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HomeMy WebLinkAboutAPA3495SUSITNAHYDflllOELECTRIC"I'\n'.....,.'t::~,.,m.!NCHORAGE,ALASKA99518-1599URCESUBAA1~APRIL7333RASPBERRY-ROADRIVERBASIN,ALASYAFIlIALREPORTVOL.IIIEar1.F.BeckerAlaskaDepartmentofFishandGameandALASKADEPARTMENTOFFISHANDGAMEWilliamD.Steiqers,Jr.LGLAlaskaResearchAssociates,Inc.MOOSEFORAGEBIOMASSINTHEMIDDLESUSITNA PREFACEBallard,W.Project,Upstream.BetweenJanuary1980andJune1986,theAlaskaPowerAuthority(APA)~D-contractedwiththeGameDivisionoftheAlaskaDepartmentofFishandGame(ADF&G)toprovidefielddataandrecommendationstobeusedforassessingpotentialimpactsanddevelopingoptionsformitigatingimpactsoftheproposedSusitnaHydroelectricProjectonmoose,caribou,brownbear,blackbear,Dallsheep,wolf,wolverine,andbelukhawhales.ADF&Gwasonlyoneofmanyparticipantsinthisprogram.Informationonbirds,smallmammals,furbearers,andvegetationwascollectedbytheUniversityofAlaskaandprivateconsultingfirms.Formally,ADF&GISrolewastocollectdatawhichcouldbeusedtodescribethebaseline,pre-projectconditions.ThisinformationwassupplementedwithdatafromotherADF&Gstudies.Baselineconditionsweredefinedtoincludeprocesseswhichmightbesufficientlysensi-tivetoeitherdirectorindirectprojectinducedimpactstoalterthedynamicsofthewildlifepopulations.TheresponsibilityofimpactassessmentandmitigationplanningwasassignedbyAPAtoseveralprivateconsultingfirms.ADF&Gstaffworkedcloselywiththesefirms,butonlyinanadvisorycapacity.Theprojectwascancelledbeforetheimpactassessmentandmitigationplanningprocesseswerecomplete.Inanefforttopreservethejudgementsandideasoftheauthorsattheterminationoftheproject,thescopeofthisreporthasbeenexpandedtoincludematerialrelatingtoimpactassessmentandmitigationplanning.StatementsdonotnecessarilyrepresenttheviewsoftheAPAoritscontractors.Conjecturalstatementssometimesareincludedinthehopethattheymayserveashypothesestoguidefuturework,shouldtheprojectbereactivated.ThefollowinglistofreportscompletelycoveralloftheGameDivisionIscontributionstotheproject.Itshouldnotbenecessaryforthereadertoconsultthemanyprogressreports.MooseModafferi,R.D.1987.SusitnaHydroelectricProject,BigGameStudies,FinalReportVol.I -Moose-Downstream.AlaskaDept.ofFishandGame.B.andJ.S.Whitman.1987.SusitnaHydroelectricBigGameStudies,FinalReport,Vol.IIMooseAlaskaDept.ofFishandGame.Becker,E.F.andW.D.Steigers.1987.SusitnaHydroelectricProject,BigGameStudies.FirialReport,Vol.III-MooseforagebiomassinthemiddleSusitnaRiverbasin,Alaska.AlaskaDept.ofFishandGame.Becker,E.F.Studies.Estimate.1987.SusitnaHydroelectricProject.BigGameFinalReport.Vol.VIMooseCarryingCapacityAlaskaDept.ofFishandGame.AlaskaResourcesInformation CaribouPitcher,K.W.1987.SusitnaHydroelectricProject,BigGameStudies.FinalReport.Vol.IV-Caribou.AlaskaDept.ofFishandGame.59pp.BlackBearandBrownBearMiller,S.D.1987.SusitnaHydroelectricProject,BigGameStudies,FinalReport.Vol.V -BlackBearandBrownBear.AlaskaDept.ofFishandGame.WolfBallard,W.B.,J.S.Whitman,L.D.Aumiller,andP.Hessing.1984.SusitnaHydroelectricProject,BigGameStudies.1983AnnualReport.Vol.V -Wolf.AlaskaDept.ofFishandGame.44pp.Ballard,W.B.,J.S.Whitman,andC.L.Gardner.1987.EcologyofanexploitedwolfpopulationinsouthcentralAlaska.WildlifeMonographsNo.__(Inpress).WolverineWhitman,J.S.andW.B..Ballard.1984.SusitnaProject,BigGameStudies.1983AnnualReport.Wolverine.AlaskaDept.ofFishandGame.25pp.DallSheeQHydroelectricVol.VII-Tankersley,N.G.1984.SusitnaHydroelectricProject,BigGameStudies.FinalReport.Vol.VIII-DallSheep.AlaskaDept.ofFishandGame.91pp.BelukhaWhaleCalkins,D.1984.FinalReport.Game.16pp.SusitnaHydroelectricProject,BigGameStudies.Vol.IX-BelukhaWhale.AlaskaDept.ofFishand 2TABLEOFCONTENTSLISTOFTABLESLISTOFFIGURES.........................................................................Page38........................................................................................LITERATURECITED910111217222788.............................................................................................................·........................................·........................................INTRODUCTIONACKNOWLEDGEMENTSSTUDYAREAMETHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONSUMMARYAPPENDIXAAPPENDIXBAPPENDIXC·........................................·........................................9195108 LISTOFTABLES3Table1.Percentarea,brokendownbypopulation,ofwillowbiomassstrata•••••••••••••••••••••••••292.Differencesinwillowbiomassbetween1984and1985forthehigh,medium-forest,andmedium-shrubstrataofpopulationA~.................303.Meanpaperbirchbiomassandstandarderror,pooledoverheightcategories,bypopulationandstrata314.Meanpaperbirchbiomassandstandarderror,below50cminheight,bypopulationandstrata325.Meanpaperbirchbiomassandstandarderror,above50cminheight,bypopulationandstrata336.Meanwillowbiomassandstandarderror,pooledoverheightcategories,bypopulationandstrata347.Meanwillowbiomassandstandarderrorbelow50cminheight,bypopulationandstrata••..•358.Meanwillowbiomassandstandarderrorabove50cminheight,bypopulationandstrata•.•••369.Meanmountaincranberrybiomassand80%confidenceintervalbypopulation•••••••••••••3710.Averagebiomassandstandarderrorsofwillow,paperbirch,andmountaincranberryinpopulationsA,B,andD.......................3811.Averagebiomassandstandarderrorsofwillowandpaperbirchbelow50eminheightforpopulationsA,B,and0•••••••••••••••••••••••3912.Averagebiomassandstandarderrorsofwillowandpaperbirchabove50eminheightforpopulationsA,B,and0••••••••••••••••••••••.4013.Acresofforagebiomassstratumtobepermanentlyortemporarilylostbyfacility,forstageI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41 14.Acresofforagebiomassstratumtobepermanentlyortemporarilylostbyfacility,forstageII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4215.Acresofforagebiomassstratumtobepermanentlyortemporarilylostbyfacility,forStageIII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4316.Kgofwillowbiomass,pooledoverheightcategories,tobepermanentlyortemporarilylostbyfacilityandstratum,forstageI.....4417.Kgofwillowbiomass,pooledoverheightcategories,tobepermanentlyortemporarilylostbyfacilityandstratum,forstageII4518.Kgofwillowbiomass,pooledoverheightcategories,tobepermanentlyortemporarilylostbyfacilityandstratum,forstageIII4619.Upper80%confidencelimitofkgofwillowbiomasspooledoverheightcategories,tobepermanentlyortemporarilylostbyfacilityandstratum,forstageI4720.Upper'80%confidencelimitofkgofwillowbiomasspooledoverheightcategories,tobepermanentlyortemporarilylostbyfacilityandstratum,forstageII• • • • • • • • •• • . . • •. . • • • . . . . .4821.Upper80%confidencelimitofkgofwillowbiomasspooledoverheightcategories,tobepermanentlyortemporarilylostbyfacilityandstratum,forstageIII........................4922.Kgofwillowbiomassover50eminheight,tobepermanentlyortemporarilylostbyfacilityandstratum,forstageI • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . . . . . •50423.Kgofwillowbiomassover50eminheight,tobepermanentlyortemporarilylostbyfacilityandstratum,forstageII• • • • • •• • • • . . • . • • . • • . . . . • • .5124.Kgofwillowbiomassover50eminheight,tobepermanentlyortemporarilylostbyfacilityandstratum,forstageIII.........................5225.Upper80%confidencelimitofkgofwillowbiomassover50cminheight,tobepermanentlyortemporarilylostbyfacilityandstratum,forstageI . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53 26.Upper80%confidencelimitofkgofwillowbiomassover50eminheight,tobepermanentlyortemporarilylostbyfacilityandstratum,forstageII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5427.Upper80%confidencelimitofkgofwillowbiomassover50eminheight,tobepermanentlyortemporarilylostbyfacilityandstratum,forstageIII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5528.Kgofpaperbirchbiomass,pooledoverheightcategories,tobepermanentlyortemporarilylostbyfacilityandstratum,forstageI . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . • • . . • . • • . . . • . • . . . . . . . . . . .5629.Kgofpaperbirchbiomass,pooledoverheightcategories,tobepermanentlyortemporarilylostbyfacilityandstratum,forstageII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . • • . . . . . . . . . . . . .5730.Kgofpaperbirchbiomass,pooledoverheightcategories,tobepermanentlyortemporarilylostbyfacilityandstratum,forstageIII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5831..Upper80%confidencelimitonkgofpaperbirchbiomasspooledoverheightcategories,tobepermanentlyortemporarilylostbyfacilityandstratum,forstageI ••••••••• •• • •• ••• . . ••••••. .5932.Upper80%confidencelimitonkgofpaperbirchbiomasspooledoverheightcategories,tobe.permanentlyortemporarilylostbyfacilityandstratum,forstageII•••••••• • •• • •• •••••• •••••.60533.Upper80%confidencelimitonkgofpaperbirchbiomasspooledoverheightcategories,tobepermanentlyortemporarilylostbyfacilityandstratum,forstageIII.........................6134.Kgofpaperbirchbiomassover50eminheight,tobepermanentlyortemporarilylostbyfacilityandstratum,forstageI.......................6235.Kgofpaperbirchbiomassover50cminheight,tobepermanentlyortemporarilylostbyfacilityandstratum,forstageII......................6336.Kgofpaperbirchbiomassover50cminheight,tobepermanentlyortemporarilylostbyfacilityandstratum,forstageIII.....................64 37.Upper80%confidencelimitofkgofpaperbirchbiomassover50eminheight,tobepermanentlyortemporarilylostbyfacilityandstratum,forstageI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6538.Upper80%confidencelimitofkgofpaperbirchbiomassover50eminheight,tobepermanentlyortemporarilylostbyfacilityandstratum,forStageII0•6639.Upper80%confidencelimitofkgofpaperbirchbiomassover50eminheight,tobepermanentlyortemporarilylostbyfacilityandstratum,forstageIII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6740.KgofmountaincranberrytobepermanentlyortemporarilylostbyfacilityforstageI.......6841.KgofmountaincranberrytobepermanentlyortemporarilylostbyfacilityforstageII......6942.KgofmountaincranberrytobepermanentlyortemporarilylostbyfacilityforstageIII7043.Themeanandupper80%confidencelimitontheamountofbiomasslost,bystageandspecies7144.Themeanandupper80%confidencelimitontheamountofbiomass(above50cminheight)lost,bystageandspecies••• • • • • • . • • • • . . . . . . . • . . . . . .7245.Theestimatedprobability,andstandarderror,ofaplotcontainingdiamondleafwillow,bypopulationandstrata••••••..••••..............7346.Theestimatedprobability,andstandarderror,ofaplotcontaininggrayleafwillow,bypopulationandstrata••••••••••.•..•....•......7447.Theestimatedprobability,andstandarderror,ofaplotcontainingRichardsonwillow,bypopulationandstrata• • • • • • • . • • • • • . . . . . • . . . . . . .7548.Theestimatedprobability,andstandarderror,ofaplotcontainingfeltleafwillow,bypopulationandstrata•••••••••••••.............7649.Theestimatedprobability,andstandarderror,ofaplotcontainingunknownwillows,bypopUlationandstrata••••..••••..••............7750.Theestimatedprobability,andstandarderror,ofaplotcontainingreachablepaperbirch,bypopUlationandstrata•••••.••••••.•...•.......•786 51.Theestimatedprobability,andstandarderror,ofaplotcontainingreachablepaperbirch,diamondleaf,grayleaf,Richardson,feltleaf,andunknownwillowsbypopUlation•••••.••••....797 LISTOFFIGURESFigure1.Watana,DevilCanyon,andsurroundingareasamplingpopulationsforthebrowseinventorystudy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .802.Browsingpressureonwillowsbyimpoundmentandplantdensity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .813.BrowsingpressureonwillowsintheWatanaimpoundmentbyelevation•••••••••••••••.......824.Browsingpressureonwillowsinthenon-impoundmentbyelevation••••••••••••......835.stratificationmapofthenon-impoundmentpopulationCA)846.stratificationmapoftheWatanaimpoundmentpopulation(B). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .857.stratificationmapoftheDevilCanyonimpoundmentpopulation(D)•.•••••.•••••.......8688.Mapofprojectfeatures87 9INTRODUCTIONTheproposedSusitnaHydroelectricProjectconsistsof3majordevelopmentsontheSusitnaRiver,approximately180milesnorthandeastofAnchorage,Alaska.ThefirstphasewouldbetheWatanastageIearth-filldamandassociatedpowerandcampfacilities.TheWatanaDamsitewouldbelocatedatrivermile184abovethemouthoftheSusitnaRiver,inabroadU-shapedvalleyapproximately2.5milesupriverfromtheTsusenaCreekconfluence.Thedamwouldcreateareservoirapproximately39mileslongwithamaximumwidthofabout3miles(excludingtributaries),andhaveasurfaceareaof14,900acresatthenormalmaximumoperatinglevelof2,025feetmeansealevel,(MSL).ThesecondstagewouldbetheDevilCanyonstageIIconcretearchdamandassociatedfacilities.TheDevilCanyonDamsitewouldbelocatedintheDevilCanyongorgeatrivermile152oftheSusitnaRiver,approximately32milesdownriverfromtheWatanaDamsite.Itwouldformareservoirapproximately26mileslongwithasurfaceareaof7,800acresatthenormaloperatinglevelof1,455feetMSL.StageIIIwouldconsistofraisingtheWatanadamtocreateareservoir48mileslongandhavingasurfaceareaof38,000acres.MaximumwidthofthestageIIIreservoirwouldbeapproximately5miles•.Cons~ructionandoperationoftheWatanaandDevilCanyonhydroelectricdamsinthemiddleSusitnaRiverBasin(Fig.1)wouldresultinbothpermanentandtemporarylossesofhabitatformoose(Alcesalcesgigas).Approximately72squaremilesoflandareawouldbepermanentlyinundated,andanother24squaremilestemporarilydisturbedasaresultoftheproject.Lossofthevegetationgrowingtheretoreservoirinundation,campfacilities,borrowsites,andothersourcesrepresentsalossofcapacitytosupportmoosepopUlations.LossofhabitatcarryingcapacitywouldbetheprimaryimpactonmooseofhydroelectricdevelopmentintheSusitnabasin.ImpactsoftheSusitnaHydroelectricProjectonthelossofmoosehabitatwillbebasedonanassessmentofthelossofcarryingcapacityoftheaffectedarea.Nutritionalcarryingcapacityisdefinedasthenumberofhealthyindividualsthatcanbemaintainedinadesignatedareaforaspecifiedtimeperiod.Mathematicalmodelsofrangefoodsupplyandanimalfoodhabitshavebeenusedtoestimatehabitatcarryingcapacityforroedeer(Capreoluscapreolus)(Bobeck1977),muledeer(Odocoileushemionushemionus)(Wallmoetale1977),white~taileddeer(~virginianus)(PotvinandHuot1983),andelk(Cervuselaphusnelsoni)(Hobbsetale1982,HobbsandSwift1985).InAlaska,researchhasbeenunderwaytomodifythegeneralizedruminantsubmodeldevelopedbySwift(1983)tomakeitspecifictomoose(Regelinetale1985,1986,Schwartzetale1984,1986a,1986b).Themodelhasbeen lOdeveloped,tested,andverifiedontheKenaiPeninsula(Hubbert1987).In1983itwasdecidedtoadaptthemoosecarryingcapacitymodeltoassessimpactsoftheproposedSusitnaHydroelectricProjectonmoose.Thismodel,coupledwitharea-specificinformationonmoose,providedthemeansfortheimpactassessmentandmitigationplanninginconjunctionwithhydroelectricdevelopmentinAlaska.Thisapproachforimpactassessmenthasnotpreviouslybeenusedformoose.Developmentofthemodelrepresentsamajoradvancementinassessmentoftheimpactsofman'sactivitiesonafree-rangingpopulationofanimals.TheobjectiveofthisstUdywastoprovideanestimateoftheamountofbrowsethatisavailabletomooseinthemiddleSusitnaBasin.Thisestimatewasanessentialelementofthemoosecarryingcapacitymodel.Duringthespringandsummerof1982and1983preliminarybrowseinventorystudieswereconductedtomakefirstdeterminationsofthevegetationtypesandbrowsespeciesmostheavilyutilizedbymooseintheareastobeaffectedbytheproject,andtodeterminethemostcost-effectivemethodofsamplingbiomassofbrowsespecies.Vegetationmapping,utilizingnewaerialphotographytechniques,wasinitiatedin1984toprovidedetailedmapsuponwhichbrowsebiomasscould'bestratified.Thestratifiedvegetationmapformedthesampleframe,andwasessentialforobtaininganestimateofbrowsebiomass.ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThisprojectwasajointeffortbetweentheAlaskaDepartmentofFishandGameandLGLAlaskaResearchAssociates.Thelistofpeoplewhohavecontributedtothecompletionofthebrowseinventorystudyduring1984and1985isextensive.WewouldliketoespeciallythankDr.WayneRegelin(ADF&G)forhisguidanceintheinitialplanningstagesandforhisassistanceinimplementingtheADF&Ginternprogram.SuzAnneMiller(ADF&G)hasbeenofinvaluableassistanceincomputerprogramming,programguidance,statisticalconsulting,andtrouble-shooting.RandyFairbanks(Harza-EbascoSusitnaJointVenture),Dr.RobinSener(LGLAlaskaResearchAssociates),andKarlSchneider(ADF&G)havebeenresponsibleforfundingandoverallprogramguidance.Wewouldliketothankthefollowingpeoplefortechnicalassistance:ADF&GinternsD.Ashby,B.Barkuloo,C.Bird,S.Brainerd,G.Chaney,J.chumbley,R.Gonzalez,M.Hertzic,D.Hoffman,J.Keller,J.Kidd,T.LeFlamme,N.Larter,J.McCarthy,T.McKinley,I.Murto,K.Omura,C.Petersen,L.Restad,A.Swan,D.Weisel,J.Wiegers,L.Wold,andE.Wood;ADF&GemployeesN.TankersleyandT.otto;andvolunteersC.BurnsandP.Wood.D.Anctil,P.Mieczynski,L.Aumiller,andB.StrauchofADF&GandB.BennettofSystemIntegratorsInc.provided 11computerprogramminganddigitizingsupport.D.HeebnerandR.KoleserofR.A.KreigandAssociatesassistedwithtrainingoffieldpersonnelandtransferringtransectlinestoaerialphotographs.G.CoueyandV.VolpeofHarza-EbascosusitnaJointVenture,R.GoodmanofKNIK-ATNU,Inc.,theoperatorsofHighLakeLodge,andthehelicopterpilotsofAirLogisticsofAlaskaarethankedfortheirlogisticalsupportduringthefieldseasons.STUDYAREAThe1,021-square-milestudyareaislocatedinthemiddleSusitnaRiverbasin,upstreamofthemouthofDevilCanyon(Fig.1).StudyareaboundariesweredefinedbyBallardetal.(1983),asthe"primaryzoneofimpact"formoose.Elevationsrangefromabout900feet(274m)ontheriveratthemouthofDevilCanyonto6,255feet(1,907m)atthetopofMt.Watana.Theriverelevationrisestoapproximately2,500feet(746m)wheretheDenaliHighwaycrossestheSusitnaRiver.Topographyofthestudyareahasbeenstronglyinfluencedbypastglacialactionandassociatedstreamandrivererosion,resultinginabroadU-shapedvalley,occupiedbytheSusitnaRiver.TheriverchannelslopesareverysteepnearDevil,Canyonandbecomelesssteepandwiderattheeasternendofthestudy'area,northoftheconfluenceofthe'TyoneRiver.Terracesabovetheriverchannelareapproximately2,000-2,500feet(610-762m)inelevationandmakeupthemajorityofthestudyarea.McKendricketal.(1982)mapped16vegetationtypesinthemiddleandupperSusitnaRiverbasinatlevelsIIIorIVoftheclassificationsystemdevelopedbyViereckandDyrness(1980).Theplantcommunitiesarestronglyinfluencedbysitetopography,soils,andmoistureregimes.Thesteep,well-drainedriverchannelslopesaredominatedbyforestcommunitiessuchasmixedpaperbirch(Betulapapyrifera)andwhite-spruce(Piceaglauca)forestsandopenconiferousforestsonbothsidesoftheriver.Benchesabovetheriverprimarilycontainshrubcommunitiesdominatedbyresinbirch(~glandulosa)onthedriersites,white-spruceforestsonthewell-drainedslopes,andblackspruce(Piceamariana)forestsonthewettersites.Willows(Salix),primarilydiamondleafwillow(~pulchra),grayleafwillow(~glauca),Richardsonwillow(~lanata),andfeltleafwillow(~alaxensis),dominatetheshrubcommunitiesinthewettersitesonuplandslopesandintheconiferousforests.Alpinevegetationtypesoccuratthehighestelevations. 12METHODSTheprimaryobjectiveofthisreportwastoestimatetheamountofbrowsethatisavailabletomooseduringthewinter.TheseestimateswillthenbeusedtogeneratecarryingcapacityestimatesofmooseintheSusitnaBasin.Intheinitialphaseofthisproject,itwasdecidedtostratifywillowbiomassonthebasisofavegetationmap.Dueto1)ourinabilitytoproduceaccuratestratificationmapsforeachwillowspeciesand2)theinherentsamplingproblemsinvolvedwithusingastratificationschemeforeachspecies,itwasdecidedtostratifyonSalixbiomass.Thecombiningofthevariouswillowspeciescausedustomakeassumptionsabouttheavailabilityofthevariouswillowspecies.willowbiomassstrataweredevelopedandanalyzedusingcombinedbiomassofallwillows,basedontheassumptionthatallwillowspeciesavailabletowinteringmooseinthestudyareawereequallypreferred(andsubsequentlyconsumed),oratleastnotspecificallyavoidedbytheendofwinter.Asecondassumptionwasthatdifferentwillowspecieswereequallyavailabletowinteringmoose.Inreality,notallspecieswereequallyavailablebecauseeachspecieshadadistinctregionaldistributionandthusadifferentdegreeofaccessibility.ResinbirchisanimportantunderstorycomponentofmanyvegetationtypesintheSusitnaStudyarea(Steigersetale1983).However,itwasnotsampledduringthisstudybecause:1)itisverytimeconsumingtoremovethesmalltwigsofthisspecies(SteigersandHelm1984);and2)itcomposedonly11%oftheaveragemoosedietinthisregion(SteigersandBecker1986).Resinbirch,forthepurposesofthisstudy,wasconsideredtobenon-limitingeitherindistributionorabundance.Resinbirchbiomasswasassumedtobeavailabletotheextentthatmoosevoluntarilylimittheirintake.AvegetationmapofthestudyareawaspreparedbyR.A.KreigandAssociates,Inc.ThestudyareawasmappedtolevelIVoftheVierecketale(1982)vegetationclassificationsystem,using40acres(16.19hectares)astheminimumpolygonsize.Theunderstorycoverofwillow,resinbirch,andalder(Alnus)wasclassifiedintothefollowingcategories:0-4%,5-25%,26-50%,51-75%,and76-100%cover(seeAppendixA).Themappingwasdonebyphoto-interpretationofcolorinfrared(CIR)photographs.Ground-truthingwasdonebythemappersandfrominformationcollectedduringthe1984samplingseason.VegetationsamplingwasconductedfromJuly9throughAugust22,1984andfromJuly11throughAugust25,1985.Duringthefirstphaseofthe1984samplingeffort,51:60,000scaleCIRphotoswereSUbjectivelychosentocovertheeast-westgradientofthemiddleSusitnaRiverbasin.Usingatwo-stagesampledesign(Cochran1977),thefirststagebeingI-milelinetransectsandthesecondstage 13consistingofsquare-meterplots,theseareasweresampledandtheamountofcurrentannualgrowthbiomass(CAG)ofwillowandpaperbirchpresentwasestimated.WholemountaincranberrY(Vacciniumvitis-idaea)plantswereclippedatgroundlevel.Tomaximizethenumberofdifferentvegetationpolygonsforwhichbrowsebiomassdatawereobtained,thetransectsweregivenanorth-southorientationwhichcorrespondedtothemajorelevation-aspectgradient.Atotalof36transectswassampledandprovideddatausedtostratifythestUdyareaintowillowCAGstrata.Afterthese36transectsweresampled,thestUdyareawasdividedinto3populations:theWatanapopulation(populationB),theDevilCanyonpopulation(populationD),andtheoutsidepopulation(populationA),tofacilitatesamplingduringthesecondphaseofthesamplingeffort.PopulationBwascreatedtofacilitateintensivesamplingofbrowsewithintheproposedWatanaimpoundment.TheupperelevationalboundaryofpopulationBwasthe2,200footcontour;whennecessarytheboundarieswereextendedabove2,200feettomaintainaminimumwidthof0.5mile.PopulationDwascreatedtofacilitateintensivebrowsesamplingwithintheproposedDevilCanyonimpoundment.TheupperelevationboundaryofpopulationDwasthe1,500footcontour;whennecessarytheboundarywasextendedabove1,500feettomaintainaminimumwidthof0.5mile.PopulationAconsistedoftheremainingareawithinthestudyareaandbelowthe3,400footcontour;theareaabovethe"3,400footcontourwasdeletedsince97%ofallwinter·observationsofmooseinthestudyareaoccurredatorbelowthiselevation(Ballardetale1983).Duringthesecondphaseofthe1984season,72transectsweresampledinthe3populations.Thenumberoftransectssampledperpopulationwasweightedbytheproportionofarea,withineachpopulation,thatwasscheduledtobeinundatedbythedams,andtheperceivedvariationinwillowbiomassperpopulation;ofthe72transects,49wereconductedinpopulationA,15inpopulationB,and8inpopulationD.One-miletransectswereusedtosamplepopulationA,while0.5-miletransectswereusedtosampletheother2populationsduetotheirnarrowshape.Intotal,108transectswerecompletedduringthesummerof1984."Fourgroupsoftransectswererandomlyselectedfroma1:63,360scaleUSGStopographymapof"thestudyarea."Transectswerethentransferredtoboth1:60,000scaleCIRand1:24,000scaletrue-colorphotographs(whenavailable)forusebythefieldcrews.AccuratetransferofthetransectstotheaerialphotographswasfacilitatedthroughuseofaMap-o-graph.Crewsusedthe1:60,000scaleCIRandthe1:24,000scalephotography,whenavailable,forlocatingtransectstartingpoints.Helicopterswereusedtotransportthecrews,eachconsistingof2people,tothelandingzoneclosesttothetransectstartingpoint.Whena 14crewcouldnotbedroppedoffatthestartingpoint,orienteeringmethodswereusedtoreachthispoint.Plotswererandomlyselected,withoutreplacement,alongthetransect,andsamplediftheyfellwithinthepopulationofinterest.Thenumberofplotssampledpertransectvariedfrom20to30asweattemptedtomaximizetheaveragenumberofplotsa2-mancrewcouldcompleteinaday.Thenumberofplotssampledwaschangeduponthecompletionofarandomlyselectedgroupoftransects.Twenty-twoplotspertransectwereusedafterthefirstfewweeks.Onceatthetransectstartingpoint,thecrewwouldorientthemselvestoaprescribedcompassheadingandgothespecifiednumberofmeterstothefirstplot.Alldistancesweremeasuredalongatransectusinga100-metertape.Astraight-linecoursewasmaintainedusingahand-heldcompass.Iftheaveragestraight-lineslopebetweensuccessiveplotsexceededlSdegrees,thedistancetraveledbetweensuccessiveplotswascorrected,forslope,tothenearestmeter.Thiswasdonetoadjustgrounddistancestomatchtheplanardistanceonthetwo-dimensionalaerialphotographs.Discrepanciesbetweenfieldtransectlocationsandmaplocationsweredocumented,whenknown,toassureaccuratepost-stratification.Ateachplotthefollowinginformationwasrecorded:transectnumber;plotnumber;date;crewcode;distancemeasuredfromlastplot;elevation(feet);aspect(degreeazimuth);slope(degrees);localtopographywithina100-footradiusoftheplot(convex,simpleslope,concave,orcomplex);surfacedrainagewithina100-footradiusoftheplot(fa~t,intermediate,orponded);sitemoisturewithina100-footradiusoftheplot(verydry,dry,moist,orwet);landscapesettingwithinaO.S-mileradiusoftheplot(flat,undUlatingflats,hills-mountains[ifhills-mountains,thenwhetherthelandscapesettingwasonthevalleyfloor,lowerone-thirdoftheslope,ortheridgecrest]);Vierecketale(1982)levelIVvegetationclassification(seeAppendixAfortheclassificationsandcodesused);percentcanopy,bygenus,forwillow,resinbirch,andalder(0=0%,1=1-4%,2=S-2S%,3=26-50%,4=51-7S%,5=76-100%cover).A I x1-meter-squareplotwaspositionedparalleltothelineoftravel,andattheendpointofthedistancemeasurement.TheplotframewaselevatedSOcmabovethegroundbymetalstakesandclamps,andorientedparalleltothegroundsurface.Thecurrent-annual-growthtwigswereclippedandplacedinpaperbagsbyheightcategoriesandspeciesfordiamondleafwillow,grayleafwillow,Richardsonwillow,feltleafwillow,oneshrubgenera(otherwillowspecies),andpaperbirch.Heightstrataweretobeusedtoadjusttheamountofforagethatisavailableduringthewinteratvarioussnowdepths.The2heightstratausedwere0-50cm,and50-2S0cm.The2S0-cmmaximumheightwasnotobservedifthediameter-at-breast-height(dbh)ofthe 15shrubstemwaslessthan2.5cm.Allcurrent-annual-growthtwigsthatwerewithintheverticalboundariesoftheplotwereclipped.A20x50-emsubplotwaspositionedatgroundlevelwithinthelarger1-m-squareplot,paralleltothelineoftravelandstartingattheendpointofthedistancemeasurement.Allmountaincranberryleavesandtwigsoccurringwithintheverticalbordersofthesubplotwereclippedandbagged.AllfielddatawererecordedonEpsonHX-20notebookcomputerswhichwereprogrammedtopromptcrewmembersfordatainputateachplot.DataweretransferreddirectlyfromtheEpsontoanIBMPC-XTcomputer,locatedatbasecamp,attheendofeachday.OnceintheIBMPC-XTthefielddatawererunthroughformat,errorcheck,andsortprogramstoensurehighqualityand.organizationofdata.FieldworkendedonAugust22,1984.Collectedplantmaterialwasbroughttothefieldlaboratoryeachevening.Bagsofsamplesbroughtintothelaboratorywerecheckedagainstalistofthebagsthatshouldhavebeenpresent,asdeterminedbydataenteredintothefieldcomputers.Bagswereplacedindryingovensanddriedat60Cforatleast72hourspriortoprocessing.Leavesandforeignmaterialwereseparatedfromthetwigs,andthetwigswerethenredriedandweighedtothenearestone-hundredthgramonaMettler·PC4400electronicbalance.Theweights,transectnumber,plotnumber,crewcode,species,andheightstratawererecordedonanEpsonHX-20computer.LaboratorydataweretransferreddirectlyfromtheEpsontotheIBMPC-XTcomputer,wheretheywererunthroughformat,errorcheck,andsortprogramstoensuredataqualityandorganization.Thelabdatawerethenmergedwiththefielddata,andanothererrorcheckingprogramreportedmismatchesbetweenthefielddataandtheweightdata.Whenerrorswerediscovered,alleffortwasmadetoimmediatelydeterminethesourceandrectifythem.Afterreturningfromthefield,thetransectlinesweretransferredfromtheaerialphotostovegetationmapoverlaysthatcorrespondedtothephotos.Thedistancebetweenvegetationpolygonintersectionswiththetransectlinewasdigitized.Fromthisinformationeveryplotinthetransectcouldbeclassifiedintoavegetationpolygonbycomparingthedigitizeddistancesassociatedwithpolygonintersectionswiththedistanceoftheplotfromthetransectstartingpoint.Plotsoccurringattheborderofpolygonintersections(within50meters)werecheckedagainstvegetationcallsmadebythecrewtopreventimproperclassificationduetosourcesoferrorintroducedinthetransecttransferanddigitizingprocess.Itwasfeltthatplotlocationswereaccuratetowithin50meters.The36phase-onestrati£icationtransectsandportionsof21phase-two1984transects,whichfellinvegetationtypesnotcoveredbythe36phase-onestratificationtransects,wereanalyzedtoprovidethedatabasefromwhichthestratificationmapwasdeveloped.Foreachplot,willow 16biomassinformation,pooledoverheightstrataandwillowspecies,wascombinedwiththevegetationcall.Meanwillowbiomasspersquaremeter,byvegetationcallandpopulation,wasthencalculated.Ak-meansclusterprogramwasrunonaCDCCyber700computer,usingBMDP(Dixon1981).AcentroidlinkagealgorithmthatutilizedEuclideandistanceswasusedonthewillowbiomassaveragestodeterminerangesofwillowbiomassineachstrata.Basedonthisinformationandcomparisonsbetweenaveragebiomassandaveragewillowcoverclassifications,awillowbiomassstratificationschemewasdevelopedforthevegetationpolygonsforwhichdatawereavailable.Relationshipsbetweenwillowbiomassandotherrecordedsitefactorssuchaselevation,slope,andaspectwerealsoinvestigatedtodetermineifstratashouldbefurthersubdivided.Thispreliminarystratificationschemewasexpanded,basedontheassumptionthatmajorvegetationtypeswithsimilarwillowcovercallsshouldbeclassifiedintolikestrata,toincludeeveryvegetationpolygonthatoccurredwithinthestudyarea.Representativevegetationpolygontypeswithinsufficientdataweresurveyedintheearlysummerof1985andsubsequentlyclassifiedintostrata.ThefinishedstratificationschemeislistedinAppendixB.Duringthe1985fieldseason,samplingeffortwasoptimizedbycalculatingstratameans,variances,and80%confidenceintervalsforeachpopulationonabi-monthlybasisandallocatingtransectstomeetthesetprecisiongoalsof80%confidenceintervalswithrangesequaltotwicethepointestimate.Atwo-stageratio-to-sizeestimator(Cochran1977)wasusedtoperformthesecalculations.Thelengthofthetransectsegment~nthestratawasusedtoweighttheratio.TransectswereallocatedbyrandomlylocatingtheirmidpointwithinthestrataofinterestusingaPrimecomputerandArc-Infosoftware.TransectsweregeneratedbythecomputeronaUSGSquadranglebasemap,over-laidwiththematchingUSGSmap,andhand-transferredtoaerialphotographsasdescribedfor1984.Toincreasethesamplesize,alltransectsin1985were0.5mileinlengthandhad11plotspertransect,allowingeachcrewtocomplete2transectsperday.Threehundredthirtythreeone-miletransectsweresampledin1985,with164inpopulationA,126inpopulationB,and43inpopulationD.Thefieldmethodsusedduring1985werethesameasthoseemployedduringthe1984fieldseasonwiththeexceptionof:1)mountaincranberrybiomasswasnotclipped;2)localtopography,sitemoisture,andlandscapewerenotrecorded;3)canopycoverandberryinformationofdwarfshrubsandforbswererecordedforaconcurrentbearstudy;and4)theproportionoftheclosest8willowplantswithin5 moftheplotlocationstakethathadbeenbrowsedintheirrecent(e.g.,5-year)historywasrecorded.Duringthe1985fieldseason,slopeadjustmentsweremadewhentheslopewasgreaterthan10degreesversus15degreesusedin1984.Elevencalibrationtransectsweresampledto 17determineiftherewasadifferenceintheproductionofwillowCAGbetween1984and1985.Calibrationtransectsconsistedofreconductingall1984transectsegmentslocatedinhigh,mediumshrub,ormediumforeststrataofpopulationA.Plotspacingwasoffsetby1 mbetweenyearstopairtheobservationswithoutoverlappingpreviouslyclippedplots.Differencesinwillowbiomassbetweenyearsforeachstratumwerecalculated,andtheaveragedifferenceperstratum,alongwithstandarderrors,wascomputedusingtwo-stageratio-to-sizeformulae.Thisdatasetformedthebasisfortestingwhethertherewasayeareffectinwillowbiomassduringthe2-yearcourseofthestudy.significancelevelforallstatisticaltestswassetatalpha=0.05.RESULTSDistributionofBrowseThecompletedvegetationmapofthestudyareacontains9014vegetationpolygons,consistingofVierecketal.(1982)levelIVvegetationcalls.Thek-meansclassificationidentified7strataclassificationswhichwereusedintheconstructionofastratificationmapofwillowbiomass.These7classificationsweredesignatedashigh,medium-forest,medium-shrub,low,very-low,scarce,andzerowillowbiomassstrata.Thestratificationmapconsistedof7,6,and4strataclassificationsinpopulationsA(Figure3),B(Figure4),andD(Figure5),respectively.Thereaderiscautionedthatthe3mapsmentionedabovearedrawnatdifferentscales.InpopUlationB,themedium-shrubandmedium-foreststratawerecombinedtoformamediumstratum,sincetheacreageofthemedium-shrubstratumwasminute.Inpopulation0,themedium-shrubandmedium-foreststrataclassificationswerelumpedwiththelowstratum,againduetominuteacreagesinthemediumstrata.Thescarce(35.1%),very-low(24.6%),andlow(22.6%)stratacomposedthemajorityofpopUlationA(Table1).Thescarce(41.6%),very-low(33.9%),andlow(16.7%)strataalsocomposedthemajorityofpopUlationB(Table1).Thescarce(41.2%)andvery-low(49.5%)stratacomposedthemajorityofpopUlationD(Table1).Pairedsamplet-testsofdifferencesinthebiomassofwillowforthehigh,medium-shrub,andmedium-foreststrataofpopUlationAbetween1984and1985wereinconclusive(Table2).Basedontheseresults,itwasdecidedtopoolthewillowbiomassdataoveryears,eventhoughthepowertodetectadifferencebetweenyearswaslow.Poolingofthedataresultedinthebiomassestimatesbeingmoreheavilyweightedby1985datathanbythe1984data.Usingatwo-stageratio-to-sizeestimator(AppendixC),theestimatedprobabilityofasquaremetercontainingdiamondleafwillow(Table45),grayleafwillow(Table46),Richardsonwillow(Table47),feltleafwillow(Table48), 18unclassifiedwillow(Table49),andreachablepaperbirch(Table50)wascalculatedforeverystratum-populationcombination.Theseprobabilitiesprovideacrudeestimateofbrowsespeciesdistribution.Theprobabilityofencounteringaparticularspeciesinasquare-meterplotwascalculatedforeachpopulation(Table51).Duetosmallsamplesizes,averageplantheightforeachspecieswasnotcalculated.Usingatwo-stageratio-to-sizeestimator(AppendixC),averagebiomassofpaperbirch(Table3)alongwithstandarderrorsofthemean,werecalculatedforthevariousstrata-populationcombinations.Meansandtheirstandarderrorswerealsocalculatedforpaperbirchbiomass,bypopulationandstrata,forbelowandabove50cmheightcategories(Tables4and5respectively).Averagebiomassofwillow,andstandarderrorsofthemeanwerecalculatedbypopulationandstrataforcombinedheight,below50cm,andabove50cmheightcategories(Tables6,7,and8respectively).Thetwo-stageratio-to-sizeestimatorproducesslightlybiasedestimatesofthemean;almostalloftheestimateshadabiasoflessthan1%(AppendixC).Thelargestbiaswas4.4%ofthemeanwillowbiomassfoundbelow50cmintheverylowstrataofpopulationD(DevilCanyon).Atwo-stage,simplerandomsampleestimator(AppendixC)wasusedtoestimatetheaveragebiomassofmountaincranberry,bypopulation,andan80%confidenceintervalaboutthataverage(Table9).Meanwillow,paperbirch,andmountaincranberrybiomassalongwiththeirstandarderrorswascalculatedforeachpopUlationusingstratacovariancesandweightedmeans(Table10,AppendixC).MeanwillowbiomasswassignificantlydifferentandappearedtobegreaterinpopUlationA(outsidetheimpoundments)thanineitherpopUlationB(P=0.0036),orpopUlationD(P<O.OOOl).willowbiomasswasnotsignificantlydifferentbetweenpopulationBandpopulationD(P=0.1528).BiomassofpaperbirchwassignificantlydifferentandappearedtobegreaterinpopUlationBthaninpopulationA(P=0.0020).BiomassofpaperbirchinpopUlationD(DevilsCanyon)wasnotsignificantlydifferentfromeitherpopUlationA(P=0.0588)orpopUlationB(P=0.4412).MeanmountaincranberrybiomasswassignificantlydifferentandappearedtobegreaterinpopUlationBthaninpopUlationA(P<O.OOOl)butpopUlationDwasnotsignificantlydifferentfromeitherpopUlationA(P=0.2502)orpopUlationB(P=0.1902).Meanwillowandpaperbirchbiomassbelow50cminheight,andtheirstandarderrors,werecalculatedforeachpopUlation(Table11).Meanwillowbiomassbelow50cminheightwassignificantlydifferentandappearedtobelowerforpopUlationDthanforeitherpopUlationA(P<O.OOOl)orpopUlationB(P=0.0088);popUlationsAandBwerenotsignificantlydifferent(P=0.7642).Paperbirchbiomassbelow50cmwassignificantlydifferentandappearedtobelowerforpopulationAthanpopUlationB(P=0.0244). 19PopulationDwasnotsignificantlydifferentfromeitherpopulationA(P=0.0950)orpopulationB(P=0.0750).Meanwillowandpaperbirchbiomassabove50cminheight,andtheirstandarderrors,werecalculatedforeachpopulation(Table12).Meanwillowbiomassabove50cmwassignificantlydifferentandappearedtobegreaterforpopulationAthaneitherpopulationsB(P<O.OOOl)orD(P<O.OOOl).PopulationsBandDwerenotsignificantlydifferent(P=0.6672).Paperbirchbiomassabove50cmwassignificantlydifferentandappearedtobelowerinpopulationAthaninpopulationB(P=0.0182).PopulationDwasnotsignificantlydifferentfromeitherpopulationA(P=0.0750)orpopulationB(P=0.7188).Theprecisiongoalofobtaining80%confidenceintervalsformeanwillowbiomasswitharangeoflessthantwicethemeanwasmetforallheight,strata,andpopUlationcombinations.ThisprecisiongoalforpooledheightcategoriesofpaperbirchwasmetinallstrataandpopUlationcombinationsexceptthelowandscarcestrataofpopUlationA,themediumstrataofpopUlationB,andthezerostrataofpopulationD.Thisgoalforpaperbirchbelow50cminheightwasmetinallstrataandpopulationcombinationsexceptthezerostrataofpopUlationD,whileintheabove50cmheightcategorythisgoalwasmetinallstrataandpopUlationcombinationsexceptthelowstrataofpopUlationA,themediumandlowstrataofpopulationB,andthezerostrataofpopUlationD.ThemajorityofpopulationB(98.4%),allofpopulationD,and63.6%ofpopUlationAwereinstratawithameanwillowbiomassof2.00gm/m2orless,inboththepooledandgreaterthan50cmheightcategories.ForwillowbiomasspooledoverheightcategoriesthemajorityoftheareainpopUlationA(96.1%)andpopul2tionB(97.0%)wasinstratawithwillowmeansof1.00gm/morgreaterversus0%ofpopUlationD.Forwillowbiomassgreaterthan50cminheightthemajorityoftheareainPOPul2tionA(70.0%)wasinstratawithwillowmeansof1.00gm/morgreaterversus4.8%ofpopUlationBand0%ofpopUlationD.Theamountofacreagethatcouldbelost,bystratum,wascalculatedforeachstageoftheSusitnaDamProject(Tables13, 14,and15)."Intermsoftheamountofnon-wateracreagelostduetoconstruction,stageIwillresultinthelargestloss(17,287acres),followedcloselybystageIII(17,123acres),stageIIwouldcausetheleastacreage(6,893acres)tobelost.BiomassLossbyProjectFeatureTheamountofwillowbiomass,brokendownbyprojectfeatureandstrata,thatwouldbelostduetotheconstructionofstagesIthroughIII,isrecordedinTables16-18respectively.Theupper80%confidencelimitontheamountofwillowbiomassthatwouldbelostduetotheconstructionstagesIthroughIII,isrecordedinTables19-21respectively.Theamountofwillowbiomassabove50cm 20inheight,brokendownbyprojectfeatureandstrata,thatwouldbelostduetotheconstructionofthestagesIthroughIIIisgiveninTables22-24respectively,withtheupper80%confidencelimitsrecordedinTables25-27.Theamountofpaperbirchbiomass,brokendownbyprojectfeatureandstrata,thatwouldbelostduetotheconstructionofstagesIthroughIII,isgiveninTables28-30respectively,withupper80%confidencelimitsrecordedinTables31-33respectively.Theamountofpaperbirchbiomassabove50cminheight,brokendownbyprojectfeatureandstrata,thatwouldbelostduetostagesIthroughIIIisgiveninTables34-36respectively,withtheupper80%confidencelimitsgiveninTables37-39respectively.Theestimatedamountandthe80%upperconfidenceestimateoftheamountofmountaincranberrybiomassthatwouldbelostduetostageIisgiveninTable40,inTable41forstageII,andinTable42forstageIII.TheconstructionofthestageIimpoundmentwillresultinanestimatedlossof74,430kgofwillowbiomass,6,788kgofpaperbirchbiomass,and1,928,182kgofmountaincranberrybiomass(Table43).Theupper80%confidencelimitonthisforagelosswouldbe98,396kgofwillowbiomass,11,101kgofpaperbirchbiomass,and2,247,670kgofmountaincranberrybiomass(Table43).Furthermore,itisestimatedthat32,886kgofthewillowbiomassand5,000kgofthepaperbirchbiomass(Table44)willbelostfromtheabove50cmheightcategory.Theupper80%confidencelimitsontheamountofbiomasslostfromtheabove50cminheightcategorywouldbe46,097kgofwillowand8,397kgofpaperbirchbiomass(Table44).TheconstructionofthestageIIimpoundmentwillresultinanestimatedlossof10,513kgofwillowbiomass,3,731kgofpaperbirchbiomass,and538,514kgofmountaincranberrybiomass(Table43).Theupper80%confidencelimitsontheseestimatedlosseswouldbe15,938kgofwillowbiomass,7,431kgofpaperbirchbiomass,and736,493kgofmountaincranberrybiomass(Table43).OfthebiomasslostintheconstructionofstageIIimpoundment,approximately7,709kgofwillowbiomassand2,968kgofpaperbirchbiomass(Table44)willbelostfromtheabove50cmheightcategory.Theupper80%confidenceestimatesoftheselossesare12,303kgofwillowbiomassand5,876kgofpaperbirchbiomass(Table44).TheconstructionofthestageIIIimpoundmentwillresultinanestimatedlossof156,160kgofwillowbiomassand16,650kgofpaperbirchbiomass.Intheabove50cmheightcategory,approximately68,723kgofwillowbiomassand11,894kgofpaperbirchbiomasswillbelostduetheconstructionofthestageIIIimpoundment.AvailabilityofBrowseAlthoughanaccurateestimateoftheamountofwillowbrowsepresentinthe3populationswasobtained,theamount 21ofthatbrowseavailabletomooseduringthewinterwastherealparameterofinterest.Inordertogetanindirecthandleonthisparameter,dataontheproportionofwillowplantswhichwerebrowsedwerecollected.Theresponsevariablewasdichotomous(proportionofplantsbrowsedversusnotbrowsed);thus,anordinallogitmodel(Agresti,1984)couldbeusedtodeterminehowwellpopUlationan~plantdensityexplaintheproportionofplantsbrowsed.Anordinallogitmodelwasfittotheratioofbrowsedtounbrowsedwillowplantswithin5 moftheplotlocationstake.ThedataforpopUlationD(DevilCanyon)wasnotwellbehaved,primarilyduetoextremelysmallsamplesizesatsomeplantdensities,andasaresultthesedatawereexcludedfromtheanalysis.Theobservedoddsofawillowplantbeingbrowsedversusnotbrowsed,isgivenbypopUlationinFigure2A.Thebestmodel(P)0.728)explainingdifferencesinbrowsingpressureonwillowplantsbetweenpopUlationAandBwas:In(m2jk!mljk)=0.28264+SjP+0.06976(dk-d);where.s P=-0.32230forPopUlationA,.1s P=0.32230forPopUlationB,and2dk=-3.5+(k-l)*l.O;k=l,2,•••,8(Figure2B).Thedkvalueswereusedtoindicatethevariouslevelsofplantdensity(k).TheresultscanbeexpressedintermsoftheexpectedoddsthatawillowplantisbrowsedforagivenplantdensityandgivenpopUlation.Theexpectedoddsofawillowplantbeingbrowsedversusnotbrowsedincreasedatthesamerate(1.07236)forbothpopUlations,asplantdensityincreasesbyoneplant.However,afterthedatawereadjustedforplantdensities,asignificantly(P<0.05)higherproportionofbrowsedplantswasfoundinpopUlationB(WatanapopUlation)thaninpopUlationA(outsideimpoundments)•OrdinallogitmodelsexplainingbrowsingpressureonwillowswerefitforeachpopUlation,withpossibleexplanatoryvariablesincludingplantdensityandelevation.Thebestmodel(0.25<P<0.50)predictingthebrowsingpressureonwillowsinpopUlationB(Watanaimpoundment)was:In(m2jk/mljk)=0.699748(Figure3).Thebestmodel(0.50<P<0.75)predictingbrowsingpressureonwillowsinpopUlationA(non-impoundment)was:In(m2jk!mljk)=0.170664-0.302710(ej-e)(Figure4).Elevationcategorieswereindexedbyj,j=1,2,•••,6,andweightedbyej'ej=-2.5+(j-l)*l.O,wherej=ldenotedthe 22elevationbandfrom2200-2400feet.Theexpectedoddsthatawillowplantwasbrowsedversusunbrowsedincreasedatthesamerate(1.3535)aselevationincreased1category.DISCUSSIONwillowutilizationInformationfromtheliteratureandfromthedatathathasbeencollectedonutilizationofwillowsinthemiddlebasinstudyarea,supportsourassumptionthatwillowplantsofdifferentspeciesareequallyavailable,intermsofregionalavailabilityandlevelsofutilization.Thus,whenwillowbiomassdataarecombinedoverspecies,itwillnotaffectthecarryingcapacityestimates.steigersetale(1983:192)foundsimilarutilizationlevelsoftwigsamongdiamondleaf,grayleaf,andRichardsonwillowswithinthe5differentvegetationtypessampledinwhich2ormoreofthosespeciesoccurredtogether.Murie(1961)indicatedthatofthemorethan20speciesofwillowsinDenaliPark,feltleaf,diamondleaf,andRichardsonwillowswereparticularlywelllikedbymoose.Milke'sfindingsagreecloselywiththoseofMurie(1969:17),inwhichfeltleaf,diamondleaf,andRichardsonwillowwereallrankedhighonlistsofapparentpreferencesofmooseforcertainwillowspeciesat7interiorAlaskastudyareas(Milke1969:19-21).Machida(1979)alsorankedfeltleafanddiamondleafwillowsatthetopofapreferencelistformooseininteriorAlaska.Incontrast,Milke(1969:19-21)rankedgrayleafwillownearthebottomofhisspeciespreferencelist.Steigersetale(1983:59-61)tookexceptiontothislowranking,forthemiddleSusitnabasin.Furthermore,theyhypothesizedthatrelativelylowdensitiesandinterspersionofgrayleafwillowamongother,morehighlypreferred,willowspeciesintheSusitnabasinhadresultedinhigherutilizationlevels,forthisspecies,thanthoseobservedbyMilke(1969).Itseemsprobablethatthistypeofphenomenonisalsooccurringwithotherlower-utilizationspecies,suchasalderandresinbirch.ThisstUdyhasdocumentedthatdiamondleafwillowmakesupalargeproportionofthetotalwillowbiomassinthemiddlebasin,particularlyinhigher-elevation"willowfields."Ourobservationsdidnotsuggestwidelydivergentlevelsofutilizationamongwillowspeciesintheabsenceofhighlypreferredfeltleafwillow.ThedistributionoffeltleafwillowisgenerallyconfinedtoactivedrainagefloodplainsranginginsizefromriparianzonesofsmalltributarystreamstothebanksoftheSusitnaRiver.Reasonsthatthisspeciesseemstobepreferredmightincludeitspalatability,anditsavailabilityindeepsnowwhenotherwillowspeciesareburied(Mould1977,Milke1969,Machida1979).Inspiteoftheirdecidedpreferenceforfeltleafwillow,moosedonotconcentratetheirforaging 23activitiesonthetwigsofthisspeciesuntilmid-to-latewinter.Inthemiddlebasin,mooseappearedtobrowseallavailablewillowsanddidnotconcentrateonfeltleafwillowatthelowestelevationsuntillaterinthewinterwhenmoosetendedtomovetothelowerelevations;thismovementtendedtocoincidewithincreasingsnowdepthsatthehigherelevations.Forexample,moosehadbrowsedverylittleoftheconcentratedfeltleafwillowstandnearthemouthofWatanaCreekandalongDevilCreekbyearlyDecember1984,buthadremovednearlyallofthecurrentannualgrowthbyearlyMarch1985.Fromthestandpointofpalatabilityandplantheight,feltleafwillowisdifferentfromallotherdominantwillowspeciesinthebasin.Forthatreasonaloneitmightbearguedthatfeltleafwillowshouldhavebeenseparatedfromtheotherspeciesintheanalysis.However,fieldobservationssuggestthatwherefeltleafwillowhasbeenheavilybrowsed(70-90%),allotherwillowsintermixedwithit(predominantlydiamondleafwillow)werealsoheavilybrowsed(40-90%).ThroughoutthestUdyarea,itcanbegeneralizedthatallwillowspeciesgrowingataparticularsitereceivecomparablelevelsofbrowsing.Feltleafwillowisalsodistinct,duetoitstallerplantheight,fromtheotherwillowspeciesthatweresampled.Plantheightisprobablynota"seriousfactoraffectingavailabilityuntilJanuarywhensnowdepthsbegintoapproachlevelsthatcanseverelyrestrictforagingmovements.Thetallerspecies,suchasfeltleafwillow,becomemoreimportantasthewinterprogressesandgreatersnowdepthsmakeshorterplantsharderformoosetoobtain.ThisphenomenonusuallyoccursfromJanuarytoApril.Eventhoughplantheighteffectsthelocalavailabilityofforagebiomass,itprobablydoesnotinvalidateourconclusionthatregionalavailabilityofforageismoreimportanttoforagingmoosethanplantheight(i.e.,forageavailability)onasite-specificbasis.AnnualvariationinCAGBiomassBasedontheinformationcollectedfromthecalibrationtransects,itwasdecidedtopoolthe1984and1985data,eventhoughthepowertodetectadifferencebetweenthedataofthese2yearswaslow.Thispoolingresultedinthebiomassestimatesbeingmoreheavilyweightedtowardthe1985dataset,sincemostofthetransectsweresampledduringthatfieldseason.Fieldobservationsduringlatespring,onthephenologicaldevelopmentofwillowandpaperbirchplants,suggestedthatspringcamelaterin1985than1984.Ifthisweretrue,thenbiomassproduction,ifdifferentbetweenthese2years,wouldbelowerin1985.Thislowerproductionwouldresultinconservativebiomassestimates,if1984isassumedtobeanaverageyearwithregardtophenologicaldevelopment.Becausethereisanabsenceofmoreprecisedatafordeterminingwhichofthese2yearsismostrepresentative,andduetothefactthata 24differencebetweenthese2yearshasnotbeenquantitativelydemonstrated,itisfeltthatthepooleddatagivebiomassestimatesthatarepreciseenoughformitigationpurposes.SpeciesDistributionpopulationB,whichcontainsthewatanaimpoundment,canbegeneralizedashavingthehighestpaperbirchandmountaincranberrybiomassconcentrationsofthe3populations.Thispopulationhasafairlylowrelativeconcentrationofwillowbiomass,thoughtheamountoftotalbrowsebiomassabove50eminheightconsistsmainlyofwillow.PopulationAhasthehighestconcentrationofwillow,ofwhichthehighestdensitiestendtobefoundabovethetreelineineitherriparianhabitatoronwetslopes.Thispopulationhadthelowestconcentrationsofpaperbirchandmountaincranberrybiomass.PopulationDcanbecharacterizedasaverysteepcanyonwithverylowrelativeamountsofwillowbiomassandmoderateamountsofmountaincranberryandpaperbirchbiomass.Basedonthebrowseinventoryresults,whichwerefairlypreciseconsideringthevastnessofthestudyarea,itcouldbeconcludedthatpopulationAproducesmoremoosebrowseabove50cminheightthaneitheroftheother2populations,whichcontaintheimpoundments.DistributionofBrowsingPressureTheproportionofbrowsedwillowplantsfoundintheWatanaimpoundmentwassignificantlygreaterthanthatfoundoutsidetheimpoundment.Browsingpressureonwillowsoutsideoftheimpoundmentsincreasedwithdecreasingelevationataconstantrate;startingat3400feettheexpectedoddsawillowplantisbrowsedversusnotbrowsedincreasesby35.4%aselevationdecreasesby200feet.Theoddsthatawillowplantisbrowsedversusnotbrowsedappearedtobeconstant,overelevation,inthewatanaimpoundment.BallardandWhitman(1986)hypothesizedthatmooseweremorelikelytousetheWatanaimpoundmentinseverewintersthaninmildones.Theirdatasuggestthatthehighestuseofthewatanaimpoundmentoccursduringthewinterperiod(February1throughApril30)and,ingeneral,themoosepopulationexhibitsmovementstowardlowerelevationsduringthisperiod.Theiranalysisofhabitatusebymooseshowsthatstratainthewatanaimpoundmentareselectedforwhilealmostallstrataintheareaoutsidethisimpoundmentareavoided.TheestimateoftheamountofbrowsebiomassthatisavailabletomooseinthemiddleSusitnabasinisoneofthemostcrucialparametersinthecarryingcapacitymodel(Hubbert1987).Toestimatetheamountofbrowsebiomasspresentinthestudyareawasdifficult,buttodeterminetheproportionofthatbrowseavailabletomooseduringthewinterperiodisevenmoredifficulttoquantify.Thedataonproportionofwillowplantsbrowsed,theresultsfromanalyzingobservationsofmooselocations,and 25thefactthatthehigherelevationareas,outsidetheimpoundment,havehigherwillowproductivitythanthelowerelevationareasinsidetheWatanaimpoundmentisconsistentwiththehypothesesthatalargeamountofthebiomassfoundathigherelevationsisnotavailabletomooseduringwinter.Ifthehypothesiswerefalse,thenonewouldnotexpectmoosetomovetowardlowerelevations,awayfromtheveryproductive"willowfields"foundabovetreeline,especiallyduringtimesofstresssuchasthewinterperiod.IfavailabilityofbrowsewereequalbetweentheWatanaimpoundmentandtheareaoutsidetheimpoundment,thenitwouldbeexpectedthattheproportionofwillowplantsbrowsedwouldnotbegreaterintheimpoundmentwhereproductivityofwillowbiomassislower.However,theredoesexistadifferenceinproportionofwillowplantsbrowsedbetweenthe2spatiallydistinctpopUlations.Thisevidencealongwithdecreasingbrowsingpressureaselevationincreasesinthenon-impoundmentareas,suggeststhatadiscrepancyinavailabilityofwillowforagebiomassexistsinatleastsomeofthehigher-elevationareasoutsideoftheWatanaimpoundment.Thecausesofwillowbiomassbeinglessavailableathigherelevationsarenotfullyunderstood,thoughcertainparametersareknowntoinfluencebrowseavailabilityduringwinter.Ingeneral,aselevationincreasessnowdepthalsoincreases(Steigersetale1986).MoenandSeveringhaus(1981)reportedthatwhite-taileddeer(Odocoileusvirginianus)inNewYorkhaveabetterchanceofover-wintersurvivalbyyardingandconservingenergyinareasofdenseconifercoverandsuitabletopographyversusmoreexposedareas.Thereasonconiferareasatthelowerelevationsarebeingselectedformorefrequentlybywinteringmoosemightalsobeexplainedbythebenefitsofincreasedcoverandenergyconservation.Useofthelowerelevationsmightresultinabetterenergybalanceformoosethantheycouldobtainbyover-winteringinthemoreexposedareaofpopUlationA,eventhoughmorebrowseisfoundthere.ThereareprobablyseveralotherfactorscausingbrowseintheexposedareasofpopUlationAtobelessavailable,anditishighlylikelythatthereareinteractionsamongthevariousfactors.BrowseutilizationRateTheextenttowhichaplantcontinuestobeasourceofmoosebrowse,overtime,isafunctionoftheamountofbrowsingpressurethatplanthasreceived.Thus,theamountofutilizationaplantcanwithstandovertimeisofinterest,sincethebrowseinventorydatawasprimarilyintendedtobeusedinmodelingmoosecarryingcapacityovertime,throughuseofacarryingcapacitymodel.Thedatawecollectedontheproportionofwillowplantsthatwerebrowseddoesnotprovideinsightsintothebrowsingintensitybeingsustainedbyindividualplants.steigersetale(1983)reportedtwigutilizationlevels 26rangingfrom4-30%for3willowspecies(diamondleaf,grayleaf,andfeltleafwillow)collectedin10differentvegetationtypesoccurringwithinthemiddleSusitnaRiverbasin.Theseestimateswerebiasedlow,becausenew-growthtwigsfromthecurrentsummerwerecountedasunbrowsedtwigs.Inheavilybrowsedareas,sampledforsnowdepthduringlateMarch1985,ocularestimatesoftwigsremovedfromindividualplantsrangedfrom60%toover95%(Steigersetale1986).Informationfromthesestudiesisthebestcurrentlyavailable'forlevelsofwillowtwigutilizationbywinteringmooseinthestudyarea.Recommendedlevelsoftwigutilizationinotherstudieshavevariedbecauseofdifferencesinspeciessampled,climate,andmethodsusedtoidentifyandcounttwigs.However,several"rulesofthumb"havebecomeestablishedforhardwoodbrowse:1)twigutilizationlevelsofupto30%canincreaseproduction(Kreftingetale1966);2)annualremovalof50%ofthetwigscanoccurwithoutareductionintotalproduction(Aldous1952,Kreftingetale1966,Wolff1976,Wolff1978);and3)shrubscanwithstandupto100%utilizationwithoutpermanentdamage,butthishighlevelcannotbesustainedformorethan3consecutiveyearswithoutdecreasesinvigorandproduction(Wolff1978,Wolffetale1983).willowsappeartobecapableofwithstandingrelativelyhighutilizationlevelswhilestillmaintainingproductivity,particularlyonriparianfloodplainswherenutrientconcentrationsarealsohigh.RiparianfeltleafwillowsintheSusitnastudyarearegularlyexperiencewinterutilizationlevelsexceeding90%oftheircurrentannualgrowthwhilereproducingnewtwigsupto1.3mlongthefollowingsummer.Inthecaseoffeltleafwillow,highcroppingratesandtheresultantstembreakagehinderstheplantsfromrapidlygrowingoutofreachofmoose.LocalutilizationofshrubsintheSusitnastudyareavariesbydistributionanddensityofwinteringmoose,timingofutilization,andboththequantityandavailabilityofforagebiomassoveraspecifiedtimeperiod.However,topreciselyestimatearecommendedutilizationrateforforageshrubsacrosstheentirestudyarea,onewouldneedtoplacethegreatestemphasisonthoselocalareasreceivingtheburdenofthemid-to-latewinter(January-April)browsing,whenmoosepopulationsareconcentratedonalimitedrange.Averageannualutilizationrates,forthisperiod,of60%ofthecurrent-annual-growthtwigs,isrecommendedforallforagespeciesexceptfeltleafwillow,forwhich70%isrecommended.Forallspecies,100%ofthetwigscouldberemovedfor3consecutivewinterswithoutdetrimentallossofhabitatvalue.Basedontheabovediscussion,itseemsevidentthatfloodingtheWatanaimpoundmentwouldhaveagreaterimpactonmoosewinterbrowsethansuggestedbyaveragebiomassperunitareaalone.Itisverydifficulttoestimatetheamountofmoosebrowse,above50eminheight,thatisnot 27availabletomooseduringthewinter.TheamountnotavailableinpopulationAprobablyincreaseswithwinterseverity,since"themajorityofthispopulationisabovethetreelineandthusexposedtothefullbruntofwinter"storms.TheDevilCanyonimpoundmentisshelteredfromwinterstormsbuthasaverylowproductionofbothwillowandpaperbirchbrowseperunitarea,notallofwhichisavailableduetotheextremesteepnessofsomesectionsofthecanyon.This,plUSthesmall'sizeoftheDevilCanyonimpoundmentcomparedwiththesizeoftheWatanaimpoundment,suggeststhattheconstructionoftheWatanaimpoundmentwouldhaveamuchgreaterimpactonmoosewinterhabitatthantheconstructionofjustaDevilCanyondam.SUMMARYTheprimaryimpactonmooseoftheproposedSusitnaHydroelectricProjectwouldbethelossofmoosehabitat.Therefore,itwasdecidedthatanassessmentofthelossofmoosecarryingcapacity,basedonamoosecarryingcapacitymodel,wouldbeameaningfulwaytomeasuretheimpactsoftheproposedprojectonmoose.Nutritionalcarryingcapacityisdefinedasthenumberofhealthyindividualsthatcanbemaintainedinadesignatedareaforaspecifiedperiodoftime.Oneofthemajorinputstothecarryingcapacitymodelistheamountofbrowsethatisavailabletomooseduringthewinter.Theestimationofthisparameterwastheprimaryobjectiveofthisstudy.Astratifiedtwo-stagesamplingdesignwasusedtoestimatetheamountofwillow,paperbirch,andmountaincranberrybrowsethatiscontainedintheprimaryimpactzone,whichwasdelineatedonthebasisofmovementsofradio-collaredmoose.Thestudyareawasbrokenupinto3sub-stUdyareas,theDevilCanyonPopulation(popUlationD),theWatanaImpoundmentPopulation(popUlationB),andtheremainingarea(popUlationA).Resinbirchwasassumedtobeanon-limitingbrowseitem,duetoitsubiquitousdistribution.Theimpactofsnowdepthonbrowseavailabilitywascrudelyadjustedforbycalculatingtheamountofbrowsebiomassabove50eminheight.Willo!browsegreaterthan50eminheightwashigher(1.72gm/m)outsidetheimpoundmen~s(popUlationA)thaninsideeit~ertheWatana(0.47gm/m)ortheDevilCanyon(0.35gm/m)Impoundments."pap~rbirchbiomassabov'a50cminheightwaslower(0.007gm/m)outsideoftheimpoundmentsthanineit~ertheWatana(0.063gm/m2)orDevilCanyon(0.051gm/m)Impoundments.Mountaincranberrybrowseappe2redtobegreaterintheWatanaImpoundment(28.01gm/m2)thanineithertheDevilCanyonImpoundment(19.74gm/m)ortheareasoutsideoftheimpoundments(13.31gm/m2).Basedonupper80%confidencelimits,theconstructionofeitherstageIorIII(WatanaImpoundments)willresultinalossofabout4timesmorewillowbiomass 28(over50cminheight)thantheconstructionofthestageIIimpoundment(DevilCanyon).Basedonupper80%confidencelimits,theconstructionofeitherstageIorIIIwillresultinalossofabout1.4timesmorewillowbiomass(over50cminheight)thantheconstructionofthestageIIimpoundment.Basedontheabovefigures,itwouldappearthattheconstructionoftheWatanaDam,eitherstageIorbothstagesIandIII,willhaveafarlargerimpactthantheconstructionoftheDevilCanyonDam.Ingeneral,willowbiomassover50cminheightwasabout2.5timesgreaterthanpaperbirchbiomassover50eminheightinstageII,and5timesgreaterinstagesIorIII.Themajorityofthebrowsewasfoundoutsideoftheimpoundmentareas.Thisoutsideareaalsohadhigherwillowproductivitythananyoftheproposedimpoundments.However,alogitregressionmodelontheproportionofwillowplantsthatwerebrowsed,showedheavierbrowsingpressureoccurringintheWatanaimpoundmentthaninareasoutsideoftheimpoundments,andbrowsingpressuredecreasingwithincreasingelevationinthenon-impoundmentareas.Thisdifferencewouldindicatethatnotallofthewillowbrowsefoundoutsideoftheproposedimpoundmentsisavailabletomooseinthewinter.Increasingsnowdepthswithincreasingelevationisonemechanismthatwouldexplainthedifferentlevelsofbrowsingpressure.Theextenttowhichbrowseoutsideoftheproposedimpoundmentsisnotavailabletomoose"isnotfUllyknownatthistime,norisitlikelytoeverbefully.known. 29Table1.Percentarea,brokendownbypopulation,ofwillowbiomassstrata.populationA(Non-Impoundment)B(WatanaImpoundment)D(DevilCanyonImpoundment)strataHighMedium-ForestMedium-ShrubLowVery-LowScarceZeroTOTALHighMediumLowVery-LowScarceZeroTOTALLowVery-LowScarceZeroTOTALArea(ha)14,425.74,488.212,649.052,086.356,669.380,706.49,073.7230,098.6129.0820.03,287.16,682.18,190.2598.019,706.4255.93,952.33,293.6484.17,985.9Proportionofpopulation(%)6.271.955.5022.6424.6335.073.94100.000.654.1616.6833.9141.563.0399.993.2049.4941.246.0699.99 30Table2.Differencesinwillowbiomassbetween1984and1985forthehigh,medium-forest,andmedium-shrubstrataofpopulationA.X1984-X1985Poweroftest(gmjm2)(2-tailedtest)strataS.E.Pvaluealpha=.05(.10)High-1.385.37P>O.250.038(0.075)Medium-Forest1.734.17P>O.250.025(0.06)Medium-Shrub1.673.62P>0.250.045(0.08)AllMediums1.723.43P>0.250.05(0.10) Table3.Meanpaperbirchbiomassandstandarderror,pooledoverheightcategories,bypopulationandstrata.31PopulationA(Non-Impoundment)B(WatanaImpoundment)D(DevilCanyonImpoundment)strataHighMedium-ForestMedium-ShrubLowVery-LowScarceZeroHighMediumLowVery-LowScarceZeroLowVery-LowScarceZero0.0000.0000.0000.0300.0000.0040.0000.0000.0130.0300.1080.1060.1290.0020.0000.1140.2700.0000.0000.000#0.0300.000#0.0040.0000.000#0.0110.0230.0530.0510.0580.000*0.0000.049#0.196df7028527273932720415659681510133417*denoteszerovalueduetorounding#denotes80%C.I.witharange>2X Table4.Meanpaperbirchbiomassandstandarderror,below50cminheight,bypopulationandstrata.32PopulationA(Non-Impoundment)B(WatanaImpoundment)D(DevilCanyonImpoundment)strataHighMedium-ForestMedium-ShrubLowVery-LowScarceZeroHighMediumLowVery-LowScarceZeroLowVery-LowScarceZeroMean(gmjm2)0.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.000*0.0000.0000.0030.0070.0460.0210.0340.0000.0000.0030.0560.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.000*0.0000.0000.0030.0060.0320.0110.0170.0000.0000.002#0.053df7028527273932720415659681510133417*denoteszerovalueduetorounding#denotes80%C.I.witharange>2X 33Table5.Meanpaperbirchbiomassandstandarderror,above50cminheight,bypopulationandstrata.PopulationA(Non-Impoundment)B(WatanaImpoundment)D(DevilCanyonImpoundment)strataHighMedium-ForestMedium-ShrubLowVery-LowScarceZeroHighMediumLowVery-LowScarceZeroLowVery-LowScarceZero0.0000.0000.0000.0250.0000.0030.0000.0000.0100.0230.0620.0850.0950.0020.0000.091.0.214SE(gm/m2)0.0000.0000.000#0.0240.0000.0020.0000.000#0.010#0.0170.0280.0440.0470.000*0.0000.049#0.196df7028527273932720415659681510133417.*denoteszerovalueduetorounding#denotes80%C.I.witharange>2X Table6.Meanwillowbiomassandstandarderror,pooledoverheightcategories,bypopulationandstrata.34PopulationA(Non-Impoundment)B(WatanaImpoundment)D(DevilCanyonImpoundment)strataHighMedium-Forest·Medium-ShrubLowVery-LowScarceZeroHighMediumLowVery-LowScarceZeroLowVery-LowScarceZero6.205.093.273.091.991.140.706.861.741.161.051.010.200.170.770.200.050.891.430.540.700.330.200.402.440.580.250.290.220.110.080.460.110.04df7028527273932720415659681510133417*denoteszerovalueduetorounding#denotes80%C.I.witharange>2X Table7.Meanwillowbiomassandstandarderrorbelow50cminheight,bypopulationandstrata.35PopulationA(Non-Impoundment)B(WatanaImpoundment)D(DevilCanyonImpoundment)strataHighMedium-ForestMedium-ShrubLowVery-LowScarceZeroHighMediumLowVery-LowScarceZeroLowVery-LowScarceZeroMean(gmjm2)1.041.680.840.730.500.340.122.180.490.620.590.670.090.150.190.050.030.170.620.160.100.160.060.060.870.110.130.160.170.040.070.100.030.02df7028527273932720415659681510133417*denoteszerovalueduetorounding#denotes80%C.I.witharange>2X Table8.Meanwillowbiomassandstandarderror,above50eminheight,bypopulationandstrata.36populationA(Non-Impoundment)B(WatanaImpoundment)D(DevilCanyonImpoundment)strataHighMedium-ForestMedium-ShrubLowVery-LowScarceZeroHighMediumLowVery-LowScarceZeroLowVery-LowScarceZeroMean(gmjm2)5.073.412.432.361.490.800.584.691.250.540.460.340.110.010.580.150.01SE(gmjm2)0.831.100.470.680.280.160.361.900.540.170.150.100.090.010.400.100.01df7028527273932720415659681510133417*denoteszerovalueduetorounding#denotes80%C.I.witharange>2X 37Table9.Meanmountaincranberrybiomassand80%confidenceintervalbypopulation.populationA(Non-Impoundment)B(WatanaImpoundment)D(DevilCanyonImpoundment)13.3128.0119.7480%confidenc~Interval(gmjm).(11.05,15.55)(23.35,32.65)(12.21,27.19) Table10.Averagebiomassandstandarderrorsofwillow,paperbirch,andmountaincranberryinpopulationsA,B,andD.38Forage-GroupPopulationAWillowBDAPaperBirchBDACranberryBDMeanstd.Error(gm/m2)(gm/m2)2.280.161.090.370.470.220.0070.0060.0920.0280.0620.02813.311.7328.013.4619.745.29 Table11.Averagebiomassandstandarderrorsofwillowandpaperbirchbelow50cminheightforpopulationsA,a,andD.39Forage-GroupPopulationAWillowaDAPaperBirchaDMean(gmjm2)0.560.620.120.0000.0270.005std.Er~or(gmjm)0.090.180.060.0000.0120.003 40Table12.Averagebiomassandstandarderrorsofwillowandpaperbirchabove50cminheightforpopulationsA,B,andD.Forage-GroupPopulationAwillowBDAPaperBirchBDMean(gmjm2)1.720.470.350.0070.063.0.051std.Er~or(gmjm)0.220.200.190.0060.0230.024 41Table13.Acresofforagebiomassstratumtobepermanentlyortemporarilylostbyfacility,forstageI.Unlessotherwisedenotedwithafootnote,allpotentialforforagebiomassproductionisconsideredpermanentlylost.ProjectVeryFeatureHighMediumLowLowScarceZeroTotalImpoundment183 169149032688190200115301AccessRoad1A9676B1048813628528Camps20 026881740288BorrowPits30 077275641251018other41 7 050940152Total280251169737699235205417287A -LocatedprimarilywithinPopulationA.B -Indicatesmediumshrubacreages.1 -IncludesonlytheDenaliHighway-Watanaaccessroad.Assumedanaverageclearingwidthof100feetforthis43.6-mi1eroad.Approximately40feetofthiswidthwillberevegetatedaftertheaccessroadisconstructed.2 -IncludestheWatanaconstructioncampandvillages.Approximately200acreswillberehabilitatedfollowingthecompletionofStageIII.3 -Includesproportionally1/3oftheareaofquarrysiteA,2/3oftheareaofborrowpitD,and2/3oftheareaofborrowpitEthatisabovetheDevilCanyonimpoundment.Allquarryandborrowpitareaswillberehabilitated..4 -Includestheairport(44acres),Watanaconstructionroads(80acres),andthetransmissionlineswitchyardsatWatana(12acres)andforGoldCreek(16acres).Approximately30acresusedinbuildingconstructionroadswillberehabilitated.5 -Figure6showsthelocationofthevariousfeatures. 42Table14.Acresofforagebiomassstratumtobepermanentlyortemporarilylostbyfacility,forstageII.Unlessotherwisedenotedwithafootnote,allpotentialforforagebiomassproductionisconsideredpermanentlylost..ProjectVeryFeatureHighMediumLow LowScarceZeroTotalImpoundment049A48323350216845606AccessRoad1B756C106157 10023467camps20023014136200BorrowPits3097A1252950445other4001489063175Total75152192740392818066893A -TreatedaslowstrataofpopUlationD.B -LocatedprimarilywithinpopUlationA.C -Indicatesmediumshrubacreages.1 -IncludesonlytheWatana-DevilCanyonaccessroad.Assumedanaverageclearingwidthof100feetforthis38.6-mileroad.Approximately40feetofthiswidthwillberevegetatedaftertheaccessroadisconstructed.2-IncludestheDevilCanyonconstructioncampandvillages,whichwillberehabilitatedfollowingthecompletionofStageIII.3 -IncludesquarrysiteK.Allquarryandborrowpitareaswillberehabilitated.4 -Includestherailroad(73acres),railheadfacility(40acres),DevilCanyonconstructionroads(50acres),andtheDevilCanyontransmissionlineswitchyards(12acres).Approximately22acresclearedfortherailroadand19acresclearedforconstructionroadswillberehabilitatedafterconstruction.5 -Figure6showsthelocationofthevariousfeatures. Table15.Acresofforagebiomassstratumtobepermanentlyortemporarilylostbyfacility,forstageIII.Unlessotherwisedenotedwithafootnote,allpotentialforforagebiomassproductionisconsideredpermanentlylost.43ProjectFeatureHighMediumLowImpoundmentl865432893BorrowPits20 040VeryLowScarceZeroTotal653184954741637616453112747Total865432933669513805486171231 -IncludesonlytheareainundatedbyStageIII.2 -Includesproportionally2/3oftheareaofborrowpitA,1/3oftheareaofborrowpitD,and1/3oftheareaofborrowpitEthatisabovetheDevilCanyonimpoundment.3 -Figure-6showsthelocationofthevariousfeatures.Allborrowpitareaswillberehabilitated. 44Table16.Kgofwillowbiomass,pooledoverheightcategories,tobepermanentlyortemporarilylostbyfacilityandstratum,forstageI.Unlessotherwisedenotedwithafootnote,allpotentialforforagebiomassproductionisconsideredpermanentlylost.ProjectVeryFeatureHighMediumLowLowScarceZeroTotalI~poundment5081119069951388733476162062248AccessRd1A24091006B1301709627796130camps20 012237471101207BorrowPits30 036211692620204170Other4284902133840674Total7517224587791635137819191974430A -LocatedprimarilywithinPopUlationA.B -Indicatesmediumshrubacreages.1 -IncludesonlytheDenaliHighway-Watanaaccessroad.Assumedanaverageclearingwidthof100feetforthis43.6-mileroad.Approximately40feetofthiswidthwillberevegetatedaftertheaccessroadisconstructed.2-IncludestheWatanaconstructioncampandvillages.Approximately200acreswillberehabilitatedfollowingthecompletionofStageIII.3 -Includesproportionally1/3oftheareaofquarrysiteA,2/3oftheareaofborrowpitD,and2/3oftheareaofborrowpitEthatisabovetheDevilCanyonimpoundment.Allquarryandborrowpitareaswillberehabilitated.4 -Includestheairport(44acres),Watanaconstructionroads(80acres),andthetransmissionlineswitchyardsatWatana(12acres)andforGoldCreek(16acres).Approximately30acresusedinbuildingconstructionroadswillberehabilitated. 45Table17.Kgofwillowbiomass,pooledoverheightcategories,tobepermanentlyortemporarilylostbystratumandfacility,forstageII.Unlessotherwisedenotedwithafootnote,allpotentialforforagebiomassproductionisconsideredpermanentlylost.ProjectFeatureHighMediumLowImpoundmenta34A33AccessRd1B188279C1326camps2a a16BorrowPits3a67A1other4a a10VeryLowScarceZeroTotal1007283534142491264461655078a114713778577a930257313120Total188218013853081356042610513A -TreatedaslowstrataofpopulationD.B -LocatedprimarilywithinpopulationA.C -Indicatesmediumshrubacreages.1 -IncludesonlytheWatana-DevilCanyonaccessroad.Assumedanaverageclearingwidthof100feetforthis38.6-mileroad.Approximately40feetofthiswidthwillberevegetatedaftertheaccessroadisconstructed.2 -IncludestheDevilCanyonconstructioncampandvillages,whichwillberehabilitatedfollowingthecompletionofStageIII.3 -IncludesquarrysiteK.Allquarryandborrowpitareaswillberehabilitated.4 -Includestherailroad(73acres),railheadfacility(40acres),DevilCanyonconstructionroads(50acres),andtheDevilCanyontransmissionlineswitchyards(12acres).Approximately22acresclearedfortherailroadand19acresclearedforconstructionroadswillberehabilitatedafterconstruction. Table18.Kgofwillowbiomass,pooledoverheightcategories,tobepermanentlyortemporarilylostbyfacilityandstratum,forstageIII.Unlessotherwisedenotedwithafootnote,allpotentialforforagebiomassproductionisconsideredpermanentlylost.ProjectVeryFeatureHighMediumLowLowScarceZeroTotalImpoundment12388382413581277533470443155446BorrowPits20 01886972170103065-----Total23883824137692844956414440585111 -IncludesonlytheareainundatedbyStageIII.462 -Includesproportionally2/3oftheareaofborrowpitA,1/3oftheareaofborrowpitD,and1/3oftheareaofborrowpitEthatisabovetheDevilCanyonimpoundment.Allborrowpitareaswillberehabilitated. 47Table19.Upper80%confidencelimitofkgofwillowbiomass,pooledoverheightcategories,tobepermanentlyortemporarilylostbyfacilityandstratum,forstageI.ProjectVeryFeatureHighMediumLowLowScarceZeroTotalImpoundment7473170389241891343088283482935AccessRd1A28561221B16798587711397524camps20 015650991501580BorrowPits30 046115923372355461other4417102894950895-----Total103692995112212216148641300998396A -LocatedprimarilywithinPopulationA.B -Indicatesmedium.shrubacreages.1 -IncludesonlytheDenaliHighway-Watanaaccessroad.Assumedanaverageclearingwidthof100feetforthis43.6-mileroad•.Approximately40feetofthiswidthwillberevegetatedaftertheaccessroadisconstructed.2 -IncludestheWatanaconstructioncampandvillages.Approximately200acreswillberehabilitatedfollowingthecompletionofStageIII..3 -Includesproportionally1/3oftheareaofquarrysiteA,2/3oftheareaofborrowpitD,and2/3oftheareaofborrowpitEthatisabovetheDevilCanyonimpoundment.Allquarryandborrowpitareaswillberehabilitated.4 -Includestheairport(44acres),Watanaconstructionroads(80acres),andthetransmissionlineswitchyardsatWatana(12acres)andforGoldCreek(16acres).Approximately30acres~sedinbuildingconstructionroadswillberehabilitated. 48Table20.Upper80%confidencelimitofkgofwillowbiomass,pooledoverheightcategories,tobepermanentlyortemporarilylost-byfacilityandstratum,forstageII.Unlessotherwisedenotedwithafootnote,allpotentialforforagebiomassproductionisconsideredpermanentlylost.ProjectFeatureHighMediumLowImpoundment056A54AccessRdlB223196C1712camps20 026Borrowpits30110A1other40 016Total22312621809VeryLowScarceZeroTotal18174960682756915315671156251o2001524014181350166345128262144811598983615938A -TreatedaslowstrataofpopUlationD.B -LocatedprimarilywithinpopUlationA.C -Indicatesmediumshrubacreages.1 -IncludesonlytheWatana-DevilCanyonaccessroad.Assumedanaverageclearingwidthof100feetforthis38.6-mileroad.Approximately40feetofthiswidthwillberevegetatedaftertheaccessroadisconstructed.2 -IncludestheDevilCanyonconstructioncampandvillages,whichwillberehabilitatedfollowingthecompletionofstageIII.3 -IncludesquarrysiteK.Allquarryandborrowpitareaswillberehabilitated.4 -Includestherailroad(73acres),railheadfacility(40acres),DevilCanyonconstructionroads(50acres),andtheDevilCanyontransmissionlineswitchyards(12acres)•Approximately22acresclearedfortherailroadand19acresclearedforconstructionroadswillberehabilitatedafterconstruction. 49Table21.Upper80%confidencelimitofkgofwillowbiomass,pooledoverheightcategories,tobepermanentlyortemporarilylostbyfacilityandstratum,forstageIII.Unlessotherwisedenotedwithafootnote,allpotentialforforagebiomassproductionisconsideredpermanentlylost.projectVeryFeatureHighMediumLowLowScarceZeroTotalImpoundment13512547217328377964467775476328BorrowPits2002409492794173999-----Total3512547217567387457260 7771803271 -IncludesonlytheareainundatedbystageIII.2-Includesproportionally2/3oftheareaofborrowpitA,1/3oftheareaofborrowpit0,and1/3oftheareaofborrowpitEthatisabovetheDevilCanyonimpoundment.Allborrowpitareaswillberehabilitated. 50Table22.Kgofwillowbiomassover50cminheight,tobepermanentlyortemporarilylostbyfacilityandstratum,forstageI.Unlessotherwisedenotedwithafootnote,allpotentialforforagebiomassproductionisconsideredpermanentlylost.ProjectVeryFeatureHighMediumLowLowScarceZeroTotalImpoundment3473855325660841126989125828AccessRd1A1970747B993531440664747camps20 0571642390460BorrowPits30 0168512882111573other419350931290277-----Total54621638447573831296096832886A -LocatedprimarilywithinPopulationA.B -Indicatesmediumshrubacreages.1 -IncludesonlytheDenaliHighway-Watanaaccessroad.Assumedanaverageclearingwidthof100feetforthis43.6-mileroad.Approximately40feetofthiswidthwillberevegetatedaftertheaccessroadisconstructed.2 -IncludestheWatanaconstructioncampandvillages.Approximately200acreswillberehabilitatedfollowingthecompletionofStageIII.3 -Includesproportionally1/3·oftheareaofquarrysiteA,2/3oftheareaofborrowpitD,and2/3oftheareaofborrowpitEthatisabovetheDevilCanyonimpoundment.Allquarryandborrowpitareaswillberehabilitated.4~Includestheairport(44acres),Watanaconstructionroads(80acres),andthetransmissionlineswitchyardsatWatana(12acres)andforGoldCreek(16acres).Approximately30acresusedinbuildingconstructionroadswillberehabilitated. 51Table23.Kgofwillowbiomassover50eminheight,tobepermanently~rtemporarilylostbyfacilityandstratum,forstageII.Unlessotherwisedenotedwithafootnote,allpotentialforforagebiomassproductionisconsideredpermanentlylost.ProjectVeryFeatureHighMediumLowLowScarceZeroTotalImpoundment02A27582126682956AccessRdlB153959C1012947324543935camps2001 086288BorrowPits304A0592580653other400 11955377Total1539651016231526481267709A -TreatedaslowstrataofpopUlationD.B -LocatedprimarilywithinpopUlationA.C -Indicatesmediumshrubacreages.1 -IncludesonlytheWatana-DevilCanyonaccessroad.Assumedanaverageclearingwidthof100feetforthis38.6-mileroad.Approximately40feetofthiswidthwillberevegetatedaftertheaccessroadisconstructed.2-IncludestheDevilCanyonconstructioncampandvillages,whichwillberehabilitatedfollowingthecompletionofstageIII.3 -IncludesquarrysiteK.Allquarryandborrowpitareaswillberehabilitated.4 -Includestherailroad(73acres),railheadfacility(40acres),DevilCanyonco~structiunroads(50acres),andtheDevilCanyontransmissionlineswitchyards(12acres).Approximately22acresclearedfortherailroadand19acresclearedforconstructionroadswillberehabilitatedafterconstruction. 52Table24.Kgofwillowbiomassover50eminheight,tobepermanentlyortemporarilylostbyfacilityandstratum,forstageIII.Unlessotherwisedenotedwithafootnote,allpotentialforforagebiomassproductionisconsideredpermanentlylost.ProjectVeryFeatureHighMediumLowLowScarceZeroTotalImpoundment1163227476322121581168243726465BorrowPits2008730573151129-----Total1632274764101246418992442275931 -IncludesonlytheareainundatedbyStageIII.2 -Includesproportionally2/3oftheareaofborrowpitA,1/3oftheareaofborrowpit0,and1/3oftheareaofborrowpitEthatisabovetheDevilCanyonimpoundment.Allborrowpitareaswillberehabilitated. Table25.Upper80%confidencelimitofthekgofwillowbiomassover50cminheight,tobepermanentlyortemporarilylostbyfacilityandstratum,forstageI.Unlessotherwisedenotedwithafootnote,allpotentialforforagebiomassproductionisconsideredpermanentlylost.53ProjectFeatureHighMediumLowImpoundment534013344583AccessRd1A2386935B1360camps20 080BorrowPits30 0237other429550VeryLowScarceZeroTotal8597152471782368816595561196014232324063572311932221761321750391Total7754232462591034217495192346097A -LocatedprimarilywithinPopUlationA.B -Indicatesmediumshrubacreages.1 -IncludesonlytheDenaliHighway-Watanaaccessroad.Assumedanaverageclearingwidthof100feetforthis43.6-mileroad.Approximately40feetofthiswidthwillberevegetatedaftertheaccessroadisconstructed.2 -IncludestheWatanaconstructioncampandvillages.Approximately200acreswillberehabilitatedfollowingthecompletionofStageIII.3 -Includesproportionally1/3oftheareaofquarrysiteA,2/3oftheareaofborrowpit0,and2/3oftheareaofborrowpitEthatisabovetheDevilCanyonimpoundment.Allquarryandborrowpitareaswillberehabilitated.4 -Includestheairport(44acres),Watanaconstructionroads(80acres),andthetransmissionlineswitchyardsatWatana(12acres)andforGoldCreek(16acres).Approximately30acresusedinbuildingconstructionroadswillberehabilitated. Table26.Upper80%confidencelimitonthekgofwillowbiomassover50cminheight,tobepermanentlyortemporarilylostbyfacilityandstratum,forstageII.Unlessotherwisedenotedwithafootnote,allpotentialforforagebiomassproductionisconsideredpermanentlylost.54ProjectFeatureHighMediumLowImpoundment0 4A4AccessRd1B186474C1386camps20 0 2BorrowPits30 8A0other40 0 1VeryLowScarceZeroTotal1464411013657181176409985005a16631701142112a1262361065148Total18648613933818490124212303A -TreatedaslowstrataofpopulationD.B -LocatedprimarilywithinpopulationA.C -Indicatesmediumshrubacreages.1 -IncludesonlytheWatana-DevilCanyonaccessroad.Assumedanaverageclearingwidthof100feetforthis38.6-mileroad.Approximately40feetofthiswidthwillberevegetatedaftertheaccessroadisconstructed.2 -IncludestheDevil'canyonconstructioncampandvillages,whichwillberehabilitatedfollowingthecompletionofstageIII.3 -IncludesquarrysiteK.Allquarryandborrowpitareaswillberehabilitated.4 -Includestherailroad(73acres),railheadfacility(40acres),DevilCanyonconstructionroads(50acres),andtheDevilCanyontransmissionlineswitchyards(12acres).Approximately"22acresclearedfortherailroadand19acresclearedforconstructionroadswillberehabilitatedafterconstruction. Table27.Upper80%confidencelimitonthekgofwillowbiomassover50cminheight,tobepermanentlyortemporarilylostbystratumandfacility,forstageIII.Unlessotherwisedenotedwithafootnote,allpotentialforforagebiomassproductionisconsideredpermanentlylost.ProjectVeryFeatureHighMediumLowLowScarceZeroTotalImpoundment1250942858898171801581487439327BorrowPits20 0123 431989111554-----Total250942859021176122569488440881551 -IncludesonlytheareainundatedbyStageIII.2 -Includesproportionally2/3oftheareaofborrowpitA,1/3oftheareaofborrowpit0,and1/3oftheareaofborrowpitEthatisabovetheDevilCanyonimpoundment.Allborrowpitareaswillberehabilitated. 56Table28.Kgofpaperbirchbiomasspooledoverheightcategories,tobepermanentlyortemporarilylostbyfacilityandstratumforstageI.Unlessotherwisedenotedwithafootnote,allpotentialforforagebiomassproductionisconsideredpermanentlylost.ProjectVeryFeatureHighMediumLowLowScarceZeroTotalImpoundment0 91811428351310456176AccessRdlA0oB1302015camps200339750116BorrowPits300 912027513418other40 002240063-----Total092061609390610586788A -LocatedprimarilywithinPopUlationA.B -Indicatesmediumshrubacreages.1 -IncludesonlytheDenaliHighway-Watanaaccessroad.Assumedanaverageclearingwidthof100feetforthis43.6-mileroad.Approximately40feetofthiswidthwillberevegetatedaftertheaccessroadisconstructed.2-IncludestheWatanaconstructioncampandvillages.Approximately200acreswillberehabilitatedfollowingthecompletionofStageIII.3-Includesproportionally1/3oftheareaofquarrysiteA,2/3oftheareaofborrowpitD,and2/3oftheareaofborrowpitEthatisabovetheDevilCanyonimpoundment.Allquarryandborrowpitareaswillberehabilitated.4'-Includestheairport(44acres),Watanaconstructionroads(80acres),andthetransmissionlineswitchyardsatWatana(12acres)andforGoldCreek(16acres).Approximately30acresusedinbuildingconstructionroadswillberehabilitated. Table29.Kgofpaperbirchbiomasspooledoverheightcategories,tobepermanentlyortemporarilylostbyfacilityandstratum,forstageII.Unlessotherwisedenotedwithafootnote,allpotentialforforagebiomassproductionisconsideredpermanentlylost.57ProjectFeatureHighMediumImpoundment0OAAccessRdlB0oCCamps20 0BorrowPits30 lAother40 0Total0 1VeryLowLowScarceZeroTotalo 0161618403457130 2 015o 06539105o 044045o 04269110140176819483731A -Treatedaslowstrataof"popUlationD.B -LocatedprimarilywithinpopUlationA.C -Indicatesmediumshrubacreages.1 -IncludesonlytheWatana-DevilCanyonaccessroad.Assumedanaverageclearingwidthof100feetforthis38.6-mileroad.Approximately40feetofthiswidthwillberevegetatedaftertheaccessroadisconstructed.2 -IncludestheDevilCanyonconstructioncampandvillages,whichwillberehabilitatedfollowingthecompletionofStageIII.3 -IncludesquarrysiteK.Allquarryandborrowpitareaswillberehabilitated.4 -Includestherailroad(73acres),railheadfacility(40acres),DevilCanyonconstructionroads(50acres),andtheDevilCanyontransmissionlineswitchyards(12acres)•Approximately22acresclearedfortherailroadand19acresclearedforconstructionroadswillberehabilitatedafterconstruction. Table30.Kgofpaperbirchbiomasspooledoverheightcategories,tobepermanentlyortemporarilylostbyfacilityandstratum,forstageIII.Unlessotherwise"denotedwithafootnote,allpotentialforforagebiomassproductionisconsideredpermanentlylost.ProjectVeryFeatureHighMediumLowLowScarceZeroTotalImpoundmentl029351285536428586456BorrowPits20 05722286311-----Total029356292659228646767581 -IncludesonlytheareainundatedbyStageIII.2 -Includesproportionally2/3oftheareaofborrowpitA,1/3oftheareaofborrowpitD,and1/3oftheareaofborrowpitEthatisabovetheDevilCanyonimpoundment.Allborrowpitareaswillberehabilitated. Table31.Upper80%confidencelimitonkgofpaperbirchbiomasspooledoverheightcategories,tobepermanentlyortemporarilylostbyfacilityandstratumforstageI.Unlessotherwisedenotedwithafootnote,allpotentialforforagebiomassproductionisconsideredpermanentlylost.59ProjectFeatureHighMediumImpoundment019AccessRd1A0OBcamps20 0BorrowPits30 0other40 1Low35629618oVeryLowScarceZeroTotal2341·5701167610092o5 03463~2101901974462168336650102Totalo1940926376339169711101A -LocatedprimarilywithinPopUlationA...B -Indicatesmediumshrubacreages.1 -Includesonlythe.Dena1iHighway-Watanaaccessroad.Assumedanaverageclearingwidthof100feetforthis43.6-mileroad.Approximately40feetofthiswidthwillberevegetatedaftertheaccessroadisconstructed.2 -IncludestheWatanaconstructioncampandvillages.Approximately200acreswillberehabilitatedfollowingthecompletionofstageIII.3 -Includesproportionally1/3oftheareaofquarrysiteA,2/3oftheareaofborrowpitD,and2/3oftheareaofborrowpitEthatisabovetheDevilCanyonimpoundment.Allquarryandborrowpitareaswillberehabilitated.4 -Includestheairport(44acres),Watanaconstructionroads(80acres),andthetransmissionlineswitchyardsatWatana(12acres)andforGoldCreek(16acres).Approximately30acresusedinbuildingconstructionroadswillberehabilitated. Table32.Upper80%confidencelimitonkgofpaperbirchbiomasspooledoverheightcategories,tobepermanentlyortemporarilylostbyfacilityandstratum,forstageII.Unlessotherwisedenotedwithafootnote,allpotentialforforagebiomassproductionisconsideredpermanentlylost.60ProjectFeatureHighMediumImpoundment0OAAccessRdlB0OCcamps20 0BorrowPits30lAother40 0Total01Lowo30ooo30VeryLowScarceZeroTotalo279241036896o4 033o11288200o76077o72154225o305643447431A -TreatedaslowstrataofpopulationD.B -LocatedprimarilywithinpopulationA.C -Indicatesmediumshrubacreages.1 -IncludesonlytheWatana-DevilCanyonaccessroad.Assumedanaverageclearingwidthof100feetforthis38.6-mileroad.Approximately40feetofthiswidthwillberevegetatedaftertheaccessroadisconstructed.2-IncludestheDevilCanyonconstructioncampandvillages,whichwillberehabilitatedfollowingthecompletionofStageIII.3 -IncludesquarrysiteK.Allquarryandborrowpitareaswillberehabilitated.4 -Includestherailroad(73acres),railheadfacility(40acres),DevilCanyonconstructionroads(50acres),andtheDevilCanyontransmissionlineswitchyards(12acres).Approximately22acresclearedfortherailroadand19acresclearedforconstructionroadswillberehabilitatedafterconstruction. Table33.Upper80%confidencelimitonkgofpaperbirchbiomasspooledoverheightcategories,tobepermanentlyortemporarilylostbyfacilityandstratum,forstageIII.Unlessotherwisedenotedwithafootnote,allpotentialforforagebiomassproductionisconsideredpermanentlylost.ProjectVeryFeatureHighMediumLowLowScarceZeroTotalImpoundment10596914678591458610605BorrowPits2001011837010507-----Total0597004796961459611112611 -IncludesonlytheareainundatedbystageIII.2-Includesproportionally2/3oftheareaofborrowpitA,1/3oftheareaofborrowpit0,and1/3oftheareaofborrowpitEthatisabovetheDevilCanyonimpoundment.Allborrowpitareaswillberehabilitated. 62Table34.Kgofpaperbirchbiomassover50eminheight,tobepermanentlyortemporarilylostbyfacilityandstratumforstageI.Unlessotherwisedenotedwithafootnote,allpotentialforforagebiomassproductionisconsideredpermanentlylost.ProjectVeryFeatureHighMediumLowLowScarceZeroTotalImpoundment0713982028177694552AccessRdlA0OB1102012camps20 022260084BorrowPits30 0 76922110306other40 0 01332045-----Total0715992431327795000A -LocatedprimarilywithinPopUlationA.B -Indicatesmediumshrubacreages.1 -IncludesonlytheDenaliHighway-Watanaaccessroad.Assumedanaverageclearingwidthof100feetforthis43.6-mileroad.Approximately40feetofthiswidthwillberevegetatedaftertheaccessroadisconstructed.2 -IncludestheWatanaconstructioncampandvillages.Approximately200acreswillberehabilitatedfollowingthecompletionofStageIII.3 -Includesproportionally1/3oftheareaofquarrysiteA,2/3oftheareaofborrowpitD,and2/3oftheareaofborrowpitEthatisabovetheDevilCanyonimpoundment.Allquarryandborrowpitareaswillberehabilitated.4-Includestheairport(44acres),Watanaconstructionroads(80acres),andthetransmissionlineswitchyardsatWatana(12acres)andforGoldCreek(16acres).Approximately30acresusedinbuildingconstructionroadswillberehabilitated. Table35.Kgofpaperbirchbiomassover50cminheight,tobepermanentlyortemporarilylostbyfacilityandstratum,forstageII.Unlessotherwisedenotedwithafootnote,allpotentialforforagebiomassproductionisconsideredpermanentlylost.63ProjectFeatureHighMediumImpoundment0OAAccessRd1B0oCcamps20 0BorrowPits30 lAother40 0Total0 1o11ooo11VeryLowScarceZeroTotalo129014582749o 1 012o523183o35036o335588o141115442968A -TreatedaslowstrataofpopulationD.B -LocatedprimarilywithinpopulationA.C -Indicatesmediumshrubacreages.1 -IncludesonlytheWatana-DevilCanyonaccessroad.Assumedanaverageclearingwidthof100feetforthis38.6-mileroad.Approximately40feetofthiswidthwillberevegetatedaftertheaccessroadisconstructed.2-IncludestheDevilCanyonconstructioncampandvillages,whichwillberehabilitatedfollowingthecompletionofStageIII.3 -IncludesquarrysiteK.Allquarryandborrowpitareaswillberehabilitated.4 -Includestherailroad(73acres),railheadfacility(40acres),DevilCanyonconstructionroads(50acres),andtheDevilCanyontransmissionlineswitchyards(12acres).Approximately22acresclearedfortherailroadand19acresclearedforconstructionroadswillberehabilitatedafterconstruction. Table36.Kgofpaperbirchbiomassover50cminheight,tobepermanentlyortemporarilylostbyfacilityandstratum,forstageIII.Unlessotherwisedenotedwithafootnote,allpotentialforforagebiomassproductionisconsideredpermanentlylost.ProjectVeryFeatureHighMediwnLowLowScarceZeroTotalImpoundmentl022269163929221054327BorrowPits2004411835232-----Total022273168047521094559641 -IncludesonlytheareainundatedbyStageIII.2 -Includesproportionally2/3oftheareaofborrowpitA,1/3oftheareaofborrowpitD,and1/3oftheareaofborrowpitEthatisabovetheDevilCanyonimpoundment.Allborrowpitareaswillberehabilitated. Table37.Upper80%confidencelimitofkgofpaperbirchbiomassover50cminheight,tobepermanentlyortemporarilylostbyfacilityandstratumforstageI.Unlessotherwisedenotedwithafootnote,allpotentialforforagebiomassproductionisconsideredpermanentlylost.65ProjectFeatureHighMediumImpoundment016AccessRd1A0oBcamps20 0BorrowPits3a0Other40 1Low30827516oVeryLowScarceZeroTotal1296474012807639o 3 031351010141109371165122054075Totalo163561460526912968397A -LocatedprimarilywithinPopUlationA.B -Indicatesmediumshrubacreages.1 -IncludesonlytheDenaliHighway-Watanaaccessroad.Assumedanaverageclearingwidthof100feetforthis43.6-mileroad.Approximately40feetofthiswidthwillberevegetatedaftertheaccessroadisconstructed.2 -IncludestheWatanaconstructioncampandvillages.Approximately200acreswillberehabilitatedfollowingthecompletionofStageIII.3 -Includesproportionally1/3oftheareaofquarrysiteA,2/3oftheareaofborrowpit0,and2/3oftheareaofborrowpitEthatisabovetheDevilCanyonimpoundment.Allquarryandborrowpitareaswillberehabilitated.4 -Includestheairport(44acres),Watanaconstructionroads(80acres),andthetransmissionlineswitchyardsatWatana(12acres)andforGoldCreek(16acres).Approximately30acresusedinbuildingconstructionroadswillberehabilitated. Table38.Upper80%confidencelimitofkgofpaperbirchbiomassover50eminheight,tobepermanentlyortemporarilylostbyfacilityandstratum,forstageII.Unlessotherwisedenotedwithafootnote,allpotentialforforagebiomassproductionisconsideredpermanentlylost.66ProjectFeatureHighMediumImpoundment0oAAccessRdlB0OCCamps20 0BorrowPits30IAOther40 0Total0 1Lowo28ooo29VeryLowScarceZeroTotalo221132375449o2 030o8969158o60061o57121178o241934285876A -TreatedaslowstrataofpopUlationD.B -LocatedprimarilywithinpopUlationA.C -Indicatesmediumshrubacreages.1 -IncludesonlytheWatana-DevilCanyonaccessroad.Assumedanaverageclearingwidthof100feetforthis38.6-mileroad.Approximately40feetofthiswidthwillberevegetatedaftertheaccessroadisconstructed.2 -IncludestheDevilCanyonconstructioncampandvillages,whichwillberehabilitatedfollowingthecompletionofStageIII.3 -IncludesquarrysiteK.Allquarryandborrowpitareaswillberehabilitated.4 -Includestherailroad(73acres),railheadfacility(40acres),DevilCanyonconstructionroads(50acres),andtheDevilCanyontransmissionlineswitchyards(12acres).Approximately22acresclearedfortherailroadand19acresclearedforconstructionroadswillberehabilitatedafterconstruction. Table39.Upper80%confidencelimitonkgofpaperbirchbiomassover50cminheight,tobepermanentlyortemporarilylostbyfacilityandstratum,forstageIII.Unlessotherwisedenotedwithafootnote,allpotentialforforagebiomassproductionisconsideredpermanentlylost.projectVeryFeatureHighMediumLowLowScarceZeroTotalImpoundmentl051597259049135007229BorrowPits2008653078388-----Total051605265579935087618671 -IncludesonlytheareainundatedbyStageIII.2 -Includesproportionally2/3oftheareaofborrowpitA,1/3oftheareaofborrowpit0,and1/3oftheareaofborrowpitEthatisabovetheDevilCanyonimpoundment.Allborrowpitareaswillberehabilitated. Table40.KgofmountaincranberrytobepermanentlyortemporarilylostbyfacilityforstageI.Unlessotherwisedenotedwithafootnote,allpotentialforforagebiomassproductionisconsideredpermanentlylost.ProjectMeanUpper80%C.L.FeatureMt.CranberryMt.CranberryImpoundment1,734,4672,021,791AccessRd1A28,44132,228Camps232,64738,055BorrowPits3115,397134,513Other417,23020,084-----------------Total1,928,1822,247,670A -LocatedprimarilywithinPopulationA.1 -IncludesonlytheDenaliHighway-Watanaaccessroad.Assumedanaverageclearingwidthof100feetforthis43.6-mileroad.Approximately40feetofthiswidthwillberevegetatedaftertheaccessroadisconstructed.2-IncludestheWatanaconstructioncampandvillages.Approximately200acreswillberehabilitatedfollowingthecompletionofstageIII.3 -Includesproportionally1/3oftheareaofquarrysiteA,2/3oftheareaofborrowpitD,and2/3oftheareaofborrowpitEthatisabovetheDevilCanyonimpoundment.Allquarryandborrowpitareaswillberehabilitated.4 -Includestheairport(44acres),Watanaconstructionroads(80acres),andthetransmissionlineswitchyardsatWatana(12acres)andforGoldCreek(16acres).Approximately30acresusedinbuildingconstructionroadswillberehabilitated.68 69.Table41.Kgofmountaincranberrytobepermanentlyor·temporarilylostbyfacilityforstageII.Unlessotherwisedenotedwithafootnote,allpotentialforforagebiomassproductionisconsideredpermanentlylost.ProjectMeanUpper80%C.L.F~atureMt.cranberryMt.CranberryImpoundment447,851616,873AccessRd1A25,15529,389camps215,97822,008BorrowPits335,55048,967other413,98019,257-----------------Total538,514736,493A -LocatedprimarilywithinPopulationA.1 -IncludesonlytheDenaliHighway-Watanaaccessroad.Assumedanaverageclearingwidthof100feetforthis43.6-mileroad.Approximately40feetofthiswidthwillberevegetatedaftertheaccessroadisconstructed.2-IncludestheWatanaconstructioncampandvillages.Approximately200acreswillberehabilitatedfollowingthecompletionofstageIII.3 -Includesproportionally1/3oftheareaofquarrysiteA,2/3oftheareaofborrowpitD,and2/3oftheareaofborrowpitEthatisabovetheDevilCanyonimpoundment.Allquarryandborrowpitareaswillberehabilitated.4 -Includestheairport(44acres),Watanaconstructionroads(80acres),andthetransmissionlineswitchyardsatWatana(12acres)andforGoldCreek(16acres).Approximately30acresusedinbuildingconstructionroadswillberehabilitated. Table42.KgofmountaincranberrytobepermanentlyortemporarilylostbyfacilityforstageIII.Unlessotherwisedenotedwithafootnote,allpotentialforforagebiomassproductionisconsideredpermanentlylost.ProjectMeanUpper80%C.L.FeatureMt.CranberryMt.CranberryImpoundment1,856,3262,163,835BorrowPitsl84,67798,705------------------Total1,941,0032,262,5401 -Includesproportionally1/3oftheareaofquarrysiteA,2/3oftheareaofborrowpitD,and2/3oftheareaofborrowpitEthatisabovetheDevilCanyonimpoundment.Allquarryandborrowpitareaswillberehabilitated.70 Table43.Themeanandupper80%confidencelimitontheamountofbiomasslost,bystageandspecies.71ProjectstageIIIIIIForage-Biomass80%UpperLimitGroup(Kg)(Kg)Willow74,43098,396PaperBirch6,78811,101Mt.Cranberry1,928,1822,247,670Willow10,51315,938PaperBirch3,7317,431Mt.Cranberry538,514736,493Willow58,51180,327PaperBirch6,76711,112Mt.Cranberry1,941,0032,262,540 72Table44.Themeanandupper80%confidencelimitontheamountofbiomass(above50eminheight)lost,bystageandspecies.projectForage-Biomass80%UpperLimitstageGroup(Kg)(Kg)IWillow32,88646,097PaperBirch5,0008,397IIWillow7,70912,303PaperBirch2,9685,876IIIwillow27,59340,881PaperBirch4,5597,618 73Table45.Theestimatedprobability,andstandarderror,ofaplotcontainingdiamondleafwillow,bypopulationandstrata.PopulationstrataProportionSEAHigh0.4900.032AMediumForest0.4640.070AMediumShrub0.4010.044ALow0.3430.034AVeryLow0.2750.031AScarce0.2020.023AZero0.0850.023BHigh0.3360.066BMedium0.2290.043BLow0.2440.033BVeryLow0.1470.027BScarce0.1880.035BZero0.0950.062DLow0.1570.066DVeryLow0.2190.076DScarce0.0450.014DZero0.0090.010 74Table46.Theestimatedprobability,andstandarderror,ofaplotcontaininggrayleafwillow,bypopulationandstrata.PopulationstrataProportionSEAHigh0.0200.009AMediumForest0.0000.000AMediumShrub0.0160.008ALow0.0100.007AVeryLow0.0080.004AScarce0.0060.004AZero0.0000.000BHigh0.0220.023BMedium0.0500.018BLow0.0390.017BVeryLow0.0570.017BScarce0.0090.005BZero0.010 0.009DLow0.0000.000DVeryLow0.0160.015DScarce0.0000.000DZero0.0000.000 75Table47.Theestimatedprobability,andstandarderror,ofaplotcontainingRichardsonwillow,bypopulationandstrata.PopulationstrataProportionSEAHigh0.0610.016AMediumForest0.1000.032AMediumShrub0.0480.020ALow0.0510.015AVeryLow0.0480.016AScarce0.0190.008AZero0.0090.009BHigh0.0630.051BMedium0.0620.024BLow0.0490.019BVeryLow0.0450.015BScarce0.0280.010BZero0.0100.009DLow0.0000.000DVeryLow0.0140.014DScarce0.0060.006·DZero0.0000.000 76Table48.Theestimatedprobability,andstandarderror,ofaplotcontainingfeltleafwillow,bypopulationandstrata.populationstrataproportionSEAHigh0.0150.006AMediumForest0.007 0.007AMediumShrub0.003 0.003ALow0.0080.004AVeryLow0.000 0.000AScarce0.0020.002AZero0.0060.005BHigh0.1340.071BMedium0.0260.011BLow0.016 0.009BVeryLow0.0130.006BScarce0.022 0.009BZero0.0110.011DLow0.0000.000DVeryLow0.0000.000DScarce0.0000.000DZero0.000 0.000 77Table49.Theestimatedprobability,andstandarderror,ofaplotcontainingunknownwillows,bypopulationandstrata.PopulationstrataProportionSEAHigh0.0720.017AMediumForest0.1150.034AMediumShrub0.0530.016ALow0.0730.024AVeryLow0.0490.013AScarce0.0230.008AZero0.0310.017BHigh0.2470.098BMedium0.0720.028BLow0.1090.021BVeryLow0.0700.024BScarce0.0830.022BZero0.0510.029DLow0.0120.012DVeryLow0.0280.018DScarce0.0060.006DZero0.0180.019 78Table50.Theestimatedprobability,andstandarderror,ofaplotcontainingreachablepaperbirch,bypopulationandstrata.PopulationstrataProportionSEAHigh0.0000.000AMediumForest0.0000.000AMediumShrub0.0000.000ALow0.0040.004AVeryLow0.0000.000AScarce0.0070.004AZero0.0000.000BHigh0.0000.000BMedium0.0100.008BLow0.0040.003BVeryLow0.0320.010BScarce0.0440.016BZero0.1370.0490Low0.0100.0100VeryLow0.0000.0000Scarce0.0570.0190Zero0.0850.044 79Table51.Theestimatedprobability,andstandarderror,ofaplotcontainingreachablepaperbirch,diamondleaf,grayleaf,Richardson,feltleaf,andunknownwillows,bypopulation.populationSpeciesproportionSEADiamondleaf0.2810.0137Bwillow0.1830.0188D0.1330.0396AGrayleaf0.0080.0033Bwillow0.0320.0070D0.0080.0075ARichardson0.0390.0067Bwillow0.0380.0083D0.0090.0070AFeltleaf0.0040.0012Bwillow0.0190.0048D0.0000.0000AUnknown0.0480.0073-Bwillow0.0830.0131D0.0180.0093AReachable0.0030.0017BPaper0.0340.0080DBirch0.0290.0082 oN0CO)•J.rt1.'.".••=02-oo •Ne-•E~0-..lIl:o~"a;:,-•~...o-c•:lO.s••~o~•J:-...~•.I...•"aC:Jo.QC.,g-.!;:,iQ,.It••••...•I"aCi•'g•,;c•-•~.-•...j...80 81Figure2A.BROWSINGPRESSUREONWILLOWSBYIMPOUNDMENTANDPLANTDENSITY1.21.40.80.60.4-!------.-----,------,------,------,-----.-----lJ....--------~-----------------_2.22.41.62.61.82.82(I)aaow::::l~2.345678PLANTDENSITY(within5m.ofplot)ClNON-IMPOUNDMENT+WATANA-IMPOUNDMENTFigure2B.BROWSINGPRESSUREONWILLOWSBYIMPOUNDMENTANDPLANTDENSITY'"'awIn~oD:!DZ::::l~awIn~oD:!D......Inaaoatw0-XW3.....----------------------------,2.82.62.42.221.81.61.41.20.8;:L_--~-0.60.4-+-----,------,------,------r----r----.----j2.34567PLANTDENSITY(within5m.ofplot)ClNON-IMPOUNDMENT+WATANA-IMPOUNDMENT BROWSING PRESSURE ON WILLOWS + IN THE WATANA-IMPOUNDMENT BY ELEVATION 2.6 l,---::-------------=-:..~-==~~----·------.,Figure 3. + 2.4 ,,-.. 0w (f)2.2;: 0 It:2mz :J If)1.8> 0w 1.6(f);: 0 It:1.4m (f) ;:1.2 0 -.J -.J 1;:......, (f)0.80 0 0 0.6 0.4 I --r------T 15 17 EXPECTED ODDS + + + ~·---I----r----r··----r----r---~~ 1921 23 25 27 ELEVATION (hundreds of feet) +OBSERVED ODDS co N BROWSING PRESSURE ON WILLOWS Figure 4.IN THE NON-IMPOUNDMENT BY ELEVATION 2.6 2.4 ,,--.. 0 I +w (f)2.2 ~ 0n::2III Z :J l/)1.8 I ~+> 0w 1.6(f) ~ 0n::1.4III (f) ~1.2 0.-J .-J 1~ '-" (f)0.8 -l +0 0 0 0.6 0.4 I J J I I I ---r--.I I 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 ELEVATION (hundreds of feet)co EXPECTED ODDS +OBSERVED ODDS w F1GURfS5TAA11F1CR110I~MRF'0F1HF:!,~,'11MP0UN0MfN1pC1rI!LRI0~,I!f-:)VI,~r#t..~DJff10E3I0HRSSDpL.,0U1S0fr0ruL.h1.)~5RCfGJ0qSSCR1HCRGf~1LL0I'JVff1)'L0f~[301.1,r:1,-S,)C RGf~[LL0H~{-.amL0HE30MqS,-.'~?C RGHIL0~A;L.:y~tJI.'trm~f"jf.0Ut~Gl0"IR.~"'~"~~'~CRGH1LL(jt'l~~.,,~,~~;~~--"~~~!'.~~.'~".,",IIH1GHRI0,v;qSSC RGH1LL0Wf~R1ff1~.---------------------- FIGU R E 6START 1FIeA T[)N1 MP[)UNOMENJMR P[)FP[)P U L RHfHhq'Ih[)NI[)IDZfRQB[[)MRS S[)noU 1S0EP[)P ULRI[)N•SeRRC EBI[)MR55eRGNIL LDhi•VERYL[)NG1[)MRS S" .eRGw1L L[)~~IILCJNBCJMR SSeRGNLLCJI~ME01 U MB1[)MR5 5eRGNILLCJHIIH 1 G HB1[)MR5 SeRGH1LL[)HHR 1E RJCALt:::3G3LJ "FIGURE\7STRRTIFICRTIOt{..MAPOF.THE:VI L C ANYONIMP0UNOMENTPOPU~R T ION(0NCRT HB10MR5Sv-lILL0W1;7 5 0 0 0NATE RZ EROB10MR55C R GWILL0WLON( R G(5 CBR(EBI0MRSSR GWIL;L0WS CRl.E F1G U R E\JS CRL E:::MR P 0 FPROJEC TFER1 UR'ESC R MP S1moEVILCR N'(0r~A ES EV0IRIIST RGf1IMp0 UN0r'1e-NTLS T R G E3Itv1p.0 UNOMEf~TIIB0RAoHPITS~RC Cr-SStR0R0S0A RIL R0R 0-S PU R~TRRr~5MIS 5IoNLINESNCRTH,1\3000CJO LITERATURECITEDAgresti,A.1984.Analysisofordinalcategoricaldata.JohnWileyandSons.NewYork.287pp.88Aldous,S.D.1952.StatesRegion.DeerbrowseclippingintheLakeJ.Wildl.Manage.16:401-409.Ballard,W.B.~J.S.Whitman,N.G.Tankersley,L.D.Aumiller,andP.Hessing.1983.Moose-Upstream.Vol.IIISusitnaHydroelectricProjectbiggamestudies,PhaseIIProg.Rep.byAlaskaDept.FishandGametoAlaskaPowerAuthority.141pp.Ballard,W.B.,andJ.S.Whitman.1987.SusitnaHydroelectricProject,FinalReportVol.I -Moose-Downstream.AlaskaDept.ofFishandGame.Bobeck,B.1977.Summerfoodasafactorlimitingroedeerpopulationsize.Nature268:47-49.Cochran,W.G.1977.Samplingtechniques,3rdedition.JohnWileyandSons.NewYork.428pp.Dixon,W.J.editor.pp.1981.BMDPstatisticalsoftware.ChiefUniversityofCaliforniaPress,Berkeley.725Hobbs,N.T.,D.L.Baker,E.J.Ellis,D.M.Swift,andR.A.Green.1982.Energyandnitrogen-basedestimatesofelkwinterrangecarrYingcapacity.J.Wildl.Manage.46:12-21.Hobbs,N.T.,andD.M.Swift.1985.Estimatesofhabitatcarryingcapacityincorporatingexplicitnutritionalconstraints.J.wildl.Manage.49:814-822.Hubbert,M.1987.Theeffectsofdietaryqualityandquantityonenergypartitioninginmoose.Ph.D.Thesis.Univ.ofAlaska,Fairbanks.158pp.Krefting,L.W.,M.H.stenlund,andR.K.Seemel.1966.Effectsofsimulatedandnaturaldeerbrowsingonmountainmaple.J.Wildl.Manage.30:481-488.Machida,S.1979.DifferentialuseofwillowspeciesbymooseinAlaska.M.S.Thesis.Univ.ofAlaska,Fairbanks.97pp. 89McKendrick,J.,W.Collins,D.Helm,J.McMullen,andJ.Koranda.1982.PlantecologystudiesphaseIfinalreport.EnvironmentalStudies.SusitnaHydroelectricProject.PreparedfortheAlaskaPowerAuthority.124pp.Milke,G.C.1969.Somemoose-willowrelationshipsintheinteriorofAlaska.M.S.Thesis.Univ.ofAlaska,Fairbanks.79pp.Moen,A.N,andC.W.Severinghaus.1981.Theannualweightcycleandsurvivalofwhite-taileddeerinNewYork.N.Y.FishandGameJ.28:162-177.Mould,E.D.1977.MovementpatternsofmooseintheColvilleRiverareaofAlaska.M.S.Thesis,Univ.ofAlaska,Fairbanks.82pp.Murie,A.1961.AnaturalistinAlaska.TheDevin-AdairCo.NewYork.320pp.Potvin,F.,andJ.Huot.1983.Estimatingcarryingcapacityofwhite-taileddeerwinteringareainQuebec.J.Wildl.Manage.47:463-475.Regelin,W.L.,C.C.Schwartz,andA.W.Franzmann.1985.Seasonalene~gymetabolismofadultmoose.J.Wildl.Manage.49:388-393.Regelin,W.L.,C.C.Schwartz,andA.W.Franzmann.1986.Effectsofforestsuccessiononnutritionaldynamicsofmooseforage.Viltrevy.Inpress.Schwartz,C.C.,W.L.Regelin,andA.W.Franzmann.1984.Seasonaldynamicsoffoodintakeinmoose.Alces20:223-244.Schwartz,C.C.,W.L.Regelin,andA.W.Franzmann.1986a.Annualweightcycleofmoose.Viltrevy.Inpress.Schwartz,C.C.,W.L.Regelin,andA.W.Franzmann.1986b.Foodpassageratesinmoose.J.Wildl.Manage.Inpress.Steigers,W.D.,Jr.,W.B.Ballard,E.F.Becker.1986.March1985snowdepthsurveyinthemiddleSusitnaRiverbasin,Alaska.LGLALaskaResearchAssoc.,Inc.forAlaskaPowerAuthoritySusitnaHydroelectricProject.73pp. Steigers,W.D.,Jr.,andE.F.Becker.1986.MoosefoodhabitsandnutritionalqualityofforageinthemiddleSusitnaRiver.basin,Alaska.LGLAl~skaResearchAssoc.,Inc.forAlaskaPowerAuthoritySusitnaHydroelectricProject.90Steigers,W.D.,Jr.,andD.Helm.1984.Terrestrialprogram1983browsepilotstudy.UniversityofAlaska,FairbanksforAlaskaPowerAuthoritySusitnaHydroelectricProject.341pp.Steigers,W.D.,Jr.,D.Helm,J.G.MacCracken,J.D.McKendrickandP.V.Mayer.1983.1982plantecologystudies.Univ.ofAlaska,Agric.andFor.Exp.sta.forAlaskaPowerAuthoritySusitnaHydroelectricProject.288pp.swift,D.M.1983.Asimulationmodelofenergyandnitrogenbalanceforfree-rangingmoose.J.wildl.Manage.47:620-645.Viereck,L.A.,andC.T.Dyrness,1980.ApreliminaryclassificationforvegetationinAlaska.PacificNorthwestFor.andRangeExp.Sta.,Gen.Tech.Rep.PNW-l06.38pp.Viereck,L.A.,C.T.Dyrness,andR.A.Batten.1982.1982revisionofpreliminaryclassificationforvegetationofAlaska.AnchorageWorkshoponClassificationofAlaskanVegetation.USDAPac.N.W.Res.Sta.,InstituteofN.For.,Fairbanks,Alaska.72pp.Wallmo,O.C.,L.C.Carpenter,W.L.Regelin,R.B.Gill,andD.L.Baker.1977.Evaluationofdeerhabitatonanutritionalbasis.J.RangeManage.30:122-127.Wolff,J.O.1976.utilizationofhardwoodbrowseontheTannafloodplainofInteriorAlaska.ServoPac.N.W.For.andRangeExp.Sta.Res.267.7pp.bymooseu.s.For.NotePNW-Wolff,J.O.1978.BurningandbrowsingeffectsonwillowgrowthinInteriorAlaska.J.wildl.Manage.42:135-140.Wolfe,M.L.,W.H.Babcock,andR.M.Welch.1983.EffectsofsimulatedmoosebrowsingonDrummond'swillow.Alces19:14-35. 9]APPENDIXASusitnaHydroelectricProjectVegetationMappingSource:R.A.Kreig&Associates.Inc.MappingLegend(Revision2)June15.1984Mappinglegendisbasedprimarilyonthe1982RevisionofPreliminaryClassificationforVegetationofAlaska(Vierecketal.1982).ModificationstotheclassificationmadeasaresultoftheAlaskaVegetationClassificationWorkshop(Anchorage-February21.1984)arealsoincorporated.Level4categoriesrecognizedinthisstudyarea.butnotlistedinVierecketal.(1982).areindicatedbyanasterisk(*).Thefollowingsymbologydesignisusedonthemaps:5pointscale-o•0-4%cover1 •5-25%cover2 •26-50%cover3 •51-75%cover4 •76-100%coverViereckLevelI.II.IIIcallJLr-ViereckCommunityClassificationDo:b002ShrubCoverClasses~IWillow----,Birch(Shrub&Dwarfonly)Alder..JLevelIVcallComplexesareshownas:Do:b+002'Majorcomponent-------------------1SLo:bw240Minorcomponent(notlessthan25%ofunitarea)--------------------------------1 APPEnDIXA92SusitnaVegetationAlaskaVegetationClassificationUnitName(Vierecketal.1982)MappingUnitSymbol1.ForestA.Conifer1-ClosedK)WhiteSpruceCc:w(60-100%)L)BlackSpruceCc:mM)Black&WhiteSpruceCc:mw2.OpenF)WhiteSpruceCo:w(25-60%)G)BlackSpruceCo:mH)Black&WhiteSpruceCo:mw3.WoodlandC)WhiteSpruceCw:w(10-25%)D)BlackSpruceCw:mE)Black&WhiteSpruceCw:mwB.Broadleaf1.ClosedB)BlackCottonwoodDc:o(60-100%)C)BalsamPoplarDc:pD)PaperBirchDc:bE)AspenDc:aF)Birch-AspenDc:ba2.OpenA)PaperBirchDo:b(25-60%)B)AspenDo:aC)BalsamPoplarDo:p3.WoodlandA)PaperBirchDw:b(10-25%)B)PoplarDw:pC)PaperBirch-PoplarDw:bpC.Mixed1.ClosedA)Spruce-BirchMc:sb(60-100%)B)Spruce-Birch-PoplarMc:sbpC)Spruce-Birch-AspenMc:sbaD)Aspen-SpruceMc:asE)Poplar-SpruceMc:ps2.OpenA)Spruce-BirchMo:sb(25-60%)B)Aspen-SpruceMo:asC)Spruce-Birch-PoplarMo:sbpD)Spruce-PoplarMo:sp3.WoodlandA)Spruce-BirchMw:sb(10-25%)B)Spruce-PoplarMw:spC)Spruce-Birch-PoplarMw:sbp2.ScrubA.DwarfTreeConifer1.ClosedFCc(60-100%)2.OpenFCo(25-60%)3.WoodlandFCw(10-25%) 93APPEtWIXABroadleaf1.ClosedFDc(60-100%)2.OpenFDo(25-60%)3.WoodlandFDw(l0-25%)Mixed1.ClosedFMc(60-100%)2.OpenFMo(25-60%)3.WoodlandFMw(l0-25%)B.TallShrub1.ClosedA)WillowSTc:w(75-100%)B)AlderSTc:lC)ShrubBirchSTc:bD)Alder-WillowSTc:lwE)ShrubBirch-WillowSTc:bw*)Alder-ShrubBirch-WillowSTc:1bw2.OpenA)WillowSTo:w(25-75%)B)AlderSTo:lC)ShrubBirchSTo:bD)Alder-WillowSTo:lwE)ShrubBirch-WillowSTo:bw*)Alder-ShrubBirchSTo:lbC.LowShrub1.ClosedA)DwarfBirchSLc:b(75-100%)B)LowWillowSLc:wC)DwarfBirch-LowWillowSLc:bwD)EricaceousShrubTundraSLc:e2.OpenA)DwarfBirchSLo:b(25-75%)B)LowWillowSLo:wC)DwarfBirch-WillowSLo:bwD)LowAlderSLo:1J)EricaceousShrub-SphagnumBogSLo:euS)WillowGrassTundraSLo:wgT)Birch&EricaceousShrubSLo:be*)EricaceousShrubSLo:e D.DwarfShrub3.HerbaceousA.GraminoidB.ForbC.BryoidD.Aquatic4.SparseA.ForestVegetationB.ScrubC.Herbaceous5.BarrenA.BedrockAPPE}!DL"{A1.Closed(75-100%)2.Open(25-75%)A)Mat&Cushion-SedgeB)Mat&Cushion-GrassD)CassiopeG)LowEricaceousShrubE)LowWillow*)EricaceousShrub94SMcSMc:sSMc:g"SMc:jSMc:eSMoSMo:wSMo:eHGdHGmHGwHGw:sHGw:shHGw:smHFdHFd:hHFmHFwHBmHB1HAfPfPsPhoOb APPENDIXBWILLOWSTRATIFICATIONSCHEME95MAJORVEGETATIONCOMPLEXELEVATIONWILLOW-STRATA**STRATAHIGHCO:MW3--CO:MW301CO:MW4--MO:SB212MO:SB212MO:SB310SLC:B3--SLC:BW2--SLC:BW3--SLC:BW3--SLC:BW4--SLC:LW3--SLC:W3--SLC:W3--SLC:W3--SLC:W3--SLC:W3--SLC:W3--SLC:W4SLC:W4~­SLC:W4--SLO:B320SLO:BW310SLO:BW320SLO:W3--SLO:W3--SLO:W3--SLO:W3--SLO:W3--SLO:W4--SLO:WG3--SLO:WG3--SLO:WG3--SLO:WG300SLO:WG310STC:W3--STC:W311STC:W4--STO:L4--STO:W3--+3--SLO:W300+4--SLC:BW320SLC:BW320+4--SLO:BEG010+0--+1--+2--+3--SMO+1--+4--CW:W210+1--HGWSLO:L003STO:L0031--HGWCO:MW210GE2000L2000GE2000HIGHHIGHHIGHHIGHHIGHHIGHHIGHHIGHHIGHHIGHHIGHHIGHHIGHHIGHHIGHHIGHHIGHHIGHHIGHHIGHHIGHHIGHHIGHHIGHHIGHHIGHHIGHHIGHHIGHHIGHHIGHHIGHHIGHHIGHHIGHHIGHHIGHHIGHHIGHHIGH APPENDIXBWILLOWSTRATIFICATIONSCHEME96MAJORVEGETATIONCOMPLEXELEVATIONWILLOW-STRATAHGWSLO:BW320SLO:BW320**STRATAMEDIUM-FORESTCO:M3--SLO:WG310CO:M300SLO:WG3--CO:MW2--+3--CO:MW2--+4--CO:MW2--SLO:BW3--CO:MW2--SLO:W3--CO:MW3--CO:MW300HGWCW:MW2--+3--CW:MW3--CW:MW320CW:W201SLC:BW320CW:W3--CW:W310FC03--FC03--FCW210FCW211FCW3--MO:SB2--MO:SB2--MO:SP3--L2000GE2000GE2000MEDIUM-FORESTMEDIUM-FORESTMEDIUM-FORESTMEDIUM-FORESTMEDIUM-FORESTMEDIUM-FORESTMEDIUM-FORESTMEDIUM-FORESTMEDIUM-FORESTMEDIUM-FORESTMEDIUM-FORESTMEDIUM-FORESTMEDIUM-FORESTMEDIUM-FORESTMEDIUM-FORESTMEDIUM-FORESTMEDIUM-FORESTMEDIUM-FORESTMEDIUM-FORESTMEDIUM-FORESTMEDIUM-FORESTMEDIUM-FOREST APPENDIXBWILLOWSTRATIFICATIONSCHEME97MAJORVEGETATIONCOMPLEX**STRATAMEDIUM-SHRUBSLC:B2--SLC:BW2--SLC:W2--SLC:W2--HGWSLC:WG2--SLC:WG3--SLO:BW2--+3--SLO:BWG3--SLO:WG3--SMOSTC:LW3--1--·STC:LW3--STC:W2--STO:BW2--STO:L3--STO:L3--SLC:B140STO:LW3--STO:W2--ELEVATIONWILLOW-STRATAMEDIUM-SHRUBMEDIUM-SHRUBMEDIUM-SHRUBMEDIUM-SHRUBMEDIUM-SHRUBMEDIUM-SHRUB.MEDIUM-SHRUBMEDIUM-SHRUBMEDIUM-SHRUBMEDIUM-SHRUBMEDIUM-SHRUBMEDIUM-SHRUBMEDIUM-SHRUBMEDIUM-SHRUBMEDIUM-SHRUBMEDIUM-SHRUBMEDIUM-SHRUB APPENDIXBWILLOWSTRATIFICATIONSCHEMEMAJORVEGETATIONCOMPLEXELEVATIONWILLOW-STRATA**STRATALOWCC:MW3--LOWCC:MW3--CW:MW220LOWCC:MW3--HGWLOWCC:W3--LOWCO:M3--LOWCO:MW120SLC:W310LOWCO:MW120SLC:W410LOWCO:MW120SLC:WG301LOWCO:MW2--LOWCO:MW2--FCOllOLOWCO:MW2--HGWLOWCO:MW2--SLC:Bl--LOWCO:MW2--SLC:BE1--LOWCO:MW2--SLO:Bl--LOWCO:MW2--SLO:BW2--LOWCO:Wl--+3--LOWCO:W3--LOWCO:W3--HGWLOWCW:MW2--LOWCW:MW211SLO:WG210LOWCW:W2--LOWCW:W210SLO:B130LOWFCC1--SLO:W3--LOWFCC2--LOWFCC2--SLO:BW2--LOWFC02--LOWFC0210HGWLOWFC0210SLO:BW220LOWFCW2--LOWFCW210LOWFMW:211SLC:B230LOWHGMLOWHGWLOWHGWSLO:BWllOLOWHGWSLO:W200LOWMC:SB2--GE2000LOWMC:SP2--GE2000LOWMO:SP2--GE2000LOWSLC:BO--+3--LOWSLC:BO--+4--LOWSLC:B040SLC:W311LOWSLC:Bl--SLC:W3--LOWSLC:Bl--SLC:W4--LOWSLC:Bl--SLO:W2--LOWSLC:Bl--SLO:W3--LOWSLC:Bl--STC:W4--LOWSLC:BE2--LOWSLC:BEG2--LOWSLC:W1OOLOWSLO:B2--LOW98 APPENDIXBWILLOWSTRATIFICATIONSCHEMEMAJORVEGETATIONCOMPLEXELEVATIONWILLOW-STRATASLO:BE230LOWSLO:BEG1--+3--LOWSLO:BEG1--+4--LOWSLO:BEG2--LOWSLO:BG2--LOWSLO:BW2--LOWSLO:BW2--HGMLOWSLO:BW210SLO:BE020LOWSLO:BW220SLO:B130LOWSLO:BW220SLO:BE120LOWSLO:BW220STO:L103LOWSLO:BWG2--LOWSLO:W2--+3--LOWSLO:W2--+4--LOWSLO:W2--HGWLOWSLO:WG2--LOWSLO:WG2--HGWLOWSLO:WG2--SLO:BE020LOWSLO:WG2--SLO:BW120LOWSTC:LW2--LOWSTO:L2-~PHLOWSTO:L2--LOWSTO:L2--SLO:BW130LOWSTO:LW2--LOW99 APPENDIXBWILLOWSTRATIFICATIONSCHEMEMAJORVEGETATIONCOMPLEXELEVATIONWILLOW-STRATA**STRATAVERY-LOWCC:M3--VERY-LOWCC:MW1--VERY-LOWCC:MW1--+1--VERY-LOWCC:MW11O-FC0110VERY-LOWCC:MW120FC0110VERY-LOWCC:MW2--VERY-LOWCO:M1--SLC:W3--VERY-LOWCO:M1--SLO:WG3--VERY-LOWCO:M220SLO:WG300VERY-LOWCO:MWO--CW:W310VERY-LOWCO:MW11OSLC:W400VERY-LOWCO:MWl12VERY-LOWCO:MWl12SLC:W300VERY-LOWCO:MW120VERY-LOWCO:MW121VERY-LOWCO:MW121STO:Ll13VERY-LOWCO:MW122VERY-LOWCO:MW130SLC:W3--VERY-LOWCO:W1--VERY-LOWCO:W1OlVERY-LOWCO:W102VERY-LOWCO:W11OVERY-LOWCO:Wl1lVERY-LOWCO:Wl12SLO:B120·VERY-LOWCO:W120VERY-LOWCO:W121VERY-LOWCO:W122VERY-LOWCO:W130VERY-LOWCO:W2--VERY-LOWCW:MW1--VERY-LOWCW:MW1--SLO:B120VERY-LOWCW:W103-VERY-LOWCW:W104VERY-LOWCW:WllOVERY-LOWCW:WlllVERY-LOWCW:Wl12VERY-LOWCW:Wl13.VERY-LOWCW:W121VERY-LOW.CW:W122VERY-LOWCW:W123VERY-LOWCW:W130VERY-LOWCW:W130CO:MW220VERY-LOWCW:W131VERY-LOWCW:W132VERY-LOWCW:W140VERY-LOWFCC1--VERY-LOWFCC1--+1--VERY-LOWMC:SB1--GE2000VERY-LOWMC:SB1--+1--GE2000VERY-LOWMC:SB102CO:W202GE2000VERY-LOW100 APPENDIXBWILLOWSTRATIFICATIONSCHEMEMAJORVEGETATIONCOMPLEXELEVATIONWILLOW-STRATAMC:SBA2--VERY-LOWMC:SBP101GE2000VERY-LOWMC:SP1--GE2000VERY-LOWMO:SBO--GE2000VERY-LOWMO:SB1--GE2000VERY-LOWMO:SB310L2000VERY-LOWMO:SBP1--GE2000VERY-LOWMO:SP1--GE2000.VERY-LOWMW:SB2--GE2000VERY-LOWMW:SBA212GE2000VERY-LOWMW:SP2--GE2000VERY-LOWSLC:B1--VERY-LOWSLC:BW1--VERY-LOWSLC:EG2--VERY-LOWSLC:L1--VERY-LOWSLO:BO--+2--VERY-LOWSLO:BO--+3--VERY-LOWSLO:B1--+3--VERY-LOWSLO:BEO--+3--VERY-LOWSLO:BE1--+3--VERY-LOWSLO:BEG1--VERY-LOWSLO:BEG120SLO:B030VERY-LOWSLO:LW1--VERY-LOWSLO:W1--VERY-LOWSLO:W1--HGWVERY-LOWSLO:W1--SMOVERY-LOWSLO:W1OOVERY-LOWSLO:W1OOPHVERY-LOWSLO:W2--VERY-LOWSLO:W2--+1--VERY-LOWSLO:W2--SMOVERY-LOWSLO:WG1--VERY-LOWSLO:WG1OOVERY-LOWSMC:E+3--VERY-LOWSMO+3--VERY-LOWSMO+4--VERY-LOWSMOSLC:W410VERY-LOWSMOSLO:W310VERY-LOWSTc:L1--+2--VERY-LOWSTC:L2--SLC:BW221VERY-LOWSTC:L2--SLO:BW220VERY-LOWSTC:L221SMOVERY-LOWSTC:LW202SLC:B040VERY-LOWSTC:LW202SMCVERY-LOWSTO:L1--+2--VERY-LOWSTO:L1--SLO:BW220VERY-LOWSTO:LW1--+2--VERY-LOWSTO:W100SMOVERY-LOW101 APPENDIXBWILLOWSTRATIFICATIONSCHEME102MAJORVEGETATIONCOMPLEXELEVATIONWILLOW-STRATA**STRATASCARCECC:Ml--CC:Ml--CC:Ml--CC:M2--CC:Wl--CC:Wl--CC:W2--CC:W2--CC:W200CC:W212CO:Ml--CO:Ml--CO:MllOCO:M2--CO:M211CO:M220CO:MWO--CO:MWO--CO:MW100CO:MW102CO:MW103CO:MW110CO:MW110CO:MW110CO:MW111CO:MWl13CO:MW123CO:MW130CO:MW131CO:MW140CO:WO--CO:W020CO:W022CO:W030CW:M1--CW:M210CW:MWO--CW:WO--CW:W120DC:Bl--DC:BA1--DC:BP2--DC:P1--DC:P2--DO:B1--DO:P1--DO:P2--DW:Bl--DW:P1--FC01--HGMHGW+0--SLO:B1+1--HGM+0--FC0010FCW100SLO:BE120SCARCESCARCESCARCESCARCESCARCESCARCESCARCESCARCESCARCESCARCESCARCESCARCESCARCESCARCESCARCESCARCESCARCESCARCESCARCESCARCESCARCESCARCESCARCESCARCESCARCESCARCESCARCESCARCESCARCESCARCESCARCESCARCESCARCESCARCESCARCESCARCESCARCESCARCESCARCESCARCESCARCESCARCESCARCESCARCESCARCESCARCESCARCESCARCESCARCESCARCE APPENDIXBWILLOWSTRATIFICATIONSCHEMEMAJORVEGETATIONCOMPLEXELEVATIONWILLOW-STRATAFC01--+0--SCARCEFC0110STO:L103SCARCEFCWO--SCARCEFCWO--HGWSCARCEFCW1--SCARCEHGDSCARCEMC:SBO--GE2000SCARCEMC:SB1--L2000.SCARCEMC:SB1--+1--L2000SCARCEMC:SB102CO:W202L2000SCARCEMC:SB2--L2000SCARCEMC:SBAO--SCARCEMC:SBA1--SCARCEMC:SBP101L2000SCARCEMC:SPO--GE2000SCARCEMC:SP1--L2000SCARCEMC:SP2--L2000SCARCEMO:SBO--L2000SCARCEMO:SB1--"L2000SCARCEMO:SBPO--L2000SCARCE"MO:SBPO'!"'-GE2000SCARCEMO:SBP1--L2000SCARCEMO:SPO--GE2000SCARCEMO:SP1--L2000SCARCEMO:SP2--L2000SCARCEMO:SP3--L2000SCARCEMW:SBO--GE2000SCARCEMW:SB1--GE2000SCARCEMW:SB2--L2000SCARCEMW:SBA212L2000SCARCEMW:SP1--GE2000SCARCEMW:SP2--L2000SCARCE0WSCARCEPFSCARCESLC-B+2SCARCESLC:B+1SCARCESLC:BO--SLC:BW2--SCARCESLC:BO--SLO:BW2--SCARCESLC:BO--SLO:W2--SCARCESLC:BO--SLO:WG2--SCARCESLC:B040SLO:W200SCARCESLC:BEO--SCARCESLC:BEO--SLO:W2--SCARCESLC:BE030SLO:W200SCARCESLC:BE1--SCARCESLC:BEGO--SCARCESLC:BEG1--SCARCESLC:E1--SCARCESLC:EG1--SCARCESLO:BO--SCARCESLO:B1--SCARCE103 APPENDIXBWILLOWSTRATIFICATIONSCHEME104MAJORVEGETATIONSLO:B1--SLO:B1--SLO:B1--SLO:BEO--SLO:BEO--SLO:BEO--SLO:BEO--SLO:BE1--SLO:BE1--SLO:BE1--SLO:BE1--SLO:BE1--SLO:BEGO--SLO:BGO--SLO:BW1--SLO:BW1--SLO:BW1--SLO:BW1--SLO:BWG1--SLO:EO--SLO:E010SLO:E1--SLO:E110SLO:EG010SLO:EG1--SLO:EG1--SLO:EG110SLO:L1--SMCSMCSMCSMCSMC:ESMOSMOSMOSMOSMOSMOSMOSMOSMOSMOSMOSMOSMOSMOSMOSMOSMO:ESMO:ECOMPLEX+0--+1--SMO+0--+1--+2--+0--+1--+2--SMO+0--+1--SMOSMC+1--+2--PH+1--+1--+2--SLO:BW110SLO:BW210SLO:B130SLC:BW210SLO:BW220SLO:BWG110SLO:E110SLO:W100SLO:W200SLO:W211SLO:WG100STO:L111SLO:W210STO:W101SMO:WSLO:W200ELEVATIONWILLOW-STRATASCARCESCARCESCARCESCARCESCARCESCARCESCARCESCARCESCARCESCARCESCARCESCARCESCARCESCARCESCARCESCARCESCARCESCARCESCARCESCARCESCARCESCARCESCARCESCARCESCARCESCARCESCARCE"SCARCESCARCESCARCESCARCESCARCESCARCESCARCESCARCESCARCESCARCESCARCESCARCESCARCESCARCESCARCESCARCESCARCESCARCESCARCESCARCESCARCESCARCESCARCESCARCE APPENDIXBWILLOWSTRATIFICATIONSCHEME105MAJORVEGETATIONSMO:E111SMO:WSTC:LO--STC:LO--STC:LO--STC:L1--STC:L1--STC:L1--STC:L2--STC:L2--STC:L2--STC:LW1--STC:LW103STO:B121STO:B130STO:LO--STO:LO--STO:L003STO:L012STO:L1--STO:L1--STO:L1--STO:L1--STO:LW1--COMPLEXSMO:ESLO:BW110o+0--+1--SLO:B020oSLO:BEG0201--SMOSMO+0--ELEVATIONWILLOW-STRATASCARCESCARCESCARCESCARCESCARCESCARCESCARCE.SCARCESCARCESCARCESCARCESCARCESCARCESCARCESCARCESCARCESCARCESCARCE.SCARCESCARCESCARCESCARCESCARCESCARCE APPENDIXBWILLOWSTRATIFICATIONSCHEMEMAJORVEGETATIONCOMPLEXELEVATIONWILLOW-STRATA**STRATAZEROCC:MO--ZEROCC:Ml--MO:SBO--ZEROCC:Ml--MC:SPO--ZEROCC:Ml--MC:SP1--ZEROCC:Ml--MO:SB1--ZEROCC:MWO--ZEROCC:MW1--MO:SBO--ZEROCC:MW1--MO:SB1--ZEROCC:WO--ZEROCO:MOOlZEROCO:M01OZERODC:AO--ZERODC:BO--ZERODC:BAO--ZERODO:BO--ZERODW:BO--ZERODW:BPO--ZEROFCOO--ZEROMC:SBO--L2000ZEROMC:SPO--L2000ZEROMO:SBAO--ZEROMO:SPO--L2000ZEROMW:SBO--L2000ZEROMW:SB1--L2000ZEROMW:SP1--L2000ZERO0ZERO0PHZERO0SMOZERO0STO:LOO2ZEROPHZEROPH0ZEROPHSMOZEROSLC:BO--ZEROSLC:EO--ZEROSMC:EZEROSMOZEROSMOHBLZEROSMOPHZEROSMO0ZEROSMOSMCZERO106 APPENDIXB-WILLOWSTRATIFICATIONSCHEME107Explanationofthecodingkey:1)Whenthe'complex'columnisblankandthemajorvegetationcallincludesdashes'--',thisindicatesthatanycombinationofalderanddwarfbirchforagecallsthatcouldoccurwiththelevelIVViereckcalliscoveredunderthisstratacodeunlessthismajorvegetationcallislistedunderanotherstratacodewithaspecificalderanddwarfbirchforagecall.Whenthisoccursallcallsthatarenotcoveredspecificallyarecoveredbythemajorvegetationcallthatusesdashes.2)Whenthe'complex'columnisnotblank,thentheconditionsofboththemajorvegetationcallandthecomplexcallhavetobemetinorderforthestratacodetobevalid.3)Someofthelistingsinthecomplexcolumndonotcontaincompletecomplexcodesbutratheranumberprecededbya'+'sign,forexample'+3',thisnumberrepresentsanyvegetationpolygonoccurringinthecomplexwhichhasa'3'inthewillowforagecomponent.4)Thestratacodeisonlyvalidforpolygonsortheportionsofpolygonsatorabovethe2000footcontourwhichme~ttheconditionsofthemajorvegetationandcomplexcallwhen'GE2000'appearsintheelevationcolumn.5)Thestratacodeisonlyvalidforpolygonsorportionsofpolygonsbelowthe2000footcontourwhichmeettheconditionsofthemajorvegetationandcomplexcallwhen'L2000'appearsintheelevationcolumn. APPENDIXCSTATISTICALRESULTSUSEDTOESTIMATEMOOSEFORAGEBIOMASSI)TwostageratiotosizeestimatorsA)Biomassperm2perpopulation-stratacategory108J.'jklnn=i::M·.kY"kl/i::M·.ki=l~J~Ji=l~J(1)wherei-indexestransectsj -indexesstratak -indexesthepopulation(A,B,D)1 -indexesspecies(willow,paperbirch,mt.cranb.)M -denotestransectlengthYijkl-denotesmeanbiomassperm2fortheithtransect,jthstrata,kthpopulation,and1thspecies/\J.'jkl-denotesmeanbiomassperm2forthejthstrata,kthpopulation,and1thspecies2ndTERMSincethetransectsweresampledwithreplacement,N=00....2ndTERM=O.Where2Sijk(3)=numberofplotsintheithtransect,jthstrataandkthpopulationg -indexestheplotsintheithtransect,jthstrata,andkthpopulationSo../\n2-/\2n(n-l)M2v(J.'jkl)=i:1Mijk(YijklJ.'jkl)/(4) APPENDIXCB)Biomassperm2perpopulation109'"~klh'"h=i:A'k~'kl/.i:Ajkj=lJ JJ=l(5)whereA -denotesareaofthejthstratainthekthpop.(6)where'"'"COV(~jkl'~j'kl)=(7)*n -denotesthenumberof.~ransectswithplotsinboththejthandj'thstrata,foragivenpopulation(k)C)Biasofbiomassper.m2perpopulationstratacategory=(8)(9)2 2 - -23=(~Yljkl/~Mjk)-(l/~Mjkn)COV(YljklMjk)+(~YljklaMjk!n~Mjk)Basedona 2ndorderTaylorSeriesApproximation.Note~jkl=(TYljkl/TMjk)=(N~Yljkl/N~Mjk)=(~Yljkl/~Mjk)·(10)'"Bias=~jkl-E(~jkl)(11)2 2 - -2 3=-(l/~Mjkn)COV(Yljkl,Mjk)+(~YljklaMjk/n~Mjk) APPENDIXC110So(12)22"'2~b=(-11Mjkn )COV(Y1jkl,Mjk)+(YljklaMjk/nMjk)."Whereb -denotestheestimatedbiasof~jkl.nYIjkl=i:IYijklMijk/n(13).nMJ'k=i:M''kin(14), 1~J~=nCOV(Yljkl,Mjk)=i:IYijklMijk- nYIjklMjk(15)"'2n2aMJ'k=i:(M''k-M-J'k)I(n-I)(16), 1~J~=D)Probabilityofspeciesoccurrenceperm2perpopulation-strata·category.n'"n=i:M''kP,'klIi:M''k, 1~J~J,~J~=~=I(17)wherei-indexestransectsj -indexesstratak -indexesthepopulation(A,B,D)1 -indexesspecies(willow,paperbirch,mt.cranb.)M -denotestransectlength'"Pijkl-denotestheproportionofplotsintheithtransect,jthstrata,kthpopulation,thatcontainplantRofthe1thspecies'"Pjkl-denotestheestimatedprobabilityofaplotinthejthstrata,andkthpopulation,containingaplantofthe1thspecies APPENDIXC=2ndTERM(18)111sincethetransectsweresampledwithreplacement,N=co~2ndTERM=O.whereSo=numberofplotsintheithtransect,jthstrataandkthpopulation=(19)E)Probabilityofspeciesoccurrenceperm2perpopulationcategory.(20)whereA -denotesareaofthejthstratainthekthpop.(21)where1\1\COV(Pjkl,Pj'kl)=(22)*nnn1\1\1\1\(1~~Mijk1)(1/~Mij'kl).~MijklMij'kl(PijklPij'k1-PjklPj'kl)~=11=1~=1n*-denotesthenumberoftransectswithplotsinboththejthandjlthstrata,foragivenpopulation(k) APPENDIXCF)Biasofprobabilityofspeciesoccurrenceperm2perpopulationcategory112~n~nE(PJ'kl)=E{:EM''kP,'klI:EM''k}i=l~J~Ji=1~J(23)(24)22- -2 3z(~Wjkl/~Mjk)-(1/~Mjkn)COV(WjklMjk)+(~WjklaMjk!n~Mjk)Basedona2ndorderTaylorSeriesApproximation.NoteNNPJ,kl=(:EM"kP,'k'I:EM''k)i=l~J~J"1.=1~J~Bias= Pjkl-E(Pjkl)NN=«:EM"kP,'kl/N)/(:EM''kiN))i=1~J~Ji=tJ(25)(26)Sob(27)22~~=(-1/Mjkn )COV(Wjkl/Mjk)+(WjklaMjk!nMjk)•~Whereb -denotestheestimatedbiasofPjkl•n~WJ'kl=:EM''kP,'kl/ni=l~J~JnCOV(Wjkl/Mjk)=i:1WijklMijk- nWjklMjk~2n2aM'k=:E(M''k-MJ'.k)l(n-1)Ji=1~J(28)(29)(30)(31) (32)(33)APPENDIXCII)Ordinallogitmodelforproportionofwillowplantsbrowsed.A)FullModels1)RegularmodelIn(m2jk/m1jk)=a+Tj+Tk+Tjk2)LinearModelIn(m2jk/m1jk)=a+Tj+P(wk-W1+Aj(Wk-W)3)QuadraticModelIn(m2jk/m1jk)=a+Tj+p(Wk-W12+Aj(Wk-W)2(34)B)ModelwithBestFit-"ReducedLinearModelwithnointeractions113(35)wherej -indexespopulation(A,orB)k -indexesplantdensity(1,2,•••,8)m1jk-denotesthenumberofplotsinthejthpopulationandatthekthplantdensitylevelthatwerenotbrowsedm2]'k-denotesthenumberofplotsinthejthpopulationandatthekthplantdensitylevelthatwerebrowseda-denotesthemeanofthe2X8logitsTj-denotesthedeviationofthecellcountfromthemeanduetothejthpopulationTk-denotesthedeviationofthecellcountfromthemeanduetothekthlevelofplantdensityp-denotesthelinearchangeinthelogitduetoplantdensitywk-denotesthevalueofthekthlevelofplantdensity(1,2,•••,8)w-denotesthemeanlevelofplantdensity(4.5)Aj-denotestheadditionalchangeinthelogitduetotheinteractionofthejthpopulationwiththekthplantdensity