HomeMy WebLinkAboutAPA3512Susitna Joint Venture
Document Number
FdR
JUNE 1979
VOLUME 1 OF 2
PROPOSAL
APPEND IX AJ8L,2..
Acres American Incorporated
900 Liberty Bank
N.Y.
R & M IL~onsultants
5024 Cordova
AK 99503
Mro Eric P. Yould
Executive Director
Alaska Power Authority
333 West 4th Avenue
Suite 31
Anchorage, Alaska 99501
Dear r"ir ~ Youl d:
June 4 ~ 1979
vJssso" 68
i\.l.ASKA POWb< AUIHORI~.
Proposal for the Upper Sus"itna River
Basin Hydroelectric Power Project
We are pleased to submit heret;tith five (5) copies of a proposal stating
qualifications and justifying selection of a team comprised of Acres
Amer'ican Incorporated, R&M Consultants Incorporated, Frank Moo 1 in &
Associates, and Terrestrial Environmental Specialists Incorporated (ARMT)
for preparation of a detailed Plan of Study (POS) for the Upper Susitna
River Basin Hydroelectric Power Project.
The general division of responsibilities proposed for preparing the POS
and subsequently carrying it to fruition capitalizes on the strength and
experience of its respective members$ In brief, Acres, with more than 50
years experience in large hydroelectric development, particularly in
northern areas, will provide overall study and project management as well
as the bulk of the project engineering effort~ R&M will undertake the
major portion of the field engineering work to include survey,
investigations and testing, and will provide a strong Alaskan presence and
a firm base of operations~ TES will coordinate the efforts of a team of
principal environmental investigators, each one of which has been selected
because of an outstanding reputation in his or her discipline, especially
as it pertains to knowledge of Alaska. Frank Moo 1 in & Associates wi 11
interject the views and recommendations of a professional construction
management organization with solid Alaskan experience, and will assist in
directing field work in preparat·ion of realistic cost estimates and
schedules ..
Acres also brings to the Susitna project first-hand knowledge and
experience in the problems of financing such a large undertaking, based on
out· involvement in similar large projects such as Churchill Falls.
ACRES AMERICAN INCOHf"ORATEO
Mr~ Eric P. Yould
Alaska Power Authority
Each member of the team
We are convinced that
provides an outstanding
June 4~ 1979
2
State of A1 aska on this important projecL Together we offer a strong
team with 1 oca 1 knowledge and 1 oca 1 presence, with a record of successfu 1
performance on large hydroelectric projects around the world and
particularly in northern regions, and a depth of capability that ensures
an extensive reservoir of talent is available from within our respective
organizations.
In accordance with your letter of May 7, 1979, and your subsequent advice
extending the closing time for this submittal, we are pleased to note as
well our willingness to present our credent·ials in person to you and to
such other individuals or agencies the State of Alaska may wisho It would
be a pleasure to see you again@
We are in the business of hydroelectric development. We have been for
more than 50 yearso We are well aware that projects as exciting as this
one are far from commonplace.. They demand uncommon attention. We hope
that you wi 11 find us just the group which can provide it!
Please do contact me at the number above or Colo (Rete) C~ Ao Debelius at
(301) 992-5300 in the event that we can provide a11y additional information
which may help you in your choice.
DCW/r~tJ
Encl. (5)
ACRES AMERICAN INCORPORATED
Yours very truly,
~ L_ David c., Wi 11 ett
0._.-r Vice President
FOR
VOLUME 1 OF 2
PROPOSAL
APPENDIX A, Bl)Z..
JUNE 1979
R
/
1750 Pennsylvania
Washington C.
(202) 393
Suite
Northampton
3725 National Drive
Raleigh; North Carolina 27612
(919) 781-31
301 Fifth
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15222
(412) 765-3700
Suite
The Clark Building
Columbia, Maryland 21044
(301) 992-5300
The contents of this proposal are provided for the
sole use of the State of Alaska, the Alaska Power
Authority3 and such other agents of the Alaska Power
Authority as may be designated to review and
evaluate its contents,. Proprietary information is
contained herein. Unauthorized reproduction or
d·(sclosure of the contents, in whole or in part, to
any individual or organization other than those
specified, without the express approval of an
officer of Acres American, is strictly prohibited~
ALASKA POWER AUTHORITY
L COVER
2o TABLE OF CONTENTS
3Q CAPABILITY AND QUALIFICATIONS
(a) Scope of Services
{b) Hydroelectric Engineering and Planning
(c) Technical and Laboratory Resources Available
(i) Acres Resources -Project Management
(ii) Acres Resources-Financial Management
(iii) Acres Resources-Ice Engineer·ing
(iv) Acres Laboratory and Testing Experience
(v) Acres Inspection and Expediting Services
(vi) R&M Site Exploration and Testing Experience
(vii) Frank Mool in & Associates Construction Management
Experience
(viii) TES Environmental Expertise
{o) Standard and Specialized Equipment
("i) Genera 1
{ii) Geological Investigations
( i if) Surveys
(iv) Access
(v) Material Testing
(vi) Stream Gauging
(vii) Hydraulic Models
(viii) Seismic Investigations
(ix) "Miscen aneous
(e) Major Hydroeleetric Projects in North America
(f) Major Hydroelectric Projects Overseas
(g) Detailed Plan of Study and Licensing
{ i) P1 an of Study
(ii) The Application and the Licensing Process
(h) Project Manager and Key Personnel
PLATES:
{1) Introduction
(ii) Principal Management Organization
(iii) Field Work
(iv) Project Engineering
(v) Environmental Studies
(vi) In-Depth Capability for Follow-On Work
lo PROJECT MANAGEMENT ORGANIZATION
2~ FIELD WORK ORGANIZATION
3. PROJECT ENGINEERING ORGANIZATION
4o ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES ORGANIZATION
TO BE IDEREO IN DECIDING
SHOULD TAKE OVER THE SUSITNA PROJECT
!Al JUSTH ~CATION FOR
Introduction
Multi-disciplined Teams
Top Management Group
Preplanning
Successful Organization ,
Requirements
nties and Risks
X : ENGINEERING SERVICES FOR HYDROELECTR AND PUMPED STORAGE
DEVELOP~1ENT
APPENDIX Bl: PPJJECT AND CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT SERVICES
ICE ENGINEERING CAPABILITIES
INSPECTION AND EXPEDITING SERVICES
LABORATORY AND TESTING FACILITIES
X B2~ QUALIFICATION STATEMENTS AND RESUr4ES FOR R&M CONSULTANTS
INCORPORATED
APPEND I X B3: QUAL If ~CATION STATEMENTS AND RESUt~ES FOR TERRESTRIAL
ENVIRONMENTAL SPECIALISTS INCORPORATED
APPEND I X Cl: PROJECT DESCRIPTION SHEETS, NORTH .13J1ER ICAN HYDROELECTRIC
DE VE Lf;PME NTS
APPENDIX C2: PROJECT DESCRIPTION SHEETS; INTERNATIONAL HYDROElECTRIC
DEVELOPMENTS
APPENDIX C3: PROJECT DESCRIPTION SHEETS, SELECTED STUDIES FOR
HYDROELECTRIC, UNDERGROUND PUMPED STORAGE AND RELATED
DEVELOPMENTS
APPENDIX 0: SELECTED PAPERS FROM THE COLLECTION ENTITLED 11 THE SUCCESSFUL
ACCOMPLISHMENT OF GIANT PROJECTS"
APPENDIX E! SELECTED RESUMES FOR ACRES PERSONNEL
in response to a request from f'!r" Eric P"
Alaska Power Authori " dated ,
capabil and i cations of
and ·its subcontractors~ R&M tants
iates Ince~ Terrestrial Envi
undertake complete project and financial
ng of the Susitna Hydroel ect.,
-~1oo 1 in -TES (ARMT)
combination of capabi
group
ngs to
expertise
( i) design/project/construction management team
studies!! economic eva1uation!9 licensing,
construction large hydroelectric
in northern arease
( i) and readily available fie 1 d expl oration team
es~ personnel and equipment experienced in all
of ogic and geotechnical design and exploration~ particu-
larly in the vicinity of the Susitna siteQ
(iii An exceptional team of environmental specialists with first-hand
knowledge and experience of the project areao
proposal addresses, in the manner required by the RFP 9 the capabil-
ities~ experience and facilities available to the group to undertake
the project from initial studies through completion.
than 50 years., The .... ...,., .. ,_,._., ..
amounting to more than
also a member of the CASECO nt venture
Project on Columbia River~ another project similar
probl em.s to the Susitna" Company hydroe1actric experience
to northern areas" In contrast 9 ability to
problems generated cold regions has also been
use in other regions of the world ll'rith greatly fferent
A example of a major project designed and lt
di cult conditions is the 340 MW Alto Anchicaya Project
South America~
A led summary of Acres qualifications and experience in
ectric field is presented in Appendix A of this proposal summari-
in the following tables.
GENERAT~ON
'\cres has gained a leading position in the hydroelectric field and has been responsible rhroughout
the world for over 20,000 MW of power generating facilities.
Specialists in hydraulic, geotechnical and other disciplines and a highh experienced
staff, form weli·balanced hydroelectric project teams. Our staff of
environmentalists contribute to hydro developments with detailed economic comparison
environmental impact studies to ensure maximum utilization of the natural resources.
The most significant hydroelectric projects for which Acres has comple.ed, or
providing services are
currentiy
Alto Anch.n.y?.
Arnpri0r
Ash River
Aslantas
Beauharnois No. 2
Beauharnois No. 3
Bersimis No. 1
8ersimis No.2
Black River
(Extension)
Chenaux
Churchill Falls
Chute·a·Caron
(Extension)
Chute-des-Passes
Espanola
Granby
Grand Falls
No. of
Units
3
2
3
12
10
8
5
3
8
11
2
5
2
lnstalied
Capacity
(MW)
340
80
25
125
495
555
900
640
6
125
5,225
100
750
8
10
60
Head
(m)
388.0
21.0
24.0
100.0
24.0
24.0
239.0
1'12.0
38.0
12.2
311.0
50.0
160.0
19.5
7.0
38.0
Services
Engineering services
Project management and
engineering services
Engineering services and
supervision of construction
Engineering services
(in consortium)
Engineering services
Engineering services
Engineering services
Engineering services
Engineering services
Engineering services
Technical and construction
planning, engineering ar1d
estimating services, and
management of construction
(in joint venture as Acres
Canadian Bechtel of Churchill
Falls)
Engineering services
Engineering services and site
supervision
Engineering services
Engineering services
Engineering services
6037
Power Generation -2
No. of installed
Units Head Services
(m)
4 450 36.4 Engineering services
Gull Island 1,600 Engineering services
1 ohn Hart 6 125 119.0 Engineering services
7 224 16.8 Engineering services and sit.:!
supervision
Kettle 10 1,244 30.0 Engineering services {in joint
venture as Crippen Acres)
Kpong 4 160 11.8 !'roject management and
engineering services
La Boruca 4 760 200.0 Engineering services
Ladore Falls 2 52 37.0 Engineering services and
supervision of construction
Laurie R1ver No. 1 2 5 16.7 Engineering services
Laurie River No. 2 5 16.7 Engineering services
Limestone Rapids 10 1,070 26.2 Engineering services (in joint
venture as Crippen Acres)
Long Spruce 10 1,000 24.4 Engineering services (in jcint
venture as Crippen Acres)
Los Esclavos ,., 13 107.0 Engineering services r.
Lower Notch 2 250 70.0 Engineering and project
management services
Mactaquac 6 625 33.5 Engineering services and
supervision of construction
Manicouagan 1 3 180 37.5 Engineering services
Manicouagan 2 8 1,000 69.7 Engineering services
Mayurakshi Reservoir 2 4 30.0 Engineering specifications co-
ordination of manufacturing
and supervision of inspection
,\'leA ·thur Falls 8 60 7.0 Engineering services and site
supervision
McCormk;k No. 1 2 85 37.5 Engineering services
McCormick No.2 3 134 37.5 Engineering services
McCormick f'vo. 3 2 120 37.5 Engineering services
Power Generation -3
No. of ~nstalled
U11it§ Capacity
(MW)
Nam Ngum 30
Outardes 2 52
Pine Falls 6 85
Saito Grande 12 1,620
Shadiwal 2 15
Shipshaw 12 900
Sirikit 3 375
St. Marys River 3 52
Strathcona 31
Tarbela Extension 2 350
Trenton Falls 9
Warsak 4 160
Warsak 2 83
(Extension)
Head
35.0
63.5
11.3
25.0
7.6
63.5
76.0
5.7
42.5
132.0
82.0
43.6
43.6
Services
Project management services
Engineering services
Engineering services and site
supervision
Engineering services
Engineering services
Engineering services
Engineering services
Engineering and project
management
Engineering services and site
supervision
Engineering services and
supervision of construction
Engineering services
Engineering services and
supervision of construction
Engineering services and
supervision of construction
6037.01 Rev 1
n~J7q
: ........ _ ...... ---.·· ................. _, ...... _ . ·-· ·-. -.. ,, ___ , ................. -· . -. ····---.... -....... ---.. --... ,_ ·--.... -··· ·--·--···-· .... ···· ........... -..... -·---·-··· ..... ·-·-........... '• ........... , .. ··-· ..
I
!---·-···--l ~
r'· ~~ r i . .,·; i
The staff of Acres i\meric;-1n h?.s a wide range o·r e.x.per~en~e in the prov~sion of
consulting services to the powc-r utility industry b the fo!bw;ng ueas~
~~ LoMJ Fo'fer.asting and Ma.rket 5urveys
~ Econt1mic Analysis
~ f.Vlathematical Mode!s and Computer Simulation Programs
fl!l Switching Surges and Resonant Phcr.nmena
~ I nsu~ation CoonHnati m) Studies
~ Pl(int Evalua:tior!
I ~
L!L. •--~-• J L.w ·-~•• -···-·····--··-• --·-··-·-·-···----·· ··-·---• ··-·" •·--· '•••••• • •·-·· •••••• " •••-···--" ---··• "•• "' " ·-·-·--··--··-· -· -·· •••• ••• •• " ••" ---·-----------·---l
•••••••••-.yvv•,.....v"'.-.:.•. o.-o•oGP•••.W1o ............. .-...... __ • ··-···--··-.-·-·-·-••••••• ··--••..-...v• .. •••••-•yo•• ••••••••••..--• -··-··-• .. •••• ..... ··-·· -.••••••v• .. • • .tH • • •••••• --..-.. •••••• •·-· • •••••••'" ........ .-v•••• ........ ••••
::it;.n•ing r.h~ d ectrk powot!r HtHity ind.u~trv s~J"ice l ~rl4 1 A.cn;;~~ has b.uHt up a
cmv;jd~.r;.~b~{~ br:dy of txpe•~cncf.: In the prep~mtior~ of marki!-~ 5Hf'!tys .?!nd b:;.:.d
fate-t:asi:s. An 0K(lmple c f Acres \i'mrk iil th!s field was the prep-aration of a
~'lfr_;t ... sc(l'C' m.:zrket· survey rc~ative to the ~mport of power fn..Jm L.,_,~:; Cbt.n"t.J}m
FaHs p.ro}~ct in C4nadJ. The a!·ed studied tn that instaf!C{l wa~ th.:= \v1w·l~ of the
N~vi Er~gland ~·esJor: tcgethe:r with tnt !!.rea sc~-v~ced by C.:msoHdatecl E{t.~~&"l
Ci)mpany of New "-!ort.
0(! a n\Of'e .;~·wde:::t :;cah~) Acr~s ptanning engineers hav~ prepared num~rc~.ls.
midrange rnarket &urveys .and load fon~casts for urban and rmmkjp-a! utif~tie·;) in
order tt:~ c·-.raiua~e the m05t effectiv=:-\.Vay of moderniling tl1£ir distr~bution
systems or convertiflg to a higher voltag~ d?.ss.
~n connection with ~hi:: more detailed planning studies~ Acres engioe.ets
frcqu~ntly haw;! had O~C~ion 1.0 prep2re medium and ror.g-r;iOjSe projecticr.-s for
mil.jur u ti!ity systems both at h.!Jme i3J)d overseas. Such f!m~C;.{.Sts are usua~!y
preparea :.r~ conjunction wit~ Lhe cHent 1S engineers and Acres own staff~ and
they norrnaUy inck ::'le national as wet! as reg~onl.! trends. hi thrr. cas.€-.of
c-v~rseas c1 !en-~J often toea ted ir. clevf'Joprng countrtr.s, ,:j more grass. roots
2f'p·roa.ch is caBed for. !n such cases, mzrket survey techr:~jqucs ilm emrioy~d,
whkh are based on aU nece:ssary economic ind~cators, sucn as consumDtion of
power per caprta. or per ion c,f manufactured p<m:ktct. Acre§ Ame:Jrh~a·n has
acr.ess~ thrcugh the main A;;ms-group 0f compani~s, to a lar~ staff of
ecl'!'i)Omi5ts we~i versed h1 the requirements of such str.iidt-es.
lONG-RANGE PLANNiNG AND POWER SYSTEM STUDIES
Acres American is in a position to provide a complete range of consulting
services for long-range system planning studies. These studies, which can be
done either independently or in close association with the client's engineers as
required, typically cover the following activities:
~ Preparation of load forecasts and the formulation of a series of
preliminary system expansion sequences
@ Assembly of system data, component ratings, impedance data, and
transformer tap ranges
Conducting all necessary load flow studies to determine the timing of
new plant additions, equipment ratings, transformer tap ranges, and the
need for and location of VAR (voltage) r.ontrol equipment
f.} Development of stage-by-stage single-line diagram and capital costs
associated in the alternative system expansion programs
Conducting of stability and fault level studies to modify or confirm the
syst~m configuration arrived at from load flow studies.
A recent new activity in this general sphere has been a series of studies on the
economic integration of pumped storage hydro plants into existing power
systems.
These studies have involved the year-by-year simulation of power system
operations and determination of system operating costs for alternative system
development programs. Operating costs are determined for a range of variations
in key parameters, and these are combined with system capital costs to
determine the total cumulative present worth cost of power supply.
Comparison of the present worth costs of the various alternatives permits an
easy determination of the expansion program and the pumped storage plant
dimensions that minimize the power cost. It should be noted that Acre'\
technical planning specialists and professional economists have a sound
knowledge of the relevant techniques of economic analysis, particularly as they
relate to electric utility problems.
'·::'-
; ··'
: ....... .,. .................. _____________ --·····--... -···--·· ----··-····-·····---·-·--·-····--··----··-·· ,.. ................. ·---···· ..... _,,.,,. .. ···--.···-·· ................... --·-·· ... -.. -·.
!
Dt1 -:-inr~ rcc~nt y!:ars, the Public S.ervki: Coim·nis~;ons ~n ~h~ rnajority of 5tate:;
ha.vc 1;na<:tcd regt.i!atio:lS requiring utitities f.!..) '!i<xure t·eg~J.latnry ~.gencv apprtNai
before c onstruc ti ng u;.l.jor faci!i ties. F 8f examp-l-e} tb~ N~w '/or k Stat~ Fu b! k~
S-ervke L~w en the cons t nKti or; of transrr.issinn ! ~nr~ at 1 00 kv afld ov~r
require:i utilities to file ~pplication for ~~ccrtific;;ne of Env-~ronmenta~
Compatibllity and Pu bl k: Need)1
• Similar environmcnt;d requirements !11 mo~r
othe~ states i:llso iegulate thr. procedures r;1~:::essa.ry for the s.it lng of pow{:!r
generatfrg pjants_ Th~ application for-these certificates r.rH.!St eontain detai~ed
ii1forma.tion~ som~ of which requir~s rna!1y rn-depth swdies. Acres exp(;rieqc:e in
these acttvities enables our engineer~ tc rni!ke V(.!h..=abl~ cantr!h.tHor:s ~r. the
follfHII"Ing ;;:;1·c.as:
~) ldent~fic;:don uf potential sites and transmissron line right~of-way,
indoding study of a!ternativ~s
~~ Env!ronmefltal impact §.tatement~
~ Prep~ratioil of Hat~ments describing anticipated effe<;t-s on ~o-.;~ ... 1
cornmt.mkations and the local economy
~~ Pr eparation of project descriptions and jus.r.lfic at!on statements
® AssL..Jrance of compHar:ce w£th !on.l State and Fe~~ral regu~ations.
Checking foi the exrstence of pofsib!e cont1 kting cases fiJed by oth;;:rs
e:. Preparation of expert court testimony
e Modding of air and water ef"fiu~nt dispersal bt both ;Jhy5kal i:l.nd
math ematicaJ means.
EXPERT
recent years, the already complex task of obtaining right~of-way for hv
transmission lines has been further complicated by the need to take
into account the various environmental considerations as well. In this
in others~ Acres American has been moving with the times, and is in a
to offer the services of our professional staff, not only to prepare the detailed
information necessary for the environmental impact statement but to
on behalf of the client before the County Zoning Boards, general
and the various State and other regulatory agencies .
........ ,_ .. ,.., ..... of this type of service is the assistance our staff recently gave to
in connection with a public hearing for a 500-kv line. The
covered environmental considerations associated with the line and
substation and included audible radio and television interference) the
generation of ozone and nitrogen oxides, electromagnetic radiation, electrostatic
shock hazards, fuel ignition, biological effects and long-term healt~
implications. Prior to the hearings, preparatory meetings with local regulatory
and governmental authorities and health authorities were also held. Visual aids
in the form of large scale charts, diagrams and J.rchitc(:tural models and
"'""..,,..,.,,.in,nr: were prepared and registered with the court as official exhibits.
SAFETY CODE REMENTS
The National Electrical Safety Code (NESC) standard covers basic prov1s1ons
for th·~ safeguarding of persons from hazards arising from the instaHation,
operation, and maintenance of overhead supply and communication lines
associated equipment. It applies to all overhead systems operated by utilities or
similar systems in an industrial establishment.
The existing sixth edition of Part 2, which was approved in 1960 as ANSI
C62.2-1960 and published in 1961 as NBS Handbook 81, is being revised not
only to overcom~ many of the inadequacies but also to extend the
requirements to cover system voltages in the uhv range. If the proposed seventh
edition is passed, it will impose even more stringent requirements on some
aspects of design 1 construction, and operation of overhead lines-especially the
ehv lines.
As an example, Section 23 on uclearances" proposes to stipulate required
electrical clearances for various switching surge factors. This requirement, if
passed, coufd have a significant impact on ehv and uhv transmission line costs,
since the proposed tower window clearances would exceed the clearances
normally used by many utilities to obtain acceptable flashover probabilities.
Other items relating to potential hazards associated with higher voltages, that
will be recommended by NESC, should be carefully reviewed in the light of
their effect on the design, construction and operation of forthcoming overhead
systems.
Acres is in a position to offer the services of senior staff members with a sound
knowledge of all these considerations.
(i
ly undertaken
of numerous
on
documents!!~
management, inspection
currently providing complete project management
Kpong Hydroe1 ectric Project in Ghana
nuclear power plant in Argentina0
A particularly important role of
the Susitna Project will be the estimates of
In this area~ the Acres-Moolin team has a t!/ealth
and capability for large hydroelectric projects,
Alaska and similar northern areas~ A detailed summary
qualifications and experience in the project and construction
manag~nent of large projects is presented in Appendix Bl of s
proposal ..
(ii) Acres Resources -Financial Management
The extent of Acres participation in the financial management of
a given project can var-y greatly" according to the needs
wishes of the Client.. Although in many cases 'atle have not been
called upon to participate in this field of activity~ in certain
other cases we have taken quite major l'"Oles in the financial
aspects of the project.
In the case of the Churchill Falls Development» for example!/)
Acres was called upon to set up a special Task Force responsible
for the preparation of a detailed 11 Bond Offering Memorandum".,
This memorandum, which was in fact a very substantial
volume, outlined in great detail the various economic, technical
and operational features of the project and analyzed th~m in
terms of their relationship to the ultimate profitabHities
the completed projectb The text of the document was ~rorded in a
madeo
the l '!!>-""'""".,.,..
offering
time of issue:;!
sum of money ever
A paper J"' Warnock s a of
cm1sulting panel for the Susitna project,
Engineering ManagementS; may be found in the
and wns the basis
\"tas :successfu 1
This Appendix ses a collection of pape~s
Successful Accomplishment of Giant Proj ects 11
,
Acres-Moolin project management team will
Susitna project a powerful combination 11 skilled and edge=
able in the financing of large projects and the generation of
the confidence of the investment community,
(iii) Acres Resources-Ice Engineering
( iv)
The engineering and construction of the Susitna project wil 1
naturally require careful consideration of ice formation and
movement processes, and the design of structures to cope
severe ice conditions.. Acres has extensive experience in the
appraisal of ice conditions in streams and waterv~ays and the
impact of ice forces and re1 ated factors on hydrau1 ic struc-
tures.. Ice engineering activities previously undertaken by the
Company relate predominantly to Thenma1 Regime, Mechanical
Regime~ Ice Forces and Ice Navigationo
Detailed Acres experience in these aspects of project design are
also presented in Appendix Bl of this proposalo
Acres 1s currently managing on behalf of the Corps of Engineers
the 14-acre model of the Chesapeake Bay in Maryland" At its
hydraulic laboratories in Buffalo, New York and Niagara Falls~
Ontario~ the Company has successfully completed numerous
facilities are also available ,·0r o.::onf'~P~
,..;:..,.-,""'7'-.als .. HoweverSl is anticipated
on such testing for Susitna Project
at facilities Consultants in
laboratory and testing
Bl ..
1 ities are also
maintains in conjunction with its Project Management
ons a comprehensive inspection and expediti service,
services are available in factories and contractors~
behalf of in-house project groups and clientsa
The Inspection and Expediting Group is able to draw upon
years of experience and in-house expertise in machine shop
foundry practices, electrical manufacturing and testing
engineering products~ This capability covers the interpretation
of plans and specifications, knowledge in the end use of equip-
ment and broad experience in manufacturing, erection procedures
and plant operation, particularly for large hydroelectric pro-
jects ..
Fu11 details of Acres Inspection and Expediting Services are
presented in Appendix Bl~
(vi) R&M Site Exploration and Testi.ng Experience
(1) Introduction
R&M Consultants Inc., is an all-Alaskan multi-disciplinary con-
sulting firm .. With ten years of experience in Alaska and
modern$ well-equipped facilities, R&M is uniquely qualified to
pr .. ovide geotechnical services for the Susitna project.. Indeed~
R&M is the only engineering firm in Alaska able to provide the
total range of f·ield services necessary to support a major
feasibility study and license application for a project of th·is
magnitude"'
(2)
aska the c
that elsewhere in the United
onsSI extr·eme weather conditions~
water to 1 discontinuities to
1
combination thoroughly ned teams.?
tati on !I computer systems, and a company-owned
to offer a full range of survey and mappi
ported by extensive experience in the South-central
Areao
) laboratories
For a giant hydroelectric project, it has been the experience
the Acres group that immediately available laboratory facilities
are a must if scheduled tasks are to be completed --pa
larly when only relatively short periods without snow cover
availableo R&M has mobile testing equipment as \"ell as
fully equipped and staffed Materials Testing Laboratorieso
(4) Stream Gauging
Gathering of hydrologic data will be facilitated by R&M 1 s owner-
ship of stream gauging equipment~ In this regard, a variety of
hydrologic studies have been conducted by R&M for Alyeska Pipe-
line Service Company, the Alaska Department of Environmental
Conservation, and others.. It is R&M's unique knowledge of
experience in Alaska which has led to their development
computer applications for hydrologic analysis optimized for
Alaskan environment ..
( i)
)
specific regard to Susitna Projectj)
ect and construction management resources
~1oo1 & Associates Inc.. organi
company provides executive proj
tion management services to the industry.,
11 initially be engaged in the management
work aspects of the project feasibility study~ s
in the project management of a number of major
ects., More recently, he was proj manager
1 ion pipeline portion of the Trans aska Pipel
bring to the Susitna Project a unique combination
management skills and experience of construction 1
jects in Alaskan conditions~ The Moolin organization
pl ement the Acres team~ providing local knowledge ex
which will be essential in the development of real·;
estimates for engineering, exploration and construction
Sus i tna project"' A related article by Mr. f-1oo 1 in on J..~-!,.nF'•'Ii'
Project Management Organization for Giant Projects is
in Appendix D ..
(viii) TES Environmental Expertise
Terr·estrial Environmental Specialists, Inc .. (TES) has
environmental work as its pertains to all aspects hydro-
electric development.. Such services as endangered species sur-
veys, socio-economic analyses, archaeological investigations
terrestrial and aquatic ecology studies, land use analyses,
:;ite selection surveys are notable entr·ies on the TES experience
1 ist" Indeed, TES has either prepared or is in the process of
prepari environmental assessments for five proposed
electric projects arid has prepared an endangered species report
for the sixth~ TES past experience and its strong professi
;taff wi 11 serve it in good stead in the management of env
menta 1 work"
ete list of individual equipment requirements associated
the conduct of all work necessary to secure a Federal
Commission license to construct the Susitna Hydroel
necessarily be long and would 1 i y be heavily oaded
atively sophisticated items.. It is these latter entities
serious attention for their availabili in Alaska is not
ly despread and even well-concei plans to import them can
costly --both because transportation to from the
on a 1 contributor to the higher cost 1 i v ing and
of delays on giant projects can ~t~reak havoc with
In additionSi of course~ certain modification appropriate to
conditionsll delicate terrain, and the like:. add yet another
increment to the expense col umno We propose to satisfy virtually a1
equipment requirements for which use or accessibility is
demanded in Alaska by providing them from s resources already in
Stateo To the extent that certain equipment needs do not have to
satisfied in Alaska (as would be the case for hydraulic modelling:;>
exampl , we proposed to provide them in the main from in-house
resources available to Acres American Inc .. or owned by Terrestrial
ironmental SpecialistsQ
relatively short period during which condit·ions are favorable
field investigations of the proposed dam and reservoir site and trans-
mission line routes creates an important constrainto To minimize its
negative impacts, there is simply no alternative to identifying the
equipment needs well in advance and ensuring that they are fulfilled ..
R&M has faced this fact on numerous occasions in the past in Alaska
and, during the P4iSt ten years, has evolved a stable of equipment and
a system for en.stJri ng ready avai 1 ability at the site when it is
required~ In short, R&M has found it prudent to become se 1 f-
sufficient in term!:. of its total investigatory capability.. We propose
to offer this self-sufficiency as a unique characteristic of the team
we have assembled for the work.
(ii) Geological Investi9ations
For the purpose of supporting further geological investigations \vhich
may be required~ we are pleased to note that the Drilling Company Inco
(TDC, an affiliate of R&M) has the capabi1 ity to undertake explora-
tions requiring core recovery~ core orientation, down-hole surveys!)
installing thermostats, thermocouples~ piezometers~ and other· instru-
mentation. roc ;.1as configured its equipment acquisition and sub-
sequent modifications to permit maximum mobility, even in areas ~~i
are remote, roadless~ and frequently fr-agile or starkly rugged .. TOC
has accomplished a variety of drilling work using rail, truck mounts,
tracked carriers~ trailers, all-terrain vehicles, skids. barges,
by TDC include:
(i
surveys must be conducted environmental conditions are favor-
eo Acceptab1e periods may be few and far between since cloud cover
interfere even when snow cover and leaf cove=" tions are
se with·in a,llowable limits.. In this regard, the fact that R&l~
Consultants Inc .. m'lns its own rcraft~ fully equipped
becomes parti arly significant.. Other survey needs can
ed as T through use of R&M' s modern distance measuring
on locating state-of-the-art instruments Q
ve inaccessibility of proposed dam sites wn l not prevent the
Acres team from acquiring necessary data Jl nor wi 11 our need to bri
equipment within steep narrow canyons result in env ironmenta 1 damage ..
t~e are pleased to note that R&M owns a complete cableway system avail-
able for use in the field investigations of the Susitna sites. As
be seen from detailed project descriptions contained in Appendix
R&M designed the n~ _:npson Pass cab 1 eway system used to advantage by
Alyeska Pipeline Service Company~
Material Test~
We plan to provide a system for rapid turnaround on material samples
testing!l for we recognize the importance of maximizing time available
for investigation, preliminary analysis, and following-up leads
suggested by early test results ..
A cornerstone of this system is the R&M ownership of four modern
materials testing laboratories in Alaska~ We are pt'·epared to absorb
over1 oad testing requirements during peak periods through t'ound-the-
clock operation of these facilities if necessary, At the same time,
environmental samples will normally be analyzed in the R&M labora-
torieso
will provide stream gauging equipment in support of
ogic investigations~ In addition~ we are prepared to
nstall remote sensing devices and long-term recordi
our extensive experience in arctic and subarctic env ronments
own vement in giant projects has cortvinced us that the lection
te-specific data during all parts of the year is an imperative.
ear example the importance this point can found in
of Engineers« experiences on the Snettisham transm·ission line
of Juneauo The erroneous assumption that nd conditions along
a mountain dge just outside of town would replicate se in
ed to 1 apse. of a portion of the 1 i ne and tlfm years~
iable power to marketplace~ Anemometers
after initial diaster showed that actual wind
y exceeded design speeds by more than 100 percent"
had extensive experience in hydr·au1 ic modelling., Not
currently operate the Chesapeake Bay hydraulic model for
of Engineers;. but we also own a well-equipped laboratory in
Falls where we have modelled a variety 'Jif hydraulic struc-
ttnreso Our modelling experience has included extensive ice studies
for extending navigation seasons on the Great lakes as well., We will
Acres facilities and technical expertise for mode11 in~ certain
ic structures ..
In addition)) we have verified that the use of government 1 aboratory
ilities for private investigation is possible provided costs are
1y reimbursed and capacity is available~ We would expect to engage
the services of the Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
in Hanover~ New Hamps.hi re, when necessary.. The newly dedicated Ice
Engineering Laboratory affords excellent facilities for analysis of
the effects of certain conditions (e.g .. frazzile ice) which must be
dealt with.. While the bulk of such detailed study is more likely to
occur during the final design stage, certain preliminary investigation
11 be appropriate during the feasibility study ..
ii)Seismic Investigations
One of the particularly crucial problems to be resolved for the
Susitna project involves the proximity to known faults. Seismic inves-
tigations and subsequent detailed analysis demand the availability of
modern computer facilitieso Because of the crucial nature of this
work, R&M will use its own computer facilities in the investigation~
The Acres Geotechnical Department will independently verify the
results us·ing computer systems available to us and tapping the exper-
tise of senior ·in-house Acres Consultants ~mo faced and solved seis-
micity problems on the Churchill Falls projects
(i
it ion to the ownership of or access to
pment ~ we are eased to note that 1
team offer and efficient 1n1 ve
, gned to minimize client costs and improve
vities" Thus, for example~ we make
equipment, tele~~ tie-lines~ company
ibrary support, and the likee
Further details regarding technical and administrative support p-
ment may be found in Appendices Bl through B3"
c ects in
proposal therefore addresses
continent rather than
...................... " Acres has partfcipated the
ng construction of numerous, smaller projects
c generating stations9 pumped storage devel
s other major underground excavationso
il ed surnmari es of some of these projects are
and summarized in the following tablesG
in ix
liSTING ACRES ECTS
NORTH
INSTALLED R.li'-.TIED
DEVELOPMENT CUENT CAPACrfY
Churchill Fails 11 units 5,225 Mw m(1
Churchill Labrador, Underground
Newfoundland p.:~werhou!!.e
Churchill Fails (Labrador)
Limited
Bersimi; No. 1 8 units 900 Mw 239m
Bersimis River, Quebec Underground
Hydro·Eiectric powerho!Jse
Commi!ision
Chute·des-Passes 5 units 750Mw 160 m
Peribonka River, Quebec Underground
Aluminum Company of powerhouse
Canada Limited
john Hart 6 units 125Mw 119m (390
Campbell River, British
Columbia
British Columbia Power
Commission
Bersimis No. 2 5 units
Bersimis River, Que.bec
640Mw H2m(367
Hydro~E iectric
Commission
Lower Notch 2 units 250Mw 70 m (230ft)
Montreal River, Ontario
The Hydro·Eiectric Power
Commission of Ontario
Manicouagan 2 8 units 1,000 Mw 70 m (230ft)
Manicouagan River, Quebec
Quebec Hydro-Electric
Commission
Shipshaw 12 units 900 Mw 63.5 m (208 ft)
Saguenay River, Quebec
Aluminum Company of
Canada Limited
Outardes 2 units 52Mw 63.5 m (208 ft)
Outardes River, Quebec
The Ontario Paper
Company Limited
Arnprior 2 units 78 Mw 21 m (68ft)
Madawaska River, Ontario
The Hydro-E lectrk
Power Commission of Ontario
gNSTAlLED RATED DEVElOPMENT ClUENT CAPACITY tJEAD
Chute,2l-Caron Extension 2 u>1its 100 Mw 50 m
Aluminum Company of
Can.:3da Limited
Strathcona 1 unit 31 Mw 42.5 m (140
British
Columbia
British Columbia Power
Commission
Biack River Extensions 3 units 6 Mw 38m (125ft) Black
The Pembroke Electric
limited
Gr~.nd Falls 4 units 60 Mw 38m {125ft) Saint john New
Brunswick
The New Brunswick Electric
Power Commission eta!
f!:<kCormick No. 1 2 units 85 Mw 37.5 m (124 ft)
Manicouagan Power Company
McCormick No. 2 3 units 134Mw 37.5 m {124 ft) River, Quebec
Manicouagan Power Company
McCormick No. 3 2 units 120 Mw 37.5 m (124ft) Manicouagan River, Quebec
Manicouagan Power Company
Manicouagan 1 3 units 180 Mw 37.5 m (124 ft) Manucouagan River, Quebec
Quebec Hydro-Electric
Commission
ladore Falls 2 units 52 Mw 37m (122ft) Campbell River, British
Columbia
Brttish Columbia Power
Commission
Grand Rapids 4 units 450 Mw 36.5 m (120ft) Saskatchewan River, Manitoba
Manitoba Hydro
Mactaquac 6 units 625 Mw 33.5 m {110ft) Saint john River, New
Brun~wtck
The New Brunswick Electric
Power Commiss.ion
and accomplishments in a
rcumstance·'i overseas are consi derab 1 e.. A summary
is presented in the attached tables~
are in Appendix C2o
l~ST~NG OF r"l> ..... ~,.._ ....
DEVELOPMENT AND CUENT
Alto Anchicaya
Anchicaya River, Colombia
;onpor-acion Autonoma
Regional del Cauca
Aslantas
Ceyhan River. Turkey
Government of Turkey
State Hydraulic Works
Mavu;ra~>::o;;tll Reservoir
Mayurakshi River, fndia
Government of Canada
Colombo Plan Adminislration
Kpong
Rio Volta, Ghana
Volta River Authority
Los Esclavos
los Esclavos River, Guatemala
Institute Nacional de
E!ectrificacion
Nam Ngum
Nam Ngum River
The Laotian National Mekong
Committee
Saito Grande
POWER
Uruguay River, Argentina-Uruguay
Comisicn Tecnica Mixta de Saito Grande
Shadiwl'l
Upper }hdum Canal, Pakistan
Government of Canada
Colombo Plan Administration
Sirikit
Nan River
Electricity Generating
Authority of Thailand
Tarbela
Rio Indo, Pakistan
Water and Power Development
Authority
Warsak
Kabul River, Pakistan
Government of Canada
Colombo Plan Administration
ECTS
units-340 Mw
Underground
powerhouse
3 units 125 Mw
2 units-4 Mw
4 units 160 ~..-1w
2 units-13 Mw
2 units-30 Mw
12 units -1 .620 Mw
2 units 12 Mw
4 units -500 Mw
2 units-350 Mw
4 units-160 Mw
iOO
30m
H.8m
107m
35m
25m
1m
76m
91.4m
44m
( i
St
Acres completed in 1977 the Power
for the MW Dickey-lincoln School
ne for the Engl vision:~~ Corps
amounting to a total of more $120
asessment of load growth in
opment and economic assessmt=nt
expansion scenarios to meet future
2000~ ronmental assessments
undertaken., This study also invo1
hearings, and is currently still in progress
various state conservation policy docttments
comments on the draft EIS.,
In the recent past~ Acres American Inc@ has also
erous feasibility studies for hydroelectric
pr'ojects of all si.zes.. In 1978-79 the company
feasibility studies for ten small hydro projects
totalling 60 MW in capacity., These studies invol
designs, evaluation of alternttives, economic assessments
consideration of licensing requirements including the env
mental and safety aspects~ At the other end of the scale,
is also currently undertaking a comprehensive study of hydro
pumped storage development alternatives at Tygart lake in lrlest
Virginia for the Pittsburgh District, Corps of Engineers a
$3.,6 mill ion study of 1000 MW underground pumped hydro and com-
pressed air energy storage developments for Potomac Electric
Power Companye This study, which is being funded jointly by
Department of Energy and the Electric Power Research Institute,
required submission to DOE and EPRI of a comprehensive proposal
detailing the plan of studye A segment of the detailed logic
diagram for this study is attached., This 1 og ic diagram is but
part of a comprehensive schedule which is updated on a
basis using a computer·ized scheduling system,. Use of similar
scheduling techniques would be particularly well suited to the
proposed Susitna plan of study and would read'ily be ext"\~t""'tl't'll
during later stages of the project to include the design
construction phases.
or ectric
Project on&
Corps of Engineers
Pumped Hydro bi 1
Company l> ~ EPRI
Feasibil Study~ Northeast
ectric Power Generation Study~
cipal Wholesale Electric Company;
-Oswego River Hydro Development Study9 Niagara Mohawk
Corporation
2e Power and System Studies
-Dickey-lincoln School Lakes Project Power ves
Study, New England Division~ Corps of Engineers
~ Vermont Power Study, Vermont Electric Cooperative
-Generation Expansion StudyJN Kpong Hydroelectric ect
-System Studies, Thailand
3.. Pumped Storage Develoement Stuqies
-Appraisal of Sites for UPH and CAES Facil ities 11
Edison Company
-Research Priorities Study for Underground PUmed Storage ll
Electric Power Pesearch Institute
-Und,erground Pumped Storage Study, American Electric Power
Corporation
R&M Consultants are also skilled in undertaking conceptual
design and other studies related to developments in the Alaskan
environment"' Acres and R&M have worked together on
assignments in northern regions involving hydrologic and
technical field work.. The skills of each organization
proved to be extremely compatible and complementary in such
undertakings.,
(ii)
ng process for a major
maze whose various barriers can
me-to-time by 1 variety of
as well as by 11 interested parties 11
.. There is
way guarantee in advance that an application 11
lead to a licensea
A guarantee of sur.cess may be impossible, but failure is
assured~ A license application must pass a number of tests&
fail any one would be to fail complet~ly for there is si
trade--off provision in the licensing process for
environmental shortcomings with economic strength or dam
uncertainty with assured marketabil or any number of
\'lfith others ..
The initial preparation of the 1 icense by personnel, expert
both hydroelectric project detail ancl the licensing process can
save costly time in avoiding application deficiency and
pat i ng addressing agency comment.. Just as important are
follow-up services to keep the licensing consideration
through the network of Commission staff and Commission
After submittal of the application, the experienced eng
would continue to provide services in the following areas 9 as
needed:
(1) to on ff stions on
ication document;
( ) to unanticipated Comm ssion letters icating
ciencies in the application;
(3) EIS support -intermittent se to que ions or
environmental
-response to intervention petitions
comments
-expert testimony if hearing on
occur
in obtaining water fication;
in responding to agency s;
of responses to staff revi on
adequacy and juri
( in the event hearing or
Sl
(8) ist;1nce as required in securing separate permits and
approvals as from:
State Agencies
Engineers
-f.nv ronmental Protection Agency
-Department of Labor (OSHA)
-Department of Agriculture (SCS)
-Coast Guard
~ Others
attached line diagrams show the general process of the prep-
aration the application document and the summary FERC licens-
ing process with the potential inputs of engineering consultant
services that Acres is well qualified to provide~
Seeking to respond and lend encouragement to the recent height-
ened interest in hydroelectric generation and to act more
promptly on all license applications~ the Commission is current-
ly carrying out a program to reform its requirements and proce-
dures for licensing app1 ications.. The final phase of the pro-
gram will deal with major unconstructed projects, such as those
in the Upper Susitnao Thus, it will be important for the appli-
cant to keep abreast of any rule changes)) to take advantage of
any time savings affor·ded by the new rules and to avoid delays
caused by submittal of an application not in compliance with
current rules and regulationso
?
'""''""""""·""1 'Of Acres current projects within the United States
ude preparation of FERC license and preliminary permit
applications., Acres staff inclt·1e several who have direct
experience in current FERC regulations and the application
requirements, in dealing with Commission staff and in the
necessary follow-up to license application, Acres· offices in
Columbia~ Maryland and Washington~ DoC& provide convenient
access to Comn iss ion offices for quick response coord i nat i
th the Commission staff.
"ly:. res
Engineers))
ng
execut on
ect studies to
NOTICE TO
PROCEED
COMPILE EXHIBITS COMPLETE
WITH AVAiLABLE DATA EXHIBITS
COMPILE EXISTING DATA . REVIEW DATA CUE tH REViEW
DENTIFY DEFICIENCIES
RESPONSE TO
INTERMITTANT
COMMISS!OII!
STAFF QUES.'TIONS
RESPONSE
TO
DEFICIENCY
LETTER
ACQUIRE DEFICIENT
DATA
STAFF ANALYSIS
EIS DETEMINATION 8 PROCESS
AGENCY a PUBLIC COMMENT COMPLETED
EIS
SUPPORT
WATER
QUALITY
CERTIFICATION
RESPONSE TO
PUBLIC AND
AGENCY COMMENTS
COMPLETE DRAFT
APPLICATION
POWER MEMORANDUM ISSUED
RESPONSE TO
STAFF REVIEW
COMMENTS
EX PERT TESTIMONY
FOR LICENSING
CONFERENCES AND
HEARINGS
THROUGHOUT LICENSING PROCESS ASSISTANCE AS REQUIRED IN SECURING SEPARATE PERMITS AND APPROVALS
AS NEEDED FROM ALASKA STATE AGENCIES, CORPS OF ENGINEERS, FISI-: AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION AGENCY, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, COASTGUARD, OTHERS __j J
COMMISSION
POTENTIAL SERVICES SUPPLIED
BY ACRES AS NEEDED.
COMMISS!Oi\l
os~~EE~ (\ ·~
ALASKA POWER AUTHORITY
SUSfTNA HYDROELECTRIC PROJ2CT
SERVICES DURING UCENSING PROCESS
is
ect management
~~~~i:!Ptl ng pl expanding
d and project
successful a\vard
project team organi as in
phases of the project
team ve through periodic me1tarrtor'iDt'lf)S
construction activities come into
the Chur·ch'il 1 1 s and
...,_ and others knowledgeable giant pr·oj ects rm
s not enough to simply extrapol organizational structures
ects to giant. The subject is discussed in some il
organizations are shown ·in the enclosed arti e by
Vice President and Manager of PO\'Jer and Heavy Civil
can Incorporated (see Appendix D, extracted from
sciplined Study of Problems and Solutions of ly
ishing Giant Projects".. Two copies of this entire text are
th the set of five proposals furnished to aska
ty), Nor is it appropriate to defer input from construe-
on management expert until bids are let, Indeed, the construction
manager can offer much even in the concept stage-Thus do we propose
to inc 1 ude the firm of Frank Hoo lin & Associates Inc., as fourth
member of the ARMT team.
i \
um vi t a e are inc 1
ect team,
workload n
in
divided
es of an
ignated
current1
in Acres
experience spans
construction
E
ly
Mro J~ Ga Warnock 11 be responsible
necessary plans and comprehensive documentation
of the Susitna Projecto No stranger to such
e for the Churchill Falls pm1er development
involved as well in the Bay of fundy Tidal
ant project still in planning ..
An impart i a 1 board
purpose of providing obj ve profess i
This group, to be nominated by Acres
by Alaska Power Authority, will be afforded broad "I ati
de 1 i berat ions.. At the same time, we regard as a
necessary element in efforts to insure investor confidence
environmental concern •
.. h.,~study Director: Col. (Ret.) C .. A. Debelius will be responsible to
· the Project r~anager for the preparation of the Plan of Study and for
conduct of the study itself.. Col. Debelius was the Alaska District
Engineer from 1973 until 1976 when his organization prepared
initial Corps of Engineers studies of the Susitna project. He person-
ally conducted all public meetings on the subject during his tour of
duty in Alaska and presented the findings and recommendations of the
initial studies to the Board of Engineers for Rivers and Harbors.
In-House Review Panel: An in-house panel of experts 11 be formed
from senior member~ of the Acres organization, each of whom is
regarded internationally as an expert in his particular area of
expertise. This team will be an in-house counterpart to the expert
engineering board previously describedo This gr~oup has had extensive
collective experience in hydroelectric work in subarctic cl irnates and
in seismically active areas. Their involvement in the Churchill Falls
Project is recounted in curriculum vitae in Appendix Hembers
include Messrs .. tl.. G .. Thompson, DD Co ~~il1ett:o J .. G ..
MacDonald (Ph.Do) and D. Eo Hepburno
J 0 11
engineering~
J~ w,. Hayden
Terrest ri i ronmenta 1
ble for 1 environmental st
exhibits in the FERC license
matters.. The environmental organi
h( v) ow.,
(i
conducted ly
tants Inc.,, partici
assistance in planning
Duties and principal
Moolin will be
i and coord ion of a
must be conducted concurrent 1 y to maxi ze
e during the short season favorable to certain inves-
11 provide interface as well for el
ronmental team, which will also oper·ate in
as the d teams.. Mr .. Mool·in intimatel
anni management of giant projects and his
as senior project manager on the pipeline
as Is
11 Constructi on Man of the Year'1
sted by Mr .. J, Minstre11 of Acres American
ur-., ...... .,., .. of Consultants Inc ..
M~ Aa Menzies of R&M.. The effort
work wii 1 be provided from
resources of R8tt4.. Mr .. Menzies has been registered as a Professi
Surveyor in aska s·~nce 1965 and as a Professional Civf!
neer since 1969 .. He has had extensive experience in his fiel
the que conditions found in Alaska and is familiar with
ications of giant project p1 anning through his own ·in
surveying mapping in support of the pipelineo
HJ!drologx_: J .. E .. Swanson of R&M will direct hydrological investiga-
tions .. He \<Jill be assisted by K. F .. Litfin of Acres .. Mr .. Litfin v1ill
provide the necessary interface between the information needs vf
project engineering team and the data collection efforts of the field
team.. Mr~ S~t1anson is currently the Head of the Engineering Studies
Department in R&M' s Anchorage office. His own experience in hydro-
logic field work spans a decade in Alaska and extends geographically
from Prudhoe Bay to Ketchikan.
Geology/Seismicity: Dr. J .. M .. Brown of R&M will direct geological
investigations and seismic studies.. He will be assisted by Mr .. S .. N ..
Thompson of Acres~ who will provide the necessary interface with the
project engineering team for data collection needs.. Field work will
be carried out in this discipline by R&M teams.. Dro Brown has exten-
sive experience in the direction of geological studies in Alaska, many
of which were conducted in the Southcentral Railbelt area. Thus, his
direct fa mil i ari ty with the proposed project site and a 1 ternat i ve
transmission corridors rli 11 be important factors in minimizing risks
as the project is planned.
as a Di
permitted him to
ons prevalent n
Henschel Acres ..
D., Notti
the firms on the project team
ng effort~ the primary e
ve hydroel c experience
the and the
Group (incl
11 time-to-time
accomplishment of st
is considered
construction
members of the team m ... e
J" D., Gi 11 11
\Iii 11 rec t the
number of
eld work being carr·ied
aegis of TES will be
requisite FERC license.,
F .. Moolin & Associates
schedu1 es tan ored to the A1
the Civil/Geotechnical Department
Inc" and he offers a strong in
of engineering activities for ectric
M. R .. Vanderburgh plays a vital r·ole in
rection of the initial efforts in plafi
a Project Manager in Acres' Hydroelectric Division,
extensive experience in this unique art.. He is curr·t:ntly invol
the project management of the Tygart Lake Hydroelectric Feasib'il i
Study nm<~ underway for the Pittsburgh District, Corps of Engineers ..
Power Studies: J .. K .. Landman will develop power studies including
market ~ssessment and investigation of alternatives. He has had prior
experience with the Bureau of Reclamation, has been trained in the
General Electric Generation Evaluation Program, and is currently
involved in the Dickey-Lincoln School Lakes Alternative Study being
undertaken by Acres for the New England Division, Corps of Engineers,
as \~ell as a power study for a large Cooperative in South Caro11na ..
Htdrology/Hydraulics: R .. E~ Mayer will direct hydrologic analysis and
will become involved as well in the selection and design of various
hydraulic features .. In this latter role, he will coordinate directly
with Mr .. R" Shields who will be responsible for hydraulic structures
as a member of the feasibility studies and design teamc Mro Mayer is
experienced in hydrologic analysis and hydraulics.. It is under h·is
direction that a number of Hydro 1 ogic Engineering Center computer pro-
grams are used in project work.
~ .,.
· J .. T" Minst ~~~.~~.~~_;;;,.;.~.;;;;_~.;.,;;;,..;;;...;;;;_;,...;~ schedules for
mation of time costs for
construction of
the stance
, \>Jhere up ... to-date
""'"" .... ,. .... ,.,capabilities is available.,
Oro To Eo Neff will
of eld investi
11 coordinate directly h investi
in his endeavors by R&M foundations
's background in s type of qualifies
tion on the team~
P.. Si nc 1 a i r will 1
ng technical and
bil ity assessments.. orchestrati
concur·rent efforts of small teams general down by di
11 ensure frequent coordination of diverse acti
will identify data gaps to be filled through coordination
and environmental groups. In this latter regard, his responsi
extend as well into the acquisition of special skills on
which r--equirements ~'/ere not foreseen initially.. It is 1 i
will call upon authorities in other project organizations
Milo Bell, with the environmental team, is \'/ell-known for s abil
to design effective fish passages) whenever deve 1 oping study
indicate a need exists. Mr .. Sinclair is a Project Manager in
Hydroelectric Division of Acres American Inc .. , with extensive
experience in feasibility assessments, and is a recognized authori
on hydroelectric machinery.. His subordinate teams \t~i 11 each be ••~au~u
up by an engineer thoroughly experienced in hydroelectric work~ These
include:
-Civil/Structural: Mro P., Pal
-Ice Engineering: Mr .. R .. w .. Carson
-Economic Analysis: ~1r .. P .. H. Tucker
-Geotechnical: Oro s .. Bahadur
-Mechanical; Mr .. P .. R .. Rodrigue
-Electrical : Mr., L N" Shadeed
-Hydraulic Structures: r1r, R .. Shields
-Transmission: Mr .. p., G., Phi 11 ips
-Access Roads and Camps: Mr .. T. w .. Gwozdek
Re orts and Analysis: Dr .. v .. ~J. Lucid (TES) will provi
day d i r·ect ·ion of the env i ronmen ta 1 work, both during
and subsequent interpretation. He will be responsible for
of the final environmental reports-He is currently the rector
Environmental Studies at TES, and he has had extensive experience
support of powerhouse siting and operation.
Water Qua 1 i t,x: T.. L.. Smith (R&M) will provide the R&M contact on
environmental team. In addition to furnishing his m·m expertise
evaluation and enhancement of water quality, he \'till coordinate the
use of R&M facilities, laboratories, and environmental staff members
as required to support the effort. He holds twin masters degrees in
Sanitary Engineering and Geology-Mineralogy and has conducted numerous
water supply, erosion control and enviro~ental impact studies in
Alaska.
Socio-Economic Resources: Dr. Ro Gerard (TES) will coordinate socio-
economic resource studies.. The pri nc i pa 1 investigator for s
portion of the work wi 1l be Dr.. F.. L.. Orth whose work on economic
impact and financial feasibility studies in Alaska has been extensiveo
He has had particular experience in developing and implementing metho-
dologies for studies in support of the Alaskan fishery industry.. s
memberships have included the Alaska Fishrries Council {1977-78),
Steering Comrnittee for Bearing Sea Clam Oev~·i ~,ent (1977), Executive
Advisory Committee for Alaska Power Survey lL .... ) and Faculty Fellow
RoW~ Williams (TES) will coordinate these st es.
nson \RJill be the principal investigator· anadrornous
es .. His extensive wor·k in government, industry and acadame in
of Pacific Salmon is well known .. He was invol in earl
tna ver studies in the mid-1950's when, as a Director of Bi
Research wi the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, he did research
on salmon fisheries in Cook Inlet.. He has been fisheries advisor to
President of the University of Alaska, has chaired the Alaska
Interagency Fisheries Committee, and has been a member of the Board-of
Directors, Whitney-Fidalgo Seafoods, Inc. Milo c .. Bell will be the
principal investigator for resident fisheries .. He is internationally
known for his investigations of fish facilities at hydroelectric power
sites and he is perhaps the foremost authority on effective design of
sh passage facilities.
Wildlife Ecolo..9_l: E .. T .. Reed (TES) wi'11 coordinate wildlife ecology
studies.. Dr.. B.. Kessel \<Jill be principal investigator for Avian
Ecology" With long experience and in-depth knowledge of Alaskan
ornithology~ Dr. Kessel served as Head of the Department of Biological
Sciences at the University of Alaska from 1957-1966 and is currently
Curator of Terrestrial Vertebrate Collections at the University
Museum.. s .. Q., t1acDonald Hill be principal investigator for small
marrmal ecology.. A University of Alaska graduate, he has had twenty-
four years of experience in furbearing animal trapping in Minnesota
L
1 and A 1 ask a~ He current 1 y serves as a pri nc i pa 1 investigator for sma 11
mammal and bird population as a museum technician at the University of
Alaska Museum ..
I~ ·--~-------'
{vi)
s, manpower
to 1 arge
lations ..
9 rs
5 years
, coordinat:1n and
stationso
ing
Ernest J .. Durocher -Senior· Buyer: 12 years exper·ience in ure-
ment, expediting and scheduling related to power generating stations
and heavy industrial installations.
W.. A.. S 1 ate her -Procurement Coordinator:
procurement and expediting.
5 years experience in
Kenneth J.. Ot'/en -Engineering Coordinator: 32 years experience in
project management and engineering re·lated to large power generating
stations and heavy industrial projects.
A .. E .. Williams -Senior Cost Engineer: 33 years experience in cost
engineering, estimating, financial forecasts and analysis of
generating stations and heavy industrial insta11ationso
John H .. Saldat -Project f1anager: 32 years experience in
management and engineering related to large power
development ..
Terry W .. ~Jaters -Manager, Project Planning & Services:
experience in engineering, contracts administration, coordinati
planning and scheduling, cost control and procurement.
' generating heavy
11 years experience in
ing and procurement"
32 years experience in
engineering, and contract
stations and heavy i
28 years experience in
eng neering related to large power ..
installationso
28 years experience in engineer-
a l s management, and procurement
stations"
Albert J .. Haverty -Construction Manager: 24 years experience in
project management~ construction management, contracts adminstrat ion
and neering related to large power generating stations ..
Howard R .. Simon -Electrical Constructio~ Supervisor: 32 years
experience in electrical engineering and construction supervison of
power stations and heavy industrial projectsu
William N, Verlaan-Construction Cost Engineer: 21 year~ experience
in engineering, scheduling, cost engineering, estimating and project
management related to power generating stations and heavy industrial
installations.
Robert H. Morris -Field Design Sueervisor: 36 years experience in
design engineering related to large power developments and heavy
industrial installationso
Phi 1 i p L ~ Luby -Manager !J r1ateri a l s Handling:
project management and engineering related
stations and heavy industrial installations.
38 years experience in
to power generating
J.G. THOMPSON
D. C. WILLETT
J.G.WARNOCK
D. H. M~DONALD
D. E. HEPBURN
FIELD WORK
SURVEY
HYDROLOGY
ill Jl~k't:.
'ThORITY
EXTERNAL ENGINEERING
BOARD ~
(TO BE AGREED WITH APA l
I I MANAGER
ACRES:
J.T MII\!STRELL
FOUNDATIONS AND RSM
MATERIALS J.W. ROONEY
REAL ESTATE
CAMPS
PROJECT •• '"" 1\t::c:'D
J.D.
( FUTURE} F' '" ,,... A PI 8NM!NC:
W.IH1NQCI<
STUDY DIRECTOR
C.A.OEBEUUS
PROJECT ENGINEERI~t MANAGER ENVIRONM!::NTAL STUDIES MANAGER
HYDROLOGIC STUDIES ACRES. WATER QUALITY ACRES:
J.D GILL DR. J.W. HAYDEN
PLAN FORMULATION SOCIO-ECONOMiCS
POWER STUDIES RECREATION TES
I J.O. BARNES
FOUNDATIONS AND l CULTURAL RESOURCES
MATERIALS I
I
BIOLOGICAL .5TUDIES
DESIGN
~PORTS, ETC.
ALASKA POWER AUTHORITY
SUSiTNA HVDROELECTRI PROJECT
PROJECT MANAGEMENT ORG/J,NIZAT!Ol\1
PLATE I
~EYS /MAPPING
a REAL ESTATE HYDROLOGY
~
fVI. A. MENZIES (RaM) J.E. SWANSON (RBM)
K_F_ LITFIN (ACRES}
~
r-------------------~---------------
FIELD WORK
PROJECT MANAGER: F. MOOUN
ACRES MANAGER: J.'i. MINSTRELL
R 8 M MANAGER: J. W. ROONEY
I
GEOLOGY /SEISMICITY
DR. J.M. BROWN (RaM} .
S.N. THOMPSON {ACRE~~
SIT E EXPLORATION
TESTING 8
R.L.
R. H
SCHRAEDER (R S.M)
ENSCHEL (ACRES}
CAMPS, AIRSTRIP
a ACCESS ROADS
D. NOTTINGHAM (R 8 M)
D. W. LAMB (ACRES)
ALASKA POWER AUTHORITY
SUSiTNA HYDROELECTRIC
FIELD WORK ORGANIZATION
PLATE 2
I
,~
CIVIL/ STRUCTURAL l
P PAL
PROJECT ENGINEERING
ACRES MANAGER ' J.D. Gill
R& M I --------.
--------F.MOOLIN
ASSOCIATES
TES
[O_L_O_G_Y'!_H_Y_D_R_A_U_LI __ C_S _____ ,.. ___ +---------,_-~-~-~~-~-T-~-A~..-~-Yc-1 ~-:.~o~
COST ESTIMATES
B SCHEDULES
~--------------4
R.E. MAYER
I POWER STUDIEs I I J. LANDMAN I
ICE ENGINEERING
RW. CARSON
ECONOMiC
ANALYSIS
P. H. TUCKER
T
GEOTECHNICAL
DR.SBAHAOUR
FEASIBILITY STUDIES a DESIGN
J.P. SINCLAIR
MECHANICAL --
P. R. RODRIGUE
----------
P. HOOVER J.T. MINSTRELL
I FOUNDATIONS /MATER~~ I DR. T. E. NEFF I
I
ELECTRICAL
E. N. SHADEED
-
HYDRAULIC
STRUCTURES
R. SHIELDS
I
TRANS MISSION
~crJROAOS I
8 CAMPS
PG PHIL UPS TW GWOZDEK
ALASKA POWER AUTHORITY
SUSITNA HYDRvELECTR!C PROJECT
PROJECT ENGiNEERING ORGANIZJHION
PLATE 3
RE:IMORTS 8t ANALYSIS WATER QUALITY
DfVVI, J. LUCID ( TES) T.LSMITH (RSM)
ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
ACRES MANAGER: DR. J. W. HAYDEN
TES MANAGER: J. 0. BARNES
I
SOCIO-ECONOMIC
DR. R. GERARD ( TES)
RECREATION
M.P. KILLEEN (TES)
DR. A. JUBE:-JVILLE
FISHERIES ECOLOGY
R.W. WILLIAMS (TES)
ANADROMOUS FISHERIES -
C.E ATKINSON
RESIDENT FISHERIES-
MILO BELL
CULTURAL RESOURCES
M.P. KILLEEN (TES)
DR. E.J. DIXON
Wll.CUFE ECOLOGY
i---
E.T. REED ( TES)
AVIAN-DR. B. KESSEL
PREDATOR-DR. PS. GIBSON
BIG GAME-DR. S. HARBO
SMALL MAMMAL-
S 0. MACDONALD
--
ECOLOGICAL
--
C. A. BAUMGARTNER (TES)
__j
PLANT ECOLOGY
--
J M. MCMULLEN
UR. P.J. WEBER
..
I
AL~SKA POWER AUTHOR
SUSITNA HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT
ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
4 FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED IN DECIDING vJHETHER
THE STATE SHOULD TAKE OVER THE SUSITNA PROJEC~
Given increasing international pressures on the costs and availabili
fossil fue 1 s, there can be l itt 1 e doubt that a 1 ternat i ve means of
production involving the use of renewab 1 e resources should be vi
soughto It follows that the national interest will be well served
feasibility is shown and the Susitna Hydroelectric Project is ultimatel
constructed.. In addition to the conservation of fossil fuels~ howevers
the important 'f~ct that the Alaskan employment picture d be
improved by the construction of a major project and the long-term ,..,., ... ,..,.,,"'
outlook would be enhanced by the availability of large blocks of power at a
reasonably stable price.. Regard1 ess of which route the State of Alaska
cho0ses to follow, the proposed project should not be allowed to sink into
bureaucratic oblivion.. The questions of economic viability, environmental
acceptability, and technical feasibility should be reso1vJ:d and a decision
regarding the future of the project should then be made.. Factors \i/Orthy of
consideration in deciding whether the State should take over the Susitna
Project include: ·
(a) Historical experience on major water resources projects undertaken
the Corps of Engineers demonstrates that intermittent funding, frequent
imposition of manpower ceilings, and other constraints imposed by the
executive or legislative branches of the Federal Government tend to be
extremely time consuming. Indeed, Senator Gravel (Dem~, Alaska) noted
in a speech just prior to his introduction of Public law 94-578, that
the average time the Corps of Engineers takes from authcri zat ion of a
project to receipt of first construction funds is 18 years,. This
extreme length of time is not necessarily indicative of deficiencies on
the part of the COE, but rather indicates that the combination of
events wh·ich must take place sequentially in the bureaucratic process
can lead to significant delays~
(b) Federal management will necessarily create a situation \llherei n nation a 1
interests are always given precedence over the interests of the State
of Alaska ..
(c) The Corps has a solid reputation for quality engineering and construc-
tion management. A Corps-designed dam has never failed.
(d) The Corps tends to be overly conservative on large engineering pro-
jects.. In this regard, for example, it is extremely unlikely that the
Corps will allow the concept of a thin-arch dam to survive during the
Phase I design studies~
( e} The Corps has never bui 1 t a ·1 arge hydroe 1 ectri c dam in a subarctic
environment with the attendant dangers of substantial ice buildup.
(f) On a nominal $2 billion project, a one-year delay is equivalent to $200
million when the interest rate is 10 percent.
{g) The national perception of Alaska may create difficult barriers to the
passage of necessary authorizing ·legislation to provide monies for tbe
revo1ving funda In this regard, for example} Alaska is seen in the
LovJei· 48 as a wealthy oil state whose needs for further Federal assis-
tance are far 1 ess than those areas wherein heavy concentrations of
high unemployment or low income are concentrated. In addition!> the
lower 48 generally views Alaska as the last virgin land" which the
remainder of the nation should put in trust to protect the ~nvironment
for future generationso The recent House vat€ on the Alaska Lands 11
is indicative of this latter attitude. As a result~ it may be diff.:i-
cul t to get sustained Federal support for a Fed era 1 project \'!hi ch
removes some pristine land from the domain of the untouched.
(h) Federal spending per capita. in Alaska typically amounts to twice
per capita income of Alaskans .. This statistic may well be cited as a
defense against authorizing 1 arge sums for a revo 1 v ing fund ltJhi ch will
be tapped primarily by the State of Alaska; even though repayment would
ultimately be made, the probability that large sums ~'fill be placed
annually in the revolving fund is not very highe
(i) The cost of advanced ergineering and development for this project will
probably run about $15 mill ion per year for a period of 4 yearsQ This
amount is more than 50 percent of the money requestc:!d for advanced
engineering and design for all projects in the 1977 Federal budget~ It
may be difficult to sustain, in periods of tight money, such a level of
funding~ even if it is to be later repaido
(j_ The project will be regarded as benefiting ~/10 of l percent of the
total population in the u.s& On the other hand, it can be argued that
the nation would receive the benef·it of nonrenewable resources con-
served for other purposes.
(k) The State can follow a low risk path on the Phase I work if the Federal
Government provides the necessary concept of re1 ieving the State of
liability for the monies expended in the event that feasibility is not
shown. Accepting this low risk, nonetheless, has to be balanced
against the possibility that bureaucratic delays could cost much more
than the $25 million or so involved~
(1) In the event that the Federal Government does provide sufficient money
to maintain the revolving fund at the required level, the State could
defer a decision to proceed on its own until that point at which
Federal monies dry upo
(m) The Federa~ hydroelectric development process is extremely cumbersome~
It is time consuming, sometimes confusing, and often laced with con-
flicting regulatory requirements e On the other hand, it has been
effective in ensuring that there is ample opportunity for consideration
of an issues and for hearing the voice and arguments of the opposi-
tion ..
r------------------------·-------------·--------
( n)
( o)
{ p)
( q)
( r)
If the Corps is in fact responsible for the design of this project~ the
d1.:mces are great that most of the design will be done outside the
State of Al as~<a~ The Corps has a hydroelectric branch currently in
Portland., Oregon; and, in addition, the work load is relatively slack
at the Walla ~~alla District officell wh·ich has been ·involved over the
years in a number of 1 arge hydroelectric p;~ojects o The use of a
private consultant would anow the State to set specific minimum per-
centages of work which would have to be performed in-staten
As a Feder a 1 project progresses, need for a si gn·i fi cant change to the
originally authorized purpose can result in extended delays \'lhile
changes are sought to the authorization.. It is rea so nab 1 e to asst:me
that the State could streamline this process if it were footing the
entire bi 11 o
There is an element of State pride to be associated with undertaking.
this important giant project without having to rely upon the Feder~al I
government for subsidies and support.. In that regard, the State of
Alaska could be viewed as taking a leadership role~ providing an
incentive and an examp1 e for other states who may wish to have a
greater hand in their own destinieso
One danger associ a ted with Feder a 1 development is that there may be
strong Federal influence as customer priority preferences are set.
In 1 ight of recent accelerated increases in the costs of fossil fuels,
the chances that the project will be shown feasible are currently
reasonably good. It follows that Alaska's expectation of having to
reimburse the revolving fund for the cost of the Corps \\fOrk must be
correspondingly high.. There is at least the chance that a private
consult·ing team, unconstrained by certain bureaucratic lay~ring and
able to avoid the inefficiencies associated with year-to-year fund~ing
variatio~: and uncerta·inties, can deliver a feasibility study and all
the necessary exhibits required for FERC licensing at a markedly lower
price than the $25 million (in 1977 dollars) proposed by the CorpsG
(a)
The proposed Susitna Hydroelectric Project is extraordinary for a
number of important reasons.. It is 2 first of all~ a giant project and
only a relatively small number of organizations can claim experience on
giant projects .. Fewer still can demo,strate successfu1 accomplishmenL
Secondly, the Susitna River Basin lies in an area whose extreme clima-
tic cund it ions must be understood and accommodated by thP designer"
is climate the only unique factor to be reckoned with.. Seismic
activity in the Southcentral Railbelt is clearly present~ important
anadromous fisheries depend on the 1 ower Sus itna as a spawning ground,
and the project itseif remains yet an embryo whose fur·ther development
could fo 11 ow the unusual twist \'!hereby the State of Alaska takes over
from the Federal Government. It follows, then, that the selection of a
consultant to the State may be a difficult processQ For the consulting
firm which competes for such awesome responsibility, it is imperative
that the capability must be available to carry the work not only from
plan of study through FERC lirense award, but also to final design and
construction management. Acres American Inc .. , together with other
firms and consu 1 tants who have agreed to join its team!> is prepared to
provide proven capability to carry the project to successful comp1e·-
tion ..
A senior member of Acres American participated in an international
conference 1 ast year in London a Giant projects were disc us sed and a
set of six common threads we~~"e identif·ied. Succeeding paragraphs in
this section address the qualifications of the Acres team in light of
each such point ..
(b) Multi-disciplined Teams
The very complexity of the project demands a \'!ide range of skills .. The
Acres team encompasses a far wider range of disciplines than would
normally be assembled for smaller projects or for less extreme environ~
ments. More important than the presence of all necessary d·i sci pl i nes ~
though:. is the fact that the team is thoroughly knowledgeable of th~
arctic and subarctic in genPral, and of Alaska in particular.
(c) Top M~nagement Group
The top teams must be sMalle Their members should be capJble of under-
standing and managing a ~!ide variety of disciplines and functions and
thfly must be able to compromise.. The top managers proposed by Acres
for this effort inc1 ude in particular ~1r .. J. D. Lawrence, whose world-
t'lide experience in managing all aspects of hydroelectric projects will
permit him to face inevitable problems and conflicts with confidence;
Mr .. J. G. Warnock, whose success in securing the placement of $550
mill ion in bonds for the Churchill Falls project ensures strong
capability to guide the financial planning effort; and Col~ (Ret.) C.A.
Debe 1 ius~ \'Jhose thorough know1 edge of the pr·oj ect was gained f"i rst-hand
when the Corps of Engineers preauthorization studies ~~Jere conducted
under h'l s auspices. Each of these top managers can ca 11 upon a we a 1 th
of support from the broad-based experienced personnel available in the
Acres organization. Very large hydroelectric projects~ extreme arctic
and subarctic conditinns, remote site logistics, and a host of other
capabilities are available in-house for tappingo
(d) Preplanning
The amount and range of preplanning for giant projects have typically
been underestimated in the past. Every major expert1se must be
involved from the start$ Thus do we propose to include the noted
construction management firm of Frank Mool in & Associates even as the
plan of study is hashed outo Thus too, do we stress early attenti0n to
planning for financing, as well as establishment of an external
engineering board as soon as the study itself shall commenceo
(e) Successful Organization
We regard the organization for accomplishment of the work as a critical
item which impacts on both cost and quality of the ultimate product a
It is imperative, in our view, that a strong local presence and ade-
quate local facilities be included in the team~ R&M provides experi-
ence in Alaska and an impressive distribution of laboratories, offices,
and equipment which are immediately available for the work~ Should the
efforts of the Acres team in preparation of a Plan of Study be suf-
ficient to lead to our selection, as the State's consultant, Acres
American plans to establish an office in Alaska so that the bulk of the
project work t1i1l be performed there and an immediate presence will be
available to Alaska Power Authority for coordination~
(f) Financial Requirements
There is 1 itt 1 e doubt that if the State elects to pursue the Sus i tna
work on its own~ the resources and ingenuity of financing institutions
will be taxed to the limit~ It follows that strong capabilities in
pursuing such matters must be a part of the team.. He have already
noted above the prowess of Mr. J .. G. Warnock. We note as well that the
firm of Frank Orth & Associates, Economic and Business Consultants, has
agreed to serve as a subcontractor to TESa The Frank Orth firm has had
extensive experience in financial planning in support of Alaskan enter-
prises.
fg) Uncertainties and Risks
The shear size and scope of the Susitna project makes attention to risk
reduction a necessity. Our own team includes two tiers of obj~ctive
review, including an in-house review panel comprised of senior, highly-
skilled and experience company officers and an external engineering
board to be nolilinated to and agreed by Alaska Powet~ Authority sl<
analysis is not strange to Acres, for our own efforts in risk analysis
for the Arctic Gas Pipeline studies were highly commended that
organization. Most important, though, is the fact that the Acres Group
was a major far.tor in bringing the Churchill Falls project on line
ahead of schedule and under budget.
(h) Summar:y
In short, we are convinced that the proposed team of Acres American
Inc. and its affiliates as assembled for this project provides
strength~ local knowledge and presence, an enviable record of success-
ful past performance and a depth of capability which can provide an
unusual measure of confidence to the Alaska Power Authority and to the
State of Alaskao
APPENDIX A -
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Al -THE COMPANY
A2 -ENGINEERING AND r~NAGEMENT SERVICES FOR
HYDROELECTRIC AND PUMPED STORAGE PROJECTS
A3 -SELECTED PROJECT DESCRIPTIONS
Al -THE COMPANY
Acres American Incorporated is a consulting engineering and planning
organization 1 icensed a,ld incorporated to perform professional engineeri
services under the laws of the States of New York, North Carolina,
Carolina, West Virginia 9 Maryland and Pennsylvania~ Staff comprises
professionals in the major disciplines of civil, electrical 9 mechanical,
geotechnical, environmental, hydraulic and hydrological engineering
together with technicians, draftsmen !I and supporting staff total"l ing
approximately 280.. The engineering and related services are provided to
utilities, government and state agencies, and industrial clients.
Acres American Incorporated s with additional offices in Columbia~ ~lary-&
land, Washington, D.C~, Raleigh, North Carolina, and a wholly owned
subsidiary company in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, is a member of the Acres
group which was founded :n 1924 to provide engineering exp~rtise for thE~
development of hydroelectric resources. The resources, experienc~, ar; l
facilities of the entire tkres group are ava"ilable, as required, to pro-
vide services necessary for the successful execution of projects on a
\'.eorl dwi de basis ..
Comprehensive company services are ava'1lab1e, extending from preliminary
hydrological, geological and feasibility investigations and economic
analyses through planning, design, licensing, preparation of contract
documents, drawings and specifications, evaluation of bids, contract
negotiation~ shop inspection, field engineering, construction supervision~
project m~m:tgement, financial control)< commissioning and initial oper-a-
tion~ With a strength of over 1,500 engineers, specialists, and support-
ing staff, Acres has Puilt up a \'lide range of skills to serve the power
supply industry in North 1\merica, and is also structured to provide
technical and planning services to other sectors of industry, including
heavy civil engineering, transportation, mining. metals, fuels and other
process industries.
The Company administration is based on a departmental structure, the major
di.scip'l ines being el ectrica1, mechanical, hydraulic, civil and geotech-
nical. Project teams) directed by an executive project manager, are
staffed by engineers assigned from the appropriate departments" Special-
ist staff is also available from other departments of the Company to
provide comprehensive service to our clients, ranging from economic
analyses through quality control and commissioning servicese
Specific expertise and experience are available in the following fialci;:;:
Chemical
Ci vi 1
Electrical
Environmental
Geotechnical
Hydraul·ic
Hydro 1 og ica 1
Instrumentation
Mechanical
Netall urgical
Mining
S uct r l
Telec~mmunications
Thermal
Transportation
Arc hi tectur·a 1
Engineering Geology
Geographical
Meteorological
Regional and Urban Planning
Resource Conservation and
Deve·l opment
Economics
The economists include specialists in the field of:
Agricul tur~e
Agribusiness
Communications
Economy Forecasting
ErH:~r~gy Resources
fisheries
COMPANY FACILITIES
Forestry
Industry
Mineral Resources
Recreation
Transportation
Water Resources
Acres American Incorporated is one of a feiru consulting engineeri
companies in the United States that operates its own rssearch and develop-
ment laboratories in addition to providing conventional design serviceso
Acres' facilities include laboratories for hydraulic, fluid dynamics dnd
thermal modelling, soil and rock mechanics and biochemical analysesa
laboratories located in Niagara ral1s, Ontario and Buffalo~ New York have
facilities for hydraulic and chernical/physica'l testingo These 1
tories are also available for-a wide range of structural and geotechnical
testing, including consolidation tests and triaxial stress-strain tests on
soil~ and direct sh(~ar and biaxial comp· ~ssion tests on soil, native rock~
or concrete core samples ..
Acres ha.s extensive computer facilities compr1s1ng a GE 415 processor and
its attendant data storage and input/output peripherals~ two Data General
minicomputers, and in-house remote terminal communicationo The latter
allows access via compatible systems to programs or data stored virtually
anywhere in the continental United States on a time-sharing basis. Acres'
in-house program library includes nearly two hundred titles, many of which
are devoted to problems in energy system development and design of hydro-
electric and thermal power projects.
COMPANY EXPERIENCE
In the field of power generation and related facilities, Acres has been
responsible for over 20,000 MW of installed hydroelectric capacity 5 65
earth-and rock-fill dams and 30 concrete dams.. The 1 argest single pr·o-
ject engineered by Acres was the 5225 MW Churchi 11 Falls Development in
labrador~ Canada which was completed in 1976a Acres American has a1 so
carried out a number of power systems planning studies such as the Power
Alternatives Study for the Dickey-Lincoln School lakes Project for the New
England Division, Corps of Engineers.
The Acres group has for many years been responsible for the feasibi1 ity
assessment, design and construction supervision of a considerable number
of tunnels, shafts, and caverns in hard rock.. This type of ~,omrk has
totalled some 70 miles of tunnels, 30,000 feet of shafts, and some of the
1 argest underground cavities in the world, i ncl udi ng the 1 ,000-foot
by 150-foot high by 80-foot wide caverns 900 feet underground for
plant installation at Churchill Falls~
Company has also been responsible for the design and supenns1on of
on of mine shafts s tunnels~ and associ a ted rai h1ay tunnel for
pipeline and pumping stations3 airport fuel systems, and right-of-way
studieso
Acres is currently managing for the Corps of Engineers the 14-acn~ Chesa-
peake Bay model in Maryland~ Models con~tructed and tested in the Buffalo
hydraulics 1 aboratory include a 1 arge (200-foot by 100-foot} ic
model for the Corps of Engineers to simulate ice conditions in Little
Rapids cut section of the Sto Marys River; a wind tunnel model of a
nuclear power plant to study the dispersion of radioactive emissions h·tith
Calspan Corporation); aerodynamic models of electrostatic precipitators
and ductwork for fossil-fired utility plants~ hydraulic models of an
overflow spillway structure and tunnel for energy dissipation for American
Electric Power; and cooling water intakes for a nuclear power plant in New
Jersey for GPU Service Corporation.. Recent geotechnical testing has
included triaxial and shear box strength tests for \'leak clay materials
from an American Electric Power fly-ash retention dam in Hest Virginia ..
Most projects undertaken in the United States have included environmental
studies, impact statements!;) public hearings, etc .. D and the Environmental
and Special Services group has wide experience in these areas~ as ~-Jell as
in dealings with all 1 evel s of government and various government
agencies.,
Among the clients for whom Acres American Incorporated is currently
providing, or has recently completed, services are:
-American Electric Po~1er Service Corporation
-Amer·ican Standard Corporation
-Appalachian Power Company
-Atomic Energy Commission (as subconsul tants to United Eng ineer~s and
Constructors)
Babcock and Wilcox Company
-Bethlehem Steel Corporation
-Boston Edison Company
-California Energy Commission
-Carborundum Company
-Centra 1 Electric Power Cooperative
-Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corporation
-Cleveland Electric and Illuminating Company
-Consumers Power Company
-Department of Energy
-Dirigo Electric Cooperative
-DuPont Corporation
-Electric Power Research Institute
-Environmental Protection Agency
-Federal Energy Administration
-General Public Utilities
-Georgia Power Company
-Great lake Carbon Corporation (subcontractors to UTRC)
-Massachusetts Municipal Wholesale Electric Company
... National Rt.wal Htil ities Cooperative Finance Corporation
-National Science Foundation
-Nebraska Municioal Power Pool
-New York State bepartment of Environmental Conservation
-New York State Electric and Gas Corporation
-New York State Energy Office
-Niagara Frontier Transportation Authority
-Niagara r1ohawk Power Corporation
-NUS Corporation
-Ohio Edison Company
= Potomac Electric Power Company
-Precipitair Pollution Control, Inco
-Republic Steel Corporation
-Rochester Gas and Electric Corporation
-Studebaker Worthington~ Inc~
-Tennessee Valley Authority
-Tu rbodyne Corporation
-United Technologies Research Corporation
-Union Carbide Corporatin
-UcSo Corps of Engineers, Buffalo~ New York, Pittsburghs Savannah and
Detroit Districts, New Eng1 and Division and the Waterways Experiment
Station
Vermont Electric Cooperative
-Virginia Electric Power Company
-Western Precipitation Division, Joy Manufacturing Company
-Wheelabrator-Frye Company
A short selection of descriptions of 1 arge hydroelectric projects
engineer12d in northern regions is provided in Section A3.
-ENGINEERING AND lvtANAGEMENT SERVICES FOR
It 1s philosophy that the client's 11 right to and ght to
decide" is paramount~ and many of the procedures that are follo~tu:~d have
been set up specifically to ensure that the client is kept fully informed
not only of the progress of the works but also of key decisions and the
impact of these decisions on the cost, schedule and ultimate succe~s of
the project~
The successful construction of a venture as large as a
pumped storage development, with its complex technology9 arge of
different tasks and long construction schedule~ calls for a
bination of management techniques and engineering skills, Scores of
experienced people must be brought together to form a cohesive team
capable of assuming the various responsi bil it i es and discharging them
successfullyo
The primary objectives of this team must be:
(a) The deve1opnent of a reliable initial estimate of cost for the
facility,. based on sound conceptual engineering from good exploratory
field data.
(b) Environmental assessment and preparation of impact statement and
related licensing documents"
(c) The identification of manageable construction and equipment package
and the preparation of design documents, contract drcH<Iings and
technical specifications to allow successive bids to be called to a
strict timetablea
(d) The finalization of engineering work after contract award~ the prep-
aration of construction drawings~ and the control of design changesa
(e) The supervision of the quality and schedule of construction both in
the field and in fabrication shops.
To achieve these objectives, Acres follows a carefully established series
of procedures which can be adapted to suit the degree of involvement in
the management of the project required by the Owner.. In the past.~~ Acres
involvement has ranged from sol ely the engineering design and preparation
of specifications to complete responsibility for the project management!~
including financial disbursements and contract awards. Prior to the
initiation of the engineering program, it is essential for the responsi-
bilities and relationship of the owner and consultant to be carefully
defined. The Plan of Study will provide the basis for the engineering of
the complete Susitna Project~
This dot:ument has been assembled to set out the ifications of Acres
American Incorporated to p1Aov ide engineering and management services for
the design and construction of hydroelectric and pumped ects ..
The document not only describes the experience of the Company
pt~ojects of a similar or related nature, but also describes the
taken by the Company to the complex task of ensur~ing that a
built on time, on budget, and to meet the client~s functi
ments ..
As a consulting engineering organization, a large part of this
rests in the experience and know .. how of our senior engineering manage-
ment personnel; all of the senior Acres people have held positions of
responsibility from the inception through to the final commissioning of
large hydroelectric and other power-related projects.. The section
entitled 1'Representative Personne1 11 includes summaries of the experience
of a selection of those personnel who could be made available fotq a
electric or pumped storage projecto
A typical outline organization structure adopted by Acres for a 1
project such as a hydroe 1 ectri c development is set out in Chart "A" o
function and responsibilities of the various positions indicated in the
chart are discussed in the following sections and may be considered unner
the following headings:
-Engineering Management
-Construction Management
-Cost Control and Monitoring
-Quality Control and Monitoring
-Schedule Control and Monitoring
At the start of the project, scopes of work for all functions in the
organization chart are prepared in as much detail as possible.. From
these, engineering and administrative budgets are drawn up for inclusion
in the total cost estimate for the project., These budgets are moni
by means of weekly reports produced by Acres in-house cost and production
control system, allowing potential overruns to be· identified early and
appropriate collective action taken without delay ..
CONTR4CTS
EIIGINEERS
CO·OROINAfiNO
ENQII<Ii!EAS
ENGiNEERJNG MANAGEMENT
Many important decisions are made early in the design phase of the project and
often cannot be changed later except at considerable additional cost. Acres
system of design reports, or "Design Transmittals" as they are called, is aimed
at ensuring that the design concepts and their irnplications are fully explored.
The sequence of steps in the design of a major component in the development
would be typically as follows:
(a) The initial feasibility study will have established the necessity for, and a
rough cost estimate of, the component.
(b) The specific scope of work for the design and specification of the
component is established, an engineering budget is assigned, and overall
design criteria are assembled. During this phase the applicable regulatory
design and safety codes and practices are identified and continuing
monitoring procedures fully coordinated.
(c) A design transmittal is prepared describing the alternatives considered,
the constraints and opportunities involved, and recommending a course
of design action within the context of the estimated capital and
operating costs. This transmittal, which is a key document in the design
phase, is circulated for comment within the Acres organization and sent
to the client. Equipment suppliers are also frequently brought in for
discussion at this stage. Once approved, changes can be made only by a
reissu ~ of the document. Design transmittals are prepared for a wide
range of components and, for major projects, may amount to as many as
150 transmittals for topics ranging, for example, from "Trash Handling
Facilities in the Forebay" to "Powerhouse General Arrangement" and
.. Switchyard Insulation Levels".
(d) Next (at about 25 to 35 percent design completion) where appropriate,
the contract packaging is established and ~<Scope Statements" are
prepared, describing in detail the contents and scope of each contract
rt:lated to the design transmittaL
At this point, the cost estimate for the component is keyed into the
overall estimate for the project.
Contract drawings (as many as five hundred for a large project) and
technical specifications for the components are then prepared, and a
15 assembled for final review prior to issue for competitive
1ase would usually be undertaken concurrently with
sessments and preparation and submission of requisite
,~ations.
{f) Once a contract reaches bidding stage, it becomes the responsibility of
the construction group. However, the contractor may require z.dditional
detail drawings. For a major project, for instance, as many as two
hundred detailed civil drawings and approximately an equal number of
schematics, interconnections and wiring diagrams may be required in
addition to the original contract drawings. A key part of this work is to
ensure either that no significant changes are made to the design as set
ou! in the contract drawing!';. or that any changes are fully explored and
reviewed with the contractor to assess impact on schedule and cost.
Acres uses a system of "Design Change Memoranda" to keep track of
this aspect of the work.
(g) In summary, engineering cost and quality control is effected by
the preparation of control estimates at key stages in the
development of the design
conducting critical technical review throughout the design phase,
and by the maintenance at site of a resident engineer reporting
to tt1e manager of engineering to ensure that proper tests and
controls are carried out
assigning a project monitoring group to compare the estimated
and actual design man·hours expended on each phase of the
work. The details of Acres control system are fully described in
our uProgress and Cost Reporting System User's Manual".
IENGINEIERING PANEL AND CONSULTING BOARD
It is Acres usual practice, for projects with a significant design input, to set up
an in-house "Engineering Panel 11 comprised of senior engineers within the
Company, experienced in the various areas of expertise involved in the project.
The funci:ion of this panel, which is responsible only to the project manager, is
to critically review the engineering designs and recommendations developed in
the course of the project. Presentations are made to the panel by the project
design team at appropriate times throughout the period of design development,
and approval of the panel is obtained before implementation of the design.
On projects such as a major hydroelectric development, which often involve
innovative thinking, it has also been Acres practice to convene a consulting
board which i5 essentially responsible to the owner. The consulting board
comprises engineers from outside the Company, eminent in their various
disciplines. The consulting board would normally meet once every 3 months to
review, with owner's senior staff and project team staff, such matters as major
design transmittals_ scheduling and financial problems, or geological and other
problems encountered in the field.
Among the engineers who have served on consulting boards' for Acres projects
are:
Churchill Falls Development
H. E. Barnett
W. L. Chadwick
J. B. Cooke
D. M. Farnham
F. B. Stichter
R. Rhode5
Mica Creek
J. B. Cooke
C. V. Davis
Project Planning and Construction
Power Engineering
Hydroelectric Structures
High-Voltage Cables --
Electrical Engineering
General Civil Engineering
Engineering Geology
Hydroelectric Structures
Hydraulic Structures
J. Gorman
G. Watson
Lt. Gen. R. A. Wheeler
Lower Notch
Professor A. Casagrande
Dr, F. A. Nickell
Dr. R. B. Peck
Alto Anchicaya
Dr. D. U. Deere
j. B. Cooke
Geologist
General Civil Engineering
General Civil Engineering
Docks and Harbors
Soil Mechanics
Geology
Soil Mechanics
Rock Mechariics
Hydroelectric Structures
SELECTED ECT DESC~JPT~ONS
Th@ pages summarize some of the projects arnd studies undertaken
the Company in United States and overseas ;n power generation and
fields.
.•. j
• :i.··
HYi.lllGEL'ECTRIC POWER DP/ELOPMENT
EART~l-HLL .. ROC~(-FflL A.ND CONCRE.TE DAiViS
An essenti;.~l p(lrt (Jf <d1 h~rdr>.lt:!e.:trk de~/e~opmcnts i::. tht desi~n and
cc·nstructlon of watcr-rdalning strucUircs. Gener<ll;y thL> cO!;t cf these o;,tnrUiiH!~
form a significant portion c:f the total dcvelopme!ll 1;;)st. Depemiing on thf" ~ite,
tl·,e ecor:omi.;;:.-; of the: (.L\m ~an determine 1he econoon it.: v~alliHly of tlle pmjed.
i\cre5 hr1s SL!Ccessfuily ~~ngineered r.e:"Lrly one h~.mc j dam structures of
different types on foundations (.Clnging from tropic<: I S.v.IS to pcrmJfmst.
Tr1c fG!Iowing pages f,fYe rep~esent;Hive li<>tings of Acres projecis !nvol·o~ing
earth-rill , rock-fill and concrete d.1ms .
EARTHfill AND ROCK·IF~ll DAMS
Since 1938 Acres has been responsible for the geotechnical investigations,
engineering studies, final designs, and construction supervision for over sixty
earth and rock-fill dams.
These dams are of a variety of types including homogeneous section and
sloping and vertical core, and their construction involved the use of fill
materials ranging from marine clays and weathered clay shales to uniform fine
sands utilized as impervious core materials. The construction cofferdams for
these projects included earthfillj rock fill, timber crib and cellular types, some
of which were designed to overcome difficult foundation problems including
underseepage 1 while others were "closed" in extremely fas:t water.
Several of the dams are founded on overburden presenting stability and seepage
erosion problems. These foundation conditions varied from lenses of varved
days and silts in glacial till deposits (Bersimis No. 1} to the stiff weathered
crust of sensitive marine clay deposits (Bersimis No. 2). A particularly difficult
foundation problem was encountered in the founding of several small dikes
directly upon varved clay overburden containing extensive permafrost (Kelsey).
Seepage and the uplift pressures in a deep pervious layer were controlled by
means of a grout curtain in overburden and pressure relief wells at Strathcona,
and a deep cement and chemical grout curtain was employed to reduce large
underseepage in alluvial sands and gravels at Lake Stc Anne.
At the Manicouagan 2 Development, the cofferdam embankment consisted of a
granular fill on highly pervious alluvium. To control seepage a concrete cutoff
wall was installed through the fill, well into the alluvium. The excavation for
the wall was made using a bentonite slurry trench technique.
CONCRETE DAMS
in general, Canadian dam sites have crest length to ratios which dictate the
use of gravity or buttress type structures while Canada's severe winter climate and
the labour/material cost balance militate against the use of highly reinforced, thin
section buttress dams.
Every dam site is, however, unique. Except where the choice is obvious, Acres
evaluates the relative economy and satety of the alternative types of concrete dam
which could reasonably be considered. These may include gravity, hollow joint
gravity, arch, arch gravity, multiple arch, buttress, massive buttress, and
prestressed structures.
The choice is made with due regard to the geology, geohydrology, topography
and seismicity of the site. Labour and material requirements and their cost
relationships, construction schedule, and climatic conditions all have a major
bearing on the final selection.
Detailed attention is given to design of the optimum concrete mix for the various
parts of the structure.
Final structural analysis is carried out by digital computer. The stress/deformation
characteristics of the foundations and abutments are introduced. Seepage pore
pressure distributions and the effect of pressure relief systems within the dam and
in the foundations are included. Thermal and shrinkage stresses within the
structure as functions of the properties of the concrete mix, pour schedule,
construction joint arrangement, and extent of natural and artificial cooling are
determined.
In the hollow joint dam at \.tie Manicouagan 2 development the advantages of
gravity and massive buttress type structures are combined. Completed in 1965, it is
believed to be the only dam of its type in North America and, with a maximum
height of 345 feet, possibly the highest of its type anywhere.
Two examples of more conventional gravity dams are Bersimis 2 m Quebec and
Warsak in West Pakistan. Both are briefly described in the following pages.
In all, more than 20 concrete dams designed by Acres are listed in the
accompanying summary.
The iv1J.ntcoudg~m 2 HyJrot'kctril l.)evdoplll{'fll ha~ d hollo'.o~.· fOi nt !;r.;vi t y d.J m
2290 fed long and 345 kl~t high. The tlollr.~w joint darn ·.v <lS s~k·ded •Jn lh~ b,~~~:-;
:lf .11l e:.:.onotn]C COm!'}dri~an which ~ndil:.tted tlut in curnpMi~.on Wi I h ,1
~:onvcntion~d ~r.iv;!y ti<Jm, th~rc wo•Jkl bed 10% 'io<lving in CUil{:rctc \'f.JI:.lrn~ & .J ;.'•;,:,
n·du<.:lion !n capita. I cost. The: higli tJilw,Her level .11 !IH.' s.itt~ (,1hou! ·: 00 ! ~:l '\ .1b•:.v o.·
!o;.mdatjon lt~ven WJS abo tl. rncijor f ~cror f.wouring the hollow joint C("Si~n.
A hollo•N ioi nt dam is b (~siraH)' ,J grc'!vit y <>tructurc in which tht: i:ranwn\t
(Olhi.ruction joints ar!? formcc:.i r.5 m-ajor r..:dvltil~5. At ?.:1an icouagc1n 2 \he (.lv;llcs ar~
16'-6'' wi(!<:! ~md the gt<lvi~y hiod<..s .arc 65'-6" wid(.~ so thr.! !argc ar~ ...... of rc;ck ..He
exposed {H f01.mdation !evei.
The rwtiov..: JOir.ts adopted at Manicouagan 2 reduced concH..:te C..:JU!1ni:ities, and also
credted very effe~.;tive relief of scep<tgt> pr<;ssurcs at the fr;,undi.ltion and within th~
dam itself. As a rc~.uil ~1ydrc;sliil ic upntt torc;e-> were c.:on'>iderah!y rl'dlu..ed. Tht::
''oids formed b':.r lhe joints mjnirnizcd ~ntcr·dcpcndLlJlcc of Lhe ~UlH:.rete pl<1cing
operat ion!'j in adjdct:nt blocks and pt.~rmitted an Jueleraled con~truction sthc:duie.
f:.ffic:ient n<~turat air enol ing during eonstruction wa~ provided bv tht~ I.Hgr~ .:ne,1 of
expose(! J;;vncrctc at each joini, the 11ccll ror s:H"tific.:i<:i c..:DoiH~g '>YSlcms b;,~ing
minimized <l~ J resu!t.
: ! -·--···-·-·-·
Waba Dam
!Viada~.va~;ka River
Ont~do~ Caf!ada
& Power Project,
only under
~'~~""'''"""" .. "'"''" Power Development,
Stage 3, Quebec, C;mada
Bersimis No. t
Power Development,
Quebec, Canada
Main Dam
Des Roches Dam
Construction
Compacted rock fill with
Uf}stream concrete face
Upstream compacted shale core,
random and rock-fill support zone.
Pressure relief system
Earth fill, marine day, homogeneous
flU with central filter drain
Compacted shale core~ and support zone.
Upstream and downstream weighting
zones
forcbay dike. Rock fill with thick central
clay core
Hydraulidy compacted rock fill with
upstream rolled impervious wre
Hydraulidy compacted rock fill with
upstream roifed impervious fill core
Oim~emions
Metric
140.3 m
270 m
68.6 m
610 m
2,750,000 m3
18.3 m
1,036 m
33.6 m
750 m
12 m
64 m
81,000 m3
64 m
641 m
2,800,000 m3
69 m
335 m
1 J 100,000 m3
~mperial FmmclZJ~iGn Maaeri.als
~460ft h) sedimentary
885 ft I) hornfels
(225ft h) Carbom fcrous, sedimentary rock
~2,000 ft I)
3,600,000 yd3)
(60ft h) Thick marine day deposit
{3,420 ft I)
~110ft h) Clay shale and sandstone {Flysch)
2,460 ft I)
l39.3ft h) Paleozoic s.andstont>
210ft I)
106f000 yd 3 )
!209 It h) Precambrian metamorphic rock
2,100 ft I) and glacial overburden
3,670,000 yd 3 ) ts nh) Precambrian metamorphic rock
1,100 ft I) and glacial overburden
1,453,000 yd3)
06/78 Rev 2.
Dam No"]
Auxiliary Dam No. 2
Reservoir
Canada
Cardinal fly Ash Retention Dam
Ohio# U.S.A.
OarabeUe lake Oam
Ontario, Canada
Gravel with sloping rolled impervious
core
Gravel with sloping rolled impervious
core
Vertical marine clay core, sand support
zones, local sheet pile
Vertical marine clay core, sand support
zones, local sheet pile
Control dam Earth fiJI
Central compacted shale coreJ random
and rodAili support zone. Grout curtain,
pressure relief system
Control dam Rock fill
Dimensimu
Metrk ~ mperiai
19 m
637 m
221,700 m3
19 m
427 m
145,300 m3
30 m
1,010 m
845,000 m3
19,5 m
l ,195 m
322,800 m3
11 m
701 m
91,700 m3
76.2 m
762 m
1,300,000 m3
19.8 m
276.5 m
80,280 m3
l75 n. h)
2,090 ft i)
290,000 yd 3 )
l62 ft h)
1,400 H l)
190,000 yd 3 )
(97 ft h)
p,3to ft I)
1,105,500 yd3)
(64ft h) p.920 ft I)
422,300 yd 3 )
tfth) 2,300 ft I)
120,000 yd 3 )
r49 fl h) 2,500 ft I)
1,703,000 yd 3 )
t5f• h) 905ft I)
105,000 yd3)
Precambrian metamorphic rode
and gldlcial OV1!rb>Jrden
Precambrian metamorphk rock
and glacial overburden
Marine day and estuarine sand
Marine clay and estuarine sand
Stiff brown clay
Carboniferous, sedimentary rock<.
3.05 to 4.57 m of organic material
plus 4.57 to 7.62 m of soft varved
clay over bedrock
!Earth-Rock-Fill Oatms -3
Construction
Control dam--Earth fill with protection
thick central clay core riprap and
concrete spillway section
fanshawe Darn Centro! dam Earth fill with thick
Ontario~ Canada day tore and concrete spillway section
Grand Rapids Generating Earth fill with 30 km long, with up to
Station 61 m deep grout curtain
Manitoba, Canada
Horwood Lake Dam Control dam ·-Earth fill with concrete
Ontario, Canada sluiceway section
Hart Deveiopmcnt Main dam -Earth fill
Columbia, Canada
Kelsey Generating Main dam Rock fill with upstream
St.at;"'n impervious sloping core
Manit,lba, Canada
Cutoff dikes, two -Sand
Oimens!ons
Metric
29.3 m
546 m
458,000 m3
72,600 m3
30.5 m
655 m
344,250 m3
143,700 rn3
33.5 m
25,600 m
7,100,000 m3
9.4 m
274 m
35,100 m3
3,900 m3
622 m
83,200 m3
36.6 m
29'1 m
220,000 m3
6.1 m
1,189 m
74,400 m3
Imperial
1,790 ft I) t6 ft h)
600.000E yd 3 )
(9.J,OOOC yd3)
1100 ft h)
(2,150ftl) ~4."0,000[ yd3~
18b,wGC yd 3
(109ft h)
~83,900 ft I)
9,300,000 yd3) r fth) 900ft I)
46,000E yd3)
5,100C yd3)
~2,040 ft I)
109,000 yd 3 )
r20 It h) 955 ft I)
288,300 yd3)
toft h max)
3,900 ft I total)
97,500 yd3 total)
foundation Matei"ials
Do1omitic limestone with glacial
till overburden
limestone with till overburden
Karstic, dolornitic limestone
Precambrian r·lelamorphic rock
Permafrost
and -4
Dimensions
Con:s~n:.u:tion Metric !mperiilll Fmmdation Materials
Cutoff dikes, three Clay 11.6 m (38ft h max}
1,906 m ~6,250 ft I
70,000 m3 91,600
Sti.'ition Main dam Earth fill 48.8 m (160ft h max) Precambrian rock and
1,067 m (3,500 ft I)
2)00,000 m3 (3,540,000 yd 3 )
Saddle dam Earth fill 33.,6 m rwn h) 1,190 m 3,900 ft I)
2,106,900 m3 ,2,760,000 yd 3 }
i3utnau River dam Earth fill 18.3 m (60ft h)
3,355 m ~1 LOOO ft I)
1,039,800 m3 1,360,000 yd3)
Reservoir dikes Earth fill 4,6 m p 5 ft h)
5,490 m 18,000 ft I)
390,000 m3 (510,000 yd3)
Control dam Rock fill GA m {20ft h) Approximately 2. i 3 m of organic
305 m ~1 ,000 ft l) material over bedrock
19,020 m3 26,000 yd3)
lake St. Anne Re~ervoir Main control dam -Rock fill with ~ ~.4 m r26 [t h) Precambrian metamorphi<;
Quebec, Canada sloping silty core and concrete 278 m 910ft l) bedrock
spillway section 449,500 m3 5881000 yd 3)
Cutoff dam -Earth fill 19.5 m ~64ft h) Rock
131 m 430ft I)
71,100 m3 {93,000 yd 3 )
Earth~ argd Rock-IFiU Dams-5
Dimensions
Project Constructir.m Me~ric !mpel'ial Foundation Materials
River No. i Development loon River east diversion dam Earth fill 10.7 m ps ft h)
Manitoba, Canada 64.1 m 210ft I)
loon River west diversion dam Earth fill 7.6 m ~25ft h)
99.1 m 325ft I)
laurie River No. 2 Devdopment Main dam extension Earth fill 116 m pso ft I)
Manitoba, Canada 32,800 m3 \43,000 yd3)
Dike A -Earth fill 10.7 m (35ft h)
128 m (420ft I)
Dike B Earth fill 10.7 m ~35 ft h)
134.2 m 440ft I)
Station Central core earth fill 33 m (110ft h) Ordovician limestone
Canada 538 m p,900 ft I)
2,200,000 m3 2,800,000 yd3)
Station Central core earth fill 39.7 m r30 ft h) Precambrian
Canada 754 m 2,500 ft I)
2,300,000 m3 3,000;000 yd3)
G. Ross lord Conservation Dam Earth fill 19.8 m tfth) Glacial deposits
Toronto, Ontario, Canada 366 m 1,200 ft!)
267,000 m3 350,000 yd3)
lower Notch Generating Station Main dam --Rock fit! 131.2 m to fth) Precambrian rock
Ontario, Canada 366 m 1,200 ft I)
1,689,600 m3 2,210,000 yd3)
Manicouagan 2 Cofferdam
M~.ni,:ouaga1n 2 Power Station
Marietta Ash
Retention
Ohio, U.S.A.
McArthur fails Development
Manltoba, Canada
Mica Development
Columbia, Canada
consortium)
Shand Hood Control Dam
Grant River, Fergus, Ontario
Canada
Strathcona Development
British Columbia, Canada
Reservoir dikes ·-Rock fill
Main dam -Compacted rock fill with
near vertical core of impervious glacial
forebay dikes -Rock fiJI with sheet
pile diaphragm
Rock fill with Ieos cutoff and sheet
pile membrane
Central compacted shale core, random
and rock fill. Grout curtain and pressure
relief system
Cutoff dikes-Earth fill
(homogeneous day)
Main dam ·-compacted granular material
with near vertical core of impervious
glacial till
Homogeneous compacted clay till with
key wall
Main dam -Earth fi!l with sloping day
core, deep grout curtain and concrete
spillway section
Oimensio111s
Metric I mperi~l
1,098 m
450,300 m 3
46.7 m
518 m
1,223,300 m 3
17.1 m
213 m
10,700 m3
37.7 m
·155 m
38,900 m 3
10.7 m
B7 m
92,000 m 3
9:15 m
9,760 m
699,570 m 3
198 m
244 m
762 m
22,936,800 m3
24 m
640 m
411,000 m3
51.8 m
549 m
1,987,800 m 3
(3,600 f[ I)
(589,000 yd 3 )
(153 ft h)
(1,700ftl)
( 1,600,000 yd 3)
(56 H h)
700ft I)
,14,000 yd 3 )
!123.5 ft h)
510ft!)
50,900 yd 3 )
(35 ft h)
(450ft I)
(120,300 yd 3 )
(30ft h max)
(32,000 ft I total)
(915,000 yd3 total)
(650ft h~ (riverbed}
(800ft h) (rock)
(2,500 ft I)
(30,000,000 yd3)
!78 fl h)
2,100 fl I}
537,600 yd3)
(170 fL h)
(1,800 fL I)
(2,600,000 yd3)
Slate and •n"'""'"r&'<>
thick clay
Grenville granite
Carboniferous sedimentary wck
Glacial till and rock
Schist and gneiss abutments
granular soils in riverbed
Dolomite limestone
Volcanic rocks and glacial till
with underlying aquifer
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The story of Churchill Falls illustrates one
essential fact. Development of the requisite
technology is only a preliminary. The critical
ingredient is knowing how to put together the
men, machines, and resources to apply that
technology on a scale which challenges
comparison \Nith the Pyramids and the Great
Wall of China-with the difference~ pointed out
by Prime Minister Trudeau, that the power
project is "incomparably more useful."
The completion of the largest single-site
power station in the western world at Churchill
Falls, on schedule, and within cost estimates
offers a model of how such vast projects can be
accomplished.
Certainly il needed no flash ol in-
spiration to see the potential power of
the mighty Churchill River's spectacu-
lar tumble from the glacier-gouged
Labrador p:ateau. As early as 1 B94, in
the infancy of hydroelectric power
generatior •. A.P. Low of Canada's
Geologic2cl 3urvey suggested this new
technology could be applied to provide
"several millions of horsepower''. With
remarkable prescience, he submitted
that such power, turned to heat, could
be used to reduce the local iron ores.
Twenty years later, W.
Thibaudeau of the Regie des Eaux of
the province oi Quebec, surveyed the
area. He saw that the river could be
diverted above the Falls, and rechan-
nelled further to the east to increase
the head of water available, from 500
ft. at the Falls and upper rapids to
more than 1 ,000 fL at Portage Creek.
Such bold concepts awaited lull
economic justification for yet another
generation.
Credit for the tirst practical initia-
tive is due to British hlewfou ndland
Corporatl0:1 Limited, formed in 1953
by seven majo' British financiaL re-
source and manufacturing compani.::~.
·' · J·~-""':-Tintr,.zinc I td It ·e-
celved' ·~""charter to explore ·ln~ '"';,~, • ..:
of Newfoundl3nd and Labrador for the
governmer:t of Joseph Smallwood.
who had just brought Newfoundland
into the Canadian confederation.
The water power potential c1 the
110,000 square mile area was clear,
out the energy available had to be
quantified. In the mid-1950's it re-
mained too remote for existing trans-
mission techniq!Jes to deliver to avail-
able markets economically. It was ac-
cessible only by arduous canoe trip or
hundreds of miles of flight by a float
plane.
Brinco watched the opportunities
lor development unfold step by step.
First, mining and processing of the
iron ore deposits by other interests at
Schefferville, Wabush and Labrador
City, justified building the Quebec
North Shore and Labrador Railway
passing only 1 05 miles to the west of
the Falls. Brinco added to the effort in
1960 by pushing a road from Esker, on
the rail line, to the west bank of the
ChurchilL At Twin Falls, on the Un-
known River, a few miles from Chur-
chill Falls, Bnnco built a modest
120,000 KW hydro-electric plant to
serve the iron ore development and
associated townsites. The harnessing
of Labrador hydro power had begun.
Another link in the chain of feasi-
bility was forged when Hydro-Quebec,
faced with developing the rivers c~ the
north shore of lne St. Lawrence for
,._, · "' ::-:::.,ppr~>ri ::~nrl oerlected a
735,000 volt Extra High VOilCiye \t:.r1v J
transmission system. Its successful
application in carrying power from the
M::micouagan River plants to Montre~ll
in 1955 built confidence that it was the
technical and economic solution io th;:
problem ot carrying Churchill Falls
power to market in the deveiopin(
urban and industrial centres o
Quebec at reasonable cost
An emerging counterpoint to thl;
matching of resources to markets wa:
the growing hunger for power of !ht
populous U.S eastern seaboarcl
Jean Lessard, tt,en chairman at Hydn
Quebec, saw the opportunity to fee:
this U.S. market with relative'v lm
cost power export~. With this added t
Quebec's own need. the pow9r c
Churchill Falls could be fully de
veioped at a single stroke.
In 1961, the Smallwood goverr
ment granted a Brinco subsidiai)
Churchil! Falls (Labrador) Corp. Lt{
(CFLCo). a 99 year lease on the
drauli::. resources of the
square mile watershed of file UppE
ChurchilL
But what engineenng enterpris
could be !ound to determine the
tlmurr. location to utifize !hts
1.000 foot head. to r:i eate a
power complex in -.he midst
ITlu<'lkeg and scrubby 0\li=>r.-.'"'""":'
the Labrador plateau.
assured quality within cost ·. _ · ,,., ,.,..,t 'N'11fld make lhe
ture attractive
For it would
of capital ever ·~"'"""'"·;·,.
for a private project.
4
CFLCo's answer was to bring to-
gether two highly-qualified Canadian
concerns--H. G. Acres & Company n~
limited and Canadian Bechtel $1'
Limited. fl):
Through its affiliation with the
Bechtel organization worldwide
Canadian Bechtel was able to provid~
virtually unmatched resources of ex-
perience in the construction and man-
agement of vast, remote, resource
projects. Acres offered a wealth of
expertise and experience in hydro-
electric engineering.
They formed a joint venture -
Acres Canadian Bechtel of Churchill
Falls (ACB) to engineer ar.d man-
age the conslr;.,ction of this massive
hydro-electric facility. By agreement,
Canadian Bechtel became managing
joint venturer for the contract.
An ACB team was already sur-
veying in the field by 1963-64 supple-
menting the very considerable amount
of data accumulated by other en-
gineers from firms employed earlier by
9rinco. Gray Thompson, c:m Acres
member of the team, recalls that in
spite of winter temperature so frigid
that the bubbles in the transit level be-
came sluggish, the survey circuit
around the v, , reservoir area was
closed within an accuracy of one third
of a fool. This was also a tribute to
previous federal government and
Quebec surveys whose old bench
marks were picked up by the ACB
team.
Calculations were accumulated,
checked and cross-checked as to the a·
optimum site, hydrological effects ol ~
snow accumulations and the size of
reservoir needed to smooth the How of
the erratic Churchill, whic:h varied from
10,000 to 300,000 cubic feet or more
per second depending on season. The
project was feasible -but the re-
sources required to build it would be
enormous. Irrefutable evidence that
the project would be profitable was re-
quired before a sound approach to
financing could be devised.
It took two more years of negotia-
tion, and the expenditure of $17 mil-
lion on preliminary engineering, before
the breakthrough that triggered the
leap from concept to construction. On
October 13, 1966,Hydro Quebec's
Jean Lessard, signed a letter of intent
assuring that the Quebec utility would
purchase the bulk of electricity gener-
ated from the site. By this time, the
growth of Canada's energy demand
made it unnecessary to rely on export
to create a market. The moment for
Churchill Falls power had arrived.
It was now up to ACB to meet the
challenge.
The usual procedure for a
hydro-electric project in Canada would
be to proceed with detailed engineer-
ing of the various components of the
project, put them out to tender, receive
contractors' bids. sum the bid costs
and thence proceed to make the
necessary capital appropriation.
However, in such a massive, remote
project, undertaken by a utility com-
pany with relatively little in the way of
assets and financial capability, a com-
pletely different approach was re-
quired.
ACB, as engineers and construc-
tion managers, had to organize a
workplace in the middle of the wilder-
ness, devise means to bring men and
machines to it, and put together the
whole complex schedule for a project
which would stretch over nearly a de-
cade. The packages into which the
work was divided had !o be tailored to
the capacities of existing contracting
firms in eastern Canada. It was upon
ACB's estimates of the final cost of
these packages that the delicate job of
financing the project had to be based.
On March 7, 1967, CFLCo signed
a contract with ACB covering dn-
gineering and construction manage-
ment services to the end of the pro-
ject. At almost the same time, H ac-
cepted ACB's estimate of direct con-
struction cost of $522 million for the
project. To this would be added $1 02
million to provide for escalation arising
from price and wage increases over
the lite of the project and $41 million
as a contingency allowance, giving a
total direct construction cost of $665
million. Interest charges on money
borrowed during construction, ad·
mi:-~istration, working capital, over-
head and other expenses would bring
the total project cost to $946 million.
This included more than $20 million
spent in early studies and work by
CFLCo up to March 31, 1967. It made
Church1l! Falls the largest civil en-
gineering project ever undertaken in
North America to that time.
A bi!llon dollars isn't raised
qUickly
II was Oct. 30. 1968. before
Brinco Chairman Henry Borden re-
ported to a special meeting of Br'nco
shareholders that terms of a $100 mil-
lion general mortgage bonds issue
had been settled, that arrangements
for bank credit ($150 million from
seven Canadian chartered banks)
were well underway, that an offering in
the United States of half a billion dol·
Iars of first mortgage bonds had been
satisfactorily completed and that an
offering in Canada of $50 million
in first mortgage bonds had been
arranged.
During the period required to set
the stage for the major financing,
funds came largely from equity capital,
or shares, in CFLCo subscribed by ils
majority shareholder Brinco (57%)
-and its minority shareholders -
Hydro-Quebec (34%) and the province
of Newfoundland (9%). In all, $83 mil-
lion was raised this way. Substantial
credit also was made available to
Brinco by the Bank of Montreal.
Meanwhile, work at the site had
been going on for two years. First at-
tention was given to two prime en-
gineering challenges: to create an all-
weather access road to allow heavy
freight haulage to the site, and com-
mence the enormous job of buil~:r.~,
40 miles of dykes.
The dykes, to provide a water
barrier under any temperature condi-
tions, had to form a perfect seal with
the irregular surfaces of underlying
rock. They were built using glacial till
and rock where available, but the prin-
cipal ingredients were materials from
the eskers -ridges of gravel and
sand formed within or under the
glaciers, which chiselled the topog-
raphy of th1s area, and left behind
when the ice melted. Virtually nothing
was shipped in to build the
26-million-cubic-yard dykes. The
logistics task here was moving rnen
and equipment, but it involved some of
the ~iggest units available.
Durino the first year, the master
project schedule and official plan were
issued. The original size of the project
was increased 15%, with the addition
of an eleventh turbine generating unit,
and uprating each unit to 475,000 KW
instead of the 450,000 KW contem-
plated earlier. Total plant capacity was
to be 5,225,000 KW, or just over
seven million horsepower. The first
units were committed to deliver con-
tract power to Hydro-Quebec by May
1, 1972.
The wisdom of choosing depth of
corporate experience for the man-
agement of this vast project was
amply proven by the tragic event of
Nov. 11. 1969. CFLCo's twin jet was
approaching Wabush airport in an
overcast, when it crashed into a hill.
killing all six passengers: Donald
McParland, 40, President and Chief
executive Officer of CFLCo; Eric G.
Lambert. 46, Vice-President, Finance,
for Brinco and CFLCo; John
Lethbridge, 35, McParland's Execu-
tive Assistant; Fred E. Ressegieu. 56,
General Manager of Acres Canadian
Bechtel; J. Herbert Jackson, 42, As-
sistant General Manager and Man-
ager of Construction of ACG; Arthur J.
Cantle, 42, Assis~ant Manager of
Construction, ACB; and the crew of
two.
All three ACB executives were
seasoned engineers. In this
emergency, the resources of Bechtel's
world-wide organization were combAd
tor replacements.
By the New Year, Steven V. White
assistant to S. D. Bechtel, Jr., had
stepped in to replace Ressegieu.
Joseph Anderson, a Scot fresh from
the Wells Hydro-Electric Project on the
Columbia River, replaced Jackson in
the field; Alan McConnell of Acres
took over in the Montreal office.
Meanwhile after a brief period of
pinch-hitting by Sir Val Duncan,
chairman of the Rio Tinto organiza·
lion, William Mulholland, a partner in
the New York banking house of Mor-
gan Stanley & Co., was elected presi-
dent and chief executive of both
Brinco and CFLCo.
Yet within a year after the tragic
loss the project was well on its way to
delivering first power -five months
ahead of schedule!
The secret of such an achieve-
ment, is twofold, says S.M. Blair, who,
as Chairman of Canadian Bechtel
limited, was chairman of ACB's Policy
Board for most of the construction
period. First, it was necessary to
create a place to work and live produc-
tively in the wilderness; and second, to
create the logistics to supply that
workplace with equipment, supplies.
and labour. on schedule.
!vial<ing .a place
fc,r man
Mcst cf the industrial ins!a:lntions
b!..IHI lo date in the Canadian north
have be~n tr'lnsi~ory, suet'~ as mintng
or petroieum eJtplora~io.t c:amps.
Geneta!ly, the fac~!i!ies are temporary
and the men wi1o occupy them have
iit1!e thought e~tcepl tr.. gel their job
done and lsave.
Churcllin Falls was dif1erent. The
construction period \'l'as Ia ba eight
years, and the a11ticipatad life of the
stalion slretches lO'Nar·:i the middle of
the next century. The transition fror11
.construction ca.mp to permanent
community would ba phased over the
penoc' ·1971-1975.
Tl'~e phHoscph;: was this: a satt!ed
hapf>V work to;-:e, with low turnover
and a 111i!1imum of inlerruptions be-
cause or labour disputes, is the key ~c
maintaini~g schedul,o;~s 111nd CPsl
targets. The man should be happy off
rh~ job as well as on it. Special affort:;
wete made tc atford aineniti_,s far
su~erior to the rough1,eJ:;:. ~r.d bore-
dom of off·llours in a 1y!J:ca~ C<Jnstruc-
tion camp . Civflizatior• must carne
cor,current:y with constructiofl.
Even though final commitment o•
the pro1ect w~s not made until 1 ~66 .
by 1867 pl~ns for '" permaner,t com-
munity near th~ pow6r f!':cHf:-y were
drawn up. Tho 59 hous9s, frJlJf'12-unit
aoartrTle>1t bloet<S and a sarvice com·
:Jl~x whh stores. schooi, a hotel,
th~atre and in :)oor ~creat:on faci li~les
wEHe tirst used by the lo~ger-term
construction statf. later by the perma-
nent power plant operating staff.
Provlslon of al! possil)i£! ame·
nities began as soon as the l1rst road
camps -Eslter, Brid~~' Camv and
Mount Hyde L.ake-o pened By
Christmas, 1965. for i~stance. only
two monlhs after start oi the proje<:t,
John McGowan, Bona VIsta Food
Services manage~, the caterer f(lr the
project. recalls that thq Chrislrnas din-
r~er menu included crearn or tomato
soup. roast tu~key with all the trirn-
minys. and a co!d buf.et with salads,
assorled pastri es, h•, .. o !(inds of
c~.ristmas cake and three kinds of pie.
The dinner was fo!towed by a movie .
At tha main camp, tt:e mer\ were
housed ir.2u-man complexes~-three
1rajlers side by side, housing two tnen
to a roorr:. Tnere were not only wash·
rooms , but a c!oth13s washer and dryer
in most units. Janitoril:ll 5ervices in-
oiudedeven bed-makin~.
The ;nevitabie fee~!ng of isolalion
was reduced through access to the
mobHe rad1otelephone, te!etype and
telegraph s~rvices that ware estab·
lish9d and linked to the cantinent .. wid~
networks. At peal<, the system had
1 ,3G6 te!ephones and 540 mobile
re.d!o units. Until the Ct;urchiil Falls
airstrip WEii ready i11 1 !'189 , schedul9i;l
fiights operated from the Twin ~al!s
airstrip. a 30 mile drive ~rom the maitl
camp.
WI'IEH! car;::oenter Leo L.afla frcm
C~talina, Nfld. stepped off the pi aM in
fl.·!arch 19G8 to become th~ ·1 ,OOO~h
workar on !he project, he tound Hlc,<-
evs and Ryan~ ap~en!y from his own
province, together wilh Gagnons and
Tremblay$ fr(Jrli Quebec: mechanics,
drii!ers, drLvers, pipe·fitters and score2
of other skil ~od and semi-skilied
trades . They were supporl~d both on
site and at the Motltrear headquart~rs
by engineers and draftsma-n transla-
ting general plans t:~nd programs intc
df:ta"ed blueprints and ~checlules.
In Jtme, 1968, the main camp oe-
cama a place fc.r wLlmen too as staff
arriv~d to wori< at a r,ew mess half the
!enolh of a city block Together with
clerks, secretnr i ea, nurses and
1eachers . they made up a grour cr 200
wQrnen wo~king on tfoe project. The1r
earl~· presence on s~te. toQe&her wilh
the civilized ameniti;;;s, is credited with
c nr.oura9 in1J a rernarkab~y clean .
orderly, and livaable camp -"More
like a town 1h<m .a camp·•, as many
workers described :t.
Not that tr.e camp lackod as iive!y
side. A tavern {o{lert morning and
evening to accommodale ;~:~hift work-
ers) beg$1n ope;ation in the recrealion
centre in lete 1957. and said four m:l-
!ion bat\les of beer in the flext four
years. Nor wa.s there e.ny lack at on,er
recreat~ona~ faciiit1es --such as lhB
baseball diamond. soccer field J.nd
skating rink; l;:;ter the cml!ng ril'\i<.,
bowl!r~galiey and swin-:ming p~ol.
~-
.ii..·
The great majoril y of mB n on sita
were not AGB employees. but worked
for CFLCo and the scores of contrac·
tors and suppliers. But -as well as
managing thefr accommodation at the
site, ACB co-ordinated ths other es-
sentra!s for a happy wor:<. force: a col·
lective master !abour agreement
whicn was siyned for an eigtlt y~ar
period (1967-1~75) between an as-
sociation o~ empk'lyers working a.t the
sita and a council ot New!oundlalld·
based locals i::lffiliaterl with interna-
tiona~ buiiding trade and service
unions.
.ilo. substantial hslp to the general
smooth "unning of the-operation was
the presence on site ol full-time labour
relations personnel trained ~o handle
and resolve day·tO·day problems on
the ~pot.
ACB manag~ment 1s unanimous
that this agrcomc11l. wa5 t11e slngre
mos! importe.nt factor in achieving the
high rTtM .. LJay productivity re:;ord~d
du rir~g constfuction. The nc.:-strike.
no·!ockout ciause, togethel' with an
agreed formuiu rerr petiodic wa~e
adjustments. meant th&re was no
interruptlor: c1 wurk becausB of dis-
pul~s. de:spilr: thl.l many different em ·
pioyers an sHe. 1he 10-hour day snd
si)(·lj.c;_y we~k provided ~he 60-hour
Y.'ork .... eek --paid at sfraign! tim~
and Lille ancl a half.
T'"le mal>sive domar'ldS of c•Jn-
struci.,on crF.lat€'ci need::-~r vz.ric.us
skills, from that of the {'.utter clearing
right·of·way br transmission lines, to
the eteclronic e;< perUse of ~he com-
munications tech:1iclan. But they all
flad to be able to take it: (;Oncrete
pouring, for instance, continu~d {b~-
11ind p!astic sh eltEirs) even at th1 rty de-
grees beiow zero. soma 13 raet or
snow fell each winter: clouds of
b lac!(-flies were tne on Jy constant in
th~;t uncertain weather of the short
summer.
At the same time th<Jt me air was
filled with tha roar of heavy earth m~v
ers and the thump of b:astin9. a famt
cry at Churchill Falls Hospital marked
a new way 10 arrive on-site; Jeanette.
daughter of schoo! teacner John
Byrne and hjs wife, was born March 8,
1969, with attendance of ttlc
Hospital's director, Of'. John PriCE! of
the [ntcrnational Grentell P.ssoctet1on.
When a. baby is borrl, a camp t>e-
comes a community. Jo~eph Smaflwood had had .to
make do •AJith a shovel full of peat Wlth
caribou moss, hr the officfal sod tum-
in~ ceremoliy in Hl67. By 1~70 lhe
pnncEp&{ streets or the townsrte were
paved and some of the glacial till was
being upgraded to support tt1.e growth
of lawns and gardens. Nelghbows
were competing to nurtur€1 sapling
shade trEtes-a challen!:Je ir1the 1\Jg-
ged local ctimate.
ln 1970 the field work force in
Main Camo and 11 uatellite camps stratch~ng from Seahorse. at the end
of !he southwestward reach of the
ba,nsmission corridor, to Sail Lake 200
miles distant at the north-eastern ex-
tremity of the reservoir, re3cf1ed 6,245
men and wornen. The da1ly food order
for this army required the deii\oery of
4.5 ton~ uf meat, 2,600 dozens eggs.
3.100 loaves of bread, 13 ~or1s of veg-
·atables. and 2,300 gallons of mlfk.
The ~ransitron from camp to town-
site tool( place smoothl':l over the nex.t
fl<~e years -a credit fo ACB's plan-
ning.
Now hQme fo( approJ(i mate l_y
1.000 permanent residents. Churchill
Falls is one of Canada's newest
northern centres. l'lio effort has been
spared to make It one of the most ad-
vanced and comforlable. To make
f.acililies as accessible as possible dur-
ing th~-; IOI'Ig, cold,snowy winters, the
community cfust&rs compactly around
a un1que complex, the Donald Gordon
Cenlre, grouping under one roof ser-
vices such liiS school <Jnd stores. note I,
theatre, and sports fac.ilities.
A pedestnan mall runs through
the central core Of tile complex from
the hotel to a higtl ceilinged con·
course, which ac~s as the modern-day
equivalent of a town square -·-
uodoors.
T,1a Eric G. Lambert Schooi in the
Centre provtded instruction in English
and French.. Each community facility
was designed lo serve severai pur·
poses. At night and on week-€nds I he
school's resource centre oecor; ,es !he
community library. During week days,
the movie theatre rs used by the
school as its aliditorium and assembly
hall.
The hot.1ses and apartments are
groupe-d in a semi;irrcle around the
Donald Gordon Centrs , Houses are
built on only one side of the street
This faCJiilates snow clearing. It also
helps assure privacy --an important
consideration in a small community
where peop1s see ane anot"'er day in
and ~av our ar work. The use of eler.-
tr:city (rom the Falls for a~l hea:ing
he~ps maka a. remarkably clear. p1ace.
There :s an Interdenominational
chiJrch. a regional hospital, a pmtes·
sionai f1re cfepartf11~nt, a smal: de-
lachment of the RCMP and other
amenities that go with modern civiliza-
tion. Regular scheduled jet airt~rrer
servjce lmks Cru ... rctlit,· Falls •.vith
Montreal and St Jo!ln·s. The corr~
munity is lied in w the continental
lelephoneo net~Nork Engl1S h and
French rad1o and teh~vJsio n 1v1.a microwav~) are prOvided b~· 'the
Canadian Broadcasting Corpora110n.
I.
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Bringing the world
to Churchill Falls
The m?.nagemenl organftabon
evolved lor Churchill Fa~ls construc-
tion was an essential pre-condition for
the achievement of the projecfs ··on·
Sl"'"'edule, withm i0udg91 .. objective.
At the summit o~ the organiza-
tior~al pyramid of the ACS consortium,
responsible for complete engineering
and construction man<Jgen~ent, was
the "Po~icy Boarcr·-itself an organi-
zational innovation. The General
Manager of ACB reported monthly !o
this board. composed ot two senior
axecu t ivas each fro m Acres and
Canadian 8eJclltc1.
The group aiEOo provided liaison
with outt>ide engineering skms em-
bod•ect in .-, panBI uf distinguished in·
terM.tionat con5u!!ants and a panel of
semor engineers from Acres and
Canadi<Jn Bechtel.
The rna~n functions or the ACB
organization were engineering, (;OSt
control and 3drrHnistrati'>n, scheduling
and estimating, procureme11t and t::on-
struchon. The work at the projec1 ttseH
was furtt'ler divided into four compo-
f)er.t::-· water storage: power complex;
sw11chye;rd and lransmission iines:
and su!lport lacilir:es.
Because o1 the 1m 'Tiense scope of
the protect, no general contractor was
r1amad. Instead. r:onlra.~:r "packages"
were developed by ACB in such a way
as to encourage the widest response
and compebHon from qualified bid·
ders. Ovor 180 separate constructio.•
and serv1ce c~racts were awarded,
bu~ none was for an amourl1 in cxcas.s
or $75 million. In addition. hundreds of
major pu rch s.se (;On trac-ts tor the
supply of major equipment ware
negotiated. ma!rrlv \•Jilh Canadian
firms. -
It was deciderJ aarly to relieve
construction contractors of til~:~ re·
sponsibllity for providing housi1,Q and
board for therr men on the site. Tllese
were provided at a stated subsidized
cost per man-day by ACB. 1hls meant
the mmoval of a large item of uncer-
!ainty from the contractor's evaluation,
thus resulttng in lower and mora con-
sistcflt bids. In addition. the good
=-tandards of living and work1ng condi-
tiotlS mad€ an important contribution
to the morale of workers on the
project.
TrallSportatiOfl w.a s contracted 10
vc!ume packa~es to e;'lperi~nced, re-
sponsible earners. such a5 Quebec-
at; and Eastern Provinc~al .AJrwars. A
total of 730,000 tons of materia and
B(Juipment was moved to the site by
air and :surface transport, as weU as
52.000 passengers.
Ttle aHDC<Jiion of work between
tl"le dl~ferenl .A.CB divitioni was as fol-
lows. Engineering. in which A era~.
personnel were predominant. cslab·
tisl1ed concepts, performed {]etai!ed
design, monitored anginearing as·
signments and obteined approvals.
The remaining four div1s~ons. rel1ed
mainly on Canadian BecMter s exper·
tise: the FinEI.nce and Administration
Div1.s10ns (;ompilod cost data, proces·
sed progress ps }'ments and provn:led
admi!)istrative support. The Schedul·
ing ~nd E:l,tirna1ing Division developed
schedules. mon1tored pro!Jress and
prepared contro! estimates for clc·
rnent5 ul tho project during th~~ en-
gineering phase. The Ooerat:onb Divi·
sion covered the Concract r.lepart.-
ment. which developed contr:iCt
ctocuments, fssued tenders, "'~;:!yzed
b~ds. recommet~ded awards ~rot,; or-
ganized quality control and expe(llting.
a~d the Construction Department.
which looked aftar operations on s1ta.
One no!eworthy feature of the
contracting was the prevalence of the
type of 'conscttiwn IJhi~O:sophy" in-
spired by the 1ormat\on o~ AC8 it$e!L
The largest co11~truction tea!Y' on s1te.
for instanGc, w~s Churchill Construc-
tor::~ Joint Vanture, a consortium or six
companies organized by A~las Con-
~>tru(;tion Ud. Provision of the 11 ht-
dro-eleclric generating units, a j~ih
"l;hich employed 600 men for two
~~ears at a cost o! over $60 miil1on. wa::;
con~ructed to lhe Church1lj Flll!s
{Machin~ry) Consort•um. a }oinr ven-
lure of Car.adiM General Electric .
Dom;.,10n Engmeenna Works Ud. and
Marine lndu~tries Ltd CGE ar1d MIL
divided the fi1st H) ~~~rc!n~ glo)nera!or
'Contrac~~ between th;o,-,1 ""ilh Mil
bEung awarded the el(!vent'l.
#
.. 1 '..!'! t,'f•U r~t 01f· 1 ··IJJ('o;ll i~JI!r \L ),,, h • i'u~~~ w·riPJ~ i~· . .-. .-~··~~·~[
Of ttle total C:trect consbuctror
expendi~u(e of $6b5 rn11110n . ap·prox;-
:'nately 6650 mi!!ion -98'·, -was
spent in Canada. with 57o.., of ~he sum
going la Canadtan ·nanufactun r1g
1ndustry. r 7"'~ to serv,ce ,nduSif)'. and
2Va in dirGct labour costs
Sut. m 5pste of lhe high C~'inadran
com;Jor:e-nt of rr.an·Jfacture. the con-
sortn.Jt"!"' approach made ava~lable 1he
best m North Amencan ~nc Euroocan
te-c!~n ology. Both Ccmadtan · ;;~nd
Fn:nc:t1 spec1altsB . for instance.
evolv J "•-air own ,'jes!ons for lhEI tur-
t. .• c o?.J"lr:! generators: .:l~th groups
·::J ouled and shan::u then· ewerience to
the benefit of !he project. Shafts tor
tne huge untts were forged 1n Eng!ano.
turbtna rr:odels 1esled 1n Canaca.
France anu ScoUafld, speed gover-
I'IDrS designed ar,cl bu•lt 1n the Unll.(ld
States. and 5Gmc: ~·ansfmmer.s sup-
p1ted hom Swcd~;:n. Aca·., I(Jgjshcal r-1ana~ement
was ~ested to 1he Ll=mos1 e~r.y m lhe
prOJ€CI. whan ,.n May 10. 1969. a
stnke suspended o~eratruns or the
Ouobec NorH~ Shote & Labra~ior
Railway for t'lr<Je mon1h~. at the peak
Df the nea"y const•uchon season. wtth
-1 .50-:l mt>n alre8.r1y on si~e . An
1(1
emergency airlift -··the biggest since
the Berlin tJiockane" -was pulled
togeiher, wilh aircralt .:ha1!ered from
as far away as F1orida ano Alaska. It
operated 1.153 fltghts lmm Ser:L lies
and Goose Bay. carrying in 650.000
gallons ot fuel p~us 11.£17 Ions o!
cargo. and sur:phes. 1nr.1udrng 1tems
as heavy as dismantled b;Ji!dozers .
Gut the Church1fl Falls acl1:eve-
ment was nut limited tc ~ mas!>iw~ ap-
plication of logisiical and earthm0\11n9
skills It involved. loo. the r.-~ost ad-
vancP.d and tnlcns1ve angmearir'lg ap ·
proactl ever appl;ed to a rna1or hycro-
eloctnc projnct. Reitetblltty and a:;
sumd perlorrnance from !he start cf
operation were vital fo assure that
power contract oMgat1onos wc•e lutly
met. Fca!ures of 111e prOJ!~ct had Lo
meet the roquirernenls oi werl proven
ex::Jerience as well a.s lake 1'1e full
costioenehf advantages allowed by
the scale of tt1e project.
Turbines and generators were
selected at the ...~pper ilmit3 o1 output
and stze for the 1.060 'L hcnd
Thomugh dostgn anfll:..-~t$ provicP.d !'I
higlo degree of confirte11ce fhal Hil ex-
pectat.ons ~vould be re2!rzed. Electn·
c<e>:l 'acifrtms 1r.a:h~ optimt.m use tJf [}
230 KV/735 Kif system l.'.ith power
carried from lhe underurol)nd lr~ns·
forrners thrcugh 900 ft. -1::31'19 orl f1 ll~d
r:aolcs.
~'lgmuenrg dos:qn oi t.'1r ex.-::a·
\'al~d caverns I':'' ~o;;werhous.::. surqc
lanll. tunnett. anr~ ~;.o.ller·e~ wm; gma!J~·
ass~sted by t.s .... of advanced frnite
el~:;menl str;)SS analySIS G•osc inte-
gratton of EmgincHm"g and rnn;;1ruc·
hon tee "'ntques leG w su h ~;~an~~<:~ I
economies
Varied ~asl<s demando::t:l rew en
g~nno:-1ng apr.ro<.lChcs lrnm 1'1 e m;1-;;·
sive hycta.ul•c contro! g~1t~s 1u lr~11lS
porl equipment spec.,ai ·Y" •:~Js.-qneu fo-
1ne protect r.eecrs.
The gates ar~ :tte cru·:..1 -1i elemr?nt
1n cDr tr oiling tile trr f'(hli 1J ·nor t of
~. 1 OD biiUO'l :-ub1c tee1 O:•l .JSC!b1e water rm Chur(.;htlll=.~·ls pOl#&! ~1e ·-~·r:orr-cnt.
The ser4e~ of re!;r~r~;otr~ ,1 ·~-."! !he
a• a a oi Lake Ork~•l: c\rt> !•)I: 1'1:'<1 oy
the SKIU~JI ~>Se of nar ~ra' a···•l 1-;Jn11-;..
:;uppiE~mentea w•1h .~c ~, .;·~ "Jf d:-iKr;·~.
ranu•ric LlP 1o 117 fc-m :r h ;• .:-; .. : f!~e
ke~--to-drr~Cf1ng :h1s ·,v,iif:' .<., · :·. ,,; $,'(
con1roi structutes ·-:_::")no:re~~~ sr 1-
ways w•!l" !ihd1nc; ~<•113 ~ '1•;,~ ·.:.:1r t!<
r eri'IO!!~Iy con:rc·'~cr. P.i•, ·-, .-.. 1 ) •• ~''''
1
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the Chc-rchi!l Fafis control room at a
d!stam:e of uo to 60 miles. To m~~t~
thsso gates ·operate raiil!lbiy when
!emperatui'E:!S might be 50<'F. be!ow.
with five ft. of L~e on ihe reservoir, re·
quinx:l many man months of mode!!mg
and desiQn effort. Tha insta:lations me
he-ated ln winter IJott: bv air circufatlon
and electric (es!sta11~e heaters. and
eiectromechanically contro!leo by r~
d~lndant. fail·s<:lfe, supervhscry control
cir-:uils.
Ano1her uniQue element ot tile
proj.:.ct was the design and construc-
tioll ot ::l2'50.·ton tran8porter~o tal~e the
224-ton transformers (one ror each
g-enera1or set) from their spe:::ia! rail
cars at =:sker to the project site.
The vehf.cle finaliy developeo h3d
tires seven ,eet high, and two
7UO-horsepower six·wMt;l drive trac-
tors. ll$198 root-lonr;1 body, was articu-
lated in ordar to be abl-e to negotiate
fl'1e tu;rs in th~ 28 ft. wide access tun-
nel to the underground transformer
gallery. Early Churchiii Fai!s rssrdents
st!ll remember turr.ir1o out at tile tn~er
seclion ot Ressegie!.IDrive ar1d Esker
Road to see "the awesome convoy
craw! pOJst in full glor~•, yellow ftashers
whirlina, at two and a hall miles an
hour:'·
Tne trs.nstormer transporter was
only the largest of the enormous fieet
of 2,000 transport and con:;truc:lion
veh<t:lcs at the site: 600 IHJCked
macllines. ranging from bulldozers to
self prope~le,j dri!:s: and 1 ,J~[IG
wheeled vahicie!S, from pass(mg~r
cars to fuel lan~ers and 5CHon durnp
trucks.
Ncr were the transforme1·s the
only l1ea1,oy equipmer>1 beyond the car-
rying ca~<l-ca~· of rnost vehicles: the
iurbine nmn~E~rs with a casting weight
or 145 tons . .Jnd a finished we!qht of
100 tolls set for Canada a worfd re-
r::ord ff1r the ~2.rgest castinr::s ever
made in stain!.:;-ss stB(l! "fh\} t'ND
cranas ;nstalled rn !he power hOl>Se
w~r~ OOL1pled "'dh a rnass1ve lifting
beam to handle the G55 ton rotors and
giant si.ator:; for ti1e gnnmat-or units.
which were assemb!ed on site <Jnd
lirted into positicn.
5pann:r.g the rivo:·.r ~orye was 8
h1gh!ight for thC' tran~rn1ssion iif'le
cra'I:JS. The1r eHorts li11ked tha prp,v~r
plr.nt w.lh the t-lyoro-Quebec substa·
tion at ~;lontagna!s. 13{] m'!es to the
southwsst. For I he l!:lst span a helicop-
ter (on~ of as rnany as sevf.'n on s•le}
r.w!C"d 7.SOO feet of haiHnct; nyion
rope a::rm;;s lhe ri.,·EH from ~ha soutl'1
sht)re. increasingly heavier 51eel ca-
t;las !o·lo•.ved Urltl: lmelly the ccmp~et9
set o! conducttx!o; stretched ,rc~' tt'lree
sets or 100 lt. towers, 6,2GG f;. 2!p1lrt
1.000 fl. at!ove the '-'JatDr 5 of lh.e
Churchill
Fer e.ach c:onl'ract .:Ja(:k&Je, •-•rqa
or small, ACS':;. co."'Cf;J! mr;niiming af
oost, quality, ~mel coMp!Gho!11ime was
the essential factt..r ill int~ .. .;Fati WJ
1Wery element intv t!18 smo~tll prut.;·
ress of tre t'l' hole project.
Ouat!ty s1ar1dards ·:~.r~;;ore c~?.arl~·
written into 6aCh con!ract docurn!:Oin~
and \JUf(:ha!:le order. t:nd ACS.'s ~u<siJy
contwl groun not ~;~niy monitored cor;·
s1ruc1ion and manuiacturil'lg conlrf:lctt;.
but also ~ns~sted li1at the contrac~ors
prov1de their own quality :x:;ntrol S}'S-
t~rns.
Schsdu~e ;~ontrol w1'!:;, achieved
il'l'' monitonng Drogr~:;ss m• cc:ntf8ct;;;
eve;y P!o.'O '/teak~. r;nd ta!~!n~ C0rrc--c-
tiV~ ilctJo"" wherever possib .. J b.-~!U<(,.
slippage became seri(Jus. Cosl contro~
was main~l:lint:ld from the-ir~itf<JI r:::;:ti-
matli:l tilrOuf111 design. anr.!, atic~r con ..
t.-act award, by monthl'f forecasting of
final cost relat!ve I!J budget. Thus,
early warmn9 of any signif;cOJn, var.a-
tion enable-d corret:tive measures to
be ta~.en in time to ar::hieve comro!.
All lhis performance info~meJt1or;
would have b-oon nearly usr:-le;;;s Lm-
less systamatiz.eC:. computerized for
easy rl\!trievar. .:ll"'d in1egratecl with
anot~er ke)' r.actor: logis!ics. A given
item ot material for the projeci m~ght
meet cost. ql1ality, and cornp!etic n
targets. F3ut wher9 was il? Wl;en W<'.8
it shipp9d? When. a,1d how, wou!d it
<'!rrive on si~e? fhese wer{] qu~ln:m5
the T'ansporte~tion il"of!!,mati(ln Sys:~m
(fiS) used t·Jy ACB, was des1qned ro
answer. No soulless ma!~h,~r-:. T!S
took lhe strenuous eftorls of scores of
men as wei· as 'l'lasses ol dEJ.ta pro·
cessmg rKJV'pm~:::n! to -<:eep taos; on th~
thc:n1Sands (')! 1tems o1 IY1ateml! •n
tr<:Jnsit ul any une t1"11e
...
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-d • • •• • r · · tm ....
Safety
beneath the shield
The heart of the Churchill Falls
power plant is the great machine han.
housing the 11 gensrati•1g units. Over
toOO ft fo11g, 8' ft. wide. and 154 rt.
from floor to roof, il was carved out of
ll'le rugged granite of th~;~ Laurentian
silisld 900ft. below the surface.
It might seem simpltH to have
Sited the power plant above ground at
the edge oi ~he river. But, from lh~
perspective of a hydrau~ic en~ineer, rt
is monil practical to make the 11 pen-
stocks whic::h carry wa!er to each tur·
t>ine short and a.'> steep as possible.
Wh.en the 450 P<Junds per square inch
pr~ssura has spun the turbine, the
spent water is discharged to a surg9
chamber, baiore f~wing via two ~~uge
tailrace ttJnnels ov~r a mile to the
fotro~et C!":Lm::hilf river.
The arnount of excavahon re-
QUJfed w~s enormous; in addition to
!lla peosl<x:::k5 and the machine hall
and surge chamber a transfonner ga~·
lery was excavated just above tne
pow~~housa. And ln(l Cl)l'109rn oi the
engms~rs and geologn;ts !hat lht! rock
sttuc~re be ··competent'' to bear ~he
bfastrng, tunnelling, B.r.d me surge of
14
water, was lhorOIJghly exercised by
exhaustive drJIIing, sampling, and
stress analysis . -~-he area finaliy
seleded tor the powerhouse had been
proven to haiJe the necessary integrlty
anr.l .. faul[lass'' structure.
The first step was completion of a
mi1o-1ong access road which curves
down the ~;leep slope toward the river.
The second was to drive a mile deep
tunner al tll~J end of the road, angled in
to provide access to tile undarground
woills through which the heavy dump
truc!.;s were to remove much of lhe
rock.
This accomplished, the me.jor un-
dergrour\0 construction con!rac.t was
awarded to ChurctriH Constructors:
two contracts totalling !i65.7 rniHion,
for aJJ remaining undergro1.md excava·
tion except completion of the tailrace
~·..!nnels; most of the concreting of the
underground r.·omplex: inst;:dling of
miles ot embedded condoit and fJip·
ing: ar1d provision of tons of anchors
afld rock" bolting, as w~H as i rtstaltation
of the maio powerl'rov.se cranes and
gates. In excavation alone, this meant
tll9 removal ol 2.300,000 cubic yards
o~ rock. CCJV, as the consortium was
called, was busv for three years at the
job. employing at one time over 1,200
workers.
Safety -both for the construe·
tion crew and the operating staff who
would follow them -was a prime
conslderalion. Painstaking calcula-
tions had to tal<e into account the
changing s1fesses on the rock as tl'te
excavations grow in ~ze.
!n the larg~: chambers, excavat1on
W.?15 carried nul from :he top dowr"l:
first a !)flot tunn~l or heading was
driven alona what was to be the ce 1ling
of the chamber. Then this would be
"slash~:~d" or excavated to fu!l w~dth.
Finally the rl;}maining la~rs of rock
wwld be bla.l)led and mucked away in
a quarry-like operation.
Excavation re!lCiled 1ts poak in
June 1969: wilhrn $rx days 45.$00
cubic yards ot rock wora •amoved,
enough For 2.800 lrucklo,:~ds of 33 t~ns
each.
The pens-to{:ks. on th c Ottler
hand, were started !·om the bottom.
drilled from electncal!y·dri¥ef\ climbing
·~ I)
li
m
:;
·I .,
\;-:1
. . _;.,
·· "·we m .. -
platforms known @S "Aiimaks" and
which enabled an ~~gN by ten toot
pilot shaft 1,200 ft. to the surface to be
driven wtthout intermediate stations.
Yet, such was Hoe aocuracy of survey·
ing (in which the latest technical de-
Vi{les such as iaser beams had been
employed> that the first shaft broke
su rfa.ce with ln inches of its target.
One of fhe most hazardous and
difficult jobs remained: siashing the 11
pilot shafts to the designed 2:2 ft by 28
ft penstock di~nsiCtls.
The "slashing" w~s done b}l six
drills on outriggers, mounted on a
"jumbo'"-a sort of fiat-{;at whfch ran
on steel rail::: ~aid on the almost veftica~
side of tha tunnel.
Day after day the same sequence
went on: lhe drills would whine into the
rocil, cnarges WO\Jld t:.e set, the jumbo
'oiTOuld be hauled back 45 fl., and the
blast fired . As tons o: rock cascaded
1,200 ft. to the bottom, I he jumbo
would be <l.dvanced. another 14 ft. of
rair laid. a11d the whole process would
bagln an over again.
When the jurn bos had finally
bored their wa.y down ths shaft
another hazardous job began-con·
creling. Thrs was the task of covering
the whola Inside :surface of the pen-
stocks with a foot or concrete -!O
resis1 the wsh of 400,(}(}o) gatiOf!S; of
water a second at full flow. The men
who worll:oo the barrel-shaped collap-
sible meter forms for ths oo~1crete cal-
led the frame at the top of th~ torm
"tha heM-ache rack'' with good reason
-even a smaJI pebble comes down a
1,00.0 fl tunnellnclinad at 60 degrel>s
like a ricocheting bu I let
On July 1~. 1970, thA fir'l<:>.t hl.:;o~.f
W'dS f!rad at the bottom of No . 10 ~en
stock, marking comptetion -less
than 34 months aftEi!r i~ E.Le.ri.ed. of too
ut1<terground Q-Mcavatlol,, Some five
mlllion pounds of explosive t.a::l
been used. Yet, In spite of ihe scala
of the operation. and 1hs qraat
haights a."ld other h82ards in·ro:Ved,
lost t!mG from work eccidenl.s was
su~stantially lower than on most
excavation jobs of this type.
Tha final ho:i:o::onta~ ss:cticn of Ill~
penstock!!, which narrowed to i 4 ft.
seven in. diameter, was lin-ad with high
strength stael. (The length of the
co~Stly stsellinir.g had been minimi:red
by careful eog~ring analysis and
judgement of th3-adequacy cf rock
8.1'1d concrete to withstand the stress.
Impressive economies were
achieved.}
EJCcellence ln bOth C::Jsign and
workmanship meant that fun advan~
ta.ge could be taken of the temarkably
solid rock formation. No supporting
caocrete was required fOf the roots of
the masslve underground chambo;s.
The powerhouse ceiling finally took.
the form of stainless steel sheeting
suspended hom botts embedded in
the vaults oJ rock above.
•411 ' .• -~4'"~,r~r:
Typiml 11-t;o·~ ~ll}<"i) :mnT
17
.. '··
.~f.-. '
s~ ' .
.;H,Ull.~ssing
·t:e·c:.h:nOl.ocr~' ·:b~'
tc; i.111prove ecolo·gy ,..,.
Whtiln gf.lologist A. P. Low
climbed Labrador'& Lookout Mountafn
in 1894. OlferllJaking ~vhal is. now the
Chun::hil! Fall::; pQwer eli!.nt !-'take, he
~<3opor!~d a bl~ a k vi~'~'!: 'over h::~lf oft he
surr!'Jurtding country has. bee<~ strip·
p~;d hate I:Fy fra-quflnl fires. (n 1he
s·•vamos and aro~Jnd 1ha s!'lora-s o~ I he
!al::as: .. bi ack spruco and l;.rch of
&rn.etl size grow thlc!l:ly togeth-er. On
tl,,l sidss of tN~ hills lhe.se are mcro
5tunted ... w11ere t~e hil!~~deos have
be9:'1 bumt V·3ars ago the~· are cov·
ered w! th a tangled mass of wi !lows
a:w a!de r s, whfre the tops are coa~ed
w+~ wh!ta mos~ Jr'll::l samt arctic
:.~;;;bs..··
Ti1e ani ma:s that mhatit ihis
har:<h !$.r<d le.aC! ~ sim!iar1y precarious
i'lll'.rSter-.ce, and Jr.rga mammal:!l, StJch
as t!te blac~ b.eiir and caribou . <'l r~ f~~
"'!lihi~-3! u~ .mfished ~;,es pw:!de a. few
.... ~pp.:)!$, tr.e c.oncentrati::n c-r nu ..
::r~nt.:;. ar~d there-~re lht" density of
;:t.O:ual!c nte. !~ !loog;s~-la~rador·s
~-l.is:.:fi::..op~ iihlj"'ne. $"'~11m vis~ied the
area, beca usti cf the scarCity or yarn a
and fish.
In workrn.a wtth and afterin~ the
terrain, man does not always ne.ed to
oppose n<!t\.Jre. it is, peril.aps. signifi-
cant that the new course along the
edge of the plateau, into which the
Church!il was directec!, may in fact
h<we been the ortgina.l river bed before
the east gla:Cl-ltion 20,000 years ago.
Er.:olcgical!y. tho ootire project can be
slu.C:ied as a model for resoufce de-
velopment ir1 tha Canadia11 norl11.
From the standpolnt or {.OI~SefVa·
tion. the reguiaJi'Jn ol flows. passing
through 1 he power !levelo~1man t
s!1ould actua1~y ~!Edt:~ to P'"SVei11 the
i)fO\•ious !1armfut e-rosion of the b~l'lks
of ttle lower reaches of tne Cl"'urchFi 1.
by unc·Jn~rol1ed sp;lng freshets.
Ag.<:u~, t~e fwocling Qf .2.500
squl:lre mu.ss w create the reservoirs
~~anged lh~ far.e ot the countryside .
MOVtever, the s~mur~ass oftha process.
wl'llch took p=ace a11er three years,
:neent tl"lal h<e;>mtui ~mpact u~n ter;d
ar1imal~ in the reg~o" ":'!as r~inimi..:ed.
Carefur studies by blologu;;ts have
COiiCitoded thai some overcrow::!i11g
or sm.;;!le;-soecies occurred in some
timitcd areo:s such as i.sl<mds which
were created as the waters rase.
And tne fishing should be even
better thar. before. Not omy has the
aquati1~ hatl!tat been gr9ally en!arQed,
but the ftoodinQ ot swamp .s11d mus-
keg, biologists ha.va found; increa:;es
the vol;;me and ct.:.ncentrat10n ot :;.rna:ll
organisms whir.h .are thfl ba:;:"' .. of th(;l
rood cha:n whjch sustains. lnC>J:ectl}·-
the: largergame fi::>h. . .
Or the land S~lb!Tre.rgec! t:teneat~
the rcsarvo1r. <'!survey determined fr:at
it contained B"5 per cent scruO buS~:
grt:JwinQ or. rock scantily coverad_ ·ml!:
acid .soil. four par c.-ent t;arl'l3n mnd:
nine per -cen1 buril~d-cver areas. ar'rC
20 pe'r Dl::'n: bog. Oniy wo~o per cent
t;onsi~1e ct ()l trf! e s ov~r 30 ft. h>gh.
ACi3's concern fer. and interest
in. ~he erwira:;mem was ciaar!y _d~: rnonstra.~e.d b:l" th~ i>lsistence tt;ai a..l
.~ ... -. :t
: .... ..
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.. :1·
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20
camps, even the ramotest. snouid be
equ1pped with sewage treatment
faci!:ties.
Arld the-new human inhabitants,
permanent and lemporary. ol th1;1 main
camp afld townsfte appaar ~o have
quickly developed an awareMss and
.:;~ppreciaUon of the unsp()i!ed envi-
ronment ERrly !ssues cl 1he weekly
CFLCo paper Churcht11 Fafls News,
were full of suggeslions tor using such
natural rasot.m::;as as cariboll moss,
parlridge berries, and Labrador tea.
And one of the noHest debates in its
~etters column wa5 1he vexed auhject
of whether f$male calibou have ant-
Jars. (Unlike the resJ of the deer family,
the~ d'nl _
It wa<; t1li s aspect of the projer:t
which captuTed th'3 attlilntion ~Jf Prima
Minister Pierre Emou TnJdeWJ, when
h£3 inaugurated the devetopmen! on
June 16. i 972, with a sp11cch titled ·•rn
harmony wilh nature.''
"We stmuld see;· he said. "tnis
gigentic insi.JIJatit:'n <lS the un!fied and
dy1"1a.mic solution to a great many
prot>Jems, using the contributions of a
wide .array of skills and knowledgE!. A
truly human ::;tn::~:pe has thus been
given to this source cl raw e."Gr!Jy
without diminishing nature or disturb·
ing the batmca ot the ~rwirortment
The example of Ctlurchill Fafls shuws
that though ma.r. imposes nis will on
natura. Me can do so jn haffTKiflY with
nature, and that this procesS~ can be
noble and fr~,;ilful Thar is wily I Sl.i''
wilhout 11esitatiofl rnat m.Ar tectmof·
ogy ha'S produced here a masf&r·
piece t'lar comm~nds rJovt>l~
admir<J!i~n . ''
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by.
of
Vetsionfnmraisl! sur dematult.
PRII'!'TED IN CANADA
Falls
t
'.~.·.~~:~.:,~-.-.f.·" .• : ..• '.:_,·.;:~-.· .. :·--.,i·;·:.:.:.:c_:--·.~ .. ::~~.::.-.:·.-: .. :.:·~ ..• _.~.:.:.~.~;·: ..... • ... ·:··:·~".·.~·~.-:',·.···:,.·.i.· .... : .• ·.:···.~·-.~.··.·-.• :.:~.··:.::· ... ~·.:-~: .•.. ·:: ... ::.···_·.; .... ·~._: .• : ..• ~.~::t.: ·.?\ ... ·~:.~.:...-:·".~··.,.~:!;.·~·.:~_::·:',~ .. ~~~,·.)· .. • .• : .. _ .. ~·.:::,..:".·._:·~.-r\.··."·_::~ .. ~~-··.-.···.·.:·.r-.•••• ~ .• ··.!~_:; .. ~.:~:~-: __ ·;:·.~"',-~.·~ .... ;~~~.=~=.-.;~;".···.· •• ···:,. f./~~}r~.-;?f~;;~~~:;~~~-?~-~~I1:?_~:.r.~~i».if.~f.;·:!=· · :: -?'.;: . :z:;: ~ : •.. , .. · -· ~· ;.>.<: _ ,., ~-~ =~-> : ...... _ · · ... f~~:~~*~r.:~:~:!~!j\~'Jl!.*i:~~··}, .~:~·~~i~\:·*i~~:r.~·*~~
Loc.a.tt:d on Lh& (n~urnbi.J Ri~'ct, a.houl -'!.SO ri•;~r km
nonh of rhc Canada· UJii t~d St at~-5 bordE!r, \·1 ica
D11m ill om' of the higher earth-ii11 darn5 in the
···I:Drh.!. Cmnuided ir~ 't9i'3, the d~w1 toW('rS 244 tn
abo~·~ lhc lowest jedr:)(k I!!V•3I an.J con~htut.t!'>a rn~'iur
lrn k. ~n h.:Hn~s~! r:g the v,,JJ er re<;mH~;e~ .. r L ht~
wlurr,bia Rivt·r ~l!>IC:::rfl. A live Sh.)l'.:l~e c.a.pa.dty of
l 5 ,UOO x 1 (if: m · ];; vp·:o:-~ red to tarn~ thl' mi~hl y
r..r· .. lumfli.:-Ri .. 'IH and pnn·ick flurld proCt::Ct.IOn t~J
dG\Iin~tr~;lrn !·ip<iria;: laml By l 977, 1 ,7 1C' 1\HV of
h·:~drof:kctr:c g<'!ru~ratin~ c::tr.u:;it".. h..td l:;l!!::!l in::.t.:~ric.::l
by l.h~ r.HI.'rll~l, B ri l1sh C~lll mbh Hydro ;ln d Pnwt.: r
..C..LJt.liOI"iL ~'·
Thf' \·1 icu ··tm -~~··· N''~'· ;..i
j (~In!· vc nt.ure Cl)m p·a ~~y
Lin1itl·~!.
w;L:'. ~-nginN·red L·~· th<:
c..t .... 5[C0 Co ,.,_ul1~ nts
1-1. G . ..-:\C:RlS /1, "'D cora· ANY UMlTF.IY wh 1Hh:
~)1 t r1c 1111 t'c p.H~'·H c:;girn-cri n;:! ((•nlp .. m ieoo;..
• ~he (...:;;l'l{t.1fl', v.·.E r··:~.:l'l.';i : .• ~1r:~ Cl:l~o;hi,~ )C~\~,:e-.
l.[n~i~r:.:d in ; ':164.
;\a<:-s C()n•.u;t ill!! S;.·: "i l'\.'~ li r11il cd
5 ~~59' DN!:h,:o;;:::r Rr.~o;J
N!.<~~.l~ a Fat!~. 0 n1 .1ri•:.
C;;nJ.dJ
l .:~f. ~~v~· 1
·.,,.;. :. ~ :·:
History of the Mica Storage Prr)ject
fne Colt1mb Ia bas1 n is an lntern11.tinn;:!l ri"~r s~·stc m
w!th lts headwat~n; io~:.aterl prr·hminantly ir. the
C:111adian Rocld es. The Columbia River flow~
suJthwarri intn the' Un1t~d ':)(,He~. thch tum~
we>~tward 211d u1timately d i~t;harge!i int<) the Pac:i1 ic
Oc~a:n. The mc<!n OI.MIJal &;charge at the mouth i!>
6,3QO m3/s and lh!:! sysi~::1,1 ii th~ fourth largest !n
cnntinent.:-~1 Nm<h Aowric:a.
! n tn~ .:o;:rly H.lt.h century, ti1t1 Co! utnbia Riwt was
tJt ili7td .i\S-a major >rading rcu;tc fnr tnc fur
i11Ju~:1rv-GQod5 and po::s~nKWi v.crc transf€rred to
bo;ns. iust north of the present Mica darns.lt~ fer the
joi.irney t IJ tile Plldfic Occ<-~!:l. j 11 1 &65 , a. brit•f but
f:.!rious gold n.1sh erupted as mine~ a~1d adventurers
ureamed Lo wll.rd the" mine:;. south of rhc M~a s~tf!.
A cre!o ha!> been i nvolvcd in the -dcvelopn1ent of the
W?.Ier resou rc~s nf the (,Jhlmhi~ !oi n cc (he ca.rly·
l9:}0 ·s, wl1cr1 roncC'ptui:ll t.lc!>ign s wr.-rc prcp<Jred for
.i;lll e:~rtll-fiH ~.!;1m ~~ 1 h~ 1-'n:-sl'nt M i~i:l 5i t.c. In th~ !a teo
1951J's, tilt! Cmnrany dt·velopct.l scheme:;, for ~ site
or the ColumbiJ i n the ~,o·icinity nf Murph~· Cret'!k.
In 1 9 61 , 1 h n.: c rn.aior Camdlan cnn!.t~lting
._-hmpanies-··· f I. G. Acre:~. ~nd Cnmp~ny Limited,
Shawi.n igan E ngi need ng Companv Limited, .1nd
Crippen-Wrigtu: Engitlccring-fonMd a joint·venture
ctlmpany called CASECO Con!>ultants Limited. Dr .
t.. W. F. McQueen of A(l"es \\'.15 P"rc-sider1l cf
CASE:C:O between 19-61 and 1%7. CASECO was
ilt:'lf'oi:Hed as th-e comu~rinb engineer~ for the 1\'lica
bam project by tl,<: B~ilish Columbia Power
Commf~siOfl-~
CAS F. CO i nvol ·.-erncnt in the 11.·1ic.i s t rH.ilgc puJfi!CI
inr.lucl.t-d
• • river basin planning ~t u:.HC!;
~ enginee-ring ;~nd wn~trw;:tiun :Supc-rvisi•)n for ,\·\in
Dam .;J.ncl iis~ol·i..~t~d structure-s
---d~:-sign Gf townsite!'
-in;·e"-lig.:!tion of resen--oir ~fid~
->tudy of the Downt!' slide I;J.:;:,ni!:d dt)wmart·.am
fro ;r: : h~ site.
During the pt::rioJ 1951 --1964, CASECO wor~~d
\In an r)'llo:lroil i WJter res:Ju;ces devdoprmml plan for
th .... Coiumb!it Ri\lcr b.:~:>in in Cma::h. This work
con:.titu~cd the b~sis of the 1954 (tJ!umbia River
·r n:-atv beiV.'Ot:!1 C;:nii.dd ;;.nd lh~ lJn i t::!d Sta.le~. !n
rerms' cl rh•.: T rcal.y, 3 stor;;~ge d.o ms , · Mica,
:J!_:ncan Jf!d 1\rrow --were to b-e built in the
C<1:1a<:fi<.i 11 por Lion of tf,~ Cnll:mbi21 1.yst~ n1.
To fill key pasiUons, CASECO Initially drew senior
~n~ineNing s.tc.ff from the par~nt ~~omp~:~nies, Two
~nior member$ f rnn1 eacl1 of the thrC'c enginc~ring
firms als.o se:n-cd on <t Board of Engint~o.vrs for
C A Sr.: CO to provldl:' technt~l gL1ld11r.c.e ant.!
expertTs.e fm the duration nf Uw dt!::;ign a.nd
construction of the proje-ct. Dr. D. H. 1\.hu::Don..!ld
llr.d Mr. L W. M.;;Caig were t11~ Acres memb:rs of
thi: Soard m-· Engineers for the major portion of the
period be.twetJI1 1961 and 1 97B. In view of the
appwa~h1ng complcdon c·f the: design phas.e of
CASt CO's worl<:, Acre.s. and Sha\.•1nlgai1 5old their
int.er~-~t~ in the !oint ,·entiJre to G . ~--~. Cdpp~n and
.~ssodat~:!'i L i milcd 1n 1967. H(h':'~~·.-.::.,, ;J.:;. s.lipulaled
b }' the Briti~h Co~umbtJ Hydro and Power
AHthori L}', both At;re5 and .Sha wi llig.!rt rt:t.-tim:d
tr-chni c11.l rt:sponsibility ;md rnai nl.aintJ m~ mb~r31llp
on the Bo<.~rd of Engitlccr~ unti! completio-n of the
work !ll 1 ~78.
~lne Commi~si•m Wtl$ <lhnrbe-d lnt.:.1 ~111!" n~::wfy ~r~W-:J Rr;Li~h
C~1lurnl'li;1 Hydro ami P":,w~,:, .4,:J lhnrity in 1 %:.!.
~~·1ica Tovvnsite
Tho:: towns-ice ill M ir.:1 w:1!> rlc!.igr~:-:i 1 · •. , ) 1''111 Jdi:!.H'
up to 1,000 pcop!e-during LC'lStl u : .. · -.' ·;;;,· dam.
Full facilities \o,.·cre pmvid~cl , in~ L.:·; .: . -~:.Jpping
t.~:nt('r. hank, F<'"Cr<>atiorl ("Nil"'. .m:dica!
clini~;;, poliu; si..:LliOil, h-a~!:-1 . .tnd ._,,.·.: _·,·.nioncd
fac-i!it;t":o..
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r·) La_m
1\·Hca Dam is. locatod io rugg~:;d, glaciated terrain
~oviih mountain~ ris; ng steepiy to nearly 1,500 m
J lmw river fc•.Jei. DuriJ1& the Pteist.ocen~ epoct.
Alpl11e <!nd Cont1nen~1 glaciers covered t!oe atc.a
with k.: sl1.cet!> up ~o 1 ,800 m thidc acJrock
corlsi!f.IS geru::•·"IIY of mica schist and gr.ar,i~·ic: gneiss.
The river valley beneath the dam wa~ fiUea with 27
m of i!.liuvium, underlain by up lo 1 S m of \•ery
d(':me gl<u;ial tl11.
E xt.em.ivc fieid invcstiga.tian~ were p~rformcd.
Explor.ati~n Wd~ Larricd (.>UI. uver ~ p\.!riod of 3 yedi'S
by CASECO a.nd imlud~d driiliog and s~mpllng, tc~t
pittin-g, trenchin~. seismic profiling, test fills, te:;t
bh'!s.ts .:md pump tests.. Over 2.000 dri li holes,
d.l mshdl and back floe test pit~ wen~ us.cd to
confirm a.;ieq uatc S.:Hm:cs of construction rnaler ia.l.
Th~ ;nair. d<~m ;~ a c:omp;u;:t~d earth-fill slrw;ture
with a: near·~o·e rtl ca I i mpervfou~ core or glacial till.
~,..ia;.:,imum height of the d;;,m is 198 m above the
riverbed i("\'el. Til~ total volume of fiH materi;d is
;~pprmo:im.atcly 32 6 x 106 m3. The inner and outer
she II zones comi-sl of sand and gravel, ancl rock fill,
respect ;.,..ely. To prevent te-nsion cracking wi lh~n the
~he !Is and core .<.u ne of the d.<un, the following
'l'le~surcs were incorporated irt the dt:~ign:
-~elec:tion of we !1-gr<ldCd glaciai ti II ..;s a ~elf·healing
core mat.erii!;
-adoption of re!at ivclv flat slopes to l'ilini rnize
s.eismic-ind~lCf:!d ;.he,1 r $tri!Sses
-u~trca!; .. rvature of the da.m
high·t:-ner~y compaction of fill m..tt.criats
.. sh;!ping of .a.bulm("n LS and .::ore cor~ tact. z:one~.
The fou.nd:ition of the impen·ious. core ZGonc w~s
t:>t~(llli.iied to sound rock. o~·erhil.ngs ana abrupl
J~sr.ontinu it.i~s w~ re removed ;md the rock surface
shaped, by b:astlng, to ::trovir!e sard<ielory conta.ct
uca~ with t !-Je fi I L Fuund;Jlion o;urflcc ueatment
CQmprrsed infil i COtlCretl': tO remo/Ve geo.rnelri(;
irregu laift!es., and shuir.rf'tt-,.,.,,-.~ .-1 .... ~ •. ,. ~ ... : ...... ~"'
._..,, ..... , ~-~~~~ t~ 10 ~ne bedroc:k surfate.
\o"h~hin lhe riverbed area, the foLJndatiun of the
supj)crt.ing -shdl zor1~s. uf l..he dam wa~ pla.c:ed on
d;2ns~~ ?.lhwittm. Tho;-upp~r stratt..:m of s!lt~r fine sand
was e-xc~vJted to a•A:<iJ poss.ibl~ liqueb~tiun undtr
e.::rnl"io,u.i:lke :cads.
lllstrumentatl.on of Mh;a Dam i~ e;o;tilnS.ive. To
monitor the perrurm.ancc of the d?..m and check its
behavior wlth design <IS.s.umptions1 a wide range of
instrUm!::.nls was c2refull)' 5E'iiE!ded <~nd lnstalled,
inclLidir.g pie;:ometers~ mmf:mcnl gauges, ~oad c~lls
and seismic: re,ording instruments.
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Divcr~ion works consi.st of :.!: c!mCrc-.tc-1 i ncJ tunne·ls,
! 3.7 m ln diamN~r, each h11viflg a iength uf abuut
l ,OuO rn. 0 .:O!.~gnc.d a~ frc~-f!ow ~tru cture!i, the
Il"n.nrls have il comb1r.ed ;:ap<iC: v .• 1 4,25 0 m3,1s.
L.tch l u ;lr.d in.:-orpcjratcs a galed intake structure
;1 nd .:m c x.it st rucwre de~igrot:d to c:ontai n the
hydrauHc jump.
River diversion lh rough lhc tunnels. W<l5-(' ~:.ned by
1: p:! i r~ of rock-f1! I dikes const.ruc ted : • .;ross thll
(<)[l! :·nb!a R ivi'! r .1< thi:! ~~ pstrc.arr1 and dCIWfl.;treilll1
!irr1its oi the m<~ill d.am foundatton area. F"or
(!ew<tlerin~ th:.: J.ml foundation, 7Gil~..:J -=:arth-fiil
coff{'-iOlm5 we <e con strl•:::v~~~ within thest.:
.~ ~ r~ s :1 ;·<.· d i kl'!.. ·r h<: cofferdams w-.:: r c ia:rgdv
1n corporated in to th~ d<illl embank m{~ nt, Deep wb~:
wdb wcr~: irt·Ha.lled througl1 the ri\·~:r .-~lluvium
o~d i<lO.:.!:'IH I.<t the co( f~ r dam::;. fc}f contro' of sc:cpa::;~
.nlo 1ho::-core trench o::xc;avation,
To ;!llnw flnw n::!eas.:-~ during fil!ing or thL:" .U~ad
:o.tfJr.llg<:' 7Cone, a low-IC'"vf'l outlet ;truc;a1re was
umstrun~d in the eJst di..,·ersion 11mr.d. This outlet
c 1H 1J lo·r·s. <! n ~ x pailsitJn chamber tvp~ ~IH!rg•:.;
di o:;s~pJtnr whi ch reuw.e5 the -;:!i-;.!:'largc hc.HI by
:tpproxi matelv 50 p -·n;eni. [ xtcr•::.i~·~~ model h''>l!o
were pert ormcd to dev,•lop the fir~.-~l arrangement
c:'m<>isti !lg of 3 con d 11i~5 and slide gate~ i{.K<ltL:"d in
pl•1gs .u lh ... · upstream and d:Jwn!i.tn:a.nl c11ds ol t ht~
t·:-:pa.n!i.ion cha mbl'r, fanned bv tile ...r ig~rl.t I d ivf'rsion
tu;·dlt'! \\'<Ills.
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.W~i~~~~."(::~;.~~-;,;;r_j~i~i~~f§.~t~iDMt~:.:;~ .. ~~·;.~0f~&-~ii~~··;.~~·.~l:/:,:; .~::;;;} ~-;,·~?~:;:~~:."~~·:::.~~;· :.t'~· ~~-"~,_,-~:0~·::~;~~
·rhc otakL Wf.J-rk-s. ""~~n~ 'Orl!;tructccl primarily to
n:iease w<~1.<:r ftom live 5tor,1ge priot" t;) thi.:
commi55ioning of !he puv.ocrhouse in 1977. Reii:!~ed
water pas1iot:::. lt~ro ugh fh~ g;ttt!·cuntroll~~ ~or.duit!. at
the bas.e of Jll il'll.dkc tower into an indined Iunr.e~
which di!ic:n?..rges i 11to the w1..1:St dtv~rs.ion r.u nnel. Th~
2 fixod-whee1 Ji!<ltt::!. a;e operated by hydr;::uiic hoisis
al the oottOrll of a dry shaft. 1\'-t;C~~ lO tlu: top ol"
the control stm"tur.:o i!i. vi<~ .:! 2-!ane bridge frmn the::
dam c;rcsl.
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Tlu: spilhV<l\' s1 rue l.urc ~;nnsis1S uf a c;ontrol
~;tmc!LHC wi!h 3 racli.a! gates, a -~30·111 long concr:::tc
:;:.>~1iw;~ y ch~Jt c a.nu <~. mass con.:rr:tc Flip b;J;;ket.
D-~::;ign COJp.:=cily ol tlw o;pilh ... -a"f i!; 4,250 m3/s.
The-Li.~lllrtl: o;tr•JcWre is a low over I !m•.' wr.ir 'rvi th an
ngt'f' s hap¢. I ~y J r<nJ!:c n"~odl:'l tCSlS wc-u: U$1:!0 H~
d<?v.:-klr ;1 ;miqut> fiow sur-!"ac~ fur t.h~ fi ip bucket,
(."( •n Ill! mi :1g to a skew cone ~11ith an i ndmed .axis. A
tr:trw:,·~s<> d:-~in ..tg.: !;yo.;tern -r:d longitud~t\.:tl dr;1inagt:
;>;J.I l('!"y ! Lm bcn•.·.t(h the full !r.ngth of 11 ;~.: spi!lwa )'
~.:h· .. ra· IIDor.
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The pow-c.-intake strucl u r-c w;b 'n nstn~.:: ~ed iii$ pJrl
t1f the main dc;.m pr(lject and comprfs~s an approach
ch;mnd fmm~d bv a 76-:'1 Jeep upcnw~ rod-.;
exca..-ation anu 6 intakes. E<'ll.h im.d;:c int·Dq)f)ntes a
b'cllmouth t:nt;anct:, ga.tc-charnht:r .1nd shorl
con cre te-1:ned ~l.uh. !unn~l. !="l o\., control r~
ac.::lmplished by vcrrio:a! fixed-wh~cl !:atl•s-r1pCr.J.lCd
fro 111 l:\. 7-m di .Hfll:ll:r, :16-rn deep ~.ilc !>h.tfl!>. I he
bellmnu til t'ntl .me.:::. ar ~' Cu\'(·ro.::d by 11 ..tshr;~;.:k::;
which .'lr<! clc:1;,d !:t·!" <l lra:.Jt r.tkl· opcr,ttt.:d frni-:'1 the
int<~kC: :.;trucHrr~ deck. 51 p·fmmir.g rncthods ·Oy-.':!r~.·
use!i to f!l.lC'! Lht:' ;.:o ncrek for ll'w f <L;.;c Sl.!b .trtd ga.tt
<;IBfl !i111 ng.
En!ii!"lt·~~n !)~ rof t h:~ Lw.dc r-.:o:r !l;.lil d g•: n~:r;ning :-.l..LI. ion
.:H ~l'vli.;:a ~~: .. 1•, t.HtirLI out·b·~· tlw -l3ril<s!} Cc•it.ndii :t
llydto .::l•'d r()\v{'r ·\Lothoril'!-·, !.ir8l'l'{ -,ub:.!.'qm~ll1 tt'
thL" comp!elkl n c:.i· CASFCO'<. ~v-ork iln tlw d;;m .m!.
-• ...:: .. 1.SSI..IC i;l1 t~c: ':i•ru..:tw ·.~s.
f.(.·: .. ·~ ( . -
~:·.-.
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~ : .. ·~= .. ~ -. rt. .•.-
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. .. ·~···."~ · .. •t= .. :·:r-...... r·.:t.!·:--·:·.:.K-
. -~-.. t , . .,·. -~~:~~:~:
-~ :. ..-..::· .
Certainly il needed no flash ol in-
spiration to see the potential power of
the mighty Churchill River's spectacu-
lar tumble from the glacier-gouged
Labrador p:ateau. As early as 1 B94, in
the infancy of hydroelectric power
generatior •. A.P. Low of Canada's
Geologic2cl 3urvey suggested this new
technology could be applied to provide
"several millions of horsepower''. With
remarkable prescience, he submitted
that such power, turned to heat, could
be used to reduce the local iron ores.
Twenty years later, W.
Thibaudeau of the Regie des Eaux of
the province oi Quebec, surveyed the
area. He saw that the river could be
diverted above the Falls, and rechan-
nelled further to the east to increase
the head of water available, from 500
ft. at the Falls and upper rapids to
more than 1 ,000 fL at Portage Creek.
Such bold concepts awaited lull
economic justification for yet another
generation.
Credit for the tirst practical initia-
tive is due to British hlewfou ndland
Corporatl0:1 Limited, formed in 1953
by seven majo' British financiaL re-
source and manufacturing compani.::~.
·' · J·~-""':-Tintr,.zinc I td It ·e-
celved' ·~""charter to explore ·ln~ '"';,~, • ..:
of Newfoundl3nd and Labrador for the
governmer:t of Joseph Smallwood.
who had just brought Newfoundland
into the Canadian confederation.
The water power potential c1 the
110,000 square mile area was clear,
out the energy available had to be
quantified. In the mid-1950's it re-
mained too remote for existing trans-
mission techniq!Jes to deliver to avail-
able markets economically. It was ac-
cessible only by arduous canoe trip or
hundreds of miles of flight by a float
plane.
Brinco watched the opportunities
lor development unfold step by step.
First, mining and processing of the
iron ore deposits by other interests at
Schefferville, Wabush and Labrador
City, justified building the Quebec
North Shore and Labrador Railway
passing only 1 05 miles to the west of
the Falls. Brinco added to the effort in
1960 by pushing a road from Esker, on
the rail line, to the west bank of the
ChurchilL At Twin Falls, on the Un-
known River, a few miles from Chur-
chill Falls, Bnnco built a modest
120,000 KW hydro-electric plant to
serve the iron ore development and
associated townsites. The harnessing
of Labrador hydro power had begun.
Another link in the chain of feasi-
bility was forged when Hydro-Quebec,
faced with developing the rivers c~ the
north shore of lne St. Lawrence for
,._, · "' ::-:::.,ppr~>ri ::~nrl oerlected a
735,000 volt Extra High VOilCiye \t:.r1v J
transmission system. Its successful
application in carrying power from the
M::micouagan River plants to Montre~ll
in 1955 built confidence that it was the
technical and economic solution io th;:
problem ot carrying Churchill Falls
power to market in the deveiopin(
urban and industrial centres o
Quebec at reasonable cost
An emerging counterpoint to thl;
matching of resources to markets wa:
the growing hunger for power of !ht
populous U.S eastern seaboarcl
Jean Lessard, tt,en chairman at Hydn
Quebec, saw the opportunity to fee:
this U.S. market with relative'v lm
cost power export~. With this added t
Quebec's own need. the pow9r c
Churchill Falls could be fully de
veioped at a single stroke.
In 1961, the Smallwood goverr
ment granted a Brinco subsidiai)
Churchil! Falls (Labrador) Corp. Lt{
(CFLCo). a 99 year lease on the
drauli::. resources of the
square mile watershed of file UppE
ChurchilL
But what engineenng enterpris
could be !ound to determine the
tlmurr. location to utifize !hts
1.000 foot head. to r:i eate a
power complex in -.he midst
ITlu<'lkeg and scrubby 0\li=>r.-.'"'""":'
the Labrador plateau.
assured quality within cost ·. _ · ,,., ,.,..,t 'N'11fld make lhe
ture attractive
For it would
of capital ever ·~"'"""'"·;·,.
for a private project.
4
CFLCo's answer was to bring to-
gether two highly-qualified Canadian
concerns--H. G. Acres & Company n~
limited and Canadian Bechtel $1'
Limited. fl):
Through its affiliation with the
Bechtel organization worldwide
Canadian Bechtel was able to provid~
virtually unmatched resources of ex-
perience in the construction and man-
agement of vast, remote, resource
projects. Acres offered a wealth of
expertise and experience in hydro-
electric engineering.
They formed a joint venture -
Acres Canadian Bechtel of Churchill
Falls (ACB) to engineer ar.d man-
age the conslr;.,ction of this massive
hydro-electric facility. By agreement,
Canadian Bechtel became managing
joint venturer for the contract.
An ACB team was already sur-
veying in the field by 1963-64 supple-
menting the very considerable amount
of data accumulated by other en-
gineers from firms employed earlier by
9rinco. Gray Thompson, c:m Acres
member of the team, recalls that in
spite of winter temperature so frigid
that the bubbles in the transit level be-
came sluggish, the survey circuit
around the v, , reservoir area was
closed within an accuracy of one third
of a fool. This was also a tribute to
previous federal government and
Quebec surveys whose old bench
marks were picked up by the ACB
team.
Calculations were accumulated,
checked and cross-checked as to the a·
optimum site, hydrological effects ol ~
snow accumulations and the size of
reservoir needed to smooth the How of
the erratic Churchill, whic:h varied from
10,000 to 300,000 cubic feet or more
per second depending on season. The
project was feasible -but the re-
sources required to build it would be
enormous. Irrefutable evidence that
the project would be profitable was re-
quired before a sound approach to
financing could be devised.
It took two more years of negotia-
tion, and the expenditure of $17 mil-
lion on preliminary engineering, before
the breakthrough that triggered the
leap from concept to construction. On
October 13, 1966,Hydro Quebec's
Jean Lessard, signed a letter of intent
assuring that the Quebec utility would
purchase the bulk of electricity gener-
ated from the site. By this time, the
growth of Canada's energy demand
made it unnecessary to rely on export
to create a market. The moment for
Churchill Falls power had arrived.
It was now up to ACB to meet the
challenge.
The usual procedure for a
hydro-electric project in Canada would
be to proceed with detailed engineer-
ing of the various components of the
project, put them out to tender, receive
contractors' bids. sum the bid costs
and thence proceed to make the
necessary capital appropriation.
However, in such a massive, remote
project, undertaken by a utility com-
pany with relatively little in the way of
assets and financial capability, a com-
pletely different approach was re-
quired.
ACB, as engineers and construc-
tion managers, had to organize a
workplace in the middle of the wilder-
ness, devise means to bring men and
machines to it, and put together the
whole complex schedule for a project
which would stretch over nearly a de-
cade. The packages into which the
work was divided had !o be tailored to
the capacities of existing contracting
firms in eastern Canada. It was upon
ACB's estimates of the final cost of
these packages that the delicate job of
financing the project had to be based.
On March 7, 1967, CFLCo signed
a contract with ACB covering dn-
gineering and construction manage-
ment services to the end of the pro-
ject. At almost the same time, H ac-
cepted ACB's estimate of direct con-
struction cost of $522 million for the
project. To this would be added $1 02
million to provide for escalation arising
from price and wage increases over
the lite of the project and $41 million
as a contingency allowance, giving a
total direct construction cost of $665
million. Interest charges on money
borrowed during construction, ad·
mi:-~istration, working capital, over-
head and other expenses would bring
the total project cost to $946 million.
This included more than $20 million
spent in early studies and work by
CFLCo up to March 31, 1967. It made
Church1l! Falls the largest civil en-
gineering project ever undertaken in
North America to that time.
A bi!llon dollars isn't raised
qUickly
II was Oct. 30. 1968. before
Brinco Chairman Henry Borden re-
ported to a special meeting of Br'nco
shareholders that terms of a $100 mil-
lion general mortgage bonds issue
had been settled, that arrangements
for bank credit ($150 million from
seven Canadian chartered banks)
were well underway, that an offering in
the United States of half a billion dol·
Iars of first mortgage bonds had been
satisfactorily completed and that an
offering in Canada of $50 million
in first mortgage bonds had been
arranged.
During the period required to set
the stage for the major financing,
funds came largely from equity capital,
or shares, in CFLCo subscribed by ils
majority shareholder Brinco (57%)
-and its minority shareholders -
Hydro-Quebec (34%) and the province
of Newfoundland (9%). In all, $83 mil-
lion was raised this way. Substantial
credit also was made available to
Brinco by the Bank of Montreal.
Meanwhile, work at the site had
been going on for two years. First at-
tention was given to two prime en-
gineering challenges: to create an all-
weather access road to allow heavy
freight haulage to the site, and com-
mence the enormous job of buil~:r.~,
40 miles of dykes.
The dykes, to provide a water
barrier under any temperature condi-
tions, had to form a perfect seal with
the irregular surfaces of underlying
rock. They were built using glacial till
and rock where available, but the prin-
cipal ingredients were materials from
the eskers -ridges of gravel and
sand formed within or under the
glaciers, which chiselled the topog-
raphy of th1s area, and left behind
when the ice melted. Virtually nothing
was shipped in to build the
26-million-cubic-yard dykes. The
logistics task here was moving rnen
and equipment, but it involved some of
the ~iggest units available.
Durino the first year, the master
project schedule and official plan were
issued. The original size of the project
was increased 15%, with the addition
of an eleventh turbine generating unit,
and uprating each unit to 475,000 KW
instead of the 450,000 KW contem-
plated earlier. Total plant capacity was
to be 5,225,000 KW, or just over
seven million horsepower. The first
units were committed to deliver con-
tract power to Hydro-Quebec by May
1, 1972.
The wisdom of choosing depth of
corporate experience for the man-
agement of this vast project was
amply proven by the tragic event of
Nov. 11. 1969. CFLCo's twin jet was
approaching Wabush airport in an
overcast, when it crashed into a hill.
killing all six passengers: Donald
McParland, 40, President and Chief
executive Officer of CFLCo; Eric G.
Lambert. 46, Vice-President, Finance,
for Brinco and CFLCo; John
Lethbridge, 35, McParland's Execu-
tive Assistant; Fred E. Ressegieu. 56,
General Manager of Acres Canadian
Bechtel; J. Herbert Jackson, 42, As-
sistant General Manager and Man-
ager of Construction of ACG; Arthur J.
Cantle, 42, Assis~ant Manager of
Construction, ACB; and the crew of
two.
All three ACB executives were
seasoned engineers. In this
emergency, the resources of Bechtel's
world-wide organization were combAd
tor replacements.
By the New Year, Steven V. White
assistant to S. D. Bechtel, Jr., had
stepped in to replace Ressegieu.
Joseph Anderson, a Scot fresh from
the Wells Hydro-Electric Project on the
Columbia River, replaced Jackson in
the field; Alan McConnell of Acres
took over in the Montreal office.
Meanwhile after a brief period of
pinch-hitting by Sir Val Duncan,
chairman of the Rio Tinto organiza·
lion, William Mulholland, a partner in
the New York banking house of Mor-
gan Stanley & Co., was elected presi-
dent and chief executive of both
Brinco and CFLCo.
Yet within a year after the tragic
loss the project was well on its way to
delivering first power -five months
ahead of schedule!
The secret of such an achieve-
ment, is twofold, says S.M. Blair, who,
as Chairman of Canadian Bechtel
limited, was chairman of ACB's Policy
Board for most of the construction
period. First, it was necessary to
create a place to work and live produc-
tively in the wilderness; and second, to
create the logistics to supply that
workplace with equipment, supplies.
and labour. on schedule.
!vial<ing .a place
fc,r man
Mcst cf the industrial ins!a:lntions
b!..IHI lo date in the Canadian north
have be~n tr'lnsi~ory, suet'~ as mintng
or petroi e u m eJtplora~io.t c:amps.
Geneta!ly, the fac~!i!ies are temporary
and the men wi1o occupy them have
iit1!e thought e~tcepl tr.. gel their job
done and lsave.
Churcllin Falls was dif1erent. The
construction period \'l'as Ia ba eight
years, and the a11ticipatad life of the
stalion slretches lO'Nar·:i the middle of
the next century. The transition fror11
.construction ca.mp to permanent
community would ba phased over the
penoc' ·1971-1975.
Tl'~e phHoscph;: was this: a satt!ed
hapf>V work to;-:e, with low turnover
and a 111 i!1 imum of inlerruptions be-
cause or labour disputes, is the key ~c
maintaini~g schedul,o;~s 111nd CPsl
targets. The man should be happy off
rh~ job as well as on it. Special affort:;
wete made tc atford aineniti_,s far
s u~erior to the rough1,eJ:;:. <'!r.d bore-
dom of off.l,ours in a 1y!J:ca~ C<Jnstruc-
tion camp . Civflizatior• must carne
cor,current :y with constructiofl .
Even though final commitment o•
the pro1ect w~s not made until 1 ~66.
by 1867 pl~ns for '" permaner,t com-
munity near th~ pow6r f!':cHf:-y were
drawn up. Tho 59 hous9s, frJlJf'12-unit
aoartrTle>1t bloet<S and a sarvice com·
:Jl~x whh stores. schooi, a hotel,
th~atre and in :)oor ~creat:on faci li~les
wEHe tirst used by the lo~ger-term
construction statf. later by the perma-
nent power plant operating staff.
Provlslon of al! possil)i£! ame·
nities began as soon as the l1rst road
camps -Eslter, Brid~~' Camv and
Mount Hyde L.ake-opened By
Christmas, 1965. for i~stance. only
two monlhs after start oi the proje<:t,
John McGowan, Bona VIsta Food
Services manage~, the caterer f(lr the
project. recalls that thq Chrislrnas din-
r~er menu included crearn or tomato
soup. roast tu~key with all the trirn-
minys. and a co!d buf.et with salads,
assorled pastries, h•, .. o !(inds of
c~.ristmas cake and three kinds of pie.
The dinner was fo!towed by a movie .
At tha main camp, tt:e mer\ were
housed ir.2u-man complexes--three
1rajlers side by side, housing two tnen
to a roorr:. Tnere were not only wash·
rooms, but a c!oth13s washer and dryer
in most units. Janitoril:ll 5ervices in-
oiudedeven bed -makin~.
The ;nevitabie fee~!ng of isolalion
was reduced through access to the
mobHe rad1otelephone, te!etype and
telegraph s~rvices that ware estab·
lish9d and linked to the cantinent .. wid~
networks. At peal<, the system had
1 ,3G6 te!ephones and 540 mobile
re.d!o units. Until the Ct;urchiil Falls
airstrip WEii ready i11 1 !'189 , schedul9i;l
fiights operated from the Twin ~al!s
airstrip. a 30 mile drive ~rom the maitl
camp.
WI'IEH! car;::oenter Leo L.afla frcm
C~talina, Nfld. stepped off the pi aM in
fl.·!arch 19G8 to become th~ ·1 ,OOO~h
workar on !he project, he tound Hlc,<-
evs and Ryan~ ap~en!y from his own
p rovince, together wilh Gagnons and
Tremblay$ fr(Jrli Quebec: mechanics,
drii!ers, drLvers, pipe·fitters and score2
of other skil~od and semi-skilied
trades . They were supporl~d both on
site and at the Motltrear headquart~rs
by engineers and draftsma-n transla-
ting general plans t:~nd programs intc
df:ta"ed blueprints and ~checlules.
In Jtme, 1968, the main camp oe-
cama a place fc.r wLlmen too as staff
arriv~d to wori< at a. r,ew mess half the
!enolh of a city block Together with
clerks, secretnr i ea , nurses and
1eachers . they made up a grour cr 200
wQrnen wo ~king on tfoe project. The1r
earl~· presence on s~te. toQe&her wilh
the civilized ameniti;;;s, is credited with
c nr.oura9 in1J a rernarkab~y clean .
orderly, and livaable camp -"More
like a town 1h<m .a camp·•, as many
workers described :t.
Not that tr.e camp lackod as iive!y
side. A tavern {o{lert morning and
evening to accommodale ;~:~hift work-
ers) beg$1n ope;ation in the rec realion
centre irt lete 1957. and said four m:l-
!ion bat\les of beer in the flext four
years. Nor wa.s there e.ny lack at on,er
recreat~ona~ faciiit1es --such as lhB
baseball diamond. soccer field J.nd
skating rink ; l;:;ter the cml!ng ril'\i<.,
bowl!r~gal i ey and swin-:ming p~ol.
~-
.ii..·
The great majoril y of m€ n on sita
were not AGB employees. but worked
for CFLCo and the scores of contrac·
tors and suppliers. But -a s well as
managing thefr accommodation at the
site, ACB co-ordinated ths other es-
sentra!s for a happy wor:<. force: a col·
lective master !abour agreement
whicn was siyned for an eigtlt y~ar
period (1967-1~75) between an as-
sociation o~ emp~oyers working a.t the
sita and a council ot New!oundlalld·
based locals i::lffiliaterl with interna-
tiona~ buiiding trade and service
unions.
.ilo. substantial hslp to the general
smooth "unning of the-operation was
the presence on site ol full-time labour
relations personnel trained ~o handle
and resolve day·tO·day problems on
the ~pot .
ACB m anagl:!ment 1s unan imous
t hat this agrcomc11l. wa5 the slngre
mos! importe.nt factor in achieving the
high rTtM .. LJay productivity re:;ord~d
du rir~g constfuction. The nc.:-strike.
no·!ockout ciause, togethel' with an
agreed formuiu rerr petiodic wa~e
adjustments. meant th&re was no
interruptlor: c1 wurk becausB of dis-
pul~s. de:spilr: thl.l many different em ·
pioyers an sHe. 1he 10-hour day t.nd
s i)(·lj.c;_y we~k provided ~he 60-hour
Y.'ork .... eek --paid at sf raign! tim~
and Lille ancl a half .
T'"le mal>si ve domar'ldS of c•Jn-
struci.,on crF.lat€'ci need::-~r vz.ric.us
skills, from that of the {'.utter clearing
right·of·way br transmission lines, to
the eteclronic e;< perUse of ~he com-
munications tech:1iclan. But they all
flad to be able to take it: (;Oncrete
pouring, for instance, continu~d {b~-
11ind p!astic sh eltEirs) even at th1 rty de-
grees beiow zero. soma 13 raet or
snow fell each winter: clouds of
b lac!(-flies were tne on Jy constant in
th~;t uncertain weather of the short
summer.
At the same time th<Jt me air was
filled with tha roar of heavy earth m~v
ers and the thump of b:astin9. a famt
cry at Churchill Falls Hospital marked
a new way 10 arrive on-site; Jeanette.
daughter of schoo! teacner John
Byrne and hjs wife, was born March 8,
1969, with attendance of ttlc
Hospital's director, Of'. John PriCE! of
the [ntcrnational Grentell P.ssoctet1on.
When a. baby is borrl, a camp t>e-
comes a community. Jo~eph Smaflwood had had .to
make do •AJith a shovel full of peat Wlth
caribou moss, hr the officfal sod tum-
in~ ceremoliy in Hl67. By 1~70 lhe
prtnC!p&{ StreetS Of thg lOWflSite Were
paved and some of the glacial till was
being upgraded to support tt1.e growth
of lawns and gardens. Nelghbows
were competing to nurtur€1 sapling
shade trEtes-a challen!:Je ir1the 1\Jg-
ged local ctimate.
ln 1970 the field work force in
Main Camo and 11 uatellite camps stratch~ng from Seahorse. at the end
of !he southwestward reach of the
ba,nsmission corridor, to Sail Lake 200
miles distant at the north-eastern ex-
tremity of the reservoir, re3cf1ed 6,245
men and wornen. The da1ly food order
for this army required the deii\oery of
4.5 ton~ uf meat, 2,600 dozens eggs.
3.100 loaves of bread, 13 ~or1s of veg-
·atables. and 2,300 gallons of mlfk.
The ~ransitron from camp to town-
site tool( place smoothl':l over the nex.t
fl<~e years -a credit fo ACB's plan-
ning.
Now hQme fo( approJ(i mate l_y
1.000 permanent residents. Churchill
Falls is one of Canada's newest
northern centres. l'lio effort has been
spared to make It one of the most ad-
vanced and comforlable. To make
f.acililies as accessible as possible dur-
ing th~-; IOI'Ig, cold,snowy winters, the
community cfust&rs compactly around
a un1que complex, the Donald Gordon
Cenlre, grouping under one roof ser-
vices such liiS school <Jnd stores. note I,
theatre, and sports fac.ilities.
A pedestnan mall runs through
the central core Of tile complex from
the hotel to a higtl ceilinged con·
course, which ac~s as the modern-day
equivalent of a town square -·-
uodoors.
T,1a Eric G. Lambert Schooi in the
Centre provtded instruction in English
and French.. Each community facility
was designed Ia serve severai pur·
poses. At night and on week-€nds I he
school's resource centre oecor; ,es !he
community library. During week days,
the movie theatre rs used by the
school as its aliditorium and assembly
hall.
The hot.1ses and apartments are
groupe-d in a semi;irrcle around the
Donald Gordon Centre , Houses are
built on only one side of the street
This faCJiilates snow clearing. It also
helps assure privacy --an important
consideration in a small community
where peop1s see ane anot"'er day in
and ~av our ar work. The use of eler.-
tr:city (rom the Falls for a~l hea:ing
he~ps maka a. remarkably clear. p1ace.
There :s an Interdenominational
chiJrch. a regional hospital, a pmtes·
sionai f1re cfepartf11~nt, a smal: de-
lachment of the RCMP and other
amenities that go with modern civiliza-
tion. Regular scheduled jet airt~rrer
servjce lmks Cru ... rctlit,· Falls •.vith
Montreal and St Jo!ln·s. The corr~
munity is lied in w the continental
lelephoneo net~Nork EngJ1s h and
French rad1o and teh~vJsio n 1v1.a microwav~) are prOvided b~· 'the
Canadian Broadcasting Corpora110n.
I.
l<
:if :.};
·.1'
·~·
·~
. ~
l
. .l..
Bringing the world
to Churchill Falls
The m?.nagemenl organftabon
evolved lor Churchill Fa~ls construc-
tio!l was an essential pre-condition for
the achievement of the projecfs ··on·
St"'"'edule, withm i0udg91 .. objective.
At the summit o~ the organiza-
tior~al pyramid of the ACS consortium,
responsible for complete engineering
and construction man<Jgen~ent, was
the "Po~icy Boarcr·-itself an organi-
zational innovation. The General
Manager of ACB reported monthly !o
this board. composed ot two senior
axecu t ivas each fro m Acres and
Canadian 8eJclltc1.
The group aiEOo provided liaison
with outt>ide engineering skms em-
bod•ect in .-, panBI uf distinguished in·
terM.tionat con5u!!ants and a panel of
semor engineers from Acres and
Canadi<Jn Bechtel.
The rna~n functions or the ACB
organization were engineering, (;OSt
control and 3drrHnistrati'>n, scheduling
and estimating, procureme11t and t::on-
struchon. The work at the projec1 ttseH
was furtt'ler divided into four compo-
f)er.t::-· water storage: power complex;
sw11chye;rd and lransmission iines:
and su!lport lacilir:es.
Because o1 the 1m 'Tlense scope of
the protect, no general contractor was
r1amad. Instead. r:onlra.~:r "packages"
were developed by ACB in such a way
as to encourage the widest response
and compebHon from qualified bid·
ders. Ovor 180 separate constructio.•
and serv1ce c~racts were awarded,
bu~ none was for an amourl1 in e:xcas.s
or $75 million. In addition. hundreds of
major pu rch s.se (;On trac-ts tor the
supply of major equipment ware
negotiated. ma!rrlv \•Jilh Canadian
firms. -
It was deciderJ aarly to relieve
construction contractors of til~:~ re·
sponsibllity for providing housi1,Q and
board for therr men on the site. Tllese
were provided at a stated subsidized
cost per man-day by ACB. 1hls meant
the mmoval of a large item of uncer-
!ainty from the contractor's evaluation,
thus resulttng in lower and mora con-
sistcflt bids. In addition. the good
=-tandards of living and work1ng condi-
tiotlS mad€ an important contrlbulion
to the morale of workers on the
project.
TrallSportatiOfl w.a s contracted 10
vc!ume packa~es to e;'lperi~nced, re-
sponsible earners. such a5 Quebec-
at; and Eastern Provinc~al .AJrwars. A
total of 730,000 tons of materia and
e(Juipment was moved to the site by
air and :surface transport, as weU as
52.000 passengers.
Ttle aHDC<Jiion of work between
tl"le dl~ferenl .A.CS divitioni was as fol-
lows. Engineering. in which A era~.
personnel were predominant. cslab·
tisl1ed concepts, performed {]etai!ed
design, monitored anginearing as·
signments and obteined approvals.
The remaining four div1s~ons. rel1ed
mainly on Canadian BecMter s exper·
tise: the FinEI.nce and Administration
Div1.s10ns (;ompilod cost data, proces·
sed progress ps }'ments and prov1ded
admi~istrative support. The Schedul·
ing ~nd E:l,tirna1ing Division developed
schedules. mon1tored pro!Jress and
prepared contro! estimates for clc·
rnent5 ul tho project during th~~ en-
gineering phase. The Ooerat:onb Divi·
sion covered the Concract r.lepart.-
ment. which developed contr:iCt
ctocuments, fssued tenders, "'~;:!yzed
b~ds. recommet~ded award$ ~rot,; or-
ganized quality control and expe(llting.
a~d the Construction Department.
which looked aftar operations on s1ta.
One no!eworthy feature of the
contracting was the prevalence of the
type of 'conscttiwn IJhi~O:sophy" in-
spired by the 1ormat\on o~ AC8 it$e!L
The largest co11~truction tea!Y' on s1te.
for instanGc, w~s Churchill Construc-
tor::~ Joint Vanture, a consortium or six
companies organized by A~las Con-
~;;tru(;tion Ud. Provision of the 11 ht-
dro-eleclric generating units, a j~ih
"l;hich employed 600 men for two
~~ears at a cost o! over $60 miil1on. wa::;
con~ructed to lhe Church1lj Flll!s
{Machin~ry) Consort•um. a }oinr ven-
lure of Car.adiM General Electric .
Dom;.,10n Engmeenna Works Ud. and
Marine lndu~tries Ltd CGE ar1d MIL
divided the fi1st H) ~~~rc!n~ glo)nera!or
'Contrac~~ between th;o,-,1 ""ilh Mil
bEung awarded the el(!vent'l.
l
I t
Of the total direc1 cons1ruc110n
e.-:pand~ture or S6o5 million. approxi-
ITiatfllv S650 mill10n -~a· o ~ wos
s~.cnfin C<'!nada. v.•i1h 57<>, of thfl sum
going to Canadian manufacluring
industry. 17Qo to servu::e iml Jstry. and
26"·., ln direct tabour cos.1s.
BuL in so1te cof the fliat· Canadian
componen! of m.anufactuyre. t-~e con-
sortium apvoa~;~ made availtlble 1he
best 1n No~li A·r:um:an and Eu·opean
technolog y B:Jth Canadian and
Fmnc11 spec1aiis!s. tor instance.
evo!" _: ,f l.:llr OW'1 de:s1gns tor thP. t1J'
:-, .. e <:~n!'J getnerators: ho1h: grours
puuled anCI shared 1:-1e11· Bl!IJerienca 1o
the beneht of !he pro)ec1. Shafts for
the ht;ge umls ',Yere tmged ·n EngiaM.
lurb•ne mnd1~1s !ested •n Canada .
france! anc Scotland. s::Jeed gover-
nors designed and bvlit in ltlP. UnL!cd
States. and some transformer:; ~up
pl;ed trcm Sweden.
ACB's logtsttcal marw.~!?l,,ent
was testea l~ the utrnosl ear.y 11'1 11e
proj9ct. when o:--May 10. 1969. a
sM:ke StlspenCI!~!: O!JeratH)n$ on tlie
!Juetlec Nmth Shor~ & Labrador
Ra~l·..vay tor mrec months. at the peak
of t'le r.eavy constro.~ctlcn sf!ason_ w1t~1
.1 5(10 men alre-ady on site Ar"l
emer!::jt'mcy ai•lif1 -·'tha b1ggest smc·:~
l'le Berlin b:ockade·· -was pu!leJ
1ogcther, with aircrat1 cha11crno lrom
a~:> far away as Fionda and Alaska 1:
operated 1.153 flogllts frcm Sept lies
ar.d Goosn Bay. C<J.rr}·ing In GSO.OOO
gallon;; of fut!l plus 11.S~7 Ions ol
cargo. and supplies. includrng 1tems
as hea'JV as dismantleo bufloozors.
R-.~1· tJ-je Churchill Fatrs achlr.vc-
ment was nut limited to a mass1v€ 3.P-
plication of logiStical and earthmoving
sk1lls-It involved_ lno. the most ad·
vanced and 1ntensivn ~~ng1neenr:g ap-
proach ever ap;:olied to a 1naj01 hyaro-
eiectrir. project. Rellab•llty and 11S·
sured performance from the star~ of
opera~ion we-re vi!ai to assure that
p(lw!~r contract Obllgat111ros were fLJIIy
mel. Fealures of the prnJ&el had to
meet tt"le roQulremen•s of ~'•e·:l proven
experience as well as lake the Full
c.:ost!oe;,eflf '-'dva11tages al!owed by
~he scale of 1~re project.
Turbines and generaiOrs were
selecleo at the -...Jp-per l•mits o1 oulj:!ut
and s1ze tor the 1 .060 ft head .
lhornugh des1gro analysis prov!dnd a
h;gl-. degree of CO'"If;dan{:e that rill ex-
~)ectahons woul-d be reai•zed_ Electn·
c~l faciht1es mild{.; op1iMum LISO ~Jf a
230 KV/735 KV system With 1-):JWe(
earned from 1hr. underground trans·
fo;mers throUI;h gno tt long 0 11 fil!ed
cables.
Cngineerinq ·Jes:qn of the e~ca
.,;i1e:l ;:averns fc:· p::::-·.verhouse. surge
1ank f(.nneb aor q2H eries was weatly
ii~s~sted by us<-or <~rl•nmcr.r1 11n1!e.
element wess :;malys1~; Clu•,e tn1e-
gra1ion cf enq,neeriny a.·l(i co•1struc-
t1on lech n 1qur.s ied to s Jbsta 11t1al
~conom•es.
V<mGrl l;isk:; d cma'ldCf1 '1P"v\· cn-
gineefing approaches from ~h::• 'ri,~S
::;we hyd,.-avlic -:;cnlrol qilteo. tn :1.;..·-... -.
port equipment speciall}' llj;Sii!J'~Cr1 !~.r
li•H pro]ecl need~.
The gates are lho--s : .. l(:,~l e!e1nent
1r cofltrotlmq the :rllp·~ ur.cl mu n 1 of
1 .1 OG t11l!lon r:\.J\)IC leet :-~• ;_:s<~blt> wale~
fo• Chtm;tuU F.-ills powe• c:;;.·f!1nprnr~n1
The series ol re:;;er~. DI'S . ,,_ •tw !! l~·e
;ileEI ot l~kc Ontano. rlrP •--.r·,1r.r1 by
lhe sk1II!L.i use •Jf '1atuf,11 lill'··· ''Ym<;;.
s-upplemer.le:J w1th -1 G m1:.-·,,, .,: ~:-~<:(·;~
ranging up i o ·~ 1 7 !r,r,: ,, 1 1 "· ·~v· '. T'· <e
key !O d1rect11"~ I'll~, w:;~t~r 1~, ;""": :;., "
COiltrol SlrL.ctun~s -co-1: ret·~ ~:-·• -
ways w1i11 ~;liColli!J ;J Cl!<?S ·•-..:1t c 3'' ~1:.'
remolely conl,l.JIIco:; "'='·;···p .. -, :.!~·1 '•· ;n·.
j
j
1
........... ,._-...,_
I
J
12
the Chc-rchi!l Fafis control room at a
d!stam:e of uo to 60 miles. To m~~t~
thsso gates ·operate raiil!lbiy when
!emperatui'E:!S might be 50<'F. be!ow.
with five ft. of L~e on ihe reservoir, re·
quinx:l many man months of mode!!mg
and desiQn effort. Tha insta:lations me
he-ated ln winter IJott: bv air circufatlon
and electric (es!sta11~e heaters. and
eiectromechanically contro!leo by r~
d~lndant. fail·s<:lfe, supervhscry control
cir-:uils.
Ano1her uniQue element ot tile
proj.:.ct was the design and construc-
tioll ot ::l2'50.·ton tran8porter~o tal~e the
224-ton transformers (one ror each
g-enera1or set) from their spe:::ia! rail
cars at =:sker to the project site.
The vehf.cle finaliy developeo h3d
tires seven ,eet high, and two
7UO-horsepower six·wMt;l drive trac-
tors. ll$198 root-lonr;1 body, was articu-
lated in ordar to be abl-e to negotiate
fl'1e tu;rs in th~ 28 ft. wide access tun-
nel to the underground transformer
gallery. Early Churchiii Fai!s rssrdents
st!ll remember turr.ir1o out at tile tn~er
seclion ot Ressegie!.IDrive ar1d Esker
Road to see "the awesome convoy
craw! pOJst in full glor~•, yellow ftashers
whirlina, at two and a hall miles an
hour:'·
Tne trs.nstormer transporter was
only the largest of the enormous fieet
of 2,000 transport and con:;truc:lion
veh<t:lcs at the site: 600 IHJCked
macllines. ranging from bulldozers to
self prope~le,j dri!:s: and 1 ,J~[IG
wheeled vahicie!S, from pass(mg~r
cars to fuel lan~ers and 5CHon durnp
trucks.
Ncr were the transforme1·s the
only l1ea1,oy equipmer>1 beyond the car-
rying ca~<l-ca~· of rnost vehicles: the
iurbine nmn~E~rs with a casting weight
or 145 tons . .Jnd a finished we!qht of
100 tolls set for Canada a worfd re-
r::ord ff1r the ~2.rgest castinr::s ever
made in stain!.:;-ss stB(l! "fh\} t'ND
cranas ;nstalled rn !he power hOl>Se
w~r~ OOL1pled "'dh a rnass1ve lifting
beam to handle the G55 ton rotors and
giant si.ator:; for ti1e gnnmat-or units.
which were assemb!ed on site <Jnd
lirted into positicn.
5pann:r.g the rivo:·.r ~orye was 8
h1gh!ight for thC' tran~rn1ssion iif'le
cra'I:JS. The1r eHorts li11ked tha prp,v~r
plr.nt w.lh the t-lyoro-Quebec substa·
tion at ~;lontagna!s. 13{] m'!es to the
southwsst. For I he l!:lst span a helicop-
ter (on~ of as rnany as sevf.'n on s•le}
r.w!C"d 7.SOO feet of haiHnct; nyion
rope a::rm;;s lhe ri.,·EH from ~ha soutl'1
sht)re. increasingly heavier 51eel ca-
t;las !o·lo•.ved unt1: lmelly the ccmp~et9
set o! conducttx!o; stretched ,rc~' tt'lree
sets or 100 lt. towers, 6,2GG f;. 2!p1lrt
1.000 fl. at!ove the '-'JatDr 5 of lh.e
Churchill
Fer e.ach c:onl'ract .:Ja(:k&Je, •-•rqa
or small, ACS':;. co."'Cf;J! mr;niiming af
oost, quality, ~mel coMp!Gho!11ime was
the essential factt..r ill int~ .. .;Fati WJ
1Wery element intv t!18 smo~tll prut.;·
ress of tre t'l' hole project.
Ouat!ty s1ar1dards ·:~.r~;;ore c~?.arl~·
written into 6aCh con!ract docurn!:Oin~
and \JUf(:ha!:le order. t:nd ACS.'s ~u<siJy
contwl groun not ~;~niy monitored cor;·
s1ruc1ion and manuiacturil'lg conlrf:lctt;.
but also ~ns~sted li1at the contrac~ors
prov1de their own quality :x:;ntrol S}'S-
t~rns.
Schsdu~e ;~ontrol w1'!:;, achieved
il'l'' monitonng Drogr~:;ss m• cc:ntf8ct;;;
eve;y P!o.'O '/teak~. r;nd ta!~!n~ C0rrc--c-
tiV~ i'lctJo"" wherever possib .. J b.-~!U<(,.
slippage became seri(Jus. Cosl contro~
was main~l:lint:ld from the-ir~itf<JI r:::;:ti-
matli:l tilrOuf111 design. anr.!, atic~r con ..
t.-act award, by monthl'f forecasting of
final cost relat!ve I!J budget. Thus,
early warmn9 of any signif;cOJn, var.a-
tion enable-d corret:tive measures to
be ta~.en in time to ar::hieve comro!.
All lhis performance info~meJt1or;
would have b-oon nearly usr:-le;;;s Lm-
less systamatiz.eC:. computerized for
easy rl\!trievar. .:ll"'d in1egratecl with
anot~er ke)' r.actor: logis!ics. A given
item ot material for the projeci m~ght
meet cost. ql1ality, and cornp!etic n
targets. F3ut wher9 was il? Wl;en W<'.8
it shipp9d? When. a,1d how, wou!d it
<'!rrive on si~e? fhese wer{] qu~ln:m5
the T'ansporte~ti(Jn il"of!!,mati(ln Sys:~m
(fiS) used t·Jy ACB, was des1qned ro
answer. No soulless ma!~h,~r-:. T!S
took lhe strenuous eftorls of scores of
men as wei· as 'l'lasses ol dEJ.ta pro·
cessmg rKJV'pm~:::n! to -<:eep taos; on th~
thc:n1Sands (')! 1tems o1 IY1ateml! •n
tr<:Jnsit ul any une t1"11e
...
. = ...
-d • • •• • r · · tm ....
Safety
beneath the shield
The heart of the Churchill Falls
power plant is the great machine han.
housing the 1 1 gensrati•1g units. Over
toOO ft fo11g, 8' ft. wide. and 154 rt.
from floor to roof, il was carved out of
ll'le rugged granite of th~;~ Laurentian
silisld 900ft. below the surface.
It might seem simpltH to have
Sited the power plant above ground at
the edge oi ~he river. But, from lh~
perspective of a hydrau~ic en~ineer, rt
is monil practical to make the 11 pen-
stocks whic::h carry wa!er to each tur·
t>fne short and a.'> steep as possible.
Wh.en the 450 P<Junds pel square inch
prt::lSSura has spun the turbine , the
spent water is discharged to a surg9
chamber, baiore f~wing via two ~~uge
tailrace ttJnnels ov~r a mile to the
fotro~et C!":Lm::hilf river.
The arnount of excavahon re-
qu/fed w~s enormous; in addition to
!l'la peosl<x:::k5 and the machine hall
and surge chamber a transfonner ga~·
lery was excavated just above tne
pow~~housa . And ln(l Cl)l'109rn oi the
engms~rs and geologn;ts !hat lhtl rock
sttuc~re be ··competent'' to bear ~he
b fastrng, tunnelling, B.r.d me surge of
14
water, was lhorOIJghly exercised by
exhaustive drJIIing , sampling, and
stress analysis . -~-he area finaliy
seleded tor the powerhouse had been
proven to haiJe the necessary integrlty
anr:l ··taul[lass'' str ucture.
The first step was completion of a
mi1o-1ong access road which curves
down the ~;leep slope toward the river.
The second was to drive a mile deep
tunner al tll~J errd of the road, angled in
to provide access to tile undarground
woills through which the heavy dump
truc!.;s were to remove much of lhe
rock.
This accomplished, the major un-
dergrour\0 construction con!rac.t was
awarded to ChurctriH Constructors:
two contracts totalling !i65.7 rniHion,
for aJJ remaining undergro1.md excava·
tion except completion of the tailrace
~·..!nnels ; most of the concreting of the
underground r.·omplex: inst;:dling of
miles of embedded condoit and p-ip·
ing: ar1d provision of tons of anchors
and rock' bolting, as w~H as i rtstaltation
of the maio powerl'rov.se cranes and
gates. In excavation alone, this meant
tll9 removal ol 2.300,000 cubic yards
o~ rock. CCJV, as the consortium was
called, was busv for three years at the
job. employing at one time over 1,200
workers.
Safety -both for the construe·
tion crew and the operating staff who
would follow them -was a prime
conslderalion . Painstaking calcula-
tions had to tal<e into account the
changing s1fesses on the rock as tf<te
excavations grow in ~ze.
!n the larg~: chambers, excavat1on
W.?15 carried nul from :he top dowr"l:
first a !)flot tunn~l or heading was
driven alona what was to be the ce 1l ing
of the chamber. Then this would be
"slash~:~d" or excavated to fu!l w~dth.
Finally the rl;}maining la~rs of roc k
wwld be bla.l)led and mucked away in
a quarry-like operation .
Excavation re!lCiled 1t s poak in
June 1969: wilh rn $rx days 45 .$00
cubic yards ot rock wora •amoved ,
enough For 2.800 lru t klo,:~ds of 33 t~ns
each.
The pens-to{:k8 . on th c Ottler
hand, were started !·om the bottom.
drilled from ~lectncal!y·dri¥ef\ climbing
·~ I)
li
m
:;
·I .,
\;-:1
. . _;.,
·· "·we h .. -
platforms known @S "Aiimaks" and
which enabled an ~~gN by ten toot
pilot shaft 1,200 ft. to the surface to be
driven wtthout intermediate stations.
Yet, such was Hoe aocuracy of survey·
ing (in which the latest techni cal de-
Vi{les such as iaser beams had been
employed> that the first shaft broke
su rfa.ce with ln inches of its target.
One of fhe most hazardous and
ditficult jobs remained: siashing the 11
pilot shafts to the designed 2:2 ft by 28
ft penstock di~nsiCtls.
The "slashing" w~s done b}l six
drills on outriggers, mounted on a
"jumbo'"-a sort of fiat-{;at whfch ran
on steel rail::: ~aid on the almost veftica~
side of tha tunnel.
Day after day the same sequence
went on: lhe drills would whine into the
rocil, cnarges WO\Jld t:.e set, the jumbo
'oiTOuld be hauled back 45 fl., and the
blast fired . As tons o: rock cascaded
1,200 ft. to the bottom, I he jumbo
would be <l.dvanced. another 14 ft. of
rair laid. a11d the whole process would
bagln an over again.
When the jurn bos had finally
bored their wa.y down ths shaft
another hazardous job began-con·
creling. Thrs was the task of covering
the whola Inside :surface of the pen-
stocks with a foot or concrete -!O
resis1 the wsh of 400,(}(}o) gatiOf!S; of
water a second at full flow. The men
who worll:oo the barrel-shaped collap-
sible meter forms for ths oo~1crete cal-
led the frame at the top of th~ torm
"tha heM-ache rack"' with good reason
-even a smaJI pebble comes down a
1,00.0 fl tunnellnclinad at 60 degrel>s
like a ricocheting bu I let
On July 1~. 1970, th A fir'l<:>.t hl.:;o~.f
W"dS f!rad at the bottom of No. 10 ~en
stock, marking comptetion -less
than 34 months aftEi!r i~ E.Le.ri.ed. of too
ut1<terground Q-Mcavatlol,, Some five
mlllion pounds of explosive t.a::l
been used. Yet, In spite of ihe scala
of the operation. and 1hs qraat
haights a."ld other h82ards in·ro:Ved,
lost t!mG from work eccidenl.s w a s
su~stantially lower than on most
excavation jobs of this type.
Tha final ho:i:o::onta~ ss:cticn of Ill~
penstock!!, which narrowed to i 4 ft.
seven in. diameter, was lin-ad with high
strength stael. (The length of the
co~Stly stsellinir.g had been minimi:red
by careful eog~ring analysis and
judgement of th3-adequacy cf rock
8.1'1d concrete to withstand the stress.
Impressive economies were
achieved.}
EJCcellence ln bOth C::Jsign and
workmanship meant that fun advan~
ta.ge could be taken of the temarkably
solid rock formation. No supporting
caocrete was required fOf the roots of
the masslve underground chambo;s.
The powerhouse ceiling finally took.
the form of stainless steel sheeting
suspended hom botts embedded in
the vaults oJ rock above.
•411 ' .• -~4'"~,r~r:
Typiml 11-t;o·~ ~ll}<"i) :mn-r
17
.. '··
.~f.-. '
s~ ' .
.;H,Ull.~ssing
·t:e·c:.h:nOl.ocr~' ·:b~'
tc; i.111prove ecolo·gy ,..,.
Whtiln gf.lologist A. P. Low
climbed Labrador'& Lookout Mountafn
in 1894. OlferllJaking ~vhal is. now the
Chun::hil! Fall::; pQwer eli!.nt !-'take, he
~<3opor!~d a bl~ a k vi~'~'!: 'over h::~lf oft he
surr!'Jurtding country has. bee<~ strip·
p~;d hate I:Fy fra-quflnl fires. (n 1he
s·•vamos and aro~Jnd 1ha s!'lora-s o~ I he
!al::as: .. bi ack spruco and l;.rch of
&rn.etl size grow thlc!l:ly togeth-er. On
tl,,l sidss of tN~ hills lhe.se are mcro
5tunted ... w11ere t~e hil!~~deos have
be9:'1 bumt V·3ars ago the~· are cov·
ered w! th a tangled mass of wi !lows
a:w a!de r s, whfre the tops are coa~ed
w+~ wh!ta mos~ Jr'll::l samt arctic
:.~;;;bs..··
Ti1e ani ma:s that mhatit ihis
har:<h !$.r<d le.aC! ~ sim!iar1y precarious
i'lll'.rSter-.ce, and Jr.rga mammal:!l, StJch
as t!te blac~ b.eiir and caribou . <'l r~ f~~
"'!lihi~-3! u~ .mfished ~;,es pw:!de a. few
.... ~pp.:)!$, tr.e c.oncentrati::n c-r nu ..
::r~nt.:;. ar~d there-~re lht" density of
;:t.O:ual!c nte. !~ !loog;s~-la~rador·s
~-l.is:.:fi::..op~ iihlj"'ne. $"'~11m vis~ied the
area, beca usti cf the scarCity or yarn a
and fish.
In workrn.a wtth and afterin~ the
terrain, man does not always ne.ed to
oppose n<!t\.Jre. it is, peril.aps. signifi-
cant that the new course along the
edge of the plateau, into which the
Church!il was directec!, may in fact
h<we been the ortgina.l river bed before
the east gla:Cl-ltion 20,000 years ago.
Er.:olcgical!y. tho ootire project can be
slu.C:ied as a model for resoufce de-
velopment ir1 tha Canadia11 norl11.
From the standpolnt or {.OI~SefVa·
tion. the reguiaJi'Jn ol flows. passing
through 1 he power !levelo~1man t
s!1ould actua1~y ~!Edt:~ to P'"SVei11 the
i)fO\•ious !1armfut e-rosion of the b~l'lks
of ttle lower reaches of tne Cl"'urchFi 1.
by unc·Jn~rol1ed sp;lng freshets.
Ag.<:u~, t~e fwocling Qf .2.500
squl:lre mu.ss w create the reservoirs
~~anged lh~ far.e ot the countryside .
MOVtever, the s~mur~ass oftha process.
wl'llch took p=ace a11er three years,
:neent tl"lal h<e;>mtui ~mpact u~n ter;d
ar1imal~ in the reg~o" ":'!as r~inimi..:ed.
Carefur studies by blologu;;ts have
COiiCitoded thai some overcrow::!i11g
or sm.;;!le;-soecies occurred in some
timitcd areo:s such as i.sl<mds which
were created as the waters rase.
And tne fishing should be even
better thar. before. Not omy has the
aquati1~ hatl!tat been gr9ally en!arQed,
but the ftoodinQ ot swamp .s11d mus-
keg, biologists ha.va found; increa:;es
the vol;;me and ct.:.ncentrat10n ot :;.rna:ll
organisms whir.h .are thfl ba:;:"' .. of th(;l
rood cha:n whjch sustains. lnC>J:ectl}·-
the: largergame fi::>h. . .
Or the land S~lb!Tre.rgec! t:teneat~
the rcsarvo1r. <'!survey determined fr:at
it contained B"5 per cent scruO buS~:
grt:JwinQ or. rock scantily coverad_ ·ml!:
acid .soil. four par c.-ent t;arl'l3n mnd:
nine per -cen1 buril~d-cver areas. ar'rC
20 pe'r Dl::'n: bog. Oniy wo~o per cent
t;onsi~1e ct ()l trf! e s ov~r 30 ft. h>gh.
ACi3's concern fer. and interest
in. ~he erwira:;mem was ciaar!y _d~: rnonstra.~e.d b:l" th~ i>lsistence tt;ai a..l
.~ ... -. :t
: .... ..
·iE
;~, --~t:
.. :1·
.£#. .. :~ :~:· EJ .i: ..
E .
-'~
r.:-.. -_,_..,...
~~~~--~~~----,
20
camps, even the ramotest. snouid be
equ1pped w ith sewage treatment
facil:ties.
Arld the-new human inhabitants,
permanent and lemporary. ol th1;1 main
camp afld townsfte appaar ~o have
quickly developed an awareMss and
.:;~ppreciaUon of the unsp()i!ed envi-
ronment ERrly !ssues cl 1he weekly
CFLCo paper Churcht11 Fafls News,
were full of suggeslions tor using such
natural rasot.m::;as as cariboll moss,
parlridge berries, and Labrador tea.
And one of the noHest debates in its
~etters column wa5 1he vexed auhject
of whether f$male calibou have ant-
Jars. (Unlike rtle resJ of the deer family,
the~ d'nl _
It wa<; t1li s aspect of the projer::t
which captuTed th'3 attlilntion ~Jf Prima
Minister Pierre Emou TnJdeWJ, when
h£3 inaugurated the devetopmen! on
June 16. i 972, with a sp11cch titled ·•rn
harmony wilh nature.''
"We stmuld see;· he said. "tnis
gigentic insi.JIJatit:'n <lS the un!fied and
dy1"1a.mic solution to a great many
prot>Jems , using the contributions of a
wide .array of skills and knowledgE!. A
truly human ::;tn::~:pe has thus been
given to this source cl raw e."Gr!Jy
without diminishing nature or disturb·
ing the batmca ot the ~rwirortment
The example of Ctlurchill Fafls shuws
that though ma.r. imposes nis will on
natura. Me can do so jn haffTKiflY with
nature, and that this procesS~ can be
noble and fr~,;ilful Thar is wily I Sl.i''
wilhout 11esitatiofl rnat nt.Ar tectmof·
ogy ha'S produc ed here a masf&r·
piece t'lar comm~nds rJovt>l~
admir<J!i~n . ''
f}' t1
tl
yf
~
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~·
~~
[J.
!J
~
:~
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J
'?.'~.:-.:,~"!': -..;~~tt)t?t·::'i'a;~·~' ~'1-~:!K~~~"''~;~;;qi':'l}1}~:.f.~~~;··~;~--~-·;,""·· , .•.. 'lv .... ,.'<· ,.,..~ .. ~J .. ~,·~~,ff~~~~;;~~7~-t7:r:~·~~~,: . .;;.· '1' ~., .... ;:'JO~.l>f'·~ .. :~=~~,iiitt''f!':,-';'#..itl£.~.:.~.'i . .;;t;"t.·'i•,•:r!.:~e:·.~~;J~·,.. "''· ,. :-~.'?• .. •··' .. ~. > .... !_,..,.·~~.a.r, .... .:. ,,.
'.~.·.~~:~.:,~-.-.f.·" .• : ..• '.:_,·.;:~-.· .. :·--.,i·;·:.:.:.:c_:--·.~ .. ::~~.::.-.:·.-: .. :.:·~ ..• _.~.:.:.~.~;·: ..... • ... ·:··:·~".·.~·~.-:',·.···:,.·.i.· .... : .• ·.:···.~·-.~.··.·-.• :.:~.··:.::· ... ~·.:-~: .•.. ·:: ... ::.···_·.; .... ·~._: .• : ..• ~.~::t.: ·.?\ ... ·~:.~.:...-:·".~··.,.~:!;.·~·.:~_::·:',~ .. ~~~,·.)· .. • .• : .. _ .. ~·.:::,..:".·._:·~.-r\.··."·_::~ .. ~~-··.-.···.·.:·.r-.•••• ~ .• ··.!~_:; .. ~.:~:~-: __ ·;:·.~"',-~.·~ .... ;~~~.=~=.-.;~;".···.· •• ···:,. f./~~}r~.-;?f~;;~~~:;~~~-?~-~~I1:?_~:.r.~~i».if.~f.;·:!=· · :: -?'.;: . :z:;: ~ : •.. , .. · -· ~· ;.>.<: _ ,., ~-~ =~-> : ...... _ · · ... f~~:~~*~r.:~:~:!~!j\~'Jl!.*i:~~··}, .~:~·~~i~\:·~i~~:r.~·*~~
Loc.a.tt:d on Lh& (n~urnbi.J Ri~'ct, a.houl -'!.SO ri•;~r km
nonh of rhc Canada· UJii t~d St at~-5 bordE!r, \·1 ica
D11m ill om' of the higher earth-ii11 darn5 in the
···I:Drh.!. Cmnuided ir~ 't9i'3, the d~w1 toW('rS 244 tn
abo~·~ lhc lowest jedr:)(k I!!V•3I an.J con~htut.t!'>a rn~'iur
lrn k. ~n h.:Hn~s~! r:g the v,,JJ er re<;mH~;e~ .. r L ht~
wlurr,bia Rivt·r ~l!>IC:::rfl. A live Sh.)l'.:l~e c.a.pa.dty of
l 5 ,UOO x 1 (if: m · ];; vp·:o:-~ red to tarn~ thl' mi~hl y
r..r· .. lumfli.:-Ri .. 'IH and pnn·ick flurld proCt::Ct.IOn t~J
dG\Iin~tr~;lrn !·ip<iria;: laml By l 977, 1 ,71C' 1\HV of
h·:~drof:kctr:c g<'!ru~ratin~ c::tr.u:;it".. h..td l:;l!!::!l in::.t.:~ric.::l
by l.h~ r.HI.'rll~l, B ri l1sh C~lll mbh Hydro ;ln d Pnwt.: r
..C..LJt.liOI"iL ~'·
Thf' \·1 icu ··tm -~~··· N''~'· ;..i
j (~In!· vc nt.ure Cl)m p·a ~~y
Lin1itl·~!.
w;L:'. ~-nginN·red L·~· th<:
c..t .... 5[C0 Co ,.,_ul1~ nts
1-1. G . ..-:\C:RlS /1, "'D cora· ANY UMlTF.IY wh 1Hh:
~)1 t r1c 1111 t'c p.H~'·H c:;girn-cri n;:! ((•nlp .. m ieoo;..
• ~he (...:;;l'l{t.1fl', v.·.E r··:~.:l'l.';i : .• ~1r:~ Cl:l~o;hi,~ )C~\~,:e-.
l.[n~i~r:.:d in ; ':164.
;\a<:-s C()n•.u;t ill!! S;.·: "i l'\.'~ li r11il cd
5 ~~59' DN!:h,:o;;:::r Rr.~o;J
N!.<~~.l~ a Fat!~. 0 n1 .1ri•:.
C;;nJ.dJ
l.:~f. ~~v~· 1
·.,,.;. :. ~ :·:
Tlu: spilhV<l\' s1 rue l.urc ~;nnsis1S uf a c;ontrol
~;tmc!LHC wi!h 3 racli.a! gates, a -~30·111 long concr:::tc
:;:.>~1iw;~ y ch~Jt c a.nu <~. mass con.:rr:tc Flip b;J;;ket.
D-~::;ign COJp.:=cily ol tlw o;pilh ... -a"f i!; 4,250 m3/s.
The-Li.~lllrtl: o;tr•JcWre is a low over I !m•.' wr.ir 'rvi th an
ngt'f' s hap¢. I ~y J r<nJ!:c n"~odl:'l tCSlS wc-u: U$1:!0 H~
d<?v.:-klr ;1 ;miqut> fiow sur-!"ac~ fur t.h~ fi ip bucket,
(."( •n Ill! mi :1g to a skew cone ~11ith an i ndmed .axis. A
tr:trw:,·~s<> d:-~i n..tg.: !;yo.;tern -r:d longitud~t\.:tl dr;1inagt:
;>;J.I l('!"y ! Lm bcn•.·.t(h the full !r.ngth of 11 ;~.: spi!lwa )'
~.:h· .. ra· IIDor.
r--·· ·-~---------
i
J
I
' r
j
l
1
I
t" ••••• ~·
.l o'Y':."i'$(-'li. 'o'f:/x:."R,T)if.' -~~-~-~-~~ . 1·• I
-· ~--------~~--~-~-L.r.....
...___~~
......_________, __________ +-;-~:.--....,y--.....
SECTiON THROUGrl SPILLWAY
.i
.........
..... -a.. • .:.
. ·-----.
----------~---·--------·-~----~--~-~---···--·--··-··-·-·----·-·-···--·-·-j
~ ~
·~
_; -~
·1;-
J
PcJ~· .. ~ler ~·,t·.,....,kes-. v ...... & H d .. -·
The pow-c.-intake strucl u r-c w;b 'n nstn~.:: ~ed iii$ pJrl
t1f the main dc;.m pr(lject and comprfs~s an approach
ch;mnd fmm~d bv a 76-:'1 Jeep upcnw~ rod-.;
exca..-ation anu 6 intakes. E<'ll.h im.d;:c int·Dq)f)ntes a
b'cllmouth t:nt;anct:, ga.tc-charnht:r .1nd shorl
con cre te-1:ned ~l.uh. !unn~l. !="l o\., control r~
ac.::lmplished by vcrrio:a! fixed-wh~cl !:atl•s-r1pCr.J.lCd
fro 111 l:\. 7-m di .Hfll:ll:r, :16-rn deep ~.ilc !>h.tfl!>. I he
bellmnu til t'ntl .me.:::. ar ~' Cu\'(·ro.::d by 11 ..tshr;~;.:k::;
which .'lr<! clc:1;,d !:t·!" <l lra:.Jt r.tkl· opcr,ttt.:d frni-:'1 the
int<~kC: :.;trucHrr~ deck. 51 p·fmmir.g rncthods ·Oy-.':!r~.·
use!i to f!l.lC'! Lht:' ;.:o ncrek for ll'w f <L;.;c Sl.!b .trtd ga.tt
<;IBfl !i111 ng.
En!ii!"lt·~~n !)~ rof t h:~ Lw.dc r-.:o:r !l;.lil d g•: n~:r;ning :-.l..LI. ion
.:H ~l'vli.;:a ~~: .. 1•, t.HtirLI out·b·~· tlw -l3ril<s!} Cc•it.ndii :t
llydto .::l•'d r()\v{'r ·\Lothoril'!-·, !.ir8l'l'{ -,ub:.!.'qm~ll1 tt'
thL" comp!elkl n c:.i· CASFCO'<. ~v-ork iln tlw d;;m .m!.
-• ...:: .. 1.SSI..IC i;l1 t~c: ':i•ru..:tw ·.~s.
f.(.·: .. ·~ ( . -
~:·.-.
·.:..:--"
~~· i. I
~ : .. ·~= .. ~ -. rt. .•.-
-~--... : ... ·:· .::::.-:::-:-._-::::--::-::
. .. ·~···."~ · .. •t= .. :·:r-...... r·.:t.!·:--·:·.:.K-
. -~-.. t , . .,·. -~~:~~:~:
-~ :. ..-..::· .
ii~4
'1'-;(j ··~
:~
~~~L ..... "'··--
G~~;:-~1
. Qrainag~ b'!.!tin area
·:(;'!~~· .. !!im~l .ili~.cr,;;.rgs
.Rci;.Cr'roif !i.taF~ge -toul
·-live
F~Ji ~vp~ly lcvt~l
.. M::lximtlm m.Hwater ~~""''
!~~;.l --.
'(~~rp;:O!ct~d ~r.l;o'l. F. ill,
.:t-~~~~v~~·~r.l·n~f~~;io!Js. CQr~
1-:1:0 !ill ~ a~;·~ ._oojr4cl~
cr~·.o;r::::· .cicya tr~)fl
·.'.' ,Jr.n(;.lh ··.
·· ~·iv i dtl'!· lk~t: ·:Wid'li{. ·: .: . vO:rgi~:.:·: . .
:~;:]~:~i,·liit:.::::. ;.,
:;·:::·.wflf\Y~ :,... r. . ·
· ·¢~·:th!l~·\\ilill f.li?· S.ur-~ · ;~~~.~:~~--~f t:aiJia.l ~a~!O . ·:
C]li;fe din1ei'l~ii:ins
Gcf!.A: :>ill rtt .... ation
· Des !gli 4~~·~h~l',x~
:~lllit~~" · .pesl.gn·· d iS du!r~·cr·.~r,l;~~tY. ··:
:·;~~~~~;~~~~~·; ;.· ,· -; ...
,.
~·· ... : .
...
~. ·: .· ~ : .
·,: ... ·::; ... · .:·,:·:rciu(~~srrm m!>ch;~f!:~·c:a:p"~cll.y r·~j :· .. · .: .. : ... ·i.< ., .. : ... ·:··:· . . .
]\~ .... :: ... · ... ·., .··
2!,250·km2
i.i90 .ml'fs
25,000 x 106 m3
I.S,CJUO. x I (J & ml
7S4m
S16m
.244m
1 G2m
79~1;11
34m
945 m
32:.6 x I oo m3
1S.7·m
S93m
t,036m
5Q7
4,250 ~i~
4
3
12_·~·fl.l,h.igh b}'
l2.'i ·m -,_;i1d..:.
742 .m
.' ·~!2 50· m~ Is ·
2.3 m Dy :.l.5 m
]14m
·9
&·5(lm3/s
l
3m by S.S m
2 con.nol, 1 ~:u,ird
1 ·o~b ~:lt1
.5.3 m hy [:,_-: rn
68 m
6 con~rol, 1 !!Uard
6.7 m
1, 700 m3.t~
)
.....
. ··r.-•
I •IJo:a:=:-.:
:· =· -~·:.::
i: :~:~ :l~r
~:·~,;~~;
~~~I-~·:=-=~:
~:.2.·:1·.";,."~
C;;L. N •:. :tn 4
--;
.', •.-.....
~ ....... _._".: -·~.
. . :·) .· :~ ..._ . -· : .r ;·.
. -~ ~~ .. --.~~-~-:_·_:{.? __ ·1 /
_,.,...·
·-.. , .. • ... -. '•
..... :. ...
~-::.. ": ..
in l:he ~m~)i,.al r3in fore!it of sn~!th .::..rr:6i'•ca':;
W('stern Cordiilera, tt~~ CVC oi Cr;ii. CnlwnLi.:r.
ownt afl d cptH"<Jtcs t !1~ wo; lt1-5 h ll"J~l•~st
r;{)ncref.e-1aced rock.-fi:i d.:rn and il .340-~v·ii.'V
u nd e1gro1md now~r fiicflit~.
Ao::i"i!S lr.t~m.>tic;na~ !_ir.;ite~
Ccnsu!ting Enl]iooGrs
5259 Dcfc:hs~IEi• Ro<1C
Ni<!gara Fall~. Can<Jda
T, . .-... [·_ ::E ~ ... .:;..:.
,":=:i;L HPL £ ~ .:11\'"J.!.l.
PROYECTO
OF rl?lJJ£Cr
~:5i ... ..~~t. .• 0 ~ ... 'i -'!: -:: ·.:-o
·;: .!,"1--(!!!!:::,; ••. : ... ::~.=..::::i%::7~ . .!!1
~:
~'!JJti~-~ ~~~~ii~~
-~~
Tltc CortJ(lf"iH:i()n Aur6rtornc. R<!gionoi del Co.UI:a £'
(CVCI o.f Cali, Coiombia, wi;h th-e 11alp ()f ii'l
r.or.<;u I ten Is and contractors, h.as. r.omplctc-cl tha f1
construction of tl·.c Alto A.nchic<Jv6 hydroett!ctric ~
proj;:ct, inciLHl i ng a 140-m h ign concrcte -fo.cfld
rock-fill dam. 8-km jjower tunnel, and 340 3.1'N ~
'Jfldl!rgrou r•d pow•~r st~tion. Thr, :;itc i.;; on th<! ·~
rugged f'<Jcii ic slope of tile VVtlsto?.rn Cordii ler<:l of
South Amet ica, o.n area of '-'r8cij)i Lou;; m()~unain ~ ~
covered ~y tropical Hlirt forP.st . !J
T h c C',J C's cng~nr~f ~ring constJ!t<tnr. fro nt th<!
inc~nLio1~ ()f Lh<! feasiuiliry studies thmugh detail ~
Llesign end con~truction. WilS Acr-es l nternar ionr..l ~
i im!ter.l of Canad<J . T!tE! corltroJctor~ for ;1··1'!' major
civi I 'NOrk s were I CA of il.•lP.:dco. ~~
'11
S>opes in the <1re<t of th !:' project are \•ery stee~J.
Vt!rti~a! l:liff ~ an• [;Orrii;I{Jn . rwm its hr.oadw;JLCrs in
the f arallones cc C~li to its mouth ne9r 5
Bw~n~v~ntura fa strll i ui ·t l ·lin~ di.;t<Htce ol o nly iihmlt
GD km) tl~c r~;JC' d r~ps ill mo:;1 3.000 m . an d ~ivi:r
(lradie~lt~ of 6 p9r cent ar-e feu nd clc•wnstr ar.rn from i:f lr1~ datmil~. Prt::t;i !:-itaLio;l is ''t!l\' h~av y _ <:iller:i'(Jing ~
<thou: 4,800 m ·,, ri'!r v~:lr n~.:u Lilt: ~)O~ ... H rl •ous~ ~it~.
wit!1 20•:> to 300 mm ~f r<)in ~~·.·on in tb t: rir·:c-.,;7 ,,
f!lll!) Lhs.. T!tr.s~ I ec: tu rtlS, •.•.·I· iC:' ar~ 1a·..-•J: "Ll:e ltl ~
h v d ro~: if~ctnc d c•;clopm!~nt. rn~<~~~ ;:~ee l'~~~ Vl~r y
dt !f!CL<i t in ~j18 <:-<.:r I·( Guys. r· ... :en ·•~o·itil ;'1 '~!1.5 <lllc.l
sh()>Jels hr;ck!~ti .-1 1 J i: m t ,,,;I !:!.·Tr th~ :;! iprJ-=ry ~£
,;:oi>~5. bu :1 t ol cump wnl1 !) !.!·1!--s sa w:1 I}V hJnd in ~:&~
tht~ jt Jt·.~l !:'. n<sm;1 :-:t led t hr~ dr·; I;, 1•; t'<H; ,prw·:r• ~. dt td
ca r ri8u il , I3 Sh:1U tt~ :vn>i :•:1·,• .... <:• ,.,,. d,.orn:;it-~ 1c) ~
~xr,inn~ t;lH rock in t!w d.:rn .,,,,. ':·:1 10 , .. '·.'·J··~ .. , !h: f1
trace.: i1ad been t;OI:l!!il!h.'\1, ,,. c .,··:· .,, •• )•;:; ·t;r~n :
;;[1~1' tO unc~:"rt.:t k ~• ti·.~.' !',;1' ';., :: •.':. <Hid .,.. f~llU'Pil:e·!l. 1-iP<:~II y , ·,.•,h t:il : .. : tr:r! t,_~
orojr:ct i·,o.::-1 b~~cm con+i.,1,r-·~. ·· -_,,,, 1h~ ~
fl"i:ljH• 1;1sK i!f tl.Jiidtnr; :1 <·'· :;,•::·.; :0
s~·~~~ iur Lh~.· cor ·!··L'l!t:l!r~·· ,.. ·J.f !1'1: f~t
;H!l)P·::.1. Two V l:ilr,; i ;;l!::;. ·.·., •·
..:otnplf~~8c~. lt)e :r :1' :·u•r: , .. ·
C:i:rrsi~s 'u\o<1S f lltd!IV ·8;JL;:_,.·,
trucl• .. je ()'I r u o 1 t:~ tn .. ' d ·, :·
drt\'{:
',I: (I 1,\\~::. ~
i •.' t~l '''17
:~: i let·. I ' "'i( .::} ...... ,.,,_:(;. ~
···~·
The ~;;jrlie~;: ev.::!luations of th~ row~r pote!'lri;~l of
rh~ uppflt ~eachss c::.f the Anc'·,!.-:.1':-'a Ri·J-ef ~..-er.;
hamr:~ared bv thP. compiete <~b~.;· ·~ of o :ans f!illi
tN~Il· of aertai phctograpll~ [b::l(.61.i5:~ 0t a!irtost
contii1UOUS c!oud ;:;over). H:.:;rdy pionaer ~rtqtnt~{;'~s
!()cate<.l •he ;~te of the AllL.J Anchit;a,y<) r.lilm ~r: trE
19:50":; <lfter arduous We<?ks of wor~ in 'ille Jur.~]lt;.
Tl1e~e BXil!orations H~!>lJlteci in in-tlou~e :;.tudJeS Srtd 01
pre I imtn~rv rep art on the economic fn!'lsi~iili t-.· of
ups•.r&aFT· deveioprr.ent~ 'Nhicb wa~ suhmitt~~ 1·n th8
m<m <HjOm~nt of eve in Or.tQher l96(i . !Fl Aod ~)!
the foHowiag ya-<lr. Acres l"!tcrnationcl L1mtt~<
Const1lti119 E~ginr.ers of Niagara ft~i!s. Cr.tnaue w<1s
r~:!lin~td to as.<;ist the hyrlro:!lectfiC dep;;~rtm~;nL o 1
eve in thE;i p£-rformance of ~. full ·scaiE:! fe.:~s.tb:ii ty
srudv·. · fld ud ing ;;itt:? surveys, i n~'~stig<:~timts of
~oun(!;:Jt~ons, C{,n&tru.:Lion rnsi.et•i;,t:.:~; ar.<.. aarthqut~k 1:1
risl<, geo~og ic ;:;nd t ouo~raph;c rn11p[li t1~!.
hyc.l rolugical. e!~ctric~: S'{Stcm, and eccnorn 1c
studies. pre I i m in<~rv cle~igns and cost~ P.:StfmaH~s, and
a!! the re1ared <>ctiilities of !'i:uCh a study. A n·,ixc-d
team o f eolo mh!11m; drH..l Ca·1adians compietfd the
WOI'i< in .3 'f~ar, und thF. IE:!aSibH i L y raport w;:s
~"omim~d to 1he Executive o;roctor of eve in
/\pril o f 1963. It was mndudtl<.l tha t th~ <1'\Sl<O!I~tinP
of 3-'\.0 MW of c<q~.:~{"!ty <:~t A!ttJ /\nci1icay ci . wttr a
l!)i:lrl fm:;:ror ()[ 0.59, would contribulr, 1. 760 G1tF 1)
to tile CVe system in thP. <:IV!'r iitJt:: \'&ar, a 'K! thiJt J
fin;-;nciiif rottP. uf retu r;t 0.f 14 pP.rcent. r,ou !d bt!
expec.:tecl, ba:;.acl Oi' cr;,~rg -1· sde prices itl effBcr at
tlw lirn&.
-r--··--. --·· .. ··-
1 "'i --· ··---· .....
I. 1
~-
The sub'iequent p~riod Mf'i :;pe.,t in obtait1ing ri_
financing for th11 construction of ttle project. The
I nter·Ameri can Development Bar1k and ttle ~
Governm!::!nt of C~nada <19reed tn cooperate. ~
Me;mwhilii', dela~letl invest.i9at.ions und studi~s !.l;l
contim.nx-1 to rl!'finfl thtl" enqioee-rin!; de!Signs and
insurr that the optimal ~>rructur~ would be buil1. ~
Q.
A comp01rison ot <til the ;,pplicable alternative typlr.'l
of dams was made .:~nd it was detarmh1~d that the i1
111ost economical VII"Ou!d be <~ corup;:~cte-:::1 rock-fill ii
dam with ~n impervious membrane formed un its
upstream face by ca!!t in situ concrete. Sine!'! 1hi! _
woul;.i be the highest such darn eve· r.onsvucted, ~
grsat C.'lre was. required in the d~ign of et~c:h of its ~
comJJonsnts afld in the seit:ction of materia!s and
methods of cunl>truclion. A finite elcm!?flt m
deform<~t[on ;:m;;~lvsis of the cam body and the b,
c::oncret!! fuc.e Wil5 l"ll!rformcd, <lnd the llSS!Stunce Ol
thr~ special currrult~nts (Dr. D. H . ll.llacDon11ld, Or. ~
0. U. Deere ~nd flllr. B. J. Cook~' wns obtafnerl to ~
advise-on the selec:too design, it"> detailed titne.s.s for
the site, and the matariah anrl merhod of __
construction. Ar the s.g rr.e tirru, the fina~ locatlon, ~
orient!itiur1, s;hapil and deta;ls of the urldHr:.:~round ~
pawerhowse, :'I~Jrgf shaft$ arui penstocks, ~l o:i of the
tunnel and its (;-onstruction portals .and 1:-nak.e~ were 1§
fixed. Bv September of 1969 the u.:na haJ been (t
preparerl ior thE' mf!in civi! c-:mtr{lct ti::H'J<'lr~. This
contract wt~s ulthately .)~'lo·<mil'rl to th•~ Mexican ~
firm of ! ngenieros Civile'.l Asoc1aJos {iCJl.t. g
--F""JWEflHOUSE
)
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~=··.;..:.
The ~d~ abutment of tha (lam \'~l'o:; lormCC"I uv i'l
m::rrow ~t.arp-cn::.U:CJ r1tlge, arel:nd wh:ch ti:c (;-"'~'
formP.ci a '~e-uply iflci'S.ed r.. ~8!i!~oe IC~Qn. I'' t"'e
comrJ~.:::-; .iclded 5chrs;t bedro... "'"'4tilll"l this r 1rt~~:. o
thick I~'YCr Qf s~ rong chen ptOY~I~P.f! ·l l i rm
founc!;:n.on fo! ~he upstrear ~ <.:Ottu <!te {Jiolinhr ii'JITI .
An t:liJcr.;m~ ~'(:item ot tunn~ls and dnH hr,:~o:; WifS.
installtod withH"! t~H"' ndge tn cor,trul th~ SJ-~f'>liJ9P
ti;J\"'S t~nd pH!SS\li Q.io gef!P.ratad uy th~ d!!f!!ll ~-cse~·.rO~f
(Jn its up!i.tre.'lm sjdP.. f5;rn11ar ~'ut ~frSS e~o. ten~i·o~!'!
n;~a'>tltfl~ wer13' a!lio fequin::~d c:>n tne ri~~t <lllt.n:rnen{ !
Thil s.iti'l~4 o! the s1~iHwav ano thfl c:IM~f'>iun o:'ti
outlet t.lmr-f.!ls <~lso tQL•Io. <~tlv<.!l"ltage oi tht:l prr:~F-11<:•~
of th1s ri{i~~ to achil?l!a the n~c~scrV wat0· relf~0-!:+1"5
u~.o·e-r the 'lhortest prac;o1r:a1 fJiHh. 111 th1~ "r~a ti"!£
ue(l:.-or.k consists ol hornfetls. " h<lrd hut htr.::~..Jr&.l
rock form€ci hnm ,~,~~ ~ch I':Hs i•• the I.!ICul~ ty of
I an·~ bodv ol (IIO'"i tr~ (iJfl i~oP.uus imrus&v~ r odd .
• ·.~ L· ...
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1 n (!ldElr ~o contr::JI t~e i.JlJ;imatP. daionnatio~ of the ~
concrete 1at:e bf tlls clam, gre<!t •:~re W3S 't!r'lll ire-:-i in
the d~i!fn ar.d construction of tl1a rock f~ It in the ~;
body of the dam, inclm.tii"lg ttl~ :.elect ion of rocV.. ~t.
types, p!:!rli~;l~ sizes and compactiur1 methods. Ordv
diorit1~ and homfels wem permitted. Th.ay wcro f'3!'!
ub1eil'iad kom qu(lrri~:; nt:oiir trl:! do:~msfte and from j~:
tile :op illway axcavatlon. Tho~ rock Wi;l~ dumped em ID.:
tile fill, sluicerl, .i:tl'H.1 'l.m~ad i n 60.cm ~~yers •.vith
fow ua:s~e ~ of a 10-ton vibmtory roller. N u111~rous ~;
teSti ~vore rnacie to 1nsure th<lt H1e requirt'.d demltv ~
was IJeiog obtaim!rl, ~5 tcm low <~ ri~n~i1y might have
pll'rmitted e!llce&sive deimmi'lt[on of the fill a nd "'"
ill.·: h~nce oi the upstream co ncrete d!<~pllra~Jm. ~
The ccnttete he<? itself Wtl5 ~lip farmed on top ot .:::.
spec.loJi bt"ddin!:_l ~11ye' of iiqer-s1raincd rock til!.
Again, ~ar~f ul cletJikd contrul wus exercised to
vc.!--oi(!'\•~ thfl rl!'!si roo qu,qHty ()r tlw c;o ncrert:l aru:!
~::err~Gt ins-:.all8tion of o~l th 1: d1~~iqn dr-t.;Jils. The
thic:kn~~s of tP,~~ f.:nn.:ret!~ ~lab •Ja r ie5 from 30 c:m to
70 trn.
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it
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f.l
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lti
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Lii:. '9~ •• ·
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~ ~~t; ~-J..~ f! = ir}r:g. i~!1'·,~·c:r tu::: :.:!: ·t-t~~ rout(:'rj. ~(.1 ~ =·~~~ · ~
<:<:lv•J"llo!"•i; o t ! h~: ren ill:·, to 1)1'(;\ol!jc ;;.;:h:; ;u<lt•! •:v:o •
........ ~,,It! !.iF:! -,·~~it r ~~1q t 1"!{-~J s~ f.•t :ntf-~1=""·:::=--!· . .-(~=
C'IJ!'J.~\il!~:l ;on dJd;f.S .J.:1\i .J SITI·Ca~ ~ni 2f<C \•.i f~;L~:-:. L: ~ ~ 0
H!flo·, ... , imrn !ht~ Murr;;.p<ii tr .bvr<~rv. S.e•:<J!I"St· :!··f·
qH11md ~!:DIIf t'1e tunm.·l ·.v'i:l~ !,-,<~·::t.~~;i !.o:{, !·> :lr ;!!;;;q
~q~1 pment, rH~ :;ul.r•wr f,!c!: 1 !1Vtl~ll l].1~i r.mo;; !>ari ~"·\·:::'
c;<~rri~:d utjl ;;::i(}fl£: tilt: ; inr! v t Lh"' tl,f•ll":: T ''~
~~~~~:~~;~~:~T,~.i.;.~~i:r.t.l't:J~,I~. ~-~,:~J:;.:ii.··.·:::~;~:.ri:'i~~f~
~~Oi l!!nd~lhi l'J. _ • ,_ , "n . '
•x.;f}: lYi~<~:> ::.i:hi~t~t, hnrnl~~<; it.•~C ~i;w1ite}. iw;
li!i!.C::lvio!ton w<:.l~ (l.;;i a.,·,-~!~ l>~c:1u~r. tit ~~r;o!{!'.J·•;,;'
C\Yic ~!t!oJ~5 on ord•. un& :;~c_;:t~=1 r.•n.
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n~ a\ The !ayout of the wuler•]round struttures in the
rowerhou!>e area ''''as 5\H~h liS to take rnax irn um
ad~1.:1ntage of tt1e disnillution ot d i ifcrant tv pes of '
r\Jt;L Ttn~ whole po\o\'erhou::;e ~avity is ir~ a body of~
d iod te. Local narrow z:o nes o1 shear ~rl al!d
weathl~rP.d rock had be~:n dis[:O~ICPKI In <!Xploratmv ~~
dri!i ho~.cs Zlfln runn~h, and d~"Jsiyn det<Ji!s a··1d ~
c(HHtrucriun rnethods had be-en adr.-pted to
at::com mod ate o:ham. The corltnJI roorn ar1u ereci!on ~1 b~v <Jrc ioco3tr.-d aT one C!ld , of the po·N~riwu!S:, [i
ncljact-HU tv rlu~ ac[;~~ tu rmr::, Three vertFc<ll-axt~
F r;mcis ty;:te turlii nc:; were instE~lled, rated at v
160,000 mhp IJnder a h~nd d 400 n· and n unil f:l
speed of 450 r~v/f'l in . T~.e !J~nt!rat(Jr5 ~rc r<lted at l:!
126 i\·1VA, 13.8 kV , 60 H7., 90 pe.n~nr rower
factor. Tramrorrners ore !oci.ltl:ld in <1 sepm~te f.\
unrlt~rgrnund g;li!P.r'r' whrc:h t~iso houses 111.:! c.;rarw to~
opero.te tile drnlt tlibe ~1n Le~.
Tile a_hSeilUl ?~ 1!:~~~ !JrOilnd ' in th·':! ,_ma;} led . la a
F:Xtf!ns1ve studu~s pnor tc .sc:lect!ng the .rna! I'1Cat·1Qn
for ttl~ <>witl~hi·lc ~t ;iliQII. A two·!cvt!l schomc was
fi11oH<1 sdecterl .to be Ct)I"ISlttrctecl an comp<Jc!.ecl fl
rock .tili on t11e ril;~rt·Jarok, wi·.h suii;ibiP. (JrQtP.ctinn a
from ercsian. FrtH~l her'" th{; ~c.~~~~~·r i~ tran!;m]ttad
to the stJb~;:~1r~m; wkic_h ~·:::rvf': C;~ii~ B,U krn. ~\J\'oy, by~~
11 dOllb~~ CII'CLIIt 230-1': I.J [q•):;·n;!>510n hne, e~c:h ..
ein::LJ it of wh;t';h is d~~siq: ll!d :c' ;h~J •~ntH t:i ge!"lf::!ralln~
CLl~ilCitV of the r.tOw~rhOl.;;;(;.
1 h-..· [~~'1:1'-~r'..;!CIIll t:; ::~ !1~i li·~U:: ... ! 11 !:: dd• :·.·.:1 r:..· o..'=·:~~~ ·": !~,·)~•7 .. 1
.._,H .t~!l:,: 2·), :97~ 10 Hl:-:n·.:~ [~!~ i•·~o;~~-: :;~~·~,.I ~~ . ._j
pt~rrr·<H1f~.C J ;:..:·)n(';H:::l•"' :j ;·:e"~l()'. ~L.:I '=:"=>:; ';:· .• ·~ ! ! ...
• "' 1-: •, L' :·.-;'~ :-,_1; h-(. ~ ~:~r)~t;~ t P~~:,h;~~ff\~,~~ \·:;~~;~::.::,:;'::'.,:· ·: .. r .. i·::~., ·~;~
!:1 19/F) tv . .",i!:!~ ,_.,;,.;~ h:JI!•.:O~c.!•.'~ i;v r ~·:l ..:..•:Y~t·:(i::;!~!") ·.~:
Cvn:.;ui~~J1}1 t:.IIIJ!!=i-:!'l~q: Ht \"":a.:~ • .:.K!::; · .. •.·!~'== 1r"> ... \:..•.·.·:li<:i ~;f
t -.;c.~r.:·: tn{~~ !n U -.~: c.-:.:-1 t~~!o: ~~ t.:t ~ ... :=! ,~r·.-!-1 ~-=···· =~=··! .. : .~
~r~ , .. ,·D~k. ~,.n r'~=~ ;.;·~~~&~~
Long-term average flow
Firm flow
Drainage area
Reservoir live storage
Dam type: compacted rock fill with
concrete upstream diaphragm
-height
-volume of dam and cofferdams
open excavation
-galleries
-grouting and drainage holes
Spillway type: gated chute with
flip bucket
-number of gates
gC)te dimensions
-crest le;1gth
-desigrt discharge
Power tunnel type: concrete-lined
horseshoe
-dimensions
Power tunnel surge tank type:
circular shaft with lower and upper
expansion chambers
-shaft dimensions
-lower chamber dimensions
'-upper chamber dimensions
Pressure tunnel type: concrete-
lined inclined circular
-design head for transient
conditions
-dimensions
Penstocks: steel lined
Powerhouse type: underground
-volume of cavity, approximate
dimensions
Access tunnels-total length
Units type: vertical-axis Francis
type turbines
number of units
total installed capacity
STATISTICS
56.7 m3/s
20 m3/s
520 krn2
30,000,000 m3
3
140m
2, 705,000 m3
219,000 m3
28,000 m3
71,000 m
13.5 m high x 13.67 m wide
41 m
4,600 m3/s
6.2-m diameter x 8.3 km long
62-m diameter x 140 m high
8-m diameter x 25 m long
8-m diameter x 78 m long
560 m
4.5·m diameter x 480 rn long
3 of 2.3-m diameter x '-i-8 m long,
37,000 m3
62 m long x 20 m wide
390m
3
340MW
STU~{GEON POOL ~Jl~M FSOOH.U~
PHPSE. t -~T~~UCTUA /\L EVA LUP\Tt.O~\~
L ocation
C.tient
Year 1979
Structu ra: evalu atlon of a 1 ·1 0-foot high cone rei:e gra\f i ty dam on ~he \tl~~ f i ·
kW River north of Poughkeepsie. New York. Th2 dam, vvhkM ·Nent ir.to
service ln 1923 , is founded on horizontally ;nterbedded laver5 of ~hale and
sandstonE. The dam provides the storage pond for Centra! 1 ~:,.;, .. i!;,~m'~
15,000 kw Sturgeon Pool hydroelectric plant. Tha eva~uation includes a
geological appraisal ot the rock foundation, an inspection of the d~rr.
lto:telf e;nd a stability anslysi~ of 1hc 5tructure.
CHURCHill RIVER DIVERS\\ON P3663
Owner Manitoba
location Churchill Manitoba
Value Missi Control -
South Bay Channel -"""·" ,vvv, ...... ,v
Notigi Control -
The project involved direction of investigations, preparation of contract
documents and all engineering designs for control structures, dams and
channels for diverting the Churchill River into the Nelson River to
augment the power generated at hydroelectric plants on the latter river.
There are principal structures at three separate locations.
At Missi on Southern Indian Lake the outflow of the Churchill River is
controlled by a spillway and two earth-fill dams. The spillway is a
concrete structure (33,000 yd3) with six 40-ft high by 40-ft wide crest
gates and a total discharg~ capacity of 154,000 cfs. The structure also
incorporates a hydraulically driven generating unit to provide local
power heating and gate operation. The earth-fill dams have a maximum
height of 50 ft and a total volume of 400,000 yd3.
The Churchill River waters are diverted out of Southern Indian Lake
into the Nelson River Basin via a 6-mile long channel excavated at South
Bay. This channel is designed for a flow of 30,000 cfs and is mainly in
permafrost-affected soft clays and silts, and involved a total of
10,500,000 yd3 of excavation.
The diversion flows into the Nelson River via the Burntwood River are
controlled by a spillway and earth-fill dam at Notigi. The spillway is a
concrete structure ( 15,000 yd3) with three 40-ft wide by 40-ft high
crest gates to regulate flows to a licensed maximum of 30,000 cfs. The
earth-fill dam has a volume of 475,000 yd3 and a maximum height of
120 ft.
01/78
STAGE P3826.04
P3826.05
location: West Virgania
Client:
Associate
Consultant: Woodward-Clyde Consultants
Year
Value
1976
Design and construction supervision of the Stage 3 clam raising the Stage
2 dam to a total height of 250 feet.
The decision to undertake the Stage 3 raising was made prior tc comp!e-
tion of the Stage 2 raising. This phase of the project consequently required
detailed coordination between site and design office activities to insure
safe and economic construction. Considerable use was made of bottom
ash material from the John E. Amos coal-fired generating plant in drainage
and filter zones in the dam.
AMOS DAM. STAGE 2 P382€
Locntkm Ch81rleston. Wa:H Virginia
C!icnt AppalachiN1 Power Company
A!tsociate
Cf .. lnSU l tan t Woodw!lrd·C i1de Consultants
Year
Vaiue
1974
$91000,00(}
f-ie~d exploratton. design and construction supervision of the Stagf:! 2 dam,
raising the Stage 1 dam to a height of 220 fuet and extending into the
adjacent valley. The dam retains fly ash slurry from the John E. Am(.\s.
thermal generating plant and comprises an upstream impervious zone of
compacted clay from excavated overbw-den or quarried shale materials~
and downstream zones of compacted sandstones, siltstones, shales .and
sand .:::nd gravel drains. The embankment is designed for a further 30 fE:et
raising.
The project also incorporates an additional vertical concrete serv~ce spi!l·
way. structure and a tunnel moled through the right abutment. also in·
tended for use as an emergency ~pBiway. Hydraulic model tests were con"
due ted to prove the adequacy of the design.
I
• -. • \.-• ". • •• J
.~\ssociate '1-~h~orhv;;rd~Mooi"ehou!;~ :1r1d As.sociah.:s~ ~n~;_
CCflSU~ tdrl i".
\/alue
1970
Fit!d txp!otAticn, desig!1 1nd con5truct1on surervls!'""Jn of :an e.arth i!t~d
1 ock· fi!l ddm ('l ?0 f~et. riig:: dcslgned lo be rai·~.ed to ar1 uitirn2.tc h£-ight
of 235 feet) for thf" retent!on of fry a.sh ~.!urry from the John E. Arn o::;
thermal g:en.uating ~J!;ult,
T~~ dam compri;)e:; ~ zoned design in corpor;1ting cornp~cted day shale~
:::xc a.vated f rom an ~.dja:...:.c r.t quo:.t rry; a·; the ;mperv!ous membrane. The
balance of the dam 1s co:lstructed of sandston~ with v11ryi ng proportions
uf shi!.!~ se~ect1v~ty excavated fr.'Jm the quarry_
Th~ project incorporates a vertical concrete ;:~rawo~f stnJct.ure 3nd
a.::.soci~t.t~d r'i out~ng skim mcrj ~~nd a frce-f.wcr·fiow Cl1il'.::rgency ~~pillway.
CARDINAl DAM 134
Location
Client
Value
1973
Field exploration, design and construction superv1s1on of the raising of
the existing earth and rock-fill dam to an ultimate height of 260 feet for
the retention of fly ash slurry from the Cardinal thermal generating
plant.
The dam is of zoned design, constructed primadly of mine waste from a
nearby waste tip, Additional materia! was obtained from a major
excavation for the emergency spillway. Construction included the
provision of a weil~point type dewatering system for the foundation
excavation, and shallow cement grouting in the abutments of the
existing dam,
The project incorporates a vertic:=tl concrete drawoff structure and
associated skimmer, together with multiple fly ash discharge pipelines
from the power plant to the relocated pond.
I
I
MANAGEMENT
Contractual
For a as large as a hydroelectric or str,rage development, is
essential that a decision be mad~ at a very stage as to the of
construction contract (or contracts) which are to be let. Possib!e
range from turnkey, through one general --:ontractor, to separate contracts for
the maj0r structures and equipment. The type of contractual arrangements wi!
have a major effect on the type of constrvct:on management orgJnization to be
set ur-.
Construction Supervision
Acres usually organizes the field superv1s1on operation in accordance with the
natural divisions in the project, such as upper reservoir and intake, power plant
and conduits, lower reservoir, transmission, support facilities, etc. A
organization is shown in Chart <~A".
Each division is headed by a construction manager who operates with a great
degree of autonomy and reports to the manager of construction located at the
site. Each division has its own complement of contract engineers, area
engineers, surveyors, scheduling engineers -and cost engineers. In order to
maintain uniformity in dealing with the contractors, a central management core
reporting directly to the manager of construction operates as a staff group and
deals directly in a staff capacity with its opposite number in the separate
divisions. Each group is responsible for the supervision of individual contractors
and for the coordination of all contractors. The group is responsible for the basic
project layout and, in practice, tO establish control points from which each
contractor is obligated to set out and control his own work. The engineers
maintain a continuous watch over contractor quality and progress. They are in
constant contact with the design office regarding sh~pments of owner-supplied
equipment, they assist in expediting where required, and they release
owner-supplied equipment to the contractor for installation. In addition, Nhen
the contractors advise that their work is complete, the group can, if
appropriate, accept the work on behalf of the owner and authorize final
paymen~ to the contractors.
Working under Acres surveillance, the contractors are responsibl~ for l<aoor
supply and operation of construction equipment, and supply and installatiun of
materials not provided by the owner.
The extent of Acres involvement in the financial management of the contracts
to suit the requirements of the owner. In the
ities have ranged from complete to minimal involvement
Control
basic philosophy behind on-sit<: quality control is that nothing gets done
by co~1tractor or supplier/installer without the approval of Acres or its
designated representative. On civil engineering work, this involves examination
of foundations and approval by the engineers of the quality of the foundations
before any earthwork or concreting can be dcne.
As the job progresses, engineers constantly check quality of concrete both at
the mixing and in the forms, gradation of fill m::tterials in dike work,
alignment and job interfaces with other contractors before
allowing any one contractor to proceed. Contracts are generally so worded that
the engineer may request any contractor to redo suspect work. In the event
that such work is proven unacceptable, repairs or modifications are made at the
contractor's expense, but if proven acceptable, the expense of replacement is
borne by the project.
Quality assurance is injected at the earliest possible stage. For example, all
elements used in the manufacture of concrete are pretested before the materials
J.rrive at the mixh~g plant. The product is again tested as it leaves the plant,
and finally tested in place. Similarly, borrow pits are investigated for dike
materials, and tests are taken before and after placement. Nuclear densometer
compaction tests are used to check the compaction of dikes and the results
correlated with laboratory tests made on the materials used in the dikes.
Laboratory work is contracted out to firms specializing in this type of work.
These firms report directly to the Acres engineers in charge of the separate
areas, rather than through their company offices. Fabricated items which
require on~site welding are st.lbjected to nondestructive te~ting, and again this
testing of on-site welding is contracted out to specialists in the X-ray or
ultrasonic fields. A com!Jiete record is retained by the engineers of X rays taken
on all site welding on the penstocks, scroll cases or other critical components
requiring field welding.
n the electrical and mechanical
connected to
minimize the
are
bl
of troubles
up to date and the odginals
COST CONTROL AND
?llr'i:~tf'I""''""'41 ~~G· .. t-Cost Control
~nformation "'"'"..,.""''"li'"ll
-The purpose of Acres management cost control and inforrn::J.tion
system is to provide current and factual information on all cost of the
so that control :an be exercised at responsible levels. The
is not restricted to reporting only cost infor but is more
directed toward looking ahead to the future. tracking each work unit from
its inception in the engineering design phase through to of
constructiotl, and by a proce~s of continuous forecasting of each work unit in
detail, as-to both cost and limej unfavorable trends ar:d variances are
highligh!cd well in advance, thereby enabi:ng corrective action to be taken
without delay.
Basic To achieve this objective, the system revolves around several
principal elements. These are the construction cost estimate,
rl)porting, cost estimating and budgetary control and, finally, the recording of
co. ts, as incurred, by contract package.
The construction cost estimate is a detailed evaluation of construction,
engineering and management costs, based on iminary or conceptual designs
defining the entire scope o: the project, and is prepared with cost infonnation
and prices current at the time of project inception. In addition to the estimate
of costs to design and construct the project, the construction cost estimate
includes, as separate items, allowances for contingency and escalation.
The Control System
Engineering Design Phase -The design of each contract package is initiated
through the issuance of an engineering work authorization which indicates the
scope of design work to be carried out. Once approved, the work authorization
constitutes the authority to proceed with the assignment, and it authorizes a
specific amount of funds to be spent in designing the facility.
On receipt of the work authorization, the design office proceeds with
preliminary activities including studies of alternatives, formulation of a general
arrangement, and design requirements as described in the section entitled
~~Engineering Management~>"
When preliminary is essentially the scope statement is
describing the scope of the contract The also includes
estimated quantities based on documents. Once the find this
arc the office proceeds with the
When detail design is progressing, monthly forecasts of eventual
costs are prepared to reflect all changes in current designs. When
is mainly complete, a final report known as the technical
providing a draft of a!! technical specifications, drawings, and a
individual units of work within the cuntract package, as well as estimated
quantities. The report includes the second control estimate of the work based
on the units of wod, at prevailing prices. This cost estimate affords a final
opportunity to consider changes in the scope of the pac before sending it
ou. for competitive bidding.
Phase -During the bidding period, a final control estimate known as
the engineer's estimate is prepared, based on the information in the bid
documents which are sent out to potentia! contractors. This is a detailed
estimate which takes into account the current site conditions and current cost
and also serves as an independent measure of the total cost and
individual work items against which to review the reliability of bids submitted.
Upon receipt of bids, an analysis is made with respect to the corresponding
control budget, with the latest estimate of costs and with respect to all other
bids received.
Construction Period -Once the award is approved, primary responsibility for
controi shifts to the 111anager of construction, who exercises control over
schedules, quantities of work, cost and quality within the limits of the
contract. As described in the section dealing with construction manageMent,
the manager of construction has a primary responsibility to ensure that the
contractor performs the work within the terms of the contract document.
Control is exercised by senior engineers assigned to each major contract or
series of minor contracts. The senior engineer is responsible for field
surveillance and supervision over actual measurements of work performed, and
the continual forecasting of quantities and cost to contract completion.
Monthly~ quantity Jnd cost forecasts are used as a means to update plans and
initiate remedial action when work falls behind schedule, or when cost overruns
become apparent. The engineers in the field issue weekly and monthly reports,
ir.~luding quantitative and cost data reflecting work actually completed and
forecasted future work relative to each work unit within the contract.
contained ir. ~hese is 1ied review
the construction manager and is
the manager before being channeled into the final report'l which
transn1itted to other senior management levds.
and items of electrical equ and
snr1e bulk materials are often purchased by the owner and installed
contractors. Typical examples are tran~formers, cable and
transmission line conductor and hardware.
Cost control is maintained in much the same manner as for construction
contracts by comparing cost estimates with the re!at<.::d control budget, and
means of competitive bidding procedures and bid analysis.
Control Over and Engineering Costs The construction cost
estimate includes an estimate of the cost of management and engineering
services for the project. This estimate is based on the number of employees
required to perform the design requirements for each facil and the
classification of employees required to provide other management services.
Detailed management budgets are prepared annually for each depa.rtrnent and
are supported by details of salary costs and other expenses. When approved, the
budget forms a basis of comparison with actual costs.
Management System
The management reporting system provides standard accounting statements
normally used for business operations and other analysis type reports which
provide information in the amount of detail pertinent to the management level
for which each report is intended. The reports compare costs and forecast
information to control budgets from the time design activities commence until
construction has been completed.
Various types of financial reports are usedr three of the more important types
are described below.
Unawarded Work -Throughout the en!:J,!:->eering design phase) forecasts showing
the timing of planned costs are reported by contract package for comparison
with the original planned rate of future expenditure, the control budget, and
the percentage of design work completed. Estimated fir1al variances and the
eff~ct on the contingency aliowance are shown on the reports and are further
analyzed in other reports within the system.
Awarded Work --Once contracb and are awarded the award value
becomes the whi, h actual performance is ll'leasured. Costs for
contract and ali major are for the month and cumulati'le to
in with the award value.
Status -This report summarizes monthly selective information
from the management infonnation system into a one-stage presentation of
current cost and forecast information in comparison to the overall and
provides a ~cans of evaluating actual performance at key stages of work
CONTROL AND
Acres takes great care in specifying the schedule contract
Key dates which the contractor must meet but within
this framework the contractor is freedom to the work. Bidders
not copies of the planning schedule for the particuiar contract:
contractors must submit with their bids a preliminary schecfu!e covering
operations in detail and the remainder of the work in summary form. A
specified number of dzys after award of contract, usually 45 or 60, the
successful bidder must submit a completely detailed schedule for the whole
contract. These schedules are calendar-scaled CPM networks, except on very
small contracts when bar charts are permitteJ.
The project must also be controlled during design and construction. Regular
monitoring, by comparing actual progress to the schedule, enables effective
control to be maintained.
Each monitor includes a cor~ outer printout, float trend charts, and a narrative
which highlights items requirh ~ attention, gives reasons for any delays, and
outlines corrective action that should be taken. Progress is plotted on the
network diagrams and these are issued once a month for each facility, again
staggered to level work load.
The printout produced by the computer has a variety of possible formats.
Tabulation can be done for several lrveis of summarization tailored to the
needs of the user_. and also by responsible agency.
Float Trend Charts
The need for fast reference to float trend is recognized by the use of the "float
trend chart". This is a simple graph showingthe value of available float plotted
against a calendar scale. At a glance, it is possible to see if the situation is good
but slipping, late but improving, late and getting worse, or (and there have been
many) on time and steady. float is calculated relative to n·.ilestones which are
important key events such as award of contract, completion of construction, or
an important intermediate event like completion of excavation of the first two
penstocks.
A variety of electrical and mech:-·nical must be carried
out during the various manufacturi•1g processes. Manufacturers are required to
advance notice of all tests. The~.e are witnessed by the inspectors, and
engineering department representatives from Acres are called in to witness
specific tests of major importance. Test results are submitted along with QAR.
Plant Evaluation
When considered desirable, the Acres npsection Department ::::arries out an
inspection of the plant of the low bidder, prior to contract award, to determine
the SIJitabi!ity of the manufacturing facilities. There is 1 of course, no need to
do this when the successful bid has been submitted by a company whose plant
is already well known to the project manJ.gement.
ASSURAfl-JCE
Basic furKtion and
Acres tontrol staff covers off-site manufacturing of m
and material throughout North America and Europe. The location of
manufacture is governed t:'>sentiaily by the successful bidder. Qual control on
is the responsibility of the assistant project manager (construction) and his
staff, who are resident on site.
The basic approach on the subject is cne of quality assurance throughout the
manufacturing progress, rather than merely coniro! by on
completion of the finished article. It is very easy to reject completed work if it
does not rn~et the specification, but this can have an extremely adverse effect
on schedule the component is a major one (such as a turbine runnPr) or if the
reject rate is high fnr a large number of small articles (such -is transmission line
:ubtors.). Also, when available time for manufacture is imited or work
running b1~hind schedule, there is often a tendency on the part of the supplier
to sacrir.ce quality for speed. Because of this potential conflict between
and sc~1edulc requi;-..;nsents;, additiona~ emrhasis is placed on the fact that
ed quality r,;ust be attained before the product is accepted and released
sr , dnd it is the supplier's duty to d~vise a means of achieving this
withiP th~ time available.
Staff
Quality assurance within Acres is t!le responsibility of the manager of technical
services and his quality reporting assistants. Acres staff consists of a supervising
inspection engineer and iro;;pection coordinators, while the actual inspection
work in the manufacturing plant is sometimes assigned to specialist agencies.
Each coordinator handles a particular type of work appropriate to his training
and experience within the following broad divisions:
Civil} Str·uctural and Mechanical
Electrical
Turbines and Generators
Assignment to Agencies
Although Acres is in a pos:tion to <.arry out most quality assignments with its
own staff, it sometimes becomes advantagery , in the case of an overseas
supplier for example, to assign some of this we'< tv local agencies.
Once a contract has been awarded or an order on the size of
the or amount of materia!), the
and the Acres supervising inspection
agencies. The choice
of work to be inspected, since many have
individual inspectors with appropriate experience are interviewed in most cases
by the Acres supervising inspection engineer who, in turn, recommends to the
owner the assignment of the most suitable candidate as the assurance
The inspectors are charged with submitting quality assurance reports for each
plant visit. if the inspector is resident or makes several visits in 1
week, a weekly quality assurance report (QA for each contract is sufficient.
Handwritten copies of the QAR are dispatched simultaneously to the
inspectorfs agency office and to the Acres Inspection Department.
The contains the following information:
Details of work inspected
Defects found which can be repaired
Rejected items
Results of tests
Status of manufacturer's design and material procurement
Status of material delivery
Status of manufacture.
Relationships with Engineering Departments
The function of the quality assurance staff is to ensure strict conformance to
the specifications.
Preparation of the latter is an engineering responsibility and the inspection
group has no authority to allow any departure from specification. The
inspection group does, however, have an opportunity to review specifications
prior to contract award to ensure that impracticable requirements are not
being asked for, and group personnel can recommend changes in the
specifications at this stage.
The extent of Acres participation in the financial management of a given
project can vary t0 the needs and wishes of the client. In the
of cases we have been called upon to take or no
in this of activity. In certain other cases however, we have taken
major roles in the financial aspects of the project.
in the case of the Falls development, for Acres was
upon to set up a special task force responsible for the preparation of a
Memorandum". This memorandum, which was in fact a very
bound volume, outlined in great detail the various economic,
operational features of the project and a.nalyzrd them in terms of
to the ultimate profitabilities of the completed The
the document was worded in a manner appropriate to the financial
was the basis upon which a bond offering of $500 million was
successfully At the time of issue this was understood to have been the
sum of money ever raised by this method.
On a more modest scale in terms of the total dollars involved; are the
Lower Notch and Arnprior projects for Ontario Hydro. The first of these,
Lower Notch, was initiated in 1966. Under the terms of our contract, Acres
was placed in charge of a trust fund sufficient to cover the cost of the whole
contract. The degree of participation by Ontario Hydro was, in effect,confined
to an overall review of accounting procedures and engineering progress. The
balance of the work, from basic engineering details to the signing of contracts
for both equipment and servkes 1 was left entirely in the hands of our staff.
The outcome of this project was sufficiently satisfactory that in 1972 Acres
was selected for a second assignment for the Arnprior development.
for over a 11 ~
commissioning phases
charts"
are
GROUP
of Administration
Insurance
Invoice Certifkation
Enquiries
Quotations
Orders and Contracu
Expediting
Supp!ief ~nspection
Shipping and Tran§porting
P~~tl~E:_cr SERVICES
Cost Es-timates and Budgets
Planning Schedules
Files and Records
Secretl,rial and Office Services
Printing
ACRES PROjECT MA.'\!AGEMENT TEAM
Project M""'"'"""",.
EERING GROUP
lVI .... ,J.ger of Engineering
PRE-ENGINEERING
Design Criteria
Flow Diagrams
Studies and Layouts
t:NG5NEIERING
Detail Design
Technical Tr,msmittais and Data Sheets
Specifications
Construction Drawings
Bills of Materials
Requisitions
Operating Procedures
Maintenance Instructions
CONTRACTS
Tender and Contract Documents
Bid Analvses
CHART 1 -THE PROJ IECT MANAGEMENT
OVERAll ORGANJZATBON
SITE MANAGEMENT GROUP
Resident Manager
CONSTRUCTION
Site Co-ordination
Construction Planning and Scheduling
Drawing Control
Cost Control
Site Regulations
Site Services.
Stores and Warehousing
Security
inspection of Construction and Installation
Surveys and Quality Measurements
labor Relations
Progress and Cost Reports
Payment Certification
COMMISSaON!!~lG
Cleanout
Te~ting
Circuit Checking
fquipment Operation
Start-up
Client Liaison ancl
ESTiMATING AND
COST CONTROL GROUP
PROCUREMENT GROUP
Purchase
Orders
Deliveries to Site
PROJECT MANAGEMENT
Project Manager
Co-ordination Procedures
Project Specifications
Project Status Reports
Control of Changes
CONSTRUCTION GROUP
Head Office Liaison
SITE ORGANIZATION
Site Co-ordination
Supervision
Inspection
CHART 2-PROjECT MANAGEMENT
METHOD OF OPERA liON
Liaison
Construction Schedules
Progres~ and Status Reports
Calculations
Studies
Spedficatiom
Testing
Start-up Operations
AD~"UNSSTRATiON GROUP
A<~minist.ra~ion Procedures
F~narn:ial Coill!:"rois
Preliminary Scfu:du!es and Budget
i'»urchasing Procedures
!P~iiruin:llltv Enquiries and
Sdt-'Ction Major Equipment
Zt."ld Critical Materials
MANAGEMENT TEAM
STUDY TASK FORCE
Process Engineers rP. 'sion of
Mechanh;;al Engineers fn~Tnwing StGff
Civil Engineers
Ele~trical Engineers
Specialist Engineers as Required
flow Sheet Technicians and J
Dr.aft.smen
Layout and Arrangement Study
Designers and Draftsmen Co~J.!f!IJ!!!io'!. an'!_
Review
CHART_ -PROjECT MANAGEMENT
PHASE 1 -CONCEPTUAl AND DEVElOPMENT ENGINEERING
CONSTRUCTION GROUP
(Construction Planning)
ACRES ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENTS
Civil
Mechanical
Electrical
Speciali~i.s
Consultants
Geotl~chnica!
Hydraulic
Applied Mechanics
CONSTRUCTION GROUP
Pre!in1lnary Selection of Construction
Contractors
MANAGEMENT
Pmiecr
NGINEERING GROUP
Man(!.ger of Engineering
Senior Engineer
Project
Mechanical
Engineer
Engineers
Co-ordinator
Squad Leaders
Designers
Draftsmen
Tedmidans
Engineer
Engineers
Co-ordinator
Squad leaders
Designers
Draftsmen
Technidans
Specifications, r ,.,,.,.,., "-''"'"'
Bills of Materials, Keaui1Sitlol1').
Documentation
!Project
Electrical
Engineer
Engineers
Co-ordinator
Squad Leaders
Designers
Draftsmen
Technicians
CHART 4 --PROJECT MANAGEMENT
PHASE. 2 -PRODUCTION ENG!NfEERiNG
ADMINISTRATION GROUP
Manager of Administration
Civil
Mechanical
Electrical
ADMINISTRATION GROUP
Manager of Administration
Fini!ncial Controls
Progress aJnd Cost Reports
Equipment and Material
Pun::ha~c Orders
Expediting
in::;pea.ion
Construction Contract5
Negotiation
Selection
Client's Approvals
ACRES fECT fv1ANAGEMEf'-JT TEAM
Project Manager
ENGINEERING GROUP
1 PROJECT TASK F0RCE
! Project and Spedaiist Engineev
F ~view Quotations
Prepare Bid Comparisons
Select Suppliers and Contractors
Review Vendor Drawings
Prepare Operating Procedures and
Maintenance ln:Muctiom
CHART 5-PROJECT MANAGEMENT
PHASE 3 CONTRACTOR SElECTION
CONSTRUCTION GROUP
Head Office Liaison
Establish Site Organization
Prepare Construction Schedule and Controls
Review Construction Drawings
Review Contractor Selection
ACRES PROjECT MANA;GEMfNT liEAM
Project M<lnii!g~r
direct liaison on construction matters
field Inspectors
Surveyors
inspectors
Concrete
Soil
Welding
Mechanical
Civil
Electrical
Laboratory 1 echnicians for Testing
Radiographers
CHART 6 PROJECT MANAGEMENT
PHASE 4 -CONSTRUCTION
CONSTPUCTION GROUP
Site Managc·r
Site Administrtltion
Co·ordination
Planning and Schedule!.
D;awing Control
Cost Control
Site Rer;u!ations
Site Services
Stores
Equipment and Consumables
Quantity Mcasuremen~s
Progress and Cost Rspnrts
Payment Cenifir;ates
flush and Clean Out
Witness Hydrostatic Testing
Check Equipment Connections
Check Piping Circuits
ACRES ECT MANAGEMENT TEAM
Project M:~,n2•!JIIP'Ir
Electrical Instrument Group
Check Instrument Calibrations
Check Wiring Circuits
Check Electrical and Instrument
Equipment Operation
CHART 7-; .~)JECT MANAGEMENT
PHA~;E 5 -COMMISSiONING
Check Static and Cold
Equipment
Start-Up on Circulation
Bring into Operation in ._u,.1uu'-'l''-"'
with Clients' Operators
ECT
CUE NT
Transport
National Harbours Board
· J.rbours Board
ort Limited
Oil Enterprises Limited
E!ectricas Brasileiras
South America
Corporacion Autonoma
Regional del Cauca
Churchill Fails (Labrador)
Corporation Limited
I ron Ore Company of
Canada Limited
Pilkington Brothers
(Canada) Limited
Construction Aggregates
Limited
ECT DESCRIPTION
AND EXTENT OF SERVICES
Construction management of
Amazon River at lq
Yurimaguas.
the
and
Management of Fairview container terminal,
Halifax, Nova Scotia.
Design and construction management
marine container terminal at Saint
New Brunswick. Approximate cost
$35M.
Project management services for the proposed
Eddy Point common-user oil dock, Nova
Scotia. Estimated capital cost $50 i\tL
Design, procurement and construction
management of a refinery sour water stripper
unit using Imperial's process design at Sarnia,
Ontario.
Management of planning, design,
supervision, testing and start~up of thermal
electric power station at Belem, Para, Brazil.
In association with SEL TEC of Rio de Janeiro.
Approximate capital cost $12M.
Alto Anchicaya project, Colombia, South
America. Project management in combination
with client's representatives.
Churchill Falls hydroelectric development.
Complete project management in assoctatton
with Canadian Bechtel Limited. Approximate
capital cost $665 M.
Partial project management for the Humphrey
Mine rail tunnel and ore-handling facility and
automatic mine railway, Labrador City,
Labrador. Approximate capital cost $18 M.
Complete project management for a float
glass production unit added to an existing
plant at Scarborough, Ontario. Approximate
capital cost $35 M.
Design, purchasing, construction management
and supervision of a road-base aggregate plant
near Port Mellon, British Columbia.
Approximate capital cost $5 M.
6098 Rev 4
04/79
-2
CUE NT
Aggregates
of Laos
Hydro-Electric Power
Commission of Ontario
Hydro~Electric Power
Commission of Ontario
Hydro-Electric
Atomic Energy
Canada Limited
Comision Nacional de
Energia Atomica
Imperial Government of Iran
Ministry of Energy
Khuzestan Water and Power
Authority
State Organization of
Electricity
Repub lie of Iraq
Volta River Authority
ECT DESCRIPTION
AND EXTENT OF SERVICES
Conceptual design, preliminary and final
engineering, budgetary appropriation and
control estimates, purchasing dnd
construction management and of
a concrete and road-base aggregate plant near
Victoria, British Columbia. Approximate
capital cost $1 0 M.
Engineering managEment and supervision of
design, construction and initial operation of
the Nam Ngum hydroelectric development,
north of Vientiane, Laos. Approximate
cost $29M.
Project management for the Arnprior hydro-
electric development. Approximate capital
cost $79 M.
Project management for the Lower Notch
hydroelectric development.
Kelsey hydroelectric development. Partial
project management. Approximate capital
cost $44 M.
Project managem~nt and construction
supervision for Cordoba 600-MWe CAN DU
nuclear power generating station, Argentina.
Approximate capital cost $600 M.
Project definition, preliminary and feasibility
studies for multimillion dollar hydroelectric
and irrigation projects. Approximate capital
cost $1 .5 billion.
Planning, design and construction supervision
of 400-kV ac supergrid system. Approximate
capital cost $300 M.
Engineering, construction superv!s!on and
planning for Kpong 160 MW hydroelectric
project, Ghana. Approximate capital cost
$240M.
L~NG
modern
methods to the
and
are vital to our projects to ensure
directly with Acres computerized "Progress and
an system for project management to control
services to our clients.
out feasibility studies, scheduiing ls used as an aid in the iminary
project to establish projec1. milestones and assess the overall cost
in project duration.
project control schedule is essential to construction or project
management to ensure coordination of all aspects of detailed schedules such as
engineering, procurement and construction requirements, inc!ud consideration
of required milestone dates, equipment needs) long-delivery items, seasonal
manpower limititations, work-area congestion, etc. The continuous
of a scheduler during project planning and execution ensures that
both project management and the client are aware of the status of the work and
effect that any actions or decisions will have on the expected completion
to applying critical path network analysis and resource
techniques, Acres has developed a standard approach to analyzing the risks
associated with schedule development. Because of the lengthy duration and
tremendou~ cost of many of today's undertakings, it is vital that not only a
project's expected duration but also its pntential variability be known as precisely
as possible. Acres risk analysis provides an effective framework for quanitatively
assessing the potential variablity of a schedule or cost estimate and its associated
liability or contingency requirements,
RAW MATERIALS
HANDLING SYSTEM
CIVIL
6008 Rev 1
03/79
tCE ENG~NEER~NG
Acre~ has extcn5ive experienc;;e in apprablng ice conditions in str,-!arns i:lnd
w.atcrwlys and in designing ~tructures to cope with severe :ce conditions. Fow
maln areas of investigation are prominent in the proiects which hdVC been carried
out. These relate to Thermal Rcgimct Mechani<;al Regime, lee Forces and tee
Navigai.ion.
The eva I uation of heat tran~fcr and
t (; m iJ e rature changes Jffecti ng )akes and
~tream~ l!:i fundament.1i to appraisal of the ice
con{~itions which will pr~vail. Much of this
work has been t:arried out to predict dates of
freeze-up, ice thicknesses~ outfiow
tern peraturt!s or rates of ice production
a!"iSochnc-d with reservoirs and the natural .and
man-rnade channels of northern hydroe\ectric
power developments. These studies are
complemented by Acres work on thermal
inpul to the Great Lakes and dispersion of
waste heat from thermal pov~:·er stations.
THERMAL REGiME
F! o \\-' mi."C hanks and ~ht: mu:hanics of
iY:ateria!~ deterr.1int' the form which ~ce wilt
take in the loc~tion of intl:rcst. The combined
therm;-) li ;r.echanical dcvelo1'ment of an ice
rover on f!o~dng waWi may involve
--growth of 5heet ke over quiescent area.s
·-ice crystal formation at the surface of
rapitHy flowing water
·-transport and deposi t <Jf frazil ice crystals
and slush ice at the su rf!lce and under an
estabHshed ice cover
-growth of border ice a1ong stream banks
··-progrcssio!1 of the ice cover upstream by
arch ing or th ickcnillg and ice staging
~ consoHdation, shoving a.nd freezing of the
cover under hyd raulic and wind loads
~-erosion and melting of se!o~c.tive channets
'i.hrough the established cover
~ brc;tk-:..:p, mdting and dispersal of the ice,
so:r1e t imes involving jamming ~ during
warming weather and Increasing flows
-on lakes and at sea, the effects of the w•nd
do m i nate in establishing a mcchan kal
regime invoJving sh~c1· icc, pressure ridging
and rafting, and high pHe-up on headlands.
Tidal areas are subject to spectal ice forms.
Projects in whi ch the. mechanica1 regime was CJ
principal factor have primaril y been tho~e in
which changes to a river channel were
proposed, an ice jamm~ng problem was
analyzed, or the effecliveness and effect~; of
ice control measures were evaluated.
MECHAN!CAL REG~fViE
.:~
~ -..-· ·····--·--~ ~
.#!~(;,:
Fo rce~~ irn~oscd on s.tructur~:; .)r kt~ ~om'.j·oi
works 5uch ;:.s booms arc r~L:Hcc! ~ J -the
mechamc~i, ice r~!~h~·~'> the pbysicid prop~rrcs
~yf ir.e and the scHir:g in \Vhich int~;ractir,r.
w~th the ice O(CUr~. forc:e~ rnay invoiVi:~
-~-therrna! l~xransion of the sheot. icc
---l mpi.\ct or floes of sea k:,-; several m ih:s l;1
extent
..... W~ild and water force:~ on an ice jam
Pro~ ects in
prom ~ ;:en t
criteria a.re
which icc rorcc5~ havt" been
among the :soverning design
N ... offshore drH!ing pbtfonns and Ught piers
--bridge r.;ais;;on~ in water depths of up to
·1 00 feet
-·~ spiliway pkrs and J~atcs
-·· Hood con tro: gates
-ice control booms.
ivk::thods of determlnatton of ke forces have
~r..r.;luded sca\e model si tn!JI.1tlon of Ice loadL1g
s.i tu a ti ons and the app!icat1on of finite
element methods and advanced concepts of
fr acture mechanics.
'
~C:£ FORC£5
ro.:t:tl~~ I
'!4 ~~ -!f ~~?L,f.~~ '.6.0.1• 0)o£it<'l'
l..OAO SEOUENC£ FOR A Wl DE FLO~;
StuJ ic~s. c:t pn::•,:a!imp., h.;e cond ;tions and the
ability of var!o~Js ·~Ja~·~~s of \.'~s:;e!s tt) CC)bH:
w:th thefTl have btf;n c~nu~~~ in a. number of
"avigation prcjects. .~Jthough ~pcc-~Ci!izu!
vessc!s f..an illakt oa.ssa.g~ through polar sea.s,
k.e in tem p~rate ;~uitudr.:o, rt:tnJ ins r:. very
-seriou~ season.:t.1 h!n(,r.~nc.c to more
conventit;nai vr~se!~.
k e navig;? .. th~n studies have bef.n oriented to
a~:rora!s.~! of rre\).} rC'utes and to seck.;r~g
means cf e>:t~~'!SiOti of tht:: navigzt ion S{:i:lson
on existing routes.. D.at.a. from systematic
z,er,.a! r?.'-:onnaissanc~ of ice conditions In
mast Can;~d\~ n wat.er.s pro~l!dr a s.tatistica!
bJsis for analysis.. Fiekl s1..1rveys, hydr~~ul ic
modd tesn. and cornputcr simulation .-He
emp!oyed in r£solv!ng specific questions.
I
I. ~~-~;;:.
L~~~!.
The methods used in ice engineering studies include mathematical analysis,
computer simula.tionsJ field observations and hydraulic modei tests. lee studies
have bPen an important part of the work of Acres labor;:ltcries since pioneering
work in deriving imp •. u~t loads using structura,/hydraul ic modds began in 1963.
They continue to be prominent in the internationa\ work of the company. The
following table gives a summary of key projects and clients.
PRJ NCePAL ;c E ENG IN EE Rl NG PROJECTS
Proj~ct
Numb~r
P·1298
P422c,
P390l
P3K55
P3912
P3885
P3663
Project
Sa.hlt J ()h n R ive1
Flooding { 197G}
Bt:ll l sland 0 il
Storage Project ( 1976]
Gull lo:,l.:~nd 1-lvciro
Elcctrk flroiect P975)
St. Mary's River
See Model ( 1975}
l itn~}:;(onc Generating
Stillion -Nels~n Ri'ller
(MiUlHot).a} { l975)
Northvrn Stagin~ Arei!
(1975)
Ch1..1rchill River ( 197 5)
(;lient
The New Brunswkk
£leclrk Powor
Commission
Gu II hl"nd Power
Company
United State:. Army
Cor~:-: of Engineers
Mdnitob;i Hydro
Nort l1 ~a.n!Canad 1an
Arcr ic; Gas.
Manitoba Hydro
De!>criptivn
A ~tudy of the: e"enl!:>
!ea.d ing io it:t i«m flooding
on the Siiinl lohn River ~n ltw
spring of 1976.
A study of 1he dfe~t~ of ~eo~
lee cond it;on£. on. the te.tsibility
of <>u re rl.tnker n·1v1g..ttion lt) a m.ajor
crude oil stor;;ge l<~,ilily in
Conception Say, Nt'!wtound li! nd.
Fit:ld obscrvaUom, .anillysi~ lrtd
l'lydr<lulic model ".j.tudie~ to
i!V,.Iu<tte ti1c effect of ~verc
winlcr ke conditions on rfve;
diver5ion.
A res.e,m:h •lnd ~wdy program l.u
develo::t fe.a~ibi~ ~olu t~on~ to
problem!; ~;oredted by the frequent
ic:f! t>ui!d·up in the l'liHrow
navigation channels on rhe SL
Mary's R tver.
C. ..sku lations to p1 c:d i~:! the ke
regime and flow leveh during
c.:cn:;truction of the p roiect.
Study uf f~uoding related lo k.e
jctmming of potemial wharf sUe!>
on the H;.l.y Rivrr .:md Upper M.at.:ktnzie
Ri vc:r.
Cakul<~tinns to predi.:l tht ice
regime J.nd flow lt'v•:lo; IOilo...., inR
diversion of power t!cw!'> LlH'<Jugh
the Rat River ·-Bumtwo<l(J River
sy~lem.8
8 Lavender, 5. i ., and J. E. Cowley. ~£!-.i\1~ Heat l"r:ms,er a.t .:m l(.e W.acr Interrace, NRC Rese.o~.r'-h
Seminar on the Thermal Regime of Rive• let.:. Laval Univcr~iry, 1974 · -
1"3396
P3495
P3344HM
P3176
?2999
P2904
P2614
P2330
R40
P2084
P211 3
Pl140
Lake Erie-
Ice Boom ( 1
System study to extend
the winter navigation
season on the St. Clair
and Detroit rivers
(1974)
SL Lawrence Marine
{ 1973)
Arnprior Generating
Station (1972-1975)
long Spruce Generating
Stario.1 ( 1971)
Str1y of lake Erie
Ice Boom ( 1972)
Offshore Structure
Study ( 1971)
Arctic Marine
Terminal Module
(1970)
Study of Offshore
Drilling Structures
(1970)
Study of the Effects
of Thermal Inputs to
the Great Lakes {1970)
Ice Forces Me.asurin~
Systems ( 1969)
Ma~;taquac Hydro
Electric Project ( 1969)
Clieni:.
nternational Niagara
Board of Control
United States Army
Corps of Engineers
CECOP Company Limited
Ontario Hydro
Manitoba Hydro
Water Survey
of Canada
Bow Valley I Acres
Santa Fe-Pomeroy
Van Houten Assoc.
Inc. for Esso
Research and
Engineering Company
Acres Limited
Government of Canada
Department of
Energy, Mines and
Resources
Government of Canada
Department of
Transport
The New Brunswick
Electric Power
Commission
5 Acres Report published by the International Joint Commission, 1974.
Description
Extended study of the
environmental effects of
use of the ice boom ar Lhe
head of the Niagara River,5,6
Srudy of the ice problems
encountered by shipping during
winter navig;Hion and
evaluation of alternative
measures for extending the ice
season.
Feasibility and hydraulic model
study for constru<:ting a terminal
for tankers. Included were
simulations of the effects. of both
tidal current and winds on ice
movements and m.a them a tical
simulation of vessel delays caused
by ice conditions. 7
Design of ice boom and other control
works. Basic data were derived from
detailed ice observations employing
air cushion vehicl~!S and from
hydraulic model tests.
Calculations to predict rhe ice
regime and flow levels during
construction of the project.
Study of thE: effect of the
Lake Erie ice boom on icc
retention and dissipation in
Lake Erie.
Feasibility study of exploratory
drilling piatforms to be used
in the Beaufort Sea.
Review of the proposed design
for a marine terminal module
to be used for the collection
of environmental data and as a
loading terminal for ice-breaking
oil rar~kers.
Conceptual engineering stud!e~
for offshore oii drilling
platforms operating in slow-moving
pack ice.
Study of the sources, amounts and
results of heated effluent
discharges into tlhe ba~in of
the Great Lakes.
Design, Supervision of insti!llation
and commissioning of a system
for measuring ictt forces on
lighthouses of various shapes.
Study of the mechaPism of
ice jams in the Saint john
River above rhe Mactaquac
Hydro-Electric Power Development.
0 Rumer, R. C. H. Atkinson, and S. T. Lavender. Effects of Lake Erie-Niagara River Ice Boom on tl1e
_;:..:;;.:;...:;..;;.;;.;:.;.;.;.;.;;;....;...:....;;;.;:;.;;.;.;....:;;;;,.;..;.;;.-Third International Symposium on lee Problems, Hanover, New Hampshire. 1975.
J. E. Quantitative Application of Ice Climate Data to Winter Navigation Studies.
P2065
P1432
P1520
P1000
R53
Pll 1
P867
P826
P776
P724
P608
Evaluation of Ice
Research Benefits
(1969)
Kettle Rapids Generating
Station ( 1968)
Churchill Falls Power
Project ( 1968)
Northumberland 5 trait
Causeway ( 1967)
Development of Model
Ice Material ( 1966)
McCormick Dam Project
No.3 (1965)
Mactaquac Hydro-
Electric Project ( 1962)
Grand Rapids
Generating Station
(1960)
Government of Canada
Department of
Energy, 1\lines and
Resources
Manitoba Hydro
Churchill Falls
(labrador) Corp.
Government of Canada
Acres L imted
Mankouagan Power
Company
The New Brunswick
Electric Power
Commission
Manitoba Hydro
Outardes and McCormick Manicouagan Power
Power Development ( 1959) Company
Kelsey Generating Station Manitoba Hydro
(1957)
Bersimis 1 Power Quebec Hydro
Station ( 1955)
Description
Studies of the theory and
nature of ice. its effect on
various structures, the
economics of ice control and
prepar.:1t1on of a prog.arn for
ice research. 4
Studies ot the ice break-up in
the Nelson River and the passage
of ice through the powerhouse
openings during construction.
(Included field observat,ons,
physical modeling and analytical
assessmenr.3)
Study of the mechanism of
formation, na.wre and bel1avior
of ice covers in a resNvoir system
and prediction of irs effects on
operation.
Measurement of the forces
exerted by ice floes on fixed
structures in the field in
conjunc;tion with an extensive
scale model study of ice forces
on various pier shapes.2
Dev;elopment of model ice
material for use in a
structural hydraulic model.
Prediction of ice formation
in the forebay and winter
water temperatures due to
sequential development of
upstream reservoirs.
Prediction of ice condi~ions
and the risk of ice jamming
in the city of Fredericton
following dam construction.
Study of ice conditions in
Cedar Lake and prediction of
winter temperature in the
forebay. Probability analyses
were made on the formation of
icc: cover in the forcbay channel
and of ice jams in the tailrac~.
Study of the fraztl ice
condilions in the McCormick
forebi!.y" 1
Srudv of the lee conditions
to be expected in the forebay
of the power station.
Investigation of the forma rion
of an ice cover in the forebav
channel and the effect of heat
storage in the water of the
Lac Casse Reservoir.
1 Erickson, 0. M., R.N. Millman and R. L. Clinch. i'~ Problems at McCormick Dam -Tests on a ?Hot Bubbler
System. -
2 cowley,j.E.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-~~~~~~-
3Macdonald, E. G. and H. R. Hopper. Hydraulic Model Simulation of Ice Jamming During Diversion of the
~lson River. Awarded r.he Keefer Gold Medal of the Engineering Institute of Canada for 1972.
4 Reprlntcd and published by the Department of Public Works of C~nada.
r---·---
1.~~(~ .
GULL ISLAND HYDROEL.ECTR~C PROJECT
lCE STUD~ES
P3901.11
Location Churchm River, la.b1·adoB"
Ciient Gull ;siatld Power Company
1975
Field ~urveys were undertaken to estabfish the interrclationsh ip of the
hydrat..il!ct hydro~ogic and !(.;e regimes of the natural river. Obscrvat~on~
of development and dissipation of the ice cover and water levels were
made in a 25-mile reach of the Church iH River from Gull Lake to about
20 miles upstream of the site of the proposed GuH lsland power project
over two wi nters, 1974-1975 and 1975-~ 1976. Heavy ice conditions
with staging in excess of 20 feet above the summer rat! ng prevail in the
lower reaches of the study area.
Hydraulic model tests nf the river diversion planned for the project and
ice stabitity analyses were combined in asses~l r~g the best approc,.ch to
ice handiing during construc tion . The requir~ments for regulat!r.g
upstream water levels to maintain a stable ice cover were determ ined. H
was concluded that the benefits of u pstream control would not justify
the cost of regutati ng gates. Cofferdam hrights to .aU ow for uncontrolled
i·ce staging through the tunnels were establtshed.
P385S
location Sauh Ste. Marie, Michigan
Client U.S. Corp~! of Engineers
1975
Thi~ project was part of 3. research and study program to develop feasibte
so~ uti on~ to problems created by frequent ice buildups in the nan ow
channel between Sault Ste. JV1arie 1 Mich igall and the area below the Little
Rapid Cut area of the St. Mary's River 1 Michigan.
Broken and frazH icc float t.iownstream into the cut. The resulting ice jams
rest.rit't commercial vessel passage a.nd prevent regular ferry transportation
tn and fr om the maJniand for the two hundred families who I ive on Sugar
lsland,Jocated in the channeL
The model, vedfied against field observations, ~imu!ated the effects of
relocating the ferry crossing, widening of the riverbed, the use of ice
control booms a.nd ice harvestrng methc·ds, the creation of ice·llow
diversions and ice suppression systems.
The model riverbed and shoreline forms a Y shape in im area 120 f eet by
200 feet , 'ncludes a modei vessel 1 and utqileS specially treated
polypropylene petfets to simulate icc,
The influence of discharges from power CC:tnals and industryj the effects ot
changes in ice supply due to vessel passage t the effects of si7C 1 various
wind conditions and the ~m pact of vessel size and speed on icc jamming
and accumulation were studied.
Remedial measures recommended as. a result of the study and put into
service in the winter of 1975/76 have proven high'y successful.
P349S
t..ucat ior-J St. Cia it" and Derro;t Ri vers
CH~.::nt U.S, Ar m y Corp~ of En gine er s
/\ stud 't' to dct r~r m !ne \Vh at enabling m e~1.sures. '•"''U [.! !d b(' nt"cessary to
c.::.;, tend the n avi gd.l:ion sf:aso n b::tvlee n Lah.c I iL1ron dn ·.:.l Lake C:ri!.:. ict~
cond itionst c 11rn atologic.(cJ and hydro l o g i~..:al cond; ti ons! hydt;i ul iL
c har ;lch~lis.tics. uf chJnneb, J.nd o rcr::.t ing c hJ.r:act eristi:.::s of \ .. e~-.;els w~re
]nV('S~ ig.u ed and lh e i nformttr i o n us{.!d to de v e lop t! ~~';ign i.: ri teri ~ for
~nab i j ng mea.~ures.
\le::;scl ope ra ti ng capdb ii it ies [n icf" (;OVc:cd wa tcrs wer(· ch~vdopt.•d as the
f..~y facror In t he stud~l. Design \\ .. !rner con ditions \.v c1·e cstabi!sh'·~d frum
;_;,ndyses of ~n'a i iablc Jata n1d pr o blem ~·~~ac h es in the ~u -c~i \Vi.::·c d cfi ned
by rcb t !f!g th~sc ~ond ~t.i:;ns to t he vessel opc!-M.i ng t:arab il r1 y.
T hl' e nabling IT'er.::':iure s re-cornmt:ndc d indudcd icc-~F c aker a"lsis t ~nce, icc
hoc•ms, piie du ster s and air b uhhler systems. Th ese mr..-1~un;; would
p{.:rm it vcar-rou nd ntl vigJ t ion.
::..::0 pi tal costs and a nnu a~ operating cos ts f'o r lhc sc!ec t~d schcnw \\'C rf.'
devd uped.
A compktc: en vironmen t:![ assessme nt cvaiu at in g atl :·t•!ev~mt
~~nv lr o nm t·rn:al , s,oc lal and r~u-c Jti una i filcturs. in t he s.tudy area resulting
f~om the C'xtendeu seas o n navigdtio n was iJlso unde rtaken.
S~TE ~N\l£$T~G/\.T~ONS, FOR DEVELO~:;Mf:i;,·~r
~;F A. ST. LA"NRENCE ri~AR~f<E T~RM~~AL.
Location
Oicnt CECOP Company Limit.i~d:
Ashland 0~~ C;;z.l":adz Limited
N.e·~'-~' Engjand retro~eum Compa11·y t nf'f1~r~d
~ r: support o f ;::. study of the fe:as[~il i ty uf ccn~truc t!ng a tennirE!! for
300J000-dwt t.a.1~kr:rs at Grande i!e, site investi,gations V/t:re (.;arri~C·d out
to cstabHsh:
tidal curren t conditions
ice cond ijons
toea~ bath ymetry
geo~og~ca l condit!ons
Tbe fie\d i :1ve~tigatbns supplemCi''lted ana!ys.~s of reglonc-.1 and lo Cci~
d;ma tct ice corH.ilt ionst barh yrnetry > clearJnces-, tide; and currents ,3Jong
the approach iOLlte. They provided th e more detJ !!{::d i<nowledge
required tn the vicinit y of the proposed ter minaL
Th~ tidaf ra.nge at Grande lie varies from 4 to 19 f~et. l"he structure ot
adjac~nt tidal flows was e5tablished by measurement, over J. pe!'iod <)f
·t 8. days of velocity and temperature/sail n!ty re lati onships th.roughoui
lhc depth of the est uary at 8 sta tiuns. Details of su r·face eddies wen~
es.tabiish ed from shipboard observa tionsJ t rme-~apse aeria i photography
and smr Liiati(m of f1o\V5 rn a hydra ulic scale modeL
ke conditions were eva! uatcd by fl~ld observations; aeda.1 fi!connalssaw:e
;.nd mappin~~' and by dctai:cd ana!y·ses of ice CentrJ.! records.
Bathymetry .;i;nd u ndcrwatcr geologk structure were ~stablished' by
sounding and seismic surve ys..
Geological concl itions \.,.·ere established by reconnaissance, mttpptng)
dri!l ing) and laboratory anaiysis of sarn p!cs ..
. . .~ .. .;..,: ........ , ..
H~tDRAUL~C MODEL STUD-Y FOR
A ST. LA:~NR£NCE M/\R."~NE TERM~Ni\L
Loci.tion
CECO? ..Co mp ;..my Limited
A~h~and OH Can~da Limited
New Er:gland P~trci;cum Company Lirn;t.ed
In supper~ of a study or ~he fccsibi!itv of const:uo;:tfng 2 tcrmit1al for
300,000·chvt tankers at Gnmde !!e, a hvdrauHc rnodel study \V.(.S
w1d~rtaken to €Stablish
the cffec ts of vadotb structurai a !Lermltives on t~daf currents. in the
:lpproaches to the ship berths. The tid~.! range at the s.lte is ·l 8 feet
and curr~n!s of up to 3 knot~ are experienced in the ue~.
the effect ivcness of "a;!QU 5 al tcr ni.n i vcs for protecting thf; berths
against f!oating ice fidct~ without. causing unfJvorabk change~ in
currents.
The model rcrrcduced an area 1.3 by 2.6 miles at ~ s.ca!e of 1 :2GO. /\
radio·controlicd model of a 300,000·d\lvt vcs.sci of 1 .200 foot !cngth .and
jQ .. foot draft was cmplnyed. The effect of ild;J ! currents and wtnds en
k:e movements was simulaled. Differ_.,nt a.rra.ngemr.nts of ice booms and
t(e control sttur;turc:s placed at ec:tch eod of the docking area were
comrared. Skimming booms \vh id1 restricted !ongshcre ic~ rrH1¥emcnt
with;:)Ut appreciable I nffuencc on strong tida~ cu rrent.s proved the most
effective.
14
Arctic Petroleum
As part of an investigation of potential methods of exploratory offshore
in the Beaufort Sea, one a.rea of major concern was the
for ice damage to the drill platform.
An extensive review of available data from observations of the ice pack,
controlled field testing and laboratory testing, as well as various
theoretical analyses, were use'd to determine design loads for various
structure types during both summer and winter conditions.
As part this ice study the existing ice reconnaissance data was
analyzed, and maps prepared with contours indicating annual periods
with various probabilities of exceedance for a rang,e of ice conditions.
These maps give a picture of the ice conditions over the area of interest,
in terms that can readily be translated into the statistics, describing the
frequency distribution for the number of days available for various
of platforms. The analysis included consideration of forecasting
ability, and required monitoring to ensure that a well could be safely
abandoned ahead of incoming ice and then continued after the ice
moved out.
p·j 140.11
Lucarion
C!lcnt Th-e New B~·u n$wick Ele~trk
P\Jw~r Commission
Study Df th(l: mechanism o1: Ice j2m formatinn in the S.aint John Rivrr
?.bovc -the MG.c:a.quJ.( hydroe let:tric power clcvek)9me-nt. to dcten':1ine
v,;hat operation s~~hedul es of this and ass.ocl:.ted devdoprnr-nts migf·n
redu:=e or e"ii m inate th;; formation of ice iam~~ and the rf!~u! ting f~ood ing
and ioss of power prod u~t ion during the spring ic~ break-·u p.
The work inciudcd the assessment of the value of math ematir;al ~nd
phys1cal models ·<-'or the simula ~don of dyl"!amic ir.e regimes. This por tion
of the study ind~ca ted thal sim ul ation by metJns of mat hem atical
mBthods is possible and that physrr.al rnod~Js are of limited useful r:css
duel maln!y, to their inabiEty t.o repr oduce therm~J effec1.s.
The work d.!so i nduded ~;n OLitHne of the fk~ld work tha t must be
u llclertaken to obt41in the data for the development of !l. worldng
m::ahcmati~.al model of ~he ice regime.
Client
BENEFITS P2065
Government of Canada
»"""'"''""1r""''"'"t-of Mines and Resources
1969
Studies of the theory and nature of ice formation, the and
of ice cover, the physical properties of ice, and the effects of ice
on water control structures and waterways; evaluations of the economic
aspects of ice effects on water control structures, water supply systems,
nadgation, climate ecology and water quality; reviews of the
and economics of ice control; and preparation of a program for ice
research, based on the greatest potential benefit scale.
MARINE TERMINAl MODUlE
Ice Thickness In Canada
(March 1966)
P2330
Location North Coast~ Alaska
Client Van Houten Associates, Inc. for
Esso Research and Engineering Company
1 -1970
Independent review of the proposed design for a marine terminal
module to be used initially for the collection of environmental data and
possibly later as a mooring~loading terminal for ice-breaking oil tankers.
; ..... ---·--·---····· ; §!'"'-{~~ ! : j~ ~;~~1~ ~~ ! :
.. ~~~?~i~Li :
C1ient
P10GO,go
Nonht.H1'lb~rh~.nd :Str.:til: between New Bn!iiSVikk .anf] ~d:~c.e
E;t]w,a.rc ~:sf2nd
r~ orthumb2rland Con~u ~ ·tafl ts Ltd.
fnr GrH.re;riHTtent of Canada
1957 -~ 1968
Er.gh-wering ~~rvkes were providc.d ft>r the cur.strur.::tion~ calibration (j,fl~
testing of hydrau!k: models and L!ppara.tus to dctE~rmine tnvironm~nta.!
<:hanges whkh may have occurred b..l the tidal regime of the stra~t
·following the cortstruction of a major crossing strw:L . .ne.~ and to
arwesiigate k:e and wave force:-Hkely to be encountered by the piers of
the pro posed crossing.
The tf:sts were cond1_~cred on .::. model having a vertical scale of 1 ; 64 and
a hori:r.cm t--tl scale of 1 : 64001 i:i n d t rtves tigat..::d lhe ~ffec ts nn the t1da!
regime r:f the str~dt tnat wou~d ha.ve resulted from the construction of
various type:; of structures.
Tests wc:e conducted on a model havin!; a scJ!e of 1 ;~50; used a:
suhst:H~C<; of special formulation which had appropriate mechanicl.l
properties to stmuJ(!te the a~lion of ice at the sca~f' ,".If the mod~! .and a
dynamometo:r af special des.ign which rnrasured the force& OJl ih~ model
piers. Th~ tests. delermined ihe magnitude and direction vf the forces
due to h;e fJoes on the piers of br!dgc~ytyp£: stru<.;turas and the mechanics
of the break-up of ke floes.
""j"{le :a~p<:1r~\t~ .. L~ ~:ons.i:,.ted crf ,::, pa.ir (lf hoH ow ~tee! p~~.ntd s v:ith r·~~c.tiVi~!y
f!ex~bie Wi~U:::> ar:d containing a pa1t8m of hydraudc -EL~.t jacks ~qui:,>peJ
w1th pn~ssur~ ~ scr,si r;g d~~\lices th2.t pmdu ccd O~f;i!log.ra 1 )!'"i's of th~: foi""Cf.$
ex.e rted by ke at va.rious t..~!evations ov~r v ~rio u~ pei"!n d s of time on the
vert:Ca! fo.ces. of the pier.. Thf.:~ te~t5 dcte;m ~m~J the ·for~es ·l.'XC (lcd ~~y a
~arlr; ke fkJi.~ w~wn driven by s.tror:g winds agc1insi th·z end of a ?~·tr a-J
Port Bon:k'!n~ Prince Edward !sJ;:,.nd.
The ·~csts were conducted at a scaje of 1 ; 20 ~n the 65 -foot long wavz
flt.Jm~ of Ac res L~b<iratory _, Niagara F.11Hs, and were used tr;. determir:1·:e
the mo~;t economk col"nb::na.tl en of dike freeboard: dike slopc., prim.ary
precast concn:.'(e ~.rm or unif:.; and secondary ripr~.p requir-ements Lo
prote<:t th~ rock~fi!l core: of th~ c.auseway section t.lf T.~k crossing from
Hl~ ccmbint::d effecl~ :=rf a 20-foot design wave, currents resuiting from
partial closure of the strait th~t is il.fflc!cted by 8-foot tide~) and the
mov~m.;nt of large ice floes.
T~1e te:;ts were conducted or. a model hav~ng a .scale of 1: 61] with a
working basin 60 feet lon g by 2G feet wtde. The mode-l was equ=pped
with two pncu matic wave tcnera.tQrS. ~"H. ~l 10 fe .et iong> which were
~apabl~ of sir:wlating the thrct:-diiTl~"nsionai action of W?iVe trains cmd
tidal current.s on sub me rged !ltruc tuce s._: .:u~d it was. used to d~terrfdne th-e
effects of wave actio n ~nd tidal cur:ents on ti'le causeway ends and on
the bridg~ piers.
~~vave ArnpH tude lest Apparaws
The mc.as<..H'l ng appa;·atus consisted of an ekctronic L:i rcu itrv cab:net and
an ekct.n.H.Je probe mounted on a rnast, 50 feet in length , that ~.v.?..s.
anchored to the ocean floor ·1 mile fru~ the shore. The sensing -devices
on the mast were connected by a seven .. co:1d uctor subrnarjne cable to a.
power source and chart recorder loca ted on ~he shore. The apj.)ar.atu s
wa.s capabie of mea~u ring waves having a maX11'!1 ~'m ampfitude of 20
feet, and was use .. .:i to determ~ne the ampHtudes, lengths and patterns of
the \·Ya\l(~.s ~n the strajt
Client ~n.~i~l~!1'3'~o!:>tr."J' of
of Transport
Works Branch
1969
P2113
characteristics of three given for lighthouses,
of the feasibility of developing systems for measuring ice
forces on each of the lighthouse shapes1 studies of the forms
of measuring components an·..~ sel£ .;tion of a
most suitable for each lighthouse shape, :!"' ·ration of
preliminary designs and cost estimates for each recon1r , _,tem.
ELECTRICAL
tQUIPME.NT
VALVE PANEL
CO~JDUJT 1'"01'1 Olt..
S"''-:;,1"£.¥1 4.1'JO
E1:L.£.C.TR!C.AL. ~A/&1..£!:. l.O.AO CELL
t-l w I..
Location
Client
Great lakes
Government of Canada
'&.Q,,....,,l'~rt~'ll.c.n.~ of Energy,
P2084
Survey of the sources of heated effluent discharges into the basin of the
Great Lakes, Canada; forecasts of the amounts and patterns to the year
2000 of artificial thermal inputs; computation of
changes using four mathematical models of transporation and
analysis of the effects of the thermal inputs on evaporation, ice,
ecology and economic factors; and preparation of 61 schedule of recom~
mendations covering the nature and economic value of further research.
Lf.G£11D
~ ~~~1 ~~~SflOilt
""' ~~~~Tl~~~~fo~~u5J:~~ow
--OO<i«llARY 05' DRAlNAllE AllE/1
A OSWEGO
IIOCMESTER
900lERSET
0 ~IJFI'.LO
E' £!liE ~A
II' CL["!:L~IIO
G TQLEOO
II DfY~OIT Q CENri'I~L GEOIIBIA~ OAY
I SAGII4A"' !}i,Y II aoun<E;itl< GEORGIA!< au
J GRANO TI!A\11!RSt' BA'< S l.AK£ HU~Oio
t( HQI.l."-ND T ~WTII ffl:.STENN OI{TA~IO
L Ctf!CAG() AMO ~~RY U CE!rtf<~L LAKE ElliE
M \i~EEN flAY 1J EASTER~ l AK£ £ RIE
1';\ t'AIIS£ ~ TORONTO
Q C'-HE!lukii!EOO~ I( C£11TI!Al L~~E (1!11".\RIO
P lMEHEAO Y EASTE~!I L4KE (>NfMlO
LAK£SHO~E SECTIONS ,'iND L0Cf%T!Of'<l5 OF E}(ISTfNG AND COMMITTED
TH[RMAL GE~JERATING STATIONS
Locat~on
Owner Manitoba. H ycko
Consortium
l971
$22G,tYJO~OOO {Approximate {;apita! cost)
Engheering, for 4 complete hydroeiectrk: power dcvelopmen~ h~!vir.g
twelve generiitin~ unlts, each v-.rith a rating of 1 04 Mw t)ndcr i! design
hf;ad or 98.5 1'~et.
The rna in dJm {earth fil ~)/spHiway /powerhouse stru cture of th~
development is approx~mately 5 )5 86 feet !ong, and the reservoir <:!1kes
have a total k~~gth of approximatdy 35,000 feet.
Th~ work included extew~ivc studies of thr: probab!e effects uf ke jams
on the heights of cofferdams rcquitf;d fur th~ various sugcs of r1vu
d~version during construction . The stt.idks focused primarfiy or. 1h~
scheme for Stage li divers~on through the partially cor;structcd
powerhouse intake. This scheme invo1ved raising the water kvcl and
m£1.lr.taining a stable ice cover immediate!v upstr{"Jn1 from the site. in
order to p-revent ke from jamming in the na.rrow fiow passages. The ke
fttudi es included field surveys to establish the natura~ icc regime of t.P""P.;
Ndson River and s•rnutation of icc j.i!il15 jn d. 6-miie rca.ch of the riv~r ,
using an 85-foot long hydraulic model, to determine th~ minimum
height of the upstream cofferdam.
Actual operation in the field during djversion wa::; in a.ccordam;e with
the r~sult~ of the ic~ modd ~tudi~s in a!l major respecis. A st~b!e ic~
cover was s:Jccessful iy form~d at the recommended l~ve! ~ {1nll was
maintained until iate ~pring when the weakened ice covet W3:5 s~1fe~y
sb ked through the control structure.
C~·~URCr·HtL f'ALl5 OEVELG?MENT
~CE STU[HES
Pl522
Locabon Churchill River
L~.br~dor, Newfour.dland
Projecl
Managers
Acres Canadian Bechv.:-l of Churchili Falls
Owner Churchm Falls (labrador) Corporation Limited
Due to the northerly c! imate of Labrador, design probiem$ related to
ke were encountered in virtually every flow reach upstream and
downstream of the Churchill Fans powerhouse. Fraz!! ice dams and
~?ring ice jams observed in the natural reg~me h'td to be eliminated or
bypassed througll careful design in order to maintain now tu the
pvwcrhouse and avoid increase in ta.il water tevets.
An extensive field survey of ice thicknesses, water tempcratu res, fluw
velocities ami bottom profiles was conducted through two winters on
the Jarge natural IJ.kcs, Michlkamau, Lobstick, Sandgirt cHid jacopie,
which were joined tu form Lhe principal reservoir (2)200 square miies)
and on the connecting channel::. betwee:1 them, as well as on thf:.:
Churchil f River downstream of the powerhouse. Th esc dt.ttJ were used
to document the existing regime and to supply da.td for design
calculations.
Thermal and mechanical analyses were applk:d to various schemes for
channel, d rkc-; and control structure designs in order to dec:case frazii
production and ice jam formation to a level \~'here energy production
and structure security \voutci not be affected.
In the initiai years of operatjon of the Churchill FaUs development, the
ice co11trot measures adopted in the design have proven to be cffectiver
and ice has not been a problem.
l~-.RN?R~Or~ (;f NERAT ~NG ST Pt T~or~
~CE STUD~ES
Locati{~fl
Oni:J.do Hydro
-~9"T2 ··-1~75
The Am pri or Gencr1ti r~g Station hJs been bu i!t with iri the town oi:
A.rnprior on a reach (;f the MJciawaska Rtvcr which wa~ h;storical!y
s•.Jb ject to a,-:tive kc. lammIng. Ext~nsiv e invcstig;.tion~ vvere carr!~:d ;JUt
to cs.t.ablish the mechanisms control: ing the ni:i tL;rai jce reg! rn~ so :hat
the effects of pe:?-.king ()pe ration -;·;f the power st;:~_tion (;O~~~d be
prcd ic ted.
Field surveys of natural river t.cnd ~tk:lns vvere c.a rtied ou~ over two
wintc1·;:;. SUi'./C"f'S includ-~d pcdocfc rred:5.u re.m·cn1 af flow velo c~tie5 1 ice
thickn~~s a.nd ext~nt, and of the depth J.nd form of frazll ice
accur7lulat icn. A tv ... · o-man hovercraft permitted observations. to b.:: tr. ken
In 3.reas which wou1(1 otherwise have been too hazardous ~ o rea(h .
Flows, wate~ and iiir temperatures <:md the c.:·verJH k!~ conftg;i.nation .,.verc
monitore-d daily .
/-\ndys!s of the field tlJta and hy drau !k model studies perrnitt(!d
e!:;tabrish ment of the ice conditions to be expected after comple tion of
tbe project. T!1e tail race improvements i11corpcrated l 11 the d~s!gn \V: li
result in a. significant reduction in the sevcrl ~y of k:c ccr;d itions in the
uovJnstream reaches of the rlver.
lAKE ERtE -·NIAGARA RIVER ~CE BOOr..,'t STUDY P33Y6
CHent Government of Canada
International Niagar~ Bvard of Control
The Lake Erie -NiagM1i River iu:· boom v .. ·Js orfginaHv ,:nsta Hcd ~n
'1964 to control the amount of ice leaving Lake Erie in !.he winter
season in order to minimize icc jamrr. ing ;:md i{;e hc.nJ iing pfoblem~ in
the Niagara River) particu lar!y at the power ut i I ities in take struclu n:!s.
The boom is effective in attaining this objective . but caused co11c ern
over other possible environmental effects. Of p-1rticular int{r~st \vas the
effect of tncreasing the voiume of ice in Lake Eric dtHing th~~ \vinter
season and prolonging the period of icc cover Jt the end of the ice
season . Prolongation of the ice cover is a possihle factor ir. ex tenJ ing
the spring inversion phenomenon which leads to air qu;,tl i ty problems in
the Buffalo are<L
The specific objectives of this study were~
To determine lo what extent, If any. the ice boom affects the
thkknes.s or extent of the ice fleld or cb anges the rate of dissipation
of ice in Lake Ed~ and) hence, has any effect on navigation,
recreation~ weather~ (Jr other environmental considerations.
To determine criteria which would be u;;;ed annually to establish a
date for rcmovar of the boom, which woukJ minimite t·he impact of
ice flows an intakes for power plants and shore property along the
e;~tire Niagara River without apprec iclbl e adverse effects on the other
interests.
Th 1~ report presented the results of an intensive study of the current
state of kncJwledge of the icc dissipation process in Lake Erie and the
po~sible boom rffects on this dissipation process.
The investigation invoived a detailed examination of the hi~toric?.~
record of icc growth and dissipation j 11 Lake Eric for prcboom a nd
postboom years. A statistical analysis was made of water temp~ratu re
da:ta proximat~ to the ice bootn fwr prcboom and postboom years. lee
melt mathematical models wc~re review ed and a simplified simutalion of
the tee dissipation process in Lake Erie was developed.
Photographs. oourteWOfthe Power Authority of the State of New York
04/76
CON P4226
Location
1
An underground storage fad!ity including a deep~water port has been
for the abandoned Wabana Iron 1\r1ine on Island,
Bay; Newfoundland. As part of the feasibility for the
an investigation was conducted of the ice conditions in
and their relation to navigation by both supertankers
and smaller tankers.
Historical ice data were collected, collated and compared with
<.:omments of experienced mariners operating in the bay. This
produced statistics on the frequency and duration of ice conditions of
various severities. The statistics were related to the ice
capabilities of 5upertankers and smaller tanke!rs to obtain a quantified
assessment of potential delays to both classes of vesseL
Related studies of currents, meteorological conditions JJld the biology
the area are being carried out to form a complete packa.ge su table
for terminal design and approval under the TERMPOL code.
01/78
P49 4
PetnJ·Canada
Arctic
\Vas initiated
natural gas resources of the
drilling and of a
of a gathering and transmission
a liquefaction system with related
concerned with ice management problems at
Island, which is the proposed northern
included the identification of
problems and the documentation of the
and terminals in ice~infested waters.
of potentia! solutions were investigated 1 such as icebreaker
systems, thermal discharge systems, surface heat
control, ice removal and ice diversion systems. These solutions •.vere
in terms of cost, effectiveness, reliability, environmt"'nta! and
effects, with the result that several were recommended for
also included an outline of possible field or laboratory
may be needed for further design data.
02/78
1N'VE5TlG.A.T10N Of 1976 lCE JAM
ON THE SAJNT jOHN R'VER
P4298
Loc;H1cn S~int john Rtver, New Brunswick
Ctient The New Brunswick Electric Power ConHTI iss ion
19it.
~ n AprH !976 nujor ice jam':l forrnrd above lh~ ht.~~td pond, of l~~tth of
the three power dcv~lupmenb on the S11 inl j uhn R ivcr·Mai.ld(}Ui.\4.:,
Bccchwo<Jd and Grc1nd Fulls. Floooing o~..:turrcd in the !owns of Ste.
Anne de Ma.dJ.IA·a~kat Perth-Anduvcr, H.artland Jnd Wood ~tod .. A ~ludy
w~~ und\:rtakcn whrc.h
documented l11e meteorolo~iC, hydrulogk ~md ic.:e \.'vcn b prior to t~nd
during the ! 9 76 spring breakup
pl.n:ed !.he 1976 events in r1i storkal perspc(tivc wfth mctclHoh>gir,
hy drotugic and ice conu i1 ions uf prev lous yeM~
· ,.l:,~;~s:'led I he-reason for lhc ~CV(!~-j l y uf the i 976 j.un~ Jnd dcr rrrn i ned
the extent to which t.:hJngcs. in the vper.H i~;n of the pov.'cr
devclopm~nts might lcs~e-n the impact of il·l! jdms_
Ex tcnsive back water caicu~ations we.rc rna. de to Lk il i L:l:lc :1nal y~is of the
ice jarn movements to determine the effect ivencs;; ot v~lriou~ pos~.tble
powcr development upcrallng procedures.
Acres Consulting S<~rvicr;:s
Evaluation of the causes of the 1976 ic1! jarn floods on the Saint
Brunswick.
...... , ..... .,~ ..... of the effects of the
on the local environment.
Services
New
of take and
review of ice engineering aspects of the 1968 to
1973.
for extensive ice studies for detail design 1 evaluation of the power
of the entire Churchill River basin, rnathematical simulation of flood
hydrographs, and statistical synthesis of streamflmv data of the Churchill FaHs
power project, Labrador.
Direction of the engineering services provided for the Northumberland Strait
Crossing project, New Brunswick-Prince Edward Island, Involving of
major ice problems.
1956 -1963 Head, Hydrological Department, Aluminum Company of Canada Limited
Responsible for ice handling for the hydroelectric power system in Quebec, which
has a total instaUed capacity of 2,600 Mw (including 750-Mw Chute~des~Passes and
900·Mw Shipshaw).
T edm ical Publications
Related to ke Engineering
The Determination of Ice Forces on Small Structures
Presented to the Eastern Snow Conference, F ebru.ary 1971 (coauthor}
Measurzment ollce Forces Against G Lightpier
Presented at Conference on Port and Ocean Engineering Under Arctic Conditions,
Technical University of Norway, August 1971.
Effects of Lake Erie -Niagara River Ia Boom on the Ice Regime of Lake Erie
Presented at Third International Symposium on Ice Problems, Hanovf}r, New
Hampshire 1 1975 (coauthor)
197:, Acres Consulting Services
Technical review of the ice engineering aspects of the Company's
~ evaluation of the causes of the 1976 ice jam floods on the Saint John
New Brunswick
· design of the 1 Gull Island hydroelectric project, Labrador
of the 78-MW Arnprior hydroelectric project, 011tario
· hydraulic model studies of ice conditions affecting ,..,.,,.,c,nr"~ in St.
at Sault: Ste. Marie, Michigan
· re~ponsible for hydraulic studies, indw:Hng analyses of
measurement of tidal currents and evaluation of ice '"""'"1 '1~'"""'"
model tests of currents and ice movements f.:.>r a
300,000-dwt tankers. Ship due to ice in the
route were calculated
River
• study of water supply alternatives for Lost River, Alaska North 65.5
degr~es)
4 survey of the needs fo1· marine environmental data in the norttnvest for
Nova Scotia Research Foundation
studies and definition of the hydraulic design criteria for a technical and
economic feasibility study on development of tidal power sites on the of
Fundy
· supervision of field measurements and design, construction and testing c f three
hydraulic models to investigate effects of tide, wave and ice action <:>n proposed
Northumberland Strait crossing structt.tres.
Technical Publications
R.elated to Ice Engineering
A Model Study of Ice Navigation in the St. Marys River
Presented at the Rivers '76 Symposium, Fort Gllins, Colorado, August '1976.
Quantitative Application of Ice Climate Data to Winter Navigation Studies
Second Canadian Hydrotechnical Conference, May 1975.
Ice Model Studies for the Northumberland Strait Crossing
Eastern Snow Conferences Annual Meeting, Boston, February 1968.
Navigation Delays Due to Ice Conditions -Analysis and Case Studies
Fourth International Conference on Port and Ocean Engineering under Arctic
Conditions, September 1977 (coauthor).
CAMMAERT ICE
1 ~Acres
1 T~echrdcal Development Department
r~veiopment in the Canadian offshore engineering
including marketing studiesj specid.!ist projects on ice
and ice~structure interaction, design techniques for offshore
structures 1 and arctic transportationo
review of simulation techniques for navigation del,lys due to
ice conditions.
of cold regions engineering research capabil ties.
Study of management te~hniques fQr LNG terminal at
Island in the Canadian Arctic Study included identification of potential
ice manag<!rnent problems, assessment of possible solutions, and
recommendation for solution implementation.
-19 Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memoria!
University of Newfoundland
1975 Associate Professor
1971 Assistant Professor
Research into instrumentation of offshore structures.: design and
construction of smaH offshore platform to monitor wave and ice forces
and to test instrumentation systems.
Project coordinator of study to investigate feasibility of Strait of Belle
isle crossing. Study included ice formation, thickness and movement,
iceberg tracking and grounding, bathymetric data, tide and current d:Ha 1
and transportation analysis.
Research director for study on northern hOl~sing and r.-:unicipal services
for Royal Commissia·n on Labrador.
Coauthor of report on design guidelines for ice forces on marine
structures. Review of literature on ice pressures and analysis of existing
design codes. Recommendations for Canadian design practice.
3480.01 Rev 1
02j78
for instrumentation project on line forces and fende1
berthed at
1970
S. MONSEN E NG
Education
1
Professional of Ji.J'r,-.i?'o.~c~n
Associations Engineering Institute of
,...,...,_,,,.,..-_,,n Society of Civil
1973 Hydraulic Department, Acres Manitoba Limited
Supervision of a study of ice handling during construction of the
1 i 1 00-Mw Limestone Generating Station on the Nelson River, Manitoba
Coordinating and supervision of the hydraulic designs and model studies for the
Churchill River diversion project, Manitoba. This interbasin divf!fSion
involves a 6-bay control structure ( 1.54,000 cfsL a 3-bay control structure
cfs), a 6~mile excavated channel, and approximately 250 miles of natural river
channel. Winter flow conditions and ice effects are the major soJJrce of
on this project.
Coordinating of the hyJrcwlic design and direction of hydraulic model sttJdies for
the 1,000~Mw, 1 0-unit Long Spruce Hydro-Electric Power Development.
1974
E
Specialist, Acres Consulting Service!!
Principal investigator in the following ice engineering pro.iects:
w evaluation of the causes of the 1976 ice jam floods on the Saint john
New Brunswick
..... .:. .. ~i ... ·h"'"' of ice effects on the performance of the flow diversion channels from
the Churchill River to ~he Nelson River in Manitoba
-studies of ice handling during construction of the Gu!l Island Project on the
Churchill River, labrador1 and the Long Spruce Project on the Nelson River in
Manitoba.
Project Engineer for the following studies:
~ Measurement of Ice Forces on Ughtpiers, Department of Transport, Canada
• Saint john River lee Study, The New Brunswick Electric Power Commission
-Development of testing methods and equipment for a. structural/hydraulic model
of ice loads on a pier.
Technical Publications
Related to ice Engineering
Convective Heat Transfer at an Ice Water Interface
NRC Research Seminar on the Thermal Regime of River Ice, Laval University,
197 4. S. T. Lavender and J. E. Cowley.
Effects of Lake Erie· -Niagara River Ice Boom on the Ice Regtme of Lake Erie
Third International Symposium on Ice Problems, Hanover, New Hampshire, 1975
(coauthor).
Professional
Associations
1968 Engineer, Acres Consulting Services
ENGiNE
New
Load cell instrumentation and telemetry for analysis of ice loads on lightpier in St.
lawrence River, including automatic a!l~weather camera system.
Technical Publications
Related to ke
Measurement of Ice Forces Against a Lightpier
Conference on Port and Ocean Engineering under Arctic Conditions, Trondheim,
August 1971 (coauthor).
The Determination of Ice Forces on Small Structures
Eastern Snow Conference~ Fredericton, New· Brunswick, February 1971
'1974 Senior Engineer, Acres Consulting Services
Analysis of conditions leading to ice jam flooding on the Saint John River, New
Brunswick in April 1976.
of the effects of sea ice on navigation to a proposed major oil storage depot
at Sell Island, Newfoundland,
Maximum probable flood study usi.1g a snowmelt simulation model for Gull Island
Development.
Mathematical model study of bouyant jets from submerged therma.l diffusers,
including development of a general computer program for the :1nalysis of head losses
and costs of diffuser systems.
Development of an unsteady river backwater system; developrnent of a
one--dimensional, unsteady, nonuniforrr mathi':m;Hical model; research into
semi-implicit solutions of two-dimensional free surface flow using data gereratcd
from a physical model.
E NG
Education University: Hamilton,
Eng. Civil Engineering,
1972
Civil (Hydraulics), 1973
Association of Professional Engineers, ~ iVlember
Model study of the !eve! regulation rcquirrrr.,"'nts for main~enance of srab c ice
conditions upstream from the diversion tunnels at the Gull Island Hydroe! !Ctric
Project (dlversion design flow 210,000 cfs).
Operation of a
alternative
ice model to determine rhe dfect of ice .actk n on
for a proposed supertanker port in t:he St. LJwrence River.
T ectmkal PubHc~tions
Related to Icc
Programming the Equations of Uns-teady Flow
Ma~~tcr thcsis.1 McMaster University 1 Hamilton, Ontario, 1973
POULIE EERiNG R~ENCE
Education
Professional
Associations
""""""'9·~· of Edinburgh, Scotland
Civil Engineering, 1938
Association of Professional Engineers, -Member
Association of Professional Engineers, British Columbia 1\ll"''"""''"o..-
lnstitution of Civil
1973 Hydraulic Department Coordinator, Acres Manitoba. Limited
Study of the winter regime of the Rat River Wacerway from South indian lake to
Notigi Control Structure for the Churchill River Diversion, Manitoba. The study was
undertaken to establish the extent and nature of ice cover at various stages of
winter and, consequently the total head losses in the waterway corresponding to the
various ice extents.
Study of the winter regime of the Burntwood River Waterway from Notigi Control
Structure to the confluence with the Nelson River for the Churchill River Diversion,
Manitoba. The ~tudy was undertaken to establish the water surface profiies in the
watenvay at various stages of ice cover development and regression, accountir.g for
local inflow, effects of storage in the waterway, and the dynamic collapse of ice
dams.
J, F !CE ENGINEERING Rf
Education and Guilds, K"
1976
Mechanical, 1
Mechanical, 1957
Technologist, Acres Consulting Services
Field survey of ice stability and river flow conditions during diversion of the Nehon
River for construction of the Kettle Rapids power project.
Education
Professional
Associations
Experience
w.
1976 -Acres
ENGINE !NG
Unh ·'iity of Manitoba
B.Sc. Civil Engineering, 1970
M.Sc. Water Resources Development, 1973
Association aJ Professional Engineers, Manitoba -Member
Canadian Society for Civil Engineering -Member
1974-1976 Senior Engineer, Crippen Acres Engineering
RiENCE
Lower Nelson River -· Development of river ice observation programs for each
winter of 1974 to 1978. This included planning of water level gau1_7~ and ice
locations, as well J.S hydraulic interpretation of the data obtained.
Limestone Generating Station -Development of a computer model of river ic.
processes on the Nelson River for the purpose of preliminary prediction of i ~c
conditions and required cofferdam heights during thr, construction period Gf an
1 , 1 00-MW hydroelectric plant.
Development of a program for and supervision of a detailed hydraulic model study
of the river ice development to determine safe winter diversion proced~1res du:ing
the construction of Limestone generating station.
Churchill River Diversion,Missi Falls Control Structure -Analytical and ic
model studies of ice passage through the control structure.
Churchill River Diversion, South Bay Channel -·· Design of an excavated channel
which is required to pass 30,000 cfs under winter conditions.
Development of backwater relationships for the diversion route under open-water
and ice-covered conditions.
Churchill River Diversion, Bumtwood River ~ Development of a computer model of
ice processes to study the effects of ice formation on the winter performance of the
Churchill River diversion route downstream of the Notigi control struct'lre.
Lake Winnipeg Regulation -Development of a scheme of reducing Lake Winnipeg
outflows in late fall to form a competent ice cover on the natural and excavated
channels between Lake Winnipeg and the jenpeg control structure.
Development of backwater relationships through this reach under winter conditions.
Technical Publications
Ice Processes During Construction of Limestone Generating Station
Proceedings of the Third National Hydrotechnical Conference, May 1977
(coauthor).
3063.0 I Rev 0
ll/77
I ASSURANCE PROCEDUR~S
ASSURANCE PLAN
ITING PLAN
TURBINES AND AUXILIARIES
OF PROJECTS
2
6
7
TY ASSURANCE PROGRAM
This program is applicable to Thermal, Hydro and ndustrial
projects in conformance with:
Mi ldQ-9858A
DND-·1016
ASNT-SNT-TC-1A Supp. A, C, D and E
ASQC·C1
ASME Code Section Vlll
ASME Code Section I X
ASME Code Section Ill
ASME Code Section !1 Parts A and B
CSA Z299.1
CSA Z299.2
CSA Z299.3
CSA Z299.4
L!TY ASSURANCE PROCEDURES
UCT ON
The Acres Quality Assurance Department is engaged in the provision of ;-quality
and exped1ting services in factories and contractors' works on behalf of
in-house project groups and/or outside clients.
nature of this work necessitates particular emphasis on capability, conformance
and reliability,
The procedures are set out in two parts; namely, Part One -Quality Assurance
and Part Two --Expediting Plan as shown in the suc(;eeding index.
(a) Inspection, Witness Testing and Progress Rerorting.
Expediting, Measuring and Control of the procurement ~regress.
n the Acres concept therefore, one man will not carry responsibility for both
functions because nf the conflict of interest--that of meeting schedule commitments
at the same tiPie being required to reject work which falls inspection.
OBjECTIVE
The objective of Acres Quality Assurance Management is to provide a service which
ensures that products_, services and processes will conform to contractual
requirements, codes, specifications, procedures and approved d:-av:ings.
POLICY
To achieve this objective it is the policy of Acres Quality Assurance Department to
establish and maintain an effective Qua1ity Assurance program planned and
developed in conjunction with other management functions. Determination ot
conformance of work to contract requirements shall be made on the basis of
ob~ective evidence of quality and quantity.
Ma1n Court
and/or services outside the continental limits
Acres may, the approval of the purchaser) delegate
firms with \Vhom have been associated and whose services
have pr:cvious!y b;een rendered with satisfactory results in respect to simi!ar
equiprnent.
in the event of such delegation, the firm selected will perform services on behalf of
and report to Acres who will, in turn, report to the purchaser in a manner so
arranged as to avoid undue reporting delays or 'other complications.
?REAWARD EVALUATION
ncluded in this brochure will be found various standard Acres forrfls in current use.
requested by the client, surveys such as outlined in these documents have
found to be extremely revealing and useful when completed at the proper
usually prior to the awani of an order or contract, and they assist in
determining the probable outcome of quality and adherence to schedules.
Acres Inspection and/or Expediting reports are prepared and issued to the client as
required, on an agreed schedule. These scheduled reports are distributed to
interested parties in accordance with a prearranged distribution list as directed by
the client.
VALIDITY
In order to function as a bonafide extension of the clients' Purchasing or
Engineering departments, external or in-house, the program is initiated by the
following documents:
(a) Submission and approval of estimated costs.
{b) Assignment for Quality Assurance and/or Expediting services.
(c) Advice to the vendor that Acres Quality Assurance Department is
authorized to inspect and/or witness tests on behalf of the client; copies to
Acres.
--3
{d) Purchase orders on prime vendor(s) and amendments. (Suborders wi!l be
secured directly from the prime vendor.)
(e) Updated field and shop schedules, critical path diagrams J.nd bar charts as
available.
(f) Copies of technical correspondence altering quality, quantity and intent of
purchase agreements during the life of the assignment.
RES PO !\lSI 81 LITY
Clearly the responsibility for r;-,;:;;_;ting quality and the delivery schedule is that of
vendor. This program is not intended to replace the vendor's duties in this
However} the overall project responsibility is that of the client or proiect rnanager.
The Acres Quality Assurance program is designed to assist the client or project
manager in meeting the stipulated on-stream scheduie and to ensure maximum
usage after start-up.
FORMULA
E
The need for Quality Assurance is obvious. Quality Assurance guarantees that
each project will meet quality and delivery schedules and yet this importan~
factor is often overlooked in initial planning stages. in many instances, Qual
Assurance is not implemented until serious product f?ilure has resulted in costly
delays.
Acres Quality Assurance Department, established in 1966, has in~depth
capability in inspection, progress reporting, and expediting. As an extension of
the Consulting Engineering and Project Management services, the department is
able to provide complete control and supervision over manufacturing of
engineering products for thermal, hydraulic, petrochemical and industrial
projects.
OPE
The scope of services may vary from a nominal advisory fun..:tion to complete
involvement in project undertakings, including review of procedures and
specifications, preaward evaluation of contractor's facilities, shop inspection~
progress reporting~ expediting of information and equipment, and site
inspection during ert:ction and commissioning.
BACKGROUND
Our background represents 100 years of experience in machine shop and
foundry practices, electrical manufacturing and testing of enginef:red products.
It covers expertise in the interpretation of plans and specifications, knowledge
in the end use of equipment, and broad experience in manufacturing, erection
procedures and plant .operatio!1.
Our department is able to draw from m·huuse expertise in the various
disciplines in science and engineering when specialized technical knowledge is
required. This guarantees that materials, components and supplies meet contract
stipulations.
EXPERIENCE
Our specialists have wide experience in: nondestructive testing of raw materials;
fitting c,; machinery; static and dynamic balancing; assessment of vibration and
noise level of rotating equipment; static, hydrostatic, and gas testing of pressure
vessels and containers; functional, applied and induced potential~ impulse,
:-esistance, impedance, ratio, polarity, temperature and operational testing of
electrical equipment.
F
The client can be certain that materials are supplied, and engineered products
are built ill the shops in accordance with the requirement of purchase
documents, specifications, data sheets, approved procedures, drawings, and
applicable codes and standards. Deviations are immediately disclosed and
brought to the attention of the client, his delegate, or the engineer. By
immediate initiation of corrective action, cumulative errors are avoided and
schedules are maintained.
Effective monitoring of manufacturer's quality control at the proper stage
during manufacture ensures that the capital and human resources invested in
the preparation of designs, specifications, and detail drawings will not be
wasted. it guarantees that custom~built equipment exactly meets design
standards or agreed changes and, therefore, gives maximum usage after start-up.
It minimizes site erection time since tolerances and clearances are held to
design limits so that components fit on assembly at site.
Acres Quality Assurance policy is dedicated to a '(Zero Defect" concept and,
while this may be difficult to achieve in full measure, deviations are evaluated
on basis of their overall effect upon the equipment and the project, and the
concept does achieve a high degree of quality and reliability.
PATION
Continuous participation in, and assoc1at10n with, modern engineering,
manufacturing methods, and quality control techniques place the Acres Quality
Assurance Department in a position of importance in the successful completion
of construction projects.
As an added service to our clients, Acres includes a material review facility
whereby engineers and inspectors may trade information as to the suitability
and acceptability of raw materials or finished parts.
ON
ASSU PLAN
Assurance program, together with associated procedures and
contractual documents, is designed to ensure that clients' quality requirements
are recognized by the vendor and that consistent and uniform control of this
is adequately maintained. The Quality Assurance p·rogram is assisted by
written procedures approved by the engineer and/or client 1 and provides
r.-..'""'"""'t""'"'' personnel and sufficient inspection coverage throughout all phases of
the work furnished and performed by others in order to ensure conformance
with contract requirements.
Assurance program is established to meet the requirements
in the different national and international standards, codes,
specifications and other customer requirements.
The Quaiity Assurance program is adjusted to suit the complexity of products,
quantity under process, reliability and interchangeability requirement5 1 and
production techniques. It includes provision for assurance of prompt detection
of discrepancies and for timely and effective action.
One of the Quality Assurance document describes the procedures and
formalities in force within Acres to ensure that the contract requirements are
being met and therefore reliability of equipment in service will be achieved"
The Quality Assurance Department of Acres
constitutes a divisional organization for quality, directions and quantity
follow-up of products for the client;
solicits and coordinates activities in the shops in order to create and
maintain an optimum quality level for the products consistent with the
ruling specifications, codes and drawings;
is responsible for ensuring that products comply with quality
requirements of applicable standards.
These general directions imply that the Acres Quality Assurance Department
reviews the manufacture of products during development and
production stages, and continuously monitors f~Stablished routine for
changes in quality;
is responsible for ensuring that in-plant inspection of products during
production stages is carried out satisfactorily by certified and
responsible inspectors;
is responsible for ensuring that established inspection routines and
procedures concerning special processes are maintained;
is responsible for ensuring the calibration and inspection of gages and
instruments is being followed satisfactorily;
is the coordinating influence for the client for failure reporting and,
with the cooperation of the engineer and the necessary records, for
analyzing the quality situation and initiati.ng necessary corrections;
reviews and comments on the specified requirements, and alerts the
client or engineer at an early stage if there are prerequisites for
obtaining an acceptablt! product;
deals with faults which are discovered during inspection, on an
individual basis, according to the seriousness of their effect.
Every employee of the Acres Quality Assurance Department is responsible within
framework of his capability for:
the correctness of his work and statements made in his report;
receiving documentation from the vendor and ensuring that it is
representative of the material offered and that the material is of
acceptable quality;
ensuring that faults are discovered and reported on a timely basis;
ensuring that reasonable measures are taken by the contractor to
prevent repetition of such faults.
The above implies that the Acres Inspector is responsible for ensuring that:
obvious defects· at the beginning and/or throughout the manufacturing
phases are corrected, and that parts are carefully checked against
applicable drawings, procedures and specified requirements;
checking takes place to the extent necessary or as reasonably judged
necessary, to ensure compliance with all nondestructive, procedural and
operational testing.
Inspection Equipment
The Acres Inspector will normally use instruments, measuring tools 1 tapes,
rules, straightedges, gage blocks, meters, controllers and gages which are
supplied by the contractor or vendor and are known to conform to applicable
standards and maintained in good condition.
magnetic particle, dye penetrant, resistance, tem peratu and
testing, due to the sophisticated nature of sorne of thiS
and attending regulations, will be witnessed by the Acres nspector
conjunction with the contractor's or vendor's personnei and in accordance
with the restrictions imposed on outside in'spectors by the suppliers and the
safety regulations.
in cases where the contractor or vendor does not maintain suitable test
or measuring devices, the Inspector may require him to obtain
assistance to satisfy the requirements of the contract.
and Assembly
ensure satisfactory operation at the site, all equipment is assembled either
into one unit or subassemb!ed units. This enables the Inspector to check the
various fitting practices, tolerances and operating clearances as stipulated in the
contract or specifications. The ! nspector witnesses all static and hydrostatic
testing and all functional and operational tests.
Inspection procedures require:
Monitoring of manufacturing processes and preparation for shipment;
witl)essing of tests as may be required by the codes of specifications;
Procurement from the vendor and confirmation of necessary details
regarding production, welder qualifications, material test reports, repair
procedures and dimensional details.
Deviations§ concessions and any other matters requiring engineering judgment
are reported to the engineer or purchaser as required for approval.
Acres releases equipment from the factory, but final acceptance of the product
is at the jobsite.
Conditions affecting delivery, installation) performance or reliability will be
detected and corrected before such problems or difficulties have had time to
produce a chain reaction.
Quality Assurance Testing
In the initial contact Acres informs all suppliers-and through them, all relevant
subcontractors, of their inspection and testing interest, and establishes
inspection stages and/or tests to be witnessed under the specifications. At the
agreed stages and on completion of manufacture, Acres performs the agreed
inspection.
to cover physical such as point;
reduction of area, impact and hardness will be in the
vendor!s laboratory. Nondestructive testing of ferrous and nonferrous metals for
su:face and internal defects, as provided by the ruling specification) codes and
standards, using techniques as provided by the vendor or as occasion demands,
will be witnessed. Inspection reports are issued after each visit or series of visits
as may be appropriate or required.
Inspector may waive inspection or witnessing of tests on minor items,
repetitious procedures or certain rolled material when he feels that testing
generate more accurate results during manufacture. Under these
circumstances, Acres accepts the original manufacturer's test certificates.
Test certificates are checked and evaluated in order to determine that the
results by the supptier, in his inspection, are valid and objective.
Additional testing, outside of the normal requirements, that may be deemed
necessary are subject to the written approval of the purchaser, if any additional
cost to him would thereby be incurred.
At any time during the manufacture of equipment or materials at the vendor's
premises or those of subcontractors, Acres, whenever necessary, exercises the
right on behalf of the purchaser to reject components or manufacture on
grounds of faulty workmanship. In the event oi· such rejection having an effect
upon the stipulated contract or purchase order completion date, Acres
immediately informs the engineer and the purchaser of the occurrence and tbe
reasons for such rejection; otherwise the full information is presented in the
subsequent routine report.
In the event of sufficiently serious defects being found in materials or
components being manufactured or submitted for inspectio11 or test, Acres
requires the vendor to submit to the purchaser his proposals, with appropriate
sketches, for repairs. Immediately following 1 and if necessary during any such
repair, Acres reinspects the affected materia! or equipment and indicates
whether manufacture and/or testing can continue.
In the case of certain contracts, it may be necessary to station a resident
inspector in the vendor's premises in order to carry out effective inspection.
Such action is taken only with the approval of the purchaser.
Particular attention is given to ensuring that all equipment and components are
of the highest standard commensurate with specifications, standards, safety
requirements and client's Quality Assurance requirements.
When manufacturing procedures that have not been previously ust.:d are
involved, Acres will witness, at the supplier's premises or at such testing
Laboratories as may be agreed} such type tests as may be required to
demonstrate the suitability of the process for the duty it will have to perform
in service. Documentation is then issued to verify that manufacturing has
complied with the specified type tests.
nonconforming material is that which, in the raw or finished
purchased or manufactured by a vendor, shows or
which does not conform to the specification or good workmanship.
materials which have been detected shall be reported to the
or stating the type of fault or appearance of fault, and
measures to be taken by the vendor to salvage or correct the condition.
material which has been detected, where the fault is of such
an acceptance should be considered is reported to the engineer or
the vendor's quality control. The material is accepted only after
':l!lt'U"\Ii*n,\:'::ll is received from the engineer or client.
fault detected during final inspection of a completed component
is immediately brought to the attention of the vendor. A decision is
on remedial action to be taken.
contractor or prime vendor is responsible for and required to draw LIP
inspection and Quality Assurance records covering all technical
deviations, test data, certification and dimensional details, and
of such records to Acres through their visiting Inspector.
of correspondence between the contractor and the engineer
to be forwarded to the Quality Assurance Department of Acres in order
to up-to~date information regarding the progress of approvals and/or
changes to the specified requirements of the contract to ensure that the group
always applicable and complete information.
Work instructions and special procedures need to be forwarded to the Quality
Assurance Department in order that the Inspector may ensure adherence.
Packing and Transport
completion of manufacture and following the satisfactory conclusion of all
final inspections and tests, Acres will, whenever required or considered
necessary, check the transport and shipping arrangements previously proposed
for each different type of equipment involved. Acres also checks, as required
before shipping, the packaging of the various items, the location of material
lists and the application of case markings. Handling and distribution is
supervised as necessary. If also relevant, Acres ensures that the work of
forwarding or shipping agents is carried out in a timely and efficient manner
and, if specifically required and whenever possible, Acres will arrange for a final
inspection of the equipment to be made on board the carrier in which it is to
be transported.
Assurance Department is kept informed of the
trends in the various vendor's factories, and advises ci
ov'"'"1 ""'('\"""' of the quality when required.
between representatives of the client, engineer and vendor are
of the Quality Assurance Department to assist in the
and production problems and the pr"!paration of special
Head of the Quality Assurance Department functions as a part of the
evaluation board, and liaison with the various engineers is normally
this channel. The Head of the Quality Assurance Depaf-tment acts on
Manager in reviewing the technical aspects of
to ensure test~ng and acceptance standards meet the
and intent of the client and the present day codes.
Procurement is one of the most significant phases of project execution, and is a
factor in timeiy co:npletion. if the project manager loses the initiative in
his efforts to maintain close control over the other functions
result in costly project delays.
related to procurement is the expediting function which is primarily
time oriented in relation to planning and scheduling, and bears a direct
to project completion. Expediting of equipment and information
a close liaison between contractor, engineers, project management and
If implemented during placement of an order or contract, this
liaison provides a flow of information between interested parties with a view to
avoiding predictable delays in the performance of a contract and smooths the
of information on schedul.es, updatings, and approvals to ensure that
construction programs are maintained on schedule.
Expeditingp as covered herein, is the practice of making direct contact with all
vendors on ct regular itinerary, through visits to their offices and sL,,~ps,
and in certain cases those of subvendors, to witness at first hand that supplies
are true to schedule, deliveries are realistic and shop conditions are adequate ..
is concerned with everything in the procurement chain and visiting
Expediters are responsible for ensuring that schedules are maintained.
The Acres Expediting Program pays particular attention to identifying in
advance any potential threats to the project construction schedule, and reports
risks due to shop overloading, quality control, labor contract dispLJtes,
approvals, advance oraering_, past performance, labor qualification, management
attitudes, production problems and remedial actions, etc. With such current and
factual information the contract manager is in a position to make accurate,
decisive and effective judgments to restore and situation which may threaten
the achievement of his objective. Penalty or bonus clauses in contract
documents are ineffectual and, at best, cause only minor inconvenience to the
contractor as compared to the loss in revenue to the client from a delayed
project.
Validity
Part Two of the Quality Assurance Jocument describes the procedures and
formalities in force within Acres to ensure that contract requirements are b·zing
met, and therefore on-stream schedule dates will be maintained.
While the expediting plan is concerned with everything in the chain of
procurement from the preparation of designs to the loading of completed
equipment) its attention and reporting is focussed on what remains to be
accomplished, and the difficulties anticipated which actually threaten the
project objectives.
nduded in the is the careful evaluation of the bidder's ability to
and control production.
of the Acres Quality Assurance Department Expediting task
is responsible within the framework of his capability for:
the correctness his work and statements made in his reports;
documentation from the bidder or vendor and ensuring that it
of the actual shop conditions;
production schedules and relating these to site requirements.
obtains approved drawings to ensure his familiarity with the
::~rr":lW"ll'l""'~"~~"~C"'''~' of the equipment, and maintains in his possession a copy
latest revision or a conformed specification, the purchase order and
in order to be fully conversant with the equipment for which he
examines all information and technical data relating to the
satisfies himself that no conflict or confusion exists and that
is complete in all respects to enable the vendor to proceed in the
most expeditious manner.
Evaluating the vendor's ab;lity to perform the work and checking the validity
of his delivery promises includes the following:
review engineering, purchasing and manufl.cturing facilities, resources,
floor space, equipment, handling gear, scneduling practices, reporting
methods and means of quality control;
investigation of the labor situation to determine if the union contract is
up for renewal, whether a strike is imminent and if the local labor
market is adequate in the event that additional skilled help is required;
investigation of capacity and flexibility of the shop for present and
future work, policies regardingshift work and overtime, extra machining
capacity or machining limitations, assembly and test facilities, storage;
investigation of quality control system-who is responsibie-,are
suborders inspected at source or on arrival in the shops? What
nondestructive testing facilities are in regular use? Are engineering
instructions issued to those who require them to carry out the specified
requirements?
investigation of extent of marmfacturing performed in the vendor's
plant;
investigation of adequacy of shipping preparations and loading practices.
The above implies that the Expediter is responsible for ensuring:
critical path and network diagrams are being followed to the extent
necesst:.ry or as reasonably judged necessary to ensure adherence to the
project schedule;
avoiding as far as possible ~~late start" operation to prevent procurement
problems;
constant review of the shop loading for conditions affecting
manufacturing operations, such as alternative facilities, in the event of a
breakdown of a critical machine tool or interference from other clients
scheduled ahead of the order;
that production is following an orderly installation sequence;
formal acknowledgment that all information is in the hands of the
vendor;
early identification of any bottlenecks or risks which may delay the
work, and what steps may be taken by the vendor should they occur;
pirated materials to fill a need on earlier schedules;
that he is guided mainly by what he sees with his own eyes, and does
not depend on hearsay or conjecture when vital portions of a project
are at stake;
a constant alert for solving problems on a piece by piece basis rather
than an overall solution.
The intensity of the expediting effort varies with the circumstances surrounding
each contract; however, for critical items, all necessary factory visits will be
made to check progress.
Where progress is found to be falling behind the agreed schedules, Acres will
work directly with the supplier and, through him, with any of his subsupp!iers
at the highest managerial level in a maximum effort to reestablish the agreed
schedule.
Acres representatives ensure that proper marking) tagging or coding
identification is attached to the equipment, and that bundles or packages are
dispatched to the site in such a manner as to achieve easy identification and
prevent unnecessary sorting. If part shipments or shipments of semicompleted
assemblies are acceptable to the client or site, then, by agreementt the
Expediter arranges these matters as quickly as the need becomes apparent.
if the Expediter, in visiting the shops, finds that quality is far below specified
standards and codes, he alerts the client, registers an objection with the vendor,
and takes whatever action is deemed necessary to correct the condition in the
best interest of the client.
CO ~OAOINATING
ENGINEER
CliENTS
WESTERN OlV!SION
SUPERVISOR
J. IN .• GFIOUGKTON
N. KITCHENER
e. PAcQUILLAN
J. R. HAINER
MA!'o!AaEiil PROJECT SERVICES
W. W. AEBERLI
HEAD -QUALITY ASSURANCE DEPT.
ACRES
SliAWINIGAN
E. R.ARNOLD
A. ilL l NEW YORK
w.$. FRIO SUPERVISOR
J.LASOTA
PROJECTS
EASTERN DIVIS!Qal J
A. KUFTA SUPERIIIS0 1f
T IHlUSZEL
• '-------'------·~--
SECTION
TYPICAL REPORTS -
TURBINES AND AUXILIARIES
'·/-;
"fQa
A a
Comandante Mario Guarita
C A E E B
Director Cornercial
Avo Rio Branco, 135-140 and.
Companhia Hidro Eletrica
Compliance
N e s t a
CLIENT: Do Sao Francisco
EQUIPMENT: Turbines and Auxilia.rie.s
PROJECT: Salvador Bahia Phase I
CONTRACT I P. 0, No.: T-19 4 4 0
VENDOR: Pneumafil Corporation LOCATION: Charlotte, North Carolina
SHOP ORDER: 7-12 53 3 CONTACT: u. Burtt; J. Swett
CONTRACTED DELIVERY DATE: 2 sets-Oct LATEST PROMISE: To PRESENT STATUS: To
?/76; 1 set-Dec 3/76 Schedule Schedule
~USVENDOR: LOCATION:
P.O. Ng.: CONTACT:
CONTRACTED DIEI..IVEtiY DATE LATEST PRO~' 'lE: PRESENT STATUS:
PL.AJIJT VISIT TELEPHONE CONTACT D PERIOD Of REPORT: Aug. 25/76 TO Sept. 29/76
INSPECTOR _._t.:_"l.:...._S_" __;.F_r.:_i.:_d _____ ,.....__.
ENGIN£ERING<Complete. Sh0p drawings revised for welding of support angles
fbr filter media beca~se of accessibility problems.
MATERIALS: All cutting, forming and detailing for seven units complete
Filter media complete for seven units. Cream colored paint for
top .coat due on the afternoon of September 29, 1976.
~ PRODUCTION: Assembly and we1ding complete for two units. Dimensions sa tis-
'factory; welding very good. One series of stich welds missing.
Vendor tends to overweld. Paint inspection waived.
DOCUMENTS:
DIST.RfBUTION
to be export crated and
October S, 1976. The media will be in
cations received. Units No. 3, 4 and
w.w. Aenerli -1
J.W. Broughton - 1
N.J. Kitchener -l
C A E E B - 2
C H E S F -2
w.r-1. Sybert -1 w.s. Frid - 1
to Savannah, Ga.
Shipping sp€cifi-
will ship in December.
A.J. Cipriani - l
59.04.01 Form 10A
23
This report concerns a plant visit to Pneurnafil Corporation
in Charlotte, North Caroline, on September 29~ 1976v for the
purposes of expediting and inspecting the generator air in-
take filters ordered by Turbodyne for the Salvador Bahia
Phase I Program.
A -ENGINEERING
All engineering for this contract is completeo Th8 design
is for a standard filter as shown in the catalogue. The only
differences are various dimensions and these drawings have
been approved by Turbodyne. The interface of the flange
between Pneumafil and Koppers has been approved by Turbodyne.
During the visit, we noted that the flange, which connects to
Kopper 11 s equipment, is bolted. The discharge flange is a
blank flange and we are 1maware of the next mating piece.
Since there are no holes, it was assumed that this flange
might be bolted to the next piece of equipment. We attempted
to contact Mr. Cipriani and were unsuccessful. We contacted
his assistant, Mr. Tuttle, who agreed to check the type of
ponnection and advise Pneumafil later in the day. Obviously,
if the joint is to be a welded connection, then we do not
want the flange coated with the one-part epoxy primer and the
two-part polyester epoxy cover coat. M.r. Tuttle agreed to
advise Pneumafil, who will tape this flange to prevent corro-
sion during shipment.
B -MATERIALS
All structural and filter materials for seven units are on
hand. All of the strUctural and plate materials for seven
units have been cut, formed and detailed.
The one-part epoxy primer is on hand. The cream colored top
coat is due on the afternoon of the date of this visit.
C -PRODUCTION AND INSPECTION
Assembly and final welding of the first two generator intake
filters has been completed. We conducted a thorough dimen-
sional check and found no discrepancies. The overall dimen-
sions are all to drawing tolerances and the layout and punch-
ing of the flange is correct.
2
59.04.01 Form 12A Part 2 of 2
DETAILS REPORT NO. 23
On Unit No~ 1, we noted that one long top plate was deflected
approximately 3/8 inch, for a length of approximately 2-1/2
feet. However, due to t.he extreme lightness of the material,
we could see no way that the vendor could correct the situa-
tion. Since the deflection is on the blank flange, it is
unlikely that it will be noticable after installation.
All of the welding of the corners is satisfactory and the
unit appears watertight. The welding of the plate splices
is via the new automatic equipment, which makes use of two
formed joints and places a full penetration bead along the
V-joint. The quality of this weld is excellent.
All structural welding is staggered stitch welding. Without
exception, the drawing specifies this welding to be 1 inch
in length on 6-inch centers. We noted that the vendor has
tended to greatly overweld these units·. While most of the
stitch welds tend to be closer to 7/8 inch than 1 inch, the
majority of the areas were welded on 3, 4 or 5-inch centers,
with the average tending to run between 3 inch and 4 inch.
We pointed out to Mr. Swett and Mr. Burtt that this over re-
inforcing could be serious if this were a high temperature
application. Further, this is a considerable waste of man-
power and weld material. A third reason for objection is
that customer inspectors at site could examine these units,
lacking drawings, and decide that the wel.ds are insufficient
because some will be 1 inch at 5 or 6 inch, instead of 1 inch
at 3 inch. The vendor agreed with our criticisms and assured
us that the future units will be welded 1 inch at 6 inch.
As we examined the interiorf we found one filter support
angle which was still only tack welded. It was one of the
short angles and seven welds were missing. This was brought
to the attention of the area foreman, who added these welds
prior to our departure. The drawings show the filter support
angles to be welded 1 inch at 6-inch centers staggered.
However, because of the length of the top flange, the vendor.
has been able to weld on only one side. The inner shield
guns will not permit access to the other side. Engineering
was consulted and they instructed Production to weld 1 inch
at 3 inch, and to weld the end of these supports solid. We
concur that this is structurally sound and that the missing
welds are not significant.
The filter support plates at the top of the units have been
stitch welded on both sides, even though the drawing shows
them to be stitch welded on one side.
3
59.04.01 Form 12A Part 2 oi 2
23
In. we were very pleased with the quality of the tyork
f.'Ir. Schaaf and Mro Burtt that end product in-
is all that will be required for future units.
Still to be completed is the painting, and i·t was scheduled
to start on the morning of September 30, 1976. We have
waived inspection of the painting because of the automatic
paint that is used by Pneumafil, and because the paint
is the standard product which they use every day .
.Mr0 Burtt requested permission to manufacture Units No. 3, 4
and 5 in December 1976. We consulted with l'lr. Schaaf and
learned that this is satisfactory~ Mr~ Burtt has been so
and so our next visit will be for inspection of Unit
No. 3 for Salvador Bahia Phase I and both of Salvador Bahia
Phase II.
The filters will be installed in the shells before shipment.
The filter units will be totally boxed and export skidded.
D -DEI.~I-VERY
I~o Cannon of Turbodyne has instructed Pneumafil to use the
Port of Savannah for shipment. Pneumafil will forward both
filters em. October 5, 1976, and Mr~ Cannon stated this will
be more than adequate time to meet the boat in Savannahe
However, Mr. Cannon did not advise when the date would be,
except that it would be sometime in the week of October 11,.
19768
E -ADDENDUM
Late in the afternoon of September 29, 1976, we were advised
by Mr e Schaaf I that Pneumafil have permission ·to manufacture
Units Noe 3, 4 and 5 qnd ship them in the month of December.
He emphasized that this does not apply to Units No. 6 and 7
which must be held until July 19779 We telephoned Mr. Burtt,
who expressed his satisfaction.
Mr. Tuttle contacted Mr. Burtt and advised him that the blank
flange is to be painted, since the filter remains within the
High Bay and there is no connection at the blank end.
WSF/smj
,;Jij£ :!d~~. w.s. Frid -
4
SECTION J
SELECTED LISTING
OF PROJECTS
USTING OF ECTS
Bra.scan Limited -light Servicos de IEiectricidade
South America
Inspection, consultation and testing of castings, machining and
balancing of one 88,000-hp impulse and one 140-inch di<.;.meter
pump impeller, manufactured from 13 per cent chrome and 4
per cent nickeL P241 5
British Columbia Hydro & Power Authority
British Columbia
Inspection and witness testing of distribution transformers, two
130-ton powerhci.!se cranes, T /L Hardware, conductor and cable.
P3430
Centrais Eletricas do Para, S.A.
South America
lnspec:;tion, testing and expediting of ali equipment ongmating
in North America for the 50-Mw Beiem thermal station. P2278
Churchill Falls of labrador Corporation
labrador, Canada
Inspection of materials, castings and components for five
turbines built by Dominion Engineering Works, Lachine.
Engineering liaison and reporting on the manufacture of spiral
casings manufactured by Marine Industries Limited, Sorel,
Quebec for the 5 ,225-Mw generating station. P1521
Cochin Pipeline
Dome Petroleum
Inspection/expediting of pumping station equipment for London
and Sarnia stations. P2905
Corporacion Autonoma Regional del Cauca
Colombia, South America
Inspection and expediting at factories in North America,
Switzerland and Japan to provide overseas monitoring and
testing of all equipment and materials for the entire 3 70DMw
Alto Anchicaya Generating Station. P1630
Dow Chemical of Canada limited
Sarnia, Ontario
Inspection and testing of two 50-Mw gas turbines and
generators, two 250,000-pound waste heat boilers and one
60/80/1 00-Mva power transformer. P2784
General Electric Company
Greenville, South Carolina
Survey, evaluation and report on the manufacturer's quality
control program for manufacture of gas turbines. P2997
Manitoba
P3875
Inspection of mechanical, ele ;trica! equipment and conveyor
systems for the new crushing facility. P2599
Inspection and liaison during the manufacture of the two
submersible sector gates, guides and hydraulic servomechanisms.
P940
Inspection and progress reporting during the casting and repair
of components, machining and testing of one 150,000-hp Kaplan
turbine h1 Lachine, Quebec, Canada, and Milwaukee, Wisconsin,
U.S.A. P1282
j ENPEG Generating Station
Inspection of powerhouse cranes and hatch covers
turbines.
1 .;,.,.,.."''""'i"ii'"'"" Station
for bulb
P3846
Inspection and expediting of the turbine, gates and powerhouse
extension for Unit 6. Rectification of leakage between
headblocks 5 and 6 and, at a later date, inspection, expediting
and testing of the turbine, gate hoists, generator and excitation
equipment for Unit 7. P2728, 1620
Manitoba Hydro -Crippen Acres Limited
Massi falls
Inspection of House Service Unit.
M~nitoba Hydro -Crippen Acres Limited
Kettle Rapids and Long Spruce
Generating Stations
P3669
Inspection, expediting and liaison in connection with shop
manufacture of all mechanical and hydraulic equipment for
construction of the 1 ,500-Mw and 1, 150-Mw generating stations.
Merz and Mclellan Consulting Engineers
Newcastle~ England
P3598, 1432
Inspection, expediting and testing of power generators for
Furnas project in Brazil, electrical components for Capetown,
South Africa and Cogolex, Paris, France. P2949
IV'~"a-.n,:r>,.nli-t~~""" Toronto -R. L Clark Filtration
Ontario
Site inspection during the installa.tion of mechanical and
ventilation equipment and installation of inlet structures, gates,
screens, pumps and piping for the raw water, filtered water and
backwash facilities. P966
Metmpo!itan Toronto Conservation .Authority
Inspection and expediting in the shops during manufacture of
control gates, embedded parts and hoists for Finch Dam. P1304
Mohawk Power Corporation
New York S&ate
Inspection and expediting in the shops during the manufacture
of all materials and equipment for electrostatic precipitators,
waste water control and coal handling facilities to control
pollution of the environment at Dunkirk Thermal Station.
P2789,2788, 2722
Ontario Hydro -Arnprior Generating Station
Arnprior, Ontario
Inspection, expediting and witness testing of all
electrical and structurai equipment.
Ontario Hydro -Lower Nott!h Generating Station
Cobalt, Ontario
mechanical,
P3176
Inspection, expediting, monitoring of repair procedures and
testing in various shops during the manufacture of all
mechanical, hydraulic and electrical equipment for the
construction of the 220-Mw generating station. P1661
Petrofina Canada Ltd.
Inspection/expediting of ail equipment for sour water stripper.
Pilkington Glass
Scarborough, Ontario
SC2 and SC3
P3668
Jnspection, expediting and liaison in connection with
mechanical and electrical equipment for both Float Glass plants.
Queen·s University
Kingston, Ontario
P2004, 1227
Inspection and testing during the fabrication of breaching, ducts
and expansion joints for conversion of central heating plant.
Pl918
Sirikit Power Station
Inspection control metering and relay equipment. P3322
Steei
Inspection, expediting and testing during the manufacture of the
pump turbines for the SOO~Mw Coo Trois Ponts pumped storage
installation at Ardennes. P1869
Nova Scotia
Reheat furnace -· inspection and exr.>editing of equipment and
instrumentation. P3186
Mannesmann -Petrofina
East~ Canada
inspection and expediting of all mechanical and electrical
equipment and instrumentation entering into the construction of
a refinery expansion project. P2769
Turbodyne/Worthington
United States
Inspection and expediting of large gas turbines, modular boilers,
silencers, castings, forgings and electrical equipment for Northern
States Power~ Southern California Edison, Algeria, Oklahoma,
Saskatchewan, Braintree and Houston. P3419
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LA BORA TOR Y S E RV lC ES
Our modern laboratory ls eq ui ppcd for
biological analysis J.nd b ioas~a.y
chemica~ and phy~ical analy~ls of solids, liquids and gases
· .,Jhysica! modeling to sc<1le
· soil and rock mechanics testing
~ hydraulic, aerodyna!11ic, dvil and architcclural design evaluL1tio11.
Skfiled and experienced te<:hnologists, with expertise in sampling, analysis at'ld
evaluation, work with engineering specialists. Standard commer cial equipment 1
supplemented by special equipment designed by and manufactured specificall y
for Acres , is used for samplir~g and tl'sting on site and in the laboratory.
Procedures for sampling and analysis are updated regularly to incorporate th.~
most advanced rTlt'.thods. Programs are writt~n for and run on the Acres compute!
to facilitate and accelerate the calculation of the test results. StandJ.rdiz.ed reports
arc prepared and documer.ted to fulfill the requirements of the client and of
sovernment agencies.
Test resutts are used to establish dtsrgn criteria for conceptual and remed~al
engineering. Often, these design criteria are confinnec! and rnollificd by physical
testing of"l scale models .
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·!h.:> l;~lx.:or.Hor·~· i::. ~quipp.:.•J w op.:::r.Jl£ rr;oti~h tl'>l ng I iqt.:ich 0r g,J.,c.'':> ,1•, tht::
tfst~ng ;n(·di(t in C!i.)S<:'Ch !r;.: ui t t~·~ls . .\1otl!..•:·n ('!c,·l:onk i.-1-:1 r urnents ,!rt: u-:;cd to
c t"!:llifd l he tiuv... of flui~"J::::., m~<~~;urc 1 he r<H1idiy ':.l~·ying PH~~~·l!' c~ ~tf thC'":>C' i ltJ'<h ,
;mJ r~~;ord tht~ re":.ulling ~!r.Jir'> i;l .1 rnodel ~tH.h.:turt:.
[i{;'~i;~.ns c,~q Oc (011 rirmcJ or n1ndi ficJ dh~r ob~trv[ng 1 he {i;~U[l) of it:~t ~ which
si rn:.;i.~1 e P• otol"}'pe conditions. These ~.lud ie5 gi•if2 ;r;'>•.n.1nc~ nf th~ protot }'Pe's
prop~r npe-;-,nion .• l!':d often rc~u!t in con:=.ich.~{able sa\•ing~; in t..omtruct1on .u•cl
op~~rati r~g cosrs.
~;.e.::ent o::.dvzt~Kes in theoret icill !rt<Jrod}'na lnic~ a.nd -c·ornputer technique~
devei<Jped ftom yt.tr':> or physka1 tC"<:.ting and field exp~?ricnt..C have ;IHeviJ.t~d
thi! r;ced fo~-ph vsi\.<lf testing un t,urge unks
t-lY!JRAUL1C MODELING
Te·~l"S an models of romp! ex h~'drau l ic s~·~tems ~uc.h as spillwaysj contrC'I Jnd
div!.:'rS~on -stru-ctures and tunnels, for hydroelectric: d~vdo.plllcnls Me w,ed EO
utnimize dc~[g_rl'~, ldhbri.ll~ sirudl:res : am! invf:~t ig.<Lle eneTg~-!o~!>e~, flo•.v
ratt~.::rn!>, air entL>.Inmcnt, C:<tvital ion, hc<J erosiol!. eocrg.r· di::.sip:!tion Jnd
bydrt~ulic loading.
fJhtersron T unnd
Cl.lntro! Structch!
tC:F. rVHJDELING
Tht: build·lJP ot ice c.Ji1 -:.ause c.omidcr,1ble prr.;b!:,;-ni5 in the ~F~ct!vc .c.pe;-ation
and 5£ability of hydrauH c ':>tructwe~. fvhHiel u::-sting u~ing o,rn-.ukteJ !c;;~ !!;.
cvndm;ied to ut:ve~or rncthnds Jnd operc.lmg rnY.:t:dtlre<:. tn rnin~miz.t t~""l~ cffe·~t
0 r this hazard.
Modet of ~hr. upstream ra.plds ami ir.lct to th:: i(ettle Rapicls Generati~ Stat~on
on th~ N~ls.vn RiverJ M.anitcba
WAVE ACTION AND TIDA.L CURRENT MODb:L!NG
Models of t,;oastc:d regions in which ·wave trains ar1d tidal currents o.re
reproduced to scale ;~re used to Jet~rmine rhc effeci:s of topogriiphica.J cba:ng~!i
on C().astai er;"'slon and w~•ve loading.
Modet of .a rJmp~sed c;:.\IU!ieWay $lri.JC.t1Jr~ f<H' t.he foJorthumh~rl.:md St.r~it; Crussins
bettlo'~E!Il New Brt11ls.wid <:nd ?firtce £dwarc1 l~~<tnd
"I ~~t m o<k !s. l~f l<Hge g(l., :;yslt.'!ll~1 ~uch :1':T e!e..:ln>'ii~:l i<: pr c cl ~'IPtm·~., .tr~~ us~d ~o
c.;;tefrnine the IOC,\l iOil 0f gui\.Jc \",!11C :., T.o t.h(·d tlc·w (!J~trihtHIOf1 <rnd ge n :~r3.!fy
tu r~fir.e l.he or:gin.d design.
Mcd~J or hot eh:ctrostatk predpit<:~tor .:md dw;:tWOf'k at Ni.l~.ara Muhawk_.
Dur.kir~, Neo ... v York
THERMAl tJ !ffUS1UN MODI:. UNG
The physi ,al modelmg of wannwwatrr disch:·,!"ges. \va~ ll~efj tu duermine tile
efft:'{.;t 011 re c ~i~·ing wat~r ~m11ic::nt temperatures.
Modet of Oswego Harbor and Niagara Mol111wk 's Ste.<~m Starion cooling
water ~~·st~ml Oswe~~~} fVcw Ylll'l(
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NAV1GAT~ON CHANNr::L MODEUI\JG
i'<r1odel studies of ship n:wigation pro~lems A<e .,;.onduued to improv-e (tJ'd
-st.abiiize the flow condition') in the navigation ~.:hannds. KadicN.:oqtro:l.ed ships
ar.e used to gauge the degree of imp~'ovcment obf,lined.
PHYSICAL MODELING
Scd.le models are prepar"ed of river b:Isins~ canals, dam~J townsitesl airports.
butldiogs.J equipment~ piping, and other structures and facilities. •
Many are used as three-dimensional arch1tectural, struct1ua! ;md m~c:hanic<:tl
design tools. Other models are used in the fh.tld d~'namlcs and environment~!
laboratories to simulate the hydraulic and aerodynamic conditions that provide
d~ta for detail design.
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Si;nu!;:~tion vf in· ... ersions and other rncteowtcgi;:al phenomtmd is cl;tt 1cu~\ to
()[1tairr b\' 2.endynamlc: modeling. Ar.:.-es has de5igned :.md ~ut:c~~>'>f11U ~· developed
a hy·drau!lc model thaL ~imu!<ti~!J tht: a\1'!1ospbere with str.<Jtified iay~rs of
varyi:lg brin~;: concen~rJ.tions. The moJei is '!.~Sed for pr~di:~!ion of" ~iack plume
b•~hav;or d i.! ;-i "g vari•.;;us meteoro logka! conditions.
ODOR TESTING
Qd ... ..n; are me<tsured 1 11nd control ~ystems for thelr el irnination are d~veloped.
0;1e typkal project required the measurernen~ of ouor causing constituents in a
starch p·Iant ernission} review of various control systems and testing and
performance ~valuation of the most promising prototype. ,..\nOlher projeu
involved measuring the CJdor strength of various foundry vents and caicub.Ung
th~ di~tance downwind requir~d to dissipak the odor by di!utian.
SOUND r1.No VIBRATlON MEASURING
Expcri~ncecl staff anrJ detection equ lpmem are a. v.1~iJ.b ~e Fo.r field survey; and
studies of sound and vibra.tion probiems.
Th'= delct.criou5 dfccl5 .of exccso;ive noi~e nn health, safety a.nd working
effie-icncy an~ now well known. Legislation to control ambient noise in i:lduslry
has led to extensive research in abatement m~a~ure~. Rccenr Iep,islation h<L~ also
been er.lact.ed to control noise in both urban and n.1ral environrn t;ntS h)
mfnim~zc disturbance of notural systems. aml pec;p!c , .~cres h.ts s;,~cia:ist
experience in s.our.d~leve~ measurem~nl, and a.n~.l·y-s!s for the developm!.::nt of
sound and vibrat:on ab~orpt ion and a.ttenua tion s~·st~rr.s.
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IENV!RONMENT AL LAHOR '\TORY
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICP-.L ANALYSES
Solid, liq~id and gaseous samp~t·s t<~kr:>r, in th~ field are usuaily (Hlalyzed for
physical and ch~rnica! characltri~tics <it lhc Niag<irc Falls !ahoratory. When
sampling is a remote location, determ;nations are dow~ in the field on portcble
equipment taken to the ~ite. Eqllipm~~nt is a.v.'lilable for re1forming tests to
ASTM cr o~her standards.
A~R POLLUTlON CONTROL STUDlES
Environmental engineers and te<.:hniclans are G:.vailable to
perform Held surve·,..s to EPA standards utiiJ:dng EPA ~unpling t .. ains
develop feasib~c s.chemes for emission control
determine operating costs and investment costs
provide selections and ret:ommendations
provide engineering and designs
provide supervision of constn1ct!on
provide perfo rma.nce testing and operational efficiency e\tal uation .
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I:f'>JV! ROf\IMENTAl lABORATORY
BIOLOG~CAL ANALYSES
Our ~o:apabi!ity in field sampling, design input and computer ;malysis is ba~kr;d
by a cnmprene11sivc ia bora.tory facility. Our b!ofogical laboralory is. fully
eqllippcd Lo handle collection, sorling and identification of fish, pla11ktonic .md
betlthic sa 01 ples. Work undertaken has jncluded a large volurnt: of sample
¥ia iyses from a variety of water and benthos types. classifk.ittion a.nd
identificati<.m of lichens, and tissue preparation and analysis for conccntratton s
f contaminants.
The b iological and chemical laboratories frequently work together on one
project with interpretations be:ing made on the basis of combined data. Ra'v
data are fed directly to a computer for rnaxlmum effidency in summarizing and
carrying out statist kal analyses.
BIOASSAY FACIUT\
The laboratory indudcs a b1oasc;.ay facility to handle toxkity testing as well as
a radioJS~ay facility fdr uptake work .and a controller;! tcmpNaturc room.
To xicity tests can be carried out on a wide range of effluents, i11dudlng those
with a high BOD requidng spec~al handling.
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£NViRCNMENT AL LABORATORY
EM(SSBGN SURVEYS
Stac:k g.as o;treams are sampled and analyzed for thr variou~ consUtw.:nb,int·luding
dry partku1atcs, wet particulate5J 502, so3 , NOX, hydroca.rb rJ !1'j, heavy melab,
etc:. Equipment .md specialist ~tdff are rrovidecl hy Acres laboratories.
Stack Sampling Plat fo
Niagara Mohawk 1-lunrley Stt~.tiota
Buffalo~ New York.
AMBIENT AJR SAMPUNG SURVEYS
Mobile ~4mpling of sratk plumes, episodr sampling! dc~i~n of iH11t:>icnt sJ.mplltlg
stati.ons~ pla11ning of systems for d(!f,l t;OJlcction, ;md computer pro t:ess~ng of
inrormation from ':>~mptcr/analy.~.:ers .md rneteorological instrurncnt.ttion Jre
provided_
Dirt',.·t sh~;1r tesling mJchincs are us.ed primadly· to detenn[;H~ the str~:s:;·
d~f r.;nna ti on b~hci vi or ;1r1 d :shea.r strength of s()i! ur wck a ~or.g exi~ti n.g
geo1cgk;.d p~anr;s of \i.'eakne·,;:'.,
Th~'Se math!ne;~, are; eyuii}PCd to provide beth :stress and st:-ain r.ate-c.ontrol!ed
!oaci!1f( G!l predetermined rbnes._ Direct S:hear I.esting abo (!llows :he
lf!>:!t.surcment af re:ildual JS \Vdl as pe?..k shear <;itrengt.hs.
BV\X~AL COMPRESSION TEST~NG
Direct Shear Te:!it Re$~Jits
HigMy P!astic Clay
Biaxial compression apparatus, designed and built by Acres to app!y preswres
u r f o 1 0, ODD p.si, is used to determine: the mccluh~ of t::~astl city of 6-\n.
cHamet.er rock or concrete-cores obtained from field overcoring test:.. -
Biaxial c:ompression te-sLing is used in conjur.Cllon wilh field overcorir.g tests to
measure the in situ stres:::es present In J rock or concrete mass.
hL~TIE: •••u.~:..::a~ .:.o".~II'IJU r-Yilw .rMI-11._. «wwF..ZU'II
l:.n-~~·~·
B:iaxial Tt~t Re:sc.dts
Granitic Gneiss
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GEOTECBNBCAL L-ABORATORY
CONSOLIDATtOr .. J TESnNG
Conso!idatic,n Lest appiHatu5 is u~ed L:: dct{'rn""li ne lhe sr.rcss-d~f<..J1 rnationwiime
ch::~.racter!sttcs of lmdi~turbed •wi~ :>tirn p!e~.
Tne rate c1nd magnitude cf ~cttlcmcf1t r;~f !mmd.Hions c-w be pr-edickd fr,;m
these results .
The equipment is suitetb!e for tesLr:g 1.5· r.o 3~ir.. diam~ter sam pies. Apparatus h.1~
be~rt d~veloped for testing 24-in. diarn~ter S::linples. ot fine :cck filL
CotHQiidi!.tion Test Resuh
lacumine Uay
Trtaxia! t[!sting apparatus is m.ed to d<:te;·mine tht stress-deformation behavior
and shear stren·gth uf natural ~nd compac'[ed !iO;]!i when subjected to vdrim.IS
stress condl tl ens.
St!'e ss or strain ratc~contro!ied axial ioad~ng of cyliilJ!"icil.l ~Jrnp-l~s ~~ <!ppli ,~d "in
either compression or tens1nn, and can be used for long·terrn creep tc~ts.
Drained tests with voiume change mea~urcmer.ts or undrained tests with pon;
water pressure mtasurements can b~ p~rformed.
Como!id;ted Oral~ Tt~".xlal T~.)t Results
E~tu~rinc C ~·w
5NSTRUMk:NTATiON LABORATORY
Acres 5nstrumen,ation Laooratory services includ·~ inspection and checkout of
purchased equipment, site supervision and commissioning, and testing and
lroublc:illootlng of new and existing ~nstrumentation ~y~tems.
in additian to utilizing off·thewshelf instruments1 A're~ has the expertise and
fa cHit~es t.o modify or \:U5tom-fabricate speci::~.Hzed instrumentation rlssigned for
pa.rti,~.ti<lt applications.
The following t!.re som~ of the types of service~ our I nstrumentatioo Lab ora tory
has provided to meet ctien t requirements.
Research and Development
1c:e force mca')l.Jrement
Hydraulic thermal dispersion model.5
Precipitator models
On·Jine data prcx;e~ing for experimental testing.
Pcliution Control Monitoring Systems
Pcwer plant precipitators
Ash removal systems
Neutralization facinties
Sour wa-ter strippers
Chemical processes.
Process Monitoring and Control Sy5-tems
Ore crushing and milling
Direct-reduction stee1 plant
Roiling mir! instaHattons
Pic: kJe I ine installations
SiHcon carbide plant
Wi~ drawin.g plant.
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GEOTIECHNi ·C.P.~L LABORATORY.
In many engineering proj12cts. it is. !·CITICtimf:~-necessary to 4.r.:Jw more .abuur. ~n
situ rock -conditi ons than can be deterrr: i1 ,J fron1 norou! cm!q g o(l:Ja:.ion;.
Questions arh;e such as the re.it5;ons for lo5 .. ~urt, orientation dnd o;~enncss of
jolri1.S 1 or the pres.ence of voids or ~u~u~ion features in so!ubi€ reck.
They can be <:U1SwP-r1~d using Acre!; bo;·cho!c \:.1rnera which ph,..'tog:raphs t1w
walls of dr\1l holes ranging in d i arn eter from ; 'N ·' size to 6 in ., and to dcph$. of
up to 1,500 ft. The equ!pment is operated in Lhf.: fiefd by our experienced
geote:·chr.ical steff. De:ta obtai ned on color film can be viewed by gto~ogis.ts. If
ncce5tiary, our compu ter program can produce an output listing the ~k::pth, dip
a.nd azimuth of geological features.
Thh.; equipment and associated geotech nical engineering services are availo:.ble K
organizations i11voived in underground or 'iurfaco works in rock.
Sl.AST MONiTOR~NG
Biast!ng operations in close proximity to human beings and str!.Jctur<:5 can rang~
from being hazardous al one e11d of the sp~ctrum to unetonom ic<ll J.rld ttrne
'onsuming at the other. The us£' of appropriate monitoring equlpmen t ir.
conjunrtion with design of blasting patterns, can resu!t in the most econom icai
and safe ~olut ion.
Acres 5taff h.a; extcnslve experience i11 the design and sup~rvision of delkat£
blasting operations for rock e.x~av~1tjons immed~clte!y adjacent t•J operating
power stations, tunnel.;; and. other large st.ructur-e~ in North and South America.
We havt also develoi-' .. J ir1strumentation to monrtor wxlcrwater bliis.tin.g sho(k~.
Our current equipment includ65 a Spr~ngnethcr VS-1200 1 3-a.~i:; seismogrt.;.ph
which is capable cf monitoring Jir shocks. a!!, welt a~ grcumi moii ons.
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CHESAPf:.AKE BA'V HVDRAl.IUG MODEL P4655
Location Annapolis
Client U.S. Armv Durps of Engineers
Baltimore District and Wnterways Expar!ment 8tmion
Year 197i-19BD
The ChasapfJake Bay hydrauHc mode~ was completed ir1 May 1916 and
covers an srea of some 8 acres houseti in a 14-acre sheiter. The mode! is
built to f.l horiz-ontat scala of 1 ft. ~ 1 ,000 ft. and a vertical sc&le of 1 ft. =
100 ft a11d is repres€ntatlve of the Chesapeake drainage basin c;overi ng
64,1 70 square rniles and a water surface area of 4,300 sqUJie mi !es with a
tidal shoreline of 7,300 mBes. The model is usad to study:
sat inity distribution and saltwater ir.trusion
mechan+cs of estuary flooding
effects of ups-tream impoundment and basin diversions
effects of navigation projects a!ld channel geometry
circulation and upwelling current patterns
site tocs.tions for sewage and oths-r outfalls, port facilities
waste assimilation capacity of the bay
shoaJing charac-teristics of the bav and tributaries
sources of ship handling problems
tidal floncHng and effect of storm surges.
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E.y JPPlving the knowledge f~ained from th\.; Chesapeake Bay study ~nd thP.
hydra!..ilic model, 1Jiar1s c~n be formu!ated th.:3t wHi insure a ba1;mced
app r02ch 1:0 de1.;s!opirg the Bay's resources whi1e ~Jrotec:ing the qual ity
nf trH~ erlVironnwnt.
AcrDs is 'Jr.dcr Cf.mtract to the U.S. Corps of Engineer~ fer tr18 totai rna in·
te•~a~ce and cperatiOi'l of the f~cil ity and wili be respo11sible for cond~(;
·,in~ an 6-X ~em;;ve series of sr.udies ever a ~rolonged peri od.
~--. , ... -.... -·-------. ,, .. ·----·-···-·--·--~ ·-· .... ·-· ... --·-·----··-,__ -.
·i ".l
l ··!
... ~ 8T. MARYS R~VER ~~;;!;MODEl P3855
Client U.S. Corp;; r.rf l;ngDntters
Location Sault Ste. Marie, MichQ~qm
Thl5 project was part of B research and study program to develop feasible
solutions to problems created by f1 equent ice build ups in the narrow
channel bet"~;een Sau[t ~te. Marie, Michigan and the arec below the little
Rapid Cut atea of the St. Marys River~ Michigan.
Broken and frazil ice float downstream into the cut and the resulting ice
jams restrict commercial vessel pDssage and prevent regu1ar ferry transpor-
tation to and from the mair.land for the two hundred tam Hie!i who tive on
Sugar tsland located on the east side of tha cut.
The modet was verified against field observations and employed to si mu-
late the effects of relocatrng the ferry crossing, widening of the riverbed.
t.t,e use of ic\:i control booms and ice harvestin:;~ methods, the creation of
ice-flow diversions end ice suppression sys·tems.
The model forms a Y shape in an area 120 teet by 200 feet and includes
a scaled riverbed, shoreline and model vessels, and utilizes polypr?pyl~ne
peUets to simulate ir.e.
It was also used to study ; :,.,.. influence of discharges from power canals
and industry, the effects of changes in ice supp:y due to vessel passage,
various wind conditions and the impact of vessel size and speed on ice
jamming and accumutation.
Remed,al measures recommended as a result of the study were constructed
and in oorv-ice jn the winters of 1975-1977.
I t
!
I
r----l i
~~1.1 L---·-----·-· ·-----·--··--·· ......... . --·····--·· ·-·-... ""2t79 REV .
)
LOWER NOTCH GENER~\TJNG STATjON
MODEL :5TUDHES
P1661HM
Lottltion Monm:a~ River J Cobah., Ontario
Client The Hydro-IEie.:ttic Power Commission of Ontaric.
1969
The ~mgi11eering services prov~ded fot this 340.000-~p hydro-electric
power development Incir..~dcd the construction arld testing at Acres
Laboratory of ~ hydrauiic model (scale 1 :64) of the :~~llwav~ ~hute i!:nd
flip bucket (50~000 cfs) to determine the design criteria for the
structuret the ex tent of possihte erosion below the f! ip bucket, the
possibility of cavitation damage to concn~t-~ ~ttrfaces, the sptnway raling
curves. the flip bucket jet trajectories, ;tnd the now patterns m the
forebay for various flow r~tings.
S~ RIKIT POWER DEVELOPMENT
H~·drauli ;.: Model Studies
Pl fi"l6HM
Clienl
B; ngkok, Thailand
Electricity Generating Au {hority of Thailand {EGA T)
1969 --1971
The design. supervision of construction, calibration and testing of u
hydraulic model, to investigate the effeclS on rrrrgat.!C",n and navlgation
resulting trom va.riou~ arranget"'i'lcnts and opcr.Hion 5chedules of the Sirikit
Power Deve-lopment. Of particular interest was the ~imulation of the
opt~ration of the power station ar var!ous plant. fuctors in conjunction with
two maior frriga t iofl d ivt.>,rsiorl struc ll.! res planned downstream_
The model reproduces no\\''5 i11 the 300 km of the Nan River immediately
below the development {down lo Phichit ). It is. of the fixed-bed type and
fs built to scales of 1:40 venically and 1 :600 horizontally. The fl
capacities. of the model are 5 .3 lltres per second to sirrwlate a maxt;. 'i
d is.charge fwm the power plant of 800 cubic m~ tres per second, a11d T 9. 3
litres pt:r second to simulate flood flows in the river of ur tv "ljOOO t:t1bic
metres per :.econd.
r··· . ··-··-~ ~
]lim r ~----~--
R&M CONSULTANTS, INC.
CONSULTANTS IN ENGINEERING AND EA!~TH SCIENCE
R&M Consultants, Inc., is an aii~Aiaskan multidiciplinary consulting firm
with offices in Anchorage, Fairbanks and Juneau. Services
cover· a wide variety of engineering and earth scien.:e
genet·al civil engineering, structural engineering, sanitary
geotechnical engineering, materials engineering 1
i'llnnir"foll'::.rinn, surveying; geology, engineering geology, hydrology and
forestry. Such a range of service~ allows many projects to be complet~
entir-ely 11 in-house11 -from work plan development thr-ough the con ..
struction management and inspection phases -thus eliminating the
coordination and cost inefficiencies of having various phases accompliS~h-
ed different firms.
Since R&!Ws inception in 1969, we have successfully completed hundreds
of projects, iar·ge and small, in both the ut~ban and rural settings of
Alaska. We are known for our considerable field experience in the re~
mote region~ of the state, as well as in many of our villages, and have
E!arned a good reputation for completion of projects on time and within
budget.
Over the years, we have established working relationships with a wide
variety of clients in both the governmental and private sectors, and
understand their needs, requirements, 1d expectations. Our· know-
tedge about the unique conditions of the north gained from much
field has been ver·y
cost effective
11 fast track 11
accommodate those client needs.
and have the
in sen~
in
R8tM Consultants has three ~ffiliated firms which sei"Ve to further ex-
the services that can be offered. Survtec, Inc., sur-
and drilling services to the construction Industry. Resource
Consultants, Inc., supplies mining and resource exploration
for our clients. The Drilling Company, Inc., furnishes
services of all kinds for the entire range of client needs .. for
those a subsurface soils investigation as well as firms de~
complicated exploration projects. Thus, R&M Con-
Inc. 1 in conjunction with its affiliated companies, provides a
wide variety of highly qualified experienced professionals with access to
the necessary equipment and appropriate facilities enabling us to suc-
cessfully complete a project in a timely manner and within budget,
despite size of the job.
The following descriptions of some of our past projects have been In~
eluded to demonstr·ate the broad capabilities of our firm, and perform-
ance pf our staff. They represent only a small portion of our total
experience.
l'tdcolm ~kmzies, President
ALASKA WESTERN, INC.
Ralph Migliaccio, President
RESOURCE EXPLORATION
CONSULTANTS, INC.
James Rooney, President
Anchorage
Dermis Nottingham, P.E.
Vice President
R&M CONSULTANTS, INC.
Ralph Migliaccio, President
Fairbanks
James Wellman, P.E.
Vice President
Juneau
Malcolm Menzies, P.E.
Vice President
R&M CONSULTANTS, INC.
Nrr:HORAGE
Dennis Nottingham, P.E.
Vice President
PROJECT OPERATIONS i-.. ---11----~ ADtHNISTRATION
Ted Smith Carlin Parisena
DESIGN & CONSTlUlCTIO~ ENGINEERING
STll])IES
William Robertson, P.E. John Swanson, P.F..
rE-ARTU SCIENCES
~ert Schraeder
CLIENT:
SLOtlE STABILITY STUDIES CONDUCTED BY
'R & M PERSONNEL
Alaska Department of Highways
Hill Slope Failure, Richardson Highway;
Canadian Border Siide, Alaska Highway;
Pillar Mt. Slide, Kodiak Island;
Keystone Canyon Rock Fall, Richardson Highway
U.S. Geological Survey
Post Earthquake Assessment -Old Valdez 11 Effects of the
Earthquake of March 27, 1964 at Valdez, Alaska/' H. W.
Coulter and R.R. Migliaccio, 1966 (U.S.G.S. P.P.
542-C).
Alyeska Pi~eiine Service Company
Route Slope Stability Parameter Assessment Task Group;
(See attached Pro;ect Data Sheet)
Terminal Site ~ Participated in design and stabilization of
rock slopes;
Solifluction Analysis & Recommendations "Solifluction and
Related Mass Wasting Processes, 1974 11
Ft~ liscum Slide 11 Engineering Geology of the Fort Liscum
Landslide, Port Valdez, Alaska, 1970 11
Insurance Company of North America
Lake Silvas Slide -evaluation/provide expert witness
ENT:
SLOPE STAB"! LITV ASSESSMENT TASK GROUP
GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING
-TRANS ALASKA PIPELINE SYSTEM
Service Company
CU CONTACT:
Allen Stramh~.-., Coordinator
on recommendation by Dr. R. B. Peck, Aiyeska Pipeline Service
(Aiyeska) formed a slope stability assessment task group in 1973 to
consider, on a mile-by-mile basis, the parameters governing the stability of
natural along the proposed 760 mile pipeline alignment. Two R&M
members the five man task group were R .. c Migliaccio and J. W. Rooney.
function of the task group was to establish the specific basis
of the stability of each signficant slope under conditions Judged
to be critical. .Dr. Peck envisioned the work of the task group
the following steps:
1. Examine the proposed layout of the pipeline on a mile-by-mile basis,
considering each significant slope.
2. on the geological features and engineering properties of the
which are considered representative for each slope.
3. Consider carefully the conditions that are lil<ely to prevail at any
time, or times, which would prove critical with respect to stability.
4. Determine what constraints there may be upon the shape of the
surface of sliding, and determine the shape, or shapes 1 that should
be ccms!riered in the analyses.
5. Propose the appropriate physical parameters for use in the stability
analyses.
The responsibilities of the task group did not include the actual performance
stability analyses. However, the results of the task group 1s study
the basis for the best po.ssible estim,'3te of the stability of the slopes
could be obtained by the conventional analytical procedure making use of
the results of soil and geological exploration 1 testing, and theory.
number of personnel with R&M Consultants participated in this lengthy
and in the development of the final report.
R&M CONTACT:
Ralph Migliaccio, Anchorage Office, James W. Rooney, Anchorage Office
GN, DOCUMENTATION, DEWATER
REINFORCEMENT 1 VALDEZ PIPELINE TERMINAL,
ENT:
Aiyeska Pipeline Service ~omp.any
CLIENT CONTACT:
Michael C. Metz, Geotechnical Engineering
a resident geologist who engaged in full-time consult-
se""vices for a period of three years. Activities began with
investigation of bedrock conditions by surface mapping
and subsurface drilling and coring of bedrock. This geotechnical
data was then used in the design effort to produce an extremely
conservative design for the rockslopes and their reinforcement,
such that the rockslopes would be stable during the design contin-
gency earthqua.ke (0. 6 9 lateral acceleration). A conservative
design was required because of the height of the rockslopes (up to
230 feet) and their proximity to vital facilities of the ter~minal
complex. Geotechnical input also included draft and revision of
rock wor-k specifications including drilling F blasting, and rock
bolting techniques. During construction, activities included daily
site inspections to document geotechnical conditions 1 to insure that
excavation conformed to design, and to monitor the contractor1 s QC
documentation. Also, as excavation progressed, unfavorable
geotechnical conditions were encountered which required field
modification of slope and reinforcement design. Encountered
groundwater pressures also required the design of a weephole,
inclined drain 1 and interceptor trench dewatering system for each
rocks lope 1 · and the design and installation of a piezometer network
for groundwater observation. R&M personnel prepared technical
reports on these matters for governmental agency review.
In all t six different rocks lopes were designed, excavated, reln ..
forced and documented, as follows:
1. Powerhouse and Vapor Recovery Backslope
2. West Manifold Rockslope
3. Ballast Water Treating Backslope
4. Vapor Recovery Westslope
5. East Tank Farm Step
6. West Tank Farm Step
Slope angles varied from steep §lopes of 1 horizontal to 4 vertical
to more gentle slopes of 1 horizontal to 1 vertical. Reinforcing
techniques used included tensi,Jned, fully-grouted Dywidag rock-
bolts, wire mesh, toe buttresses, and shotcrete. All slopes pos·
sass a dewatering system with instaifed piezometers to monitor
groundwater conditions.
R&M CON~rACT:
Jim McCaslin Brown, Anchorage Office
CLIENT:
CONSTRUCTION INSPECTION OF
, BLASTING, AN STABILITY
KEYSTONE TUNNEL BYPASS PROJECT, VALDEZ
Alaska 1 Department of Transportation and Public
Division o·f Highways
CliENT CONTACT:
William Chief Geologist
Consultant services began after serious slope stability problems
construction on this project. Initial R&M work involved
in redesign of the rocks lopes. Periodic inspections
na::~~ll"''f,ll"'mllili>l'i after construction recommenced to examine exca-
and blasting results in order to maximize stability
st3bility analysis was conducted for the partially
rockslope west of the Lowe River. This analysis and
other aecJioaic data provided input for a Value Engineering study
of alternatives for continuing the Bypass Project beyond the first
construction season.
CONTACT:
Jim McCaslin Brown, Head, Earth Science Department,
M,..lh""•"':::."'•.:. Office
CLIENT:
EARTH EMBANKMENTS
TERMINAL, VALDEZ, ALASl<A
Alyeska Pipeline Service Company
CLIENT CONTACT:
Mr. M. C. Metz, Geotechnical Engineering
Two embankments at the Valdez Pipeline Terminal were found
to present severe limitations if constructed as conventional rockfil!
embankments 1 due to space and economic considerations. R&M
determined site and foundation conditions for the pro~
pos~d Reinforced Earth Emban~<.ments and cooperated with Alyesl.::.a
Engineering during review of the Reinforced Earth design for the
East and West Tank Farm embankments. Efforts included review of
earthwork specifications and recommendations on internal and basal
drainage blankets of free-draining material to maximize embankment
stability.
R&M personnel also performed daily construction inspection of
materials and workmanship as the construction progressed, and
monitored Quality Control personnel and documentation.
R&M CONTACT:
Jim Mt;Caslin Brown, Project Manager, Anchorage Office
CliENT:
CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL SITES
ALYESKA PIPELINE TERMINAL
VALDEZ, ALASKA
Pipeline Service Company
CLIENT CONTACT:
Mr. M. C. Metz, Gectechnical Engineering
Material reQuirements for the Valdez Terminal construction
reflected the complexity of the terminal plant facilities. During
the thr·ee year period of construction, requirements existed for
numerou::s types of rock-fill and ~arth-fill products including con-
crete aggregates. R&M personnel were active in all phases of
acquisition of these materials.
Potential on-site bed.-ock sour'-.;es were investigated by diamond
drilling and laboratory testing of the recovered cores. Several of
these sources, including one major quarry, were developed and
rock-fill products were produced. Select (high-quality) rock-fill
products we1Ae produced by crushing and screening plants, while
non-select rock-fill products were often pit-run material. In both
cases, R&M personnel engaged in quality control functions to
insure that· the rock-fill products satisfied required specifications.
On-site smJrces of fine-grained, relatively impermeable ear·th-fill
were required for surface sealing of containment dikes. Surface
and subsurface investigations combined with laboratory testing and
site conditions, such as length of haul and accessibility, were used
to delineate suitable sources. These sources were within glacially
deposited silty gravels.
No on-site sources of sands and gravels existed which were suit-
able for coarse and fine concrete aggregates. Because of this,
off-site existing gravel pits owned by private firms and the State
of AlasKa were investigated. These were located at some distance
from the terminal in the flood plain of the Valdez Glacier stream.
Site sele~ction among these commercial pits involved visual inspec-
tion of pit walls, laborator·y testing of bulk samples, and examina-
tion of past production records. In addition, R&M performed the
required laboratory testing and prepared a concrete mix design as
well as a shotcrete mix design.
R&M CONTACT:
Jim McCaslin Brown, Head, Earth Science Department, Anchorage
Office
GRAY'NACKE QUARRY-EXPLORATION
ELOPMENT PRODUCTION
AlYESr<Ji, PIPELINE TERMINAL, VALDEZ, ALASKA
CLIENT:
Service Company
lENT CONTACT:
. M. C. Geotechnical Engineering
The rockfill requirements far construction of the ine
Terminal required 1. 5 million cubic yards of competent rock for
select rockfill products in excess of that obtainable from the rock
excavations required by the facilities design. R&M personnel weia
participants in all phases of the life of the quarry. These
included site reconnaissance, exploratkm 1 development, excavation
'"'""'"'""""'....,, production and restoration.
site evaluation reconnaissance based on surface geologic mapping
located four potential sites. These were explored by diamond
drilling (NX-Caring). Cores were logged in the fieid 1 including
suc~1 parameters 3S ro..;k typ~, fractLJre spacing, and Rock Quality
Designator (RQD).
Selected cores underwent soundness (resistancE! to chemicals) and
abrasion tests (resistance to physical forces) to determine the
competence of the rock at the various potential sites. The best
quarry site was then selected based upon the results of drilling
and testing, accompanied by standard economic considerations such
as length of haul, access to the site, and excavation methods.
A development Mining Plan was then drafted for the quarry which
included design of the rock cuts for the proposed excavation,
design of drainage measures both surface and subsurface, and
design of haul roads. In addition, restoration plans with a Visual
Impact Engineering report were included. An oral presentation by
R8tM personnel based on this document plus submittal of the docu-
ment by Alyeska to the federal and state reviewing authorities
resulted in the appropriate permits and notices-to-proceed.
R&M personnel monitored rock quality and excavation during pro-
duction of the quarry to insure that the proper rock products
were produced and that the resultant rock slopes were stable and
safe during the life of the quarrying operation.
R&M CONTACT:
Jim McCaslin Brown, Head, Earth Science Department, Anchorage
Office
SITE ANALYSIS AND AL TERNAT! VE
LAND USE PLANS. FOR FEDERAL EXCESS LANDS
CLIENT:
Cook Inlet Reglon 1 Inc.
CLIENT CONTACT:
Mr. Cari Marrs, Land Mcnager, 1211 W. 27th Avenue, Anchorage,
Alaska.
R&M carried out an extensive site analysis and land use planning
effort to provide Cook I n!et Region 1 Inc. 1 an overview of the
development potential and land use alternatives for several Federal
Excess Land sites being considered by the Native corporation for
selection under the Native Land Claims Settlement Act.
The planning process consisted of two steps. Initially a site eval~·
uation criterion was developed to screen ;:II potential sites.
F~ctors considered in the criterion included access to the s!te~
availability of utilities; land terrain i soil conditions; vegetation
type and density; flood, earthquake 1 and av~lanche potentials;
zoning and other comprehensive planning considerations. An
extensive literature search and interpretation of aerial photo~
provided the data needed to develop the parameters used to make
the fir.5t phase selections. Sites determined to have development
potential in the first phase were then subjected to the second
phase process which developed land use alternatives for those
sites.
R&M CONTACT:
Mr. Theodore Smith I Project Manager, Anchorage Office.
SITE EVALUATION FOR PROPOSED
ALTERNATE U. S. COAST GUARD LORAN ucn STATIONS
CLIENT:
17th eoast Guar·d District, Juneau I Alaska
CLIENT CONTACT:
Mr. H. McPherson, Contracting Officer
R&M produced comprehensive site evaluations for proposed
alternate Loran -11 C 11 Stations at Tok, Carroll Inlet, and ,~nnette
Island, Alaska. Comprehensive evaluations were also produced for
sites at Sitkinak, Chiniak and Narrow Cape, Alaska, on Kodiak
Island. Site surveys were performed at E!ach site to produce the
boundary and contour maps needed to develop the site layout plans
and drainage sy_stems. Extensive subsurface soils investigations
were conducted to gather information needed to make
recommendations on structural foundation designs, potential
material source locations, sewage and solid waste disposal site
locations, water supply well locations, and to evaluate potential
problems with local groundwater conditions. Local climatic
conditions and seismic probability were included in the evaluation
proces.s.
R&M CONTACT:
Mr. Mal Menzies, Vice-President and Project Manager, Juneau
Office.
El.IMI HYDROLOGIC STUD! ES
ALCAN PiPELINE PROJECT
DELTA JUNCTION TO THE C.~NADfAN BORDER
CLIENT:
CLIENT CONTACT:
Mark luttrell, Senior Environmentalist, Gulf Interstate Engineering
Company
This study was initiated by field reconnaissance of the proposed
i""Oute using aerial and on-the~ground observation techniques. The
field work was supported by office investigation using existing
topographic maps and aerial photographs. The office review
entailed a literature search of pertinent documents and analysis of
the drainage basins involved 1 leading to the development of a
computational method to obtain design discharg~ values. All the
drainage basins were classified. The studiez isolated fish streams,
al"'eos of aggradation, scour, outburst fiood potentials, and general
water conditions along the pipeline alignment between Delta
and the Canadian Border.
R&M CONT.~CT:
John E. Swanson, Project Manager, Anchorage Office
CLiENT:
HYDROLOGY AND RIV HYDRAU !CS
KUPARUK R VER AND COASTAL PLA
NORTH SLOPE, ALASI<.A
Atlantic Richfield Company
CLiENT CONTACT:
Steve Jones; Atlantic Richfield Company
This project consisted of conducting a complete hydrological
sis of the ~<uparuk River and provide baseline design parameters
for a proposed bridge and pipeline crossing. An estimate of flood
was made utilizing the Corps of Engineers (HEC-1)
Flood Plain Hydrology Computer model. Following th~ preiimin~n~y
office an?lysis, an extensive field program was conducted during
the spring breakup flood to obtain data for the calibration of the
computer modei and interpretation of river behavior.
Flood dl31ineation, Flood water elevations, water velocities and
depth of scour were determined for the Kup.aruk River in the
vicinity of the proposed crossing.
Three small Coastal Plain streams were investigated for providing a
water supply for camp and drill rig usage. The quantity and
quality of the water was determined, and the duration of time that
each stream flows sufficiently to provide a water supply ~tvas iden=
tified.
R&M CONTACT:
John E. Swanson, Project Manager, Anchorage Office
CLIENT:
HYDROLOGY STUDY
KUPARUK RIVER
PRUDHOE BAY, ALASKA
Atlantic Richfield Company
CLIENT CONTACT:
Mr. Stan Caldwell, Senior Project Engineer
For Atlantic Richfield's Kuparuk River crossing and Kuparuk
Development Area, R&M performed a hydrology study which
included flood hazard analysis utilizing the Corps of Engineers 1
HEC-1 and HEC-2 computer models. This study, which consisted
of beth office analysis and field investigation, developed estimated
e:r-f,~r·l"'l!:>o::, water surface profiles, and scour~ Of:::pths for 25-, SO~,
100-, and 200-year recurrence intervals. Addit:~nally, a water
supply analysis was performed for the p;oposed 11 d€\l elcpment
area, 11 to determine the feasibility of supplying water for a perma-
nent camp of approximately 200 people.
The lack of base-line data, coupled with the extremely difficult
field logistics, required both the technological ability to develop
the computer analysis and the field experience to perform the
in-stream work.
R&M CONTACT:
John E. Swanson 1 Project Manager
HYDROLOGY STUDY
PROPOSED NEW CAPI SIT[
WI LLDW ALASKA
CLIE!\IT:
Site Planning Commission
CliENT CONTACT:
Mark Fryer; Mark Fryer and Associates
a portion of the initial phy~ical planning effort for the pro-
posed new capital site, R&M performed a hydrology and flood
hazard :Study. The site is traversed by ;::~ne major stream,
Deception Creek, and the study included an estimate of the flood
discharge for this cr~ek ~s well as a general hydrologic review of
the entire capital site study area. The review entailed compilation
and analysis of precipitadon and snowpack data available for the
area, as well as analysis of the stream flow records for s,treams
having similar hydrologic characteristics within this region. Drain-
age patterns were studied as they related to erosion potential, and
recommendations were made concerning control of storm wc;;ter
r.,.unoff, icing hazards, and land use.
R&M CONTACT:
John E. Swanson, Project Manager, Anchorage Office
RIVER MOI~ITORING PROGRAM
ALCAN GAS PIPELIN PROJECT
DELTA JUNCTION TO THE CANADIAN BORDER
CL ENT:
Northwest Company
Ll ENT CONTACT:
Walfred Hensala, Environmental Coordina"'or
During the of 1977 1 R&M monitored the conditions
in the five major rivers along the proposed gas pipeline route
b~tween Delta Junction and the Canadian Border. While the
results of ·this effort were qualitative in nature, they provided
valuable insight into the characteristics of these streams. Follow-
ing the break-up period, a limited amount of in-stream work was
performed in order to prepare a preliminary estimate of scour
potential.
R&M CONTACT:
John E. Swanson, Project Manager, Anchorage Office
CLIENT·
HYDRAULIC DESIGN CRITERIA
TRANS ALASKA PIPELINE SYSTEM
ka Pipeline Service Company
CLIENT CONTACT:
A. Condo, Arctic/Civil Engineering Suparvisor
R&M developed the design criteria for basic hydraulic sti~uctures
required to intercept and route flows from defined drainages and
su!~face runoff from undefined drainages across th-:"'i~,::lli:-.::. ,.vork-
pad. Drainage structure selection criteria ""'dS developed based on
varying soil types, th~rmal state of the soils, terrain, types of
flow and configuration of the work pad. Design procedures permit-
ted selecton of the most suitable drail"'age structure. Tables and
charts were developed for sizing the most economic structures for
the anticipated design discharge, as determined in the hvdrology
study of small drainage basins. The n~sulting manual enabled fieid
cor.struction personnel to specify and design the most suitable
structures for differing or unusual field conditions during
construction. This manual was ultimately incorporated into the
erasion control manual used to restore the workpad and other work
sites after construction,
R&M CONTACT;
John E. Swanson, Project Manager, Anchorage Office
HYDF<OLOGY STUDY SMALL ST EAMS
RANS ALASKA P!PELINE SYSTErl/'1
ENT:
Service Company
CliENT CONTACT:
Mr. A. Condo, Arctic/Civil Supervisor:'
R&iVI s~lected the computational method used to estimate the s~rface
runoff fo~ the small drainage basins intercepted by the ine
right .. of=way. The study included surveying several discharge
computational methods, evaluating the available data and computing
the design discharges fo!' all runoff intercepting the 760-mi!e long
alignment. Following this, preliminary recommendations
for drainage structures were made. The initial design was accom-
plished in the office, with all results tabulated by computer, and
the final requirements were verified in the field before and
during the construction process. R&M's overall participation in
this effort extended over a four-year period and was expanded to
include responsibility for various phases of r.:~rosion control and
revegetation.
R&N1 CONTACT:
John ·E. Swans'"'n 1 Project Manager, Anchorage Office
GE.NE NEER NG AND GEOLOGICAL CONSULTING SERVIC
ALCAN GAS IPELINE PROJECT
CLIENT:
Northwest Pipeline
Cll CONTACT:
for F. . C. hearings, chaired by Judge Utt in
, D.C., was prepared and pr·esented. Subsequently,
numerous short technical reviews have been conducted to establish
data for other hearings as well as for use in
These reviews have included the geologic evaluation of
variau~ pipeline possibilities and the analysis of design and
construction p'!"acticZliity. Conditions considered have included soil
conditions 1 frost heave potential 1 drainage charac-
compatibility with existing and proposed man-made facili-
ties, natural hazards. Structure design, performance, and
cost criteria re.!ating to special northern envl ron mental constraints,
have also been reviewed.
CONTACT:
Migliaccio, Fairbanks Office.
I NARY CENTERLINE SO~L !NV
TA JUNCTION TO TH CANADIAN R
ALCAN GAS IPEL!NE ROJECT
CLIENT:
Northwest
CLIENT CONTACT:
Don Nicol, Senior Engineer, Gulf l nt.erstate Engineering Company
was designed and conducted to m~et the need "for
soils, ground water and related data along the
propo::;ed ro!jute of the ALCAN Gas Pipeline. Our ing the peak
period of activity, seven rotary drill rigs were working two shifts
per spread out over as much as thirty miles of line. An
extensive communication system involving pflltable radios and
couriers was ~·~:!:zed to maintain close field coordination and
sufficient logistical support including the transportation of large
quantities of soil samples. Special care and equipment was
necessary to maintain frozen and unfrozen samples -.in their natural
thermal state during transport from the field to the testing
laboratory in Fairbanks.
The field and laboratory data from this program ls scheduled for
use in the development of initial design concepts and in planning
subsequent programs.
R&M CONTACT:
Robert L. Schra,~der, Anchorage Office.
Gf::OTECHNICAL
UENT:
State of Alaska,
CLIENT CONTACT:
ILLAR MOUN
ALASKA
of Highways
Sl
William
Alaska
Chief Geologist 1 Department of
R&M Consultants, inc. performed a geotechnical r~view of the
Pillar Mountain slide on Kodiak Island, Alaska. Extensive surveys
of the slide iU"ea were performed to determine correct of
a monitoring network to warn of any further slide movement during
future construction efforts. Project was in 1972.
R&M CONTl~CT: Mr. Jim Rooney, Vice President, Anchorage
Office
GEOTECHNICAL INVEST! ONS, 17 PROPOSED SCHOOL ES
LOWER KUSKOKWIM SCHOOL Dl ICT
BETHELr ALAS~\A
CLIENT:
Lower Kuskokwim School District
CLIENT )NTACT:
Mr. Dave Chauvin, Contract Manager, L. K.
AI ask~
•I
geotechnical investigations for seventeen villages in the
Lower Kuskokwim School District (Bethel, Alaska area) were con=
ducted in January and February of 1979. Three drill rigs were
utilized to accomplish the fieldwork. One drill rig was mounted on
an all terrain Nadwell; two were skid mounted and transported
from site to site by Caribou or Sky Van aircraft. Test holes at
each site wer-e drilled _to depths of 30 feet with split spoon and
core barrel sampling. Many of the sites were underlain by perma-
frost. Soil profile temperatures were monitored at each site with
thermistor stl'"ings. Field logistics and soil sample shipping were
coordinated in Bethel. AU soil samples were maintained in their
original thermal state while being returned to Anchorage for
labor21tory testing. Foundatbn recommendations and other site
geotechnical parameters were presented in a final report for each
site. Foundation recommendations included conventional shallow
"rr.rl'\t"lli"•ne, piles and refrigerated (passive) shallow foundations.
R&M CONTACT:
Dennis Nottingham or Gary Smith, Anchorage Office
GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATIONS
ALASKA Sl""ATE HIGHWAY SYSTEM
LIVENGOOD TO THE CANADIAN BORDER SEGMENT
CLIENT:
Alaska of Highways, Jur1eau, Alaska
CUENT CONTACT:
WilHam Slater, State Geologist or Doyle Ross, State Materials Engi-
neer, Department of Transportation, Douglas, Alaska
R&M personnel have extensive supervisory and field experience on
the Alaska Highway System. Specific studies that our personnel
have participated in along the Livengood to the Canadian Border
segment indu~e centerline soil investigations, material site explor-
ation 1 quarry exploration 1 and construction quality control. Some
special studies also in this area include 11 An 1 nvestigation of the
Canadian Border Slide, 11 If Research on Aggregate Degradation,11
and 11 Routing Studies to Avoid Problem Areas.11
Various personnel have acted in different highway department
capacities including State Soils Engineer, State Foundation Geol-
ogist! District Geologist, District Materials Engineer, Field
Geologist, and Materials Technician.
R&M CONTACTS:
J.W. Rooney; R.R. Migliaccio; R.L. Schraeder; W.T. Phillips; and
D. Nottingham; Anchorage Office
Ll ENT:
ENV! RONMENTAL 1~SSESSMENT PROGRAM PHASE
SOURCE DOCUMENT NO. 3
GEOTECHNICAL STUDIES ~ GEOLOGiC MATERIALS
HAZARDS ANALYSIS
State of .!.:\Iaska, Site
C lENT CONTACT:
Dr. Charles
Fairban!<s.
CSPC Chairman, Geophysical Institute, University of
and October, 1978, R&M geologists spent one month in the field
new State Capital at Willow. This field investigation, performed
Site Planning Commission, was part of an investigation which
the techniques of terrain unit analysis to a 100 square mile area. These
allowed the collection of considerable geotechnical data to be used for
envif~anmentai assessment of the Capital Site for evaluation of materials
hazards.
Initial of data collection produced preliminar·y terrain and slope analysis
maps of planned development area of the capital site by air-photo interpreta-
tion This wc...s followed by field work. Initial efforts utilized helicopter-supported
crews with hand tools. This effort, which involved study of over ·150 loca~
tions, directed toward gathering ground-truth, validating the maps, and
a better understanding of on~site vegetation 1 soH, ,and water conditions.
subsurface work consisted of backhoe test pits and four 100··foot deep
and took place within specific development areas to support the plan-
efforts at the Commission. These areas included the town center, airport
plant site, water well development area 1 and four residential areas.
"'""''·'"""""'"' operation was confined to areas with existing trails and the drilling
""'"'·"',.,"'1.'"''"" used helicopter .. transported drills.
The field~checked Terrain Unit Map with associated tables, field logs, and labora-
tory data is a convenient vehicle for stor~ing and presenting considerable geologic
and engineering data concerning the soils, bedrock, and groundwater for the 100
mile development area. A Geologic Materials Map was derived from the
Unit Map to describe the construction use and foundation suitability of the
soils and bedrock. An Erosion Potential Map was derived from the Slope Map and
Terrain Unit Map. This described the potential for· erosion during development
and constr·uction activities based upon topogra~hic and soil conditions.
final derivative. map describes the type and severity of various ~1eologic hazards.
Hazards documented included permafrost thaw-settlement 1 settlement, slope stabil-
ity 1 seismic ground shaking 1 seismic ground fracturing, and seismic liquefaction.
The ground fracturing hazard is related to the Castle Mollntain Fault in the area
near the little Susitna River at the east end of the capital sitte. A statistic"!
study of the seismicity of the capital site was performed. One conclusion reached
was that the capital site is in a somewhat less seismically active .area than either
Fairbanks or Anchorage.
R&M CONTACT:
Jim McCaslin Brown or Robert L. Schraeder, Anchorage Office
GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION AND TERRAIN ANALYSIS
SOUTH WILLOW CAPITAL SITE
CLIENT:
·.
State of Alaska, Capital Planning Commission
CLIENT CONTACT:
Mr. R. Planner
was performed to obtain data required
design tasks of the client's Phase 1
The terrain unit method of terrain analysis was employed during
the geotechnical investigation of the South Willow Capital Site.
l~his method of investigation employs remote sensing techniques
(specifically air photo interpretation) to define landforms and land~
form types within the study area. Eight terrain units were identi-
fied within the designated development area of the South Willow
site~. These terrain units were then investigated in the field by
standard surface geology mapping methods supplemented by the
subsurface soils techniques of drilling and sampling. Information
thus obtained was augmented with local Electromagnetic (EM)
Resistivity Surveys.
This information combined with laboratory testing of selected soil
samples., and preliminary engineering evaluations produced a ter-
rain analysis of the desigf"!ated development area. Documents
produced included:
Slope Identification Map -Scale 1:24,000
Terrain Unit Map -Scale 1:24,000
Terrain Unit Evaluation Table
Slope Analysis Map -Scale 1:6,000
Geotechnical limitations to Building Construction Map
-scale 1:6,000
R&M CONTACT:
Jim McCaslin Brown, Anchorage Office
CLIENT:
Company
CLIENT CONTACT:
William
PASS CABlEWAYS
PIPELINE SYSTEM
Construction of the trans Alaska pipeline presented many diverse
problems including the movement of pipeline and re=
constr·uction equipment to each site. At Thompson Pass, a
particularly steep mountain face compelled the use of hi-lines for
the transportation of materials and the construction operation.
by R&M to serve as overhe.ud cableways, the two hi-line
spans were I ,000 and I ,450 feet and each possesse.d a 20 ton load
capacity. Representing some of the longest span structures built
ir1 Alas·ka 1 the hi-lines were each supported by two steel towers
with a maximum height of 170 feet. The moveable towers supported
track cables anchored to post-tensioned concrete dead men.
R&M CONTACT:
Dennis Nottingham, Project Manager, Anchorage Office.
IVER PIPELINE BRIDGE
PIPELINE SYSTEM
CliENT:
Alyeska Pipelk1e Service Company
CLIENT CONTACT:
Jim A. Supervisor Structural Analysis
The original engineering design plans for the Alyeska Pipeline
Service Company hot oil pipeline crossing of the Gulkana River
involved a buried underwater crossing. Alyeska 1 s decision to
the river avoided innumerable associated problems and
R&M 1 s senior structural design en~1ineers with same
challenges. The bridge represents an imaginative
to the sensitive problems of permafrost, ecology, time
materials limitations, as well as aesthetics.
tied.,~:u·ch design was developed for the bridge superstructure
and t.onstruction was accomplished with steel available tc> the
The 400 foot long bridge has a substructure composed of
specially designed H-pites driven into permafrost. Bridge loads
are transferred to the H-piles by supporting piers made from 48 11
and U3 11 diameter surplus project pipe. Project design and
construction of the $2 million bridge was completed within a six
month period.
R&M provided the following services:
Schedule Control Services
Design Drawings and Engineering Documents
Environmental Assessment Including Subsurface Investi-
gation
Fabrication Quality Control
Logistics Control
Construction Inspection
R&M designers won a fifth place award for the bridge superstruc-
.ture design and third place award for the pile foundation design in
the James F. lincoln Arc Welding Foundation, 1976 Awards Program
for Improvement Through Welding.
R&M CONTACT:
Dennis Nottingham, Project Manager, Anchorage Office
YUI<ON RIVER BRIDGE
CLIENT:
Service Company
CLIENT CONTACT:
involvement of R&M in design and construction of this 2300
foot steel pipeline/highway bridge spanning the Yukon
River was Mr. Dennis Nottingham was originally in
of design for this nationally significant structure while
by the State of Alaska and won Lincoln Arc
honors for his contribution. Following his employment with
this firm became a consultant to Alyeska Pipteline Service Company
to this structure. Interaction with government review
, analysis of substructures, review of pipeline erection
prc>ce1dW and design of new barrier railing were part of these
Knowledge of ice forces, and analysis based on design of
this structure and many previous large highway crossings was
used to develop river ice and drift design criteria for all pipeline
bridges with river piers on the Trans-Alaska Pipeline.
R&M CONTACT:
Dennis Nottingham, Pr·ojeci. Nlanager 1 Anchorage Office
CUENT:
~AXMAN DAM
1-\ETCHIKAN, ALASKA
U.S. Public Health Service
Cll ENT CONTACT:
John DeLB!pp
In order provide an adequate water supply for the of
Saxman, near Ketchikan, the U.S. Public Health Service contracted
with R&M to perform the design of a dam 1 reservoir, and treatment
system. This included preliminary hydrologic and geologic investi=
gations at the site, design of the dam and its appurtenant struc-
tures1 and design of the access road, transmission line, and
pipeline between the dam and the existing system.
Several alternative systems were investigated, and recommendations
were made to U.S. P. H. S., based on the on-site investigations and
on previous experience with similar projects in southeast Alaska.
R&M CONTACT:
Dr. Daniel Smith, Project Manager
JAMES W. ROONEY, P. E. PRINCIPAL/VICE PRESIDENT
Vice President and Principal-in-Charge, Anchor· age Office R&M
Consultants, Inc.
R&M Consultants, Inc.:
Special Consultant to Trans Alaska Pipeline System and gas
pipeline study groups.
Consultant, for the coordination and superv1s1on of field inves-
tigations and geotechnical studies for the Trans Alaska Pipeline
System; involvement has been continuous since early 1969.
Geotechnical Engineer, assisted in the evaluation of pipeline
alignment, general soil conditions, and pre!iminar·y review of
slope performance of critical segments along the Trans Alaska
Pipeline route.
Geotechnir:al Engineer, selected as specie I task group member
by Dr. R. 8. Peck for detaiied review and identification of
slope stability problems associated with construction program-
ming :along the Trans Alaska Pipeline route.
Project Consultant, visual impact engineering and site restora-
tion projects for the Trans Alaska Pipeline.
Evaluation of a small dam failure in Anchorage, Alaska, and
r"etained as a third party to review a number of geotechnical
and civil design related project failures.
Expert review on legal case concerning 1) Construction claims
associated with pavement materials at Barrow, Alaska, 2) a
major landslide and powerhouse failure in Ketchikan, Alaska,
and 3) the failure of large multi-plate highway culvetts in
Juneau, Alnska.
Project Geotechnical Manager for U. S. Coast Guard Loran 11 C 11
Stations at l\etchikan, Kodiak, and Tok, Alaska.
Performance of soils engineering and foundation studies in
Anchorage, Wasilla, Palmer 1 Fairbanks, Juneau, Kenai,
Cordova, Valdez, and many Alaskan locations throughout the
Trans Alaska Pipeline route.
r
Evaluation of a construction excavation slope failure in
weathered bedrock which partially undermined an existing
three story structure on the University of Alaska -Fairbanks
campus, included the design of a braced bulkhead retaining
wall for temporary support through construction period.
Selected as Project Geotechnical Consultant for the Northwest
Alaskan Natural Gas Transmission System by fluor Engineering
and Constructor's. I nvo!ved ln coordination of and supervision
of field and office geotechnical studies for the chilled gas
pipeline alignment.
State of Alaska, Department of Highways:
Project Design Engineer, responsible for a number of highway
design projects in Southeast Alaska.
Design Engineer, directed a special study involving construc-
tion of a four-lane highway adjacent to the Juneau-Douglas
High School. Effort included evaluation of settlement and
?lighway embankment slope stabilization related to previous boat
harbor construction and hydraulic fill placement adjacent to
structure.
Valdez District Materials Engineer, responsible for project
materials and soil investigations for district projects; programs
included evaluation and design recommendations for cut slopes
of up to 300' in height in soils and rock containing both frozen
and thawec! conditions.
Valdez District Materials Engineer, conducted special study and
prepared remedial design for a major embankment failure invol-
ving gravel fill on thawed clay soil.
State Soils Engineer 1 responsible for review of soil conditions
and specific geotechnical studies for general soil investigations
on highway projects thr'Jughout the State.
State Soils Engineer, supervised and directed a number of
special studies on soils and construction materials and assisted
in the review of project construction materials and soi I condi-
tions.
State Soils Engineer, directed investigation of a majot~ 55' high
rock-fill embankment failure on disturbed fr·ozen foundation
material along a section of the Alaska Highway.
Task ~ssignments Per:formed Outside _t\laska
Soil Testing Services, Iowa City 1 Iowa:
Senior Engineer 1 responsible for project operations at branch
office of Soil Testing Services in Iowa City, Iowa. Projects
involved major foundation investigation progr~ams for highways,
buildings 1 small dams, and industria! sites.
Project Soils Engineer 1 providi119 services for t\vo major inter-
state highway projects involving special design considerations
for deep cuts and flPs in potentially unstable soils; evaluation
and recommendation~ for staged construction, sub-drains,
W.
3
instrumentation and monitoring controls for these projects.
Also involved in the evaluation of blLff instability and erosion
problems above the Bur•lington Raiiroad alignment along the
Missi~sippi River near Ft. Madison.
B.S., 1962, Civil Engineering, Wayne State University.
M.S., 1967, Civil Engineering, Wayne State University.
Professional Engineer (Civil), i964, Alaska, 1967, Iowa.
Professional Land Surveyor, 1972, Alaska.
Member, American Society of Civil Engineers.
Member, National Society of Professional Engineers.
Member, Transportation Research Beard.
Past Assistant Chairman, Soil Mechanics and Foundations Committee,
American Society of Civil Engineers, lov"''a Section.
Former Member, Anchorage Municipality Geotechnical Commission.
Instructor (Evening Course) University of Alaska, School of
Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, "Pavement Oes:gn. 11
Workshop Topic Chairman, Transportation Corridors -Design and
Construction. Joint U.S. -Canadian Northern Civil Engineering
Research Workshop. Edmonton 1 Alberta, March, 1978.
Publicaticns
Davison, B.E., Nottingham, D. and Rooney, J.W., "Chll!ed Pipeline
Frost Heave Mitigation Concepts. 11 Pipelines in Adverse Environ-
ments, Proceedings. of the ASCE Pipeline Division Specialty
Conference, January, 1979.
Davison, B. E., Rooney, J. W., and Bruggers, 0. E., 11 Design
Variab~es ! nfluencing Piles Driven in Permafrost. 11 A. S.C. E. Cold
Regions Specialty Conference, Anchorage, Alaska, May, 197e.
Vita 1 C. L. and Rooney 1 J. W., 11 Seepage -Induced Erosion Along
Buried Pipelines.11 A.S.C.E. Cold Regions Specialty Conference,
Anchorage, Alaska, May, 1978.
James W.
Davison, B E.1 and Rooney, J.W., 11 Arc Welding Applied to Arctic
Foundations, Consulting Engineer, December, 1977.
, Dr. W., Rooney I J. W. 1 and Davison 1 B. E. 1
11 Simpson Hili
Cut, Copper River Basin, Alaska -A Case History of Slope Stabil-
ity in Frozen Cohesive Soil. 11 Thirtieth Canadian Geotechnical
Conference, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, October, 1977.
Davison 1 8. E., and Rooney, J. W. 1 "Use of Thermal Piles for Off-
shore Frozen Embankments. 11 Fourth l nter~national Conference on
Port and Ocean Engineering Under Arctic Conditions, Memorial
University of Newfoundland 1 St. Johns f Newfoundland 1 Canada,
1977.
Rooney, J.W., Nottingham D., and Davison, B.E., "Driven H-Pile
Foundations in Frozen Sands and Gravels." Second International
Symposium on Cold Regions Engineering, University of Alaska,
College, Alaska, 1976.
Rooney, J.W.1 and Atkins, J.T., nservicing in Northern Communi-
ties11 (abstract). Forum -Canadian I nstltute of Planners .. Annual
Conference, Winnipeg, June, 1976.
Migliaccior R. R. 1 and Rooney, J. W. 1
11 Engineering Geologic and
Subsurface Soil Investigations for the Trans Alaska Pipeline Systemu
(abstract). Proceedings .. Symposium on Cold Regions Engineering
(Vol. 1)1 University of Alaska, College, Aiaska, June 1971.
Rooney 1 ., J. W., 11 The Influence of Sampling and Disturbance on the
Shear Strength of Saturated Cohesive Soils ,11 Master1 s F.ssay submit-
ted to College of Engineering, Wayne State University, June, 1967.
Klausner, Y., and Rooney I J. W. 1 "Design and Construction of a
Device for the Pure Deviatorlc Loading of Soils. 11 National Science
Foundation Science Teaching Equipment Development Program Grant,
Wayne State University.
1976 L:ncoln Arc Awar·d for H-Pile Foundation Design.
Awarded Membership in Chi Epsilon, National Honorary Civil Engi-
neering Fraternity.
MALCOUv1 A. MENZIES, P.E., L.S. VICE PRESIDENT
Principal and General Manager, Juneau Office, R 3: M Consultants,
Inc.
R&rl1 Consultants 1 Inc.
Location Engineer, responsible for locating 55 miles of second
ary road from Livengood to the Yukon River for the Trans
Alaska Pipeline.
Project Manager, supervised engineering and environmental
analysis for the Juneau-Douglas waste wat-:r treatment facility.
Project Manager 1 supervised site reconnaissance, evaluation,
location surveys, and s::;~i!s investigation for the U. S. Coast
G:.!ard's 17th District Loran 'C' Sites at Shoal Cove, Tok, and
Narrow Cape, Alaska.
Project Manager 1 supervised quality control and construction
management services provided to the City and Borough of
Juneau for repaving improvements to the Juneau International
Air-port and pavement construction, Wr·angell Airport.
Project Manager I currer.tly responsible for supervising R&rvPs
portion of a joint venture effort with Richardson Associates
and TAP, Inc. 1 to update the Juneau lnter·national Airport
Master Pian for the City and Borough of Juneau.
Project Manager, supervising feasibility studies 1 surveys, and
preliminary designs for the sawmill and port development
proposed by the Alaska-Juneau Timber Corporat]on.
Project Manager, supervised special studies to evallsate natural
resource sites throughout Southeast Alaska for multiple land
use as construction material sources and at the same time
provide environmental improvements.
Project Manager, supet~vised 155 mile Native Land Selection
Cadastral Engineering project at Unalakleet, Alaska for the
Bureau of Land Management.
Project Manager, currently superv1s1ng Native Land Selection
Cadastral Engineering project in the Craig-!<lawock area of
Southeast Alaska for the Bureau of Land Management.
Project Manager, responsible for site evaluation 1 complete
design, and construction management for a 310 unit mobile
home park at Switzer Creek near Juneau, Alaska.
!\1alcom A. Menzies
2
Project Manager, responsible for planning, design, and cor-
structlon management of several projects throughout Alaska.
Projects range from land development through to solid waste
management and slope stability studies.
State of Alaska, Depa:~trr.ent of Highways, Juneau District
Area Resident Construction Engineer, responsible for protec-
ting the State 1 s interest in highway construction maintenance
and design projects.
Project Construction Engineer, responsible for maKmg certain
that highway projects were constructed in accordance with the
plans and specifications.
District Location Engineer, responsible for highway location
surveys throughout Southt:!ast A las ka.
Project Survey and Desigh Engineer, responsible for obtaining
necessary preconstru..:tion surveys and developing designs for
specific highway projects in Southeast Alaska.
Project Right-of-Way Engineer, researched and made
mendations concerning highway right-of-v . .:ays for
projects within the district.
recam$
specific
Southeastern Consultants; Juneau, Alaska:
Educat!on
Partner in a firm which specialized in land surveys and civil
engineering throughout Southeast Alaska.
B.S., 1963, Civil Engineering, Chicago Technical College, Chicago,
Illinois.
Special Studies in Surveying, U. S. Army Engineering Center, Fort
Belvoir, Vlr·ginia.
Reaistrations/Certification s
Professional Engineer ( Civi I), 1969, Alaska, Washington,
Professi.onal Land Surveyor, 1965, Alaska.
Professional Affiliations
Member, American Society of Civi! Engineers.
Past State Treasurer, Alaska Society of Professional E11gineers.
Past Chairmo.l, Alaska Section, American Congress of Surveying
and Mapping.
corn .4.. l'.Jlenzies
Board of Directors -Alaska Society of Professional Land Surveyors.
Member -American Society of Photogrametry
Member Canadian Institute of Surveying.
Member, American Ccngress of Surveying and Mapping.
Member 1 Alaska Society of Pr~ofessional Land Surveyors.
Member, City and Borough of Juneau Planning Commission.
Member, Juneau Chamber of Commerce.
DE N S NOTTINGHAM, P.E. VICE PRESiDENT
Eragineer specializing in structural, foundat;on, and marine design
and analysis.
Vice President, Anchorage Office! R&M Consu;tants, Inc.
Assignments
R&M Consultants, Inc.:
Design Engineer, developing ice force criteria fer the design
0f major river stt~uctures along the Trans Alaska Pipetine.
Design Engineer, developing designs for several hydraulic and
winch operated State Ferry System ramps.
Design Engineer 1 developing vehicle transfer barge-brldge
systems for Hoonah, Metlakatla, and Kake.
Certified Scuba Diver 1 pet~forming an undArwater materials
source investigation in conjunct:on with construction of the
Juneau Outerdrive Road.
Design Engineer, designing a 2-1/2 million gallon earth fill dam
in Juneau.
Design Engineer I designing six highway interchange structLwes
in Anchorage.
Project Director, North Slope Haul Road Maintenance Camp
Study for the Alaska Department of Tr·ansportation and Public
Facilities. Responsibilities included directing planning studies
and design/build contract preparations for the location of road
maintenance facilities-along this 360 mile arctic road. Efforts
involved the 11 fast track 11 organization to examine a 1.vide vari-
ety of environmental, geological, engineering, architectural and
policy parameters. Results of these effot~ts were published in
a planning report of 500 pages which took only three months
to prepare.
Design Engineer, participating in the structural design for
three all-wood pedestrian over-passes and seven bicycle trail
stream crossings in Anchorage.
Engineer, involved in slope stability studies and landslide
hazard recommendations.
Engineer 1 participating in several hydrology and hydraulic
studies.
Structural Design Engineer, involving structural review
and special consultir.~g for the Trans Alaska ine System.
Structural Engineer, including concept'..Jal and structural de-
sign for an oil pipeline bridge required by Alyeska ine
Service Company to span the Gul kana River.
Design Engineer, designing a system of overhead cableway
highlines for use in material transportation up a steep moun-
tain face during construction of the Trans Alaska Pipeline.
The highlines span I, 450 and l, 000 feet, have a 20 ton load
capacity, and are some of the iongest span structures built in
Alaska to date.
Project Engineer for design o'f iightering system for tour ships
and related dock facilities for City of Juneau.
Analy'~is of ice loads and t~eport on the exposed Nikiski Prod-
ucts Pipeline across Turnagain Arm, Alaska.
Project Manager, Design Engineer, performing the design for
FAA Radar sites at Kenai and Fairbanks; aspects supervised
included subsurface investigations, foundation, road, struc-
tural, water and sewer design, and surveying. This fast
track projecr: was completed within 30 days, to include the
preparation of 15 detailed engineering drawings.
Project Engineer for design of a reinforced earth/prestressed
concrete bridge over Campbell Creek at Arctic Boulevard,
Anchor<1ge, Alaska.
Project Engineet· for design of steel and concrete dock and
marine boat lift system in Petersburg, Alaksa.
State of Alaska, Department of Highways:
Design Engineer 1 designing many varied bridges for areas
throughout Alaska.
Design Engineer, designing a 407 foot t\vo-hinged steel arch
bridge at Hurricane Gulch.
Design Engineer 1 designing the American Institute of Steel
Construction award winning Chulitna River· Bddge.
Engin,=er, performing the str~uctural analysis and design check
fat· the Sitka Harbor Bridge, the first cable-stayed bridge ln
the United States.
Design Engineer, performing design services for 220 foot span
composite continuous steel plate gu·aers for approximatelv
one-half mile of bridges crossing the Copper River at Flag
Point.
Nottingham
Design Engineer, performing design and project coordination
ser·vices for the Yukon River Bridge--a 2,280 foot steel ortho-
tropic structure with 410 foot main spans.
Certified Scuba Diver 1 providing under1 water inspection ser=
vices for foundation construction for the Sitka Harbor Bridge.
Certified Sct~ba Diver, providing underwater inspection ser-
vices for the Juneau-Douglas Bridge.
Bridge Design Engineer, par1 ticipated in bt~idge reconnaissance
studies for Chi I kat and Copper River Highways.
Engineer, participating in and conducting extensive structural
inspection of bridges and marine facilities to include evaluation
of earthquake destruction, normal deterioration, and other
damage.
Design Engineer 1 designing a large concrete dock-type parking
structure in Ketchikan.
Engineer I participating in scuba diving operations to locate
abandoned artesian drill holes within the t\enai River.
Private Consultant:
Design Engineer 1 designing many docks, mar~ine structures and
facilities, airplane hangers, floating boat shelters 1 boat
houses, riverboats, private homes, bridges, and a varie~.y of
other structures.
Design Engineer, participating as a co-designer of a marine
highway auto-ferry transfer bridge with associated mooring
dolphins at Cordova.
Certified Scuba Diver, participating in both majcr and minor
salvage operations.
University of Alaska, Juneau-Douglas Community College:
Instructor, teaching mathematics, engineE~ring and science
courses.
Task Assignments Performed Outsid~ Alaska
Montana Highway Department:
Design Engineer, designing various types of structures includ-
'ing continuous plate girder bridges, pre-stressed concrete
bridges, retaining walls, composite girder bridges, interstate
hi.ghway grade separation and inter·change str·uctures.
Dennis Nottingham
Montana State University:
Graduate Assistant Instructor, teaching courses in civil engi-
neering.
B.S. 1 1959, Civil Engineering, Montana State University
M.S., 1960, Civil Engineering 1 Montana State University.
Professional Engineer, 1963, AI as ka.
Professional Land Surveyor, 1973, Alaska.
Cer·tified Scuba Diver, 1971.
Davison, B.E., Dennis Nottingham, J. W. Rooney, and C. L. Vita.
Chilled Pipeiine Frost t~eave Mitigation Concepts, ASCE Pipeline
Specialty Conference, New Orleans, January, 1979.
Davison, B.E., William Graham, Dennis Nottingham, and J. W.
Rooney. Through ~ and Snow ---Timber Piles in Permafrost, AE
Concepts, American Wood Preservers Institute, July -October 1
1978.
Hartig I E. p 0' Dennis Nottingham r j. E. Swanson I B.c. Tisdale.
Reburial Considerations for ~ Exposed Pipeline, A. S. C·. E. Pipeline
Specialty Conference, New Ot'leans, January, 1979.
Nottingham, Dennis 1 1960. 11 Experimentation testing of a saddle type
concrete hypedJolic paraboloid under four loading conditions, 11
Masters Thesis, Montana State University.
l'lottingham, Dennis, 1972. Baby H's Cold in Woud Preserving,
April, American Wood Preservers Institute.
Nottingham, Dennis, and Roy Peratrovich, Jr. 1977. The 24-Hour
Campbell Creek Bridge in AE Concepts in Wood Design, September-
October, American Wood Preservers Institute.
Rooney 1 J.W., Dennis Nottingham, and B. E. Davison. 1976. Driven
H'"'Pile Foundation in Frozen Sands and Gravels in Proceedings 2.!
the Second International Symposium £.12 Cold Regions Engineering,
Fairbanks. University of Alaska. 24p.
Awards
Award given in 1970 from the National Lincoln Ar'c Welding Design
Contest for co-design of a marine highway al.!to-ferry transfer
bridge and associated mooring dolphins at Cordova.
First place awa1·d of $10,000 given in 1976 from the National Lincoln
Arc Design Contest for~ design of the Yukon River Bridge.
Ideal Cement Company Graduate Study Fellowship.
Morrison-Maier·le College Scholarship (Montana State University).
Most Beautiful Bridge Award to the Alaska Department of Hlgi1ways
f~~m the American I nstitue of Ste€! Construction for design of the
Chulitna River Bridge ( 0. Nottingham chief designer).
Shared fifth place award, James F. Lincoln Arc Welding Foundation,
Awards Program for· Improvement Through Arc Welding, Design
o! Gulkana River Pipeline Bridge.
WILLIAM E. DUNCAN
RRENT ESPONSIBILITIES
President, The Drilling Company, Inc.
WORK DESCRIPTION
The Drilling Company, Inc.:
Responsible for management of contract drilling firm offering
services via 18 drilling units to Alaska 1s engineering/ con~
struction and mining industries.
R&M Consultants, ! 11c. :
Labor.atory Manager, responsible for all phases of soil labora-
tory operations.
Supervise quality control and material inspection on numerous
construction projects within Alaska.
Responsible for soils investigations for foundation studies,
construction inspection and materials testing.
Alaska Department of Highways:
Construction inspection of bridges and related highway build-
ings ...
Set .. up quality control on construction of new highway con-
struction projects.
1 raining of engineering technicians and inspectors as related
to quality control of highway materials.
EDUCATION
Florida State University
University of Alaska
ROBERT L. SCHRAEDER EN!OR ENGINEERJNG GEOLOGIST
Associate of R&M Consultants, h1c.
Head, Earth Science Department, R&M Consultants, Inc.
Vice President, Resource Exploration Corpor'ation, management of
fiefd operations conducted within the State of Alaska.
1965
1965=1969
1969-1970
Staff Geologist, Alaska Department of Highways 1 Valdez.
District Geologist, Alaska Department of Highways 1
Valdez.
Acting District Materials Engineer: Alaska Department of
Highways, Valdez
·n370-Present Senior Geologist, R&M Consultants 1 Inc.
Directly Related Task Assionrnents
R&M Consultants, l nc. :
Supervisory Geologist, supervision of the centerline soils
investigation for the Trans Alaska Pi~eline. This involved
establishing the procedures, standards and lines of communi~
cation necessary to direct the activit:es of up to 40 field
geologists, and to coordinate their efforts with the needs of
management and other involved groups. This project involved
various levels of activity over a period of approximately seven
years, and a multimillion dollar budget. Products included
preparation of published borehole logs, drilling location maps
and supporting information in a format suitable for presenta-
tion to government review agencies.
Supervisory Geologist, supervision of the preliminary center-
line soils investigation for the proposed Northwest Alaskan Gas
Pipeline between Delta Junction and the Canadian Border.
Tasks were essentially the same as for the TAPS (above)
except that supervision of seven double shifted drill rigs was
also included. This ta~k involved as many as 50 personnel of
varying job descriptions and was further complicated by the
e> .. emely short time available for mobilization and the urgent
n( d for the finished product.
Supervisory Geologist, supervised preparation of terrain unit
maps and associated landform profiles for the TAPS project.
These maps were developed by intensive use of photogeologic
interpretation combined with extensive field checking and
incorporation of all soils information available from the drilling
program, published sources, and personal knowledge of the
area.
Robert L. Schraeder
2
Senior Geologist/ Associate, managed and directed work of the
R&M Houston office. Primary duties were: liaison with
A!veska Geotechnical Engineering and the numerous other
co~sultants involved in the project, review of proposed design
documents for compliance with design criteria and government
stipulations, writing and reviewing design mode justification
documents to submittal to the agencies, writing requests
for Notices to Proceed and answers to agency questions and
objections, performing duties attendant with the R&M position
on the Alyeska construction mode selection committee, super-
vising other geotechnical personnel in the Houston office.
Supervisory Geologist, supervised preparation of preliminary
Terrain Unit Maps for the proposed Northwest Alaskan Gas
Pipeline. The project involved photo interpretation, a litera-
ture search and field checking.
Supervisory Geologist, assisted in the design of and data
gathering for the TAPS Soil Data Bank.
Supervisory Geologist, supervised the design and implemen-
tation of resistivity sL·rveys along selected segments of the
TAPS. These surveys were used to extend the information ln
hand to other, less understood segments of the alignmentr and
to increase the confidence level of sub-soil interpretations.
Geotechnical Consultant, temporary duty in the A!yeska
Houston Office. Duties included membership on the Alyeska
Construction Mode Committee. This committee was responsible
for the application of government stipulations and APSC design
criteria to the collected geotechnical data to develop a con-
struction mode listing for the entire pipeline route. Also
included were extensive design review duties. These reviews
included inspection of essentially all per·tinent geotechnical
parameters which might affect the integrity of the pipeline.
Other duties involved monitoring of field data flow from Alaska
to Houston, assisting on numerous short term task forces, and
liaison between project personnel the R&M Houston Consultant
Group and the Alyeska Haston Group.
Supervisory Geologist, supervision of the day-by-day operation
of the R&M Fairbanks Geotechnical Section. This included
normal management duties as well as scheduling and implemen-
tation of all projects.
Geotechnical Consultant, participated in the foundation drilling
program and materials source reconnaissance for two school
buildings in Ketchikan Alaska. This project involved use of
tripod and cat head wash boring tools which were hand carried
to the drilling sites in dense vegetation.
Geotechnical Consultant, supervised the development of num-
erous reports such as slush flow avalanche studies, solifluction
studies, slope stability studies and bedrock mapping projects.
Robert L. Schraeder
3
Geologist, Member of the Site Study Task Force, North Slope
Haul Road Maintenance Camp Study for· the Alaska Department
of Transportation and Public Facilities" Participated in the
field investigation of all potential maintenance camp sites
the 360 mile road. Performed preliminary examination of
potential camp sites and described their physical parameters,
including road maintenance, siting, climate, and geotechnical
parameters as well as en vi ron mental, historical 1 and archae-
logical considet'ations.
State of Alaska, Department of Highways
District Geologist, performed route reconnaissance for various
proposed routes including the Chitina to McCarthy Road, the
Lake Louise Reroute and Extension, The .Tasnina Pass segment
of the Copper River Highway and other short realignment
proposals.
District Geologist, directed and performed centerline soils
investigations of the Chitina to McCarthy Road, various seg-
ments of the Glenn, Richardson and Tok Highways, the Lake
Louise Road, and the Valdez to Ft. Liscum Road.
District Geologist, directed and performed borrow and quarry
site investigations of the Lake Louise Road, the Chitina to
McCarthy Road, the west end of the Copper River Highway,
the Tasnina Pass area, and segments of the Richar·dson, Glenn
and Tok Highways.
District Geologist, participated in setting-up and monitoring
the Chitina permafrost insulation test section.
District Geologist, responsible for preparing and admlnistedng
the budget and the day-by-day activities of the Geology group
of the Materials Section, Valdez District.
Acting District Materials Engineer·, direction of the geology,
materials testing and construction materials inspection for the
Alaska Department of Highways, Valdez District.
District Geologist, directed and per·formed seismic and resistiv-
ity surveys for bridge sites, borrow sites, cut sections and
centerline investigations of segments of the Lake Louise Road,
the Valdez to Ft. Liscum Road, and the Tasnina Pass section
of. the Copper River Highway.
Other Alaskan Experience:
Geologist 1 participated in stratagraphic geologic studies for
Gulf Oil Corporation in the area north of the Brooks Range 1
Alaska.
Geologist, participated in research on Ice l sland A R Ll S II in
the Arctic Ocean for the Office of Naval Research.
Robert L. Schraeder
4
Geologist, teaching Assistant, University of Alaska, assisted in
teaching the Mining Short Courses.
Research Assistant, investigations in geoche:-nica! research for
the University of Alaska.
M.S. Geology, University of Alaska
Registration/Certification
Registered Professional Geologist, California (1971)
JIM McCASLIN BROWN, Ph.D. SENIOR ENGINEERING GEOLOGIST·
--~--~esponsibilities
Senior Engineering Geologist, specializing in projects requiring
expertise in rock mechanics, structural geology, groundwater moni-
toring and control, bedrock mapping, ar.d airphota interpretation °
Alasl\an Task Assignments
R&M CtJnsultants, Inc.:
Operations Coordinator for the Northwest Alaskan Pipeline
Company centerline soils investigation along the Alaska
Highway from Delta ~I unction to the Canadian Border 0 This
investigation performed in the spring of ·1979 for
Fluor-Northwest Inc., utilized 5 drill rigs, thermistor
installations, and geophysical methods to obtain geotechnical
data required for the Federal Er,::.:rgy Regulatory Commission
permitting processes, and for design and financing purposes.
The operations coordinator was responsible for sample storage
and shipping; scheduling of the downhole permafrost density
and moisture content determination by gamma-gamma response
and neutron -thermal-neutron response techniques; thP.rrnistor
installation i resistivity surveys employing Geonics EM 31
resistivity units to locate anomalies prior to drilling;
scheduling of special drilling techniques for large sample
recovery for frost heave studies; and final environmental
inspection of drill sites.
Field Supervisor for resistivity survey of selected sites along-
the Northwest Alaskan Pipeline Company gas line route from
Eielson Air ·Force Base to Livengood. The geophysical
traverses totaled about 20 miles in length and were perfor~med
for FluQr-Northwest Inc. by a five man party utilizing the
Geonics EM 31 and EM 34 survey units to measure ground
resistivity, and to G~llow subsequent interpretation of
subsurface conditions such as soil type and unfrozen versus
frozen thermal state.
Project Geologist, Preliminary Site Investigations for· 16 pro-
posed high school sites at villages within the Lower Kuskokwim
School District. Through the use of available well log data
combined with airphoto and topographic map interpretation
described the soils, permafr;Jst, and seasonal frost conditions
likely to prevail at the proposed school sites. Also responsible
for a discussion of the regional geology, permafrost, and
seismic conditions.
S~nior Engineering Geologist, responsible for the preparation
of terrain unit maps based upon published soils data and air
photo interpretation as a part of a number of projects in
southcentral and western Alaska. These terrain unit maps
Jim McCaslin Br,own
Page 2
and non-plastic soil cements; and developing str·uctures and
methods to control erosion, stream siltation and sw~face runoff.
Project Geologist, responsible for the 1977 Terrain and Gee-
technics Investigation of the South Willow Capital Site. This
surficial geology and subsurface soils investigation, using the
terrain unit method of terrain analysis 1 provided geoiogic data
and engineering evaluation of the geotechnical conditions at the
designated development area. This information was required
for the initial physical planning and design tasks of the Stilte
::>f Alaska Capital Site Planning Commission.
Project Geologist, responsible for the 1978 Geotechnical
Studies -Geologic Materials and Hazards Analysis of the new
State Capital Site at South Willow, Alaska. This investigation,
applying the techniques of terrain unit analysis to a 100
square mile area, was performed as part of the Environmental
Assessment Program -Phase 1. These techniques allowed the
collection of considerable geotechnical data to be used for an
environmental assessment of the Capital Site.
Project Manager, rock slope stability consultant to the Alaska
Department of Highways on the Keystone Tunnel Bypass Pro-
ject. Servic~s provided included construction inspecticn of
bedrock conditions, blasting, and slope stability. Performed a
stability analysis of the partially excavated rock slope west of
the Lowe River. Participated in a Value Engineering Study of
alternative plans for continuation of the project.
Project Geologist, responsible for the geologic reconnaissance,
te!~rain unit mapping, and soils investigation portions of the
Goose Bay -Point MacKenzie Highway Corridor-Route Recon-
naissance. This study performed for the Matanuska -Susitna
Borough defined possible highway route corridors, evaluated
geologic and sail conditions along each corridor, and estimated
construction costs for roads within each corridor·.
Project GeologisC responsible for the field investigation and
site analyses of the Quarry Site Selection Study, for the
University of Alaska Seward 1\'larine Shore Station.
Senior Engineering Geologist, participated in a mile-by-mile
frost heave potential assessment of the Northwest Alaska
Pipeline Company gas line route from Prudhoe Bay to the
Alaska Border.
Project Manager, pcovided geologic documentation of the cath-
odic protection borings at the Alyeska Pipeline Terminal in
Valdez.
U.S. Geological Survey:
Geologist, investigated the structure and stratigraphy of the
southern part of Kodiak Island, the Trinity Islands, and
Chirikof Island, Alaska.
McCaslin Brown
3
University of Alaska:
Research Assistant, investigated bedrock and ore deposits of
the Fairbanks Mining District, Alaska.
Pan American Petroleum Corporation;
Junior Geoiogist, assisted in the field exploration for pett~oleum
in Interior Alaska.
Indiana University /Purdue University; Indianapolis, Indiana:
t:\ssistant Professor of Geology,
research in structural geology
undergraduate level courses in
photo Interpretation.
responsible for conducting
and teaching graduate and
structural geology and air-
Saint Louis University; St. Louis, Missouri:
Assistant Professor of Geology and Geological Engineering,
teaching graduate and undergraduate level courses ln struc-
tural geology 1 mineralogy and petrology.
University of Wisconsin; Madison, Wisconsin:
Instructor, teaching cow·ses in structural geology.
Teaching and Research Assistant, instructing courses in intro-
c-luctory .geology, and researching rock deformation.
Jntario Department of Mines; Ontario 1 Canada:
Education
Senior i\ssistant Geologist, investigated the structure and
stratigraphy of iron deposit formations in the Lake St. Joseph
area of Nortl1ern Ontario.
8 .S., cum laude, 1960 1 Geology, University of Alaska.
M, S., 1963, Geology, University of Alaska.
Ph.D., 1968, Geology/ (Metallurgical Engineet~ing minorL Universltv
of Wisconsin 1 Madison.
Registrations/Certification~
Registered Professional Geolag ist 1 1978, 0 t·egon
Certified Engineering Geologist, 1978, Oregon.
Jim i\,1cCaslin Brown
Page 4
Certified Professional Geological Scientist, 1978, Associatior of
Professional Geological Scientists.
Member 1 Geological Society of America.
Member, Alaska Geological Society ..
Member 1 American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum
Engineers.
Past President, Vice President, and Secretary-Treasurer, l970QI973,
Indiana Geologists.
rv1ember f Valdez City School Board I 1975~1976.
Member, Association of Professional Geological Scientists.
Brown, J. M. 1963. 11 Bedrock geology and ore deposits of the
Pedro Dome Area, Fairbanks Mining District, Alaska.11 University
of Alaska, Fairbanks. M.S. thesis. 125 p.
Brown, J. M. 1967. The Grenville Front south of Coniston, Ontario
in Geology of £:arts of EC!,stern Ontario and Wester.!J. Quebec:
Guideboo~ for Fieldtrips, Fall meeting of the Geological Association
of Canada and the Mineral Association of Canada. pp. ! 1-!2,
pp. 280-283.
Brown, J. M. 1968. 11 Nature and or1gm of the Grenville Fr·ont, SE
of Sudbury, Ontario. 11 University of Wisconsin, Madison. Ph D.
thesis. 250 p.
Brmvn, J. M. 1970. Deformation and Movement Within Mvlonitic
Rocks of the Grenville Front, Southeast of suCfSlirV I Ontario
(Abstract). Geological Society of Amer·ica, North-Central s~
pp. 373-379.
Brown, J.M., et a!. 1975. Design Considerations for the Rock
Sloee at the Powerhouse and ~or Recovery BuiidTng-,-vaTCfel
Terminal. Rock Slope Stability Report RSS-001. Alyeska Pipeline
Service Company. 175 p.
Brown! J.M., 1977. Terrain and Geotechnical: in Natural Site
Conditions, Background Report No. 4, State of Alaska, Capital Site
Planning Commission. pp. 1-20.
Brown, J. M., Davison, 8. E., and Schraeder, R. L. 1978. Geologic
Materials and Hazards Analysis in Ne1.v Capital City Environmental
Assessment Program -Phase 1, Source Document ~ Geotechnical
Studies-State of Alaska, Capital Site Planning Comm1ssion. 195 p.
Jim McCaslin Brown
Page 5
Brown, J .M., 1978. Quarry Site Selection Study in Pre-design
l nvestigation Seward Marine Shore Station Erosion Control Project.
Prepared for the University of Alaska. R&M Consultants 1 Inc.,
Anchorage. pp 1-14.
Brow~, J.M., et. al. 1979. Goos~ Bay· to Point MacKenzie ~
Reconnaissance. Prepared for the Matanuska -Susitna Bor·ough,
Palmer·, Alaska. R&M Consultants, Inc., Wasilla. 68 p.
Brown, J.M., Dalziel, I.W.D., and T. E. Warren. 1969. The
structura1 ana metamorphic history c;f th~ rocks a~jac:ent to the
Grenville Front near Sudbury 1 Ontario, and Mount Wright, Quebec
in Age Relations in High Grade Metamora hie Terrains. H. R.
Wynne-Edwards 1 ed. Geological Association of Canada. Speciai
Paper No. 5. pp. 207~224.
Brmvn, J.M., and R.B. Forbes. 1961. ~ Preliminarv MaE of the
Bedrock of the Fairbanks Mining District, Alaska. Alaska Division
of Mines and Minerals. lnv. Report 194-1.
Smith, T.L., Brown, J.M. et al. 1977. En~ Conservation
Technolooy Study --Jdentif. -::ation of Environmental Impacts of
Ener:.£1::. Conservation Technolog"~~ for Proposed ~ Capital Site at
W555ow, ASit~xa. ?rsparao for ( 1e Alaska. Division <Jf E.nef'gy <ind.
Power Development and the' u. s. Energy Research and Development
Administration. R&M Consultants, Inc., Anchorage. 59p.
Awards ---
Listed in American Men of Sclenc:e -12th ed., 1971.
WE! -JEI\I Ll N MATERIALS ENGINEER
LABORATORY MANAGER
Laboratory Manager and Pr·oject Manager for geotechnical engineer-
investigations and construction quality control/assurance.
R&M Consultants, Inc.:
Design and field testing of construction work pad test sites
near Fairbanks and Glennallen for Alyeska Pipeiine Service Co.
Quality and quantity control for preparation of foundation soils
in permafrost areas for schocls in Fairbanks, Alaska.
Direct and review Portland concrete mixture designs and
various types of asphaltic concrete mixture designs for both
private and governmental organizations.
Calibration and assistance in setting-up hot-mix plants for
asphaltic concrete paving, including the recently developed
Shearer process drum-dryer plant in 1973 at the Nome Airport.
Evaluation of deteriorating pavement systems at Bethel,
Fairbanks and Juneau airports.
Design and set-up quality control programs on construction of
new paving system for streets and airports for Bethei and
Juneau, Alaska 1 in 1971 and 1972 respectively.
Supervised construction quality control programs for portions
of the Chena River Flood Control project at Fairbanks, Alaska.
Supervise quality control and materials inspection on numerous
building construction projects throughout Alaska.
Design and supervise test programs for frozen gravel compac-
tion studies.
Conducted asphaltic concrete paving inspection and testing
training classes for Alaska Division of Aviation in 1972.
Served as expert witness in court case concerning Barrow
Airport construction.
WeioJen lin
2
Geo-Testing, Inc. i San Rafael, California:
Labor-atory Engineer, responsible for all phases of soil labora~
tory ope: ations.
Laboratory tests including high pressure consolidation, triaxial
compression, and permeability determinations for foundation
and design of large earth dams 1 and monthly control testing
during construction.
Research and development of special soil testing equipment to
be manufactured and marketed by Karol-Warner, Inc.
Soil Testing Services of Iowa, Inc. i Iowa City, Iowa:
Materials Engineer, responsible for all phases of soils and
materials laboratory operations and for~ supervision of field
inspections.
Engineering and execution of test programs to solve special
problems encountered in construction, such as trouble shooting
for concrete strength deficiencies.
Conducting pile and footing load tests for high load capacities,
and assisting in programming all laboratory tests for computer
analysis.
Training of engineering technicians and inspectors.
Twin City Testing & Engineering Laboratory, Inc.; St. Paul,
Minnesota:
Civil Engineer, responsible to the Chief Engineer for special
projects, including supervision of assigned personnel.
Personally perform as well as supervise the testing of soils and
construction materials by others.
Calibration of ready-mix con rete and asphalt hot plants.
improvising apparatus such as asphalt tile indentations devices
and designing performance evaluation test methods for same;
setting-up Troxler nuclear density moisture gage calibrations
and test pracedu res.
Supervised development and verification programs for new
construction products such as a steel bar joist, o~ring seals
for vitrified clay pipes, curtain wall systems 1 and for portable
dish antennas for the Army Signal Corps.
Wei·Jen Lin
3
Performed many production plant inspec:ions on laminated wood
structures, creosote treated wood products, fabricated struc--
tural steel, pre-stressed concrete products, as we! as con-
crete and asphaltic concrete batching faciiities.
8 .S., 1953, Civil Engineering, Chen-Kung University, Taiwan 1
Republic of China.
1954 Graduate, ROTC Aircraft Maintenance School 1 Republic of
China.
M.S., 1957, Civil Engineering (Soil Mechanics & Highways),
University of Minnesota.
Postgraduate studies in Highway and Airport Pavement Design,
University of Minnesota.
Postgraduate studies in Arctic Engineering at the University of
Alaska.
Civil Defense Fallout Shelter Analyst, 1963 and 1966.
Civil Defense Blast Shelter Analyst, 1964.
Member, American Society of Civil Engineers.
Supporting Member, Transportation Research Board.
Member, American Concrete Institute.
Member, American Society for Testing and Materials.
JOHN E. SWANSON, P.E. HYDROLOGIST /SEN lOR
ENGINEER
Hvdrologist, specializing in hydraulic and hydrologic investigation
and design.
Head, Engineering Studies Department in R&M 1 s Anchorage office.
Alaskan Assignments
R&M Consultants, Inc.:
Senior Engineer, particip,::~ting in preparation of plans and
specifications for a water supply dam and treatment facilities in
Ketchikan.
Project Manager, superv1smg a comprehensive hydrologic
investigation of the Kuparuk River, near Prudhoe Bay. This
study included flood hazard analysis, water suppiy investiga-
tions, and design recommendations. The Corps of Engineers'
HEC-~ and HEC-2 computer programs were utilized extensively.
Senior Engineer, coordinating design efforts for an erosion
control and shore protection project at the University of
Alaska's Marine Shore Station in Seward.
Project Engineer 1 prepared a hydrologic design program for all
small drainage areas along the 789 mile Trans Alaska Pipeline
route.
Project Engineer, participated in preparation of the hydraulic
design criteria for all cross-drainages along the Trans Alaska
Pipeline.
Senior Engineer 1 participated in the preparation of erosion
control procedures for use on the Trans Alaska Pipeline.
Senior Engineer, participated in the field investigation and
design of the Lake Nunavauga!uk Sockeye Rearing Facility for
the Alaska Department of Fish and Game.
Project Engineer, responsible for the preliminary hydrologic
reconnaissance along the proposed Northwest Gas Pipeline
route.
Senior Engineer, participated as an expert witness in the
review of the Silvis Lake dam failure and landslide at Ketchi-
kan.
Senior Engineer, performed flood hazard study for design of a
University of Alaska, Anchorage, building complex.
John E. Sw.:::~nson
=2-
Senior Engineer, performed flood hazard and drainage investi=
gations for builders and deveiope1·s in the Anchorage area.
Project Manager, supervising an exploratory dri II ing program
and water supply study for a proposed fish hatchery at
Hidden/Skilal<, Lakes on the Kenai National Moose Range.
Project Manager, conducting a 11 208 11 Water Quality Study to
identify and implement the best management practices to con-
trol soil erosion and sedimentation during the construction and
operation of roads, pipelines and t'ailroad lines in Alaska.
Project Manager, supervising preparation of a hydrology and
dratnage study for the proposed capitai site near Willow.
Project Manager, superv1smg a tidal scour analysis for a
pipeline crossing Turnagain Arm.
Civil Engineer, member of the Site Study Task Force, North
Slope Haul Road Maintenance Camp Stl.Jdy for the Alaska
Department of Transportation and Public Facilities. Partici-
pated in field reconnaissance of potential maintenance sites,.
and development and review of the site selection criteria.
Took part in final site evaluation and selection. Participated
in meetings with numer;ous state and fede1Aal agencies, as well
as Alyeska Pipeline Service Company, in order to obtain input
from all affected parties.
Alaska Department of Highways:
Highway Engineer, organizing and developing the Departments 1
first Hydraulic Design Unit.
HighVJay Engineer, compiling and editing the Hydraulics Manual
for use by the· Department and other agencies throughout the
State.
Highway Engineer, responsible for a major hydrologic investi •
gation on the Copper River near~ Cordova; work, included
stream gaging, data reduction and analysis, flood wave time-
of-travel studies, and final design recommendations for seven-
teen major bridge sites.
Project Engineer, in charge of a three-million dollar urban
road construction project in Ketchikan, which inci uded two
major bridge structures in addition to sewer, water, and
electrical utilities.
Project Engineer, in charge of an eight-mile paving and resur~
facing project near Ketchikan.
John E. Swanson
Page -3-
California Department of Water Resources:
Construction Inspector, supervising the installation of water
pipe for the California Water Project, including laying of pipe,
backfilling, and related operations.
B.S., 1965, Civil Engineering, San Jose State College.
M.S., !970 1 Engineering Management, University of Alaska.
Postgraduate coursework in river mechanics.
Postgraduate caursework in coastal engineering.
Registrations/Certifications
Professional Engineer, 1969, Alaska,
land Surveyor, 1972 1 Alaska.
Member 1 American Society of Civil Engineers.
Member, ASCE Water Resources Planning and Management Division,
Water Laws Committee
Member, National Society of Professional Engineers
Member 1 Alaska Water Management Association
Member, Water Pollution Control Federation
Publications
Hartig, E.P., D. Nottingham, J.E. Swanson, B.C. Tisdale. 1978.
11 Reburial Considerations for an Exposed Pipeline. 11 Presented at
the A.S.C.E. Pipeline Division Speciality Conference, New Orleans,
January I 1979.
Swanson, J. E. 1970. 11 Flood Control and Floodplain fvlanagement 1 A
Review Of Some Recent Pt~oblems and Their Solutions 11 • Master·'s
thesis, University of Alaska, Department of Engineering Nlanage-
ment, Fairbanks.
---------...,.._' ed . 1971 .
Department of Highways.
Hvdraulics Manual. ---State of Alasl<.a,
BRENT T. DRAGE, P.E. HYDROLOGIST/SENIOR ENG NEER
Hydrologist, specializing in hydraulic design, river mechanics 1 ice
engineering, sedimentology, riverine regime analysis, and northern
hydrological evaluation and assessment.
Senior Engineer responsible for project management on hydrauli'c
and general civil engineering projects.
Assianments
R&M Consultants, Inc.
Hydrologist, conducted an extensive hydrological study of the
Kuparuk River and Coastal Plain watershed on the North
Slope, for Atlantic Richfield Company. Utilized the Corps of
Engineers• Floodplain Hydrology (H EC-1) and Floodplain
Hydraulics ( H EC-2) computer programs for the analysis.
Project Engineer, responsible for design of 2 miles of
reconstruction for the Old Seward Highway in Anchorage.
Carried the project through the preliminary design and location
study, public hearings an~ imal design.
Proje.ct Engineer 1 in charge of site selection, site engineering 1
soils inv~stigation, surveying and road design for· housing
projects at five villages in the Aleutian l slanns.
Hydrologist, reviewed the bank erosion problem at the village
of Noatak and provided recommendations to the State of Alaska
for locating future school facilities.
Permit application specialist, have prepared several permit
applications for bridges, waterway encroachments and marine
facilities for cllentel to be presented to the U.S. Army Corps
of Engineers.
Project Manager for conducting a feasibility study for crossing
the Kuparuk River with a bridge capable of supporting 1200
ton building modules and resisting severe ice and flood forces
while meeting present environmental and governmental
concerns. Client was ARCo Oil and Gas Company.
Project Engineer, responsible for route selection and perform-
ing the preliminary design of a submarine pipeline across the
Kuparuk River. Prepared permit for submission to U. 5. Army
Corps of Engineers. Client was ARCO Oil and Gas Co.
Brent T. Drage
-2-
Hydrologistf participated in a water availability study for a
proposed fish hatchery at Upper Trail Lake on the Kenai
Peninsula. Client was Alaska Department of Fish and Game.
Hydraulics Engineer, designed the spillway geometries for·
Saxman Dam to adequately convey the design flood flow.
Cl lent was U.S. Pub He Health Service
Alyeska Pipeline Service Company
Senior River· Engineer, responsible for the design, maintenznce
and monitoring of river and stream crossings for the Trans
Alaska Pipeiine System preceeding 1 during and following the
operational start-up.
Hydraulic design and site selection for several permanent
access bridges.
Woodward -Clyde Consultants
Project Engineer, developed and implemented a hydrology
program for a multi-disciplinary project to determine guidelines
for mining gravel from rivers and floodplains in Alaska, for
the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service.
Prepared a hydrological assessment of the National Petroleum
Reserve .. Alaska for an environmental impact statement on the
explor·atory drilling program.
Provided hydrologi::al input on the Oil Spill Contingency Plan
for the Trans Alaska Pipeline System.
Consultant, for the development of a winter water supply
project for oil drilling rigs on the North Slope for BP Alaska,
Inc.
Schlumberge1~ Offshore Services
Field Engineer 1 in charge of performing oil well logging in the
Prudhoe Bay and Cook Inlet oil fields. I nterpr·etation of the
logs to determine geological formations, location of oi I and gas
reserves, and the quantity of fossil fuels contained within the
reserves.
Institute of Water Resources, University of Alaska
Research Assistant involved in hydrologic research projects.
A major project investigated the current methods of peak flood
determination in northern sparse data regions. Completed
thesis research on the hydraulic characteristics of northern
braided rivers.
Brent T.
Page -3-
____ Task Assignments
Northwest ~:ydraulics Consultants 1 Ltd.
Education
Conducted an extensive river ice research program on the
Mackenzie River to determine the effects of spring break-up on
proposed wharf structures and pipeline crossings.
Hydraulic Engineer, participated in the river engineering data
collection and design for the p1~oposed Arctic Gas Pipeline.
Consultant, participated in a multi-discipline task force
assigned to select the route and prepare preliminary testimony
for the proposed Beaufort-Delta oil pipeline from the Mackenzie
Delta to Edmonton 1 Alberta.
Hydraulic Engineer for the Trans Alaska Pipeline System,
conducted river surveys, collected hydraulic data and pre~
pared field data reports for the major and minor river eros·
sings along the pipeline route. Participated in the hydraulic
design of major river crossings. Computed 1 Standard Project
Flood' water levels, flood limits, velocities and scour depths.
Hydraulic Engineer, design of hydraulic structures and river
training works 1 river surveys 1 bathymetric surveys, and
preparation of proprietary reports for projects in western
Canada.
8. 5. 1 1969, Civil Engineering 1 Utah State University
M.S., 1977, Civil Engineering, University of Alaska
Rea i stration s/Certification s
Professional Engineer ( Civi I), Alaska, 1975
Professional Engineer (Civil), Alberta, Canada, 1974
Publicatibns
Drage, B. T., and Carlson I R. F. 1
11 Hydraulic Geometry Relation-
ships for Northern Bt"'aided Rivers. 11 Third Canadian Hydl'Otech-
nical Conference, Laval University 1 Quebec, May 1 1977.
Drage, 8. T., "Hydraulic Engineering Investigation into the Braided
Rivers of the Eastern Brooks Range, Alaska." Masters Thesis
submitted to the College of Engineering, University of Alaska,
Fairbanks, 1976.
Drage, B.T., and Nuttall, J.1 "Mackenzie River Ice Break·Up.11
Presented at ASCE Hydraulics Division, 23rd Annual Specialty
Conference, Seattle, Washington, 1975.