/1650
(1661/1251)
same
same
same
same
same
same
none
same
same
same
same
same
same
2126/2127
same
same
2103/2102
2373/2372
same
(same)
1351/1352
1354/1353
1356/1355
same
2449/2450
2449/2450
2418/2417
1364/1366
1365/1366
recaptured 5/15/84
----,collar shed 6/84
see 3/83 recapture
no tattoo
missing since Sept.'82,recaptured 5/18/84
downstream stUdy,see 3/83 recapture-collar loosened,died 9/83
downstream study,shot on 8/5/82
downstream study,shot,see below -4/16/83 recapture
capture mortality,downstream study
downstream study -age based on '83 tooth,recaptured 4/83,4/84
tag shed 7/84
downstream study
capture mortality,downstream study
downstream study
w/l@l,downstream study,recaptured 5/19/83,shot 9/83,aged +1 ('83)
w/3@1,downstream study,recaptured 5/19/83,age changed (+4)
w/l@l,downstream study,see 9/2/82 recapture
downstream study,recaptured 5/19/83,age changed (-1)
downstream study
recapture,slough 88,snare
w/2@O,recapture in den,collar shed 7/83,shot 9/84
w/2@0,recapture in den
w/2@0,recapture in den,shed 7/83
recapture in den
recapture tn den,shot 9/84
recapture in den,old collar loosened
w/2@0,recapture in den,died summer 1983
recapture in den,died 6/84
w/2@0,recapture in den,shed 7/83
w/4@0,recapture in den,recaptured 4/84,2/85
recapture in den,collar loosened,died 9/83
w/3@0,captured in den #19,died 7/83
collar loosened in den,no cubs,recaptured 4/84
w/3@0,collar loosened in den
w/3@0,collar okay in den
w/2@0,collar loosened in den
collar loosened in den,no cubs,shot July 1983
w/2@0 (not sexed or weighed),collar okay in den
had cubs (n=?),not captured
w/3@1,not captured,Downstream study
w/l@O,not captured,old collar loosened,age changed +4 ('83 tooth)
w/3@0,all captured,old collar loosened,shot 9/83,aged +1
w/374,no tattoo
w/374,no tattoo
w/374,no tattoo
alone,collar replaced,neck infected,age changed - 1 ('83 tooth)
w/l@O,captured,Downstream study,recaptured 3/85
no tattoo,w/404,Downstream study
W/2@O,both captured,Downstream study
w/405,Downstream study,no tattoo
W/405,Downstream stUdy,no tattoo
1,........'r'I .....'r'Ih ....A .....""...._'0'........-'li!I ....b,l
i ...).))I i 1 1 J 1 ).~1 ]i
SMIL07
SM-la
page 6
Table 29.(continued)
Capture
Tattoo Sex Age tit.Date Serial #Ear Tags Comments
406 F 11.5 125*5/19/83 15273 2444/2445 w/2@0,not captured,Downstream study
408 M 3.5 160*5/19/83 15274 2119/2120 alone,Downstream study
409 F 5.5 90*5/19/83 6310 1527/1526 alone,Downstream study
(410)F 7.5 120*5/19/83 (6262)(1536/1537)w/2@0,not captured,Downstream study,shot 7/19/83
411 F 8.5 130*5/19/83 6lO2 154871549 w/2@1,not captured,Downstream study
363#2 F 6.3 --4/6/84 6280 same w/2@0,recaptured in den,replaced collar
M 0.3 6.0 4/6/84 --12/20 w/363 in den,neck =190mm
M 0.3 6.8 4/6/84 ~~11/24 w/363 in den,neck =192mm
361#3 F 9.3 --4/6/84 same w/3@1,recaptured in den,collar good fit,replaced 2/85
412#2 M 1.3 30*4/6/84 --1678/2122 w/361 in den,neck =285mm,25+Ibs
413#2 F 1.3 30*4/6/84 --2476/2428 w/361 in den,neck =286mm,25+Ibs
414#2 F 1.3 19.5 4/6/84 --2439/2432 w/361 in den,neck =263mm
(360#2)M 9.3 -~4/7/84 6307 same recaptured in den,replaced collar,shed 6/84
329#4 F 4.3 75*4/7/84 17919 same recaptured in den #73,alone
289#3 F 13.3 --4/7/84 6291 same w/l@l,recaptured in den,collar replaced,recaptured 3/85
415 F 1.3 23.5 4/7/84 --1582/1590 w/289 in den
369#3 F 6.3 --4/8/84 6282 same w/2@0,recaptured in den,replaced collar,ear tag 1578 found 7/84
M 0.3 4.0 4/8/84 --3/4 w/369 in den
F 0.3 3.8 4/8/84 --22/6 w/369 in den
(358#2)F (4.5)70 5/15/84 (6319)same sex changed,died 8/84
359#2 M 6.5 131 5/15/84 610G same alone,collar replaced
302#3 M 12.5 350*5/15/84 17920 same old collar not working
\0 416 M 9.5 230*5/15/84 6312 2064/2054 (poor tooth age)If:>
349#2 F 7.5 72 5/16/84 6316 1326/1325 old collar previously shed,recaptured 2/85
328#2 F 10.5 110 5/16/84 6451 1246/1245 old collar previously shed
364#2 F 11.5 108 5/18/84 6355 1591/526 old collar not working
354#2 F 7.5 108 5/18/84 6354 1600/517 with cubs
361#4 F 10.3 140*2/25/85 6400 same w/3@2 in den,collar applied loosely
412#3 M 2.3 80*2/25/85 --same w/361 in den,applied green visual dropoff
413#3 F 2.3 65*2/25/85 --same w/36l in den,applied red visual dropoff
414#3 F 2.3 55*2/25/85 --same w/361 in den,applied white visual dropoff
349#3 F 8.3 --2/28/85 same same in den w/at least 2@0,collar loosened 1~
001 M 0.3 1.8 2/28/85 ----w/349,at least one sibling not handled
289#4 F 14.3 --3/1/85 same same w/at least 2@0 in den,cubs not handled
328#3 F 11.3 --3/29/85 same same w/3@0 in den,loosened collar 1~notches,rubbed
002 M 0.3 5.0 3/29/85 ----w/B328 and siblings
003 M 0.3 4.1 3/29/85 ----w/B328 and siblings
004 F 0.3 4.1 3/29/85 ----w/B328 and siblings
404#2 F 13.3 3/30/85 same same w/3@0 in den,collar fine
005 M 0.3 4.1*3/30/85 --~-w/B404 and siblings
006 M 0.3 4.1 *3/30/85 ----w/B404 and siblings
007 F 0.3 3.5*3/30/85 ----w/B404 and siblings
(426)M (3.5)75*'6/1/85 ----capture mortality
428 M 6.5*175*6/1/85 6336 2109/2167 rot-away canvas spacer
430 M A 285*6/2/85 3603 2093/2088 rot-away canvas spacer
431 F A 116 6/2/85 3617 1519/1520
310#2 M 7.5 225*6/2/85 6347 2185/2183 rot-away canvas spacer
432 F A 124 6/2/85 6353 1558/1557 w/y1g.434
434 F 1.5 33 6/2/85 --1552/1572 w/B432
433 M 3.5*68*6/2/85 --1647/2081
435 M A 200*6/2/85 6351 2182/2186
436 M 2.5*40*6/3/85 --·-/2121 w/B364-mother?
438 F A 130*6/3/85 6262 1516/1521 w/B439 &sibling (#444?)
439 M 2.5*40*6/3/85 ~---/--w/B438-injured in left rear leg during darting
441 F A 195 6/4/85 6307 2361/2362
on next oaae)
)}1 I -)--)1 l ))1 B i J )!
SMIL07
SM-la
page 7
Table 29.(continued)
Capture
Tattoo Sex Age Nt.Date u Se~la1 #~r,!,~g;>COlllllents
351#2
444
445
(446)
448
318#4
449
451
M 4.5 UO 6/4/85 --2169/2175 old tags left in too (516/515)
M 3.5*78 6/4/85 --2154/2153 drop-off visual collar
M A ,250*6/4/85 6984 2068/2164 drop-off collar
F A 99 6/5/885 ----/--capture mortality
F A 100 6/5/85 15211 1544/1533 ..._--
F 10.5 --6/5/85 --same w/2@1 (not captured),recapture
M A 165*6/9/85 --1640/2188 alone
F ?'54 6/10/85 --2408/2484 alone
\0
lJ1
'"Weigbt or age estimated,( )sbed or replaced collar or dead bear,#recapture,sUbsequently changed,Last Tattoo used ~425,
last cub =25.'--
I~
SM-l
SMILIO
Page 4
Table 30.Predicted and observed spring 1984 reproductive status of radio-collared female blaCk bears.
Predicted*Observed
IO 1984 aeze 1984 status Comments 1984 status
321 14 cubs lost '83 Utter in May 2 cubs
349 7 cubs apparently lost '83 litter,shed collar
recaptured 5/84 alone
354 7 cubs weaned '83 yearl ings 2 cubs
363 6 cubS alone in '83 2 cubs
369**6 cubs?first 11tter expected in '84 2 cubs (Aug.)
377**6 cubs apparently lost '83 litter,shed collar a1one***
402**11 cubs weaned '83 yearl ings alone
409**6 cubs'apparently alone in '83 NA
411**9:cubs weened '83 yearl ings 2 cubs
289'13 .Lylg cubs in '83 w/l@l
3l7'11 1 ylg cubs In '83 w/l@l
361 9 3 ylgs cubs in '83 w/3@1
375,**11 1-2 y1gs cubs in '83 w/2@1
376>-8 3 ylgs cubs in '83 w/3@1
37EI**8 2 y1gs cubs in '83 w/2@1
404,**12 1-2 ylgs cubs in '83,last seen in July '83 NA
40~i**18 2 y1gs cubs in '83 w/2@l
40Ei**12 2 ylgs cubs in '83 w/2@1
32~1 4 barren?first atter expected in 1985 barren
.....
*****,Ir
See MUler (1984:117)
bear occurs in the downstream study area
heard at least one cub in den on 4/8/84,none seen post-exit
96
8M-I
SMILlO
Page 5
Table 31.Predicted and observed spring 1985 reproductive status of radio-collared female black bears.
1 cub
w/2@2
3 coy
2 cubs
2 cubs
missing
2 cubs
alone?
w/3 @2 in den
alone (?w/l@2?)
NA (sbot)
cubs
cubs
cubs
cubs
cubs
cubs
.cubs
9
12
19
13
7
9
13
289'
4mi**
3715i**
40Eii**
402**
377**
37Si**
364,.
37EI**
317
361
349'
Predicted*Observed
ID 1985 aqe 1985 status Comments 1985 status_,..;;;;;;;..;:::ol_i:---:.=-..:;:,:;;:;=~_==:.::.......:.:;.;::.::...::.=:=::.._
8 cubs cubs expected last year 2 cubs
12 cubs cubs expected last year 2 cubs
14 cubs ylgs last year,bred
12.cubs.ylqs last year,bred
10 cubs 3 ylgs last.year
9 cubs ylgs in last year
rIgs last year
ylgs last year
y Igs last year
status-in '84 unknown -
should have bad ylgs
ylgs last year
y 19s last year
last year's litter possibly
lost in den
329
32l:1
321L
35~1
36~1
369**
409**
5
11
15
a
7
7
7
cubs ?
cubs
1 y1g
1-2 y1gs
2 y1gs
2 11gs
ylgs ?
first litter expected
bred in '84
cubs in '84
2-1 cubs in '84
cubs in '84
cubs in '84
'84 status unJl:nown,
should have had cubs
alone
3 cubs
1 ylg
alone
2 y1gs
1 ylg +
alone
411**10 2 y1qs cubs in '84 2 ylgs
*predicted in January 1985
**bear occurs in tbe downstream study area**'''heard at least one cub in den on 4/8/84,none seen past exit
-
97
,~
SMIL09
SM-1
p.8
Table 32.Summary of black bear litter size data based on observations of
bears with litters of newborn cubs.
MOTHER'S ID (age-year)
B289 (10 in spring '81)
B289 (12 in spring '83)
B301 (8 in spring '81)
B301 (10 in spring '83)
B317 (7 in summer '80)
B317 (10 in '83)
B318 (5 in summer '80)
B31B (8 in '83)
B328 (7 in summer '81)
B326 (5 in summer '80)
B321 (11 in spring '81)
B321 (14 in '84)
B327 (5 in summer '80)
B327 (8 in '83)
B349 (6 in spring '83)
LITTER SIZE
3
2
2
2(in den)
[2 at exit]
2 (summer)
2(in den)
[2 at exit]
1 (summer)
2(den)
[2 at exit]
2 (summer)
2 (summer)
2
2
2 (summer)
2(den)
[2 at exit]
2(den)
[0 at exit?]
COMMENTS
lost 1 in August,2 survived
lost 1 cub in Sept.,other
survived to den exit
both survived to yearling age
survivorship undetermined,
female shed collar
initial capture in summer,both
survived to fall,cubs not seen
with bear at initial capture
lost 1 in June,other survived
to den exit
survived
both lost by 6/6/83 apparently,
shed collar
bred in 1980.Lost 1 by 7/29/81,
shed collar in den (not sure if
survived until exit)
bear shot in 1980,cubs may have
been adopted by B317
no cubs in summer 1980,both
cubs lost by 8/24/81,no litter
in '82,no litter verified in
1983 but may have lost a litter
early in 1983,bred in 1983
lost 1 of 2 by 6/29,other
survived to den entrance
both survived to yearling age
cubs survived into June,female
died in July
first litter,no cubs in summer
'81 or spring '82,cubs apparently
lost in May '83,collar shed in
July -No ylgs on 5/84
,....
I
-
B354 (5 in '82)2 both survived to den entrance,
at least 1 ylg.at exit in '83
(table continued on next page)
98
Table 32.(cont'd)
MOTHER'S ID(age-year)
!"""
B354 (7 in '84)
B361 (8 in '83)
r-B370 (8 in '83)
-~B363 (6 in '84)
B369*(6 in '84)
.-
B372*(10.in '83)
~
B374*(7 in '83)
B375*(6 in '83)
B376*(5 in '83)
B377*(5 in '83)
.-
-
.....
B377 (6 in '84)
B378*(7 in '83)
B379 (9 in '83)
:S404*(11 in '83):
B405*(17 in'83)
B406*(11 in '83)
B409*(7 in '84)
B410*(7 in '83)
B411*(9 in '84)
LITTER SIZE
2
4(in den)
['3 at exit]
2(in den)
[2 at exit]
2 (in den)
[2 at exit]
2 (in den)
[2 at:exit]
3(in den)
[3 at exit]
3
2
3(in den)
[3 at exit]
[1-211]
NOT COUNTED
some (in den)
[0 at exit]
2(den)
[2 at exit]
3(den)
[2 at exit]
1.
2
2
?
2
2
99
SMIL09
SM-l
p.9
COMMENTS
May have lost 1 by den enterence
date •.
lost 1 in den prior to exit.
others survived to den exit in '84
bear missing after 5/23/83.cubs
alive at that time
None lost to den entrance
None lost to den entrance
lost 1 in early July.others
survived to 7/20.female lost
in Sept..'83.
think lost 2 in July.bear shot
in Sept..'83.
both survived to exit in '84.
all survived to exit in '84.
cubs may have been lost prior to
or during capture.cubs not seen
during capture but saw at least
1 cub 9 days earlier on 5/10/83
heard at least 1 cub in den.
none seen at exit.
both survived to '84 den exit.
lost all cubs by 5/23/83,bred
again.died in July
survived thru 7/20/83 at least.
not seen in '84 •
both survived to den exit in '84
both survived to den exit in '84.
not observed in '84.
both survived thru June,bear
shot in July
status at entrance into '84 den.
unk..
Table 32 (cont'd)
Total number----number of
of cubs litters mean litter size (range)
69 32 2.2(1-4)
~
54 25 2.2(1-3)
t""""
60 26 2.3(1-4)-
31 13 2.,4(2-4)
*Downstream-study area
.-
--
.-
-
,-
100
SMIL09
SM-l
p.10
comments (includes)
all cub litters counted
at earliest observation
spring observations only
(w/o den data or summer
litters)
earliest observation
excluding summer litters
observations in dens only
SM-1
SMIL09
Page 11
Table 33.Summary of black bear litter size data based on observ.ations of bears
with litters of yearlings.
--MOTHER'S In (age-year)LITTER SIZE COMMENTS
B289 (9 in 1980)2
B289 (13 in 1984)1
B289 (11 in 1982)2(in den)
B301 (7 in 1980)1
B301 (9 in 1982)2
B317 (8 in 1981)2
-
-
-
-
-
B28a (10 in 1980)
B290 (8 in 1980)
B317 (11 in 1984)
B318 (6 in 1981)
B327 (5 in 1981)
B354 (6 in 1983)
B364 (8 in 1984)
3
2
1
1 (den)
2(den)
1(?)
3
Bred in 1980,y1gs.with female
into August,shed collar in 198Q
weaned by 6/23/80,bred in 1981,
collar removed on 8/5/81 (neck
scarred)
weaned by 5/22/80,bred,3 cubs
in '81
with mom to Sept.,bred in June.
weaned by 6/9/82,bred,had 2
cubs in 1983
weaned by 6/12/80,bred,had 2
cubs in 1981
weaned by 6/17/82,bred,had 3
cubs in 1983
weaned by 6/18/81,bred,1 y1g
returned and was with female
until 9/9/81,no cubs in 1982
weaned in June,bred
y1g (B330)weaned by 5/29/81,
bred,y1g died by 8/24/81 ,no
(reason?)cubs in 1982,bred
again,2 cubs in 1983
y1g B329 and sibling,sibling
weaned by 6/5/81,B329 by 6/21,
bred,no cubs in 1982,bred
again,cubs in 1983
at least 1 ylg exited den
(perhaps both?L weaned by
6/2/83 .
2 weaned early,bred,still with
one in September.
2 weaned after 6/13-
-
B402*(10 in 1983)
B411*(8 in 1983)
3 weaned in early July
(table continued on next page)
101
SM-1
SMIL09
Page 12
-
Table 33.(cont'd)
MOTHER'S ID (age-year)LITTER SIZE COMMENTS
weaned in June
Not seen after June
weaned by September
with mom into August
all litters with
ylgs.counted
comments
with mom to October '84.
weaned 2 in June,1 with mom
in October.
'84 status not verified
2.0(1-3)
mean litter size (range)
B361 (9 in 1984)3
B375*(11 in 1984)2
B376*(8 in-1984)3
B378*(8 in 1984)2
B404*(12 in 1984)[?}
B40S*-(18 in 1984).2
B406*(12 in 1984)2
Total number number of
of ylgs.observed litters
42 21
~I
*Downstream study area
102
:})j l »)1 })J 1 »J j J >j l'
SM-l
SMIL09
Page 23
Table 34.Summary of known losses of black bear cubs-of-the-year.Losses calculated during first season
out of den (in dens or at emergence from dens as cubs to entrance into dens as cube)
Year UI>stre~~~tudLa!"~~~~·__downstream l::l~'!clY!l!"ea Both areas
1980
1981
1982
1983 complete data
no data no data
4 of 9 lost (289,301,321,328)no data 4 of 9 lost
o of 2 lost (354)no data o of 2 lost
8 of 13 lost (289,317,361,349)1 of 12 lost (375,376,377**,9 of 25 lost
378,405,406)
I-'o
\.oJ
1983 incomplete data*
1984 complete data
1984 incomplete data*
TOTALS (all years)
[2 of 2 lost (318]
1 of 4 lost (321,363)
[1 of 2 lost (354)]
13 of 28 =46%lost
[3 of 6 lost (372,374)]
o of 2 lost (369)
[1 of ?lost (377)]
1 of 14 =7%lost
[5 of 8 lost]
1 of 6 lost
[l of 2 lost]
14 of 42 =33%lost
*incomplete data resulted from not observing the family status of the bear before it entered its winter den,
shed collars,collar failures,or early hunter kills.Tabulated losses occurred prior to loss of the
female to these causes.These are not included in totals.
**B377 may have lost 2 of 2 rather than the 1 of 1 tabulated in 1983,the initial litter size was not known with
certainty.
SMILD9
SM-1
page 1
Table 35.Sex ratio and morphometries of black bear cubs-of-yearhandled in the
Susitna Hydro Project.
CUB MOTHER'S DATE
ID ID'HANDLED 'SEX WI (lbs)COMMENTS
"...355 B354 26 May 1982 F ear tags
356 B354 26 May 1982 M ear tags
".,..B301 20.March 1983 (den)F 2.6
I B301 20 March 1983 (den)F 2.5i
B361 21 March 1983 (den)M 3.5
B361 21 March,1983 (den)F 3.8
B361 21 March 1983 (den)F 3.5
B361 21 March 1983 (den)F 2.8
.-.,
B349 22 March 1983 (den)3.5F
B349 22 March 1983 (den)F 3.4
.-B317 23 March 1983 (den)M 4.3 neck=175mm
B317 23 March 1983 (den)M 4.3 neck=180mm
B318 23 March 1983 (den)M 2.8
B318 23 March 1983 (den)F 2.7
B327 ·23 March 1983 (den)M 5.3 neck=190mm
B327 23 March 1983 (den)F 4.5 neck=180mm
B379 24 March 1983 (den)M 2.8
B379 24 March 1983 (den)M 3.3
B379 24 March 1983 (den)M 3.3
B372 15 April 1983 (den)F 3.7
B372 15 April 1983 (den)F 4.1
B372 15 April 1983 (den)M 4.5
B376 16 April 1983 (den)M 6.0 neck=190mm
B376 16 April 1983 (den)F 5.5 neck=190mm
B376 16 April 1983 (den)F 5.8 neck=190mm
~
B370 16 April 1983 (den)F 7.5 neck=200mm
B370 16 April 1983 (den)F 7.0 neck=o190mm
010 B374 19 May 1983 F neck=175mm,ear tags
011 B374 19 May 1983 F neck=200mm,ear tags
012 B374 19 May 1983 F neck=195mm.ear tags
""'"(table continued on next page)
.-
104
rotals:19 males and 25 females,In dens=18 males and 18 females.
*Estimated
105
Table 36.Morphometries of black bear yearlings handled in
Proj ect.
SMIL09
SM-1
page 3
the Susistna Hydro
-
YLG MOTHER'S DATE
In ID HANDLED SEX WT(lbs)COMMENTS
B329 B327 23 March 1981 (den)F 15 (est.)tagged and collared
B330 B318 25 March 1981 (den)M 31 tagged and collared
B350 B289 1 April 1982 (den)M 14 ear tagged
B351 B289 1 April 1982 (den)M 16 ear tagged
B353 B301 26 May 1982 M 29 with mother,capture mortal~ty
B412,B361 6.April 1984 (den)M 30*
B413 15'361 6 April 1984.(den)F 30*
B414 B361 6 April 1984 (den)F 19.5
B415 B289 7 April 1984 (den)F 23.5 Neck=299mm
Totals:5 males and 4 female
.":.
106
-I
SM-l
SMILIO
Page 6
Table 37.SUIlIIIIUY.o£apparent natural mortalities of radio-collared a~lt bears.Susitna Hydro
project.Includes black bears ~1 year of aqe and brown bears >2 year of age.
sex/age (at death),
Bear m reprod.status
!!!ck.bears
8291 Ml3
8300·MI7
8288 F110 with 3c
8319 M/4
8330 Mil
B35>7 M/4
8322 M/6
B32~7 F/8 with 2c
B37'9 F/9 with 3c
B3Ei5 M/6
B34',6 M/l2
~)wn bears
G3~11 FI7
G389 M/2
Coments
Died 2-28 July,1980,2 months after capture,cause of death unknown.
Died 6-14 May,1980,.2-10 days after capture,cause of death unknown
but capture myopathy possible (M99/Rompun used,tmmobil ization and
recovery were apparently no.cna1).
Not sure bear died but suspect that it did and collar was moved away
from·careass by predator.Probably died 22-27 August,1980,6 months
after capture.
Died 29 July-4·August,1981,11 months after capture,cause unknown.
Died 17-24 August,1981,5 months after capture in denwi.th mother and
stbHng,apparently killed and eaten by predator.Radio-collared
female sibling survived (B3291.
Died winter of 1981,6 months after capture,apparently killed by
another bear (species?1 at or near its den and eaten.
Died 24-29 June,1982,4 weeks after recapture (was very skinny and
weighed an est.90 lbsl,cause unknown.
Died 20 June-1 July,1983,4 months after recapture in den,.killed by
predator (probably bear)but not eaten (cub defense?).
Died early July,1983 (?I,3 months after recapture in den,canine
punctures in scapula,in brown bear habitat,lost cubs earlier.
Suspect was killed by brown bear.
Died Oct.1983,9 months after recapture in den.Scavenged (killed?)
by wolves.Guess may have been wOtmded by hunter (no evidence).Good
condition.
Died in May 1984,eaten by unknown predator-suspect a brown bear.
Died 1-31 July,1982,14 months after capture,cause of death unknown,
had no cubs in 1982 but should have (weaned 2@2 in 1981).Bones not
scattered.Weighed 284 lbs.on 5/81 (large).
Died early October,1983.Cause undetermined.
107
SMILlO
,]~able 38.Cont.SM-2
.....1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985
]~stream subtotals
lilaxtmum No.bears
potentially al1.ve
(includes ND)in year
(excludes natural
Rlortal lUes (M:F)24(12:12)24(12:12)30ll3:17)28(11:17)25(8:17)NO
"""'"~ro.known shot (M:F}4 (2:2)2(2:0) 2(2:0)2 (2:0)2(1:1)NO
~IO.additional bears
!!USpected shot (M:P)0 0 0 0 0 NO
~i known or suspected soot 17~8~7~7%8\NO
,~f'oWDstream Study Area
3,43 MIS in 181 A A A A
3,65 MIs 111'82 A Died-P
3:66 M/6 in,182'Sbot-F
367'F/4 in 182 A Sbot-S
369 F/4 in 182 A A A
370 P/7 in '82 A (Shot?)-S
372 F/9 in '82 A (Shot?)-S
374 F/7 in '82 A SOOt-F
375 PIS in '82 A A A
376 F/6 in '82 A A A
377 PIS in '82 A A A
378 P/6 in '82 A A A
4.02 F/10 in '83 A A
404 PIll in '83 A A
405 P/17 in 183 A A
4:06 FIll in '83 A A
4:08 H/3 in '83 A A
409 PIS in '83 A A
410 FI7 in '83 Shot-S
~11 P/8 in '83 A A
DOWDstream.subtotals
!'liax.No.bears potentially
alive (includes ND)in year
(excludes natural mortal ities)
(M:P)1 (1:0)12(3:9)18(2:16)13(2:11)NO
~:o.known shot (M:Fl"0 1 (1:OJ 3(0:3)0 ND
~
Nio.additional bears
!uspected shot (M:F)a a
2 (0:2)0 ND
.!'known or suspected shot 8%28%0 ND
(cont tnued on next page)
109
SMIL10
'l'able 38.Cant.SM-2
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985
~rpstream &'Downstream Areas Combined
'l'otal bears potentially
allive in year (excludes
Illatural mortalities,
t.ncludes NO)(M:F)24112:12)25(13:12)42(16:26)46(13:33)38(10:28)ND
!ro.known shot U!;F)4(2:2)2 (2:0)3 (3:0)5 (2:3)2(1:1)NO-lilo.additional bears
:lUSPected shot (M:F)·0 0 0 2 (0:2)0 NO
~I known or suspected
slhot 17\8\7\15%Sit;NO
~
-
110
i),1 )1 )1 J ))1 J
SMIL07
SM-l
page 29
m_,-,-.':to
J.QUAe oJ;¥.Comparisons of berry abundance
impoundment study area.
AI .....II .......,..L ..
&.1.1 "'B .LC;U./l.::J~...Q
JI_100"1
&.1.8 .&;;70"",,
1aD~
"L;7UoJ,
100.11 to 100t::
.L;;>'U"3 ~.&.;'UJ,(10 plots of one s~uare meter/transect)in U._
l.-UC
...............
Transect 1 Transect 4 Transect 2
Location Between Vee Canyon Confluence of Vee Canyon-
and Oshetna Susitna R.and Deadman Oshetna Ck.
(upstream)(downstream)(upstream)
Elevation 2325 feet 2100 feet 3050 feet
Aspect 218"239"216"
Slope 8"4"5"
Vegetation type NSB NSB B*
Date 8/21/82 8718/83 8723/84 8/30/85 8721782 8718/83 8722/84 8/30/85 8721/82 8118/83 8723/84 8/30/85
Blueberries (Vaccinium u1iginosum)
No.berries 303 238 110 160 32 41 45 34 489 1104 287 333
range (no/plot)1-191 0-120 0-38 6-26 0-8 0-19 1-11 0-11 0-164 '59-202 4-66 0-119
S.D.57 39 11 8 3.2 6.2 3.0 3.7 54.9 53.6 23.3 36.2
%canopy cover:
mean 21.2 24.0 21 60 31 :12.5 30.5 35.0 36.0 41.0 24.5 40.0
range 5-60 10-40 10-40 40-90 15-70 10-60 15-40 20-50 5-80 15-70 5-55 15-70
S.D.15.9 11.3 10.2 19.3 17.9 15.9 8.6 12.5 24.6 19.3 16.9 18.1
Lowbush cranberry (V.vitis-idaea)
No.berries -28 94 109 199 0 127 302 19 45 604 688 908
range 0-15 0-23 0-100 0-58 -0-114 0-283 0-19 0-16 4-109 3-140 6-206
S.D.5.1 9.1 31.3 19.6 -35.6 88.9 --36.7 51.3 67.5
%canopy cover:
mean 3.4 15.1 24.5 26.0 3.9 9.3 10.1 7.0 6.7 36~5 40.5 23.5
range 0-10 1-50 0-55 iO-60 0-15 0-25 0-30 0-30 2-10 15-80 15-85 5-70
S.D.3.5 14.8 16.7 17.6 5.1 11.7 12.2 8.6 3.0 19.6 24.4 23.2
Crowberries (Empetrum nigrum)
No.berries 17 65 0 8 112 614 145 178 200 452 26 672
range/plot 0-10 0-39 - -
0-58 0-261 0-68 0-56 0-50 0..i69 0-14 0-251
S.D.3.1 13.0 --17.9 80.8 21.3 21.8 19.7 52.8 4.5 78.5
%Canopy cover:
mean 2.9 8.0 8.0 3.ti 10.2 18.5 38 51 10.9 18~0 25.0 22.5
range 0-10 0-30 0-30 0-20 0-30 5-35 5-80 20-70 0-50 0-50 0-60 0-60
S.D.3.4 8.9 9.8 .6.3 10.2 11.1 25.5 14.5 14.5 17.5 21.3 21.4
Bearberry (Arctostaph~los uva-ursi)--
No.of berries 2 22 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
range/plot 0-20 0-19 0-6
(continued on next page)
}]
Table 39 icontinued)
)1 »1 J -]1 1 -J 1 J -i 1 )
SMIL07
SM-l
page 30
)
Locatlon
Elevation
Aspect
Slope
veretatlon type
Da e
Transect 3
Middle Deadman-
Watana Camp
(downstream)
2450 feet
201°
7°
B
8721782 8718783 8722784 8730785
Blueberries (Vaccinium uliginosum)
No.berries 77 291 115 281
range (no/plot)0-31 0-119 1-43 2-68
S.D.11.7 39.4 15.2 24.1
%canopy cover:
mean 57.0 44.5 52.0 68
range 15-80 30-70 20-80 50-90
S.D.23.0 15.0 21.4 13.2
I-'Lowbush cranberry (~.vitis-idaea)I-'
'"No.berries 23 102 3S 275
range 0-15 0-33 0-55 0-97
S.D.-11.5 5.5 33.8
%canopy cover:
mean 8.7 20.0 23 15.5
range 0-30 10-60 10-70 10-30
S.D.8.6 15.5 18.0 7.3
Crowberries (Empetrum nigrum)
,
No.berries 1 344 14 10
range/plot -0-128 0':'7
S.D.-40.1
%Canopy cover:
mean 0.4 16.5 9.5 4.0
range 0-2 0""30 0-55 0-20
S.D.-11.1 11.2 6.6
Bearberry (Arctostaphylos uva-urs{)
No.of berries 0 0 0 0
range/plot
*Transect #2 was clearly in a birch shrub type although according to the vegetation map it was in woodland black spruce (WS8).**Not in same place as previous years probably -couldn't find flagging
Berryweights on 8/18/83=
for V.vitis-idaea 130 gms/lODO
for v.uliginosum 304 gms/lOOO
for E.nigrum 260 gms/lOOO
on 8/23/84 =
128 gms71Mo
346 gms/lOOO
217 gms/lOOO
on 8/30/85 ""
DIlIOOO\fr=1399)
253/1000 (N=808)
212/1000 (N=868)
Table 40.Subjective characterization of berry abundance in the upstream study
area since 1980.
~7
Sl+-1
p.37
-
-
-
-
Year
1980
1981
1982
Characterization of
B,erry Abundance Comments
normal No special effort was made to evaluate berry abundance,black
bears were very common in the shrub lands adjacent to forested
habitats and in forested habitats.
vlery poor Extensive unanticipated movements of radio-marked black bears
in late summer provided first clue that something was amiss.
On the ground inspection supported hypothesis that blueberries
were very scarce.Bears were in very poor condition the
following spring in both upstream and downstream area.Three
marked black bears died (Table 34)in 1981 following the
summer berry failure.Bears were common in semi-open shrub~
lands.
slightly subaverage Berry transects supported hypothesis that berries were more
abundant in shrublands than in adjacent forests.Low repro-
ductive success evident in spring 1982 and bears tended to be
very skinny.In summer bears foraged in shrub lands but there
appeared to be many fewer bears in the study area than in
1980.Would have concluded a massive emmigration in 1981
except that the marked bears that moved away had all returned.
Possibly there was an increased mortality rate resulting from
the 1981 berry failure.One marked b~ar died in 1982 compared
to 3 in the previous and following years.Mortality could
have been most marked on subadults,only 2 of these were
radio-marked.
fFlIi8l .
(cont'd on next page)
113
"""
Table 40.(continued)
SMIL07
SM-1
p.38
-
-
Year
1983
1984
1985
Characterization of
Berry Abundance
above average
below average
Comments
Berry transects suggest more berries than in 1982.especially
crowberries and lowbush cranberries.Although not evident in
the transect data it appeared that blueberries were locally
very abundant in forested habitats and bears did not have to.
and didn I t.move into the shrubland habitat types to forage
for berries in late summer.Some black bears expected to
produce their first litters in 1983 failed to do so suggesting
delayed age of first reproduction may have resulted from 1981
berry failure.Appeared to be many fewer bears present than
in 1980.Craig Gardner noted that along the Denali highway
"Berries were very abundant along the Denali Hwy from Paxton
to the McClaren River."
Berry transects support substantially fewer blueberries and
crowberries in upstream areas.about average in downstream
areas.Berries appeared to be very abundant in highly
localized pockets,more patchy than is typically the case.
Black bear movements appeared normal but some brown bears made
atypically large movements in fall 1984.Between Paxton and
the McClaren River.Craig Gardner (pers.comm.)reported
"Berries were less abundant than in 1983 but more abundant
than in 1 98l."
In the vicinity of Watana Camp berries appeared to be slightly
below average in abundance.In more upstream habitat they
appeared to be slightly above average.Saw nowhere where
blueberries were really thick.pretty well dispersed.Along
the DenaliHwy both Craig Gardner and Jack Whitman noted inde-
pendently that berry crops "appeared to be a bust"-very few
were seen.
114
))}))D ))])]-)1 .--I 1 1
SM1L12
SM-3
Table 41.Home range sizes for the Su Hydro downstream black bears.
1982 1983
10 (age in first Observation Period Home Range Observation Pertod Home Range
mESmonit,ored)(No.of Locations)(190')(N()"-.of _Locatlons)(Jan2)Coments
408 (3)------May-Oct (16)227
365 (5)May-Sep (11)656 May-Sep (IS)252 died 9/83
366 (6)Hay-Auq (10)136 shot 9/82
FEMALES
369 (4)May-Sep (18)10 May-Oct (20)26
367 (4)May-Sep 11 7)18 May-Jul (9)4
377 (4)Jun-Sep (15)12 May-Oct (18)25 (w/cubs)*
409 (5)----May-Oct (16)26
....376 (6)Jun-Sep (13)21 May-Oct (21)34(w/3@c)....
(Jr
378 (6)Jun-Sep (14)8 May-Oct (20)1O(w/2@C)
370 (7)May-Sep (18)16 May [4]--(w/cubs)lost 5/83
374 (7)malfunction [3]--May-Sep (16)30(w/3@c)shot 9/83
410 (7)--_.May-Ju1 (9)19(wl2@c)shot 7/83
411 (8)----May-Oct (17)31
372 (9)May-Sep (17)56 May-Aug (13)76 (wl2@c)lost 9/83
375 (9)Jun-Sep (16)17 May-Ju1 (9)4(w12@c)
402 (10)----May-Oct (17)13
404 (11)----May-Oct (16)36(w/1@c)
406 (11)----May-Oct (17)18(w/2@c)
405 (17)----May-Oct (17.)2S(w/2@c)
;:C(all fema1es)=116.0)19.8 (IS.7)25.1
S.D.=--1.9 15.3 4.0 17.3
range =(13-18)8-56 (9-21 )4-76
x(a11 males and fema1es)~14.9 95.0 15.7 50.4
S.D.=2.9 200.9 3.7 73.2
range =110-18)(8-656)(9-21)(4-252)
*litter lost tn May
SMIL12
SM-3/page 7
)1 )]1 1 )~l i ~J J 1
If'''''''hl ....11.")Horne range sizes for Su-Hydro upstre&~study area black bears.(T9"Io ....1 ......:Ie>,......9"Io..:ll ......i..:l...""1"""'1........1-.I;....._........._,..._....1 ........."".............."""'\
oLlI;I.LI"'IOO ......."...&.1_...............,;;,&.&IU&.V&.\.&U.U.L1i;I ""LII..,VoL IIIVoL'!;"''I;.LV~UL.I..V,U:iWl/.
19M 1981 1982 1983
Bear ID Obs.Period Home Range Obs.Period Home Range Obs.]5eriod Home Range Obs.Period Home Range
(age @capture)(No.locations)(km 2 )(No.locations)(km 2 )(No.locations)(km 2 )(No.location)(km 2 )
Males
TIQT1)------May-Oct (14 )10 dead 7/81
323 (2)Aug-Oct (6)20 May-Oct (19)383 May-Oct (20)1126 May-Sep (17)1089(shot 9/83)
358 (2)---------...._-May-Oct (17)11 May-Oct (17)53
319 (3)May-Ju1 (6)67 May-Ju1 (10)43 dead 7/81
401 (3)-------------May-Oct (18)91
291 (4)May-Ju1 (7)20 Dead 7/80
322 (4)Aug-Oct (5)10 Shed 12/80 ---May-Ju1 (7)21 dead 7/82
359 (4)------------May-Oct (18)83 May-Oct (19)154
......357 (4)------------May-Oct (18)11 dead 10/82......m
387 (4),--------------May-Oct (16)164
324 (5)Aug-Oct (6)29 May-Oct (20)248 May-Oct (21)140 May-Oct (17)170
342B(5)------May-Sep (40)611 shot 9/81
343 (5)------May-Oct (16)289 May-Oct (19)370 May-Oct (20)501
302 (8)May-Ju1 (6)4 May-Oct (36)326 (shed)May-Ju1 (11)51 missing
303 (8)May-Oct (15)95 May-Oct (18)93 May-Oct (20)74 May-Aug (11)43(shot 9/83)
305 (9)May-Aug (9)48 shot 8/80
346 (9)------May-Oct (16)62 May-Oct (22)91 May-Oct (16 )119
348 (9)------Aug-Oct (7)389 May-Jun (9)136 shot 9/82
287 (10)May-Oct (17).136*May-Oct (15)268*May-Sep (18)250 shot 9/82
304 (10)May-Sep (15)35*May-Oct (18)41*shed 7/82
x(all males)=(9.2)46.0 (18.3)230.3 (16.7)197.0 (16.8)253.8
S.D.=--42.0 --184.5 --311.0 --343.4
range =(5-17)4-136 (7-40)10-611 (9-22)11-1126 (11-20)43-1089
(Continued on next pagel
J 1
SMIL12
SM-3/page 8
]J 1 ))-l -1 1 )1
Table 42.{,......n+in11on\
,............"'-L&....._~'
1980 1981 1982 1983
Bear ID Obs.Period Home Range Obs.Period Home Range Obs.Period Home Range Obs.Period Home Range
(a;@ capture)(No.locations)(km 2 )(No.locations)(km 2 )(No.locations)(km 2 )(No.locations)(km 2 )
FE LES
329 (l)------May-Oct (19)15 May-Oct (19)9 May-Oct (18)24
363 (3)------------May-Oct (18)20 May-Oct (18 )21
349 (4)------Aug-Oct (6)36 May-Oct (20)47 May-Jul (8)16 (shed)
318 (5)Aug-Oct (6)25(w/l@c)May-Oct (20)1036 May-Oct (20)472 May-Jul(7)4 (shed)
327 (5)Aug-Oct (6)3 (w/2@c)May-Oct (35)31 May-Oct (19)34 May.,Jul (9)6 (dead)
354 (5)------------May-Oct (19)65(w/2@c)May-Oct (17)62
328 (6)Aug-Oct (6)4 May-Oct (19)28(w/2@c)shed 12/81
301 (7)May-Oct (20)18 May-Oct (15)13(w/2@c)May-Oct (18)18 May-Jul (9)(w/2@c)(shed)
I-'
I-'317 (7)Aug-Oct (6)4 (w/2@c)May-Oct (19)14 May-Oct (18)44 May-Oct (19)17(w!l@c)--.J
360 (7)------------May-Oct (20)145 May-Oct (19)299
361 (7)------ ------May-Oct (18)88 May-Oct (16)60(w/3@c)
290 (8)May-Oct (18)45 May-Aug (15)116 collar removed
289 (9)May-Oct (14)43 May-Oct (20)26(w/3@c)May-Oct (20)29 May-Oct (17)19(w/2@c)
364 (9)------------May-Sep (16)122 lost 9/82
379 (9)-----------------May-Jul (8)29(w/2@c)(dead)
288 (10)May-Aug (16)7 shed 8/80
321 (10)Aug-Oct (6)3 May-Oct (14)771 (w/2@c)May-Oct (20)14**May-Oct (18)29
325(11)Aug-Oct (6)8 ~-Oct (9)136 shed 12/81 &12/80 ---
x(all Females)=(10.4)16 (16.7)200 (l8.9)85.2 (14.1)45.2
S.D.=---16 ---355 ---123.7 ---78.5
Range=(6-20)3-45 (6-34)12-1036 (16-20)9-472 (7-19)4-299
x(all Males &Females)=(9.8)31 (17.9)216.7 (17.8)133.9 (15.2)130.5
S.D.=---35 ---273 --236.3 --243.8
Range=(5-20)3-136 (6-40)10-1036 (9-22)9-1126 (7-20)4-1089
*Excludes atypical location of 80/81 den
**Cubs lost in Aug.
1 )j t 1 i J J J )·····1 )-)D -,1
SMIL07
Table 43.Number of Susitna River crossings by radio-marked black bears,1980-1983.SM-l
Yr.initial t~o rtver cr-s....JJ ........rohu .......~..""ft~m ....Q::a.rc•...u ~...u~...Ul ut=""'..............u ........_......
Bear 10 capture (age)1980 1981 1 82 1983 1984 Comments
Males (upstream)
416 1984 (A)----1 active
330 1981(1)-0 ---318's cub,died fall '81
323 1980(2)2 4 2 3 --dead (in hunter's cabin)
358 1982(2)--0 2 0 natural mortality 7/84
319 1980(3)4 3 ---dead,9/81
401 1983(3)---2 8 active
291 1980(4)0 ----dead 8/80
322 1980(4)0 -1 --dead 6/82,(shed collar '81,recap '82)
320 1980(4)1 -- -
-shot (hunter)9/80
.....dead 3/83.....357 1982(4)--4 --00
359 1982(4)- -
0 0 8 .active
387 1983(4)---0 0 active
324 1980(5)0 4 4 4 0 shot (hunter)9/84
342B 1981(5)-0 ---shot (hunter)9/81
343 1981(5)-3 3 2 4 active
300 1980(7)--- --dead 5/80
360 1982 (7)- -
2 4 0 shed collar 4/84
302 1980(8)0 12 2 -2 collar shed '80.recaptured but
radio failure in 1982
303 1980(8)2 0 0 0 -shot (hunter)9/83
305 1980 (9)2 ----shot (hunter)8/80
346 1981(9)-2 4 8 0 natural mortality 5/84
348 1981(9)-2 1 --shot (hunter)9/82
287 1980(10)0 2 2 --shot (hunter)9/82
304 1980(10)0 0 1 --shed collar 5/82
Total males 11 32 26 25 23
(upstream)
-)J !J }-1 i 1 )J -l )-1
SMIL01
Table 43.(continued)SM-1
Yr.Initial No.RIver Crossings by upstream bears
Bear 10 capture (~ge)1980 _1981 1982 1983 1984 Comments
Females (upstream)
329 1981(1)-2 2 5 10 321's cub
349 1981(4)-0 0 0 0 shed collar 1/83
363 1982(4)--0 0 .0*2 active
319 1983(4)-- -
0 -dead;possIbly kIlled by other bears
318 1980(5)0*1 0 0 0 -shed collar
326 1980(5)0 ----shot
321 1980(5)1*2 8y1 1 1*2 -dead 1/83
354 1982(5)- -0*2 0 0*2 active
.....328 1980(6)-0*2 0 -0 shed collar 1982,actIve.....
I.()
364 1982(6)--1 -6y1 missIng **9/82
301 1980(1)2 0112 0 --shed collar 8/83
311 1980(1)0*2 °y1 0 0*1 °y1 active
361 1982(1)--2 0*3 °y3 active
290 1980(8)4*1 0 - - -
not reco11ared (infected neck)
289 1980(9)4 0*3 °y1 1*2 5y1 active
288 1980(10)0*3 - ---shed collar 9/80
321 1980(10)0 2*2 0 0 0*1 active
325 1980(11)0 2 ---shed collar 1981,1982
316 1980111 )0 2 ---shed collar 1981,1982
Total females 11 14 18 1 21
(upstream)
Total both sexes 22 46 44 32 44
(upstream)
(continued)
I
)J )J )))1 j }1
Table 43.(continued)
Bear 10
Males
(downstream)
Yr.Initial
capture (age)
No.of ~iver Crossings by downstream Bears
D82 "83 UM Comments
SMIL07
SM-1
I-'
lUo
408
365
366
Total Males
Females
(downstream)
369
367
377
409
376
378
410
374
370
411
375
372
402
404
406
405
Total females
(downstream)
Total both sexes
(downstream)
1983(3)
1982(5)
1982(6)
1982 (3)
1982(4)
1~82(4)
1983(5)
1982(6)
1982(6)
1983(7)
1982\7)
1982(7)
1983(8)
1982(9)
1982(9)
1983 (IO)
1983(11)
1983(11)
1983 (I7)
o
1
1
o
o
2
2y1
o
o
o
5
o
9
10
o
o
o
o
o
3
o
4*3
0*1
o
°*3
0*2
2Y2
4*1
0*2
2y3
2*1
0*2
17
17
2
2
0*2
3
o
2y3
°y2
2*2
3Y2
2
:2
°y2
0•..,.,-u
14
16
active
dead 9/83
shot 8/82
active
shot (IIDLpll)
active
active
active
active
shot ("DLP"7/83)
shot 9/83
missing**
active
active
missing**
active
active
missing 10/8.
active
WX possible unreported hunter kill,collar fallure~or emigration.
Reprod.status:*=cub of year y =yr1q.
1 j }__J _.j )Ji 1 1 ))
SMIL03
SM-4
Table 44.Scat analyses of brown bear and black bear scats collected 1n the Su-Hydro study area,1984.(Analyses done by Paul Smith,ADF&G,
Soldotna).Values are \volume (T=trace,2=6-25\,3=26-50%,4=51-15\,5=16-100\).
Date species of Sample
Collected bear Place No.Comments 1 2 .3 4 5 6 9 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Summer -Fall -Sloughs
8/3/84 ?upstm 6 1100·e1ev.2 2 T 4
8/5/84 ?upstm 19 Watana Camp 2 2 3 T 3
8/5/84 ?upstm 4 Watana Camp T 2 T 5
8/15/84 ?dstm 55 Lane Ck.4 2 2
8/15/84 ?dstm 60 Slough 8B 3 3 2
8/15/84 ?dstm 64 Portage CIt.S.5 T
8/15/84 ?dstm 65 McKensie Ck.5
5/15/84 ?dstm 66 Lane CIt.5 T
8/16/84 ?dstm 28 Slough 28 5 T T
8/16/84 ?dstm 29 Slough 8A 4 T 2
8/16/84 ?dstm 30 Slough A 4 2 2
8/16/84 BKB dstm 31 Slough 9 3 T 3 2
8/16/84 ?dstm 32 Slough A 3 T 3 T
8/16/84 ?dstm 33 Slough A 3 3 2
8/16/84 ?dstm 34 Slough 11 3 T T T 3 T
I-'8/16/84 ?dstm 35 Slough 8A 3 3
IV 8/16/84 ?dstm 36 Slough 9A 5 T TI-'8/16/84 ?dstm 31 Slough 11 4 T 2 2
8/16/84 ?dstm 38 Slough 11 4 2 2
8/16/84 ?dstm 39 Slough 9A T 5 T
8/16/84 ?dstm 40 Slough 21 2 2 2 T 2 2
8/16/84 ?dstm 41 Slough 21 2 2 T 2 2
8/16/84 ?dstm 42 ~lough 21 3 :1
8/16/84 ?dstm 43 Slough 21 2 3 2 T
8/16/84 ?dstm 44 Slough 21 5 T
8/16/84 ?dstm 45 4th JUly CIt.4 3 T
8/16/84 ?dstm 46 Slough 8A 4 T 2
8/16/84 ?dstm 41 Slough 11 2 5
8/16/84 ?dstm 48 Slough 8A T T 3 T
8/16/84 ?dstm 49 Slough ~A 3 3
8/16/84 ?dstm 50 Riverbank 3 3
8/16/84 ?dstm 51 Slough 8A T 3
8/16/84 ?dstm 52 Slough 8A 5 T 2
8/16/84 ?dstm 53 Slough 8A T 4 T 2
8/16/84 ?dstm 54 5th July Ck.5
8/16/84 ?dstm 56 5th July Ck.T 2 3 3,.
8/16/84 .?dstm 51 5th July Ck.3 2 2
8/16/84 ?dstm 58 5th July Ck.2 4
8/16/84 ?dstm 62 Slough 9 2 3 2
8/16/84 BKB dstm 61 Slough 8A 2 2 3 T
8/16/84 ?dstm 59 Slough A 5 T T
8/16/84 ?dstm 63 Slough 9 5
8/23/84 ?upstm 15 E.Fk.Watana 2 T 3 3
8/23/84 ?upstm 16 E.Fk.Watana 3 T 3 T 3
.-.._--_.(continued on next page)
]i 1 J J _l'1 J J 1 1 1 1 j i
SMIL03
5M-4
Table 44 (cont'd)
Species of SampleDate
Collected bear Place No.Comments 1 2 3 4 5 6 9 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
SPRING SAMPLES ----
5/15/84 BRB 299 upstm 7 Sus Una 2 4 T
5/15/84 BRB4lS upstm 5 ylg w/299 5 T
5/15/84 BRB 417 upstm 11 y1g w/299 T 3 3 T
5/15/84 BRB 419 upstm 12 ylg w/299 5 T T
5/15/84 BRB 399 upstm 14 Susttna T 3 4
5/16/84 BRB 312 upstm 8 Stomach T T 5
5/16/84 BKB 349 upstm 1.Anal plug
5/18/84 BRB 422 upstm 9 On old moose
kill 2 2 4 T
5/27/84 BRB upstm 10 On calf ktll T 2 5 T
5/27/84 BRB upstm 21 On calf kill 2 2 3 T
5/29/84 BRB cub upstm 3 Abandoned cub 3 2 T T 2
5/30/84 BRB upstm 17 On calf ktll 2 5 T
5/31/84 BRB upstm 2 On calf kill 4 T 2 T
I-'5/31/84 BRB upstm 13 On calf kill 5 2 T T
~5/31/84 BRB upstm 18 On calf ktll 2 2 :2 3 3 T~
6/20/84 BKB upstm 20 den of B401 3 3 2 T T
1.E~isetum spp.(horsetail)
8.Lchens
9.Grasses or sedges
19.Clover (Trifolium spp.)
Berries
2.
4.
5.
6.
7.
18.
17.
Animal Matter
il.Hoose
12.Hare or ground squirrel,misc.
13.Feathers
14.Fish
15.Insects
16.Other Misc.
SMIL12
SM-3
Table 45.Salmon abundance in downstream sloughs and streams,1981-1984.
RIVER MILE
No.Adult Salmon Enumerated*
1981 (N**)1982 (N**)1983 (N**,1984mb ,
r'·"·Slough 21
Slough 11
Slough SA
Slough 20
Slouqh 9A
Moose Slough
Slough 88
Slough 8C
Slough 17
Slough 15
Slough B
Slough 9
Slough 6A
Sloughs A &A'
Slough 8
Slough 98
Slough 19
Slough 22
Mainstream
Zone 3
141.0
135.3
125.1
140.0
133.3
123.5
122.2
121.9
138.9
137.2
126.3
128.3
112.3
124.7
113.7
129.2
139.7
144.5
135.2
747 (5)
5483 (9)
1283 (5)
27 (2)
484 (6)·
555 (5)
1 (1)
(0)
169 (7)
1 (1)
NA
380 (5)
27 (3)
437 (10)
858 (5)
678 (7)
84 (6)
NA
NA
2424 (9)
4806 (11)
1804 (10)
220 (7)
146 (.3)
115 (7)
190 (6)
105 (3)
29 (4)
178 (3)
2:25 (6)
Sill (6)
101 (4)
(0)
(0)
(0)
(0)
NA
NA
1904 (13)
5067 (23)
843 (20)
201 (20)
217 (3)
392 (15)
240 (6)
{OJ
182 (8)
20 (5)
9 (1)
1081 (9)
2 (1)
528 (16)
(0)
(0)
18 (6)
274 (4)
252 (2)
7197 (9)
9749 (8)
3054 (8)
695 (4)
574 (5)
405 (5)
1749 (8)
416 (5)
240 (4)
611 (1)
196 (5)
499 (3)
3 (1)
338 (5)
193 (6)
181 (3)
147 (7)
199 (3)
No data
2837 (9)
6160 (7)
10 (2)384 (7)
118 (9)
636 (9)
2508 (11)
28~12 (11)
1107 (9)NA
113.6
131.0
117.7
Lane Ck
4th of July Ck.
Little Portage
ek.
Slough 2 100.2 44 (5)0 103 (4)287 (9)
Indian R,-riv::::e::':r:;*~**v---""I"!1'38!l".'""l6~----"'211"'31"1l\21"""T"(7""j~--""l"'6"ll7('I"13r-'1"{""12~j~--7§'I'I'5l!"18'l'"''''(''''16l'''')r---lI'''l41''1'l8'1'1'98l'1'"'"'l(r'I'l9~)
569 (7)
247 (6)
Lower McKenzie
ek.
116.2 97 (6)~192 (6)46 (6)1067 (7)
5th of July Ck.
Skull ek.
Portage Ck.
123.7
124.7
148.9
2 (1)
24 (3)
22 (1)
224 (4)
36 (4)
2238 (7)
24 (4)834 (5)
1 (1)216 (3)
4651 (13)15319 (19)
(continued on nE!xt page)
""'"I
"""
123
-
SMIL12
SM-3
Table 45.(cont'd)
No.Adult Salmon Enumerated*
AREA RIVER MILE 1981tN**)1982 (N**)1983 (N**j 1984IN**l
Gash Ck.111.6 258 (2]163 (3)3.5 (2)711 (7)
Slash ek.111.2 NA 6 (1)2 (1)8 (2)
Whiskers Ck.101.4 212 (7)626 (S)273 (9)899 (11)
Jack Long ek.144.5 1 (1)54 (7)19 {5)27 (3)
Deadhorse Ck 120.9'0 NA NA 378 (2)
Upper McKenzie 116.7 0 24 (2)(0)23 (3)
Ck.
Chase Ck.106.9 328 (8)332 (8)26 (5)1523 (9)
Gold ek..136.7 0 37 (3)51 (3)83 (1)
Sherman Ck.130.8 32 (4)40 (4)(0)126 (3)
*These data sum all live and dead fish (Chinook,Soc:keye,Pink,Chum,and Coho Salmon)
recorded by Su-Hydro AA personnel (ADF&G)during stream surveys.Different areas
were surveyed from 1 to 11 times during the yell~which contributes to variation
observed between areas ana between years in this de~ta,survey conditions also varied.
Note that the same fish would likely be recorded nll~rous times in replicate surveys.
**N is the nUlllber of surveys conducted where salmon were enumerated,surveys where no
salmon were seen are not counted.
***The portion of the Indian River evaluated by Fishlaries personnelvariea in 15181 and
1982.Most fish were fauna in 1982 in a tributaJl"Y about 1,mile up from the mouth
(Crowe,per.commun.)during our investigation of t;he Indian River we did not observe
this location.
-124
J 1 ]J I I 1 j m J 1
SMIL07
SM-1
page 9
Table 46.Characteristics of black bear dens in the Susitna study area during winters of 1980/1981, 1981/1982,1982/1983,1983/84,1984/85.
Den
No.
Bear Age at
ID No.Exit
E1eva-%Canopy
tion Slope Aspect ****Tree
(feet)(DE!gI:'i!~::iljTrtl~e N~geti;ltion Coverage
ENTRANCE
Ht.Width
(em.)(em.)
CHAMBER
~-Wldth Ht.
(em.)(em.)(em.)
Total Previously
Length Used?
(em)(Yes/No)A B C
NATURAL CAVITIES
FEMALES w/offspring (at exit)
w/2 cubs 8 B321 11
w/2@0###158***B289
w/1@1
172*B321
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
2
2
4
2
3
3
1
3
4
2
4
2
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes?
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes?
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
229
212
390
480
327
117
610
180
328
1220
76
74
58
71
66
44
36
58
69
64
73
54
82
40
54
91
99
68
111
84
132
249
179
219
137
327
172
127
32
54
50
81
34
32
39
41
48 1220
42
26
93
33
57
79
41
38
40
22
55
41
49
43
64
o
o
o
o
o
15
10
50
30
85
90
60
Alder
Alder
Spruce/D.Birch/Grass 10
Aspen/Willow/Alder 55
Alder
Alder/Birch/Spruce
Alder/Willow
Alder/Grass
Shrub /Tundr a
Alder/Birch
Alder/Birch
Alder/Birch
Shrub/Tundra
92
276
96
106
158
307
345
158
241
214**Alder/Birch/Moss
177
295
137
135
57
27
26
58
38
40
22
42
40
49
47
42
47
64
2845
1490
2095
2825
1950
2075
2070
875
1825
1775
2650
1875
1960
3000
3140
7
7
5
7
8
8
6
13
9
7
8
15
11
10
B328
B354
B289
B363
B328
B411
B354
B328
19
32
73###B327
88###B375
92###B374
93sp.B374
113
184
169
180
12,9
168w/2@1
w/2@1
w/1@1
2/3@0
w/2@1
w/1@1
w/2@0
w/1@0
w/3@0
w/3@0
w/2 cubs
I-'w/2@0
""Ln
i'
FEMALES w/o offspring (at exit)
85*B377 6 2270
33
?collar
shed in den 6
115
B318
B325
B348
7
12
4
1890
1490
3125
47
41
30
38
15
249
66
77
Alder/Grass
Birch
Birch/Alder/Spruce
Shrub
10
o
50
20
51
49
106
43
27
33
69
100
146
76
74
73
62
55
80
654
113
475
Yes
Yes
Yes
3
2
2
No
No
191*B375 Alder 0
75**433144
185
B376
B405
7
19
12
2075
1985
1700
23
18
45
73
353
6
Alder/Grass
Alder
30
o
53
38
43
58
189
232
96
103 61 336
Yes
Yes
3
3
No
{eontinued<m-riext pagel
1 ..~J J 1 .~1 1 1 1
SMIL07
SM-l
page 10
Table 46.(continued)
Eleva-%Canopy
Den Bear Age at tion Slope Aspect***Tree
!'l0.ID No •...Exit (feet)(Degrees){'!'!"ue_Nl Vegetation C(),,~rage
ENTRANCE
Ht.Width
(cm.)<em.)
CHAMBER
Ln.wtdt~.
(cm.)(cm.)(cm.)
Total Previously
Length Used?
(cm)(Yes/No)A B C
MALES
7#B287 11 1700 46 58 Cottonwood/Wi 1 low/
Birch
50 62 44 122 89 42 Yes 2 No
13*B304*11
18*B322*5
###49***B323
9###B324
10#B303
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
4
5
3
2
3
3
1
?*
?*
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
280
488
465
318
869
71
48
71
91
45
97
94
70
82
64
63
185211
108
134
137
48
53
36
34
38
30
86
38
51
76
81
46
38
93
o
o
o
40
o
40
80
40
Alder
Willow/Alder/Aspen
Rock pile/Tundra
Alder/rock slide
Alders
Birch/Spruce
Birch/Spruce
Alder/Birch/Spruce
Spruce/Birch
Spruce/Birch
41
46
86
92
296
124
56
288
300
336
53
48
30
42
50
24
41
30
60
2150
2200
1900
2240
1700
1690
4340
1840
1950
23705
7
4
4
8
6
8
11
B323
B346
B401
B343
B360
51
66
96
95
157
I-'
'"CI'l
98 B359 5 1875 30 306 Birch/Spruce 55 58 39 216 89 5!272 Yes 3 Yes
100
156
B358
B408
3
4
3450 30 171 Alder/Tundra o 20 53 No 5 No
89 1068**YesUNKNOWNSEX
167
173
72
B387
B359
6
7
3500
2435
2370
39
43
30
205
84
56
Alpine tundra
Birch
Spruce/Birch
o
60
o
40
52
41
56
49
23
145
143
106
69
58
74
74
421
283
Yes?
Yes
3
4
3
No
No
No
HOLLOW TREES
FEMALES (status at exit)
w/?@O 146 B377 flat Cottonwood/Alder/Fern 90
w/2@1 154*B378
6
8
650
2200
o
106 Cottonwood/Alder/Birch -
36 89 Yes
Unk.
3
w/o 145 B402 11 625 o flat Cottonwood/Alder/Fern 100 63 27 80 102 Yes 2
(continued on next page)
D 1 B }])1 1 j 1 )1 )]1
SMIL07
SM-l
page 11
Table 46.(continued)
Den
No.
Bear Age at
ID No.Exit
Eleva-%Canopy
tion Slope Aspect***Tree
(feet)(Degr~~s)(True N)Vegetation Coverage
ENTRANCE
Ht.Width
(em.)(em.)
CHAMBER
L~Wfdth RE.
(em.) (em.)(em.)
Total Previously
Length Used?
(em)(Yes/No)A B C
DUG DENS
FEMALES w/offspring (at exit)
w/2 cubs 2 B301 8
74*B349
4#B289
68*B318
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
4
3
2
3
2
5
2
2
4
3
3
4
3
3
3
1
?
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
145
170
119
193
198
188
173
173
51
188
124
185
366
151
290
128
55
72
71
58
76
74
72
43
78
40
51
41
60
98
116
92
84
122
136
127
93
203
107
130
206
147
91
160
119
114
76
76
95
97
93
142
142
119
163
114
117
84
58
79
38
43
43
59
56
72
41
42
69
74
69
43
66
38
24
27
22
28
49
39
27
30
36
30
38
46
43
o
o
o
70
70
80
20
20
40
90
90
90
90
70
90
Alder/Birch
Alder/Willow/Spruce
Birch
Alder
Alder/Birch
Cottonwood/Spruce
Alder/Spruce
Alder/Birch/Spruce
Alder/Fern
Alder/Birch
Alder/Spruce
Alder
Alder/Birch
Alder
Dwarf Birch/Moss/
Tundra
Alder/Birch
10
18
79
99
133
334
161
238
115
248
276
100
267
298
186
39
38
21
17
34
24
18
35
24
24
31
34
35
43
36
32
26
2275
1820
2000
1825
2000
2050
2725
1750
2300
1960
2400
3250
2065
1225
1425
1975
4
6
8
8
6
6
9
8
10
10
10
12
10B317
B30l
B301
B361
B372
B378
B376
B289
B370
50
21##B327
70
75
83
84
11 B317
12 B318
81
69
90
91
w/3 cubs
w/2 ylgs
w/l ylg
w/2 y1gs
w/2 ylgs
w/2@0
w/2@0
I-'
~
-..I w/2@0
.w/2@0
w/4@0
w/2@0
w/2@0
w/3@0
w/2@0
w/3@0
FEMALES w/offspring (at exit)
w/2 @l 97*B354 6 2375 24 267 Willows/Alder o 33 38 No
138*B321
Alder/Birch/Sprllce 95 36 59 190 J~7__66 190 No
D.Birch/Willow/Spruce 25
Unk.
No
Yes
No
2
4
5
4
3No
Yes
206
208
60
80
110
125
50**232**Unk.
123
150
45
51
39
41
25
40
90
Alder/Birch
Willow/Spruce/Alder
Spruce/Birch/Aspen
10
78
87
124
5
24
13
9
1550
2375
1950
2225
1300
6
9
6
18
14
B363
B405
B369
B361
114
127
141
143
w/2@0
w/3@1
w/?@O
w/2@0
w/2@1
(continued on next page)
1 )1 ...}---J )1 1 1 .~I )]j 1
SMIL07
SM-1
page 12
Table 46.(continued)
E1eva-%Canopy
Den Bear Age at tion Slope Aspeet***Tree
No.ID No.Edt (feet)JDegrees)('!'rue NL Vegetation.f.overage
ENTRANCE
Ht.·width
(em.)(cm.)
CHAMBER
Ln.----m:atn--Ht.
(cm.) (cm.)(em.)
Total Previously
Length Used?
(em)(Yes/No)A B c
FEMALES w/offspring (at exit)(continued)
w/3@2 160*B361 7 2440 26
w/1@2?
w/2@0
w/3@0
w/2@0
w/2@0
w/2@1
w/2@0
174 B364
181 B317
186 B404
187 B402
188*B377
198*8369
203*B289
12
12
13
12
7
7
14
2145
2055
1975
1910
1500
1100
1600
22
32
26
21
35
218
214
175
45
21
286
Alder
Spruce-Birch
Alder-Birch
Alder-Spruce
Alder
Alder
Alder-Birch
Spruce
o
40
20
10
o
o
33
50
27
38
39
59
67
63
110
152
193
130
113
133
91
98
73
78
72
54
183
152
193
134
No?
No?
No
Yes
No?
1
2
3
3
3
No
No
Yes
FEMALES w/o offspring (at exit)
~34 B321 12
00
43
55
58
67
80
82
B317
B349
B327
8369
8329
8367
9
5
7
5
3
5
2125
2250
2650
1675
1410
1725
1960
22
8
21
26
21
31
30
72
41
95
209
326
276
211
Alder
Dwarf Birch
Alder/Spruce
Birch/Alder
Grass/Alder/Spruce
Alder
Alder/Fern
10
o
10
70
25
90
80
29
32
39
35
36
24
36
43
36
54
49
51
43
38
99
92
56
86
102
102
118
89
92
73
91
84
130
79
63
55
61
71
53
81
193
150
124
160
104
165
152
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
2
2
3
3
5
4
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
99*B363 112**53**94**No
142 8411
5
9
2775
1475
21
7
65
353
Alder
Alder/Birch/Spruce
90
100
30
34
74
57 139 117 57 220 Yes
3
3
No
###20***8323*80 166
MALES
35 B304
3
12
1950
1650
71
36
64
327
Alder/Birch/Spruce
Birch 25 53
25
147
217
100
76
173
36 454
660
Yes
Yes
3
2 No
Yes
38*8343
116*B387
40
20
No
Yes
?
4
1
2
No
Yes
Yes
No
530
188
183
101138
172
94
11691
63
62
40
57
35
55
60Birch/Alder/Spruce
Birch/Spruce
Spruce/Birch
Alder/8ireh/Spruce
Alder/D.Birch 80
201
128
124
359
10**
43
41
25
39
900**
1375
2025
1200
3375
6
5
6
10
10
8348
8302
B36571
57
39
fCOnt inuedon nexr-page)
))-j ]1 J ;J l )-1 ))1 ]]}
SMIL07
SM-l
page 13
Table 46.(continued)
Eleva-%Canopy ENTRANCE CHAMBER Total Previously
Den Bear Age at Hon Slope Aspect***'free Ht.width ¥h ....L::t:ttL T ___.L'L r1"__Ar:l
Loll."LULU nLA LJt::=U':jLU uo,=u.
No.ID No.Exit (feet)(Degrees)(True N)Vegetation Coverage (em.)(em.)(cm.)(em.)(em.)(cm)(Yes/No)A B C
MALES (continued)
126*B359 6 2375 0 257 Spruce/D.Birch 50 -----354**No 2 -No
128 B360 9 2150 14 127 Alder/Spruce 110 54 57 90 160 84 146 No 3 -Yes
159 .B302 13 2030 29 282 Alder 0 47 77 142 111 64 200 Yes 2 -Yes
202*B416 10 1700 ------- - ----No
SPECIES UNKNOWN
3 - -
2340 35 170 Dwarf birch 0 50 54 ---170 No --No
UNKNOWN CAVITY TYPE
MALES
40 B324 7 1400**------- - - --- -
?
51###B346 10 2370**30 56**Spruce/Birch 0 38 53 - -
48 -Yes --No
62 B319 4 1600**60**34**Spruce/Alder
t;FEMALES
\0 65*B329 1 1900**45**304**----- - -
-Yes
63*B290 9 1850**15**349**------------No
64*B290 9 1700**15**304**------------No
w/1@0 190*B378 9 2000 62 196 Alder 0
UNKNOWN SEX
61 ??2400 35**191**Spruce/Alder/Birch 80 --- - --No 4 -No
~--(continued on next page)
1 )-J J ))1 -1 J 1 1 J J )1
SMIL07
SM-1
page 14
)
......wo
Table 46.(continued)
*Actual den site not found or too difficult to enter or collapsed
**Approximate value
A Subjective characterization of quality,1 =highest and 5 =lowest.
B Will be flooded by Devi1 1 s Canyon impoundment?
C Will be flooded by Watana impoundment?
***Den not located first year known
but thought to be the same location as
subsequently found den.158=171.
****Mag.N+2Bo =True N.of hillside
#Used by the same bear two consecutive winters
##Used by the offspring during natal winter and subsequent winter
###Used by different radio-collared bear during subsequent winter
Dens No.B,19,6,7,9 10, 13,1B,2,4,11,12,21,20,62,63,64
used during winter of 19BO/19B1.
Dens No.32,33,50,34,43,55,5B,35,3B,39,57,40, 49,51,61,
65,7,9,10,4,21,used during winter of 19B1/19B2.
Dens No.73,88,92, 93,85,51,66,95, 96,9B,100,72,6B,69,70,
74,75,B1,83, 84,90, 91,97,67,80, 82,99,71,10,7,9,
19 used during winter 1982/1983.
Dens No.113,129,20,115,144,49,146,154,145,114, 127,13B,141,
143, 142,116,126,128,140, 152,156,147,9,51,BB,92,and
73 used during winter 19B3/B4 •
Dens No.16B,169,172, 180,184,(158),185,191, 167,173, 160,174,
181,186,187,188,198,203,(159),202,190,(85), (49), (74),
used during winter 1984/85
1 1 ))1 i )1 1 )~J 'j l
MC/l;LLI
MC-lO
i
Table 47.History af den use by individual radia~marked black bears,1980/81 -1983/84.
1980/81 1981/82 1982/83 1983/84*1984/85*
Cavtty **Cavtty **Cavity **Cavity **
Sex Type Den#Assac Type Den#Assoc Type Den#~_~l>0C ~Yl,l!!_~J!#.Al)l:!C>l:.__St'!tusBearNo
287
289
290
301
302
303
304
317
318
319
321
322
323......
~324
325
327
328
329
330
343
346
348
349
354
358
359
360
361
363
365
367
369
370
372
374
375
M
F
F
F
M
M
M
F
F
M
F
M
M
M
F
F
F
F
K
M
M
M
F
F
M
M
M
F
F
M
F
F
F
F
F
F
Natural
Dug
Dug
Dug
Natural
Natural
Dug
Dug
Natural
Natural
Natural
Natural
Natural
Dug
Natural
Dug
Dug
7
4
63,64
:I
51
10·
13
11·
12
62
8
18
20
9
6
21
19
21
12
w/a
w/3@0
w/a
wl2@O
w/o
w/o
w/a
w/2@1
w/l@l
w/o
w/2@0
w/o
w/o
w/a
w/a
wl2@l
w/2@0
w/mom &sibling
w/a
Natural 7 w/a Dead------~--~------~---------------------.-----------------
Dug 4 w/2@l Dug 81 wl2@O Natural 129 w/l@l
Released-~-----------------------------------------------------.----------------------------------------
Dug 50'w/2@1 Dug 70 w/2@O Shed-•.,..------------------Dead
Shed----------------------------------------.,..---------.,..------------~---------------
Natural 10 w/o Natural 10 w/a Dead--~---------------------------------------
Dug 35 w/o Shed------'!"'!"--------.----------------------------------------------------
Dug 43 w/a Dug 69 w/2@0 Natural 20 w/l@l -------------------
Natural 33 w/o Dug 68 w/2@0 Shed------------------------------------------
Dead-----------------------------------------------.,..----------------------------------------------------
Dug 34 w/a Natural 1 w/a Dug 138 wl?@O
Shed &Dead---------------------------------------------~-----------------------------------------------
Natural 49 w/o Natural Sl w/o Dead------------------------------------------
Dug 40 w/a Natural 9 w/o Natural 9 w/a Missing------------
Natural 9 w/a Shed----------------~----------------------------------------------------
Dug 58 w/a Natural 73 w/2@0 Dead---------------------Den #327
Natural 32 w/l@l Shed------------------------------------------------
Dug 65,21 w/a Dug 80 w/o Natur"l 73 w/l@l Den #158***
Dead----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dug 38 w/o Natural 66 w/a unk w/o
Natural 51 w/a Natural 96 w/o Natural 51 w/a Dead---------------
Dug 39 w/a Dead---------------------------------------------------------------------
Dug 55 w/o Dug 74 w/2@0 Shed---------------------Recapture Den #74?
Dug 97 w/l@l Natural 113 wl2@O
Natural 100 w/o Natural 115 w/o Dead---------------
Natural 98 w/a Dug .126 w/a
Natural 95 w/o Dug 128 w/a Shed---------------
Dug 75 w/4@0 Dug 127 w/3@l
Dug 99 w/a Dug 114 w/2@0
Dug 71 w/o Dead---------------------~~-------------------
Dug 82 w/a Dead------------------------------------------'
Dug 67 w/a Dug 141 w/2@0
Dug 83 W/2@0 Missinq---------------------------------------
Dug 84 w/3@0 Missing------------------
Natural 92 w/3@0 Dead---------------------
Natural 88 w/2@0 Natural 88 w/2@1 Natural 88 w/2@1
(continued)
t 1 ))1 ))])- --)]]1 ])).~
Cavity **Cavity **
Type Deni As~oc TYll~__DenL Assoc __~ta~~lJ
Table 47.(Continued)
Bear No.Sex
198U83 1983/84**1984/85··
MCALLI
MC-lO
376 F Dug 91 w/3@O Natural 144 w/o Den 185
377 F Natural 85 w/o Tree 146 wl?@O
378 F Dug 90 w/2@O Tree 154 w/2@1
379 F Natural 19 w/3@0 Dead------------------------------------~------~-------
387 M Dug 116 w/o
401 M Natural 157 w/o Den 149
402 F Tree 145 w/o
404 F Natural 92 w/o
405 F Dug 143 w/2@1....406 F Unk 140 w/2@1w
tv
408 M Natural 157 w/o
409 F Unk 152 w/o
410 F Dead---------------------------------------------------
411 F Dug 142 w/o
416 M
364 F
*most 84/85 Data are unavailable
**Associations are at time of emergence
***Den 158 was capture site of B289 (mother of 8329)in spring 1980.Den not flagged until winter
84/85,assumed was 79/80 den of 8289
i )}))B J )1 j 1
MCALLI
MC-9
I
Table 48.History of use of individual black bear dens by radio-marked black bears,1980/81 -1984/85 (blanks indicate no data
available,qen not revisited and no rddio-wack~d beGL there).
***Den No.Den Tyee Flooded Location 80/81 81/82 82/83 83/84 84/85
158 Dug Yes tl [B289 in 79/80 spring w/2@l]Unk.80/81,81/82 ----B329 female
2 Dug Yes tl B301 female w/2@0 Vacant Vacant Vacant
4 Dug Yes tl B289 female w/3@0 5289 female w/2@1 Vacant Vacant Vacant
6 Nat No D B325 female w/o
7 Nat No 0 B287 male B287 male B~21 female w/a
8 Nat t{o D B32l female w/2@O
9**Nat No D 8324 male B325 female '1110 B324 lIllile 8324 male Vacant
10 Nat No D B303 male a303 male B303 male Vacant
11 Dug No D B317 female w/2@1 --------~--~---------~-12 Dug No D B3l8 female w/l@l Collapsed-------------~-~-------~-----(B330 male)
13 Nat No D B304 male
18 Nat Yes W B322 male
19 Nat No D 8328 female w/2@0 B379 female w/3@O
20 Nat Yes W B323 male B311 female Vacant
-~--------------_.w/l@l
21 Dug Yes W 8327 female w/8329@1 B329 female w/o Collapsed--------------
......32 Nat No D B328 female 'II/1@1 Vacant Vacantw33'Nat No D B318 female w/ow
34 Dug No 0 B321 female 't!lo
35 Dug No D 8304 male Vacant-------~----
38 Dug No OS 8343 male Collapsed-------------------
39 Dug No OS B348 male Vacant
40 -Yes D B324 male
43 Dug No D 8317 female w/o
49 Nat Yes W B323 male(?)B40l male
51*Nat No W B346 male B323 male B346 male
50 Dug No W B301 female w/2@1 Vacant Vacant
55 Dug No W 8349 female w/o
57 Dug Yes W 83D2 male Vacant Vacant Vacant
58 Dug Yes W 8327 female w/o Vacant
61 Dug No W -Ull1llarked BKB
62 -No D B319 male
63 -No D B39<l female w/o
64 -No D B390 female w/o
65 -Yes W B329 female'w/o
66 Nat No 0 8343 male
67 Dug No DS 8369 female w/o -------
68 Dug No D B318 female w/2@0 Collapsed----
69 Dug No 0 8317 female w/2@0
70 Dug No W B301 female w/2@0 Vacant Vacant
71 Dug No DS 8365 male
{Continued on next page)
)»-J J j )I 1 ))}-J j )1 1 1
MCALLI
Table 48.(Continued)MC-9
***Den No.Den Type Flooded Location 80/81-81/82 82/83 83/84 84/85
72 Nat No W Unmarked BKB
73 Nat Yes W 8321 female w/2@0 ~~29 Female ,/l@l Vacant
74 Dug No W 8349 female w/2@0 B349?
75 Dug No W 8361 female w/4@O
80 Dug Yes W B329 female w/Q
81 Dug Yes W 8389 female w/2@O Vacant
82 Dug No OS 8367 female w/o
83 Dug No OS 8370 female w/2@0
84 Dug No DS 8372 female w/3@O
85 Nat No OS 8377 female w/o B316?
88 Nat No OS 8375 female w/~@O 8375 female w/2@1
90 Dug No os 8378 female w/2@0
91 Dug No OS 8376 female w/~@Q
92 Nat No DS 8314 female w/~@O B404 female w/o
93 spring Nat No OS B374 female w/3@Q
95 Nat Yes W B360 male Vacant
96 Nat Yes W 8346 male
97 Dug No W 8354 female w/l@l Collapsed--------------------------------
98 Nat Yes W B359 male 'Vacant Vacant
.....99 Dug No W B363 female w/o Collapsed--------------------------------{.oJ
""100 Nat No Ii 8358 male Collapsed------------------~-------------
li3 Nat No W 8354 female w/2@0
114 Dug No W 8363 female w/2@0 Vacant
115 Nat No W 8358 female w/o
116 Dug No W 8387 male Collapsed------------
126 Dug No W B359 male Collapsed------------
127 Dug Yes W 8361 female w/3@1 Vacant
128 Dug Yes Ii B360 male
129 Nat Yes W B289 female w/l@l Vacant
157 Nat Yes W 8401 male
138 Dug No D 8321 female w/?@O Collapsed------------
140 -No OS 8406 female w/2@1
141 Dug No DS 8369 female w/2@O
142 Dug No DS 8411 female w/o
143 Dug No DS 8405 female w/2@1
144 Nat No OS 13376 female w/o
145 Tree No OS B402 female w/o Vacant
{Coot inued on next page)
))I 1 '))J 1 J ))]i )I L ~
MCALLI
MC-9
Table 48.(Continued)
***Den No.Den Type Flooded Location 80/81 -82/83 83/84 84/85
146 Tree No DS 8377 female w/?@O Vacant
147 --D 8343 male
152 -No DS 8409 female w/o
154 Tree No OS 8378 female w/2@1
156 Nat No OS 8408 male
*Attempted initial denning location for 8323,8346,&8360 in 1982/1983.8346 &8360 subsequently moved.
**Attempted denning location for 8324 &8325 in 1981/1982.8324 subsequently moved.
***W=Watana,0=Devils Canyon,DS=Downstream of impoundment zone.
SUMMARY OF TABLE:
103 dens identified to date throughout entire study area (reused dens counted only once).
51{49.5%)dug dens,40{38.8%)natural cavity dens,9(8.7%)unknown cavity type.3{2.9%)tree dens.
Not flooded 29{100.0%)
Downstream dens (N=29)Watana dens (N=44)Devils Canyon dens (N=30)
I-'w
U1
Dug 24{54.5%)Dug 10{33.3%)
Natural 18 (40.9%)Natural 13{43.3%)
Unknown 2{4.5%)Unknown 7 (23.3%)
Flooded 24{54.5%)Flooded 1{3.3%)
Not flooded 20{45.5%)Not flooded 28{93.3%)
Unknown 1(3.3%)
Tree
Dug
Natural
Flooded
3 (lO.3%)
17{58.6%)
9 (31.0%)
0(0.0%)
))J i J ))1 ,""1 ))i 1 1 )J 'J ))
SMIL12
SM-3
Table 49.Black bear den ~ntrance and emergence dates,winter of 1983/84.
1983 Entrance 1984 Emergence Days in Den
Bear ID ~earliest latest Mid.earl1est ~~Min.~Mid.
B289 F 5 Oct 24 Oct 10 Oct.30 Apr 10 May 5 May 189 218 208
B317 F 26 Sep 5 Oct 1 Oct 30 Apr 10 May 5 May 208 227 217
B321 F 26 Sep 5 Oct 1 Oct 10 May,'16 May 13 May 218 233 225
B324 M 15 Sep 27 Sep 21 Sep 30 Apr 10 May 5 May'216 238 227
B329 M 5 Oct 24 Oct 15 Oct 18 Apr 30 Apr 24 Apr,177 208 192
B343 F 5 Oct 24 Oct 15 Oct 24 Apr 30 Apr 27 Apr 183 208 195
B346 M 16 Sep 27 Sep 22 Sep 18 Apr 10 May 29 Apr 204 237 220
B354 F 27 Sep 5 Oct 1 Oct 10 May 15 May 13 May 218 231 225
B358 F 5 Oct 24 Oct 15 Oct 30 Apr 10 May"5 May 189 218 203
B359 F 5 Oct 24 Oct 15 Oct 30 Apr 10 May 5 May 189 218 203
6360 F 5 Oct 24 Oct 15 Oct 7 Apr 18 Apr 13 Apr 166 196 181
~w 6361 F 5 Oct 24 Oct 15 Oct 18 Apr 30 Apr 24 Apr 177 208 192(l'I
B363 F 5 Oct 24 Oct 15 Oct 30 Apr 10 May 5 May 189 218 203
B369 F 5 Oct 24 Oct 15 Oct 10 May 23 May 17 May 199 231 215
B375 M 26 Sep 5 Oct 1 Oct 18 Apr 30 Apr 24 Apr 196 217 206
B376 M 5 Oct 24 Oct 15 Oct 30 Apr 10 May 5 May 189 218 203
B377 F 15 Sep 26 Sep 21 Sep 10 May 23 May 17 May 240 251 239
B378 F 5 Oct 24 Oct 15 Oct 30 Apr 10 May 5 May 188 218 203
B387 M 5 Oct 25 Oct 15 Oct 30 Apr 10 May 5 May 189 218 203
B401 F 5 Oct 24 Oct 15 Oct 7 Apr 18 Apr 13 Apr 166 196 181
B402 F 26 Sep 5 Oct 1 Oct 30 Apr 10 May 5 May 208 224 217
6404 F 26 Sep 5 Oct 1 Oct 10 !'Say 23 May 17 May 218 240 229
B405 F 5 Oct 24 Oct 15 Oct 10 May 23 May 17 May 199 231 215
B406 F 5 Oct 25 Oct 15 Oct "18 Apr 30 Apr 24 Apr 176 208 192
B408 M 5 Oct 25 Oct 15 'Oct 30 Apr 10 May 5 May 18B 21B 203
B409 F .26 Sep 5 Oct 1 Oct 10 May 23 May 17 May 218 240 229
B411 F 5 Oct 24 Oct 15 Oct 10 May 23 May 17 May 199 231 215
--- ----------'--Mean 2 Oct 16 Oct 8 Oct 29 Apr 10 May 4 May 196 222 209
"S"6.6 10.6 8.3 9.9 9.9 9.9 17.7 13.5 14.9
n 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27
)1 I J J 1 --1 ))J J J _.)-1 J 1 i
SM1L12
SM-3
Table 50.Black bear den entrance and emergence dates,winter of 1984/35.
1984 Entrance 1985 Emergence Days 1n Den
Bear 1D ~en11est !lli!!.!M.:.earliest..latest ~Min.~~
8289 F 1 Oct 11 Oct 6 Oct
8317 F 1 Oct 11 Oct 6 Oct
B32l F 1 Oct 11 Oct 6 Oct
B329 M 11 OCt 24 Oct 18 Oct
8343 M 1 Oct 11 Oct 6 OCt
8354 F 1 Oct 11 Oct 6 Oct
B359 M 1 Oct 11 Oct 6 Oct
8361 F 11 Oct 24 OCt 18 Oct
8363 F 1 Oct 11 Oct 6 Oct
8369 F 11 Oct 24 Oct 18 Oct
8375 F 11 Oct 24 Oct 18 Oct
I-'8376 F 11 OCt 24 Oct 18 Oct....
-..l
B377 F 1 Oct 11 Oct 6 Oct
B378 F 21 Sep 1 Oct 26 Sep
B387 M 1 Oct 11 Oct 6 Oct
B401 M 1 Oct 24 Oct 13 Oct
B402 F 24 Oct 7 Nov 31 Oct
8404 F 11 Oct 24 Oct 18 Oct
B405 F 21 Sep 1 Oct 26 Sep
B406 F 21 Sep Missing
B408 M 11 Oct 24 Oct 18 Oct
B409 F 11 Oct 24 Oct 18 oct
8411 F 1 Oct 11 Oct 6 Oct
8328 F 6 Sep 21 Sep 14 Sep
B349 F 1 Oct 11 Oct 6 Oct
B364 F 21 Sep 1 Oct 26 Sep
B416 M 21 Sep 1 Oct 26 Sep
B302 M 1 Oct 24 Oct 13 Oct
----Mean 3 Oct 15 Oct 9 Oct
"S"9.5 10.5 9.9
n 28 27 27
SMIL12/SM-6
Table 51.Number of observations and percent (in parenthesis)of radio-marked
black bears within nestled impoundment proximity zones of the Watana
impoundment (den-related activities are not included).
-.
TIME PERIOD
ZONE 1 ZONE 2 ZONE 3 ZONE 4
(impoundment)(shore-l mile)(1-5 miles)(over 5 miles)TOTAL
37 (30)44 (36)
24 (29)34 (41)
31 (44)31 (44)
84 (55)55 (36)
142 (55)69 (27)
74 (36)79 (39)
25 (32)30 (38)
50 (40)46 (37)
1.April 1-30
2.May 1-15
3.May 16-31
4.June 1-15
5.June 16-30
6.July 1-15
7.July 16-31
8.August 1-15
9.August 16-31
10.Sept.1-15
6 (100)
40 (39)
o
41 (40)
o
8 (11)
13 (9)
43 (17)
49 (24)
23 (29)
28 (23)
22 (21)
40 (33)
23 (28)
o
o
o
6 (2)
3 (1)
1 (1)
o
o
2 (2)
2 (2)
6
70
152
260
205
79
124
103
123
83
11.Sept.16-
March 31
TOTALS
38 (38)40 (40)
551 (42)469 (36)
22 (22)
2IT (21)
o14m 100
TI05
Area within zone
(km2 )
%
159.32
9.29
327.07
19002
1233.51
71.72
1719.00
100.0
-Value of Chi Square test of the null hypothesis that the use of each zone is
equivalent to expected values based on the area of each zone for:
.....
ZONE 1
obs.E(x)
ZONE 2
obs.E(x)
ZONE 3
obs.E(x)dof •
All months,
3 zones 551 119.6 469 245.6 271 926.0 2,222**2
IV...
All months,
zones 1 & 2 only 551 334.1 469 68509 210**1
-
*
**
reject null hypothesis,p less than 0.10
reject null hypothesis,p less than 0.05
138 .
SMIL12/SM-6
Table 52.Number of observations and percent (in parenthesis)of radio-marked
black bears within nestled impoundment proximity zones of the Devil's
Canyon impoundment (den-related activities are not included).
~ZONE 1 ZONE 2 ZONE 3 ZONE 4
TIME PERIOD (impoundment)(shore-1 mile)(1-5 miles)(over 5 miles)TOTAL
1.April 1-30 0 1 0 0 1
2.May 1-15 2 33 16 2 53
3.May 16-31 2 43 43 0 88
4.June 1-15 8 70 86 0 164
5.June 16-30 3 45 75 2 125
6.July 1-15 0 21 29 1 51
7.July 16-31 0 13 33 1 47
8.August 1-15 0 17 17 2 36
9.August 16-31 2 18 26 2 48-10.Sept.1-15 1 i3 13 3 30
11.Sept.16-
March 31 0 18 16 2 36
TOTALS 18 (3)292 (43)354 (52)15 (2)679-Area within zone
(km2 )28.92 164.78 689.01 882.71
.%3.28 18.67 78.06 100.0
Value of Chi Square test of the null hypothesis that the use of each zone is
equivalent to expected values based on the area of each zone for:
ZONE 1 ZONE 2 ZONE 3
obs.E(x)obs.E(x)obs.E(x)X2 d.f.
~
All months,
3 zones 18 21.8 292 124.0 354 518.3 275**2
May I-June 30
3 zones 12 9.9 146 56.6 145 236.5 177**2
May I-June 30
2 zones 12 23.6 146 134.4 6.7**1
*reject null hypothesis,p less than 0.10
**reject null hypothesis,p less than 0.05
139
1 )J l l j 1 'I j ~.",1 t )1J
SMIL12
SM-l
p.5
Table 53.Results of intensive monitoring of black bear predation rates during spring 1984.Bears were monitored twice/day from 5/29-6/7 and once/day
from 6/8-7/1,conditions permitting.When two bears were on a kill each was credited with half of the kill unless the bear that made the
kill was known.
Repro.Obsv.No.of No.of %No.calf No.non-calf!No.species /No.of Total
Bear ID Sex Age status period locations visuals visuals moose kills moose kills age unknown kills suspected known/suspected
kills kills
MALES
401 M 4 --5/28-7/1 38 24 63 0 0 0 0 0
387 M 5 --5/28-7/1 38 36 95 1 0 0 0 1
359 M 6 --5/28-7/2 40 33 83 1 0 0 0 1
302 M 12 --5/29-7/1 27 22 81 3 0 0 0 3
less 6/10-6/21
416 M A --5/28-7/1 39 36 92 0 0 0 0 0
Misc.male*324 ----3 3 100 0 0 0 0 0
ALL MALES 185 154 83 5 0 0 0 5
.....FEMALES""0 329 F 4 estrus 5/28-7/1 42 32 76 1 0 0 0 1
358 F 4 estrus 5/28-7/1 32 23 72 1 0 0 0 1
349 F 7 estrus 5/28-7/1 40 29 73 0 0 0 0 0
328 F 10 estrus 5/28-7/1 41 32 78 0 0 0 0 0
364 F 11 estrus 5/28-7/1 41 38 93 1 0 0 1 2
361 F 9 w/3@1 5/28-7/1 38 31 82 0 0 0 0 0
317 F 11 w/l@l 5/28-7/1 41 33 80 0 0 0 0 0
289 F 13 w/l@l 5/28-7/1 43 36 84 0 0 0 0 0
Misc.Females*----22 17 77 0 0 0 0 0
321,354,363
ALL FEMALES 340 271 80 3 0 0 1 4
ALL BLACK BEARS 525 425 81 8 0 0 1 9
SUMMARY
Number of known Number of known or Number of known
Category kills/IOO visuals suspected kills/IOO visuals moose calf kills/IOO visuals
All males 3.3 3.3 3.3
All females 1.1 1.5 1.5
ALL BLACK BEARS 1.9 2.1 2.1
*These indlviduals were not monltored intensively during tfils period
)1 J }t j })-1 l )I !
SM1L12
SM~l
p.6
1
Table 54.Results of intensive monitoring of black bear predation rates auring summer 1964.Beacs wefe monitored once/day from 23 July
through 1 August,conditions permitting.
Repro.Obsv.No.of No.of %Total
Bear 1D Sex Age status period locations visuals visuals known/suspected
----_____kil!~f~ngulates *
MALES
302 M 12 --7/23-7/30 6 5 83.3 0
358 M 4 --7123-7/30 6 3 50.0 .0
359 M 6 --7123-7/30 6 4 66.7 0
387 M 5 --7/23-7/30 4 1 25.0 0
401 M 4 --7/23-7130 6 4 66.7 0
416 M A --7/23-7/30 6 5 ~0
Subtotal for males 34 22 64.7 0
FEMALES
I-'.;.
I-'289 F 13 w/l@l 7/23-7/30 6 5 83.3 0
317 F 11 w/1@l 7/23-8/1 6 3 50.0 0
328 F 10 alone 7/23-7/30 6 5 83.3 0
329 F 4 alone 7/23-7/30 6 4 83.3 0
349 F 7 alone 7/23-7/30 6 5 83.3 0
361 F 9 w/3@1 7/23-7/30 6 6 100.0 0
364 F 8 alone 7/23-7130 6 3 50.0 0
321 F 14 alone 7/23-8/1 3 2 67.7 0
354 F 7 w/2@O 7/24 &8/1 :2 2 0
363 F 6 w/2@0 7/24 &8/1 2 2 0-
Subtotal for females 49 37 77.6 0
TOTALS for all black bears -a3 ~~"ll
*Note that if the same ratio of kills to visuals observed in the spring (8:425l were present in the summer,then only 1.1 kills would have
been expected to be found during the 59 summer visuals.
;;;II,"I-~a
1 J ~1 -1 1 J 1 j 1 1 1 ]1 1
Table 1.Brown bears captured in Susltna Dam 'Studies as of July,'1985'
Caxture
Tattoo Sex.$Ie At.Date Serial #Ear Tags COllllllents
(277)F 10.5 225*4/10/80 1065/1066 w/2 y1gs,not marked,collar shed 80/81 den
(278)M 9.5 375*4/19/80 ----capture mortality
(279;H ~~Ann*·~120!80 1100/1099 collar shed by 6/12/80,recaptured 5/18/83,shot 9/84':J1.~..vu
280 H 5.5 300*4/20/80 10971J'ij9ij recollar next sprtn9
214 It 4.5 300*4/22/80 10721t071 collar shed 9/9780,recaptured 6/85
281 F 3.5 250*4/22/80 1n'IJ/15950 not turgid,see 5/81 recapture
282 M 4.5 325*4/22/80 1079/108()see 6/82 recapture .
283 F 12.5 280*4/22/80 -m~V2 @2.5;284 and 285
(284)M 2.5 180'4/22/80 107411073 v/283 see 5/5/81 recapture
285 M 2.5 180*4/22/80 687/688 ,,/283
286 M 3.5 264 5/1/80 10811i082
292 F 3.5 174 512/80 1322/1321 Turgld
293 It 3.5 277 5/2/80 1116/1115
(294)H 10.5 607 5/2/80 ----died on 8/6/81 recapture
(295)M 12.5 589 5/3/80 1303/1304 collar shed by 5/4/80
299 F 13.5 285 5/4/80 1109/1110 v/2 ~lgs,turgid,recaptured 5/7/81
(297)It 1.5 65 5/4/80 (130111302)w/29 ,shot by hunter on 9/18/81
298 M 1.5 65 5/4/80 1318/1317 w/299
306 F 3.5 163 5/4/80 1319!l320 turgid
(lOOA)M 6.5 480 5/6/80 (1126/1125)shot 9/83
(300B)F 5.5 240 5/6/80 109611095 turgid(?)-died on 8/6/01 recapture
309 H 12.5 600 5/6/80 1117/1118 collar shed by 5/14/80,recaptured 6/85
(312)F 10.5 319 517/80 .!ill/ill!w/311
(311)It 2.5 227 5/7/80 ----shot on 9/16/00
313 F 9.5 286 517/80 IU9/1UO v/314 @2.5
314 F 2.5 154 517/80 1049/1050 w/313,recaptured 6/1/85
315 F 2.5 90·517/80 1127/1128 alone,recaptured 5/10/83
(204!t2)M 3.5 125 5/5/81 1074/1073 near 283v/2c,shot by hunter on 5/18/81
(331)F.6.5 172 5/5/81 (1296/1295)v/332 and 333,died August 1982
(332)M 2.5 79 5/5/81 (1215/1216)v/331 and 333,shot by hunter on 9/5/82
(333)H 2.5 67 5/5/01 (1240/1239)v/331 and 332,shot by hunter on 9/3/81
334 F 10.5 325 5/5/81 1292/1291 estrus,mlsslng In 1982
335 F 3.5 194 5/5/81 1220/1219 recaptured 5/14/83,age changed +1 183 tooth
281112 F 4.5 --5/6/81 1201lU02 estrus?recaptured 5/15/83
203#2 F 13.5 261 5/6/81 1089/1090 w/338 and 339,recaptured 5/14/83
338 r 0.5 12 5/6/81 1224/1223 v1283,sex switched to female
339 M 0.5 13 5/6/81 1222/1211 w/283,recaptured 6/85,sex switched to male
312#2 F 11.5 280 5/6/81 tllm/1299 w/2c @0.5 (not captured),recaptured 5/14/83
313#2 F 10.5 284 5/6/81 1120/1119 v/336,recaptured 5/14/83
336 F 0.5 --5/6/81 1237/1238 v /313,not drugged (abandoned)
337 F 13.5 321 5/6/01 1294/1293 w/3c reunited on 5/9/81,recaptured 5/14/83
340 F 3.5 190 5/6/81 1225/1210 not estrus,recaptured 5/15/83
280112 M 6.5 394 517/81 1097/1267 w/F 341,recaptured 5/16/83
341 F 6.5 224 5/7/81 (1208/1207)w/M 280,collar failed,recaptured 6/81
299#2 F 14.5 291 5/7/81 110971110 w/2 @2.S (297 and 298 -not recaptured),
not estrus,recaptured 8/6/81
(342A)M 2.5 220 517/81 1220/1227 alone,see 5/25/82 recapture,died 7/84
344 F 5.5 --5/B/81 1204/1203 w/2 cubs subsequently,recaptured 5/14/03
(345)It 7.5 495 5/8/81 ----capture morta1lty
(308B)112 F 6.8 --8/6/81 ----recapture morta1lty
299#3 F 14.8 --8/6/81 1109/1110 collar replaced,recaptured 5/18/81
(continued on next pagel - -""------.~~