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ALASkA POIER AUnCIR ITY
SUSITtM H'fOROELEcntiC PRD.IECT
Bit I!DePTAL 5111) IES -UTASK 7. 12
I'Uin' EC'OLOIY STli)IES
P'MSE I I D1WT F IIIIIL IIIEPORT ...,., ,.,
WI Ill• D • ._ • ..,.., Jlr.
Dot .....
.1-8.~
....,.,. '· Mlyr
~tv ... lty of Alelke
.lcultural Experl-.t ShtiOII ,_,_, AI_.• _.,
,.,..,....."'
L8L ALASkA AESEARQ4 AS!OCIATU, IIC.
' -SUieWIY
AECIIYID
MAR h 1983
ALASIIA POITI£II AilfHIIWJy
The range ecology group of the University of Alaska, Agrlculturlll
Experl.r. SfttiCIII, wes raponslble for conducting brown Inventory end plant
pllenology stucll• In the •lddle Susltnll Rlvw Basin end pre-burn Inventory end
asse-t study In the Alphllbllt Hills of southcentrel Alaska.
A tot111 of 47 sites were s .. pled fr08 July 27 to August 20, 1982, to
•1111sure canopy cover shrub stn• density, browse utilization, browse
availability, end current annual growth bloaess for the browse Inventory
study. Tile 47 sites were classified end grouped Into 10 vegetation types
based on Level IY of Ylwedl et al.1 s 119821 vegetetlon claslflcatlon syn..
Five of the A8pled vegetation typee were forests: Open White Spruce, Open
Bleck Spruce, Woodland Spruce, Open Birch Forest, end Open Spruce-Birch
P'orest. Five of the A8pled vegetation typee were scrublends: Dw11rf Blrcll,
Dwwf llrcii-WIIIow, Open Erlcec:eous Shrub Tlllldre, Erlceceous Shrub-Splleg-
&og, end Low Willow Tlllldre.
f1aa a,1..111;a wa the da81nent ovwstory tr1111 In the Open White Spruce and
lfooclllltld Spruce vegetation typee while .fJJ:M 11K.J.UA da81neted the tr1111 canopy
In the Open Bleck Spruce veg.tetlon type. In these 3 tllledlel•f forest typee,
&1AI&& a.lAi&a:tA was the only 1'1111 shrub, 11a11L14 g!Mdylqu and .SI.1.lA JU1J..1;bCA
were tile d081nent low shrubs, end yog;!ph• y!!gii!QIY", .v. ylfltldea, end
Euetru• JllQ.r.llll were the dwarf shrubs with the highest average canopy cov•.
Ptftaltea trrgldys and ~ copodeps!s were the preda81nent forbs. Ness
covw evweged 46S In tile need leleef forest types. .Bit.I&J.& gapyrlf•• end
•lxed eJ.cu Q..L.Aw:A -a. gapyr!ttn were the da81nent tr1111s In tile Opon Birch
Forest end Open Spruce-Bircll Forest vegetetlon typee, I'IISpiiC'tlvely. 6J..nu.t.
alny•t• was the do•ln•nt tell sllrub In these deciduous forest types.
Dryqpterl• spp •• Eptlgbluw angysfltpllug, end l1nDAaA bgcool Is were ~he
, , ,
,
1
,..._1~ tcrbs.
a.taLa II'""M'A,. had both the hlghnt canapy c-Mel ste. Mll•lty In
the Dwwt Blrcll v.,....atlon type of all v.,....atlon typ .. n.plad. .511.1.11.
AM1JOKA had low CaiiOPY conr and scattered dlatrlblftiOII In the Dwarf Birch
Type. The Dwwt Blrclt-WIIIow vegeta'tlon type was only I of 2 ~~· ~J:Ied
where the low shrub '· A!!JJ;JlU had greater canopy cover ·fMtes then a.
g!M!Iyloao, although st.-a danslty astl..tes r-lnacl lower. The erlceceous
groee1 ••lisa• were ~I !Iaiit IOif-IJ"'OIng shrubs In the Open Erlceceous Shrub
Tundn 1111d Erlcac-• Sllrllll-_..._ bog vegeta'tlon types. .5IJ..1.K .AM!J;bi:A In
the low Willow T1111dra vegetation type had both the highest canopy cover Mel
st. dellslty of the vegeta'tlon types .-pled.
Tile phenology studlas wars Initiated to evaluate torege availability tor
cc...,.. dllrlllg ,.-nrltiOII IICIIg the canyon slopes allow• the alclcll• Sultna
ltlver. It tt.ls spring forage 1 ere In tlte pcn.ntlel lapouncll!elrt WM, then
-..rvlvel Mel r.prodlll:tlon ..., be lapected by the ,....-,olr. Exclosures
were erected In late May et • elevations along • transects (3 at I trenHCt)
on MVtll-taclng slopes to prot.ct herbaceous species tr011 grazing. Tit•••
exclosures were ... pled end tlte corresponding north-facing slop .. were
observed at 7-day Intervals for phenological clevelopaent of the vegetation Mel
evldllllce of -utilization. These ob.arvatlons were MCie troa 31 May to 2
July 1912. So.t general ob..,..,atiOIIS were •de on e raconnelssence survey 15
and 16 May. ~•pies were also obtelnacl et the end of the growing Meson 31
August to 3 Septeaber 1912.
Elevation within trensac1" and trenHCt location had e significant effect
011 11011 teapsratures, plllllt canopy cover and current growth during the spring
period. However, the effects of elevation were not consistent -~~
,
I
1 trawsects. On so .. trensects vegetetlon de-eloped eerller at the
~levetlon sltw while on otllers It -.turecl festw et the •lcldle-slope or
et the highest elevetlons. Vegetation along 1 of ttle transects d-loped -.c:h
later than along any other transect. Tl•lng of veoetetlon develop•ent
reSIIIted fro. en lm.rec:tlon of ell_..., topography, and site history. Plant
species at the sa•e site grew at dlffer•nt rates. Most of the
-ly-developlng sites thet were studied were above the 1-1 of ttle potential
lllpOUIIdllan't, but could be lnfii*ICM by •socll .. tlc effeci's cr .. ted by the
~lr.
T-ty-the sites were -.pled for cover of sllrubs, herbaceous plants,
llc:MM, and bryqlllyt• Ill the Alphabet Hills study area. The density of
trMs as well a tall and 1011 shrubs wu also estl.eted et uch site. Bla.ss
Blld utlllzetlon of •Jor tall end low shrub twigs were also estl .. ted. The
sites ex• I ned were class If led Into 5 vegetetlon types a Open White Spruce,
Open Blec:k S,ruce, lfoodlend White Spruce, Dwarf Birch, and Dwarf Blrch-lflllow.
~ aJ,.Aui;A and .e. • ..U... wre the .. jor tree specl• preM!It In the study
erae. 11a111J..a g!tndy 1 A", .s&l..1JL ~. and .s&l..1JL ~ were the .ost
abundant low shrubs. utilization was greatest for 1. ~twigs.
Y•sslnly• spp. and E•p•trye ~were the -oat abundant dwarf shrubs.
Eqylaetu• spp., ~ sanadensls, and Petaslt•• trlgldys were the .oat
abundant forbs. ~ spp. were also abundant, as wall a bryophytws and
lld!Ms.
Vegetation type n-s were lndlcetlve of the reletlve abundence of trees
n/or shrubs In eec:h type. Cover of herbaceous vascular plants wa Inversely
related to shrub dBIIslty In the study area. It was deter.lned ttlat fire could
lncr-the potential of Open White Spruce, Open Black Spruce, and Woodland
White Spruce types as .oose habitat. Shrubs that are Mjor foods of -oose In
Alaska exist In these ty~as. In addition, the Dwarf Bl~ch-wlllow sltas had
the g~Mtast density of those IIIJ)O~tent sh~ub species, p~esu•ebly due to •
relatively rwc:ent history of tire.
...
.,
I -stMWIY
LIST OF TMLE'i
LIST OF FIGIJlES
2 -I HTACIDUCT I 011
2.1 -ar-1--"ory
2 .2 -Pllll't PllenDI C11W
2.3 -AlpMNI' Hills Pre-tium lnventary and A .... ~
3 -AOCNOIIL£DGEMEI
4-S1WY MEA$
4.1 -Middle Sualtna River S..ln
4.1.1 -Pllll't "-los., T,....-ct, Specific Sit. DHc:rlptl-
4.1 .1.1 -wn.. Creek Tren.-ct
4.1.1.2 -Jay Creek T....-ct
C.l .1.3 -S.I1'Chbedl T•.-ct
4.1.1.C-Ts~ Creek Trensect
C.2-Alphabet Hills
'-IETMOO$
' .1 -Browse I nvlll'tory
'·'·' -C.napy Q:wer 5.1.2 -Shrub St. Density
5.1.3 -·Brow .. utlllzlrtlon
'·'·"-Browse Avell~lllty '·'·'-Current Annul 6rowttl Blc..ss
5.1.6-Statistical Anelysls
'·2 -Plant ~~~
,.2.1 -Sit. Selection
,.2.2 -Photographic Points
,.2.3 -Soli T...,.,.lrture
,.2.C -Cenapy Qwer
'.2·' -Height and Phenolaglcel State of Growtll/~uretlon
,.2.6 -Bla~ess Estl.atlons
,.2.7 -Current Annual Growtll Twig DI-'W-Length Asllrtlonshlps ,.2.8-Tree Rlnt Anelysls
,.2.9 -Statistical Anelysls
,_, -Alphabet Hills Pnt-tlurn Inventory end Aue..-rrt
,.3.1 -Clinopy Q:wer
,.3.2 -Shrub Sid Tr• St. Density
,.3.3-Browse utlllzlrtlon
'·'·" -Brow .. Availability ,.3., -Stetlstlcel Anelysls
6 -IIESUL TS Alll D I SQJSS ION
6.1 -llrone ·~ 6.1.1 -Forest
6.1.1.1 -Nledlel .. f Forest
6.1.1.1.1 -Open Wlllte Spr-Yeptwtlon Type
6.1.1.1.2 -()pen BIIICII Spruce Vege1'8tlon Type
6.1 .1.1.3 -lbMII _, Spr-Yege1'8t I on Type
6.1.1.2-Broecll•f ,_st
6.1.1.2.1 -Open Blrdl Forest Veptwtlon Type
6.1.1.3-MI..O fare.-t
6.1.1.3.1. -Open s,n.:.-Birdl Fore.-t Vegetation Type
6.1.2. -Scrub
6.1 .2';. • .... Law Shrub Scrub
6.1.2.i.1-Dwerf Birch Veget81'1on Type
6.1.2.1.2-Dwrf Birch-Willow Veptwtlon Type
6.1.2. 1.3 • Open Erlc:aceoua Shrub TUIICir• Vegrilltlon Type
6.1.2.1.4-Erl~ Sllrub-Spllllg-Bag Veptwtlon Type
6.1 .2.2 -Dwrf Shrub Scrub
6.1.2.2.1 -Law Willow Tlllldre Yeptwtlon Type
6.1.3 • DIICUAIOII
6.2 • Plent l'lleno I ogy
6.2.1 -Aec:on1111l.._. Observ.-tlons
6.2.2 -Sol 1 Teepermre
6.2.3 • Cllnopy Cover. Helgflt. lllld PllenologiQI State of 6rowfll/ ....,...,Oil
6.2.3.1 -6enr•l
6.2.3.2 -.... 1
6.2.3.3-.... 2
6.2.3 •• -Welk 3
6.2.3.,-Week.
6.2.3.6 -Welk '
6.2.• -Sp.-tl•l Yerl.-tlon In PllenologiQI St81'e of a.tW
9 1edu'CM
6.2., • l'llenologiQI Dbel~ of e Spec:IH Over TIM
6.2.6 -S-v 1111d Dlscuulon of Platrt Phenology
6.2.7 -Bla.ess Estl.atlons
6.2.7.1 -Dlscualon of Bla.eu Estl.atlons
6.2.8-Current Annuel Growffl Twig Dl-.ter-lengttl Aellrtla!Shlps
6.2.9 • Lrgr Exclosuru
6.3-Alphabet Hills Pre-burn Inventory 1111d Aun-t
6.3.1 • ()pen Wlllte Spruce Yeget81'1on Type
6.3.2 -Open Bleck Spruce Vegetation Type
6.3.3 -lfooclllllld Wlllte Spr-Yegetwtlon Type
6.3 •• • Dwrf Blrdl Vegetation Type
6.3., -Dwerf Blrch-lfl 1 low Veget81'1on Type
6.3.6 -Dlscuulon
6.3.7-Cllslprl1011 of Susltne Buln end AlpheMt Hills Vegetwtlon
Types
7 • LITERATURE CITED
..
I
I ,
I ,
=,_ __ , ·---...... --=~~---.--
LIST Of T~LES
2 -lllltiiiDIJCr ...
hrll~t sprl~~g. ••-· and tall 1982 131 Mey through 20 Septellberl the
renee -lagy te• of the Agrlcultllral Experl•nt S'tetl011 0 Unlvwslty of
Alnka. Pel..,. AesHrcll Center was lnwolved In 3 studies concerning 'the
Susltna Hrdroelec1'rlc proJec-t. All 3 studl" were designed to exa•lne
~P~~Ciflc pr_,..,.s of vegetation types as 'they rellrted to llabltlrt tor Alaskan
1100 .. CAlc•• ••cea gtgeal In the •lddle Suslt1111 Rlvw Basin of sou1'llcelltral
Alaska fflt• 1l. Mr. Warren 8. Bellard and Or. Wayne L. Aegelln CADF&Gl
provided .-tiel lntor.tloa In claYelaplng ttle scape end oiiJec'tlves of ttlnll
s1'udl... The 3 s1'udln were: IJ a plant plleftology -•oo .. utlllzll'tlon study.
2J a pr.-.urn Inventory and assess .. nt of the vegeta'tlon In the nearby
AlpbaNt Hills In cooperation ulttl the au,...u of Land ~ CBLNJ and tt1e
Institute of Mortllwn fores'try fiNFJ. fairbanks. and 3J an Inventory of
available browN and Its utilization by 1100se In the 111lddle Susltne River
Bee ln.
2 ....... ,__,
Brouse production and utll I ;ration by 1100se In different habitat types
Cplaftt COIIIIIIUnltlnl are key COIIIponents for assessing the l111pacts and
develaplng 111ltlgatlon procadurn required tor the proposed d• l111p011ndlllants.
Until -· 'tills data lla been lacking for the 111lddle Susltna Rlvw Basin. The
1.,1-ntatlon and design of a 111ltlgatlon plan tor _., species of wildlife
will be gr.-tly enhanced by tills lnfor.tlon.
The o11Jec1'fv" of the browN Inventory were to 1111111sure canopy COYW and
annual standing crop bl011111ss of shrubs. ;r•lnolds ancl forbs. Utll Iutton of
shrubs that ere presu .. bly the .. Jor foods of -In the •lddle Basin was
also estllll8tecl. TheM data were collected fr011 SOllie of the 16 vegetation
types described by McKendrick at al. C1982l, Only vegetation types tlllrt were
considered to be llllportant es IIIOOSe hebltll't ware -lnad.
z.z-1111.-t...._,.,
Tile piMit phenology -1100sa utlllz.tlon study •• lnltln.cl bec:aae It
... ~~~~~ ttwt ,..._,cow-conc•tr8tM along sot.:tll-faclng slopes
and so-110rtlt-faciDg slopes of the Sultlla Rlvw channel wllen calvlag
ce.llard at al. 1912) to take advantage of any late winter -early spring
gr011t11 lilly llerlllaceous pi eats. Energy renrves of 1100se are prollallly -
depletion lily tills tl•. Pwtvrltlon and lac1'atlon further I ncraases energy
~nels of cow -· Gr•lnolds and fcrlll1 tiNrt are breaking qulascenn and
act'lwely ,._ywtlleslzlng 1-.dleftly prior to and duriDg .oose calving -ld
have rel..,lwely grwter -gy (JCc:el) content then--, of the shrubs present
(CIDak t97tJ. Slrubl, ~IIIOids, and fcrllls all have high -sw content when
In vegetative stage~, far llleyoiiCI wllet Is ~ far gestation and lac1'-"lon In
doMstlc large ungulates (Coal! 1971). lbfevv, Tlesz• (1974) and Archer and
Tlesza~~ (1910) heve shOIIn that In arctic -• of Alaua herb-plants
IJtltlata gr011t11 sooner than shrubs, In addition, shrubs such 81 wa IPP•
aad U.... spp. allocate nearly 75S of their nonreproduCtive, alllove ground
bl-ss to nonpiiOtosyntlletlc IMIPportlve tl-, wllereas gr•lnoldl end fcrllls
do not produce _, nonphotosynthetlc 1111pport tissue lArcllar and Tieszen 1980).
Thus, herbaceous plant production could be critical to .aosa reproductive
IIUCCeU. Tile pllll't phenology--utilization study vas dall;ned to gatflar
lnfora..,lon concerning tills tlleary and suggest possible hypotheses far future
stwty. Tile prl.ary obJact'lve of the phenology study was to doc-nt use of
herbaceous plants by cow 1100sa during spring. A secondary objact'lve •• to
-•tor vegetation Cla¥el~ and soli t..,erature during early spring to
dateral ne If pi ant growth and developMn1' In dIfferent areas occurred at
dlffvent tl-. It vas suspactecl1'11a1' an elevatlonel gradient In snow•lt,
soli tMperatur., and plant Cla¥el~1' eight •lat.
=·~-----------....... __..
2.l-AI~ Hills~ lnve!ltory 8fld ~
The Bureau of Lend Meneg .. e n t IBLMl proposed a controlled burn In ~he
AlplleOet !fills er• !Fig. ll to l10prove 11100se habitat. Several starved moose
found In the area after tbe 1982 winter IW. B. Bellard, AOF&G, per5ona1
~!OIGatlm) lendec:l support to the need for sc.e type of habitat 1.-prov-nt
•easu re. Tile ·fl re tea• of tile BLM end USFS was a cooperatIve effort
throughout ell phases of planning. The. •nege•ent goal was a discontinuous
burn that would cree·te sevltrel types of new habitat for 111005e end could be
eeslly controlled. The area was surrounded by natural water boundaries In
-t sec·tlons that ell•lneted the need for flee lines. Several points had
t.e.n selected for Ignition by hell-torch. Because of the natural boundaries,
little, If any, ground support would be required at the time of the flee. If
the flee did not spread as Intended, the tl.._ boss wouiC: have the option of
additional Ignition points. Fluorescent pink panels were placed near our
study sl·tes so that en Ignition c.ould be eede near t._ and Insure ~llet soM
study plots would be burned.
Initially, a secondar·y burn area wes clrcu•scrlbed by the Bli+-USFS tire
t .... This was the area surrounded by other netural boundaries. Any area In
It could conceivably be burned. Lll"ter, the flee boss delimited the prl~~ery
burn area. This was tile area expected to carry tile fire. Study sites wltllln
tills area would he~e a lllgh probability of 50118 l•pact It the fire burned es
expected. Besed on slolllerltles In vegetation as deterlllned trOll color
Infrared u-2 laegery, the renge ecology team delimited a control area thll"t was
outside the burn areas. Control s i tes were pl&eed here since there was little
probability of the• burning. MoST study plots were positioned within the.
pri~~BCy burn aree because It had the highest probeb l l l ~ of being burned. The
secondary burn area was intereedlete I n probability ot being burned; tbus,
•
•
_,, .. --" ... perforwH '"'-·
S,.Cw eiiCI Hillel• CIIW) ncrtec1 t11et _. respaiiCied ..-11'1vely to ,.,.. 011
1'tle KeMI '-1-le. 1"'ler Hi'I-.Hd 1'lle1' 1'11e prCHIUC'I'Ive life of • bern es
goocl IM)OSe r .. ge wes aou1' 20 yMrs. 01 ct-rer e1' el • ( 1977) found 1'11.-t
wltllle 30 years .t1'er 1'11e Keeel bern 1'11e renp wes deflclee1' le browse
qMifty. Al'tllollgll dlff.-.1' ple111' c-·111'1n .,.. lnwolvecl. 1'lle s-,..suli's
COIIId lie ecpecftd In 1'lle Alpllellei' Hills er••· Our personel observe1'1on of
ere .. wl1'11 • p .. t lliS'tory of fl,.. In 1'11e •lddle Susl'hle Rlvw Basin S41PJ101'1'
i'llls~IOII.
Tile pvrpoH of 1'11e AlplleHt Hills stll4y •• 'to oltftln pre-bvnl d.te 011
a.poel1'1oe. dlstriiMii'lon. end ellund-"Ce of 1'lle v~lon. 111'tw. end soils
In 1'H proJOMd burn erM. Tile long 1'er• obJectives ot 1'11e si'udy ere 'to
-l'hr cllengea le 1'tle vegetwt'IC111 0 ll1'tw0 encl soils proc•dlllg 1'11e burn end
tile su•eeq• .. t response of IM)OSe 1'o 1'11ose cllenges In ~lon following
~· eotl Clll of 1'lle llunl •
) • ._ Ell ill'S
Dr • .ley D. MctC .. drlcll Is tlllnked tor Ills 1ttorts In lnltllltlng tlleM
studl .. 8IHI a.p18tlllll 111 tM II8CeSMry lldlllnlstr.tlve tMks end procur-•t
of .. ,..... Dr • ..,_ L. A.gelln end Mr • ..,.,.... B. Blill•d provld8cl ~
lnf~IOII an_. 8COiogy 8ftd 1sslst1d 111 dltl,..lnlng thl oiiJ.ctlves of
thiiH stltdl•. L • ._._. lllld R. Cr-l .. lst..S In 1-r fllld s_,llng. G.
Couey 1111d 0. LagMoll org~~~~IHCI logistic support for fllld aprlltlons whlll lit
W11t1n1 b .. l c.,. Hlllcaptw pilots .1. C.nor • .1. Abshire lnd .1. Dick-1r1
lciiROWIIdgld for their IXCiptlonll s1rvlc1 durl~g thl cours1 of th111
l_.lg.tlons. Mllnt1nence p~rsonMI lit Wlltlftl 111M c.p provld8cl ~
tools 8IHI Sllop SIIIIIIGrt •
.. -ld 1110 IIIII to tlllnlll Dr. D. Murny of thll Ulllvrslty of AIISIIII for
Ills llllp wltll SIIICI• ldlntlflcltlon lllld vrlflcltlon of -r~~~g~ ••tension
specl-•s. llry end Cerol Gustafson provldld clrlcel Slrvlc .. tor
p,..,r8tlo1 of tills -•script. DIYI llftMYIIIe prep1red the liPS end
lllustrlltl-.
---·.,;..--o~...---...... •......___-...
4.1 -.• lddle S..lt.e River Bealn
The Middle Susltne River Basin In the northern Telk .. tlla. t.hu~teins was
l tile prl-y study area for the 1982 ra11ge ecology studies lflg. 1}. The
browse Inventory and plant phenology stlldles were bath conducted within tills
46.644 k•2 area (fig. 1). The alddle Basin was bounded on the .. st by Devil
l
1
CanyQn and on the Nst by the Nc:Laren River. a.nd extended approxiMtely 16 1<11
on either side of the Suslt'!!ll River. Elevations ranged fr011 about 3ll • on
the river at O.vll Canyon to 2085 111 at the top of Mt. lfatana. The river
elevation rises to approxl•ately 800 • at the confluence with the Mclaren
River.
Topography of the •lddle Basin has b .. n strongly Influenced by past
glacial action end associated creelc and river er~lon. Generally. the •lddle
Basin Is a broad u-shaped valley. Presu.ebly. the .. st end eas-t fork glaciers
united and extended Into the alddle Basin. The Susltna River has carud a
steep. relatively narrow ¥-shaped channel through the valley as the glaciers
racMQIId. N-ou• creelcs and rivers drain Into the Susltna River aiOftg Its
c:our .se In the alddle Basin. The channel slopes are extr-ly s·t .. p near O.yfl
Canyon. r ·lslng approxl•e·tely 3.:5:5 • vertically In about I kl! horizontal
distance. The benches eoove the river channe.l are appro•lutely 666-633 •
In elevation and l!llke up e Mjorlty of the study area. At the eastern end of
the alddle &asln. the river channel Is relatively less st .. p end •uch wider.
Various plent COnBunltles ere found In the •lddle Besln study aree.
~Kendrick et al . (19821 11eppe~ 16 vegetation types In the 11lddle Dasln at
Levels Ill or IV of VIereck et al. (19821. The plant c~unltles are strongly
Influenced by site topography. soils. and moisture reglaes. The steep. well
drained river channel slopes are dominated by forest conDunltles such as the
•lxed forest end v.-lous open to ciOMd coniferous forests on llotll tid• of
tM rl_., n. benclles ellove tile rl_. cc.teln prl_.lly sllrub -.nltles on
the drier sites, followed by white spruce lf!Gaa al~MG&I forests on
well-drained slopes, end bllldl spi"UC'e ~~ IIIC.l.IIIIAI forests It tile wettest
11..... Alpine tlllldre exists It tbe highest elevetlons.
4.1.1 -PIMt "'-ICilY T.---t, Specific 51 ... o.crlptl-
4.1.1.1 -..._. Qoeek T~
Tile bench location upstr-fro. the Wetena C..Mk trenMC't (f'lg. 21 wa
111 a 1011 birch sllr'ub scrub IIICI•Ion 111 an open spruce type. It was at en
elev.tlon of 7U • 12UO ft) wlftl 20 slape end 1850 average aspect. iltMl4
glpdylgae da.lneted the low sllr'ub larw while Lad!lll grpeol•dlge. YW+Ioh•
y II g I m•••, end .1• y If Ia-I dMe do. I nated the dwarf shrub I arer' -· Covered
••-' !lOS of the ground. The evwage age of 4 large trees In the area was 94
,..-., ••ns It e rel.t'IY81y old alt..
Tlle -la.un et the top of the slape was In en ecotone between low birch
lllr"ull scrub end IIOOdlend spruce. It was et en elevation of 68:5 • 12240 ft)
•I'HI • 'o slope and "oo upec:t'. This would be 17 • above the poftntlal
lllpOun~t weter surface. YegetatiOft consisted of J, glendy!F!Ie In a low
shrub ley.-with a dwarf lhrull layer of~. grgeolendlge, .1. yltlrldMft, end
fegtrye .uac.. Mots proylhd about 6, ground c-. The ... n age of 'e.
alAMa Individuals was 82 yeers.
The •lddle-slope locetlon along the Watana Creell transect wes an open
whit. spruce alt. located on the sides of a s•ll knoll. Poorly drained blade
spruce areas existed Just uphill fro. the s!t. In a relatively level eree.
This alt. had en elevation of 610 • 12000 ft) with en av.-age aspect of 17:50on
en eo slope. This sl.te would be Inundated by the Watene lepoundllent. One
exclosure faced westward on 11 130 slope while the other had a southerly
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ex,os11re. Vegetatl011 conelsted of • J, g!W!dyl .. a low shrllb 1..,... wlttl J..
__ ,.,.,,, .•. 1· "''9'1MM • .,.d 1· yltlaeld-In tM dwrf shrd ,_..
l!w;lahe yl lgl-f• •• _., 1111101 t..., e't ttle ~f.c:lng .closure willie J.
gl ••v••• wa _.. IIIPOI tent on tile ..t-f.c:lng .closure. Mass torwect 901
of ttle P'OII•cl cover. T,...• everegect 62 yMrs (4 lnctlvlctuele) .aklng It •
..ctl-eged lift. Old INIIS were praent but not egect.
Tile 11ott011 loce-tlon •• In en open •lxect spruce birch site JUI't lbove tile
floodplain wlttl • 120 slope end 1!1120 aspect. Its 100' eleve'tlon of 54911 11000
ft) plececl It In ttle potelttlel l•poanct•ent zone. The •ost l•portent
..,..atory .,...tetiOII lnclllclld J. • ....-n•W!dlgw and ,1. yltlt=ldMf, but .IlDia
es!syt•l• •• 1110 rw-t. Mass •• l•s IIIJIC)rtent In thll site bile-of
the litter l.,er In 101111 pl-. The evere;e 1111• ot 3 tr-wu 99 veer•· As
• .... .,..1 olte.,.,etlon. botton elevation• heel older trHs then tile other
elevetlone far ell treuects. The 11ottw locetlon on tile Wetene trensect ••
ellol!t 35 r-• yonnger 1111111 any other bottc. elte. It wu ttle only bott011
lift posltl-ct on • elope end It hed the •-' soli tellpere'tura of any
tren.rt. TheM ttlrM facti (younger. greeter degrH of slope. end we,...r)
ere prolleb I y rei eted _.. to ctllturbence clue to tl re at th 11 elte than 11ott011
llftl on other trensec:tl. The 91 of these botton locations .. , have bHn
bleNd by triiiMC't locetlon 11-111 c:hwe erNI where llellcoptws could lend
-tile river.
4.1.1.2 -..., CAlli T..-t
The Jay Creek transect started at e higher elevetlon than any other
trenllc:ts e't 884 • 12900 ft) CFlg. 2), The bench location was actually on e
elope below en elnost barren outc:ropplns~. It •• e low birch shrllb scrub type
wlttl • 100 elope end 1760 apect. The low shrub layer ••• tor .. d by J,
gl•duJcwe enct tile dwarf shrllb layer by .L.. dftCLWI!•s encl ,1. yltlt=ldMf,
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Cerl~ou were observed browsing In the area, and a. glendylg•• had b .. n
bro.tHd. T,_ I• this arM wwe of •lxecl age with I tree being 89 .,_s old
end 2 crttlers -aging r7 yMrs. This was a relatively dry ....
Tile MCOIId elevation, top posltlo., was anat11er low blrc:tl shrub scrub
type located on e o-tle llrMk In the 150 slape. It wa at 7'il2 • (2&00 ft) on
e ,o slape wl'ttl lc.IO aspect. It contel•d a low shrub ,..,.. of a. G''""YIA'o
end a clwrf shrub 1..,.. of j.. "KI...,, and 1· yltl&=ltt••· a.ti&J.A giiDdy!Qio
.... 11, occurred on -ds wl'ttl other ..,.c:les growing beneath the shrub 1..,...
IIIDet ,_ at ttlls site ~ 31 yMrs of age alttlough I tree was 100 yMrs
old and a dMcl tr• -"' ,_-s old.
Tile •lddle slape poeltlon was 111 en open •heed spruce blrc:tl forest et en
elevation of 701 • <2300 ft) with 140 slape end 1570 espect. It was located
ellout 35 • ellove the pote11tlel l•pound•nt area and •lght be affected by
•lcrocll.etlc c~e•ges essocleted with the reservoir. The exclosures were
placed on either side of 111 open, gressy arN but were In the forest type.
UIICierstory ~ton 111 1 excloeure was ~lneted by ,1. vitl•-lttea with so.
~ s•netten•la and Mart•oa•• peglsyltf• (tell bluebell). The other
exclosure was do.lneted by C.•ee•ore•t•• s•n•d•n•J•. Egu111tu• •••vat•sum
(~land hOrMtall), end 11. e••su•at•. Average age tor 6 tr111 et this site
-37 years old, llekii!Q It o.. of the youngest sites. It elso appeered to be
ttll ww..st site, as l'!:!'lcatecl by plant species co.posttlo11 and the tl•e at
wlllch growth was Initiated.
Tile botto. location was a woocllend bllldc spr'JCe type with exclosures on
either side of a wet Mdge-grass-shrub IlNdow. The slope was <10 and aspect
averaged 1190 elthough 1 exclosure wa tecl~~g south-southeast and the other
was feeing Nst-northlest. At an elevetloll of 610 • (2000 ft ), this site
would be In thl potential l•unclllent zone. IIIPOrtent vegetation conalstld of
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Jlo Q1Mdu!9'P0 l,o greep!yd!sye. £. JUgaa0 and gr•lnoldso MosS Covr W8S
v .. l.le. MNn age of 4 tr-wa 146 -,-s. the olden average of any sift.
4.1.1.5-S.ltdlllllecll T~
The bench location along the Switchback sift CFig. 2l wa In e low bir-ch
shr-ub scr-ub type. The site was at an elevation of 762 • 12'00 ft) with
everege slope of 60 111d aspect of z,oo. Yegetetlon consisted of a Jl.
pleedylpae low shr-ub layer-and a dwarf shr-ub layer-of l,. dtGy<bena. ~.
yltl!r=ld••· and lichens. The av .. age age of 3 trMs was 3' yMr"s. although 1
tr11 was 91 ,..,.. old.
The top-slope elevation was located on the bench Just befcre It br"oke
to. .. d the r-Iver at an elevation of 762 • 12!100 ttJ. 96 • above the potential
Watana l~~poundlllnt. It was 111 an ecotone bet.lln low bir-ch shr-ub scr-ub and
woodland white spr-uce with en ever-ega slope of 10 end aspect of 27'0·
l!!!pOr'tent speclll Included Jl. g!lllfly!cwe, ~. y!lg!Meue. and lichens. Av_.age
age of 3 ~ was ~ -,-s while e four-th Individual was 163 -,-s old. Fir-e
IIC_.I"Id IIIIQS -· pl'lllllt o
The •lddle slope location wes Just upatr-e .. fr-o. a dr-y outcr-opping.
Vegetation wu an open spr-uce type at an elevation of 701 11 12300 ft) with 160
slope end 1890 eepect. The site was 3' • above the potential 111p0undllant
zone. lllpor-tent plant species Included Jl. gl•dulcwa. 1,. groep!Mdlgw. ~
1. a.u..IJOII.I:A. MDss covrld ov_. half the ..... The average age of 3 tr-was
41 year-a while 1 Individual was utllllted to be 210 year-s old. This wu IIOI"e
evidence of distur-bance. probably fir-e. In the er-ea.
The bott011 elevation et the Switchback location was In an ald.--spr-uce
type wlttl 30 slope and 2100 upect at an elevation of 640 • 12100 ft). This
site would be lost by Inundation. This 110lst location had .6.J..11u ~
B.J..Ilu :tLL.Ita. and sever-al for-b species. Mean age of ' tr111 was 143 year-s.
lllklng It one of the oldest sites .-pled.
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4.1.1.4-T~ Creek T~
T~e ~ransec~ downs~re .. fro. Tsusene cr .. k was ~he only one In ~he
potelltlel Devil Callyon IIIPC)UIIIIIIen~ rea (fig. ZJ. Tlte bench loce~lc:o :~es e
low lllrcb shrub scrub ~pe ~ en elev~lon of 758 • 12486 ffJ on e -n slope
of so. Aspects of tile 2 .u:loaurn were 2320 end 860 ~ ~•• sift which wa
on ~op of a knoll. l•por~en~ vegeh~lon consls~ed ot a. ~dyl ... over a
leyer of~. grMplepdlgw. end 1. ~. ll:b&.l.l. gt•dylpll wa 811Ch ~alter
e~ ~his sl~e ~en~ Mhw elft5. Moss covered allou~ an of tile area end wa
ellouf 8 ce deep. which wa I8Udl deeper ~n 0.1 ~ slft5. Average ege of 5
~r .. • wes 114 y•rs willie I lndlvldUI wa 56 .,..,.. old. Tills sift did not .•
appear ~o 11eve been dlaturbed as nteently as o~her sl~•• end appeared ~o be
ftll 1111ove ~ current tor~ line.
Tlte ~op-slope posl~lon on ~he Tsusene Creek ~ranse~ was another low
birch 811rub sc:MIII ~ at en elev~lon of 63' • 12086 teetJ on a ?0 slope wl~h
upects of 1100 end zoo. Yege~a~lon consls~ed of e low shrub ,..,.,. of a.
gt•dy!Aie end a clwwt sllrub leyw of~. grqent•dlgw and 1. Alatla· Moss
covered about ~hr-tounhs of ~he ground and was as ~nick 11ere as on ~he
bench sl ft. Average age of 4 trees was 87 years.
The bM~08 loc~lon was an open spruce ~pe wl~ 20 slope and a~s of
,o and 1400 ~ en elev~lon of '12 • (1680 t~J . The sift was one •-•·
tores'ted rea by the Susl~na River. V.,_,lon consisted of J. gt•dylme. ~.
grqeg!epdlc;ue. and ,1. ylflt=ldee, Moss covered 90S of the ground. Meen age
of 4 tr• Individuals was "' years.
4.2 • AlplleHt Hills
The Alphabe~ Hills s~udy area encoepassed approxl•a~ely 276 k82 end
elev~lons ranged troe 833 • ~ 1137 •· Tills s~udy area was approxl .. ftly
38 k8 no~h of Lake Louise and 19 k• sou~heast of the confluence of the
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llcl.-.n and Susltne Rivers IFig. tJ. The Alphebet Hills ere e gen1'1y slaplng.
elevated ridge 16•00 •J surrounded by to-lend erees with nu.erous lakes end
ponds. MaJor vegwtetlon types ere shrub lend end coniferous forest
' -ltiH.
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'-eE1HIIDS
'·' -llnlne 1-'Wy
A total of •7 sites ••• s...,ted trOll 27 July through 20 Augus1', 1982, to
estl•te the availability of browse end herebec:eous plant for vegetation types
In the •lddle Susttna Rtvw Baatn (Fig. 31. Thirty-nine sites were rendOIIty
sel~d by 001wleylng • grid on • vegetation 111111 (McKendrick et al. 19821 of
the area. Selection of sites was arbitrarily I t•lted to those OCICUrrlng
within epproxt .. tety 16 k• (10 •Ileal of the proposed de• t•poundaents.
However, because the t ... dtete l•pound•ent eree was relatively ••ell In
relat:on to thet portion of the •tddle Basin under consideration, 8 sites were
s.-plecl near tile locations of tile • 1982 phenology trensec:ts (Fig. 21. A
browse lnv.ntory site was also situated on opposing slopes of the pllenology
transects at approxl.tely •ld•stope, In the vegetation type representative of
each area.
Browse Inventory sites ••• OCICUIW'Iy ctaslflecl In the field to Levels
IY or Y of VIereck et at. (19821. Several sites were later adjusted to
different, or new, Level Y clesslflcettons based on results of prelt•lnery
analysis. SOlie vegetation types were s•pled more I ntens lve ly then others.
Tills was based partially on tend area occupied by that vegetation type end
also on tllelr suspected t•portence to •oose. Several prospective sites
ortgtnetty selected using the grid overlay were 011ltted fr011 the final
selection of sites soes to not over•sMple In vegetation types that were
cons I dared of lesser t•portence to 111001e: e.g. •t end cushIon tundra, sedge
grass tundra, •t end cuslllon-sedge grass tundra end alpine herbaceous tundra
vegetet ton types.
At each browse Inventory site, 3 parallel 50-• I lne transects were
established fr011 e rendonly chosen point. The transects were spaced fro• 10
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to 20 • epart1 the dlltance between tl"ansec:ts was adJusted fl"a. site to site
Ia an effort to k .. p ell tl"ensecta within the confines of t~e partlcula,.
.,._qtla. type being a.pled. T-.pcrar-y plots w.-e located at 10 • lntwvala
elc.g wc:h traaec:t; 5 plots per-tr.aRCt totalling 15 plots per-alta.
5.1.1 -c.-a, ODwer
At each plot location a 0.5-•2 (1 x 0.5 111 l"ectengula,. quedl"at was
s .. pled for parcent canopy covel" of plant species within the vel"tlcal
proJection of the boundel"lea of the qlllldret. The quedr-et was oriented such
that the left-,...-corner-was touclllng the centar-polnt of the plot location
end the l011g axis of the qaadret was per-pencllcul.-parallel to the dir-ection
of tr-1. r-wcent canopy c:ovr of under-stor-y plant species and trees c1.1:S •
In height (bi"NSt height) was occul.-ly estl .. ted using 5S covel" lncl"-nta If
plant cov.-was betw.n 10 to 90S C10,15,20, ••• ,!IOSI and IS cover-lnc.--ta In
the 1 to !IS and the 91 to 1 OOS nngea. Parcent canopy cove,. of fo,.bs,
g,.•lnolda and ahr-ulla was eltl.ated by species and life fOI"'I totals. Pwcent
covar for MY.,..I gr-•lnolda end lichens was eatl .. ted by genua as well as
life for• totals. Pel"cent cover-of br-yophytea was estl.ated as 11 life fer•
total.
Additionally, at each plot location along each tl"ansect line a 4-.2
cll"cul.,. quadl"et ••s deiii!Nted by l"otetlng 11 ,.ope, 1.13 • In length, .,-ound a
•t.l rod pl-.c8CI at the canter-of the plot location. Percent canopy c:ovr of
tall sbl"ubs, low sh,.ubs, and Cl"own canopy and basal st .. cove,. of tl"eas
,. 1.13 • In height within the vel"tlcal pl"oJectlon of the boundllf'les of the
quadl"at Wlll"ll OCCUIIII"Iy estluted using the SIIIIHI COVIll" lnCI"IIIIIInts liS fOI" The
0.5-•2 quadl"at. Fo,. all canopy cove,. estl .. tes, the actual vel"tlcal
proJection of the vegetation upon the rea enclosed by the quadrat bounda,.les
was used l"llthe,. than .. thods .. ploylng connection of outel" points Into
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polygoM tor cover ~I-'" "-cc on .,. .. of ~lon latluence. Neither
o.s-.2 or ....z ......,. sizes .... eclequetw to estlute tree anopy COVW' ••
Mast tr .. canopy estl .. tes were teken fro• e co•blnetlon of occuler
estl .. tiCMis usi"G Mrlel pi!Otogrephs. elrcrett overflight. end on-t~~e-;round
sl-de.:rlptl-.
5.1.2 -.,.,... St. DIMity
Within eech ,..;l quedret et each plot location. the nu~er of live st•s
ot each tell end 1011 shrub species were coun~ by dl-ter cress. or .. eter
cle .. es were Ia ,.._ lnc,_nts: D-1 ~~ 1-2 ~~ 2-3 Clll end 3-4 Cll. Tile
total nu.Oer of live st.. wes obtained by -•1111 ovr ell dl-ter classes
tor eedl speciN.
5.1.5 -.__ Utlllatlc.
At eech plot location along each trenMC:t line a circular quadrat with e
,_. redlus wes established. This quedret was divided Into 4 even-sized
qwedrents (point-centered quarter) with Its center et the plot location.
Within each qllllclrent. the distance to the nerest st• 40 Cll or teller of eech
tell end 1011 shrub species represented within the quedrent wes measured. The
aexlau• distance •eesured to e shrub wes 5 •· This erbltrery I lalt wes
established to prevent overlapping between queclrets thet were spaced et IIJ •
Intervals elong the line transect end to expedite seapllng tlae end decrease
1 -ch tl• tor shrubs with 1011 densities.
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Only shrubs with steas 40 Cll or teller were considered tor •eesur-nt.
Again en erbltrery ll•lt. that was deteralned by our observations to be the
eppr'OIIIIute lower ll•lt of auc:h of the browsing pressure Incurred by the low
shrubs during winter. This height ll•ltetlon wes designed to epproxlute
"typlc.l• snow covr during winter when aast of the twigs below 40 em 11011ld be
unevellllb le tor brows I ng.
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Tile beul dl..tr et eppra~~l.aftly ' Cll fro. gr'OIIIId lftel of MCI'I -st
shrub ...._was 1lso -su,-.a. """rage height of the s.,._ w• -sured to the
-est t~ Inc~. The nullber of unbrowsed end •r-tly• browsed twigs
twtllldlng above oiO Cll on the ste• were covered. A twig was deflllld 111 1
br1nch that ~1d 1 b1s11 dle•eter equal to the estl•eted dle .. ter et
pollltooof-IH'Oiflllll CIJIB> for t~et shrub species. The 1verege DPB for eech
shrub species was estl.eted for the •lddle Susltlll River Besln by ~ly
-eur11111 twigs tlllt hid been previously browsed et e nullber of sites end
loc:etl-over till stucly eree.
To be COIIsldered 1 •recently• browsed twig. the r-lnlng portlc111 of till
• .,... 1-.cllet.ly below the point-of-browsing either hid to be ellve or eppeer
11 If browsing hed occurred within the previous 1-2 years. Twigs thet heel
been browsed In the leu .-.cent pest. leaving only deed stubs where the bark
-Mperetlng fro. the xylll llldlor the twigs were shrunken In dl-far. were
nut count.d es browsed twlp. Utll lzetlon of browllble twigs wes ~~q~reued 11
e percent by dividing the nullber of browsed twigs by the total nu.ber of
browsed end unbrowMd twigs for eech • .,....
5.1.4-._ Anllllllllty
At each site, 25 twigs fr011 each tell end low shrub species were renda.ly
harvested et the average DPB. These twigs were oven-dried et 600 for 48 hrs ••
separated Into tllllr r11411Ctlve leef end woody st• CCIIIponents, end wellihed to
the 1111rest tenth gr•. The overage dry weight per twig of leaves end woody
st.s provided estl.etes of blo.ess r-.,Yed when twigs were browsed by •oose.
Average weight per twig end Its associated leaves by shrub species wes
.ultlplled by the -n nllllber of unbrowsed twlgs/stee In Mch vegetation type.
T~ls total wes then •ultlplled by the average nu•ber of sta.s/he for each
species to produce estl•tes of total kg/he of unbrowsed forage. Estlqtes of
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tot. I kg/he of forage already 111'11 I :red was cal cui atecl In the •-11111nner using
average n~ of browsed twlgs/ste•. Available and utilized leaf bla.ass
wwe estl.ated fer s~ use only.
'·' ·' -c:wr.t "--1 6rarttl 81-.
All current annuol growth ICAGl of forbs and gra.lnolds as life form
totals and shrubs by species were clipped fro. the 0.~ quadrats used to
estl..te canopy cover. 5-.plu were oven-dried, the leaves and woody st•s of
shrubs seprated, and than weighed to determine dry weight bl011111ss.
"" EstiNtes of dry weight blouss were for all 1982 growth to ground laval
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of forb and gr•lnold life f~ totals. The dry weight bl01111ss estimates of
shrubs was CA6 woody •'-• and CAG leaves that were attached to CAG woody
st-. CA6 leaves attached to previous y.,-s• woody ste~~s ware not collected.
CA6 fer shrubs was collected over the entire height of plants within the
vertical proJection of the boundaries of the quadrat.
,.1.6 -Statistical AMiysls
Analysis consisted of descriptive statistics lx, SE, Nl and ca.parlsons
.eng vegetation types of the variables -•urad. The nu•ber of plots that
were needed to adequately sa•ple each variable In each vegetation type was
also calculated. Estli1111ted s~le size to within 20S of the mean with 67S
confidence was used as the criteria.
The reported standard error and the variance used for the sample size
estl..te ware based on the total variance calculated from plots within sites
within Level IV (VIereck at al. 1982) vegetation types. It was the total
variance fra. between sites (within typal and within sites. Hance, the
astl•ated sample size represented the number of sampling units needed If they
ware located randollly withIn that vegetation type. It does not I nd Ieete the
nu•bar of s ltas par type or the number of pi ots per site needed for adequate
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sa.pllllliJ.
5.-ple sizes were calculated to estlate the nUIIIbw of plots needed to
edequetely .-pie the par..-ter to within 201 of the 111een with 6'n confidence
for n.-.,.s that..,.. not considered •too IIBII.• The fOI'IIUIII ls1
where
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n • •tl..-ted s.-ple size,
1 • standard devl.-tlon,
t • t value far 67S confidence CI.Ol, end
d • helf-wldth of confidence Interval.
Ecologically, It was felt that If we were right 2 tl ... out of 3 thet the
error was ec:ceptllble, hence the 6., confidence 1-1 Ifill chosen. 5Mpllng to
wl till n 20S of the ••en for 1111111 averegn -nt thet If the cal c:u 1 eted •an
was IS cover, we would sMple for 11 confidence Interval of. 0.8 to I.ZS.
._llstlcally, If the cover Is IS, we would pi"'bably be s.-tlsfled to know th.-t
It Is leo then"· tt.nce, absolute differences !r.-ther than 11 percentage"'Of
the __ , were Sal... .. for smell values. If cover WIIS lass than zn, then an
absolute difference of 5J "' v was used rather tllan 20S of the mean. The
several measure .. nts, the upper ll•lt selected for •smell• values, end the
absolute value for differences were M follows:
Canopy cover s 25 5
DPB .... 5
Twig counts I 5
utilization s 5
Distance nl 5
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0.,.. c:wer was aaalyzed tills way for all studl ... Currently the other
per_,.,.s era .. elyMd this way only fer tile Alphabet Hills burn. Pwc.nt of
tt1e -Is used In ttleM other cases.
'.2-Plant "'-ICIIIJ
,.2.1 -Sit. S.lec:tiOII
Transect locations were selected based on concentrations of
rMio-collend _.. In tt1e llllpOUndllent zone during parturition periods (fig.
21. Locations were chosen to represent areas of use end non-use by
rMio-collend-. during April and May. tile usual 110nth of parturition
!Bellard et al. 19121. It was recognized that nonredlo-collared 111005e •lght
be using areas not Indicated as being used by radio-collared eoose as
described by Ballard et al. 119821. lbrevw. this was tile best approxiMtlon
Included In the design to lt'tftllpt to Identify dlff-nces In vegetation that
•lght be attracting cow _.. to the areas wllera t11ey concentrat.. Tile study
transect near the switchback of the Susltna Rlvr Cneer the Oshetna Rlv.-1
represented sites with usage on both south-and north-facing slopes. The
transects east of Jay Creek represented areas of little or no usage by
radio-collared 11100111 during parturition. Transects east of Watana Creek were
used by radio-collared DOOSe on tile south slope but not on the ncrth. These
areas were all In the potential Watana l•poundeent area. One transact was .
chosen west of Tsusena Creek In an area used by radio-collared 111005e on both
north-and south-facing slopes In tile potential Devil Canyon lepoundllent area.
Exact locations of transacts were deter•lned using aerial and ground
reconnaissance during May. 1982.
Four elevations fer each study area were selact.d along each of the 4
transects except transect 4 where only 3 elevations were selected. The
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, '-lglaest elavat I on was on tile bench above the r lver • the .-.cl elevatIon was
at the top of the slope, and the third end fourth elevations ware eld-slope
end botto. of the slope, respectively. Exact ground locations at each
... alttvatlon ..,.. beMCI on slope pmltlon, ~re~~atatlon, end helicopter access.
I •
Tree cover at the eld-slope elevation on the Tsusana CrHk trMsect Cl~l
pr'8Y8111wd hellc:apter ac:cass either by leftdlng or by dropp I DO e sll ng I oed of
fancleg eetarlals. Terrain was too rovgh end vegetation too dense to
reeson.bly h811d-cerTy the .atwlels to en IIPPraprhrte location, therefore no
81GCiosures wwe constructed there.
Exclosuraa were constructed In vegetation typical of each elevation end
trllft88C't. Soee excloaures were located In pure vegetation types, such as low
lbrub .crub, while others wwe located elono ecotones bec841Se 11001e frequently
uH theM n--ltlon edges of vegetation types. The exclosures were always
CIIIIIS1Tuctad at soee distance away fn111 the helicopter ac:cess erN.
P8trs of !.1 x 2.1-a C7 x 7 ftl exclosures were constructed In leta Nay
at each location using 1.5 • (5 ttl woven wire withe single strMd of barbed
wire at the top, end 2.1-• eetel fence posts. Transects were seepled et
exactly 7-dey Intervals beginning 31 May end ending 2 July, 1982. The
~fe.;.lng slope uclosures were s•pled In the 110rnlng for ell transects
except WatMe Creek. The corresponding north-feeing slope without exclosures
was exeelned In the •tternoon tor general observations on vegetation
COIIpCISitlon end phenological develapeent as well as wildlife utlllzetiCIII. The
north-slope at Watene Creek was visited et the end of each week for logistical
reasons. S..pllng was not begun until after snowmelt because of project
delays.
5.2.2 -f'llotogreplllc Polll'ts
Photographic points Inside end outside each exclosure were pe,....ell'tly
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.-rked wl~ 30 to 45-c• long rabar painted fluorescent orange which were
driven Into t"• groiiiHI. Photogrephs of the veg.tatlon were taken eec:h tl•
the si-N wes sa.plad so that phenologiCIII davelop.ent of plant speclaa could
be followed. Individual twigs of shrubs that ware In a good photographic
~ltlon were flagged and photogrephed each wHk outside s-e exclosuras so
davalop .. nt of an Individual twig could be tracked. Species selected for
Individual tagging ware a.tul4 giAQduloso, L&dwl grgan!andlcy•, and BQiA
K:lsu!rla. Selection of particular Individuals was arbitrary.
Soli tellperature at the to-c. depth was taken lnalde each axclosure using
a biMtalllc t"--'Nr wl~ a dial scala. The theMI-etar wi!S allowed to
equilibrate In the ground while plant canopy cover was astl•ated. Soli
t...,.,.atures ware used to -ltor the wer•lng of a alte In the aprlng. Soli
te.paraturas ware used because dally .. blant t .. peratures were axtr8B8Iy
variable.
5.2.4 -c.op, CD..-
Percent canopy cover was occularly estl•ated In 0.5 x 1•• 10.5-•2)
quadrats using 5S Intervals CIS If < 10S or > 90S). Two quadrats ware
randomly located outside the axclosure by pacing o rend011 nUIIbar of steps fr011
11 randomly selected corner of the axclosura. These quadrats outside the
exclosure were Independent of each other across weeks. Two quadrats were
randc.ly located Inside each axclosure but were not Independent across weeks
because of the II• I tad s lza of axclosures. Cover was the vertical projection
of living vegetation and did not Include canopy gaps. Canopy cover was
astl•atad by species for •ost vascular plants where possible, by genus for
sedges, end by life for• for bryophytas, lichens, and unidentified forbs and
grasses.
'.2·'-Halgllt .... ,._logiCIII Strie of 6rawtltiJIItw11tla1 Av.,.. height (CII) and -t advanced phenological state were r-ecor-ded
for eech plant species In each quadrat Inside and outside the exclosures.
l'llenologiCIII stages were as follOWS!
vegetllt I ve (I) Just _.glng or first signs of new growth
121 leaf buds
(]) leeves
anthesls (4) flower buds
m flowers
fr~oltlng (6) seeds
(7) decadent
(8) (unused)
quleslence (9) dorwant
In so .. evergreen species. such as VosslniWP yltla-ldoeo, It was extremely
difficult to tell when the plant Initiated new growth In the spring. Hence.
sc.e stages for sa.e species were arbitrary.
,.2.6 -81-Estl..tlats
Standing c:~p blo.ass (current annual growth) of forbs and gr .. lnolds.
and current annual growth biomass of 4 Individual twigs with associated leaves
of ~ spp •• ~ spp •• and ~ spp. was estimated within each
0.,-.Zplot. Forbs and gr•lnolds were clipped at ground or moss I eve!. The
currant growth (leaves and ste~~sl of each des lgnated shrub specIes occurr-1 ng
within a plot wa~ clipped fr-om 4 representative twigs. This permitted an
analysis of total mass per 4 twigs. but not 1111ss/unlt ar-ea. During the first
' -ks Cl1 May thi"OIIgh 2 July) only plots located outside the exclosur-es were
ell~. During week 6 Ill August through 3 September) plots Inside and
outs Ide the axel osur-es were clipped. Thl s Information mAkes up the CAG data
..
... "'·
The scope of bl-s estl-.tlons In the pllenologr study were cNngecl fer
w_.. 6 ... , Jig. In ecldltlon to the date collected es clncrlbed above, ell of
ttte c:urnet ennuel g,_-flt of lllrulls wes clipped In the plats berth Inside end
outside the exclosur•. Fro. those clipped sa.pl•" twigs of the designated
shrubs were subs .. pled fro• eech plot to co•plete the CAG dete set.
Furtllenlare, ell Yec;r;lnl• yltiJ:IdM§ wes clipped In each plot beceuH of Its
potell'tlel leportence es eoose forage COict.e,er tm, If. L. Regelln, IDF&S,
perMpel sgeeyplseflppl. The lnf~lon on total curren1' ennuel growth of
shrubs ... led daring ..... 6 -"• up the TCAG date set.
All clipped s•pln were oven-dried fer <18 hours et 600C end weighed to
the ~est 0.01 gr... Twigs of shrubs were stripped of leaves, end both
caepo~.ms .. 1gw ..,.rmly.
Stetlstlcel .... lysis of the plent current grOIIth bl-s date tor the
.._,OilY study COMlsted of -lysis of verlence using e nested design tor
both CA6 end TCAG dete sets. Trensect location wes treated es the •eln
effect. Elevation wes n.sted within site, end exclosure es well es week were
IIHted within elevation. This design applied to the CAG date, weeks I through
6 outside the exclosures. For dete collected during week 6 CCAG end TCAG
Inside end outside) the nested deelgn wes sl•ller es deecrlbed above, except
that Inside-outside exclosure coeperlsons were nested within elevation.
S'hrtlstlcel slgnlflcence wes accepted at P .s. 0.05.
5.2.7 -Current Annual Growth Twig Dleeetw -Length 1'-letlonshlps
Four twigs of eech shrub species present were clipped troe the 0.5-DZ
plots of the phenology study. The twigs were clipped et the leefbud scale so
es to only tek!l the current ennuel growth. Shrubs were clipped fro. plots
loc.,..d outside the exclosures during weeks 1 through 5 end froe plots both
....
l•lde 1111d outside tile aclosures during the last...., of SIIIIPIIns;. The basal
dl~ lllld total length of each twig was .. asured to the nearest tenth
•II IIM'ter with calipers.
A -n dl.-ter 1111d length was calculated for each species and tested for
significant dlffwences -g species with 1 tests. SIIIJ)Ie linear-reg,..sslon
equations were calculated for-each species, -lnlng the ,..latlonshlp between
basal dlullt.,. of the twig and Its total length. Statistical significance was
accepted at P .1 0.05). The nu•ber of tw lgs needed to adequately est I .ate
within lOS of the ••an with 95S confidence In that •easur .. ent was also
calculated for each .aasu,._t taken on each species.
5.2.1 -y,... Ring .-lysis
Two tr .. cores were taken as close to the ground as practical froa 2
tr-e.s or snags IMIIII" each exclosu,.. when possible. Soae areas appeared to be
..-e recently disturbed by fire th1111 others. This date was collected to age
the present plant c~unlty at each site. Ages of living trees were
deter• I ned by countIng rIngs after the cores had been sanded SIIIOOth on one
side. The cores of deed snags were In such poor condition that the rings
could not be counted.
5.2.9 -Statistical Analysis
Data were analyzed using en analysis of variance model with nested •lxed
effects. The •odel consisted of transect, elevation, Inside/outside
exclosure, exclosu,.., end plot. Tnlflsact, elevation, and Inside/outside were
fixed effects since each level r-epr-ted so.athlng specific, rather than 11
rand-••pie of a popullltlon. Each transect rep,..sented either p,..sence or
absence of IIOOSe. Each elevation was 11 particular location with respect to
slope. Exclosures and plots were renda. since they represented rand-
locations fro. the population of exclosures end plots.
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The IIOdel wes nerted since the levels (bench, top, •lddle, bott081 of the
nested factor (elevation within transect) were different for each level
(Wet.e, Jl¥• S.ttdlbeck, Tsusenel of the .. In fBC'tor (trensactl. Even thOugh
the bott08 elevations of the Wetene end Jay er .. k transects were both the
1-' elevation on those trenMCts, geographical considerations dlcteted thet
they were different end hence nested within their respective transects las
opposed to being cross-clesslfledl. Cover date for eech week were analyzed
.. lng t!lls 80del since we were prl..-lly Interested In spatial differences at
e given point In tt• retllr tt1an cllenges over tl•.
5.3-AlpiiiNt Hills~ I~ 8lld As--'
To facilitate the vegetation Inventory of the burn ..... the Alpllebet
Hills area was .. pped at the scale of 1124,000 !Fig. 4, beck pocket) by
vegetation type to Level Ill of VIereck et el. ( 19821 during June, 1982. Fr011
this •P sites to be s.-pled were selected based on known locations of 11oose
(W, B. Bellard, ADF&G, persgnol cgpnynlsntlgnl. Sites were then rendoaly
•~signed within each vegetation type. The number of sites sampled In each
vegetation type were based on the anount of eree occupied by that type end the
perceived variability of that type within the study area.
At each site, 2 parallel 'o-. line transects were established, spaced
10 11 apart. Plots were located every 10 m along each trensec:t. In addition,
I site In each vegetation type contained 20 plots, spaced et 5 111 Intervals
along each transect line. A number of N~~sures were taken to pen118ne1Ttly _.k
each site. At the cenTer of each plot location. A 7f. cm (2.5 ttl long, 1.3
c• (0.5 Inch) dle1111ter conduit was driven Into the ground so es to protrude
eppi"'OCI .. tely 30 Clll (I ftl llboYe ground level. A nUIIIbentd eetel tag was wired
to the 'top of each conduit stake for lden1'1fylng purposes. A 120 ce 14 ftl
1
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j
:.;:::.__;; ... ..:-.... ..-................... """'=.-...
conduit 'tripod was placed In an open area near-plot location 11 and to the top
of tile tripod was wired 11 Mtal tag lden'tlfylng the site.
Pho-tographs were ~ken of 1) each 1-aiZ quadrat lylns In position at each
plot lat''ltlon. 21 each 50 11 line transect fi"OII both ends and 31 of the general
site fro. the tripod near plot location 11. At each plot location 11 nwnber of
... sur-ts were taken.
'·3. I -Canopy CDww
At each pei"M!!ent plot location 11 1-m2 ( 1 x 1 ml quadrat was s11111pled for
canopy cover of plant species within the vertical projection of the boundlll"les
of the quadrat. The quadrat was oriented such that the left-rear cor-ner was
touching the conduit stake In the center of the plot location. Percent canopy
cover of I lfe fora tQtals, dwar-f shrubs, forbs, grasses and carlces,
bryophyt.s, and lichens as well as ll'tter, deed wood, bar-e ground, and water-
wer-e occularly estl11ated within each 1-m2 quadrat. Percent canopy cover-was
estlaatad using 5S cover-Incr-ements If plant cover-was between 10 to 90S
(10,15,20, •••• 90SI and IS cover Incr-ements In the 1 to 9S and the 91 to 99S
r-anges. Percent canopy cover-of forbs, gr-amlnolds, and shr-ubs was estimated
by species and life form totals. Percent cover-for sever-al gr-amlnolds and
lichens was estimated by genus and I lfe for-m totals. Per-cent cover-of
br-yophytes was est I mated as a II fa fonn total •
At each penaanent plat location along each tr-ansect line, 114-m2 circular-
quadr-at was also delineated by r-otating 11 rope, 1.13 mIn length, ar-ound the
..tal stake In the plot center. Percent canopy cover-of tr-ees, tree saplings,
tr-ee seedlings, tall shr-ubs, and low shr-ubs was occulerly estimated using the
s-cover Increments as for the 1-m2 quadl"llt. Tr-ees wer-e> 1.13 m In height
and had diameter--at-br-east-height (dbh) measur-ements exceeding 2.5 em.
Saplings wer-e> 1.13 m In height with< 2.5 em dbh's and seedlings were
I
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< 1.13 II In height.
5.3.2 -Sllrull end Trw s~ Density
Density of tall shrubs was estl11ated by countlns the number of stems
rooted within the 4-112 circular quadnrt. A distinction was made between live
end dead plants and the appropriate counts mede. Shrubs were also tallied by
1-basal dlaMter clus.s: D-1 an; 1-2 an; 2-3 an; and 3-4 an.
Tree density was astl11atad using the point--cantered quarter method
!Muellar-Dollbols and Ellenberg 19741. At each location along the transect
lines, the canter of a circular plot with a radius of 33.3 m !3485 m21 was
established. Within each quarter of the circle, the distance to the nearest
Individual of aech species present within the quadrant was measured. The
total height and dbh of these trees was also estimated. Both I Iva and dead
trees ware ax•lned. Tree sw~llngs and sapllns;s were also tallied.
,.3.3 -Browse Utilization
The point-cantered quarter IIMithod wiiS also used to estimate utilization
of ~ spp., ~ spp., and aatK1A spp •• Plots had a radius of 5 m
(79m2). The closest shrub of each species In each quadrant was measured for
distance fro~~ the plot canter and basal dfanatar by size class. Shrubs had to
be at least 40 an In height !averasa snow depth) to be s11111plad. The number of
live and dead browsed and unbrowsed twigs above 40 em were counted on the
shrubs.
A twig was defined as a branch that had a basal diameter equal to the
astl•ated diameter at point-of-browsing (Df'Bl for that shrub species. The
average DPB for each shrub species was estimated for the Alphabet Hills by
randollly IINSurlng twigs that had been previously browsed at a number of sites
and locations over the study area. Uti I lzatlon of browsabla twigs was
«Kpressad as a percent by dividing the number of browsed twigs by the total
,
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n ..... of browMd and unbrowsed twigs tor eech ate..
5.3.4 -.._ "-1 l.lllty
BIOINiu .. tlutes bued on dle•eter et point-of-browsing were 11111de by
clipping. et ran'*-• eppi"'OCI...,.Iy 25 twigs tra a nullber of Individuals of
_., spec:ln -lned. These twigs wwe trl..cl to the average dl_,.,. 1•1
st polnf'-ot-brwslng UlPBI ldetenllned by -..ring st l•st 100 browsed twlp
of •ch species I • ov...-clrled et 600C tor 48 hrs •• and .. lghed to the newest
tenth 9"•· St-end ~--• .,.. .. lglled sepwetely.
Average .. lght per twig end Its euoc:leted IMv" by shrub speclu was
•ltlplled by the-n nUIIIb.,. of unbrowsed twigs/st.. In eech vegetation type.
This total was then •ultlplled by the average nu•ber of stems/he tor each
species to produce estl .. tes of total kg/ha of unbrowMd forage biOINiss.
Estl..tes of total kg/he of forage alreedy utilized wa calculated In the •-
•nnw using average nuaber' of browsed twlga/stea. Available and utilized
l•t bla.ss ..,.. "tlaeted tor su.w use oaly.
5.3.5 -Statistical Aaalpls
Analysis conslstael of delerlptlve ststlstlcs cR. SE. Nl end CGIIPWI-s
a.ong vegetation types of all the variables aeasured aa was done tor the
Susltne Basin browse Inventory study. In adclltlon. tllf'..,.:olllber ot plots thet
neeelad to be -.pled to estl .. te within 201 of the ... n of MCh plant species.
with 67S confidence In those estl .. tes. was deter•lned tor cov.,. and twig
count date. Spee,..en 1 s rank-order correlation Crsl ••• used to coapare
reletl-hlps In cover -.eng vegetation cetegorln lshrub. gr .. lnold. torbso
I lellensl across vegetation types. Only plant species or I lfe fOI"'I totals wl'tll
a mean >t were pruented.
j
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6 -IESla. TS Mil D ISQJSS ICJI
Average dl-tar at polnt-of-bro.slng CDPBl -•sur-nts for shrub
species In the •lddla Susltna River Buln ere sllown In Tabla 2. ,&. ~
a. pepyr! tra lllld ~ aJ,M1;a DPB -su,._-ts all .,.-aged 3.5 •· Individual
DPB -•ura-nts often exceeded til-average values. Tills was partlc:ulrly
evident for soes ,i. spp. wllan tlley occurred In low densities scattered .eng
lass preferred browse species. e.g. a. glandy!pao. Individual DPB
-•sura-nts were s•llar than the average -•sur-t wllen ... liar twigs
!ldJecent to a ~lnem teralnal twig w-tllkan In the sa-blta. Fr~ our
observations It appeared tllat no attellpt was esde to browse secondary twigs
beyond tile Initial bite.
Tile average "lgllt par twig lllld for tile attached lesves was highest for
,&. J..1.J111£a (Tabla 21. Mean weight of attllclled lesves was sl•ller a.ong ,i.
IUIJJ;.Iaa.. 1· aJ.&ui:.A end ,&. .a..I.Ar.ui1A. Leaves ettiiCIIed to twIgs would on I y be
available as for~~ga altller during tlla s_. growing period or after lest drop
In tile tall wllan leaves accuaulatad on tlla ground. s~ leaves probably
r-lnad on sc.a twigs wall Into winter.
Eleven new vascular plant species CTable I) ware added to the species
lllrt ~Iliad by McKendrick at el. (19821 (Appendix Al. Two ware downstran
species that have bean Identified since tile lest report. Elgllt new species
ware located uplltr-during tile phenology study willie 1 ,_ species was found
during tile browse lnv•tory study. At twelfth species. Ji1J1u byd$Qf!lan!!l!
(northern black current) • had b•n found downstr-previously. It has -
bean Identified upstra. also. A total of 288 species have been found during
vegetation lltudlas on tile Susltna River proJect. Tills Includes a total of 57
f•lllas end 143 genera. Two hundred sixty-five species In 56 faalllas and
136 genera have b•n Identified upstr-. Several of tllase species ware not
fOWtd previously because field work hed not started es eer-ly es Nay In the
pest.
Renge extensions for 2 _,.e species wer-e eede. ft.lJII&1A gJI!·gns!s
l&r-eenlend pr-l81"08e) end~ hydiQnlanue wer-e found upstr-e ... ~
bydapplanye wes pr"evlously l"e~r-ted es 11 downstr-eee extension, but Its
location upstl"-wu elso e r-ange extension Addltonelly, C genwe of -sH
were Identified, end 2 species of llc~ens wer-e Identified for-11 pr-eviously
l"eeiiI"ted genus.
A list of the scientific end c_, -s of species appearing In this
r-eport er-e teblalated by life for-. In Appendix B. For slllllllflcatlon, .lii.LJlL
plmltp!la subsp. J11W;ba Is r-efer-red toes kllil. J11W;ba In this r-eport.
6. I -ar-I ._.tory
The C7 br-owse Inventor-y sltH wer-e grouped at Level IV of Vleredt et el.
119821 for pr-esentation of !"Hults. A euch _,.. Intensive s .. pllng effor-t
would be r-equir-ed to pr-oduce adequate B8en end ver-lence estleetes for
vegetation types at Level \1. Only plant species or-life for-e totals with 11
-n ~ 1 Wel"e pl"eMnted.
Ten vegetation types defined et Level IV of VIer-eck et el. 119821 wer-e
seepled In the elddle Susltne River-Besln dur-Ing sumeer-, 1982. These 10
vegetetlon types wer-e clesslfled under 2 br-oed Level I !VIereck et el. 19821
vegetetlon classifications; for-est end scr-ub. Within the for-est
clesslflcetlon er-e those types with tr-ees 3 • or--..e .n height et .etur-lty
end totaling et least lOS cr-own canopy cover-. The scr-ub ctesslflcetlon
Includes vegetation types with < lOS tr-ee covr end with low end dwar-f shr-ub
categcrles CCJIIIII"Islng ~ 251 of the ebsol ute covel".
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6.1.1-F~
The foren clesslflcetlon was subdivided eccordlng "to: 1) tt1e «-!118M
tr .. types ll.e. needleleef. ~roadleef end mlxedl. 21 by dominant tree
species. end 31 by tr .. crown cover percewtege. Needlel•f end broedlaef
types had at INst 7" ot tile tree cover provided by -dlelaef or broadleef
trees. respectively. The open types contained 25-501 tr .. cover. The
division betwMn open end closed forest was retained at 50S. rather then the
60S that Ylereck at el. (19821 used. 'tO •lnteln continuity wltll the studies
conduc-t.d by McKendrick eta!. (19821. No closed forest types were ••pled.
The ~lend types had 1o-2" frM c..-n canopy cover.
1.1.1.1.-lleeclleleet F~
Needlel•f forests were doelneted by e. IU.AWa (white spruce) or e .
..U..U (black spruce).
1.1.1.1.1. -a,. Mil-t. s,r-vagn.tlon Type
Six sl"-5 were seepled In the Open lflllte Spruce vegetation type. The
Open lfhlte Spruce type contained f.lJaA ~as the dclllnant overstory tree.
although e. lliiLL&II.Il was of-t.n present. The tell shrub layer was coeposecl
entirely of 6J..a..u..a. a..lJulAtA ISitke elder) while the low shrub layer had s•ll
cover percentages of Bat.ua gtmdy!A5a lresln blrchl. ~~(di-d
leaf wlllowl end 1. Q.1Au1:A (glaucous wlllowl !Tables 3 end 41. Canopy cover
percentages for both tell end low shrubs were very similar between the 0.5-112
quadrat (Table 31 and the larger 4-112 quadrat !Table 41. The low shrubs &wl.
ast syl ar !s (prickly rosel and ytbyrnym &4YlA (high bush cranberry) were not
••pled In the 4-.2 quadrats !Table 41. Tile dwarf shrub layer •.rtaled 34S
cover. doelneted by Y.sstn!ya ytlg!Msy•(bog bluaberryl and ,l. v(t!s-ld•a
(mountain cranberry) !Table 31. As noted by McKendrick at el. 11982:391 end
Ylereck (1970:121. the forb Li..DIIuA bg=gtls ltwlnflowerl was observed In this
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~ , ,
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.,
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rtlllly 011ly Ia vegetetl011 types dc.IMrted lty £. a.LAIII:A ov•stary. Anr-ue
percen~ cover for lndlwlduel forbs was low. bu~ they were reletlvely
~lstent fro. pl~to-plo~ es evidenced lty low s~enderd errors end low
es~IIN'ted s_,le sizes <Table 3J. The Open White Spr-vegete'tlon ~pe had
low c:enopy cover of ~ ar-lnolds end lichens.
The evwege dellslty of st-./he for 1. aJ,a1;a end 1. .uaata was ~ter
In ~he Open Whl~e Spr-vegetetlon type ~hen In the other needlel•f forest
~ ...,,eel In the •lddle Suslme Rlnr Belin !Table 5J. Appraocl .. tely 93S
of a. glmdylcw• stees w•• .1 I Clll In buel dl...tw. The greatest densl~ of
SaU& .uuta CRicherdlon wll lc.J end 1. ~ In ~he needlel•f f~ types
wes found In ~he Open White Spruce v.getatlon ~pe.
The -rage basel dl_..... helgM. end percent ~lllze~lon of ~el l end
low shrub species In ~he Open White Spruce vegetation type Is shown In Table
6. The average basel dl ... ~er of ell shrubs was less ~hen 2 c•• which
carresponcled cl-ly wltll resulb frCIII dens!~ estlutes based on size clessa
CTeltle 5). Percen~ u~lllze~lon of ~lgs In ~he Open Whl~e Spruce ~ype
ewweged 5S for ell sltrult species. !J..auA ~was U'tlllzed In eboll't the
.... ,..cen~eges es the .kJ..a spp. end J. glmdylgr.• shrubs In tills vegetdlon
type. <Table 6J.
Total available bl-ss of ~lgs end leaves for shrull species In ~he Open
lflllte Spr-vegrhtlon ~pe Is shown In Table 7. Total available woody ~lg
blouss ~oteled 216 kg/he. Thirty-seven pwcen~ of evelleble woody 'twig
blouss was j. ~. whiCh pre.-ebly Is not e pref•recl browse species of
_. In ~he s1'udy rea. utilization estl_...... howenr. show sllgMiy higher
u~ll lzetlon tor j • .5..l.mul:tA ,,., then for 1· AU.l.l:lla C4SJ (Table 6)• which was
probably the -~ pref•recl browse species -sunld In the Open White Spr-
type. The 3 .5A.1.U spp. COIIIPOHd :59S of tile total evelleble 'hrlg t>l011111ss end
.._....._
44S of 'tile total available leef bla.ss CTable 71. ~ alAic;A had higher
estl..tes of both available and utilized bla.ss than 1. ~.
Average cur-rent annual gi"'OIth CCAGl of forbs for the 6 sites In the Open
, White Spruce vegetation type was 136 kg/he CTIIIIIe 81. Leaf CAG was fro• 2 to
5 tl-higher In weight then the twig CAG to which they were attached. ~ , ~. 1. ac;!sulrl& and 1. aJ.A11GA produced fr011 10 to 22 kg/he of leaf CAG
bl-ss. 41A&iA .I.1.Diul:tA also produced the greatest twig CAG bl011ass C13 kg/hal,
while 7, 5, and 3 kg/he of twig CAG blo.ass were produced by 1. ~. Jl.
gtmdulq"• and 1· ~. respectively (Table 81. Approxllllltely 35 kg/he of
twig CAG end 76 kg/he of leaf CAG were produced by tell and low shrubs In the
Open White Spruce vege1'etlon type.
6,1,1.1.2-0,.. Black s,r-fegefwtiCIII Type
Ten sites were s.-pled In the Open Black Spruce vegetation type. The
Open Black Spruce type contained e. ~ as the dominant tree In the
ovrstory I eyer. although e. aJ.A11GA was also often present. The understory of
the Open Black Spruce vegetation type CTables 9 and 101 was sl•llar to the
understory of the Open White Spruce vegetation type CTables 3 and 41 for both
species COIIJIOsltlon and percent canopy cover. ~ .iJ..1WAiA was the only tall
shrub sa•pled In the Open Black Spruce vegetation type CTables 9 and 101 •
.a.:tt&L.4 gl¥dul0$o and 1. At1.1.cJ1cA had the highest canopy cover In the low shrub
layer wh I le ,l. u I I g I ne&u• and t; • .11..1.Q.a,m C crowberry I had the hIghest average
canopy cover In tile dwarf shrub layer. VIereCk C1970:101 showed Increasingly
greater cover percentages of ,l. vltls-idoao as the ovarstory changed fron
~ ~to e. ~-dominated stands along the Chana River In
Interior Alaska. Although the difference In this study was between the Open
Black Spruce and Open White Spruce vegetation types, our data show the
opposite trend In changing cover of ,l. vltl&-idoao CTab:es 9 and 31 •
,
~ , ,
Tcrtel -• -• cover was hlgller In 'tile Open Bleck Spruce type then In
'tile Open llhlt. Spr-ngeqtlan type (Telllas 9 811CI ;J). SgbepN!• glrgeoppl!
8ftd fi¥1ASsw"• 'PIMdMI ... e _l .. nt --In a ell-e. lllld.aiiA/SpbepN!•
app. nand an 'tile a-AI,.. In lntwlor Alaske fWieredl 1970:10. The Open
Black Spruce ngeqtlon type In the Susltna River Besln had low canopy cover
of bclth gr•lnolds and I lellens (Table 9).
The average d•s lty of u .. s/ha for a. glopdy !gao and 1. A1W;btA wes
greater' In the Open Black Spr'uce vegetatlan type than for any other type In
the -dlel•f form (Table 10. 0... 97S of a. p!W!dy!A'o st.. and 62S of
1. pylchre st .. s ,.,.. £ 1 c. In basal dl ... ter'. Batul4 glondylgaoste•
cr..sltles In this size class .,...cr appi"OICiutely " st-/.:Z In the 10 slt.s
...,les In the Open Black Spruce vegetatlan type. The avwege cr..slty of 4.
a.J..IIu1A In the Open Black $pr'uce vegetation type was CCIII(NI[allle In both size
class diS1'r'lbutlon and d-lty estlutes to the Open llhlte Spruce ngeqtlon
type (Tables 11 and ,,.
The average basal dlueter of a. qlondylpu shrubs was -II• In the
Open Bleck Spr'uce vegetation type (Table 12) than In the Open llhlt. Spr'uce
vegetation type (Table 6). This was par'tlal!y .xplalned by the high density
of o-1 a. size class st .. s In the Opar. Bleck Sp,.uce vegetation type (Table
10. Both 1. Q.1..a!1u and 1. A.IIJ..I;.bU twigs nee utilized In the Open Black
Spr'uce type utlllzeo~ to a gr-eater extent by br'OIIslng aniMis than In the Open
llhlte Spr'UC8 vegetatlan type. Only 2S of a. glmdy!pu and'· &l.JiutA twigs
wre utll I zed.
Forty percent of the total available twig biOMss In the Open Bllldt
Spr'uce vagetetlan type wes a. glmdylpu wt.lla 301 was 1. A1W;btA (Table 13).
Available woody biOMss of 1. A.IIJ..I;.bU was over l tl-greater In the Open
Bleck Spr'uce than In the Open llhlt. $pr'uce vegetation type. In contr'ast to
., the Open White Spnce type. 1. AIL1.GbCA h.S subst...tlally hlgller bla.ss usa
astl•atas In the Open Black Spruce vegetation type (Tabla 131. This
difference was due larvely 'h» greeter st• densities of .5&1.1& AIL1.GbCA In the
.,. Open Black Spruce type !Tables 11 and 51. 1111.uJ..1. gl•dylcwa and ,S.. ~
produced the .ast blo.ass. together ~prlslng 67S of the total available
bla.n.
Total forb CAG was approxl.tely IllS lower In the Open Black Spruce type
than the Open White Sprace type !Tabla ICI. ~tc~wewr. total gn.lnold CAG was
2.5 tl•n greater In the Open Black Spruce type I Tab las 14 and 81. .5&1.1&
a.u.JJo.ll.t& and a. gt•dy!gaa had the highest INf CAG produc:'tlon (Tabla 141.
Total INf CAG tor tall and low shrubs was 69 kg/he and twig CAG totaled 34
llg/ha. AI though the bu I k of leaf and twIg CAG prod ucad I n the Open Black
Spruce ~Jon type was •lnly by 1. ~a. gtmdy!gu and A. Umiat&.
the tohl INf and twig CAG astl•ates were closely cc.parllble to tote; CAG
estl.ates tor the Open White Spruce vegetation type.
6.1.1.1.3 -lbMII and Str-Yegefttlon Type
Thr.a sites were NIIPied In the Woodland Spruce vegetation type. which
contained both f, Utl.AL r t f.~ln the overstory ITablas 15 and 161.
The average pa-r t cover of a. g!aodylgsa ranged fro. 1 'h» 191 over the 3
sites. The dwrf shrub layer was the Njor contributor to shrub canopy cover
In the Woodland Spruce vegetation type !Tabla 151. yog:lnl ... y!lg!DQiiy•, l·
yltJa-ldMa and£. a..1ar.u11 were the doelnant dwert shrubs. Total -• cover
was sl•llar to 11055 canopy cover In the Open Black Spruce vegetation tyll"
ITebln 15 and 91. Canopy cover of lichens. pertlculrly C!!!!lgn!a spp •• we..
higher In the Woodland Spruce vegetation type than in the other naedlaleat
forest types that were s.pled.
Average density of ,S.. ~ and 1. ~ sta•s was lower In the
, --......
Woodland Spruce vegetetlan type t11en In other needlel•f forest types CTable
171 . Approxl•ately 671 end 961 of ,S.. pylsbra end 1. ~ st .. s.
respectively. were £ I c• In basel dln•eter. Approxl..tely 931 of the J.
glmflulcwa n-were In tills -I lest basel st• sin class (Table 171.
Percent ut II I zat I on of 1. ~. ,S.. IU..AYI:Il end A· .l.l..D!.ud:l. twigs wns
substantially greeter In the Woodland Spruce vegetetlan type !Table 181 th811
either ttte Open White Spruce !Table 61 or Open Blnc:k Spruce !Table 121 types.
It should be noted however. that the nu•bar of plants actually sa.pled for
those shrub species In the Woodland Spruce vegetation type was low.
Generally. palatable shrub specl• were observed to be h•vlly browsed when
densltl• Mre low or when they had n scattered distribution. Individual
ahrubs often received heavier brollslng pressure when growing at low d811slty
then when stee denalty was relatively greeter.
Bat.u.l..l. g!andy! Ma produced approxl .. tely 781 of the total available
blo•ess In the Woodland Spruce vegetation type !Table 191. 1A1l&
pylshroproduced only 27 kg/lin of woody twig bl~ss which would be available
as winter browse. Low ste• densities !Table 171 end 301 utlllz-"lon of 1.
AUlShtA twigs !Table 181 contributed to only 14 kg/he estl•nted for twig
bl~ss already utilized.
Total forb CAG blouss estl•ates were lower In the Woodland Spruce
vegetation type then for any other forest type snepled. Mnn forb CAG bl~ss
was 54 kg/lin and tvhtl gr•lnold CAG was 65 kg/he (Table 201. Total tell end
low shrub l•f CAG was 20 kg/he end twig CAG was only 10 kg/ha.
6.1.1.2-Broedl•f Forest
Broadlenf forest types were restricted to the steep canyon wells along
the Susltnn River and tributary drainages • .11!i11uJJ1. Mpyr!fen (paper blrchl
coeprlsed the overstory of the brondlaef forest type saepled for the browse
Inventory study.
,
, 1.1.1.2.1-a,. Blrdl forwt .....-~ .. T,.
Al..lu&a ~ was the principal sllrull spec:l• In the understary of the
single site In the Open Birch forest nge'tatlon type ITabln 21 end 221.
Below a a. peprcJt•• _.stary, ....,.,Y 50S of the llftderstary v~lon ••
cc.poHd of forbs !Table 21J. Qcypptrl• spp. lslllald frnl was the da.lnent
forb, Hklng up approcl..t.ly 72S of the total forb c_.. "-s canopy covr
was about or.-tt~lrd less 'then In nndlaiNf forest typn. Nearly 50S of the
ground layw was covred by II'HW. prl-lly laeves of a. eaP¥rltKa.
Species of ~ were absan't In the Open Birch forest vegetation type
ITablu 21,22 and 231. Yery low densltln of a. gl•dy!Me. all wl'th -11
basal dl-'•r•• were found In the 'type. Al..lu&a a..Laua1&. growing In the
understory of a. upyrlf•r• In this vege'tetlon type, had the highest stM
d•1l'tla1 10.5/.ZI of all ~lon typn NIIPied !Table 231. 41J1t1a. Wut&
growing In the Open Birch Forest vegetation type a110 had the largest avft"age
bnal 11'M dl..-ter and height -red In any of 'the vegetation typal NI!Pied
!Table 24). Percen't u'tlllzatlon of both a. glendy!OJa and A • .l..l.mul:tll'twlgl
•• wry low In 'thll type.
About 99t of anllable browse for 11005a In the Open Birch Forest was A.
a!ny•t• !Table 25). However, u'tlllzatlon of A· s!nyeta wa1 al.ast
non-existent for the 48 steas s.plad In this type !Table 24), thus bl..ass
estl..t.s for utilized A· .ilJIII.ItA laeves and 'twlg1 ·-al10 wry low.
The Open Birch Fore1t type had by far the largat canopy covr of forbs
of all ~lon type1 NI!Piad !Table 211, averaging 578 kg/ha CAG biOHIS
!Table 261. The forb CAG was caaposad prlaarlly of QryAAt•r•a spp., however
L1.aDau bcw:eel ra, LySAPQd 1 u• spp. • Cc:aau c••d•s 1:; end .BIIIlas. Ghttnexua
were consllten'tly found In plots saapled In this type !Tabla 211. ~
a.1.Du.AtA was the only tall shrub that occurred In plots NIIPiad In the Open
Birch Forest vegetation type, avraglng only 2 kg/he woody CAG bloaass !Tabla
26).
, ,
1.1.1.5 -Ml-.d Farest
The •lxad forest types lied -norv COYer tllet wes lnterwedlete betw•n
thet of ~dlaleaf forests and broedleaf forests. The •lxad forest type II
typlc:el of lnt.:rlar Alaska and Is dolll....-t.d by .e.. aJ,aa and a. pqrlfKO In
the o.,.,.story. McKendrick et al. C 1982:431 suggested tllll't •lxed forests •••
pr'CINbly sUCICesslonel stands whldl developed u nHdlalaaf forest replaced
broed ·-f farMts.
1.1.1.5.1 -0,.. s,r-Birdl Farest Vegehtlon Type
Tile .e.. ~ -a. pepyrlfKI cto.lnatad ovwstory of tile single slot.
••pled In the Open Spruce-Birch Forest vegetation type was located on a
south-facing slope of tile Susltna River ca'IYCIII· Tile low shrub .BJ..Ilas. tt!m
(red current) end dwarf shrubs~. yltls-ldaae. ~.yllglnpay•. and L·
grp~nlandlsy• ware co .. on understory shrub species (Tabla 271. Tllase low
shrub species were not ••Pled In the 4-lil quadnlts (Tabla 281. Epllpbly•
eggustlfpllu•• Mllrtenslo ponlsyllrta, and CgrnugModMals wre the cto.lnant
forbl (Tabla 271 • .LlJIIIMil bq=vl!s was found In the Open Spruce-Birch Forest
vegetation type In approxiAtaly the s-e covw percentages as In tile Open
White Sprlca vegetation typal both have f.. ~ trees In the ovwstory.
51•11• to tile Open Birch Forest vegetetlon type. llttw covw was high C59SI.
lbMYar. -• cover was low C6SI In raletlon to the Open Birch Forest CTablas
27 and 20. Low density an4la cl~d distribution pattern In this vegatetlon
type resulted In no shrubs baing rooted In the 4-.Z quadrats. Tllus. st•
densities could ncrt be calculated far shrub species.
Where a. glandy!gso and A· ~ shrubs ware present In the Open
Spruce-Birch Forest vegetation type. they ware uti I lzad relatively more
heavily than In other vegetation types CTable 29).
"
Total fcrb CloG bl-ss In the Open Spruce Birch For•t ¥9t.tlon typwes
epprclllll..,.ly helf as abunclent In the Open Spruce Forest, -eglng 28• kg/lie
(Teble 301. Pppylua bolaow!ftro (bets .. poplar) lied 6 kg/lie end a.
as;lc;y!wls lied 5 kg/he of twig CloG bl_... Sixty-Ill• percent (Q kg/hel of
the totel IMf CA6 blOMsa (61 kg/he) ves a. KIC:ylorls. Woody twig CloG
toteled 13 kg/he In tills type !Table 301.
6. I .2 -5cnlll
6.1 .2.1 -a.a. Sllrull Scrub
Low shrub scrub vegetet I on vas CCIIIpOsed of sltrubs between 20 ca lllld 1.5 •
In height end vlth .l 25S c11110py cover of shrulls In this height renge. Totel
CIIIICipy cover of te II sltrubs sucll es A. .uJIIUitA vas < m.
6.1.2.1.1 -DRrf Btrdl ,....,_,on T,.
The low shrub a. glgdylmo ~lneted the 18 sites s.-pled In the Dwerf
Birch vegetation type (Tebl• 31 end 321. ~ ~. e preferred Ita. In
-se diets !Milke 1969, PHk 19701, vas scettred In distribution In this
veget.tlon type. Other p~lnent shrub species Included the dverf shrubs 1.
yl!glrgue, £ • .aJ.aoa IIIICI L. gr<wol•dlc;ldl (Table 311. Total lichen covr vas
211, which ves the second lergest -n total lichen cover for ell vegetation
types ••pled. C!odonlo spp. end Sterepc:oy!opn AA1C11AJ.A wert the prevel...-1'
lichen specl• In the Dwerf Birch vegetation type (Table 311.
The gree1'est density of a. glgdylQ$0 steas of ell vegete1'1on types
snpled ves In the Dwerf Birch veget.tlon type CTebte 331. Approxlaetety 88S
of the s1'Hs lied beset die-ters .1 1 ao In size. Many -11 SRC!IIngs end
root sprouts of a. glondyiOio occurred In the Dwarf Birch type. The everege
density of 76,•35 s1'Hs/he for ell size classes coablned yielded about 8
steas/a2, 110st of which were ebout 60 Clll In height • .s,. ~occurred es
SCattered ShrubS SUbcloalnent to a. g!ondyiAIAo
,
...
J
J
llll.ta.I.A g!eCy!gae occur'ACI In 84S of 1,102 qAdr"'lll'h In the Dw•t Blrctt
vegetation type but received only very light utilization (Tabla 341.
ApprCIIII..,.Iy 25S of the quadrents tor the 18 situ In thrs vegetation type
COIItelned J. ~· IIIIer• present, 1 • ..I..IIIAU was utilized to • greet.r
extent than other ~ spp. shrubs In the Dw•t Birch type. lbmrer, .,.,..,
low d•sltl• ot J. JADat& CTIIIII• :s.t Mel 331 prec:llldacl en accurah ••--'
of the l...,rtance of that spec!• •• tor~~ge.
By fer the dolll-t shrub species with browsable forage tor 1100se In
Dwarf Birch vegetation types wes J. glendy!gse, totaling '40 kg/he In
aftllele twig bla.ss el-CTele 3,. HDM-, only .. -• of 2S ot J.
glendylgae twigs were utilized over the 18 sites s•plft In this type CTI!ble
341. Tills low utilization of J. g!endy!cwe as tor9 Is probably due to tile
relatively large ••ount of eree doelneted by this species (33,,49 hel
(McKendrick et al. 19821 and relatively low paleteblllty of the species.
However, I· gl•dy!g" •lght function es back-up tor9 tor ..,.e when snow
covers tl'• lower-growing ~ spp. or when eore pelatllble for9 specl•
"-ll•lted.
llll.ta.I.A gl•dy!gu and J. ~were the •Jor shrubs In ten1s of l•t
an~ twig CA6 In the Dlrerf Birch ¥9tatlon type CTI!ble 361. Total l•t Cft6
tor the 2 1011 shrub speclft was 66 kg/he while total twig CAG bloeass wes 37
kg/he. Forb CAG ( 12 ko/11111 •a IC1118r In the Dw•t Birch type then eny other
v.getetl on type ....,, ed.
1.1-2.1.2-DRrt Bl~lllow Y..,_..loe Type
The 2 sites 1811Pied In the O.ert Birch-Willow type were In wetter sre81
then the Dwert Birch type. ~ ~ was the dollll'll!nt willow speclu
(Tebl" 37 and 381. 1..011-growlng J. glllldg!C!Ie ... also pres.t In tile Dw•t
Birch-Willow vegetation type, ranging troe 1 to'' cover. Yess!n!ya
..
.,
...
.. -
y!lg!Msyw was the •ost !•portent' dwarf shrub, evereglng "' canopy cover
(Table 371. Forbs and grewlnolds had higher cover percenf'eges In this tvpe
then '!'he Dwarf Birch vegetation type due wa!nly to the .olsture condlf'lons
found In a .ssoclatlon wl ·th the Dwarf Birch-Willow vegetation type. Two percent
of the area s .. pled was covered by free-standing water. Total moss cover was
approxllllttely equal to '!'he total .oss cover In ~he Ow•f Birch vegef'atlon type
<Tables 37 and 311.
a.1IIJ..a glondylgaa and l. ~had simi I.-st .. densities In the Dwarf
Birch-Willow vegetation type <Table 391, each with about 2 ste~s/1-~. All a.
glondy!Ma st-s were~ 1 cw In basal dl-f'er. Approxllllttely 72'(. of the l.
Jlll.l..l;.bcA stMS were .1 I 011 I n bose I d I-ter.
Percent utilization of bo'!'h J1. g!mdy!gsa enel l· J111.1..1;.bcA was very low In
the Dwarf Birch-Willow vegetation type <Table 401. Sf'ell densities of bo'!'h i.
~end A·~ were low <Table 391, but· utilization was higher then tor
a. g!ondylgu end i· ~ <Table 401. The substantial oufllber of shrubs
s•pled troll 120 point-centered quadrants was further evidence of the low
density of i. ~end A· .$.l..aii..I1A <Table 40).
Browsing of shrubs with low densities might Inadvertently suggest that i.
QJ.A.wa and A· $.l..D.u.AlA were· preferred forage l ·tems In the diet of moose.
However, heavily browsed shrub species with low densities may not necessarily
be preferred forage species. Anl11als way browse plen,.ts that, In low
densltle•, sustain higher utilization per plant then do plants that occur In
higher densities. utilization data alone cannot' determine forage preference.
lntor•et·!on on animal cl!ets Is also necessary, as well as Information on the
ecology of the animal 5tudle<' (JOhnson •~sol.
!~e nu11ber of unbrowsed twigs for a. glangylg:;o was neerlf double that
fori.~ although cvalleble leaf, twig end total biomass of the 2
-----.. -.-~
,
...
ap.c!e ~ wea epproxl•etely r.juel In 1'he Dwrf BIF'ch-WII low vege1111' I on 'type
CTeble 41). Awellable 'hrlg biOMsa for .\. ~ ... higher In 1'he Dw•f
BIF'ch-WI I low 'type 1'hen fer ell C71'her v~.rlon 'types .-pled. The poiSible
aceptlon .ey "-liMn for 'Hie Low WI I low vege1'81'1on 1'ype, fOr' which dei'e on
perc:ell1' w1'11 lze1'ron end nu•ber' of 'hrlga wes unevelleble. To1'el evelleble
bla.e• 111 1'he Dwrf BIF"ch-WI 1 low ¥efe1'e1'1oll 1'ype wea 5t4 kg/lie, of which
epproxl..tely helf w• 'hrlg and helf w• l•f bla.eu !Table 40.
a.:tllJ..a glydylcwa end 1. ~ _.e 1'he 2 •JOF' ahr'ub apecl" In 1'.,..s
of 'hrlg end IMf CA8 111 1'118 Dwrf BIF'ch-WIIIow ¥ege1111'1on 1'ype !Table 42).
kU.& ~lied 1.7 1'1-ea .ch IMf CA6 U a. g!Niflylcwa IMrt only 1.2
1'1-•• nc:h 'hrlg CAG bl-••· In con1'F'es1' 1'o 1'he Dw•f BIF'ch vege1'e1'lon
1'ype, 1'he wet1'w soli .of m,.. condl1'1ona preclolllnei'lng 1'he Dwer'f BIF"ch-WII low
1'ype e¥repd 76 kg/lie of fOF'b CA6 bl-•• !Table 42). The fOF'b CA6 bl-••
•as COIIpO .. d ~f P•Y•••te• frlgldya. ~ SMedM•'•• and Bllluaa. c;h U1
CTellle :sn. &r.lnold CA6 •• CQIIIOMd pr'l-lly of Co!...,r!!ltll sanodMJals
end (iaca app. ITo:ble 37). Total l•f end 'hrlg CAG bloaaa fOr' 'hill end low
SIIF'uba ••• 58 kg/1· rnd 28 kg/lie, F'eapec1'1¥ely, In 1'he Dw•f BIF'ch-WIIIow
¥~1on 1'ype.
6.1.2.1..3 • 0,.. E!"l~ Sllrwb T_.,.. Y~lon Type
The Operl EF'I-• Shrub Tundr'e hed low-gr'owlng dwer'f ahr'uba end 1'he
lrgea1' cenopy ~ of I lchena of ell vege1'81'1on i'fP" •-.»led !Tables 43 end
44). The preclolllnen1' ahr'uba In 1'111a1'ype _.. 1'he .,.lciiC80us dw8F'f ahr'uba 1.
yl lglnoeye, &. ~. ~. grpenllftdlsy• end l· ylfla-ldppaiTeble 43).
C!adpp!a app. end Sterwx:ay!pn pushe!e ..,.e1'he .os1' l.por1'en1' co.ponen1'a of
1'he llchell canopy ~.
a.:tllJ..a glapdylg" wes 1'he only low shr'ub which OCCUF'ted In piC71'a a-.pled
In 1'he Open EF'lceceoua Shr'ub Tundr'e ITeble 45). S1'e• denal1'1ea of a.
glondy!oao were slallr 'to those found In the Woodland Spruce ITeble 17) end
Dwrf Blrcti-WII low (Table 39) vegetation typa. Percent utll lzatlon of shrubs
In the Open Erl-s Shrub Tundr'e ~lon type was t~ery low !Table "1.
1!1t..!!J..a a••dy!gu nenged a• kg/he leaf b loaess end 111 kg/he twig
bloaess (Table •11. Shrubs In this vegetation type were low-growing. and
-ld offr little for-ega when snow cover aceecled 0., • In depth.
The Open Erlcacaous Shrub Tundra vegete'tlon type had 87 kg/he and 99
kg/he CAG bloaess of for-bs end gr•lnolds. r-espectively !Table .a1 • .kLl&
a.a&JJolal:a had the highest CAG bl-ss estlaates. contr-Ibuting 25 kg/he end 12
kg/he to l•f end twig CAS bl--. 111 this vegetation type !Table .a1. Tate I
l.t l!flcl twig CAS bloaeu ••• 'S7 kg/he end 19 kg/he. respectively. for tell
end I ow shrubs.
1.1.2.1.4-Erl-..... ....._Bag hget8tloa Type
The Erlcec_. Shrub-Sphag-Bog vegetation type Is co.10n on ridges.
lowlands. depressions end poorly drained flats IMcK~ndrlck et el. 1982).
Sc~red £. MtlAU ..,.. In the -stor-y I eyer-I Tab I• •9 end 5CU. DltJ&I.A
glandylpao was the only low shrub species with > IS cover In the 1 sl~e
seapled In this vegete~lon type. The erlceceous shrubs£. ~. ~.
y I I g I Maua end .L.. grcwn 1 and I sya were ~ p Ients 1 n th 1 s type ITab le •9) •
The forb .Ba.luLa shopeeorUJ end gr•lnold ~ spp. were also presen~.
Sphagnu• spp. 11011 Mde up • large propor-tion of the total 111055 cov• In the
Eric-• Shrub-Spheg-Bog vegetation type ITeble •91. Seven percent of the
.,... SIIIIPied was covered by standing wetr.
Stea densities of a. glondylgao In the Erlceceous Shrub-Sphegnua Bog
vege'tetlon type !Table 51) eppi"'OIIallted those found In the Open Bleck Spruce
vegatatl on type IT able 111.
utfiJzatJon Of low-growing a. g!ondp!A'I ShrubS W81 very lOW ( ret11e 52) 0
-----= ____ .............. ..---.-. -
Sl•llar to the Open Erlcac:eous Shrub Tundra ·type, .11.. g!Mdy!Q$A was the
on 1 y 1 ow s!lr ub 1 n the Erl ;:ac:eous Shrub-Spt.agnu• 8og v!lgetat I on type. iaiJUA
glondy!gu avenged only 40 cm In height CTeble .521, so snow depths exceeding
0.4 • would Inhibit uti I lzatlon of these shrubs by .aose. Twig blo.ess
available above 40 c-w-es 67 kg/he for .a. gt•dy!Aia <Table 531. Utll lzatlon
of&. gtandylgu for forage In the Erlcac:eous Shrub-SphagnWI Bog vegetation
type was el.ast -lrtent CTebles 53 end 52>. Forb CAG blc.ass totaled 203
kg/!la In the Erlcaceous Shrub-Sphagnum Bog vegetation type CTable 541. leaf
end twig CAG blc•ass of .a. gi•Mulgsawas very low In relation to .ste•
densities totaling 45,550 ste•s/ha CTeble 51> and 67 kg/ha available twig
blo.ass CTeble 531.
6.1.2.2-Onrl.,. Scr ..
Ovrf shrub scrub vegetation Is COfiiiiOSed of scrub vegetation 'that Is < 20
c. In he lght and has ~ 25' canopy cover of dwar-f sl'!rubs.
6.1.2.2.1 -t.aa WIIIGII T.nclra V.,.t.tlon Type
The Low if II I ow Tundra vegatat I on -type was c0111po .sed of I ow-growIng
C< 20 c.l 1. A11JJ:.11r.1 In the' shrub layer CTables 55 and 561. The single site
s•p led In thIs hI ghar elevatIon vegete ~I on type was doml nated by l. _lll.goa
and _k:. y!lglm•• In the dwarf shrub layer. A total of 12 forbs were s_,led
In this type, of whlc~. Actw111a spp. CWONIWoodl, ~ oactlnata Cleutkael
and l1oLl spp. Cvlolatl had t he largest average canopy cover CTable 551.
The highest density of ,i. ~ s1'.-s "the vega'ta'tlon -types s•pled
was found In the Low Wll low Tundra vegetation type C'Table 571. These low
growing shrubs were relatively rand0111 In thalr distribution as noted by the
••all es-t l•ated -s..,p le sIze. Average. dans l'ty of 1. ~ st8!115 averaged
over 5 sterttS/rtil-In thIs vage'ta't I on type. A II st8tlls of ,i • .Q.YJ.I;Ilaa. were < 1 em
In ba.sal dl-ter.
I
, , ,
1
1
~
Total grwlno 1 d and forb CAG b I-ss was 21 I kg/ha and 126 kg/ha In the
Low Willow Tundra vegetation type ITabla 581. ~ 8IW:ba ha4 211 lrg/ha of
leaf CAG bla..ss and ' kg/ha of twig CAG bla..ss. 1All& ~ an~ a.
gaadylpll together had 33 kg/ha and 8 kg/ha of laaf and twig CAG bl-•••
r.spec:t i vely. In thIs vegatat I on type.
6.1.3-01-1•
Tha 47 sltas •••pled for tha browse Inventory study anc~passed
apprac 1-.ft I y 27 veQata' ;,n types class If I eel at Laval Y of YJ eractr at al •
(19821. These 27 La•aa f vegetation types COIIblnad I to 10 vegetation types
claalflacl at Level IY of Ylaracll at al. 119121. Laval IY vegetation types.
whose cl-lflcatlon •• besacl on canopy cover I* c:.•tagn of tr ... and sllrllbs
by spacl•• ware used for this report because 110st Laval Y vegate1'1on types
ware rapraMntecl by only 1 .-pia sit..
In an lavan1'ory of browse quaa1'1ty. It would not be prac'tlcal to
subdivide vegetation types to tha lowest co.on da-lnator. particularly If
that dan~lnator Is not a plant species utilized by .aosa. Subdividing
vegetation -ltl• raqalras 'that dlacrl•lnatlng criteria be established to
Identify and dlatlngulsh batw .. n those vegetation comMunities. Laval Y
vegetation types. as dacrlbad by Ylaracll at al. 119821 0 enlist a nullbar of
~lnan1' plan't spacl• as dacrlptlva crlt.rla. For Laval V vegetation types
In the •lddla .:altna River Basin these Include: IJ dolllnant ovarstory trees
such •• .e. a1&ao .e. IIIE.l.IIIL fi:IRIW&& boiiMif••· .. d a. popyr!fara: 2) 'the
t.ll shrub 4lJull. a1.lluatal 3) low shrubs such as a. g!mdy!cwa, s. AJW;IU:L and
1. a.lails:AI 41 dwarf shrubs llkal. yllg!mag, l· vltltldea, 1. A!QDa. and
L. grgenllllfllge: anc1 ,, ground leyar spacl• suches -•es (Sp'WIIMI• spp.l.
lichens (Paltlgan spp •• Naphrcw spp •• Cetraria spp •• C!adq!la sppl. fcrbs
(il&ba Sh-eegr_u, Petoaltea trlgtdua, Cacu&s, s••cl•sla), and gr•lnolds
j
J
u:.•-rmt•• s.....,,,,, filta spp.). Both llldlvldul specla end COIIPI-•
of specla are uNCI 111 tile cl-lflc:.tiOII sa-.
Alttlougll • yegefttlon type Is ~posed of .. ny plall't spec:l•• certain
specln ere -• lllfiOI"'tent to 1100se then o1'her plant specl... Tr--
-ful dacrlptlwe crliw'la for deflelng .,....tll'tloe 1'y,.. for -• Mc:e11se
tlley •• IIIPO"tent CCII!Ipo-h of-· hellltet. Trea proylde ncepe H .. 11
n ~I COYer end hiding COYW 0 shade during ware •blent ,._,.,.atures.
pro1'ectlon f,·OII the el-ts e11d for ... Ia -Jqtenc... Tile rellltiM
allundence of tr .. s Is oft811 ladlcetlve of the ulldorstory plant speclee
C0111101ltl0111 en !•portent ll'ttrlbut. llllen cl .. lfylng •d .epping ,....t'atiOII.
Slr•s •• also -fal dacrlptlw crliw'la for deflnleg vegei'll'tiOII ~ es
they relate to the habitat requlr-ts of-· lbMiy brolrM -.y HPPIY
OY8F" '"of tile winter lllet of 1100se Upencar end Ctleteleln 1953). Sltralll
specl• cc.posltlon Is portlcatrly lllfiOI"'tant becene 1100se -"-to
ahlblt a prefreece for -shrub species over others UU Ike 1969. Peek
1970. fllac:hlde 1979). Thus tile ldentlflcatiOII of IIIPOf"teelt shrub specla 111 e
yegefttlon euoc:latlon Is also a useful crltariOII In defining a vegetetloe
type as It relatn to ..,.. hllbltet requlr-n.
Dwarf lllrulls0 for1tl 0 gr•lnoldl. •d lldlens •• probellly ~ useful as
criteria for defllllng ~atl011 types as they ..., relate to -. aprleg end
s-r food llalllts. Marie Cl944l stated that grasses. Mllges. ''arlous herbs.
end su....,.gell vegetation were eaten by 1100se In su-. s_. dlll't of 3
s .. l-t ... ~• on the Kenel P8111nsula was c011posed of one-fourth forbs
I ncl ud I ng Bl&.ll..u.& sheveegcya, Epi!Qbl!!ll ongyrtlto! 1!1111, and £, !otlfp! hw (Le
Aesche end Devls 1973). Le Rasche end Davis (19731 reported that -hr-
CBaa!dlgeyset••l were eaten whenever found 0 and that gru1111, MdgH 0 and
equatlc pl..ts COIIstltuted ellout lOS of the observed dlll't. During winter when
ft.
~· , ,
" ~ , ,
•-deptlls excMded 30 Cll the dwer"f shr"ub .1. ylfl!=ld•• •• r-eported to
Cc.pr"lse 261 of .oose diets CLe R .. che end Devls 1973). Undw poor "811S8
Cllllldltlons on the ICenel '-lnsule, Le Re.che and Devls Ct973l F'epCif"'tH IICh-
CPeJtlgv• spp.l COIIP"I..cl 241 of the diet. Species of -• we IIIIJICIM'ent In
cher"ecter"lzetlon of vegetation types, Hpeclelly succHslonel rMsCYiwec:k
1970, L. A. Ylerecll, INF, penopel GCWUQISAflpn), but they heYe ll•lt.d
velue •• _. fOr'ege.
Clessltlcetlon of vegetation types to Level IY fOr" the shrub SCr'ub types
of Yl.-.dl et el. Ct982l ,...,,_,, • .,., useful ICh-. tor Identifying_.
hellltat tllen Level Y. HDwevw, Level Y would be 1101"1 epproprl.t. fOr' the
fOr"st end.,.,., t,. .. SCr"ub types sll'ce the ~lnent shr"ub species In the
understory -ld be Included. Antr'uctur"lng of Level Y vegetation types to
IIICiude 011ly ._lnent tall end law shrubs used by-tor tor-ega •lght elso
benefit the eveluetlon of .oose hebltet. Yegetetlon types within Level Y
could be distinguished by changes In pwcent cover" of dalnent tell end low
slrub speciH.
The Open White Spruce vegetation type occurred on gentle to steep slopes
Wher"e dr"8lft8ge W81 A~BqUete fOr' 9r"OWth Of eo ~· elsa& ~8110
OCCUr'r"ed In tile Open White Spr"uce type whlr"e gentle siQPM lntwgreded with
relatively level, wet llr'MS. SpeciH a.posltlon end canopy covw prcentagas
-v the Open White Spr"uce, Open Bleck Spr"uce, end Woodland Spr"uce vegetation
types wwe sl•llr. Two of the 3 sites In the Woodland Spr"uce vegetation type
wwe ._lneted by e. ailala -story. Total law Shr'ub end dwrf shrub canopy
covlr' In the o.,_~ quedr-ets evwegecl 121 end 351, r"Hpectlvely, a.ong the 3
neecllel•f fOr'ftt v-aatetlon types. Total 11055 COYir' evar"eged ••·
Canopy ~ of 4 • .l.iPJUitA •• hlgltar' In the Open Birch FOI"8St vegetation
type then eny other" type ••pled. !!JLua a.J.11uatA gr"ew In nrr"aw, vwtlcel
~
~
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1
benda extending frOII tfle upper elevatlonel ll•lta of tfle Open Birch Fornt In
tile Sultne River C.nyon down the steep slopes to the edge of the river
floodpleln. Til••• vertlcel bends of 4 • .t.l.DIIa:ta were dlsc:ontlnuoua. but
generally followed drelnege courMs down the 1111 I tid•. llryqpttr!a spp. ••
the prMOIII-' forb In the Open Birch Forest vegehtlon type. Tohll forb end
llt1w cover tagetMr KICOIIIIted for 92S of the .,--d surfKe arM ••pled In
ttl II vegetet I on type.
a.taa &'""•'ewe -eged 22S canopy cover In the Dwrf Birch vegetation
type. l!ipOrteHt dwerf lllruba were&. ~end 1· y!!glme•· In contrast
to the Dwerf Sllrub•WIIIow vegetation type. the Dwrf Shrub type lied little
forb cover. The Dwerf Shrub vegetation type wea altueted on well•dnlned
rldge-1'apl or alapa wltfl good Mill 110lsture drelnege. Forb cover end biOIIIsa
w• grMter In the Dwerf Blrcft-WIIIow vegetation type. Mlny arMs of standing
water were eyldence of the reletiY8Iy wt site conditions In tllla .,..,....,on
type.
The Open Erlcaceoua Shrub Tundra end Erlcaceoua Sllrub•Spllegnu. Bog
vege'tetlon typea lied low-growing erlceceoua CErlcec-) allruba u the ••In
allrub co.ponent. Lichen cover. notebly C!odpnlo app. end Sterepsay!pn
peec;bale. wea greeter In the Open Erlceceou Shrub Tundr8 type while -s
cOYer wea 1.9 tl•n greeter In the Erlceceou Sllrab-Splleg,_ bog v-oetetlon
type.
Percent cenopy cover of ,1. Al&1.l:llcA w• greeter In the Low Will 011 Tundra
Yegetetlon type tflen In eny other type. averaging 18S In the O.,..Z quedreta.
Moat of the ,1. ~ wea allorter then 40 Cll In height. Thus It would be
uneyeiJ nle •• winter forege for -•e when snows excNded 40 Cll In depth
unlna cleared by wlnd. or .aose digging Into the snow.
In the vegetation typea where both .1. ~ end ,1. ~occurred
together, end percent uti I lzetlon estl•etes were •ede for eech species,
111'11 lutiOII estt..tes of 1-~exceeded thoH for 1-AI&1J;ba In • out of '
vegetation types. Avwege perc:.rt utll lzatlon of 1-au.;& was equal to or
grwtw then 1. laiUita In 1 out of 2 ~etlon types. In 11 study d•lgned to
dehn~lne the relative prefwence of IIOOM for vrlous spec:l• of lAUI. In
Interior Alaska nter Fairbanks, Milke C1969l found that 1. ~was
generelly browsed ~~ore Intensively then othw specln of lAUI. when growing
togetlter. In ell 4 study llrNS where both 1-~ IIIICI 1-~existed,
Milke C 19691 renked 1. ~ 111 the prefwred specl•. lAUI. .1J1DatA was
preferred ovw 1. ~ et 2 out of 3 study areas where both species
occurred CMIIke 19691. Milke C19691 stated that 1-~was 111..-t without
exception one of the -t lightly browsed specln of lAUI. studied. It wes 11
c-occurrence on the Interior Alake study plots to see •substllll'tlelly-
browsed• 1. JIIW;bu plants lldJIIC*It to e stend of unbrowslld 1-~· Milke
C1969) found this trend to be consistent over ell 7 study rNs, l•dlng to
the cone I us I on thet 1. ~ wn preferred by ..,.. over -t othw :ia1..LII.
spp. et those sites. Extrepoletlng to !•portent .aose range throughout
lntwlor Aleske, Milke (1969) renked In order of decreeslng preference by
1100se the species of 1aJ.a which were studied. For the specl• of :ia1..LII.
retwenced by Milke (1969) thet were .. esured In the •lddle Susltne River
Basin, browse Inventory study lhe order was 111 follows: 1. ~. 1.
llaata, end 1· alAUGA· Murle C1961l Indicated thet of the •ore then 20
species of :ia1..LII. In Mt. McKinley Netlonel Pwk, 1-Al&1*4 was 1 of 3 spec:IM
preferred by .aose. Mschlde (1979) renked 1. ''"'"'''(felt l•f wlllcwl as
forage .est preferred by •oose et en Interior Aleske study area near , •• ,..,..s . ...
The reesons tor the epperent contrlldlctlon In the preference or use of 1.
,
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)
J
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~between the Susltna l1'1lcty end thoM r"eported for Milke's 11!1691 d.,.. In
lnter"lar Alaske could possibly be r"el.ted to the r"ellltlve evelleblllty of
~~PKI• of~ In differ-ent vegeh'tlon types. 5-t. dellsltl• of 1-AIW;bu.
1 . .uuta. end 1-~ _.. all appi"ODCIMNiy equal (4167 to 5417 st.s/hal
In the Open Whlta Sp,.uce vegetation type. where per'C811t utlllz.tlon r"angad
fr"OII 4 to ,.. Sl•llwly. 1-aJ.MI;a and 1-~ Ita. Hllsltl• r"angad fi'DII
1271 to 2167 st-/lla. ,..spectlvely. In the Woodland Spr-vegeh'tlon type
wh-utlllz.tlon wa.s 221 and :SOli. ,...pec:tlvely. In the Open llhlta Spruce end
Woodl811d S,r"uce veget.tlon types. st• densities of any specl• of~
r"angad fi'DII ,. to ,,. of the total st• -..slty of a. gt ... lcwe. In the Open
Bleck Spr"uce. Dwrf Blr"ch end Dwrf Blr"ch-WIIIow vegetation types. st•
dellsltl .. of both 1-JIIWiiiU and the •uch l•s utilized a. pl.,ylcwl (Spenc:r
and Hekel a 1 !1641 tw tlllceeded ~ for 1-aJ.MI;a end/or 1-J.allda. lblever" •
pwce~~t 1tll lzetlon of the speciH of ~ with low stH dansltiH was
gr-atw than the shr"ubs with higher' st• densities.
Milke (1!1691. '-Yw. oiiMnecl that the relative r"Wity ar abundance of
a ~~PKI• of ~ In lntrlor Alllltla did not effect Its degr'W of utilization
to an extent gr"elter" then did the species• lnher"ent palatability. Milke
09691 fOIInd th1t cwtaln species of hJ.1& Including 1-QJ.111;a .... JIOII"IY
1tll lzed by -"· r"egwdless of Its r-el.tlve abundance. on all the study
ar"eas on which the species occu,.,.ed. Milke ( 19691 found th.t 1. aJ.allga w•
poor'ly utll lzed on study r1111 where It w• abundant. end 11110 on study rees
wher"e l't was scree. ConvwHiy. Milke (19691 IIO'ted that 1. ~ w•
h•vlly br"owHd by 1100111 whether It was ._.y abundant ar r"3111tlvel y un~.
Far 1a1lK spp. OCCUr"r"lng In lnter"IOr" Alaska. s;rcles utilization was not
corr"el.ted with speciH density CMIIke 19691. Milke Cl969l concluded that
neither" r"elatlve abundance nor" density of .liiJ...ll!. spp. obsenably affliCt the
...
degr .. 'to which 1100se U'tlllze 'the plallh. Ra'ttler. 'the lnherelrt pele'telllll'ty
of e species overrides 'the effec-ts ot rele'tlve abundence or densl'ty on
llranlng I ........ ITy.
One o-ther eolu'tlon as 'to why 1. aJ.A111:A Is browHd 110re h•vlly 'then 1.
1U1.1J:1u:a In 'the •ldelle Susl'tne River Buln s'tlldy ..., be 'the physical pi"'OCI•I'ty
of ,1. aUS& s't .. s 'to neerby 1. AI&J,.I:bU. l'tMI. Milke I 19&9) obser...cl _.
f"dlng on 1. ~'that. willie s'tllndlng In one place. would briefly browse
nearby 1. ~ or 1 . .1.1aa11. pi en'ts 'the't .... e wl'thln reach. Tills 'type of
f"dlng behavior sugges-ts a possible expl-'tlon fer 'the abnorul degree of
rtlllzlr'tlon on 'the lower prefwence 1&1.1& spp. shrubs 'tha't occur In low
densl'ty or wl'th sca't'tered dls'trlbu'tlon In 'the l~le'te vlclnl'ty of a .are
blghly prefwred forage speclu. In eddl'tlon. o'tller herblvor• (caribou
(!ttqlfK tarapdu)• rodents. leporlds0 IIIMC'ts) ..., be selectively browsing
1. ~· lnfor••+lon on 'the food habl'ts of 1100sa In the •!delle Susl'tne
River Besln Is usen'tlal to clet'erlllne ferge prefwences of -e.
Average dl...ter e't point-of-browsing (OPB) •easur•en1's for all shrub
spec:lu S811Pied In 'the •!delle Susltna River Basin s1'udy .... _.. lrger 'then
'the average -sur-n'ts of basel dl-'ter of curren1' annual grow1'h of twigs.
The "an DPB was: 0 1211 fer j. UD1i11tA1 2> 1331 fer a. gl•dylpll: :S> 1521
for a. pepyrlfer•r •> 1&41 fer 1. a!AII:A. end 5> 1•11 fer 1· auJ..1:b.rA grwtw
'then 'the basal dl~er of curren-t year's grow1'h fer eec11 respective shrub
~~pecl•. "-k lr't al. (1976) described a sl•llar sl1'ue'tlon In nor'thus'tern
Mlnneso'te wllere -n dl881r'ter ll't poln't-of-browslng averaged 1111 gru'ter 'than
'the baNI dl881r'ter of curren-t year's ~h for all shrub species. The Of'S
Increase over basal dla .. 'ter of curren1' annual grow-th twigs fer 'the 5 shrub
~~pecl• In 'the •!delle Susl'tne Rlvw Basin averaged 1•11. Peek e't al. (1976)
sugges-ted 'thll't 'their es'tl..nts of U'tlllzll'tlon based on percen'teges of curren1'
-
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•-1 grwtt1 1....,.s proNIIIy undeAstl•tM ec:t11111 U'tlllutlon of twigs on a
.. lgllt basis. Tttla was ~ on the pl"•l• that either' IIOI"a than the c:ul"l"ent
~·s grwtt1 was lwowsacl or that 011ly ,.,.... twigs wal"e eaten (Peek at al.
1976). Ttte ayallallle and ut t llzed leaf bi-as eatllllltn for the Saltna
study c1o not haft the •-lnhrent calculation as Paak at al. C1976). Oul"
111'111zatlon eatiJWtes for ayallallla and utilized twig Md l•f bl-•• wwe
calcwlatM f,. twlp clipped at an -.ge polnt-of-br'olrslng calculat.d for
each shl"ub spec:l .. l"athel" than at the basal dl_.,..,. of cul"l"ent annual gi"GW'tll.
Except for occaaalonal caMs whel"e 1. ~and 1. ~ c:ul"l"ent annual
gi"OIIth of twigs was atltaulated by past bl"owslng and w.,.. long Md I"'bu.t.
11'81 a extwnded below the cul"l"ent ~·s gr'Oirtll.
BaMd on oul" ayallable twig bl-u estl..tas. If all twig bl-• was
1wowsac1 Ia any gl-~ the plent •lght haft clecl"aaaed Ylgor' The following
y•l" In Mny cases. It Is auspect.d that this degi"H of U'tll lzatlon oYW
.. .,.,.., yews -ld daflnlt.ly l"esult In decl"eased ylgol". Ra.oval of all
available twig blc-u back to the 11'8 .. han used would -......tly !"HOVe
1001 of the pNYioua -·• c:ul"l"eftt ..-.-1 gr'Oirtll u .. 11 as • •Jor po.-1'1011
of the plants 2•yl"0 :S•yl". and/OI" ••yi"•Oid ataa gl"owth. TtlaM affects 81"a
proNIIIy -lloratM by the lwonllng OCC:UI"I"Ing dul"lng plant clor'aaney.
In spec I .. of WJ&. 96S of the I atei"BI do,...nt buds .... a located on
l•yr-old stHs (AI"chel" and Tieszen 19801 . Lateral doraant buds w•a those
which -ld ,...pond by Initiating leaf or twig gi"'Wth following .--aJ of the
,..._, ... , bud. Thl"ea pan:ent of the bud pi"'duc:tlon In .SUJ¥ spp ..... a located
on 2-yr-old atHs and about 11 on :5-y.--old stea Ckchel" and Tieszen 191!0).
The av.-aga .5I.J.L¥ plant Initiated gl"owth of laeves and latel"al twigs fi"OII las
then 20S of Ita visible buds dul"l"'l spl"lng and su-gr'Oirtll. Al"chel" and
n .. zen Cl980l concluded that a .51.1..U1. 5hl"ub apar'lenclng penial defoliation
1
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of 1 .. ves during the growing season had greet potential to replace
photosyntbetlc tissue lost to herbivores because buds were still Intact.
tto.ever, If teralnel 1-end 2-rr-old st--e r-ed elang wltll currat
growth, pertlcul~lr If let. In the growing season, shrubs could not
regenerete photosrnthetlc tissue In tiH to recover the energr lnvest.ent
llefore tile end of tile growing HUOn (Archer end Tieszen 1981)),
Arcller end Tleaen•s 0980) _.k on 1-AIW;bc& ..,.s1'reted tll8't r-ei
of teralnel g:-owth beck to 5-to 7-rr-old growtll stl•leted d-1~ of
teralnel I~ fn. suppruled lll'hlrel buds burled In the ca.bl•. That
gi"Oiftll fer excMded teralul Ions--hoot• under non-defoll8'tlon conditions
(frcller end Tieszen 1980). Honver, It Is evident that tile -vJ r-• of
e plant -ld be repldlr depleted If ell ~lnel st• grorth beck to 3-yor-old
steM-. r-v•d .over e nullber of consecutive years during the growing --· WOlff (1978) focnd That browsed branches of 1. scpyleclena (Scouler
willow) produced .are then unbrowsed b~enches during subsequent growing
••-•-e :Jo.yr period. Honver, contln-browsing during the growing
sNson over severe! years •r eventually deplete plant or soli reserves,
ce•lng eventual decline In productlvltr (Menke 1973). Aldous (1952) reported
that a. peayrltec• could withstand clipping of 50S of •he currewt ye~r•s
growth over e 6-.,..,. period without loss of production. Severe! eutllors have
suggested that 50S browse utilization uy give-~-sus1'elned production of
herclwoocl browse (Spencer end Oletw Ia I n 1 9.J3, Kreft I ng 8't el , I 9116, ._,I ff I 976,
WOlff 1978),
Based on this ergu .. nt, available end utilized leef end twig bla.ess as
well •• current annual growth bla.ess estl•etes reported here should be
reduced by at leest 50S, This reduction would provide •or• reasonable
--
ntl_....s of ttle .ctuel _,111' of forege IIYellellle when calculating cerrylng
Aj~KitiH of vegetetlon ty.,_ fer _.. More lnforatlon Is neeclecl on sllrlll
J"MIIOIIM to .xt.nt of browse utlllzetlon end Its --of uH.
••lnt tile dally cons..,tlon rete of forege for eclult 8DOH w• 13
kg/dey cc. c. Scltw•tz. IDF"· ......... ,.,_.,,qt!M), end • of ........
twig lll011e11 of ell sllrull .,.CIH was COIISUIMd 1 tile Open Wlllte Spruce
veptetlon type (10111g/lle) -ld support 8.3 -..!lie for 1 dey. It tot lows
tt1et 1 8DOH -ld survive for 8.3 deys on MCh llectere, or 8.3 -e ...,., ...
U.lng veptetlon type •• ntl..tes for tile portion of tile •lddle Susltne
River Bllsln 16 k• on elttler side of the Snltne River fro~~ Gold CrMk to the
Mlcl .... River ,..,artec1 lly MdCendrlcll et el. (1982), the Open Wlllte Spruce
vegetwtlon type Cllllld support 414 ~ for • winter 210 deys long.
TheM estl_..... -· presu.llly, too lllgll. Certain broed essnptlons
..-t lie ..-In order to uM the foregoing tKtlnlque•
Aaslll!ptlona Moose occupy ell geogreplllcel areas and vegetation types
equally.
However, aoose will not .aile full use of a large geographical •ea sucll
as the Open White Spruce vegetation type unless populations are extr .. ely
l•te· Y•leiiiH such as snow depth, slope, aspect, wind SPMd and direction,
,....,..1 --.nts, llehevloral petterns and proxl•lty to a localized source of
for• ell Interact to Influence the use ot a vegetation type by 11001e. Moose
In the •lddle Susltne River Basin were 110'1' randoely dlstrlbutscl throughout all
vegetation typn during all tl-of yMr (Ball•d et al. 19821.
AsH1!P1'1on: All shrub specln •e equally pref•recl, equally palatable,
end equally utili zed by 11001e.
Altllougll prefwence end/or browsing Intensity on dlffrent specl• of
shrubs -.y vry lly locality, aasoclatlon with .ore preferred shrub species,
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end ... 1 .. 1 Hllevlor. -shrub specl• such es 4-alJIIat& end a. gl_.,, ...
preMMIIIy do not uke up e lerge proportion of tile dl.t of-. on r..-
where ~ spp. ere ebundent. Howev.,.. wltho.t specific food heblts
l11forutl011 on-. In tile •lddle Susltne Rlvr S.ln. eccur'Wte estiM'Ns of
the reletlve leportence of shrub species cennot be deter•lned. A 55S
redwctlon In -•e-deys for e 210 dey winter-wn celculeted If e -•-of
101 of tile winter diet ..,.. COIIPOMd of avelleble j • .1.i.J111AtA end a. gl•dyl ...
twigs e11d the r•elndr of the diet wre COiipOMd of llaUll spp. twigs In the
Open llh It. 5pr'Ke v.g.t.tlon type.
Aswllptloea MoaN con•-_., bi"'WM only dwrlng the winter-eonths.
...... wtlllutlon of IIOOCiy br-o.se Is not restrlct.d to the winter
-ths. Moose w.,.e oiiMrved to br-o.se current annual growth of twlp end
,.,... pwtlcalerly of 1· u.lGilrA. thro.gho.t the s-gn~~~lng -·
s-dl.t of -se .,.. doelneted by 1-JlllLGIIU In 0....11 Nlltlonel Perk CY.
Yen Bellellllerghe. *W¥!1' ..._mlspt!Ml.
Therefore. the ectwel celculetlon of cerr-ylng cepeclty for ~lon
types. end subsequently for the •lddle Susltne Rlvllr' S.ln u e whole. rests
on essueptlons that cennot be eddressed within the scope of this study.
'-rlodlclty0 tl•lng. end neson of use of vMious vegetation types by 1100se
llr'e velueble lnfore.tlon In uslgnlng the r"8letlve llljiOrience of vrlous shrub
spec!... Activity patterns (e.g. feeding. loeflng. r"8stlng. hiding) of IIOOH
within vegetetlon types Is needed to deter•lne the reasons why thoH
vegetation types ere uHd. Food heblts •ust be deter•lned to renk shrub
species end to escerteln the COISJIOSitlon of food lt.s In 800Se diets. Of
caurM. tile presence Md abundance of prefer,..d forage sp•cles wll I weigh
heavily In Htwwlnlng the ,..letlve leportence of the v.g.t.tlon types .-pled
In this study for 1100se. Bellard et el. CI'B2z70) co .. ented thet the
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dls~~lbe~lon of species of SaL!& pref~red by eoose probebly •~rongly
lnfl-c:ed seeSOIIIII dlstrlbvtiOII of -.. In ~he •lddle Suslft8 River Buln.
lbre¥er, presence or •senc:• of plan~ species, or even ebundence of forege
baHd on canopy cover, ~~-densl~les, and bl~•• ertl.afts ••-· do not
prowlcle ~he Clllllllleft picture when IIIHUing ~he l•por~ance of ~he various
~1011 1'ypeS 111 ~he •lddle Saslft8 River Buln to-·
1.2 -P'l.-t ......
1.2.1 -..._,_ ..._,..,_
s-general obHrv~lons on late wiMw snow condl~lons were ucla on 11
reconnals .. nca ~rip on '' end 16 May, 1982. The ••~•n• and Jay Creek
ffansect's were ••-~ Cllllllllet'ely ._free~ ~ ~••• altflougll ~ Wll'tllne
er" -hlned -snow pll'tdiH In depreUions ~n sllrubs, lind Veq:lgl•
y!lg!meye Cbog blueb..-ry) wn parlly snow covered. The Swl~chbeck and
TAMIIII Creek sifts rtll I had subrtan~lal snow cover on ~he slopes~ ~11
~~-. al~ough 111ow cover •~ ~he baH of ~ ... had already b•n reduced.
1 Jer&lpl• yltll:ld•• C-I!Hin c~) was ebundiiM ~~base of tr-
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fn ~he area ba~•n Devil lind TsuHne Creeks. s-was •l~lng around 1.IIIHa
grpeg!epdlcy• (Labrador ~aa) a~ ~he hlghas~ elevations of ~he S.l~chbeck
General obHrvetlons ~n Wetana BaM C..., end Talkllllfte River on 15
lind 16 May lndlceftd snow was l[bou~ half HIHd fro• fores~ad sou~h-faclng
slopu while I~ had only Hl~ad around ~r .. s on north-fKing slopn. The
l_.dla~• area 1round shrub •~•• bases ••• rela~lvaly snow-tree on ~he
bane•••· Snow dap~hs were gr~ ~ shrubs and c:artalned uny enl•l
~reeks connecting ~he open ar1111s. Apparan~ly ~hesa shallower areas era
l11p0rleM ~o •lldllfa •~ ~his ~~ .. of ywr. Shallower snow occurred In wet,
boggy sl~n as wall as dry, windy areas ~ha~ had no ~rws. These areas -r be
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as IIIPO'"'hlrt to 800se as ..til-feeing slopes. priNrlly during utntw and
MriJ .,.1 •.
I.Z.Z -Soli 1i1.. wtwe
1i111111 at-varlecl slplfiCMtly by trenHCt. ei8V8tlon within tr...ct.
8lld tt• wtttatn etw.tlon within transect CTebte '91. However. trends tor
etev.tl011s wltllll tr-..cts ,..,ecl at NCII toc.tlon. The ~ loc.t'IOII .t
tile W.te11a tr .. sec:t was usually tile •-' In th.t ar• (3.5-•.(laC). It
was e •lxe4 spruce-blrcll sta11cl on a uell-drelnecl slope (120) ullerees "'"-
~ elevatl-_.. flat C<201 and poorly drained.
n... •--' locetiOII on tile .lay Creek trenHCt. and tile •-t overall.
·-.. ,_.,ape , ..... open .,._.,rei! type eciJ-' to a gr ... y opening. Soli
~.tures rallf8cl tr011 3.5 to 7.ooc. Tills -hecl clltt.-.nt yegetetlon
fr011 al!y other site. lnclllcllng large lllcllvlcluels of Bra& w;lcylr!a Cprldlly
r011el as well as ebunclent C.!eegrpatla canadega!a (bluejollrtl. Eqy!l't.-
•llyftlq• (uoocll81'1cl llorMtalll. end •rten•l• fW'IQ!lf't• Ct.ll bluellelll .
Evlclwlce of en old IMirn end ertenslve brolrstng by -•• pre-'· Tills ••
tile 'f'OWIIIIS't sift In teres of tree ages: 36 y ... s C5 trees) atttlough 1 other
tree was 12• yHrs old. S.verel lncllvlcluals of a.:bLl.& pepyr!fera tpaper
bfrCfl) heel b .. n hedged SO thet they res .. blecl farge a. g!AQdy!QIA (resin
.. rcll) -a. pyyrlfKI hybrfcls ancf CaUSed Species ldentlffc.t'lon prollie!ll!
tllrollgll tile erty ·INks of tile study.
Bench and top-slope elevations were the .. r .. lt (2.0 -6.50CI at tile
S.ltc:tllleck tren.act. TheM heel gentle ... at-facing slopes and were not slllldecl
by hlglter etev.tlons to the north as were the other 10uth-fec:lng slopes.
Yegeftflon here •• wore open than on tile lc.er slopes.
Tile top-stope toc.tlon at Tsusene Creek was soweuhat ·-'-•
across ... ks 2.60 versus 2.ooc1 than tile other elevations at this transect
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n•t• 59). Tile bettc:h locei'IOII ••• wall at.cwa1'he carrat11' foras1' line
alftlougll a t• ..,.,,.,,1111 old 1'raM wwa pre.wt.
The coldas1' 'l'ran..ct ••• Ts-Creek. Mlnl•lft "-Parei'ura saparei'lon
••• 0.90C •-thall 1'ha •••eo• 1'ransac:1' t.pa·atw'a clurllll 1'ha flrlrt and
fOIII"tll Halls. Tile -•-1'8.,...-t_ dlff.-..ce •• t.!tOC colder tt1e11 lillY
other tra11MC1' Mrllll 1'118 las1' waell. Til-colder ,_,.,.ei'uras dal..,.d
plleiiOIOfiCIII diiMI~ lty a't 1Ns1' a Mallo and al-.t 2 waklo for -
lllall'ts a1' 'tills alt.. JldM1A 11,...,,..,. did not claftlap ••-11111'11 1'lla llaek
of t• .1111111. Dllrlllll 1'lla ,...,10111 lfNII 7 1'o II .1-. a. glWMiul!W• 11M already
dayatapad , .. ., .. a1' -.t of 1'lla other slt.s. These colder ta.pera'tures •••
p~ly caused by the 1'hlell 111sala1'l11g layer of ~•• •• wall •• colder
cllut!c ~11'10111. Tile 11011 twpere1'11ras at 1'ha 1'op-slopa loca'tiOII a't
TH-Craell were 3.5 to C.50C I-ttlell 1'lla lllddla slaps ~ a't
..., Creek -'"'-1111 tile t-sit. 1730 Ill •• 75 • tower than the le't'tar
f 105 aJ • CIMINI ta-t I 011 al til • proJIIC't llydro login I nell ca'tlld 1'he1' ciiL lc
eoftfl1'10111 aiOIIP tlla't tMan8act •lght be cooler and ~l11'11r thall al011g the 3
1'r••cts 111 1'he pcrtwtlal Wa'talla IIIPOIIftellllllrt z-.
lillla1' of 1'ha lllll'la'tl0111 aiCIIIIJ the Tsusana CrHk tranHct eppaerad 11111
rKM1'1y dllrturllad lty fire 1'llaft other 1'r .. ..cts. The.., ... age of WMI a't
1'ha bot'-lllll'la'tiOII 011 Ts-CrMk was 135 yaars. Large 1'rsas on 1'ha ballch
locei'IOII •••aged uc y•r• old lalftlougll 1'harll •• a -••• w.. 56 years
old) willie ~tapa 1'rM ages -aged tn .,..... The oaly other sli'as wl1'h
.,.,. .... large 1'r• ega grlle1'ar thall I 00 yHrl ware 1'1ta 11ot1'011 posl1'1-.
'--• tlla T-CrMk 111'81 appHrad 1'o bll ~rll 11atura then SOIIII o1'har
sli'as. Wlta1'har the lower 1011 1'aapare1'uras along 1'ha Tsusane Creek sli'a
reMit froa a possibly different cll•ai'lc ragl•• alone or the dHpar ~u
layer al0118 II a lle1'1'ar of COIIJeci'ura. but 11' ••-• yery likely 1'ha't the
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•mc:leted delayed phenological deveiQPIMIIIt Is en lnterd.,.ndence ot cll•te,
burn history, end resultent -• 1.,.,..
llle wer•st area conslstly was '!'he •lddle elevation on the J., Q-eek
site. 1lle ftlllhtlon 110'1' only Initiated growth earlier but was d011lneted by
the •I xed blr~ forest, which w• generally found on w....-sites then
IP"UC8 tornts or low shrub lend typH. Each wHk It had the wer•st sol I
t..,.,.etures which ranged tra. 3.5 'l'o 7.0 ac. 1lle •lddle elevation was aim
the yowtgnt site In tar.s of tree ages: 37 years (6 t!'Hs) although 1 o'l'her
tree w• 124 .,..,.s old.
6.2.3 -c.a,., a...r, ._,gilt, ..,.. ,.._laglcel !tete of ~Ia.
1.2.3.1-..... I
Results end discussion ot the statistical analysis of phenological
dwelapMnt of the vagetatlon ..,... contlrwd 'l'o da.lnant species. BecauH -
species only occurred at 1 or a t .. sites, they tr-.-tly showecl slgnltlcan'l'
dltt.-.nces (P < 0.05) ~ elevetlons end transects. lllls was prl..-1 ly due
to • difference In vegetation type rather than a difference related to
phenological developiMIII'I'. Only species the+ consistently occurred In .ast
sites would give reasonable statl~tlcal results. The ••Jor species were
1at.uJ..a glendulpea, Ym;clnlte vltls=ldMo• J,. yllpfM$M• end EwtotrYII ~
( CI'GIIberry > •
6.2.3.2-... 1
During tile first WHk of 31 May to 4 June, no differences (P c 0.1)
betw .. n Inside end outside exclosures were observed tor the •Jor specl•.
Y•sslaly• vltls-ld••• had significantly different cover values tor elevation
within transect (P < 0.0 end tor transects (P < 0.01). Cover values tor Jl.
glandylgs• (P < 0.01) end~. yl lg!ngsu• (P < 0.02) varied among elevations
within trannct whl le .E, • .D..Lac.ull CP < 0.02) differed 81101'19 transects CTeble
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Most pl811t s.,.c:lu were either clor'Mnt or lllld jnt lnltlet.d l•f buds
during tile first ... k. Y•cclnlu• yl Jglnp•u• on tile Watana tran .. ct was
oenerally dorMnt or w -l•f bud develap.nf •liar•• _,a. gJM!dulcwa
plents had deweloped at 1 .. st to tile bud stage. Y•cc•n•u• x•t••-••ee•
appeered ..._,J "--• It wa .-.tl-dlffiAit ta lct.tlty ,_ growtll.
Tile bcrttae elevation at Watene Q-eek contained en llldlvldlllll of Jl. w;Jql•l•
wltll leaves and l• ylfls-ldeea wltll flower !MillS. yog:Jgl• yl tgtnpsy W
-l•t buds wllerees It wa at II I dorMnt at tile higher elevations.
Tile Jey Q-eek tran..ct lllld -•ral special alrelldy laafad out on I June
CTellla 61J • At tlla bettcll and tap-s I ope pas It lana l•vw lllld ...,...c1 on 1-
yJtJa-Jdeee •llllllted IMf -~ wllllalo yllglmaM W were l•f lluds
thll 011 tile Wetene transect. Saesa. giM!dylcwe llldlvlduals were stertlng to
,., aut at tile Jey a-..k tr•..ct. altflaugll -t -. stll I 111 tile bud stege.
kctwtMI!r'cw a1alAa Celpt• llellrtMrryJ alreedy lied t•vw and fl-s.
BatuJ..a e•errlfwa on tlla •ldd Ia position of tile Jey Q-eek tr-ect lllld
begun l•f •pettston. but lllld been Mverely lleclged In tile PMf. There •• •
lot of etendlng dNd frae last year 's gro.tll of Egylsttu• sl!vatlcu• and
Ct'II'GrA•t•• c•n•••o•''• but little C< IS coverJ had started tills year.
&round cover •tgllt lnllllllt Initial soli ware-up In tile spring. Mlctegal•
a-Jqll'te lied fl-buds an a f• Individuals.
Most s.,.c:lal at tile llc7ttow elevation of Jey Creek during tile first week
were In tlla IMf llud lt8ga. Tills slta had sc:.. of tlla f• species of .5A1.LII.
ob.anecl an tile -'11-fec:lng slopes.
Tile c:orrupondlng I'!Drtll-fec:lng slope at tile lllgllast point had more clan ...
llut -ller. a. glmdul;we Individuals, I.Mf buds did not app..-to be as far
advanced on tills slope. Mora SAiL~ spp. was p~esant hare than on tlla
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-11t-fec:l~~g slope. Farttler down tile slope (about •ldweyl, lnt rear's
stand 1 ng dHd growth of EQY r utue all vat lsye wu abundant but no current
growth was observed. Two specl" of S&lU were found In a woodiBIICI blec:k
spruce acrull site. S&L.l& ~ CdiNOnd l•f wlllawl e-allr occurred
e1011g -11 r-tf rll Is wlltre tile second spec I ... !iaJ,U aa.;a C.-.rl•f
wlllawl grw 011 the -11 ridges .,.,_ theM rei...-. One 1_. •1-'1011
-lied a 1:.0 IIOP"ttt-t.:lag slape wltll 'OC soli i..,.retwre. Tills .,_.ad 1o
be w-ttl8n _,of the -'11-tec:lne trenMC"ta, .cept tile elelclle ~1t1011 •
Eev•utu allyaflsu was Just~~~~~~ trow the soli end <u1& uaa Cdw•f
8rc:tlc blrtlll was IHfed out. A wet sedge grass tussock vegetetiOII trpe
ex I ated et tile bottoe end contained pertlallr l•ved-out a. Ullll· Tills -
.,..,..d to be _.. advanced pllenologlcallr than at a si•JJ• site 011 the
~fec:l~~g slope, bwt since different species were pr ... nt an actual
c.pa-1--·d nat be ......
Tile S.ltcllbec:k tr-..ct lied ..,..al specla alreectr In the l•f stage br
2 .lwnea k1l& aal*L 11..111& .trJ.1ta Ired current) .LMua grgenrwrgw, end J..
dK".'"' (Jiortllern Lebredcr t.l (Table 152). Nost .lo yltlt=ldMo wa stll I
.,..._,willie -,1. yrlgrme• lied l•f bucls.
s-CKu app. 011 the bench position was beginning 1o ~· wlllla -t
otller speer •• __, a. gl•fylcwa. ~ d-'. Tile tap .,_,,011 ...
sl•ll• dllrlng tills tJ• period. Tile •lelclle location contained L y!lgrmew
In l•f bud will le Eeurwtw al!yglgw wn Jllat ~lng. J1et.1UA g!Mifly!cwo
•• In the edYenced bud stage wltll -r starting to III'Mk open. !iaJ,U ~
alreedr llad exerted soee IHves. Pgtetrtl! '' trutiGAH Csllrubbr cinquefoil l
end ,l. ylflt=ldee lied •••• et the lowest locetl011. &JID u.uta had laav•
and flower buds, A1lllla .l.l..Du.a1la was -tlr In tile bud stage, but 50118 had
sterted 1o ·-f out.
.,
Tile corresponding llllrttt-fec:lng slape across frc. tile S.ltcllbecll tr....ct
contelned,.,., ~~edged w.l&, with DPB 1 s reeclllng 10 •· A1llll& Jl~ hlld b-
IIDtlc.Miy branlld. This area c:ontal,.d tile only 1· y!lgiMf'4 olc:ll hlld b•n
., observed • bnlwHCI.
., The T-a-.11 tr.,.-ct CCIII'telned 1-y!lgrrm• I n l•f on 3 "-· bwt
-~ otber spec:Jn were danMt or lni~Jetlng l•t buds CTebl• 63). The 'hlo
IIJgllest elevet'l-were sl•lfer Wltfl J. QIMfly!QIO JtiS't S'tllrtlllg to fcnl l•f
lluds. Oll•rvnloiiS bnw .. n the top end botto. positions lndlcned thet
er•Jnolds were grMnlng up here -e then on soee other tr•sects. .ba
•s•sv•••• ello eppNred to be .,.e develaped • .1.a11u11 grcwnlmd!su• hlld -
leevn et the botto. locnton wherees ~ c;enedepsl• Cbunc:llllerry) wa
doreetrt end a. g!NMiylcw,a only heel l•f lluds. The corrnpondlng north-feeing
slape -l!ltlllzed Ins then -"' other er•• visited.
6.2.J.J-... 2
The second nek of 7 to 11 ,_ hed no slpltlc..t dlffwencn CP, 0.10)
for •Jor specln cover velues between Inside end outside the cages. AI I
•Jor specln heel stenltlcent CP < 0.03) differences wltll respect to elevetlon
while only 1-ylf!t=ld•• end Eep«tra JW1aa hed different c:over values .on;
trensects CP < o.ou. The previous w .. k. 1 . .o.1aoa cover varied only with
tretiHC~. end a. g ••oc!u•cw• end 1-y!lg! ,..,,. verllld w I til elevetlon. It ••
not ollvlous If theM were blolaglcel differences or ertlfects of s.pllng end
stetlstlcel enelpls.
Several chenges occurred elong the lllltene a-.11 tr.,.-ct lly the second
week. .llllt.uJ.a glopdylcwe end 1· y!lg!Mf• hlld leefed out In •ny plecn end
lklu es!c;yl•l• hlld leef buds CTeble 64). yog;lp!UPW!!g!rpsue tended to have
l•f buds et the 2 highest elevlltlons while et the lc.er 2 elevlltlons pl..ts
w-leafed~. a.enges 111 leef eree like tills could ecc:ount for elevnlonel
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differences In cover for this species. There were no apparent .. Jor
dlfferenca In phellologlcel clevelopMnt et different elevations at this tl ...
Plent specl• on the J.., CrMk trensect hed al110 advanced phenologlcelly
by 8 J-ITIIIIIe 6,). Jll:tila g!Mdylsw• and a. a<;lc:y!KII wwe now In l•f as
were J. yt lgl meye• k1.J.& r•t lsyl ate ( netiMf If II law), end kstpatyhylcw
&IA1a Calpine ~~. ~ In week 1 the top 2 elevetlons were sl•llr. At
the •lddle elevetlon Mertena!e QIIIIQ!IIt• w• still In the flow• bud stege
but had grown fro. 8 to 13 c., while Epi!Qbl• qyatlfol I• (flr...UJ had
ecqulred IMves. Eqylwt!W allyltlge had cones on -.y Individuals and had
•1-t doubled In height. CKa spp. and Eawtt!W .lllatJa had acquired IMves
at the bot'ta. I ocet I on.
Pllellologlcel clevel~ of plerrts on the norttt-feclng slope opposl'te the
J.., CrMk transect did not lag behind that on the south-facing slope and
appeared _.e adv.nced In sa.e CMH. Observations .-e fra. this slope while
laoklng at the -'h-faclng slope lndlca'ted that deciduous trMs In •lxed
-grMn-dec:lduoua forests were leaved out while pure stands of deciduous
trees were 0111y In bud stage cr Just starting to expend leaves. The deciduous
trees In the •lxed stands, which were relatively ca..on, wwe probably A.
pepyr!far• while those In pure blocks •lght have b•n fsiRuJ.ya trM(I!g!dq
!quaking aspen) although this was never ground-truthed. Pgpyly•
ftM(IIgldnappeered to develop later than A· papyrlf••· If this was true fer
at .. a In the shrub and understory layers, then A. papyrlf•• •lght provide
..,.. forege ... ller then f., trM!Jigldea.
Al.ost all l.porterrt plant species on the Switchback al'te advanced a full
phenological state fro. 2 June to 9 June !Table 661. 6lAKa llAK&t&, B,
g!Fdylsw•. a. a<;lc:y!KII, and l· y! lgiMIM had ·--at thll tiM. Av•age
height of Eqylsatv• s••v•t•sv• hed Increased fro. 2 to 10 ca tall (Tables
,
...
1
1
1
...,
62,6!5). r.Lil&l. :t.t.La1a .as In flower et the bottOII elevetlnn. V''"'"'Y•
yltis-Id•lhecl fl-buds at tile elddle-slope location. No new observations
of differences In phenologlcel davelopHnt were noted on the north-feeing
slope.
The T.-sene Creek trenMCt sa.pled on 10 June was elwost l·lentlcel to the
p,..,lous MSk with -t species In the l•f bud 5'hlge or stll I dortlent !Teble
n,67). On the north-feeing slope I. glmdu!QII buds e~ed e little-·
ltdvancad but wre stl I I vary 1..-tura.
6.2.3.4-... :s
Cov ... veluas of ell the •eJor species, 1. glendy!gae CP < 0.005), ~.
yltla-ldeee (P < 0.08), ~. y!lglngaye CP < 0.02), end E•o•tru• ~
CP < 0.02) vrled ecross elevations within transacts during weak S. Only~.
yltle-ldee CP < .04), .1,. yl lglm.sy CP < 0.06), end£ • .DJ..goa CP < 0.06) wra
d 1 ff.-.nt 1111011g transacts.
The Wetene Creall trenMCt showed no •Jor phenologlcel advencn betw•n
the second end third wHk Cl4 June) except that .Bou. oc;l<;ylor!a was -In
leef end Eep•trY• ~ had SOH ter•lnel buds at the bottae end top
elevations, respectively !Tabla 68!. VOq;! nlue y!lglnpsue had flowr buds at
the top-slope elevation, where flower buds of L.&ll.u.ll desypbeu wre first
starting to break. The north-feeing slope at this transect had flow ... s on
D!eilns!e lnppgnlsn Cdlepenslel end Cn•slppe t•tr•gonn !four-engle
-nteln-heetherl at tfle higher elevations on 17 June.
The Jay C..Hk transect showed no ••Jor phenological edvenc-nt for
shrubs during the third week 15 June ITeble 69!. However, ~
s•nedepalaecqutred new leaves end Epllgblua ooguatlfol lum and Htrt•n$1•
gnnlsylnta had flow• buds. The evrege height of a. gnnls:;y!!!'tp lnc .... sed 10
c• while that of Eou•s•tu• s!!yptlsue Increased 8 em !Tables 65,69).
""'
""'
""'
Epllgblya epgyet!tg!lua did no~ lnc~eese In size slgnlflcently. MMjlme!a
paplsylnta. e pe~ennlet. eppee~ed ~o s~•~~ g~ow~h ••~I I •~ ~hen 1.
aggyatltg!ly•. en annual, since I~ ••• p~e .. n~ du~lng ~he fl~st w .. k.
However, I~ eppee~ed to gn111 .,.. sla.ly. Epllgblyw npgyafltg!lyw ~ to
start ~~-~ lmr but grew .,.. ~epldly, .-..chlng lb _,_ • week _, tr
~hen I· a•n•sv•«+•· Heftce, 1. a•n•su••t• •Jgh~ be evelleble ~Iter far
., farege.
A few plan~ species p~og~essed phenologlcelly along ~he Swl~chback
t~ensect es was observed on 16 June (Table 70). Yassln!ya ullg!DQIY' had
fl-buds, ~YI JIJgag just hed twlllnel buds, and -v BlJa& :tl:J...Ita had
los~ ~llelr flowers. Eav•MtM sllx•t•su• eppeered 1110re abundllll't s!nce 6
observ~lons on heigh~ wre e8de ~Is ~~-. es oppoeed to 1 pr.vlousty. The
average heigh~. howeve~. did no~ tnc~eese. Moose ••~• observed f .. dlng
between ~op end •Jddl-lope elev~lons. Sevrel _,I farbs eppee~ed at the
bot~011 elev~lona Y•lvlnne sapltat• (cepl~eft velerlen), CbniQipiMiya
Dtri!M!rYI (~n weterc.pet), and AltC!IG''YI spp. <•llk-v~ch).
Many pi en~ spec: I• had not leafed ou~ uMII 17 June on ~he Tsusene Creek
~~ensee~ (Table 70. flllt.u..l.A g!Mt!yltw•. ,l. ullglm•u. end EMstn• A18DJa
ell developed leaves by ~Is ~••· .Q:Itnua E!Qpd•a•• at the bottoe elevation
... d_.,..
1.2.3.5-... 4
flllt.u..l.A glnndy!gu CP < 0.03>, ,l. y!lg!ng•Y" CP < o.ooo>, erd Eepttru
JIJ.aDa (p c .00 had slgnlflcen~ cover dlfferencn during ~e fourth week wl~
~•spect ~o elevations wl~ln ~~ensecft. Voq;!n!um yltls-ld•n (p c 0.02>, ,l.
y!lg!ngey• (P < 0.001). end E•P•tru• ~ (p c 0.001) cover vatu .. were
dlffer.M eeong ~ensects at ~Is ~1... yPss!n!ym y!Uw-!dMo did show ~ends
with ~espec~ ~o elevatlonel ve~le~lon (p < 0.14) end J •. glpndulgu wl~h
d
respec:1' to tran.-cts CP c 0.18). Hllnca, -t ubiquitous species had different
cover values -g transects end elevations within transects.
The only new d-lopMII't on the Wet-Creek transect In the fourth week
was that ,1. yltla-ld•• end ,l. y!!glm•r• developed flower buds !Tabla 72).
So.e Individuals of L&dua dec;yabans flowered et the top-slope elevation
el'ttlough -.t were still only In bud.
Deval~nts along the Jay Creek transect In week 4 122 June) Included
flower buds on ,l. yltla-!duo end ,l. yl lglm•!W end SCM flowers on fQtJIII&
c;epedepala CTebla 73). Most of the forbs appeared to have slowed their
gro.t11 althougn the average height of ;;.,yrytw s11 x«tlc;ya Increased slightly.
Severe! edvencas occurred ••n the Swltchbi!Ck tranHCt during the fourth
... k. 23 Junes E•p•+ry• ~. Arstgatophylql uyo-ursl (bearberry). end
grasses entered the l•f stage CTebla 74). Although •uch ,1. yltla=ldee wes
still In the leaf 1tege, so .. Individuals acquired flower buds. Yol«loge
up!Dte wes flowering et the bottoll elevation while Mlrtagalo poniGUiot• had
! .. vas. Thus phenological davalopMII't on this site wiS delayed relative to
the J., Creek site.
Only •lnor changes ware evidenced on the Tsusene Creek transect during
the fourth week 24 J-. SCM fQtJIII& C:MOdMJs!s l•fed out while SCM grass
expended leaves CTebla 7,), ~ c;hoao,.orus end ,1. yl lgiOQSY• were
flowering et the top-slapa location.
6.2.3.6-... '
Cover values of a. glendylgao CP < 0.001), P < 0.04) ,1. ul lg!OQSY•
CP c o.ot, P c 0.02), end E'lll"tr• .!1.lac.ull CP < o.ot, P co.ou durl ng the f lfth
week verlad with both elevation within transact end trensec:ts. yoq:rnh•
yltla-ldMo covr did not vry with either elevation or trenHCt CP,. 0.10).
The lest week of 28 June to 2 Ju I y had few changes because 1101t spec las
lied trt IMSt apendecl 1-trt all sites by this tl•. Watana Cr1181l transact
llad only a fw •lnar cllllnges during tile last w•k 28 June1 fllgu glglrl,...,d
Sa..lLMa bvwrd!Ma (beeuvered splr-) developed fl_. buds (Table 76) and
S..."M ,Cgaua senedWJs!s and~. y!tltldMI started fl_.lng.
Several cllangH occurred on tile Jay Creek transact by tills last ll8ek
(Tabla 77). ~ grganlandlsu• and~. desyebens had flowered. Most
Mlrtena!a pan!c:ylata was In fl_., rattler than baing rHtrlc:ted tv the ..-t
advanced Individuals. Epllpblye angu•tltpllye, Hertens!a panlsulfta, and
Equlatu• allyotlsu• all Increased tllalr average llalgllt. EmttrJW ~
barr I• were observed trt the top-s I ope al avtrt I on.
Dlang• along the Swltclllladl transact during weak 5 UO June) Included
s-~. yltls-ldga flowering at the •lddla slope loctrtlon as wall as Ulbla
dec:y•bens flowering at lllgllar alevtrtlons (Tabla 78). '!'ha average llelgllt of
Eqyls«tye al!yatlsu• Increased by 10 Ql willie the-n grass llalgllt ~load
During the fifth w1181l (I July) sowe ~. ylt'tld•• all4 ~ sonldto•l$
flowered along tlla Tsuaana Creak transact !Tabla 79). Average llalgllt of
grasses lncraasad sllglltly. s-11141vlduals of~ grQ8111MdiSu• ell4 ~.
dec;uabl!!l flowered trt tills tlaa.
6.2.4 • Spatial YrltrtiCIII Ill "'--lagiCIII St8te of l!dJLl.ll gl .. lcwe
An evaluation of the effect o_.f transact and elevtrtiOII •lght ba bwtftr
ac:cc.pllslled by dlscuulng I ubiquitous species during I weak. Tile average
cover, llelght, and pllanologlc:~~l sttrta for a. gl•dylpu are reported In Tabla
80. This species was eore abundant at tile lllgllar elevations tllan at the 2
lower elevations, but did not vary significantly by transact. This was
consistent wltll the fact that lllgher alevtrtlons were generally low birch shrub
scrub vagatat1011 typal while the lower elevations contained several dlfrerant
---------
f
r
I
I
~lon types, depending on tile tr .. sec:t.
Generally, teller Individuals of a. glandylgsa grew at the higher
elevations except along the Switchback tr .. sect when! heights were sl•ller
(Table ••· The higher elevations, especially the bench position, along
Tsusene Cr"k epp .. red to heve •uch teller shrubs (86 c. versus overall -n
of 55 ell). lfhetller tills was related to eclephlc, cl t .. ttc, or site history
factors or • COIIIblnetlon wes not k-n.
'""-logical state wn not different for the Wetene Creek, Jay Creek, .. d
Switchback transects (Table 80). However, a. gl•dy!ASa along the Tsu-
Creek transect was In the l .. f bud stage while plants along the other
transacts had already expanded •ny of their l .. ves. listens and Jay Creek
transects hllcl -variation In pllenolaglcel state with respect to elevation.
The bench location appeared to leg the otller elevations In plant develop .. nt
(2.4 versn ... n 2.7 end 2.6 versus •en 2.9). The S.ltchbeck .. d Tsu_.
Creak tran .. cts ware not different In phenological state with respect to
elevation.
1.2.5-"'-logical Davelop.aat ot • Specl• Over Tl•
Halglft growth tro. a phenological point of view was l•portant only for
herbaceous plant species, which did not occur at .. ny sites. Table 81
presents cover, height, end phenological developaent of Htrtensl• !!"nlc;yLtto
over tJ•• for the •lddle slope elevation of the Jey Creak tr .. teet. Cover
lncrea .. d slowly during the first Z w .. ks, then Increased during the third
wNk and r-lned tile s•e during tile fourth wNk. Cover values alaost
doubled (8.5 versus 14.4S) between ZZ June end 29 June. Height followed e
sl•ller pattern wltll rapid growtll through tile first 3 weeks, slowing In the
fourth wNk, and el-t doubling In the fifth. The phenological state of II·
111Qisyl•ta e.xtllblted e sl•ller pattern. Most Individuals were In e leaf state
-----
on 1 June but hed progr .. sed to the flowr bud stage by II June. A f• heel
begun fl-Ing on 15 June. f'llenologlcel develop.ent slowed on 22 June but
ednnced to the flowering shte for •ny piMts by 29 June. All pw_..,.s
s11owec1 e slowing of growth during the fourth..-. Tills could heve resulted
fr011 colder elr tellperetures end snow flurrl• thllt occurred Ill' the higher
ele.-tl•s the previous wHk. However, lllrt•nsla p•lr;;ylata 1111y nor.lly
•hi bIt a slow I ng of gr011th et thIs stage, as resourc• are dIrected towerd
f 1 ower dave I ~nt.
6.2.6 -s-oy _. Dl-1011 of Pl..t "'-ology
Eerlr gi"Mftup of h~s plent species could be IIIPOI"hhnt for 110018 In
the spring on ~feeing slopes, however, -leal data t::r c:ovr, helgllt,
end pheaologlcel state collected In this study did not support this
hypothesis. In contrast, vlsuel observations Indicated that herbeceous
species end poulbly -shrubs such as Yoc;c;lnl• yltlt=ldea alght pi'O\'Ide
••rly spring forage In certain arMs. There does not appNr to be a specific
type of IOQ'tlon, such as ~slope elevation, thllt' was a c:ons:stetrtly good
source of ... ly growth of vegetation.
s-species such as 1· yltls-ld••lllly appeer at the be• of tr•s In
the flrll'l' snow-free areas In forest ty~. This species Is known to be used
as forage by aoose on the Kenai Moose Range IOid .. ayer et al. 1977, W. L.
Regel In, ADF&G, p•nenel sgwynlcatlpnl. 501141 speciB, such as Mlcttn&la
pan ls;;y l•h and Ep II pbl ya angystlfpll ya, grow at dl ff-nt rates, possibly
offering forage et different tl-. Mlct•nsla QMIQ!Jita started slowly and
continued develop•ent over a longer period while f. IOQYStltpllya started
later but developed -e quickly. Thus, L IOQustlfpl'ya could avoid grazing
et the eerllest tl•as. SJ•IIarly faaJW&a tr••Yioldts appered to develop
INves later than BlltJdA A•P¥r"••·
•
..
•
'"' -
-
•
•
Eqyl••tM al!yct!Gy• et the •lddl-lape J.y Creek sit. end Er!Mbgr.-
spp. Ccottoegress) et the bott011 of the north-fec:lng slope opposite the
S.ltdiiNick site hlld liMn grencl at e tl• when they were producing SOlie forage
but other forage wes not ebundent. leter In the spring we observed no
evldlllce of gr•lng. pr"'su.bly blceuM thlr"' wu such en lbUI!denc:e of for811
evelllble at that tl-•
Avelllllllllty of forege In the spring depended not only on elevation bat
elso on the geographic locetlon within the potentlel l•pec:t erees. Which
elevations hed Mrly for~g~ evelleble depended on the trensec:t location.
Effects of elevation were probably confounded with vegetetlon type to -
cllgrM. Hence. dlsJ•nct patches of vegetation uy becOM evellllble for
foraging at the •-tl•. Forage evelllblllty eppeered to be dependent on
the cll•atlc envlro~t In e particular eree es .odlfled by elevation •
espec:t.end sit. history. especlelly with rupect to flr"' •
If one essu-1 e •exl•u• resevolr elevetlon of 666 • for the pcrNII'tlel
Wetena lllpC)4.!ftCIIIe 0 then MYirel of the .. .,..er• erees that developed ..,.ly
forege 1111 be above the level of the lmpoun,..nt while so.~ will be
lnuncle'hld. The werwest end ... llest develop-.nt erees of •lddle-slope .ley
Creek end bench end top posl t Ions on the Sw I tchbeck trensect -1 d not be
flooded. However. the bott011 2 elevations along Watene Cr11k transect would
be flooded. The top location of ll'atena -ld be only 17 • lbovl thJ surf~
of the l_,oundBint. while the •lddle-slope elevetlons of Jey Creek end
Swltchbeck trensect -ld be " • llbove the surf-. If the water body were
to create e •socll.etlc effect end effect spring tlllperetures It •lght .odlfy
the tl•lng of spring growth on the Watena sit.. The other 2 er11s •Y be fer
.-gil fcc. the l.poundllent to -ld probl-. Regardless. slt.s thet wentup
relatively -ly would still be evelllble In the S.ltchbeck erN.
l
l
1
1
1
l
1
• • •
~
~
~
~
6.2.7 -... _ Estl..ti-
Fortls and gr•l•lds ..-e tile ..-t abund...-1' plants .uurecl In'-of
curretrt an-I grwt11 bla.ss n•l• 821. Forbs averaged 29 kg/Ita over all
sl ..... and gr•lnolds avwaged 33 kg/ha. Blouu of forbs CP c 0.051 and
gr•l•lds CP c 0.051 Increased over tile gre.lng -son. Jll:b&1A gteds!lcw,a
proc:ciMced the greatest current growth of twigs and IMvas for all site. •
.. lglrt1 of paired 1-and twigs·-cl-ly correllrted (P c o.on tor all
species -Hrecl. Shrub bi-M ...-IIIH rel.tl .. ly constant ovr tile prlod
of shdy, except for J, p!MH!ylcwe 1•-wlllcll lncreuecl slightly (P < O.U
In bl-ovr tl•·
er.lnold bl-•• gree-Nst (P c 0.051 .t triiiiMCts 2 llld 3, alev.tlon
4 when Clllllpred to all othw loc.tlons (T•I• 821. Forb bla.ss was grHtast
(P c 0.051 at transect 2, elevation 3 and transact 3, elevation c. F ..
slplflc:.rt tr.Mis In dlffwancu .ang transacts and elevation• ••• obswvad
for any shrllb species. Howevw, a. glandylpll blouss of 100 twigs was
dlffwall't (p c 0.051 11M1ft11 all site., depallcllng on weak and alev.tlon. Alai&
al.IIIII1A •• ..-t ebundant (P c 0.051 .t transact 3, elevation 4 -.1111 24 11
currant growth of IMves and st.. pr 100 twigs. ll:tu1A M9¥rlfro bla.ss
was greatest (P c 0.051 at tranHct 2, elevation 3 avwaglng 8 11 currant
an-t grwtll of 1-•• and twigs per 100 twigs !Tebla 821,
D•rlng ..... 1 131 May-3 J-1. a. g!ondy!AIO currant twig bl-5 (100
twigs) wa1 slgnlflcMtly graatw IP c 0.051 .t tranlact 1, elevation 1 than
any other location !Tabla 821. Currant twig blo.a11 par 100 twlg1 of A •
.&J..auaD •• graatast (P < 0.051 at transact 3, elevation c. Site 2, alev.tlon
3 had tile greatest" c 0.051 bl_ .. ot a. MQ¥CifKI during ... 1.
For ..... 2 (7-10 June), a. glondylpll lnf biOIIIIU par 100 twigs ...
greater (P c 0.051 at tranHct 2, elevation 3 than any other location.
er .. lnold st .. dlng crop wes gr .. ~IT IP < 0.05) et transects 1 and z •
..... ,011 ••
la1a.l.a glapdy!paa average IMf and twig biOMII per 100 twigs was
gr~IT (P c 0.05) at transact 1. elevation 2 during week 3 (1._17 J-).
er.lnold biOMSI was gr .. ter lP C 0.05) 8t tran.ac:t 3 0 elew8t'IOII •• and lo
QMyrlfKt IMf biOMss per 100 twigs et transact 2. elew8tlon 3 0 tt1an any
other I oc.t I 011.
Dering tile •til weell (21-25 June)0 1. gltpdy!paa IMf biOMII per 100
twigs wes gr .. tast lP c 0.05) 8t tranwcts 3 and • and J. MQYtltKt bl-s
8t transact z. el .. 8tlon 3.
for weell 5 121 June-1 .h!ly)0 J. g!Mfly!Qit IMf bl-s per 100 twigs
wes gr~8t rP c 0.05) 8t tranMc1' z. elew8t'IOII 1. Forb biCIMis was greatw
lP c o.cr.n at traneact z. el .. 8tlon 3. and gr .. lnold biOMII et transect z.
el .. 8tl011 • than any other IOCIItiOIIo
a., nell 6 (31 Augast -3 $eptei!Hr)0 fcrb biCIMIS was gree1'eiT CP < 0.05)
at tran.ect z. elnatlon 3 and tran.ac:t 3. e1 .. 8tlon •· A· &1JIIE& 8t trllllaC't
s. elevetlons 3 and •• end J. glandy!Qia IMf biOMss per 100 twigs et
tranwcts 1 and s. elew8tlon 1 (Table 82).
CIDI!perl-Inside end outside the exc:losurH during week 6 Indicate th8t
forb biOMss was significantly greater CP < 0.05) Inside the exc:losures at
transact 1 0 elevetlons 2 and 3 0 end transect 3 0 elevation • (Table 12).
Current grorill biOMII per 100 twigs of A· alJiuta was greetasT rP c 0.05)
Inside the exclosures at tran11ct 3 0 elevation •· No other significant
dlff.,._s occurred be"-Inside and OU'tslde the •closures for the rrther
pi.WS -lUred.
General trends lndlceted that forb biOMss was greeter Inside the
exclosures. and gress biOMss outside the exclosures (Table 82). a.tuLa
gl•dylpu l•f and twig bl-ss per 100 twigs wu lllgtlly v .. labla wllen
~~-~ Inside end outside tt1e excloaures -• ..,. CT8bla 12).
Tcrtlll curr-" -1 grart11 bl-ss (TCA6 data) of shrubs was sl•llar
(P > 0.05) Inside and outside of the excloaures (T8bla 83). Halle¥er, twig end
l•f bl-of J. IW'Y'"Ifre -greefw (P < 0.0,) outside ttle IIXCIOSUres at
tr--=t S, al..tloa 4.
Transec1' and elevation dlfferenc:. In TCAG data -• sl•ll .. to those 111
CA6 dah for all plallts -red (T8111• 12 and IS).
1.2.7.1 -Dl-1011 of 11-&tl..ti-
Anults of the phenology study addressing current a11nual growth bl-ss
llt41cate tllat dltfw_.. ~ sltws end al..tlons 111 pl.-t bl-•1st,
but f .. slgalflcent trends ware apparent for any species. Generally,
gr .. lnold and forb blo•ass was greatest at elevations S and 4 at all
traeeec1's, uhlcll ware located at the •lddla and bottoa of the slope
rnpectlvely nabla 82). Shrub currant growth bl-ss par 100 twlp w•
greetwst at elevations 1 end 2 which ware locaftd on the bench above the slope
end ubere the ba11ch breaks lllto the slope of tile rlvw valier, respectively
(T8bla 12). These results -ld be expected u the plant c-u11ltlas change
with elevation grading froa Shrubland-opell forest typa on the bench above the
rlvw c:u-1, Into • •Iliad clacld-lf.-ous forest on the slope of the
river valley, to various plant ~unities at tile bottoa of the slope,
reflectlllg sucx:eulonel stage of the site. Generally, thaH bot'-slopa
sites were .. tara, open forest coaaunltlas. Moisture regl•es and soli
~ltl .. also played a p.-t In these alevatlonal trends. However, site
history also provided an lllportant eodlfyl~~g Influence.
Over the period of this study, forb and gr .. lnold bl-ss steadily
lnc~Hd at all sites (fig. ,,. HDHver, shrub bl-u par 100 twigs "•-
end twlpl teRclecl to ,...eln stellle fw 110st species. The oaly conslste11t
I~ •• bl-s over tl• for tile shrubs s.pled occurred for ~--of a.
QlMIIJL1Ma. These date Indicated tll.-t a. g!Edylcwe dl.-.c:ted ..-a r"asoun:w
towards l•f •-l~t tllu st. grawtt1 as the grc~~~l~~g --~ssed •
........,.. l•f 111-associated ultll a t.lg was generally lass tllan twit
bl-for a. g!lll!!ylcwt .-til tM l.t 2 weeks of ..-piing (Tabla 821.
CO.parlaoaa of pleat current growtll blo.aas Inside and outside tile
.closures (weak 6 0 11ott1 uta setal r-eveal fw slplflc:.nt dlttaranc:es (Tabln
82 ... 831. FfWb bl~• wn greater lnalda tile exclosuras. Indicating
poalllla atlllzetlon ot torlls r, -· c.rlllou. or "-ra. The •-tr-end wn
.,.,...., for lo QIWYICW• 1•-encl twigs, Utlllzetlon .,, a. glwulcwe was
1 ... tllan tw .,eclaa ot .1iall& end .6J.aua ot ~ ot tile <n ..-pled In tile
•lddla bealn. Blo.ass ot 4. a.1..auUA ,.,. 100 twigs was gr.tar Inside the
•closures t11en out (T•I• 12 end 113), Tills -.y also reflect lltlllletlon by
,.,... llerbl-...
Total currut annual growtll blo.sa ot plants • ..,lad during weak 6
olltslde tile .closur-ed lnctlcetaa tile -nt ot new to,.ega blo.aiS available
gol11g Into tile winter-at tiiHII sltn. Pr__.ly. peak bl-• wu r"811Ched lly
let. August --ly Sep'-ller. At tills tl• and ova,. all sl tes. total twb
Ill-• averaged 42 llg/lle. total ar•lnold 75 kg/lie. 1· y!t!&-14M• 3• kg/he.
J, QIFdUJCWI ., llg/1'18 0 a. pMyr!fK! 32 kg/lla• .t, Al!lQI[A 31 llg/ha 0 .\. ~
98 kt/lla. and 4. ••nu•t• 37 kg/lla. Blo•••• ot tllasa plants totaled
approxl .. tely 710 kg/lla wlllcll would auppor"t 0.26 ~lie/winter-assu.lng
tllets 1 I a _. eats about 13 kg ot dry forage ,.,. day (C. c. Scllwartz.
ADf&G. yr...,.f ,.,.,miQ!tlml, 21 all ot tile available bl-• was utilized.
a;;l! 31 winter-l.ts 210 deys. lblever. tills astlllllte -.at be qualified liS IT
applies oaly to soutll tecl~~g slopes ot tile rlvw valley. end only If 1100ae eat
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all ._.currant annual growth of .. c~ species,..,, ... Defolletloa
_,.,.,_,. 11eve a~tatn t11et Ill-•• raplec-nt In wctlc plants Is ~lgbly
wwlellla and dlllandent on enwl,_tel conditions fArc:Mr IIIICI Tl e~;nll 1!180).
Deciduous sllrulls ,..,, .. grGftb eftw defoliation to a grMtar extant t~a11
awergr-s~rutls, IIOwftw, defoliation slgnlfl«**tly decrMsed productl• In
11ot11 shrub ,_ itle ..t .,... • Arcller end Tieszen (1910) cone I ucled tl!et -
wctlc s~nk we highly Intolerant to grazing. ttaweYr, gr•lnolds are -.ell
.are tolerant of grarl11g because above ground blo.ess production can be
ectulllly sti•I8Nd (l4stttlels at al. 1976, Arcttw end Tl-1!180).
OM of itle prl...., purposes of the punology study wu to explore the
~~ypott~esls t11et _.eat,_.._ plants dwlng .,.,ng, tollc.lng -lt.
These pl.-ts era presue.bly highly nutritious end pelat.Dia, and are crucial
to surwlwal of 11001e on tile study area. Bl-.s a.pllng conduct.cl during
later .,-111g did nat lend Itself to -!nation of t~ls llypoitlesl1. However,
1reatar blo•••• of forbs Inside tllan outllda tile exclosuras at week 6
support.cl ttla llypottlesl1 t11et forbl were •'-" at -tl• during tile grc.lng
INIOn. To prowlde a definitive an•r u to tile validity of ttla -e-forll
llypot~alls, forb bl0..11 n .. ds to be estl•ated Inside and outside tile
exclosures on a ... kly basis during .. rly 1prlng at snou .. lt. Tile new
location end size of exclosures will facilitate 1ucll • procedure. In
addition, lnfcr.tlon on fOOd habits of .aosa during spring at thoH sites Is
nacnsery to a.plete ttla -lysis.
6.2.1 -Cillrrent ,.._I ~ Dl...ter • lAngttl ... latiOIIIIIIpa
ApproxiiM'tely 1,0,2 current annual groutll tulgs of a. 'A' MK!ylcwe _.e
NBPied for tile entire study. Fifty-eight tulgs of 1-III&1Jillu ard 91 tulgs of
1. a..LAall:& ._.e _,,.d. Sixty-five tulgs were collected free j. &J..IIu:ta and
a. pepycl ..... The nllllber of tulgs clipped were directly proportional to tile
' I
......._ crt ftleu ...-:•• 8t tile lifts ........
....,. .._., dt.-tw• .....-. ,,. 1.1 to 2.1 • n•te .. ,. 41au .iJJIIIU&
lied tile ... g .. t dl-'wl lllld a. g!I!M!yl ... tile -···· ...... twig length
rN!1f'd trOll n.2 to "'·· -. elttt a. MPYCifKI IM!vlng tile ICift3"rt twlp of
c:urr..t -•1 fi'CIIIflt• Birth Sa1..1& IPP• _.e ldelrtiCIII In -.._., dl.-fwo
~ were ........ -leJII'ttt.
The aean ba1al dl ... ter of both j. alAaa1a and a. e•errlttc• were
alplflc•tly trger CP < 0.05) tllan a. glepdylpu. No other lllll"lflc.Jit
dttt.-..ce~ -e tCIUIId far .._., dl.-tw• cr•te 14).
The average 1-srtfl of J. IIM!CCifKI twlp WG llplffc.fly gt'Wtw (p (
0.05) "' .. a. g ....... twlp. Birth ,A. a1a!ma and a. wrr!fre twlp wra
IOIItw (P C 0.05) tllan twlgl of both .5A1J.ll. 1p.cle1. No other llll"lflcant
dlffrencn --detected n•te .. ,.
Tile obMrved differ-In basal dl.-fw and 1-srtfl of CUt'l'eM _,
.,.awttt crt tile 111ru111 -•nect ... raided to both the life to,.. and gr011tll
pattern of t11e1e lpKI ... and tile a-unt of brow1lng a prtiCIIIer .,.:I•
r-hM. BaiJIJ..a g!gdyiAII fl ~fly a IO. gro.lng end rel.tlvely 01*1
lllrull. Utilization of a. glendy!pte wa1 tell than on the other 1p.cle1
ex•lned. Both .5A1J.ll. IPICI .. were at10 to. gro.lng, presuaal!ly bee-• of
Ill per ll'tlllzet1011 wlllch ••• reflected In their greetw baNI dl.-tw and
twig length. BU.uJ..a !IM!!rlf•• 11 a tree, tll.t •• occalonetly foulld to ba
llept In a tell 1hrub et•• by heavy browalng .t -1lte1. Its terge baNI
dl_,..,. lllld twig 1-srtfl ·-1 reflection crt tile utll lz.tlon as well as life
fore of th.t ...-:••· 41au .u.auata 11 a tall shrub tll.t received only llgllt
to ~ate utll Iutton. BINI dl.-tw and twig lengtll -. probably aare a
reflectiOII of Its life fore tllen llrowalng preii!IA.
Corret.tlon1 betw"n b81al dl-.ter end 1-srtfl of tile Individual twlp
, ,
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J
.-pled wre sl .. lflcellt CP c 0.05) for eec11 spec:ln wltll r velues of 0.31 for
'· a.J.a&U.a. 0.33 for 1-a1ai:L 0.41 for a. 8 ......... o . .-z for 1-JIII1.GKL
end 0.41 for a. P"Yr"••· The slape of the r..,...lon II• was _.Y sl•ll•
tor eech spec:IH CPig. 6) end was generelly II_.. Gilly A. .a.I.Dit& dlff.-.11
IIO'tlc•"Y fro. tile o1'1ter species elong the y-•ls. TheM ate lndl~ e
-.rly hi reletl-'tlp ~the beHI dl-.tr •d 1e11111t11 of tile current
ennuel growth of these shrubs. Such e reletla.shlp suggests thet I
---t -r be ell tt1et Is .-c1ec1 to eecura1wly predict Ill-s of current
-el grawtll. end tllet 110 -e til• 33 twigs -ld be neeessry to eclequa1wly
estiHte IleAl dl-ter end 223 twigs would be neeessery to edequetely
ntl.te 1-srth for enr sllrub spec:ln CTeble M).
Bnel dl-tr wes l•st v•leble of the two -sur-nts (coefficients
of v•letlon renglng fore 201 'to 2911 end 46S to 7,. tor dl..tws end 1-srt~~s.
respectively) end -ld be the best to uH. Botti Bulle end Hutc:hlngs (1966)
Hd Fergu.o11 end Merldell Clm) foand tt1et the beHI dl..tw of blttrbrush
C£l&ulalA tr•decrtwt•) twigs was lldequa1w 'to predict both current -uel growth
end bl-• of twigs tor thet Sllrub spec:las.
6.2.9 -IArtlr E':llci-
Lerger exclosures were construced for the 1983 spring field seeson
Shortly llftr 1982 aclo.urn were dlsess..tlled. These.' x ,_. exclosures
wre eonstrueed of 2 1-rers of 1.2 • 14 ft) •tted wire supported by 2.1-.
..nl fence posts guyed out with wire. These exclosures were epproxl•etely
2.1 tell . TheM exclosurn wre •r-eed In 'lustrs of 2 'to 4 In r•s where
IIOOH were k-n to congregate during perturltlon (Fig. 7). W. B. Bellerd
CAOF&Gi provided lnfor.etlon on -=ose locations end asslstlld In the generel
positioning of the clusters of exclosures. &plec-nt of the exclosures
within these general erees was undertaken during Septll8ber. 1982 by
Agrlcwlnral Exparl..-t Station range ecology per-••·
I.S -AI,.._ Hills PN-hrtl I__, ... Al#III--Jt
The 25 sites ..-pled In the Alphabet Hills pre-burn Inventory end
assessMnt were cOIIII I ned I lito Level IY vegetatIon types of Y I eredl It at.
CUIIZ). DIKrl,-tiORS of llldlv141uel sites are.,.. -lngful toiiOWiflt their
treat .. nt by f Ira. Sub.eq-t chef118s In species ca.posltlon end the
rasponMS of Individual ~PSCI• to -•P•Iatlon by tire -but lllldertakan on
a slt.-lty-slte basis. Five vegetation types were ...,led In the flphaMt
Hills dllriJit s-1912. n.. 5 vegetation types were clesslfled under 2
Level I CYI..-.c:k e1' el. 1982) ,...._,on cl•sltlc:atlonsa forest end scrub.
1M a,.. 11111-t. Sprc., Open Black Spruce, end lfoocllend lltllte Spruce vegei'atlon
types were all forest typae. Tile O.wf Birch and Dwwt Blrch•WII low
vegetation types w-cleulfled as IICt'ub type.
Ares lila) of eedl Level Ill Ylarack e1' al. 1912) vege1'ei'lon type, anc1 the
relative pe~c:entege of MCh, tor the prl .. ry, secondary, end control burn
arees In the Alphebet Hills Is shown In Teble 85. The outer boundary
~~~~~~ the control burn •• wes arbitrary belllg based prl•arlly on the
sl•llwlty of the vegetation In the burn end control reas CFig. 8). The
out.r bouiMiary of the ~ary burn eree followed the reesoneble expected
ll•lts of the burn es tor••d by neturel barriers. The prl .. ry burn site
~ the arM ecpec:ted to bllrtl. Hence, ~ study sites were located
In the prl .. ry burn end control arMs. The prl._.y end secondery burn reas
.. redefined by USFS end BLM fire specialists while the control eree wes
defined by Agricultural Experl~ Station range ecology par.annel.
Average dl-ter et point-of-browsing COPS) •eesur-nts tor shrub
species In the Alphebet Hills -shown In Table 86 • Ja1.hL ~ hed the
largest DP8 -sure-ts, evreglng 3.5 •· The -I lest II'B 1 s of the shrub
, ,
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apeclal wa1 on a. glandy!pae. averaging 2.4 ... All apeclaa of~ had
,.,._. a¥W'aga QP$'1 th-'1 L glendylcwa •
.s&IJA auua had ttla greatest -•gilt fer ·--artac:llecl to twigs clipped
at the._... DP8 CTabla 861. Nun weight of I••• was 0.74 g tor 1. ~
will •• a. g!edylpll averaged Ol!ly 0.30 g.. .s&IJA ~had tfla grwatast
twig walgh'tl 0 averaging 0.51 g/twlt CT.Oia 861. Spaclu of .s&IJA lnv•lably
!lad l•ger lwf and twig weights tllan a. giendy!QII, Thll ... due In pa-t to
the 1.,..,. a¥W'ega OPB•s fer .s&IJA spp.
1.3.1 -0,. ..... s,r-~~-,,.
Tllraa sltea ware a.-pled wl'tllln tile Open lftii'N Spruce vagatetlon type.
Trw cover averegad 101. tall allrub canopy cover IS. low shrub cover us.
dw•t abrub cover liS. forb co_.. 34. r•lnold covr lOS. -• covr 50S.
and I I chan cover ZS. eJJ;u ~. 4J.D.u.a. Gr.J.aa. .SaLa AIIJJ;IU:L vag; In I M
yllpiPA•u•. Eou'l''te spp •• and Ca''PAOCA•t•a s•nedensla ••r• the .a•t
abundant vaeculr plants In tills Y9tatlon type CTIIble 871.
Denalty ot e. a,1.111r:a avregad 45511111. while A· ~ a. glendylg"• and
1. a.u..IJO,b.t.a had tile graet.at danalty of the ahrubs s.plad CTabla 881. Tile
oldest-aged trees In each of the 3 alt .. avr1111ed 183 yrs for£. ~·and
151 yrl fer •· ..u.aa.
~ ~ ba1al dl ....... Wll lrgr than a. gl Mdp!Q$10 and p•cant
utilization bawd on twig counts was al•llr batw-tile 2 specl• CTIIbla 891.
Total eve II ebla biOMu was greatest for 1. ~and utilized biCMSS was
elao greatest tor 1. a.u..IJO,b.t.a. averaging 24S of tile total biCMSS produced
IT able 901.
S•ple alzea needed tor adequate cover astl•etes ranged fro. 1 to 13
plots per si'N. For ste. density astl ....... only 1 plot was nHdad tor both
shrub apaclaa -•urad. Percent u'tlllzatlon aatlllatas required frc. 54 to 77
, ,
plots In the Open White Spruce type ITIIbles lf7 1111d 891.
6.3.2 -0,. Bla stw-Yegn.tl" Type
Seven sites were ex .. lned I n the Open Bleck Spruce vegetation type.
Basal 1Tw cover averagecl 13S ~;anopy cover, I 011 shrubs prow I ded 12S cover,
clwerf shrubs 31S, fortis 201, gr•lnolds 1~, -s 53S, and I lchens 1911 cover.
Litter, dead wood, and bare ground COIIblned to account for 12S cover !Table
91).
Ste• densities were greatest for e. ~a. glopdylgao, end 1·
~. The oldest trees In the 7 sites ..-pled In the Open Black Spruce
vegetetlon type averaged "' yn for e. llldAoA and 209 yrs for e. a1Ma·
IIIII 1 Live shrub st-were ~~ore abundant then dead st-!Table 921.
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Basal dl-ter of shrubs fell within the <1 - 2 ~ range, and utilization
bued on tw lg counts ranged frc:. 3S to 27S !Table 931.
Avelleble and utilized Drowse bla.ass In tile Open Black Spruce type
totaled '40 and 13' kg/ha, respectively !Table 941. This represents
approxl•etely 20S utilization of the total blc.ess of the shrubs ..-pled •
.5&1..1& JIILI..s:llcA was the •Jar producer and received 22S utilization of the total
bl-ss pi"'duced. .llllt.uJ..I. glmdylgll was second In blc:.ass pi"'ductlon with 16S
utilization. Jill&~ accounted for only 3 kg/he, but received 2'S
utilization of the bl-ss pi"'duced. !Table 941.
Required .-pie size for cover estl..-tes ranged fro. 1 to 13 plots per
site. To estl..-te basal dl..-ters only 1 plot was needed, however, between 68
and 325 plots ware needed to adequately estl..-te utilization using twig counts
!Tables 91 and 931.
6.3.3 -lbxlland Wlllte Spruce Y9fWion Type
Five sites wre .-pled In the Woodland White Spruce vegetation type.
Basal tree c:ovr avragecl only 6S, low shrub cover 25S, dwrt birch 4,S, torbs
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as, -• US, Mel lldlens 2tJ (Table 951. fl.IOM ~ wu the ..-t abundent
Eu•tr ye AJ..ac.ua were the -t abundent shrubs. Egy I Mt!W s II vlt I cue was the
-t abundant forb, and Cledgple spp • ..-e the -t abundent lichens (Table
951.
Tree -.11y totaled 448/he, «Dinetea by e.~. The oldest tr-of
e. ~averaged 243 yrs while e. !IAtlAoa av_.aged 211 yrs of age. T,...
SMdllngs were nu.arous. .D1:1!!J..a g!.mdylgae, .fmu. w:lc;ylerla, end ,1. ~
... e the shrubs with the hi glint densl1y (Table 96).
Basel dl ... tars of shrubs .. asured ranged fraa <t to 2 c~. Percent
utilization estl•atas based on twig counts were less than those based on
bi-n estl..,_, how-, trends were sl•llr betw .. n the 2 •tllods CTables
rn end 98l.
Total available bl-of shrub st.s was 411 kg/he (Table tnl. .D1:1!!J..a
glepdylgu and ,1. AJW;1u:A provided the greatest bl-ss and received 23J Mel
26J uti I lzatlon of the blo.ass produced, respectively. However, avery
Individual of ,1. AJJ1111:A and ,1 • .1.1n.1t.11. that wu SIIIPied st these sites had been
browsed (Table tnl. One Individual of ,1. ~ st site 123 In the Woodlend
White Spruce veptatlon 1ype had 208 browsed st-and 332 unbrowsed st.s due
to --hedging.
Estl•ated s•ple slz81 followed the s-pattern as for the 2 previous
vegetation 1ypes (Tables 95, and 98l.
6.3.4-DHrf Bln:ll Yeptatlc• T,.
Seven sites w_.e -lned In the Dwrf Birch vegetation type. Low shrub
canopy cover averaged 491, dwarf shrub cover "'· forb cover as, grMI nold
cover 3J, -• 53J, and lichen cov .. 23J (Table 99l • .D1:1!!J..a glydy!qee, L.
yllglgpaye, 1. AlQLua, and~. grgen!tndlsye ware the ~•t abundant shrub
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,.."""'----=--~ -... ~
species. The 011ly forb wlttl >Ill cover wes ~ sDOMt•sls. C!!!dpnla sop •
..,.. tile •Jor llcfletls.
Tree density totaled 21/he, .ast of which were sepl lngs. Both fL;aa
species were evenly repra .. nted !Table 100). The f .. tr .. s present were
younger In age then trees In the forested veptetlon types. ~ IIIEl.IIIA
averaged 91 yrs of age while e.~ tr .. s had .... n age of 106 yrs.
&I1Mla glepdy!gsa end a. ~ had the greatest densiTy of the shrubs
.-pled, lllld ~ lndlvldeels were alive.
a ... , d 111118tws of shrubs ranged fro. 1 to 2 c.. Percent utilization of
twigs on tt1ese shrubs ,...gad fro. 5 to "'· end renkecl sl•llar to utilization
ba .. d on blaeess !Table 101).
Browse availability totaled 1,822 kg/ha with only 1611 utll lzetlon of tile
total biOMII produced. &I1Mia g!mdy!gu end a. AIW;bu provided tile -t
blouss and 1511 and 20S of the total blouss produced had b .. n utilized,
respectively (Table 102).
Plot s•ple sizes needed for cover es1'1.etes and twig courrts showed ttle
•-trends es for ttle other vegetation types dlscus .. d previously !Tables 99
and IOU.
6.3.5 -Dnrf Bln:ll -Willow •aen-tlon Type
Three situ were .-pled In tile Dwarf Blrch-WII low vegetation type. Low
shrub canopy cover averaged 3711, dwarf shrub canopy cover 6811, forb cover 1211,
g .... lnold cover 911, 11011 cover 5lll, end lichen cover averaged 2611 (Table 103).
Abundant shrubs In t11n111 of canopy cover were lderrtlcel to those In the Dwarf
Birch type. HaweYer, ~ spp. were ebunderrt In the Dwarf Birch-Willow types
!Tables 99 end 103). Egylwhe sllv!ltlc;yw, carlces, end Pa!fiQ«• spp. were
also ebunderrt. Tree density was law end dawlnated by deed trees end seedlings
of e. a.LAuc:a· fL;aa llltlAIIA had -ly equal densities of deed and live trees
,
, , , ,
CTeble lOCI. ~ ••·••n• trees hed average ages of'' yrs In this
vegetation type. The oldest trees of e. ~were 30 yrs of age. Shrub
density wa .-de up prl-lly by 1. gludy!gao end ,1. a&W;bta.
a. .. l dl ... ters of shrubs were the 1 -2 c. size class CTeble 10,1.
Percent utilization of these shrubs, based on tw lg counts, ranged trOll ' to
••
Browse evelleblllty totaled 1,03!1 kg/he with IIJJ of the total blc.ess
produced having been utilized CTeble 1061. a.tJ&lA gludy!gso end ,1. a&W;btA
were the -t abundant of the shrubs s.-plecl In t-of evellallle bl-ss
CTallle 1061. Leef bl-ss wes sl•ller to twig biOWIIss for .ch shrub species.
The nu•ber of plots needed to estl.ate canopy cover with the dlgr .. of
precision es stated cT•I• 1031 rengecl fro. 1 to 21. Utilization estl.ated by
counting twigs needed fro. 80 to 1C7 plots for en adequate sa.ple In the Dwarf
Blrch-WIIIaw type CTallles 1115 end 1051.
1..3.6 -Dl-la.
Tree density In the Open White Spruce type wu greeter then eny other
type where e. ~ wes present. e. 8tllnl. .SC.Ineted the Open Bledc Spruce
type where density of f.IJ;u llilt.UDA In this type wu greeter then clellslty of
e. al.AK& In eny vegetation type. The Dwerf-Birch end Dwerf-Birch-WIIIaw
types suppol'ted very fw trees. Most of the trees In the Dwarf Blrch-WIIIaw
type were deed, but SHdllngs Of e. ~were abundant. This type appeared
to heve e history of relatively recent fire.
Sh!'ub cover wes lnv•~ely !'elated to tree density Crs • -0.81, P • 0.051
In the Alphabet Hills study lll'ee. MeJol' shrubs et ell sites Included 1.
g!opdylgu • .1. a.uJ..I:II.tA, end l• y!lgiDASY•· 4J..Du1. ~ wes found only lit
Open White Spruce sites, end .1 • .1.AnA1A only et Open White Spruce end Open
Bleck Spruce sites.
J
6enerelly 0 forb end gr•lnold covw decreeMCI es sllrub CO¥W lncreeMCI
lrs • o. 11. -o.z:s. rapeci'lvely. P , 0.1151. Moss covw wu conslnent -a
ell ~lOft types. evreglng ,,., Cover of lichens •• greetut wh.,.. forb
end gr .. s cover ••• the leest lrs • -0.10. -o.oa. rapeci'lvely. P, O.UI.
Litter cover lncreeHd Crs • O.SII. P c 0.0011 In euoclatlon with Increasing
shrub cover.
The Open White Spruce type wes .. de up of stands with .aderet. tree
density d011lneted by £., ~· Shrub cover was relatively low 0 while forb
end gr•lnold cover wes abundant. Moss wes the ujor ground cover. while
llc:flells •d litter were relatiMiy less ebunclent.
The Open Bleck Spruce type heel the hlghen of tr• densities. d011lneted
by £., earlana, Shrub cover wes low. end forb end gr .. lnold cover we•
relatively high. Moss end lichens were the aejor ground cover end lltt.r
cover wu low.
The Woodland White Spruce type wes IIOderm In tree density. yet less
then the Open White Spruca type. VIereck et el. 119821 classified tree stands
as forest Copen. closed. end woodland) based on canopy cover of trees.
Forests heve, 1()J tree cover. Shrub cover wes higher In the Woodland White
Spruce type ther. In eny other forest or woodland type s .. pled due to en
lncreen In both ICII end dwarf shrub cet.gorln. Forb end gr•lnold cover wes
elm low. but I I chen cover was relatively high. Litter covw wu also grenw
In this type then eny other forest type.
The O.erf Birch type heel very few trMs end £.... aJ.A11CA end £., ...au were
equally ebunde"t. Shrub cover wes auch acre abundant then In the forested
types due to en lncreen In both the I ow shrub end dw,.,·f shrub c011ponents.
Forb end gr .. lnold ccver '<iia low. Moss provided the •Jcr ground CO¥W 0 but
I lchens were also abundant. Litter cover was relatively higher then other
~ , , , , , , ,
vegrietlon types. p,......ly orlgl~lng fro. the clec:lduous shrubs.
1'lle Dwarf Birch-Willow type was very sl•llar to the Dwarf Birch type.
except that density of deed trHs wes higher. end 1. I&I&1.Gbr& enc11. aLAlia
-· pr.-t.
1'lle prl.ry c*Jectlve of the AlplleMt Hills burn study •• to -•tor the
response of the difference vegetation types to fire. end the subsequent
response of 1100 .. to changes In the plant -.nltln. l.mtll the burn hu
been capletM end vegetation devel~nt has occurred. this obJect Iva cannot
be fully ..t. 1'lle burn wa ll'ttellpted during Sept.-.-19112. but envlr~el
CCIIICII t Ions p,_m.d tile f Ire fro. spreed I ng.
However. sOH subJective evaluations can be IDIIde based on the present
vegetetlftl CG~~PGSitlon end k-ledge of fire ecology. It appears that the
potential to l•rov• the study eree es 1100se hebltet exists. et leest In teres
of forage availability. Shrubs such es Jl. gl•dylgsa • .s.J.l& spp •• A1JIII& spp ••
end a. edsylrla exist In el-' every vegetation type present. Shrub cover
was greatest In the Dwarf Birch-Willow type. which epp ... ed to heve e history
of recent fire. Bla.ss of shrubs that could poteni'lelly be utilized by .:xJM
Cprl•erlly ~ spp.) wes greatest In this type. followed by the Open White
Spruce type. Utilization of evelleblo bl_.s was greatest In the Woodland
White Spruce. but wes elso high for the Dwarf Birch type end IIIOderete for the
other vegetation types. Utilization Is e function of forage evelleblllty end
the nu•ber of .aose. Utilization of evelleble blo•ess In the Dwarf
Birch-Willow type wes low. presu•ebly due to the greeter evelleblllty of
shrubs. ~ ~ end J. alAKGA consistently received the greatest
uti I lzetlon Cbesed on both twig counts end biomass estl•etlons> In eny
vegetation type. Th-shrubs ere •Jor winter foods of IIOOSe In Alaska (Peek
197 4) • I n for•et I on concernIng use of each vegetatIon type by 11100se end food
, , , , , ,
habits of .oose before end efter the burn would greetly Increase our
understanding of .aose -fire rel8tlonshlps.
S.,le sizes needed for cover estl .. tes •ere well below the n1111ber of
plvts IIC'tuelly reed for IIOSt plent species. rlowever. twig counts needed
epproxl•tely twice the nu.ller of plots that were ectuelly exeelned. Twig
count date w• variable with c:oefflcl.nts of verl.tlon (50/X) ranging fro. 20S
to 30S dependIng on the spec: I".
6.3.7-ea.,.-1-of S.ltllll Besln Md Alpi!Dt Hills ...... lc. Typea
The 5 vegehtlon types In the AlpiiMet Hills corresponclecl to 5 of the 10
vegetation types In the browse lnven'tory study In the elddle Susltne River
1 Belin. The Open White Spruce. Open Bleck Spruce. O.erf Birch. end Dwarf
Blrclt-Willow vegetation types ~·eel directly betw•n the 2 studl•. The
Woodlend Spruce of the Susltne Basin end the Woodland White Spruce of the
1 Alphebet Hills were also directly c~pereble. One of the 6 sites In the
Su.ltne Basin Woodlend Spruce vegetation type was clesslflecl es e Woodland
l
1 Bleck Spruce type. The other 5 sites In that study area •ere considered
J
'
Woodland White Spruce veget.tlon types. However. both species of~ were
g-relly found growing together In the forest types. The stee density end
rel.tlve canopy cover of each species of flcAA usually was the detenDinlng
factor In whether • site •as c Ius If led u 11 Wood lend WhIte Spruce or Wood lend
Bleck Spruce veget.tlon type. Thus. for our purposes the Woodland Spruce end
Woocllend White Spruce veg.tatlon types of the Susltne Besln end Alphabet Hll Is
studies were used for ~r.tlve purposes.
Percent cenopy cover end species c~posltlon In the Open White Spruce
vegetation type wes not significantly correlated (roo0,29 0 P > 0.05) betw•n
the 2 study sites. A1Jiu spp. •• present In both studies el'd total low shrub
, , , , ,
J
a•d tcrtal dwarf shrub ..-a cmperellle. A_.ege canopy cover of W1& ~
... approxl•ataly 8 tiHS lllgller Ill the Alphabet Hills, but both eriCKmUs
shrubs Y.c;c;lnly• y!!glm•r• and l• ylt!r!dMo were 2-3 tl-greeter In the
Sql'tna S.sln. A..-ege total forb cover was eppf'OIICI~Iy 3 tl-~In
the Alphabet Hills durlag -· 1982. Total st• Hllsl'ty of a. glondy!gae
was very sl•ller llet-n the 2 studies. Hawa_., as lndiCII'ted previously by
ccnopy cover estiHtH, 1. auJ..c:11cA wes .ch ..-e pre~lnent In the Alphabet
Hills, averaging nearly 12 tl-as •ny n-/he as In the Susltne Buln.
However, utilization of both a. g!ondylma end 1. AI&IJ;bu twigs wes lower In
the Susltne Buln, IIVraglng only about 'OS as •ny browsed twigs/st. In this
vegetation 'type even though st .. densities were also lower then In the
Alphabet Hills. Also reflec'tlng these dlff-nces In st. Hllsltles wes total
available twig blo.ass for 1. AIIJ..c:ilU, which wes over 600S higher In the
Alphabet Hills.
6.3.7.2 -0,. Bleck 5prKe Y......-lc. Type
Total low shrub and total dwarf shrub canopy cover was very sl•llar
batwaan the Susltna Basin and Alphabet Hills In the Open Black Spruce
vaga'tatlon 'type. Species cc.posltlon and percent canopy cover ware hlt;llly
correlated Cr•0.98, P < o.on between the 2 studies. Sl•llr to the Open
White Spruce 'type, total forb cover was greater In the Alphabet Hills during
su-er, 1982. Canopy cover of .t::11ta spp. and total lichens was also greater
In the Alphabet Hills. Although canopy cover of a. glondylgsa was nerty
Identical between the Susl'tna Basin <711 and Alphabet Hills <'SI, sta•
densities were nearly 3 tiBeS higher In the Alphabet Hills. Stem densities
for 1. All.1.c:ilU averaged 11,549 st ... /he and 15,5000 st ... /he for the Susltna
Basin and Alphabet Hills Open Black Spruce vegetation 'types, respec'tlvely.
w.J..¥ .1.AII.IIiA In the Alphabet Hills and 1. aLAuc:A In the Susltna Basin had the
, , ,
,
highest uti I lzetlon estl .. tes based on twig counts for the 2 studies.
Excluding j. slnynto trOll the COIIperlson, total IIYBII8ble twig biOIIUs was
Identical between the Alphabet Hills end Susltne Basin Open Black Spruce
,...tatlon type. In both studies the bulk of total IIYelleble shrub blc.ass was
produc:ecl by ,i. ~end a. g!MduiA'Io
1.3.7.3-lfoodl_. •11w Spruce Yegehtlon Type
Species ~ltlon and canopy cover In the Woodland White Spruce type
was highly correlated Cr-0.19, P c o.on between sll'es s.-pled In the Susltne
Basin end Alphabet Hills stucll•. Canopy cover of a. glmdyJgao, 1• pyl<:hco,
,1. yllgloosyw end~. grMnlondiC!!II wre ell greatw In the sites s.-pled In
the Alphabet Hll Is. Cover of lichens was also higher In the Alphebtrt Hll Is,
particularly of PeltlgK• spp. St. densities of a. glondylASO end 1. ~
wre 200S end II tlwes higher In the Alphe!Hrt Hills, respectively. 501111 of
the highest utll lzetlon estl•t.s of shrubs baled on twig counts wre observed
In the Woodland Spruce type In both studies. The average percent utll lzetlon
for eti Jhrub species (excluding AJ..D.wl spp •• which were not meesured In the
Alphabet Hlllsl was 20S In the Susltne Basin and 33S In the Alphabet Hills.
Estl .. 1es of available eno •l llzed bl011ess were epproxl .. tely 2-3 tlwes
hlgller for the Alphabet Hills.
1.3.7.C-Dwarf Bird! Yegehtlon Type
Canopy cover of a. groudylou In the Owarf Birch vegetation type was
approxl•etely 2 tiMS greater at sl·l"es In the Alphabet Hills than at sl1es In
the Susltna Basin. EaQetrYII ~ ~. groon!ondlcym and .1. y!lg!Msy• also
had substantially more canopy cover In the Alphabet Hills. Total forb,
gr•lnold, and lichen cover was slwllr between the 2 studies. Sites In the
Alphabet Hills evreged 30S cover of litter whereas sl1es In the Susltne Basin
had •an litter cover of only 7S. In spite of the apparent differences In
, , , ,
cover percentages, there was e significant correlation Cr-0.90, P < 0.01) of
species c:a.poeltlon end canopy cover betw-the 2 study ere .. 1 n the Dwarf
Blrcll vegetation type. st .. density estl•etes for a. glapdy!gu, Bou
ac;lsylacla, .1. ~end .1. ~were ell higher at the Alphebet Hills
sltee, ranging fro. 1.6 to 2.4 tl•es higher then In the Susltne Besln.
Utilization of twigs wes greeter for a. glandylpu end ,1. AJW;ba In the
Alphelle't Hills. Utilization of ,1. ~was lppi"QICI_..ly equal for the 2
stucll•. JlliJilA gl•dylcwa was the •Jor c:o.ponent ~ tatel evelll!ble blo.us
for both the Alphabet Hills end Susltne Besln studies. Total evelleble
bl-ss of a. glendylcwe In the Alphebet Hills exceeded that for the Susltne
Basin, the opposite wes true for .1. ~ In the Dwerf Birch vegehtlon
type.
6.3.7.5-Dnrf Birch-Wlllar hgetnl011 Type
Species c011posltlon end percent canopy cover were significantly
correlated lr•O.I,, P < 0.01) betw .. n the 2 study eFees for In the Dwerf
Birch-Willow vegetation type. Canopy cover of the low shurbs a. glandy!CIIa
.11nd ,1. aJ,.us:a as well es the dwarf shrubs ,t. ~end 1· y!lglrpay• was
substantially greeter In the Alphabet Hills sites. Total forb end gr .. lnold
cover was COIIperl!ble between the 2 studies for this vegetation type. Lichen
cover was .ell lower for the Susltne Buln sites, pertlculerly Pa!flgen spp.
and C!adgnla spp., lflen for the Alphabet Hills sites In the Dwerf Birch-Willow
vegetet!on type. Ste11 densities of a. glandy!Oip end .S. ~were both
greeter In the Alphabet Hills study sites. Percent utilization of ,1. QJ.AusA
tw lgs was higher In the Sus ltne Buln, while percent utilization of both .S.
AKlshc& end a. glpndy!gsp were both higher In the Alphabet Hills. Totel
evelll!ble blo.ess was epproxl.ately 2 times greeter In the Alphabet Hills then
In the Susltne Besln.
,
7 -L IT!Ml\IIE CITED
AI._, s. D. 1"2. Deer browse clippings In the L•e Stlrttls Allglon. J.
Wlldl. Millage. 16(4):401~.
Archer, s., end L. L. Tieszen. 1980. Growth and pflyslologlcal responses of
tundra plants to defoliation. Arctic and Alpine Au. 12C4h531-552.
Balsle J. Y., and S. S. Hutcttlngs. 1966. Twig dle•ter-length-welght
relations of blttwbrusll. J. "-88 Mlnege. 19a34-38.
Bllllrd, W. B., C. L. &weiner', J. H. Westlund, and J. R. Dau. 1982. Big g.-
studies, Yol-Ill, -upstre.. Susltna ftr41roelec:trlc Project Phase
I Final Report, Alaka O.p. Fish and a-. 199pp.
Cook, C. A. 1972. CO.,aratlve nutritive values of forbs, grasses, end
shrubs. Pages 303-310. JJU McKell, c. M., J.P. Blaisdell, Mel J. R.
Goodin, ads. Wild I Mel Shrubs -Their Biology and Utlllzaton. u.s. Dept.
Agrlc., Forest Serv. Gen. Tech. Rpt. IHT-1. 494pp.
Ferguson, R. B., and M. A. Marsden. 1977. EstiMtlfiSI ovrwlntw Dlttwbrush
utlllzatiOII fro. twig dl-ter-length-weight relations. J. Range
Manage. 30:251-236.
Johnson, D. H. 1980. The COIIPerlson of l'Uge and availability -sure~~ent~
for eveluatlng resource prehrence. Ecology 60:65-71.
"'--tlftl, L. W., M. H. St.nlund, end R. K. s-1. 1966. Effect of sl•latea
end nature! d .. ,. browsing on •ounteln ••pie. J. Wlldl. Menage.
:SOC:Sh481-418.
Le Aec:he, R. E., end J. L. Davis. 1973. The ll!pOrtance of nonbrowse foods to
-.on the Kenai ,._Insula, Alaska. J. Wild!. Manege. 37:279-287.
-.chide, S. 1979. Differential use of willow species by .oose In Alaska.
M.S. Thesis. U. of Alake, Fairbanks. 97pp.
Mattheis, P. J., L. L. Tieszen, end M. C. Lewis. 1976. Re11ponsas of Qypgrrtla
t!a,ber! to 1 ... 1ng grazing In an Alaska arctic tundra. Annals of
Botany. 40:179-197.
McKendrick, J., W. Collins, D. Hel•, J. McMullen, and J. Koranda. 1982.
Plant ecology shdles. Susltna Hydroelectric Project. Phase I Final
Report, u. of Alaska. 124pp.
NMike, J. W. 1973. Effects of defoliation on cerbohydrate reserves, vigor and
herbage yield for several l•portant Colorado range species. Ph.D.
Thesis. Colo. State Unlv., Fort Coli Ins. 283pp.
Milke, G. C. 1969. So•e •oose-wlllow relationships In the Interior of
Alaska. M.S. Thesis, U. of Alaska, Fairbanks. 79pp.
"'•11•-Doellols, D., and H. Ellenberg. 1974. Al•s and Mthods of vegetation
ecology. Wll., and Sons, ,.. York. 547pp.
, , ,, ,
01~, J. L., A. w. f~anz .. nn, A. L. B~undage, P. D. A~neson, and A.
flp~~. 1977 • ._quality Mil the kenai -population. J. Wlldl •
....... • 1())a5J.S-5CZ.
Peell, J. M. 197D. Relation of canopy area and VOl-to proclllc'tlon o• ttw.
IICIIIdy spec I•. Ecology 51 (6h 1098-1101.
--, D. L. U~lcll, and R. J. Mackie. 1976. NooH habitat Mlec:tlon and
~I atlonalllps to fMeat -ag-nt In n~tlleastwn Ml nnesota. Wll d 1.
Mllnog. ...1-65.
Spencer, D. 11.0 aac1 E. f. Olatelaln. 1953. Pnlgrns In tile~ of tt1e
-In ~ffal Alalka. T~-. N. Aa. Wlldl. O:lnf. 18a539-552.
_ • .,.d J. Hakala. 196•. Moose and fl~• on tile Kanal. f'nlc. Tlll~d
..... Tall Tl...,.s fl~ Ecol. O:lnf. Pages IG-13.
Tieszen, L. L. 197•. Pllotosyntlletlc CQ~Petence of tile subnlv•n vegetation
of an wctlc tund~a. Arctic and Alplna Rea. 61253-256.
,..,... L. A. 197D. forest aua:e~slon and soli clewlap-.art adJacent to the
Qeaa Rive~ In lntwlor Alalka. Arctic and Alplna Rea. 20111-26.
__ • c. T. Dyrness, and A. R. Betten. 1982. 1982 ~•vision of prl~
claSIIflcatlon for ~Jon of Alaska. Unpubllslled p~ell•lne~y
-ICr'lpt. May, 1912.
Wolff. J. 0. 1976. Uti I lzatlon of lla~d•ood b~owM lly -on the r_,..
fiODd plain of Interior Alaska. u.s. Dap. Ag~lc., fo~est Se~v., Pac.
Not tlwt for. & RMge Exp. Stn. • IIH. Not. Pflf-267. 7pp.
__ • 1978. Bu~nlng end •~owslng effectt on willow g~owtll In lntwlor
Alalka. J. Wlldl. Manege. Q(1Jal35-140.
, ,
TAIL£ 1
... .., st~K1es ·~for U. plut ec:ologr studies tllrougll tiles-.. of
1912. Or1g1• .,.c1es list 111 MciHdrick et al. (1912). _.ad list
1a ~x A. (U • upst,.... D • diMas~)
Mlllloco~leciDMie
C,per-
•• 11 ... 1c. .......... .!!:!:!1!!!. .j iill£. Bog YCige u
Orcll1 dlc:eM
Platanu.n oMuuu (Pwsll) Lindl . S.ll bog-orclt1s u
01~1.-..e
C.~llac.e
fiMIIri"'11 lateriflora (L.) Fenzl &i'OYe sanct.ort D
Cruc1fene
-nud1cau11s ~l.) Rlgll lllstard u
.!!!!:!1!1!!. 1 s 1 irid1 ca Older) lorll. Minh y.llo.:ress u
Er1c:aceM
Cass1ope sta11er1ana (Pall .) DC. Alaska IDSS llelth u
~= borealis DC. Oxytrope D
Pr1•1ac.e !!:l!!!!!. .. 11 kHns1s Wo ... k. &reen land pr1.,se u
Ranuncula~
Caltha pal•tr1s L. Mann •r1gold u
Rosaceae
Potenti~ !!!l!!!!. Pall . Villous c1nquef0fl u
S.U1fragaceM
~en11111 tatrandnll (Lund) •• Northern watar
carpet u
Ribes hudson1an• Richards Northern black
currant u
TABLE 2
Average dl-ter at point-of-browsing IDPBI for brow&c.d twigs. weight/twig.
and weight of J .. ves attached to clipped twigs In the •Jddle Susltna River
Basin.
Species DP8 ,_, LNf (g) Twig (g)
A.l..llu &J.IIIIaD 3.5 1.33 1.27
BltM1A gJMiflylc:wa 2.C 0.39 0.51
BdM1A MP¥rlfra 3.5 0.98 0.72
..saU& a1AIU 3.5 0.87 O.IM
..saU& .w.ta 3.0 0.58 0.36
..saU& 8II1Qa 2.8 0.72 0.75
TABLE ~
Average percent c.anopy cover and nU!IIber of pI ots requIred to s1111p I a wl thIn 20J
of the ••an with 671 confidence by life for• and plant species I n 90-1-m2
quadrats fro. 6 sites In the Open White Spruce vegetation type, middle Susltna
River Basin.
Standard E.s-tl•.ded
Life For./Specles Mean Error S1111ple Size
Total tall shrub ~ 1 .~ 7
AJ.JlU UD.IW:A ~ 1.3 7
Total low shrub 12 1.8 t:5
~ g!Mdylgu 3 1.0 4
Jlgu n c;j suiKll I 0.3 I
~~ 2 0.9 4
~ .1.lll&ta I 0.5 I
~~ I 0.3 I
Y lbyrnum Al1ILJ.a I 0.2 I
Total dl'arf shrut; ,. 2.4 12
Acd;ostopby I Q$ ~ I 0.4 I
ESP"tr!W~ 2 o.• I
~ grgeo I and I GYm 6 0.8 3
~ cetlculota I ru I
yaQSIDiyp ullglop5um 17 i .8 1.2
Y•cclnlum yltls-ldoeo 10 1.4 8
Total forb 12 1.8 12
~ sonodonsl $ 3 1.0 4
fp llgbh• ongyst !toll ym I 0.3 I
.u.Ao!!u txrM I I 5 I 0.1 I
Mlrt•nslp pon l culota I 0.2 I
fl:t1Sii:a5 tr!gldu5 2 0.5 I
BuJwA 'hMDftmOCYS I 0.2 I
Tote! grlllllnold 2 0.3 au spp. I 0.3
Grass spp. I 0.2
Total moss 40 3 .5 18
Total I !chao 5 1.1 5
C!odon!o spp. I 0.3 I
Pe!tlgen spp. 2 0.5 I
Stereg<;ou I on JlA&hAJJl I 0.7 2
Litter 13 1.3 6
Deed wood I 0.3 I
Bare grou11d I o.• I
-------------
TABLE A
Average percen~ canopy cover and nulllber of plots required to s•ple within 20S
of the ••an with 67J confidence by lite for• and shrub species In 90-4-ml
quadrats froe 6 sites In t~ Open W~lte Spruce vegetation type, Middle Susltna
River Basin.
Standard Estimated
Life FOt'IIIISpe:les Mean Error S•ple Size
Total tree 11 2.0 14
Total basal tree 1 0 • .3
Total tall shrub .3 1.2 5
~ .ilJIIIAtA .3 1.2 5
Total low shrub 14 1.6 9
.llil1uJ.A g I Mdy I Clla 4 0.7 2
lA.l.LlL~ .3 0.7 2
lA.1.L1L J..IDAt.A 1 0.4 1
lA.1.L1L .Q.I&J.du 2 0 • .3 1
-
TABLE 5
Averege deftllty lnu.ber/ha) of st..,, by size class end total, end nu•ber of
plots required to .-pie wltllln 20S of tile -wltll 67S confidence for stlrub
species In 90 -4-.2 quadrats et 6 sites In the Open White Spruce vegetation
type, •lddle Susltne River Baln.
Size Cless Standard Est I.-ted
Species (CII) Mean Error Sa.ple Size
Al..lu&a. aJ..aiultA o-1 1361 890 962
1-2 1361 890 962
2-3 694 .11 787
3_. 111 88 1397
Total 3527 1010 489
iii:I:JI.1A g I pdy I A'A o-1 11056 2559 121
1-2 694 209 205
2-3 83 62 1239
Tote I 11833 2693 117
.s&1.1.K aJ,au o-1 3111 868 175
1-2 1389 •76 265
2-3 278 150 658
Tote I •n8 1•22 1n
.s&1.1.K J.IIIAtA o-1 5361 1807 256
1-2 56 39 1113
Total 5•17 1826 251
.s&l.l.K~ G-1 3250 725 112
1-2 861 250 191
2-3 56 39 1113
Total .167 a.• 93
-.
TABLE 6
~verage basal diameter, height end percent twig ut i lization of shrub species,
nd nu11ber of plants required to sample within 201 of the mean with 671
confidence based on those measures, for 6 s i tes In the Open White Spruce
vegetation type, middle Susltne River Basin,
Standard No. No. Est· I meted
Measure Species Neen Error Plants Sites Semple Size
Basel ~ QI1Ddulg51 10 <0.1 191 6 8
DIIIMter .sAl..UL~ 11 <0.1 160 6 5
(1111) ~~ 12 <0.1 149 6 6
~ l.AilAiA 14 0.3 10 2 9
A.l..oJa .5.1.owi:1:A 18 0.1 120 5 8
Height ~. QIIDdul~l 60 0.2 191 6 5
Ccm) .sA1..UL ~ 60 0.1 160 6 2
~~ 70 0.2 149 6 4
~ l.AilAiA 80 1.8 10 2 14
.A.1.ml1 lllW.AtA 110 0.5 120 5 6
Utilization aa1lllA QIIDdul~l 6 0.9 191 6 134
CIJ ~ AiW:hi:A 4 0.7 160 5 108
~~ 5 0.8 149 5 100
~ l.AilAiA 5 2.6 10 2 65
~ .5.l..ll.uA1A 5 1.4 120 .. 228
TABLE 7
Total evelleble end utilized leaf, twig end total bla.ess Ckg/he) estl .. ted fra. nu•ber of unbrowsed end browsed
twigs/he end ste• densities Cnu.ber/he) fra. 6 sites In the Open White Spruce vegetation type, •lddle Susltne River
Basin.
No.lHircwMII Avelleble ~elleble Totlll Available No. BrOIIMCI utilized utilized Totlll utilized
Spec: Ia Twlgl/he Leaf Blc.e~s Twig Blc.e~s Blc.eu Twigs/he t.eef Bl _ _. Twig a•-• Blc.e~s
.Al..D.ua .A1.II.IIIiA 63133 84 80 164 8818 12 II 23
.BIWlJ..A giiiDdlllglill 100581 39 " 90 31949 12 16 29
.5AU.ll. ~ 0958 38 37 75 10512 9 9 18
.5AU.ll. .iADA1A 47670 27 17 45 21668 12 8 20
.5AU.ll. ~ 41253 30 31 60 7917 6 6 12
Total Bl011ess 218 216 04 " 50 102
e Leaf bl011ess r..ovad If browsing hed occurred when leaves ware attached.
TABLE 8
Average total current ennuel growth• lkg/he) end n...,er of plots ~ulred to
sa.ple wl~ln 201 of the •een with 67S confidence by life form end shrub
species tor 6 sites In the Open Whi'N Spruc:e vegetation type, •lddle Susltne
River Basin.
Standard Estl.eted
Lite For./Speeles Ce'Ngory MNn Error Sa.ple Size
Tote I forb 136 19.6 47
Total gr.lnold 30 5.4 n
Tree
a.tMLa gepyrlfl[l leaf 3 2.7 1995
JIKblJ..a apyrlfre twig 2 1.5 2108
Tell shrub
A1luia. .s.1JIIWA leaf 22 8.9 382
A1luia. a.lmW:A twig 13 6.1 460
Low shrub
JIKblJ..a gleduiQII leaf 7 2.3 285
a.tMLa gl•du"we twl~ 5 1.8 343 a:.& ec;lc;ulrlt lee 10 2.3 118
a:.& !!t!:ley!KII twig 2 0.5 176
.saL.I.a tusc;•seos leaf 1 0.9 2251
.saL.I.a tysc•s;ens twig <1 0.1 2251
.saL.1.a g,l,m,u leet 18 7.8 438
.saL.1.a gJ.arg twig 7 3.1 475
.saL.1.a .1.DUtA leaf 4 2.6 1126
.saL.1.a lADAtA twig 1 0.5 119C
~!&JIII.I..I;b.r:A leet 7 2.7 3n
.s&1..!& Jlll.l..l;b.r:A twig 3 1.3 509
Y !burN!• .lllllJ.a leaf 4 1.6 443
Ylbucnua adul.l. twig 1 0.6 467
llt.eet CAG are only those leaves attached to twig CAG.
TABLE 9
Av.-. p.-cent CliiiCPY CDVer end nllllber of plots requlr.cl to ~Ia within 20J
of the ••en witt. 6'7S confidence by life for. end plant species In 149 -I...Z
quadrats fra. 10 sites In the Open Black Spruce vegetation type. •lddle
Susltna River Basin.
Standard Est I ..ted
Life For.(Speci8S Neen Error s-ple Size
Tree
.fJJ:M lllltlAIIA 4 0.7 4
Total tall shrub 0.7 3
ALau..s. UDII&tA 0.7 3
Total low shrub 12 1.2 8
.EIII:I:.uJ.& glmdylswe 6 0.8 4
.SaJ..lll. ~ 3 0.6 3
Total dwarf shrub 29 1.6 11
Eepetryp~ 8 0.7 4
J.adl&a grpen lmd I sum 4 0.4 2 Yerstnlua yllglngaum " 1.1 7
Yocclntyw yltls-ldoto 5 0.5 2
Total fcrb " 1.3 10
~cmad•sla 1 0.3 1
Pet•s't•$ frlgldus ' 0.9 ' .8&&b..u. Ch"Y'ftP'Xys 3 0.4 1
Total gr•lnold 4 0.4
Oti~W~gm=;tts sModensls 1 0.1
.IOu:u. spp. 3 0.4
Total ~ss 50 2.7 " Total lichen 6 0.8 4
C!!!doolo spp. 4 0.5 2
Nlphr!WI spp. 1 0.4 1
Pa!flg•o spp . 1 0.2 1
SDCIQCAIII go AAKb41.l. I 0.2 I
Litter 7 1.0 7
Deed wood I 0.3 I
Bare ground I 0.5 2
TABLE 10
Average percent canopy cover end nllllller of plots r-.ulrecl to s_,le within 20J
of the ••en with 67S confidence by life f~ end shrub species In "0 -4-.2
quedrets fro• 10 sites In the Open Bleck Spruce vegetetlon type, •lddle
Susltne River Basin.
Stenderd Est I ..ted
Life FCirWSpecles MINin Error S..,le Size
Totel tree 16 1.4 12
Totel ~sel tree 1 0.1 1
Tote I ta II sllr ub 2 0.7 3
A1JIII& .l..l.IIUt& 2 0.7 3
Total low shrub " 1.3 11
.Bitii.La G1 .. •1CM 7 0.8 4
.s&1..l& alalia ' 0.2 ' .s&1..l& AIIJJiiD 6 0.9 '
TABLE 11
,_.,.....density (!MIIIIIer/hel of st.s, lly size cl .. s end total, and nu•b•r of
plots required to ....,le •lthln 20S of the II!Nn •lth 67J confidence for shrub
species In '"' -4-.2 quadrats at 10 sites In tha Open Black Spruce vegetation
type, Biddle Susltna At..,-Basin.
Size Ct•s Standtv'd Est I Bated
Species (CII) "'-an Error SaBple Size
Al..alil. .&lJIIIAta G-1 1233 570 801
1-2 1233 ,70 801
2-3 700 223 382
3-t 633 313 917
Total 3799 1041 571
Ji11:b1J.a g I mdu I 9'' G-1 39467 2993 22
1-2 1000 271 27,
2-3 "' "' 37"
Total 40"7 3092 22
wa aUur:A G-1 883 480 1108
1-2 367 1~ 6n
2-3 . 117 83 1901
Total 1367 648 843
.S&La .LiaA:tA G-1 400 340 2702
Total 400 340 2702
.s&J..UL~ G-1 7200 982 70
1-2 3883 717 128
2-3 383 102 268
3-4 83 .... 1032
Total "'49 "60 67
TABlE 12
Averea-baNI dl-tw, helgflt end p•cent 1wlg utilization of shrub species,
end nu•ber of plants required to sa.ple within 201 of the •een with 67S
confidence baed on those -sures, for 10 sites In the Open Black Spruce
~etlon type, •lddle Susltna Rlv• Besln.
Stend•d No. No. Estl.eted
NNsure Species Milan Ernr Plants Sites S.-ple Size
Baal aatlllA 11111111111 Sill 7 <0.1 510 10 3
Dl~ ~~ II <0.1 372 10 .. ,_, .SI.I..l& aJ,.a 13 0.1 6 .. 9 ' A.l..aua .I.I.DIIIta 18 0.1 123 6 8
Height aatlllA al•llula~~ 50 0.1 510 10 2
(C.) ~~ 60 0.1 372 10 2
1IJ..lJs. a1.Uiia 60 0.3 6 .. 9 ..
.AI..Dil& .aJJIUtA 120 0.5 123 6 6
Utilization aatlllA QIEIIIIIGI• 2 0.3 510 9 586 ,,, .51J...LK~ 9 0.8 370 9 70
.5IJ...LK a.1.llla 12 1.8 6 .. 6 3 ..
.6J..auJ. .l.1mlltA 2 0.6 123 6 259
TABLE 13
Total available and utilized leaf, TWig end total blaaess (kg/hal estl•ated from nuMber of unbrowsed and browsed
twigs/he and ste11 densities (nUIIbet"/hal fra. 10 sites In the Open Black Spruce, vegetation type, •lddle Susltna River
Basin.
No . IW>ralsed Available Available Total l!vallable No. Browsed Utilized Utilized Total Utilized
Species Twlgs/ha Le11f Blanass Twig BIOIIII!lt Blaaess Twlgs/ha Leaf BI011111Ss8 Twig Blanass BICIIIIISS
Al..ll.u .&J.AuiU 73701 98 93 191 13676 18 17 36
a.tM1a IIIAIIIhll g&A 271464 105 138 243 97241 38 49 87
~ a.t.AIU 15994 14 14 27 6015 5 5 10
.5Alla~ 138588 99 104 203 64674 46 49 95
Total Blaaess 316 349 664 107 120 228
a leaf biOIIIlSS r..wed If browsing had occurred when leaves were attached.
TABLE 14
A•er~e total current annual growth• (kg/na) and nllllber of plots required to
~le •lthln 20S of the eean •lth 67S confidence by life to~ and shrub
species for 9 sites In the Open Black Spruce vegetation type. elddle Susltna
RIYer Basin.
Standard Est luted
Life For./Specles CaTegOry Mean Error Sa.ple Size
Total fcrb 112 14.0 53
Total gr•lnold 76 7.8 36
Tel I shrub
AI..Du& alJIIultA leaf 12 7.3 124,
.6.I..DuJ. .l.l..Dil.ll:tA t.lg 8 ,.3 1363
l ow shrub
a.:tuJ.A Q londy I !Ill leaf 24 6.6 24,
lilrb&U g IMdn I All t.lg 12 1.8 81
,Sa.1uM heeuvrdlpa leaf 1 0.4 1201
~ beeuyerdlono t.lgs I 0.4 "18
~~ 1811f I 1.3 3376
~~ t.lg I 0.9 3376
~~ leaf 31 6.8 162
~~ t.lg 12 2.9 188
•Leaf CAG are only those lea¥eS attached to t.lg CAG.
TABLE 15
Average percent canopy cover and number of plots required to sample within 20S
of the mee.n with 67S confidence by I lfe fon11 end plant species In 45-1-..2
quadrats fro. 3 sites In the Woodland Spruce vegetation type, middle Susltna
River Basin.
Stendarv Estl!neted
Lite Fo~Specles Mean Error S11111ple Size
TrH
f.IJ;u~ 2 2.2 9
f.IJ;u, .lllldaA 1 0.4 1
Total tei 1 shrub 0.4
~~ 0.4
Total low shrub 11 2.0 8
~ glnodulgso 8 1.9 7
~ Jlll..lJ;.Io 1 0.7 1
Total dwarf shrub 41 3.8 10
EmMtr ua .Jl..lacJ.tm 1.2 1.9 7
ladlla grpen I i!!!d I cym 6 0.9 2
Y•cclntwp yllgtnpsu• 16 2.4 II
YoQblnlwp vltl5-ldooo 12 .2.1 9
Total forb 6 1.6 5
~ conadens Is 2 0.5 1
e1:tu u:1:1i frlgldy$ 1 0.3 1
~ GhonutM¥YU$ 1 0.3 1
Total gr11111loold 5 1.2 3
Colomagrostl$ conadensls 1 0.7 1
~spp. J 1.1 3
Total moss 48 5.3 14
Total lichen 10 1. 7 6
ClodQnla spp. 6 1.1 3
NllphrQM spp. 1 0.7 1
Pel:tlgllro spp. 1 0.4 I
Stertocoy!go poscbole 2 1.1 3
Litter 6 1.2 3
Oeed wood 1 0.7 I
TABLE 16
Aw.,... ,.rcent canapy CDVer 81'1d llllllber of plots ,..qulred to s.pla wl1111n 20J
of tile -n wltll 67S confidence by life forw and sllrub species In 45 -4-.il
quednrts f.,. 3 slt.s In tile lblcll81'1d Spruce vegetation type, •lddle Susltna
River Ba!n.
Standard Estl•ted
Life For./Specles MNn Error S.,le Size
Total tr .. 9 2.0 7
Tote I ballll tree 1 0.2 1
Tote I ta II ltlrub 0.4
A1JIIII. .a..lmlata 0.4
Tote! low 1llrub 11 1.6 ' .lll:t.u.I.A g I mdy lew a 9 1.3 3
~A&W;Ia 2 0.8 1
TABLE 17
Av..-.ge density (lllllber/ha) of n-. by size class end total, and 11ullber of
plots required to ~le within 20S of tha -n with 67S confidence for shrub
species In 4!1 -4-•2 quedrats at 3 sltH In the Woodland Spruce vegetation
type, •lddle Susltna Rlvw Basin.
Size Class Standrd Est I ..ted
Spec I• (c.) Mean Error S.,le Size
.6J..ru&.l. .l.l.DiiAtl. D-1 11 1 111 1126
1-2 111 111 1126
2-3 56 56 1126
3-4 111 111 1126
Total 389 2!11 84
JJ1:bi1A g lmdy IQM D-1 26278 4154 29
1-2 1778 494 87
2-3 111 78 "0
Total 28167 4143 2!1
.sa.u... alAia D-1 1222 769 44f
1-2 56 56 1126
Total 1278 820 464
.sa.u...~ D-1 1444 n2 322
1-2 389 2!11 468
2-3 278 278 7!17
3-4 56 56 1126
Total 2167 828 16!1
TltlllE 111
Avereg. beul dl-.iW. llelgllt end percent twig utilization of shrub species.
end nu~er of plants required to ... pte within 201 of the •een with 67S
confidence baud on those .. esures. for 3 sites In the Woodland s,ruce
vegetation type. •lddle Susltne Rlvw Basin.
Stand.-d No. No. Estt.n.d
-.sure Spec In Mean Eri"'r' Plants 51tH s-tile Size
Beset Bl:tll1A 81EIIIIIIilll 11 <0.1 139 3 ' 01..-tw ~~ 16 0.1 32 3 3 ,_, ~al-=a 10 0.1 9 3 3
A1.llll& .s.l.llul±a 16 0.2 19 3 II
tt.lgllt Bl:tll1A aiEIIIIICU 70 0.2 139 3 4
I c.) ~aa&Jat.a 60 0.4 32 3 3
~al.::a 50 0.2 9 3 1
A1.llll& .ll.lltlaD 110 1.2 19 3 6
Uti llzetlon Bl:tll1A "1111111111111 7 1.1 139 2 84
IS) ~aa&Jat.a 30 4.0 32 3 " ~al.aa 22 7.11 9 3 30
A1.llll& UDtlata 11 3.11 19 3 63
TABLE 19
Total available and utilized leaf, twig and total biomass !kg/hal estl~ated from number of unbrowsed and browsed
twlgs/ha and ste• densities Cnu mLe r/hal from 3 sites In the Woodland Spruce vegetation type, middle Susltna River
Basin.
No. Unbrowsed Aval I able Available Total Available No . Browsed utilized utilized Total Utilized
Species Twlgs/ha leaf Blan!ISS Twig BICIIIIISs BIOIIIISS Twlgs/ha Leaf BlanassB Twig Blan!ISs Blan!ISs
.6.J..o.u .sl.o.IIAiA 5057 7 6 13 1595 2 2 4
8aiuLl QIIDdUIQSI 312654 121 159 280 104218 40 53 93
~~ 6773 6 6 12 5112 4 4 9
~~ 35539 25 27 52 18636 13 14 27
Total Bl01111ss 159 198 357 59 73 133
8 Leaf biODBss reaoved If browsing had occurred when leaves were attached.
,
TABLE 20
Average total current annual growth& (kg/hal and number of plots required to
sanple within 20S of the mea~ with 67~ confidence by I lfe form end 3hrub
species for 3 sites In the Woodland Spruce vegetation type, middle Susltna
River Basin.
Standard Estimated
life For111/Specfes Category Mean Error S11111ple Size
Total forb 54 13.1 66
Total gramlnold 65 19.7 103
Tall shrub
AJ..Ilu~. leaf 7 4.9 633
AJ..Ilu .wwm twig 4 3.0 694
low shrub
a.tfl.14 11 loody I mo leaf 6 2.2 134
a.tfl.14 II I oody I o:;a twig 3 0.9 149
&l.u eclcyl or! s leaf 1 0.6 660
~ A!W;.bc.A leaf 6 5.0 714
~ A!W;.bc.A twig 3 2.8 852
&Leaf CAG are only those leaves attached to. twig CAG.
TABLE 21
Average percent canopy cover and number of p loTs required to sample with i n 2CS
of the 111eao1 wl ... \.7:0 coni ldence by life oor111 and plant species In 15-1-m2
qued~ats from 1 site In the Open Birch Forest vegetation type, middle Susltne
River Basin.
Standard Est I mated
ll te Fo...;Spec I es Mean Error Sample Size
Total tall shrub 15 6.5 26
4J..nll.s. .l..lD.uA:tA 15 6.5 26
Total low shrub J 1.0 2
Ecblngponax borrtdy• 2 2.0 J
RJ.Aa :1l:..lm I 0.5 1
Total dwarf shrub 7 2 .• 9 5
~ btouvtcdlono 9 2 .9 5
Total fOI'b 46 8.0 12
~ conodeos I 5 2 0.5 I
Qrptec I 5 spp. ,,J 7.2 19
.L1.D.DAu. bq=ft!! I I $ 4 2.0 J
LyCOPfl" I ,. spp. J 1.7 3
?o!wml .. spp. 1 0.7 I
Bulw. A.J:tl.ga 1 0.5 1
Bulw. c;h...._,.u5 2 I. 7 2
&Ia¥ spp. 1 0.7 1
Tr Iento II 5 .a.u.cr A.aU 1 0.4 1
Total gre~~lnold 2 0.8
Co I omagro5t I 5 conodensls 2 0.8
Tote I 111055 J1 7.1 20
Litter 46 7.1 10
Bare rock 2 1.7 2
TABLE 22
Average percent canopy cover and number of plots required to sanple within 20J
of the •ean wIth 67S confIdence by II te form and shrub species In 15 -4-m2
quadrats from 1 site In the Open Birch Forest vegetation type, middle Susltna
River Basin.
Standard Est I mated
life Fonn/Specles Mean Error Sa.ple Size
Total tree -t2 7.1 II
Total basal tree 1 0.6 1
Total tall shrub 14 6.1 Z5
A1.llu.l £l.lwAtA 14 6.1 23
...
-.
TABLE 23
Average density lnu.ber/he) of s~. by size class end total, end nu•ber of
plots required to s~le within 20S of the -n with 6'7S confidence for shruo
species In 15 -4-•2 quadrats et 1 site In the Open Birch Forest vegetation
type, •lddle Susltn River Baln.
Size CIIISI Standard Estllllllted
Species (c.) Nilan Error S•ple Size
D-1 2000 1658 :?58
1-2 2000 1658 258
2-3 500 500 376 ,.... 333 227 175
Total 4833 2338 1"
Bm:lllA glwtutcw• D-1 500 362 197
Total 500 362 197
TABLE 24
Averev-basel dl.etw. height end pwcent twig utilization of shrub species.
and nu~er of plants required to s .. pte within 201 of the •een with 67S
confidence based on those .. esuras. for 1 site In the Open Birch Forest
vegetation type. •lddle SusltM River Basin.
StoiiKMd No. No. Estt.atad
Nee sura Species Mien Error Plants Sites S.-pte Size
BeNt .llati&1A glllldul 10111 12 0.3 8 11
Ol.etar Al.alla. A1.llllltA 29 0.2 48 7
(-)
Haight .llati&1A lllllldu I 10111 100 1.1 8 3
(C.) A.IJu&& A1.llllltA 230 2.0 48 10
Uti I Izatt on .llati&1A al•dula.l 0 0 8
CSl Al.alla. s.lllu&ta 1 1.1 48 ""
TABLE 25
Total ~vallable end uti I lzed leaf, twig and total blomess (kg/he) estimated fr~ number of unbrowsed and browsed
twigs/he and ste• densities (nl'llber/hal fr0111 I site In the Open Birch Forest vogetetlon type, middle Susl1'na River
Basin.
No. ~sed Av!!llable Available Total Available No. Browsed
Species Twigs/he leaf Blanass Twig BICIIIIISS BIOIIIIISS Twlgs/ha
~ ..uuaa 112126
Bl1u!a glondylpso 36~0
Total BIOIII8ss
149
I
150
142
2
291
3
294
:£08
0
e leaf bla.oss re.>ved If brow.slng had occurred when leaves were ottllched.
Utilized Uti I lzed Total Utilized
leaf Blcmass8 Twig Blcmass BIOIIIIISs
<I
0
<I
<I
0
<I
I
0
TABLE 26
Average total current annual growth• (kg/he) and nUIIber of plots required to
~pie within 201 of the •een with 67S confidence by life for• end shrub
species for I site In the Open Birch Forest vegetation type. •lddle Susltne
River Basin.
Standard Est I llllted
Life For./Specles Category Maen Error Se.ple Size
Total forb 578 117. I 16
Total gr•lnold 62 21.2 .. ,
Tell shrub
AI..D.u.l. .I.Lal&a:tA leaf 8 6.4 265
41JII&&~ twig 2 2.2 336
8t.eef CAG ere only those leaves attached to twig CAG.
TABLE 27
Average percent c:anapy cover and nllllber of plats requlr.d to .-pie within 2Q&
of the ••en with 67S confidence by lite for~~ end plant species In " -1-.2
quadrats f~ I site In the Open Spruc:e-Birc:h Forest vegetation type. •lddle
Susltftl River Basin.
Stendrd Estllated
L I fa For'II/Spec: lu Mean Error S.,.le Size
Total 111 11 shrub 4 4.0 10
Al..alll. .uouatA 4 4.0 10
Tota l low shrub 12 4.3 11
.BJ..IIa ttJ..ata 1' 9.0 49
.Bau •s•surrJs 7 1., 2
Slwphtrdlo s•odMsla 4 2.3 4
Vlbyrnyw adi&J.a 2 1.7 2
Tota l dwrf sh rub 19 4., 13
.L1111a grgeo !NidI Q!• 6 2.1 3
ynq;rnhw yllgloosu• 6 2.8 ' YOCC'"'YI ylfl•-ldDft• 8 2.2 4
Total forb 26 '·' 18
~ ,.,,a.,, r:; 4 1.7 2
Epilgbi .. ~ 7 3.1 6
.I.I..IIDuA .IIPC.IA1.Ll 2 0.6 1
llorteos '' R'" I'" I crto 7 3.0 6
Ptt•••tes trrgldus I 0.4 1
Sg!idagp my!tlrad!ata I 1.0 I
Total gr•lnold 2 0.7
eoa-grgs+rs c••ctensr:; 2 0.7
Total -· 6 '·3 17
Total llc:hen 0.7
Pa!tlgeca IPP• 0.7
Litter '9 6.4 '
f!!N
TA8t.E 28
Average prcent canopy cover and nlllllber of plots requl,-.cl to s•ple within 20S
of the •ean with 67S confidence by lite tor-end shrub species In 15-~-.2
quadrll'ts fi"'OI I site In the Open Spruce-Birch Forest vegetation type, •lddle
Susltna Rlvr Basin.
Standard Est lllll'htd
Lite For./Specles Neen Error S.ple Size
Total tr• 21 6.6 26
Total basel tr• ~ 2.7 ~
Tota l low shrub 2 1.3
11111u.a g!mdu!cwo 2 1.3
---
TABlE 29
Average basel dl-ter. height end pwcent twig utilization of shrub species.
end nu•ber of plants required to s .. ple within 201 of the ~••n with 67S
confidence based on those -sures. tor 1 site In the Open Spruce-81rch Forest
vegetetlon type. •lddle Susltne River Resin.
Standard No. No. Estllllllted
Mae sure Species Mean Error Plants Sites S•ple Size
Basel a.tula alaadula&l 7 0.1 4 ' Dl~ AI.DI&a s.l.allm 14 0.2 11 7 ,_,
Height flll:b&1A lllllldlll all 60 4.8 4 I
(c.) AlJU .l..l.awd:a 40 10.8 11 19
Utilization a.tula lllllldlllall 32 11.8 4 14
lSI AI.DI&a .a.l.alll:1l 33 11.6 10 31
TABLE 30
~verage total current annual g,.owtlla (kg/hal ancl number of p:ots ,.equl,.ecl to
slll!lplewlthln 20' of the •ean with 67' conff ,clence by life fo,.111 end shrub
species for I sites In the Open Sp,.uce-Bl,.ch Fo,.est vegetation type, mlclclle
Susltne Rive,. Basin.
S"tand11rd Estlll!llfed
Life FcrsVSpecles Category NeilD Error Sample Size
Total forb 284 54.8 15
Tot11l graaolnolcl 64 23.9 53
'Trl!'e
~bolswltw:o leef 6 6.0 375
~b§l:swlf•• twig 6 5.5 376
Low shrub
.Bgu ot; ku I or Is leaf 42 14.8 46
&wl, oc;;l<:ul Kfs twig 5 1.7 43
Sbepberdla s .•adeosf' leaf 4 3.6 376
Sbepberdlo SDO•dtocl$ "twig I 1,1 376
Ylbycnum Uu.lJI. I tN!f 9 6.0 179
Ylbycnym Uu.lJI. "twig 1 0.9 172
•Leaf CAG ace only those leaves attached to twig CAG.
TABLE 31
Average percen~ canopy cover and number of plots required to s~ple within 20S
of the ~can with 67S confidence by life for~ and plant species In 258-1-m2
quadrats from 1 8 sltesa In ~he Dwarf Birch vegeta~lon type, middl e Susl~na
River Basin.
Standard Estimated
Life Fon!I!Spacles Jlolean Error S~ple Size
Tate! low shrub 19 1,1 13
&wiJ.A g!MJdu!oso 17 1.0 11
~~ 2 0.4 2
Total dwarf shrub 40 1.5 9
fegttcue Jl.1.goa 15 1.1 12
Ulillll QtlleD llllllll!a!ID 8 0,7 5
Lglseleyclo pcpcumbens 1 0.3 1
~ ratlcyJoto 1 0.2 1
ynp=folum utlgloosum 16 0 .9 8
Ya&clolye y!tls-lllneo 5 o.• 2
Total forb 2 0 •. 2
~ cooolleosls 1 0.2
Total gr•lnold 4 0.5 3
~spp. 3 0.5 3
Grass spp. 1 0.1 1
Total ~oss 33 1.9 22
Total lichen 2.1 1.5 22
Cet[!![IO spp. 2 0 •. 3 I
CJoc!oolo spp. 12 1.0 12
NephtQM spp. I 0.1 I
PeJ~IQKO spp. 2 0.2 I
Sterepcnulgo po$Ghole ~ 0.7 6
Lichen spp. 1 0.1 1
LITter 7 0.6 4
Bere ground 0 • .3 1
a Site 61 hed only 3 plats.
TABLE 32
Aver.ge percent canopy cover and nu.be~ of plots required to s.-ple within 201
of the .. an with 67S confidence by life forw end shrub species In 2Q • 4-.2
quadrats froa t7 sites I n the O.arf Birch vegetation type, Biddle Susltne
River Besln.
Standard Est I ..ted
Life ForB/Species Milan Error SIBPie Size
Total tree C.3
Total low shrub 24 1.2 13
Bllb&J.a g!W!dy!SMO 22 1.1 12
~ A!ll.cbCA 2 0.3 1
a Site 56 had only 14 plots and Site 61 had only 3 plots.
TABLE :n
Average density (number/hal of staas, by size class and total, a"d nu111ber of
plots required to s•ple wltltln 20S of the mean with 67'J confidence for .shrub
species In 2•2 -•-112 quadrats at 17 !.ltesa In the Dw'!lrf Birch vegetation
type, lllddla Susltna River Basin.
Size Class Standard Estllllllted
Species ( Cllll Mean Error S~~nple Size
.lll:tiiJ.A g I on d y I oso D-1 67169 3600 18
1-2 8388 672 39
2-3 857 212 370
3-· 21 15 3013
Total 76.35 3627 1.
.5&1.J.ll. aJ,.alla D-1 610 •o1 2693
1-2 217 10. 13~
Total 827 <491 2132
~~ D-1 3802 105. ~5
1-2 661 137 260
2.-3 52 23 1190
Tota.l •515 1078 3•5
• Site 56 had only 1• plots and Site 61 ha.CI only 3 plots.
TABLE J~
Average basal diBMeter, height and perc8nt twig utilization of shrub species,
and number of plants required to sample within 20' of the mean with 67'
confidence based on those measures, for 18 sites• In the Dwarf Birch
vegetation type, middle Susltna River Basin.
Standard No. No. Estllllllted
Nee sure Specle.s Mean Error Plants Sites Semple Size
Basal Dll:tiUA g I .:!IIIII Q51 11 <0.1 870 16 5
Dl-ter ~~ 12 <0. I 259 14 5
(IIIII) ~~ 12 0.1 71 II 5
~.lJIDA:tA 9 0.1 4 4 J
Height Bl1ulA GIIDIIIIIQ51 70 0.2 869 18 11
(a~) ~ Alll.CtlcA 60 0.2 260 15 7
~~ 50 0.2. 71 II 2
~ l.ll1&t4 50 0.5 4 4 1
Utilization BltJlJ.A g I .:!IIIII Q51 2 O.J 669 II J73
CJ> ~~ 9 1.1 257 10 101
~al.Aia II 2.2 71 8 75
~ .lADa1A 26 9.2 4 4 1J
a Site 61 had only J plots.
TABLE 35
Tcrhl evelleble end lli'lllzecl l•f• 'hllg and total bloass (kg/he) ntl•ated fr011 nullber of unbrowsed and browsed
twlplhll 8lld st. dellsltlu (...-.r/ha) fro. 18 sites In the Dwarf Blrc:ll ,.t.tlon type. •lddle Susltna Rl_. Basin.
No.~ Awlllable Awlllable Total Available Mo. Browsacl Utilized Utilized Total Utilized
!ipllcl• Twlplhe IAef Bl-. TwlgBI-. Bl-. Twlgl/hll L•f Bl-r-Twig Bl~s Bl-.
ldll1A 1111111111 ... 1062447 410 540 950 252236 97 128 226 .s.ua a1..:& 6864 6 6 12 2UO 2 2 4
J8Ua~U*a 56438 40 42 83 194U 14 " 28
Tcrhl Blc.e .. 456 588 1045 113 145 258
• I.Mf bl-s .--ect If braising had occurred when •-s were ll'ttiiCfled.
TABLE 36
Averate tot•l current annu•l grow1'118 (kg/ha) and nu.ber of plots requlrllcl 1o
se.ple within 20S of the •een with 67J confidence by I lfe for• and shrub
species for 18 sltub In the Dwarf Birch vegetation type. •lddle Susltna River
Bnln.
Standard
Life F~Specles Mean
Tot• I forb 12
Total gn.lnold 60
low shrub
IIIW&1A "'"""'' ...
l•t . ,
IIIW&1A ........ twig 23
.w..t& au.1*A ••f 21
.SIJ..l.ll.~ twig 1 ..
Blaef CAS are only tlloH l•ves llttllciiiiCI 1o twig CAS.
bSite 61 had only 3 plots.
Error
1.,
10. I
3 ...
1.7 ..,
3.8
Est I ..ted
S.,le Size
100
182
36
" 30.t
C87
...
TABLE 37
Average percent canopy cover and nu~er of plots roqulred to sample within 20S
of the seen with 67S confidence by life for111 and plant species In 30-1-z.
quadrats fro• 2 sites In the Dwarf Blrch-WI I low vegetation type, middle
Susltna River Basin.
Standard Est l11111ted
Life Fon./Specles Mean Error S•ple Size
Total tall shrub 0.7
AJ..Du .aJ.J:w.ll1l 0.1
Total low shrub 13 2.8 tO
a.tuJ.a glmdu!oso 3 1.0 2
Ech I DAA'"''. bgrr I dye 3 2.7 9
~~ ' 0.7 1
~~ 8 2.5 8
Total dwarf shrub 20 3.<1 "' fWWtrUII Jll..Q[Ja 3 1.0 2
.Ladua groen lmd I QIIB 3 0.8 1
~ bMyyrd(IOI 2 1.1 2
YIQCIDiya ullglnosu• 11 2.2 6
Y•QCIDiyl yltls-ldlftl 2 0.8 1
Total forb 18 3.2 12
~ s••d•sr, 3 0.8 I
P,t•s•t•• frlgldus .. I. t 2
Bld:u&a. t;b"1 '"XUI 3 0.6 I &.& spp. 1 0.5 I
Total gr•lnold 10 2.5 8
Col "'IDrost Is conodensl s 6 2.5 8
~spp. 4 0.8 I
EciOAbpri.F spp. ' 0.9
Total 11055 31 6 •. 2 30
'Total I lcl\en 2. 0.7
C!odonlo spp. I 0.4
Ptltlgw=o spp. 0.5
LITter II I, 7 4
Dead wood 1 0.8 1
Water 2 1.2 2
TABlE :58
Average percent canopy cover end nuMber of plots required to sample within 20S
of the ~een with 67~ confidence by I lfe for• end shrub species In :50-4-m2
quadrats fro~ 2 sites In the Dwarf Birch-Willow vegetation type, middle
Susltne River Basin .
Standard Est luted
Life F~Speelas 14ean Error S•ple Size
Total tree 0 .6
Total tall shrub o ...
.A1JIII4 .LI..IwA1I 0.4
Total low shrub 13 1.7 4
ll1l&.lA g!Fdulgsa 4 1 .0 I
.s&1..lJL g.l..au I 0.5 I
~ Al!l.C:10 7 1.6 3
TABLE 39
Av..-.p density (IIUIINr/1111) of st-. b., size class end ~o~el. end nullller of
plots required~ ...,111 wltllln 20J of tile-" wltll 67S confidence for shrub
species 111 30 -._.;z quedrets et 2 sl~s In ~he Dwrf Birch-Willow ~1011
type. •lddle SUIIme River Belin.
Size Cl•s Standrd Estl•tad
Species (~) NNn Error S.,le Size
o-1 ~ 1M 406
1-2 2~ 1M 406
2-3 333 333 7"
3-4 167 167 7"
Total 1000 438 2'17
Bl:b&La g' MC!u , .. , o-1 23833 500, 34
Total 23833 500, 34
o-1 500 C22 "' 1-2 ~3 3" 27,
Total 1083 631 2,
o-1 142~ ~ 33
1-2 .U17 1370 73
2-3 12~ 746 2&8
Total 19917 3936 30
TABLE 40
Average besal di~~Meter, height end percent twig utlllzetlon of shrub species,
end nu111ber of plents required to se111ple within 20J of ·the 111een with 67J
confidence besed on those 111eesures, for 2 sites In the Dwarf Blrch-WI I low
vegete·tlon type, l!!lddle Susltna River Basin.
Stenderd No. No. Estl11111ted
Measure Species Mean Error Plants Sites S•ple Size
SeSIII Bll1iUA g llllldlllllll 8 <0.1 94 2 4
01-ter ~~ 11 0.1 75 2 .5
(IIIII) ~gJ.asg II 0.1 23 2 5
Mllu. aJ.D.ILAtl 15 0.1 26 2 •
Height .BI1IIJ.A gllllldlll 1:111 60 0.2 95 2 3
(aa) ~~ 50 0.2 75 2 2
~gJ.asg 60 0.3 23 2 2
Mllu. Wwa1A 90 0.5 2.6 2 3
tit Ill :nrt I on .BI1IIJ.A g llllldlllllll I 0.6 94 I 401
IS> ~~ • 1.3 75 1 240
~Wia 15 5.4 23 '2 71
Al.lw.l. aJ.D.ILAtl 11 3.2 26 2 59
TABLE 41
Tohl •ellllble Md utilized INt. twig end totel biCIIIIn (kg/llel estl•eted fr~ nllllber of unbrowsed end browsed
twigs/lie and stM densities lnu.ber/llel fr~ 2 sites In tile Dwarf Blrcll-Willow vegetation type. •lddle Susltne
Rl_. e..1n.
liD.~ AveiiiDie AveiiiDie Total AveiiiDie liD. an..s.cl Utilized Utilized Total Utilized
Spec I• Twigs/he lMf Blc.ass TwlgBic.ass 81~ Twigs/he LMf Blc:.ess8 Twig 81011855 81011855
AlMa .a1JIIIIIta 10000 13 13 26 3800 5 5 10
BltiLl.a ........... 259780 100 132 232 45283 17 23 41
~alau 10938 10 9 19 2491 2 2 4
~---161328 115 121 237 95602 68 72 140
Tot.l a•~•• 238 275 514 92 102 195
e LMf bl-• ~ If browsing lied occurred wllen leaves were ettaclled.
TMILE 42
Average total CUr'r"ent annual gr'Oirtha (kg/ha) and nllllber" of plots .-.qulr"ed to
..-pie within 20S of the ••an with 671 confidence by I lfe for"• and shr"ub
species tOr' 2 sites In the Ower"f Blr"ch-Willow vegetation type, •ld~le
Susltna River Besln.
Standar-d Est luted
Lite F~Specles Cat.gOr'y Mean Er"r"Or' Sa.ple Size
Tote I for-b 76 18.5 46
Total va-lnold 79 18.5 42
Low shr'ub
~ glenduiQII leef 20 5.5 57
~ g!mdy!QIO twig 12 3.5 67
SOla lltJ'Ic;ylrl s leef 2 1.4 468
SOla ""''"' ... ,., twig <1 0.4 532
.5&J...LK Q..IM!CA leef 2 2.3 7,
~ Q..IM!CA twig I '·' 7,
~ Jl,!l.l..l;.ba leef 34 21.5 293
~ Jl,!l.l..l;.ba twig 14 8.2 253
lll.eef CltG ar-e only those leeves attached to twig CltG.
TABLE 43
Average percent cenapy covw end IIUIIber' of plots ~ulr'ed to s...,le within 20J
of the aeen with 67S confidence by life for-. lllld ']lent species In 4' -I...Z
queclr'.ts fr"Oa 3 situ In the Open EF"Iceceous Shr'ub Tundr'e vegetation type.
alclclle Susltne Rlvw Buln.
Stendrd Estlaeted
Life For./Speclu NHn EF'F'OF' Seaple Size
Total low shr'ub 3 1.1 3
JliU.II.LA g I Mldy I All 4 1., '
Total dw8F'f shr'ub ,, 3.6 ' Acstostapby I os &la.LDa 2 o., 1
f-.+r• JLI.QL:Ja " 3.1 18
llldua gCQMIM!diQI• " 2.2 9
yopelnlya yllgtnosu• 24 2.8 14
YOGCintyw v•t•s-tdoeo 12 1.7 '
Total fOF'b 4 1., 4
fA:.au. c;eedes I 1 2 o., 1
L l!O""Ad ha spp • 1 0.3 1
.llllll.ul. c;bssne30rU:S 1 0.6 1
Total ll"•lnold 0.3 .c.:. spp. 0.3
Total -• 36 ,.3 2'
Total lichen 34 4.2 18
Cctr•la spp. 3 0.7 1
C!ildonla spp. 20 2.4 11
Ntpb.,.. spp. 1 0.3 1
Pt!lt!geca spp. 1 o., 1
SterAQGoulpo p•schela 11 2.6 13
Llttw 3 o.,
TIISLE44
Avenge percent canopy COYr end nllllber of plots .-.qulrecl to .-pie •lthln 20J
of the -•n •lth 67S confidence by life fan~ end shrub species In 45 -4-ril
quedrlltl fn. 3 sltn In the Open Erlceceous Shrub Tundra vegetetlon type,
•lddle Susltne Alvr Basin.
Standard Estl_,.d
Life forw'Specles NNn Error S.-ple Slz•
Totel tree 0.4
T O'hll I Olf shrub 6 1.6 ' s.t.uJ..a gl•dylcwo ' 1.3 3
TMILE 0
Avwege denelty lnlllller/he) of n.s. by size class end total. end nu•ber of
plots required to SII!IPI• within 201 of the mean with 67'J confidence for shrub
species In 45 -4-•2 quadrats et 3 sites In the Open Erlceceous Shrub Tundra
vegehtlon type. •lddle Susltne River Basin.
Size Class Stenderd Estleeted
Species Ice) Mean Error S•ple Size
i1a1uJ.A g!mdy!cwo o-1 21833 5732 78
1-2 1333 467 139
Tote I 23166 5864 72
--.
llverega basel dl.-ter. height end percent twig utilization of shrub species.
end nu•ber of plants required to s .. ple within 201 of the •een with 671
confidence based on those -sures. for 3 sites In the Open Erlceceous Shrub
Tundra ~lon type. •lddle Susltna River Basin.
Standard No. No. Est I.-ted
Measure Species Naen Error Plants Sites S.,le Size
Basel .EIII1:.IlJ..A lllimllllllllil 9 <0.1 108 3 3
Ol..ter Al..aiLI. .llallatA 28 0.7 5 3 9 ,_,
Helgflt .EIII1:.IlJ..A QIEdUIQII 50 o.• 108 3 19
(C.) A.IJiu.A .&lJIIIAtA 130 2 •• 5 3 5
utilization .EIII1:.IlJ..A al•dulaal 1 0.5 108 1 377
(J) A.IJiu.A .&lJIIIAtA 0 0.0 5 3
-.. ..... ----
TMLE 47
•Toni -11•1e 8M ll'tlllzecl l•f, twig end totel bl-• Ckg/hel estl .. ted frc:. ni!Uer of unbrowsed end browsed
twlga/lae eiHI n. Healtl .. h_..r/llel frc:. 3 sites In the Open Erlceceous Shrub Tundra vegetation type, •ldclle
Salt. Ill_. a.1e.
Ill». ~ Avell•l• Alwell•le Total Alwell•le No. Braned utilized utilized Total utilized
!tlecl• 1\rlgl/lle t..f a1_. Twig a1-81-s Twlgs/1111 leaf a1~ Twig a1a111ss a1-s
lltii1A , ........ 217760
Toni a1-u
84
84
111
111
195 39382
195
• ~f bl-s r-.cl If brwalng had OCCUlTed when IMves were ettec:lled.
15
15
20
20
TtelE 48
Avenge totel current annual growth• (kg/he) llllcl nllllller of plots required to
..-pie within 20S of the •een with 67S confidence by life for. end shrub
species for 3 sites In the Open Erlcaceous Shrub Tundra vegete1'1on type,
•lddle Susltne River Basin.
Standard Estl~d
Life ForiiiSpeclu C.-t.gory Maan Error S811Pie Size
Total forb 87 23.2 81
Total gre.lnold 99 31.1 111
Tu•l shrub
AlJiu. &1JIIIAta l•f .. 2.6 ,82
ALaall. &1JIIIAta twig 2 1.4 ~0
low shrub
Bllb&J.& QIWJdy!OII l•f ' ' ... 9!5
Bllb&J.& QIMJdy!Q&I twig 2 0.7 109
~ a,LII.I;& l•f 3 2.11 1126
~ a,LII.I;& twig 1 1.2 11~
~ JIIIJJ:IItA l•f 2' 7.3 96
~ JIILlJ:tlC.l twig 12 3.6 96
8L•f CftG ere only those l•ves etteclled to twig CftG.
TABLE 49
Avenge .,.-cent cenapy cower end nllllber of plots required to sa~ple within 201
of the •een with 67S conf lelenee by life for'8 end pi.W spec: I• In U -1...Z
queelrets fro11 1 sit. In the Erlceceous Shrub•Sphegnu• Bog vegetation type,
•ICICIIe Susltne River Baln.
Stenelerel Estleet.CI
Life for./Specles MNn Error 5-.»le Size
Tree
f.l-'M llllt.UU 0.4
Tot. I low shrub 3 0.9
a.ti&1A g!Midylcwa 3 0.9
Tot.l Clwerf shrub 15 2.7 ' f'ewtr·~ ' 1.2 1
.LMill gnw I Midi QW 4 o.a 1
Ye;;c; I n h• y llglmt•W ' 1.1 1
JtcslniM' ylflt=ldee• 2 1.3 2
Tot.J forb 13 2.6 4
.BIIIaua st u• 13 2.6 4
Tot.J ...-rnolel 12 2.7 ' .c.:. spp. 11 2.7 ' Gress spp. 1 1.3 2
Tot.l .,.. 67 7.0 '
Tot• I Jlchetl 3 1.7 2
ClldQnl• spp. 3 1.6 2
Lltt.r 4 0.7 1
Water 7 6.4 25
TABLE 50
...,..... ~ c.-,y coww •d IIIIIIHr of plots ,....Ired to ._,,. wltflln -
of tile -n wlttt 671 conflde~~ce by life fOrll eMI sllrllll specl• In 15 -...;l
.-ctrllts fn. 1 site In the EriCKeoas Sllrub-Spt. .. nw• Bog veget.tlon ty,..
•lddle Susltn. Rlvw Besln,
Stenct.rd Estl..-t'M
Lit• ,..,S,.CI• ...... Error S.,le Size
Totel tree 9 2.6 • Total INIMI tr• 1 0.3 •
Totel low sllrllll 6 1.1
8I1ILLa g!Mflylcwa 6 1.1
TABLE "
A¥er9 -.1ty (,....../llel of n-. lly sin clau Mel 1'o1'el. encl nullller of
plot's re~~wlrecl 1'o NI!IPI• wltllln 281 of tile -~~ wltll 67S CGIIfl~ for Sllrull
s,.c:l11 In 15 -4-.2 qlllclrli'l et 1 sli'l In tile Eric-Shrub-Splleg,_ Bog
veget'etl011 type. 1lcldl1 Sullt'lll Rl-Belin.
Size Cl••
Spec Ill (CI) Mien
.lliii1IIJ.a g I tpdy ICWA G-1 .,~
Tot'll 45550
Si'enderd
Error
11031
11031
Ertl181'1d
s.p1e Sin
23
23
•
TMILE 52
Aver.-buill dl-tw, '-lflllt 8ncl ,._t 'hllg lltJIIzetlon of lllrull apeclea,
a11d 11u...,. of ple11t1 requlrM to ••pie wltiiJ11 lOt of tile •N" wltll 17S
co-fldeace lleaed 011 tlloae ••asures, for I site 111 tile Erlcaceous
Sllrllll·~ lag vegete'tiOII ,..,., •ldclle S•ltM Rlwer a-111.
Stellclard llo. liD. Est I ..ted
-. .. re Spec:JII NMII Error PIMta Site. S.,le Sin
a... I a.tiiLa gl.wiiiiiiM ., 0.2 ., 2
OJ~ ,_,
Nil gilt a.tiiLa 111.1111111111 tO 0.1 C3
Ccal
Uti I Jz.tlon a.t111a a1au111111 Cl 0.3 43 ton
CSI
TMU"
TGtlil hllll•l• •• tttlllncl l•f, ... lg 811111 tohl ltl-1 Clllg/lle) estl .. ted fro. n1181ter of unltrowMd ••• ltrowsed
twlg1/1te .. ., • .._ lleasltles Ca.-Hr/lle) fra-1 1Ift Ia tile Erl~ Sllrult -Spllegn• Bog vegetlrtlon type. •lcklle
S.ltMAI_. ... III.
-·-1D. .......... Mlllble Mlltltle Tot.l Mlllble 1D. .__.
....,...,.. t..t 81-Twig 81-81-. Twlgl/lle
" "
67
67 "' "'
3116
uti lind uti lind Tot.l utlllnd
t..t 81_.ft Twig 81-. 81-
<1 <1 <1
<1 <1 <1
Avenge total cerrall't Mnuel growth• ClqJ/1111) 11114 n...,. of plots ~ulred 1'0
...,Ia within ~of tile ... n wltll 67S confidence lly life for• and sllrull
.,.clas tor 1 alta 11 the Erlcec:ao111 Shrub -Spllegn• Bog vegetation type,
•lddle Sultne River Besln.
Standard EstiM'Ncl
Life Fore/Spacl .. ...... Error Seepla Sla
Tote I forb 203 6 •• 6 38
Total gr•lnold 8 7.0 323
loll slrllll
ll:taLI "' eclu ,,., l•f 2 0.9 78
11:ta1.1 gleMylcwe twig 1 0.5 81
TIIBI.E"
~percent cenapy CD¥er' 8114 IIUIIber of plots PW!Uirecl to .-pie wl'tllln 2C1J
of t1te -~~ wl'tll 671 COIIflduce by fife fllnl end plllll't species 111 15-I..Z
CluMI'fts fn:. I sl'te In 'tile Low 1111011 Tandre ~lon 'type. •lclclle S..sl'tna
Rl.,.,. Besln.
S'tendrd Es'tl..-t.cl
Life For.(Specles IIINn Error Sellple Size
Tote I 1011 sllrub 18 ,.1 16
.k1a 8IIJ,.I:IIca 18 ,.1 16
Tot.l dllrf ellrub 18 2.6 ' C..aJcwe ,tf:eiiK I IDI 1 0.7 1
E-.tr• .a..l&la 12 2.3 4
lAiliL Jlll.I.M:.I.& 2 1.1 1
lAiliL ctrtlsulct• 2 1.4 2
~ be!UYICdlone 1 0.9 1
yag;l nha yllgiDQilfll 8 2.9 ' YIQS i nlya yltls-ldae• 1 0.2 1
Tot.l t erti ., 2.7 ' kgn I f• del ph I pI f.AUJa 1 0.2 1
Actwllll •Spp , 3 0.6 1
PP 1XOADM' ,blftort• 1 0.4 1
J.aMba pec;t I nat• 3 1.9 ' Lwconod•• spp. 1 0.6 1
.Billl.wl. a£:11gj;a 2 1.2 1
~ . .t.QIU 2 0.6 1
liiUA .... ' 1.7 2
Tot.l ar-lnold 9 1., 2 r..__.,, ,.,.,.,,,, 2 1.2 1 .c.:. spp. 4 o.8 1
Gras spp. 2 1.0 1
Tot.l-. 21 2.9 6
Tot. I II ellen 4 1.0
C!ltrKIO spp, 2 o.8
C!adpnla spp. 2 o.8
Ll'ttw 6 1.4 2
8re ground 1 0.4 1 ......,. 2 1,4 2
Tlll!l.E 56
Aver1lge perce11t C8IICIIIY cover Md .....,. of plots requlr'M to ..,I• within 201
of the -•n wlfll 67S COIIfldence lily life for-. end shrllll specl• In " -...;l
qiMidratS fi"'OI I site In the Law Wlllaw Tundra ves-tatlon type, •lcldle s .. ltna
Rl,.,. S.ln.
Life Forw'Specl•
II
12
Standard
errw
2.6
3.0
Est I.-ted
S.,le Size
• '
TABLE S7
~ ,_lty 1.....,./lla) of ....... lly size clan and total. and nu.-er ot
plots req•II'M to Sai!IPie wlttlln 20J of the -wlttl e1J c:ontldellee tor shrub
species In n -•-.Z quadrats at 1 site In the low Willow Tundra vee-tatlon
type. •lddle Sualtna Rlwer Basin.
S,.CI•
~· '21133 Total '21133
1040,
1040,
EstiMtecl
S.,le Size
n
''
..,
...
TABLE 58
A¥erege total carren't annual grawtlla lkg/hel and nllllber' of plots required to
..-pie within 201 of 'the •ean with 671 confidence by I lfe for• and shrub
apeclea for 1 al'te In the Low Wlllaw Tundra ¥egetlrtlon 'type, •lddle Suslma
Rl,.,. llaln.
S'tendard Estlllllted
LIte FOI'"IIISpec les Clrtegcry Mean Eri"'O'" S-.ple Size
Total forb 126 18.8 9
To'tel gr•lnold 211 37.8 13
Law shrub
ll:tM1A a••ctu•A'• leaf 5 2.0 65
ll:tM1A g ......... 'twig 3 '·' 75
.SaLa au!GIIU leaf 28 15.0 112
.SaLa aW:Ia. 'twig 5 2.6 121
8Leaf CIIG ere only tlloM lea¥es a'ttached to 'twig CAG.
TltBLE '9
Ayerege soli te•pere'tures COC) during phenologlcel s'tudy -, 'trensect.
etevwlon. -.d ..-. 1982.
I'Qsltlon Wet111111 Jey S.ltdlbeck T-Mien
3 tlsy-4 J-Benc:h o., 1.0 2.0 o.o 0.9
Tap 2., 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.1
Middle 3.0 3., 1., 2.7
~ 3., 2., 1., 1.0 2.1
IIIMn 2.4 2.3 1.1 1.0 I .9
7 Juns -II Juns lenc:h 3.0 2.0 6.0 o., 2.9
Top 2., 1.0 4.0 2.0 2.4
Middle 2.0 '·' 3.0 3.,
~ 3., 2., 2., I·' 2., ,...,. 2.1 2.1 3.9 I .3 2.1
14 J--II June Benc:fl 3., 3.0 4.0 2.0 3.1
Top 3.0 3., 4.0 2.0 3.1
Middle 2.0 '·' 2., 3.3
~ 4.0 3., 1., 2.0 2.1 ,...,. 3.1 3.9 3.0 2.0 3.1
21 Juns -~ Juns Bench 2., 3.0 ,.0 3., 3.,
Top 3.0 3.0 '·' 3.0 3.6
Middle 3.0 a.o 2., 4.,
Botta. 4.0 ,.0 4., 2., 4.0
IIIMn 3.1 4.1 4.4 3.0 3.9
21 J--2 July Benc:fl '·' '·' 6., 3.0 ,.I
Top 6.0 5.0 '·' 4.0 5.4
Middle 3.5 7.0 ,.0 '·2 ~ 4.0 '·' 7.0 4.0 ,.1
IIIMn 4.1 '·' 6.3 3.7 ,.2
TABLE 60
Avenge cover. llelgllt. IIIICI phenological stan for plant species clur"lng weell of
31 M.y to • June. 1982 0 at Watena Cr'Hk transect (tnnHCt 111 (32 -O,!J-112
quacl,.mJ.
c..-lSJ tlllllll:t "•I
Stanclar'd Stllndar'd No. of ~loglc:el
Life fC11"11/Spec:la Mean Er'r'OI" ...... Er'r'OI" Plots Stwtea
T,...
.BI:b&1A ppyrlfKD 0.8 60 o.o
Low Shr"ub
.BI:b&1A gl•dy!cwa 9 1. 7 56 •• 1 16 2
ba ec;lwlrla 1 0.2 .. 3.8 ' 2
~ ._l!liKIIIIDI
Dwar'f Shr'ub
YIGGinlya yltla-ldae• " 2.0 12 2.2 23 2
yeq;Inhe yllqlngeup 7 1.8 2' 2 •• 21 2
.l..llll!a CIIWIIIIIIIII ""• 18 1.6 29 1.9 27 3
.l..llll!a "eort••
~-.a.l.;I:Ja 2 1.2 19 9.9 ' l\l:d~aDb¥1QI IIKit:lltll 3 1.9
Forb
f.I:E.Du.a SMadent I I 0 0.1 • 1.0 •
Ottler"
Total -• 76 3.8
Total llchBII 6 1.7
llttw 9 3.9
a Phenologlc:el state: ( 11 Just -glng fi"'OI gr'OUIId or flr"st signs of new
growth or dor8ent for -~. (2) IHf buds. (3) 1-•· ,., flowllr' buds.
(5) flowllr'S 0 (6) -ds0 (7) decadent.
------
TABLE f.l
Aver.,a -· !Ieight, .ncl pllenologlc:.l stat. for pi•~ llfiKIH during ..-of
31 .. , to 4 J•n•. 1912, et ... , Creek 1'r•nnc:'t (1'r•nsec:'t 121 (32 -o.!S-112
quedrah) •
&.-Ill llllalat hal
S'-clrd 51'8ndrd llo.of "-logiQI
Life toriiiSpecl• ...... Error ...... Error Plots s~
r,...
.ktiiJ.a -rlfre 2 1.0 67 "·' 6 2
£JJ:M aLMa 10 o.o I
I.Oir Shrub
Bll::t.uJ:& If I Mdy I AM 10 1.7 " 2.4 21 2
~ aJ,.aia:& <I 0.1 .... 2., 2 2
BDI& w;lgalrla <I 0.2 39 "·' ' 2
.IWIM tt.1.ata <I o.o
pgteatlll .• frytlsoae <I 0.1 20 0.0 3
O.rf Shrub
yog;lnl• yltla•ld.Ma 18 3.8 II 0.8 21 9
Yeq;lnl• gl lgiTf•W 4 1.0 22 1.6 " 2
l.llllla lllllillll•lll cu• 2 0.9 24 2.8 7 4 u.m., ,., . ..,. 12 3.0 21 1., 17 4
f.-tr.. .II.I.Qt..la 2 0.9 8 0.8 ' 9
~ retlsulato <I 0.1 2
at~IDb¥11:11 &l.A.1.aA <I O. I I
6cciai%1Rb¥1gl UK-=Mtll I o.,
Fort!
D:l:al&a c;eecte•• $ o., ' 2., 3 2
Eallalll• IIISIUitlfgllu•
......... ,,, p•lculate I 0.3 8 0.9 6 3
fqyiMtae allyftlc; .. <I 0.1 9 2.9 4
Gn.lnold c.•-.mst·•· c;••cten·•· <1 0.1 " o.o 2 3
u•nown gr•ss I 0.2 8 2.2 7 I
Otller
Tot•l -s 27 ,.7
Tot. I lichen 7 1.9
ll1'1'w 20 '·7
• Pllenologlc:.l stet.: Cll just -glng fro. ground or first signs of new
grarih or dorwen1' for evergreens, (21 leef buds, (3) •-•· (4) flower buds,
C51 flowers, C61 -•· C71 decllden't.
TABLE 62
Awer9 __., llelgllt, end phenological stetw for plent species during week of
31 ... , to ......... 1982, et S.ltchbeck trensect (transect 13J (32-o.,..Z
q..w.tsl.
0&\ler ,,1 tlllllll:l: hal
Stendrd Stendrd No. of Phenol ogl eel
Life fan./Specles MNn Error MNn Error Plots State•
Tell shrub
Alai& a.lJIIIata 3 1.1 165 30.1 8 2
1.01 Sflrub
II:I:IIJ.a g I ll!du I (WI 11 2.0 57 5.9 20 2
.5all&~ 1 0.9 45 5.0 2 3 .sau... a1Aia 1 0.3 39 3.8 5 2
Billa KIGUIKI$ <1 0.1 3<1 8.8 4 2
JU.IIM 1tJ.Ita <1 0.2 25 8.8 .. 3
Dwrf Shrub
Yesclnlga yltis-ldoeo 11 2.3 15 3.8 2<1 1
Yesclnlya yllglnpau• 5 1.3 21 1.6 1<1 2
.Ladla ga.a I 111111 cu• 3 1.1 23 1.5 10 3
J.Maa tfec•eehr• 8 2 ... 17 2.5 " 3
Ewwtr• JLi..g,cJa <1 0.2 10 o.o 1 1
AE:I:.tQI:I:IDb¥ I ga· UKI::III:II 1 0.4
Forb
Eeylwt• allxl'tlsae 2 0.5 2
&r.lnold "'*-" gras <1 0.1 7 1.3 10
Other
Total -• 30 ... 7
Total lichen 13 3.2 -Llttw 11 3.7
• Phenological state: C 11 just ~lng fra. ground or first signs of ,.,
growtll or ~nt for evrgrMM, 121 INf buds, 13J leev•, C<IJ flawr buds,
(5) flowers, 161 seeds, (7) decedent.
....
TAI!t.E 63
,..,...._ c:oww, llelgtrt, •d phellologlcal stet. for pleat species cturlllf week of
31 Mey 'to 4 J•n, 1982, st Ts-Creek transect (transect 141 C24 -0.512
quedr8tsl.
~ Ill 1111111:1: lml
tt.ncwd Sftndlrd llo. of Phenological
Lite for'WSpec:les ..... Error ..... Error Plots St8ft8
l.olr Sllr ull
~gl•dulcw• 12 2.2 60 3.6 19 2
o. .. f Shrub
YK&,Inl• yltlt=ld-' 0.6 II 1.0 19 I
yeg;,Jnfaw yllgr,.. 4 1.1 22 1.0 12 2
.1.a111a IJOW' I mill~ ' 1., 26 2.7 9 3
.L.ala ...... 4 1.0 21 2.3 11 I
fewtr• JLiac,Ja II 2.3 15 4.7 15 1
6t~tlab¥1al UKI=Utll 9 3.3
Forb
.r.z.a& ceedr•1• <1 0.2 4 0.6 2
ar.lnold u.•-grass
Other
Totel -· 116 2.6
Tote I lichen 4 0.7
• Phenological st.nz (I) Just -s~lng fn::w ground or first signs of new
grow111 or clorwerrt for .,_.greens, (21 l .. f buds, (31 1-•· C4J flow .. buds,
C5J flow .. s, C6J -ds, C7J dKaelent.
TABLE 64
,...,... CDHr, height, enlt pflenologlc.l state for pl.nt species during week of
7 June to II .June, 1912, et Wete1111 Creek trenMCt Ctrensec:t 11) (32-0.,-.:z
qNCirml.
o..-,.J I:IIIQII:t 'mJ
Stwldal' J rrd Ho. of Phenologic.!
Life f ..1. ~ •• ...,. Mien EI'I'O .. •ean Error Plots s~
Low Shrub
lldiiJ.a glectulcwo 8 1.8 " 3.8 17 3
Jlgy M:IGYIKII <t 0.1 33 13.3 3 2
Owerf Shrub
YIQCIDIY' yltla-ldlll 8 1.5 0 0.5 27 1
YfGGinlya yl lglngty• 7 2.1 22 2.0 20 3
.LMia ga.a ~-~ I~:~~• 10 1.8 29 2.2 23 4
.LMia ........... 6 1.5 18 2.1 " 4
faM:tr·~ 2 I .1 7 0.9 7 1
,kd-ft&+lgbx I Ql UKI::IItll 2 o.,
Other
Total -• 62 ,.8
Total lichen 10 2.8
Litter 6 3.0
• Phenologlc.l stetez C11 Just -glng fro. ground or first signs of new
growth or ~nt for everg,......, C21 IMf buds, (31 leaves, (41 flower buds,
C'l flowers, C61 ... ds, C71 dec.dent.
----------------------------~
...
naE 65
~ _.-, llelglrt, -.41 pllellologlc:al state for piMit .,..:In dllrlllt...., of
7 JuRa to II June, 1182, at Jay Creak transact !transect 12) 132 • o.,..Zq•* ats,.
Life fanw'Specln
loll Sllrull
II1:.M.La g ledu I Qll
II1:.M.La ynrl fKI
.kl.l.¥ a1M!Ia
a..w;lgt i KII
l'ptw!flll• fryt!GQM
Dnrf Sllrull
YAQGIDiya ylflt•ldeep
YKC'"'W yllglrg•
Uldla 8"1*' 1•111 &:a
.LIIIIra ,.. ....
f-.tr• JLiQca
.kl.l.¥ ret I c:y l•h
.kcM.:+•rab-¥ I ga I.1.D.1.DA
Farll
Dlawacrectr•••
Qg Ill
Stanard
... Error
I 1.1
3 1 ••
<1 0.1
<1 0.1
16 3.2
3 0.8
5 1.7
I 2.6
<1 0.2
1 0.6
2 1.1
0.3
yi'Mie qyafltp!IJW <1 0.1
......,.,,,, M''A''IIt• 1 0.5
fAu!wt&w allyatlqe 1 O.l
Br.lnol d
Cel .. rps+ls s•ecltcJsla <1 0.2
Unk-n ar-· 1 0.2
Ottlar
Total -. 30 .. 6.2
Total I Iehan 10 3.4
Litter 10 3.9
!ttl-lew!
Stanclard No. of "'-logical
Mien Error Plots SteNe
45
91
13
25
10
21
26
17
6
5
23
13
17
25
11
3.5
10.8
3.4 o.o
1.2
2.1
1.1
1.3
0.1
0.6
2.3
2.3
2.7
o.o
1.1
20
6
5
1
21
16
14
12
3
• 3
5 •
1
I
3
3 • 3
3
2
3 • • 2
l
3
2
3 • 5
3
• Phenological state: Cl) Just -1111111 fro. around or flr5'1' signs of new
growth or clorwant for a¥erg,._, 12) IMf buds, (3) 1-, (4) flower buds,
"' fl-1, (6) ..... (7) dacadent.
..
TMLE 66
A¥er..-_., •l~~rt. _. ,._loglc:el stm for pt..-t specl• dllrllll ..-of
7 .1-'to 11 J•••• 1912. et Switchback tr-' (tr.IIDCt 13) (S2 -0.~ .....,..,.,.
r:.....r Ill 1111-.t , ..
Stwldlrd StwMrd llo.of "'-1 ogl Clll
Ll fe tor'llfSpec: I• ..... Error ..... Error Plots s~
Tell lllrub
A1aaa &lJIIIata 5 1.9 158 28.0 8 3
Low Sllrwb
llt.l&lA ........ 14 2.6 " 3.7 21 3
,Sa1.l.a aa1*a 2 1.2 43 5.3 5 3
a..v•e•••• <1 0.1 20 7.7 3 3
JU.Ha !:r.1ata 2 0.6 19 4.1 7 5
Dwwf Shrub
Jesclntyw yitra-•deeM 6 1.5 7 0.6 20 2
Yw:c•n•• u••g•me·e 7 1.7 18 1.7 18 3
~ gnwo I enc! I Q!M 1 0.4 29 2.0 5 4
~.., .... 6 1.9 19 1.7 12 4
~-~ 1 0.5 9 0.8 6 2
ftrdpltapby lA' YYI=UC'' 2 0.6
Forb
Egylwt• allyf1:1qw <1 0.1 10 o.o
&r.llnold ..... _II,.. .. <1 0.1 12 2.0 II 2
Other
Total.,.. 29 5.7
Total lichen 10 2.7
Litter 9 3.2
• "'-logiCIII stmz (I) Just -salng fro. ground or first signs of -
grarth or ~ for -er-. (2) leaf buds. (3) 1-. (4) floww bucls.
(5) flawers. (6) seeds. (7) dec8dent.
TMLE 67
,_.... c:a.er. llelgllt, ..cl phenological sta'N tor PI-' .,.cln daring •• of
7 ...... to 11 J-. 1112 • .-t T-cree~~ tr...-ct ctr .. MCt 141 U4-o.,..Z
.-.rml.
~Ill 1111-.:1: , ...
Siwldlrd St!IIIUrd llo.of Pllenologl cal
Life torW'Spec:l• Mien Error ... Error Plots St8tw8
LGw Shrull
a.t.uJA g I MU1u I AM " 2.1 67 6.0 21 2
OHrf Shrill!
yeq;tnl• y l f1t=14Mt ' o.a a 0.9 20 I
YICle: I D ... .!ILiaL'lQIIII 3 1.1 19 1.7 12 2
J..lllll!a ga..IIMI ~ 4 1.) 29 4.0 a 4
J.lllll.-,.,..,. Q I 10 2.1 21 1.6 " 4
f-.trJW~ a 3.1 a 0.5 13 2
k~•aDII¥ I Ql IIKI::III:II 4 0.9
Forti
~ c••ctee••• <I 0.2
Ottler
Tot.l -:i 82 3.9
Tot. I I I ellen ' 0.9
• Phenological state• CU jUS't -glng tra ground or first signs of rww
growth cr ~t tor -v-. C21 IMf buds, (3) IMYes, C41 flow• buds,
(5) flowers, C6l SMds, C71 decedent.
--
TaE 68
~ -· llelgll'to eiiCI 11"-ICIIIIIC:.I s'tat'e for pl..t specie• clurllltl ... of
14 Ju11e 'to II .1-. ltl2 • .t Wet-Creek tr•..et CtrMMCt Ill 132-o.,...Z ....,.....,.
gg Ill ··~ ,.1 Stelldrd S'teiiCird liD. of PI*'OICIIIIICIII
Lite foriiiS,.CI• --Error --Error I"IGh Sfttel
loll Sllrull amu. , ........ 13 2.3 " 4.7 20 3
JlaMs;lpelrla <1 0.1 24 3.6 6 3
~t Ed IIIII <I 0.1 40 o.o I 3
Owrf Sflrub
Y8QGI Oiya ylt1t=1411• 7 1.1 a 0.7 211 2
yeq;•••• ult grmw •e 12 2.7 22 1.2 27 3
~ gawlblll:liil 10 1.6 28 2.6 24 4
~dec -·=· 6 2.0 14 1.6 12 3
E-rcow JLial:,ia 2 1.4 8 1.1 ' I
6cd'ftll+aab¥ I aa uva-u .:a l I 0.5
Ottler
Tohl -• 60 5.2
Tohl lichen 5 1.8
Litter 3 2.5
11 PI*'OICIIIIICIII sf'efta CU Just -olng fro. ground or flrs't •lgllll of ...
grw11l or__, for --s~~-... C2l l•f buds. C3l 1-. 14) fl011r bud••
15) fl o.er•. 16) .eeds. 17) decadlln't.
TMLE 69
~ __.. llelgllt. 8lld pllellologlc:el shft for ptent spec:tn during..-of
1• ,_ to 11 "-· 1912. at J•y CrHit tr-.ct ctr .. MCt 12t n2-o.,...Z ....,....,.
ea..-Ill 1111• llal
.. twlderd St811drtl liD. of fiMnologlct~l
Life tarw'SpKI• ...... Error ...... Error Plots Shft8
r,...
lltM.lA pgrlfra 89 5.0 8 3
loll Sllrull
ldiiJ.a ........ 13 0.3 " 3.8 17 3
lllatc;lptiKII <I o. I 35 7.1 7 3
JUMajclata <I 0.2 10 o.o I 3
pgteet I lie 1af1 '.a.& 18 1.7 3 3
Dllrf Sllrllll
yeq;lnhe ylflt=ld-7 I. I 10 1.3 22 3
yeq;tpl• Mllql ... te 12 2.7 21 1.5 2• 3
~ gawelal~:~~a 10 1.6 2• 1.5 13 • .LIIIIIa ...,..,... 6 2.0 21 2.8 7 • f..V•~ 2 I •• 8 o •• 5 I
.liALlJL rat l<:yl ate 3
kdal:tlatu£ 1 ~a &.I.A.l.tla, 3
6t~t.,b¥1QI UKI=Utll 0.5
Forti
~, ....... 8 2.3 3 3
Eallalll• ..,..... fal ha 26 2.9 5 • lrtM•I• wlqalpta <I o.o 23 0.9 6 • fae••• ellutlgw <I 0.3 25 2.0 • •
&r.IIIOid
r.l .. mltll ......... 30 5.0 2 3
UnkiiOifn ar••• <I 0.1 " 2.7 6 2
Other
Total -• 60 5.2
Total II etten 5 I .a
Llffw 3 2.5
• 1'118notoglct~l lhftr (I) Just -alng tn. ground or first slg111 ot ,..
grwtll or ~for .,.g,... ... 12t t•t buds. 13) 1-. l•t tl011r buds.
15) flo.ers. (6) seet~s. 17) decedent.
TII8LE 70
Awenge cowor. llelglrt. 81111 ,.._logla~l stwte for plellt spec:IN dllrlng ..-of
14 .lne to 11 .1-. 1912. a1' Swltclllleck tr---=t (tranMCt 13) (52 -0.512 ........... ,.
gg ,.1 1111-.:.t ,.~
~· ......... llo.of l'llenologlall
Life faniiSpec:l• ..... Error .... Error PIGh Stwtee
Tell s11ru11
.6.l.lu &.i.llllolta 5 2.4 176 33.5 6 3
law Shrull
ll:balA gtedulou " 3.0 ,. 4.5 21 3
Jata AMU;IU 2 1.3 46 12.1 5 3
~a!..:& 1 0.5 46 15.5 2 3
.fllllaKIQ!.IKII <1 0.2 24 5.9 6 3
au.~ 2 0.6 27 3.3 6 4
O.rf Shrub
ym:;to"• v'*'s-•ctW 7 2.1 I 0.6 21 2
Ym;dnh•· yllglooeue 13 2.2 21 1.6 22 4
....... ,.,l.d1IJ;i11• 3 0.9 28 2.0 12 4
~drz' .. l 7 2.9 20 2.3 10 4
fa!Wtr• A1al:.la 1 0.1 I 1.7 3 2
•ctoat•Dbllal YII=MCII 1 0.5 2
Forti
iau'lltY' '''vet''" <1 0.1 6 0.1 6 3
&r.lnold
.,.._ gr•s 2 0.9 12 2.4 12 2
OtMr
Tohil -• 31 5.7
Tohil lichen " 3.5
Ll'tter 6 3.0
• l'llenologla~l sta1'e1 (I) Just -olng fr-c. ground or first signs of ...,
growtll or ~ for evergreens. 12) INf buds. (3) •-•· (4) flower buds.
(5) flowers, (6) ... ds , (7) dec:edent.
-
Tfel.E 71
Av.,.... cower, llelgllt, •d plleftologleal stne fer plent species during week of
1• ,_ to 1a ,_, 1•. et r-Creek treneec:t rtrensect ,., rz• -o.,..z
q ...... ).
t!ft.-. lll llllllld h:al
tt.ncr.-d Sftndrd No. of Pllellolog 1~1
Life forw/Specl• ...... Error ...... Error PIGh s~
loll Sllrub
.lldllla gl ... , ... 13 1.7 70 5.a 21 3
Dlrerf Sllrub
Y'PCinlya ylfla-14.., 9 1.a a 0.9 23 2
.Jm;;lnl• yllgiM•ew 5 1 •• 22 2.5 13 3
~ aa.l•.-as:~~~~ 7 2.0 29 2.5 10 • ~ *"rtm• 10 2.a 19 1.2 1. • Eawtr• Alal:la 10 2.9 7 o.• 15 3
krtftlllt.-M¥IIill Da:ll[ll 5 o.a
Forb
~,.,.,., ... 0.3 • 0.7 3 2
ar.lnold
u..-n gr .. <1 o.o a 0.0
Ottler
Total -• 69 3.9
Total lichen 11 2.7
e Pllellologlcel steter (1) Just -sJing froe ground cr first signs of new
gn:wtt1 or c1c1r..wt for e.er.,--, (2) IMf buds, (3) 1.-.-, ,., flower llucls,
(5) flowers, (6) ..a, (7) decedent.
...
TMLE 72
... ~ _.. llelglrt. -.d pllelloiOfiCIII s't.t. for pint .,.cles during weell of
21 June 'to 25 .1-. 1912 • .t W.t8rle Creek "tr•RCt l'tr•RCt 11) (32 -0.5-112 ....,....,.
,._.. Ill 1111-.t lml
51wlclrd Sh~M~rd llo.ot l'llenolagiCIII
Life for./Specl .. MNn Error ...... Error PIGta s~
r,...
JldW .._,.,, .. , 1.1 99 o.o 3
Low Shrllb
ldaa1a a• PMI"'cwa 15 3.4 " 4.7 " 3
... w:;lglrla 1 0.3 36 10.2 6 3
~ .............. 1 0.4 32 8.3 3 3
Dwrf Shrllb
'"''"'"' yltlt=14att 9 1.5 9 1.8 27 3
yec;c;tnl• yllglrpa&e 18 3.2 27 2.2 27 4
Lalll!a i! QIPIIIUIII:l!ll 9 1.4 27 2.2 26 4
~·"r"l==· 4 1.3 16 3.6 8 4
Eawtr.-A.IQDa 4 1.7 7 o.8 8 3
i[r:"hlll:tiDbl'lga IIIR:III:II 2 0.6
fen A:lalla , • .,. •• , <1 0.1 3 1.0 3 4
Otttr
Tcrt.l -• 50 4.5
Tot. I lichen 11 2.9
Ll'ttW 6 2.8
• l'llenolaglc:~~l st.t.a (1) Just~~~~~ fro. ground or first slga of ,_
grawtll or clorwant for ...,..,_. (2) leaf buds. (3) 1-. (4) flowr buds.
(5) flowers. (6) seeds. (7) dlcedant.
TABLE 73
Awerege -· llelglrt, llftd phenological st.te for plent species dvrllll ..-of
21 June to 2' June, 1982, et Jey Creek trenMCt (trenMCt 12) 1:52 -o.,...Z ......,.,.
gg ill lfllllllt lml
Stwnclrd 5--d No. of "'-logical
Life tc:riiiSpec:ln --Error --Error Plots Sftte8
Tree
BlltiiJ.A 9M¥C I fKI a 2.9 6a 6.4 9 2
Low Shrill!
llltMJ.A Q I edu I Mt 9 2.4 '4 '·1 1:5 ' ~aUla ' 2., ., o.o 1 ' BDI& ec;rqetrl .a 1 o.:s 40 14.2 7 ' .a..ua. :tc.l.lta <1 0.1 ., o.o 1 ' Pgtwrt Jilt t rut I c:pao <1 0.1 ., o.o 1 '
O.erl Shrill!
Y'GGinlya yltla•ldfl• " 2.7 14 1.9 19 ' Ym:•n•• yllgrnpase 9 1.9 24 2.:5 20 4
.L.Idla QCQM 1•11 11:1111, 2 o.a 20 1.a ' 4
L.lldla,d., .... 11 2.9 21 1.9 16 4
Ea.p:.-A1aaa 1 o., a o.o ' 4
~ rat lgd «tt ' 1.2 ' 6c~IDb¥1QI ralDlAI <1 0.2 ' 6c~t1Db¥1ga UXI:UCII 1 o.,
Forb
r.zau, s••.,••• 1 0.4 7 2.7 4 4
ED II IIIah• aagua:tlfal II• 1 0.2 2' 2.2 7 ' lllrtwpale pen ISlJ I at• 2 0.9 19 :5.9 a 4
EQu•!I+M' a••vatrsu• 1 o., 32 4.4 ' '
Gr.lnold
Cll-.a.:l:ll SIIJadlllll:li 1 o., 3a 2., 2 3
Unknown gress 2 1.1 22 4.4 ' 3
Other
Total -• 20 '·2 Total IIChWI 10 :s.:s
Lltiw 7 2.a
• "'-logical stat.1 II) Just -glng fro. ground or first signs of ,_
growth or doreent for evergr-, 12) INf buds. (:5) 1-es. (4) floww buds,
15) fiOifWs, (6) -ds, (7) decadent.
TABLE 7C
~ canr, helgllt, end pllenologiQI S'tll'ht for plarrt species during ueall of
21 June to 25 June, 1912. a1' Sul'tcllllack transect (transect f3J (32-O.s-.2
qadrfta).
~I' a: 'IJ lllllld: "•I
Standard Standard No. of Phenologlc.l
Lite forii/Spec:les MNn Error ...... Error Plots s~a
Tall shrub
41.1111& &1JIUt& 6 3.3 233 32.1 5 3
Lou Shrub
kt1a1a g!Mdy!gu 17 3 •• 60 ••• 20 3
.5a1.a auJ,.ciQ 2 1.0 50 o.o 1 5
.5a1.a alaiC& 1 0.5 C6 o.o 1 3
Jlgy w;!c:y!Kl$ 1 0.3 2fi •• 3 • 3
Jl1IID .1t.l.lta 3 1.3 32 6.0 5 4
Dwarf Shrub
YACCiniUI vltls•Id14• • 1.1 9 1.1 19 6
yeq;lnhe ullglooaue 19 3.6 2C 1.5 20 • ~· ga.a laad I,-._.., 2 1.0 29 3.2 7 • ~-··e•s 7 2.9 20 2.3 10 • £awtr!M~ 1 o.c 8 1.2 • 3
kctoc•aabx 1 gs IIXIt:lltll 1 0.5
Forti
(CIU I wte all yilt I Q8 <1 0.2 13 2 •• 7 3
&r.lnold
Grass spp. 2 0.7 19 2.1 1C 3
Otflr
Total -• 21 •• 5
Total llc:hen 11 2.9
Litter ' 2.2
a PhenologiQI states OJ JIIS't -glng fra. ground or first signs of neu
grar11l or clonPt for ~. (2) leaf buds. (3) 1-. (C) flour buds.
(5 J f I ours, ( 6) SMits • ( 7 J dec:ederrt.
Awer9 __., helgflt, -.t phellologlc:.l s1wte for plen1' species during week of
21 .._to 25 J-, 1912, .t TsuHM a-..tc transect Ctr•sec:t 141 (24-O,,...Z
queclr.tsl.
~Ill llllllllt IIIII
St.clerd St8ncl•d No. of ~loglal
Ll fe far'lll Spec In MMn Error MMn Error Plots 5.,....
I.Gw Sllrub
a.ti&.I.A gl•flu .... 19 2.9 80 6., 22 3
o. .. t Sllr ull
Y'GS'''Y' ·vttra-rdee• 6 1 .I 9 0.8 19 2
yp;tnh• ulla•ms• 7 1.6 24 2.3 16 4
.Liilllla Ill IWII•II I.:. 12 3.4 2' 2.7 14 4
.LIIIIIIa c!ecee'w'• ' 1.9 24 3.1 ' 4
~r· .AI.aDa " 4,6 10 1.0 14 " 6[dnri•llb·¥ I~ IIKI:IU:II 6 1.1
forll
~seede••• <1 0.1 7 1 ·' 2 2
ar.lnold
Unkno.n grus <1 o. 1 8 o.o 2 3
Other
Totel-72 ,,3
Tote I II ellen 3 0.7
• "'-loglal st.tea (I) J•t -glng fr011 ground or first signs of ,_
growttl or .,._nt for everar-, (2) l•f buds, (3) 1-•· Co&l flower buds,
,, fl-s. (6) -Cis, (7) clececlent.
TABLE 76
Aww9 __., belgllt, end pllenologlc:.l s1'8t'e for plent ..-:les clurlnt ,.-of
28 June to 2 July, 1!112, .t lhrtena Creek tr•..c:t (tr•sec:t 111 (32-0.5-112
qudrml.
1011.: ISl llllold: hal
S1w1Wd St.nd•d No. of '"'-nologlc:.l
Life farw/Specl• ...... Error MNn Error Plots Sta'f'ell
Tree
.a.tuJ.A QM¥CifKI 2 1.3 76 3.8 3 3
Low Shrub
.a.tuJ.a gl•dylcwe 12 3.0 68 8.0 1. 3
.flaMw;lc;ylrla 1 0.5 71 8.6 8 3 .sa.u:--aKdlaDI 1 0.9 25 10.0 2 •
Dw•f Shrub
Yw;clpl• yJttm:td•O 9 2.6 12 3.3 26 • :yaq;,lnl .. yllgi'Yl'"P 25 3.7 26 1.5 28 • J.-. II~IIIIIIICIIII • 1.3 3. •.o 13 • .I.Mia ,..., ••• 7 1.5 71 1.6 17 • ~r,. A.larJa 3 1.8 7 1 •• 8 3
k&:tr.:I:IDb¥ I 121. IIKII::III:II 2 0.6
Forb
,Caalaa smeden• Ia o.• 5 o •• 10 •
OtMr
Totel -• 55 6 ••
Tote I lichen ' 1.6
Litter 3 2.0
• ..._loglc:.l state: (I) Just -glng fn. ground or first signs of ,_
growth or w.nt for evergreens, (2) INf buds, (3) •-· (•) flaww buds,
!51 flowers, !61 s .. ds, (71 deca~t.
Ttel.E n
Averllfl __., llelglrt, ..cl pllenologiC81 state for pl811't .,.cl• during ...-of
21 , ... to 2 .luly, 1912, at .lay Creek transect CtrMHC:t 121 C32-0.5112
queclr8ts I.
c.rw.r Ill tllllb:l: ,,...
Stendrd Stendrd No. of Phenologl C8l
Life fcr./Speclu liMn Error liMn Error Plats Statee
Tree
JabL1A ... clfKI 3 2.7 92 8.3 3 3
~allll:a .. 3.1 357 321.2 3 3
Low Shrub
a.t.uJ.a g lmdu I me 1 .. 3.1 53 6.1 " 3
.5&Ux a..I.Aiu 5 3.0 " 10.1 6 3
fll;u ec; I c:y I K !& 2 0.9 38 9.6 7 3
8J.IIa. .trlJ.ta 1 0.1 31 o.o 1 3
PAteatlllo fcutlogso 1 0.9 1 .. 7.2 7 3
Dwrf Sllcub
Yasctalyw yltrs-Jaoeo 11 3.3 12 2.2 20 ..
yeg;tn.f• yllglrpsJW 8 2.2 19 2.2 20 ..
Ud!ia Qlllllllllllll ll::u• I o ... 23 2.5 5 ' J.ad&a dy•...,, 10 2.7 20 1.6 17 ' ~[ .. ~ 1 0.6 .. 0.8 .. 6
.5&Ux ret I c:y I ata 1 0.5 3
k~:t1Db¥1DI a.LaJ.Da 3 1.6 3
Lplatwarlo pmn•....,, 1 o.8 ..
Forb r.aa.aa ,....., •• , .. 2.2 9 1.8 7 ..
Eallalll• 118111tlfall• 2 1.0 38 7.9 8 3
.........,,,, p•lc;ulct• .. 2.0 38 9.9 ' ' £gulat• '''vet•R• .. 2 ... .. 9 5.9 .. 3
Gr•lnold
CaiiM(Jmsflt s;Modentl$ 1 o ... 50 12.6 3 3
Unknown gran .. 1 ... 30 3.8 10 3
Other
Tatal -s 19 5.5
Tate I llchM 13 3.7
• Phenological state: Ctl Just -cglng fi"'OI s;round or first signs of new
growth or W.nt for evergreens, 121 IMf buds, 131 IMYa, 1"1 flower buds,
151 flowers, 161 seeds, 171 decadent.
Tltll.E 71
Aver• _.,., llelgllt, end plleflologlc:el state for pl1111t species during week of
21 June to 2 July, 1912, ut Swltchbuck trensect (trunsect 13) (32-
o.~s).
o..-lSl llllllld: hal
Stunclerd Shlldrd No. of l'llenologl eel
Lite tor'IIISpec:les ...... Error ...... Error Plots Stwtee
Tree
~at-=-3 3.1 ,20 479., 2 3
Tell lllrull
41ala .aJ..IIIWitA 17 ,.3 190 "·' I 3
LouSIIrull
a.tMJ..a g ledu I gee 11 3.6 71 4.9 20 3
~~ 1 0.7 39 20.2 3 3
~aJ,.ala 1 0.8
SaM estg,arw:•a 1 0.4 2' 6.1 ' 3
.IWIM .ti:J.Ita 1 o., 24 6.2 7 4
Dwrt Slll"ub
!eos'n'M' x'*'a='dett 9 2.9 13 3.9 22 4
yeg;Inhe ullglrps•• 21 4.0 26 1.9 23 4
.L&IIa lila.! l•d I ~:.~~• 3 1., 30 1., 7 4
J.Ad&a cteg ... I 2.3 21 2.4 13 4
Eape:tr • ..a..l;,g[Ja 1 0.4 8 0.6 7 3
6t~~8DbiiQI YII:Utll 2 0.6
Forb
Equ••t• •umrc;,. 0.4 23 1.7 11 3
ar.lnold
Unk-greu 3 2.0 20 3.3 12 3
Other
Total-29 '·2
Total llc:llllll 9 2.3
Litter 2 1.1
• Phenological stater (1) just -glng fro. ground or first signs of new
growth or dorMIIt for evergreens, (2) IMf buds, (3) leeves, (4) flour buds,
15) flouers, 16) SMds, (7) deced .. t.
TltBLE 79
Avenge cover. llelgtrt. end phenological state for pl.,.... species during ..-of
28 June to 2 .I•IY• 19112. et Tsu-Creek tr•sect ltrensect ,., 12• -o.,..Z
q........,.).
o.-''~ llllllbt lml
Stenderd Stuclrd No. of Pllenologl eel
Life tOI"''I/Specla ...... Error liNn Error Plots Stet.a
Low Shrub
&l:b&.LA gl .,, I AM 2' 3.8 67 6.1 23 3
Dwrf Shrub
YIQGIQipa yltlt=ldfll 6 2.1 17 ,.8 18 • Jeq;;lpl• ytlglrywee 16 2.8 22 2.1 20 • ......_ ga.al•dlg•• 3 1., 28 1.9 7 • 1Ma ttrnstm• 13 3.2 22 1.9 " ' Eapefr!W JLlQaa 13 3.9 7 0., I. 3
kd:Dit1Db¥1ml IIKI::I.I&:II • 0.8
Forb
~SMAdMIII 3 0.6 7 o., 18 •
er.lnold
Unk-n gress 2 1.3 " •• 9 • 3
Ottter
Tote I -s 6' ,.8
Tote I lldl .. 6 1.6
e Pllenologlcel srete• ll) Just -111119 fro. ground or first signs of new
grarttl or dor8lnt for -greens. (2) feet buds. (3) 1-•· (•) flower buds.
,,, flowers. 16) seeds. 17) decedent.
Tltlll.E 80
Awerege cower, Mlgll't, •ncl pllellologlc•l st.-te for JlllU glwu!yi!Wf clllrlng
.-of 7 ,_ 'to 11 .1-, 1982, 8t MCII el8¥8'tlon wltflln eedl 'tensect.
Pa.l'tlon W8t-.. .., Swl'tchbeck Tsu-NHn
~Ill
Bench " 14 21 14 16
T~ 13 16 17 16 16
.1ddl• 4 18 6
8crt"ta 6 2 2
MNn 8 9 14 11 10
llllu.t , .. a
a.nch ,. 411 58 86 61
T~ ,., 47 50 68 56
.I dille 39 59 49
~ " 36 "
MNn ,. 45 " 67 55
PMIIDIQIIIGII lift+ ..
Bench 2.4 2.6 3.0 1.9 2.5
T~ 2.8 3.1 2.8 2.0 2.6
.I dille 3.0 3.0 3.0
8crt"ta 3.0 2.0 2.5
liMn 2.7 2.9 2.9 2.0 2.6
• Pllenologlcel st8tea Ill Jus't -glng fra. grouncl or first signs of new
growth or ctor.nt for •rgreens, 121 l•f buds, 131 1M¥ .. , 141 flower buds,
151 flowers, 161 teeds, 17l decedent.
TMLE 81 A-.-· llelglrt. Mel P'-laglcal stete for lllrtwJ•I• IWIIQM!ata during
MCII ..-et the •lct-sla,e elevetlon of the Jey Creek tr.,.IMC't. 19112.
o.t. eo-,., He I gll't ( Cll)
Plleno I ag I cal
S'l'atell
, ..... ,., 7.5 '·' ..... , .. 15.2 , ..
15 J-7.8 22.7 ..2
22 J-8., 18.9 3.6
29 J-1 ••• 38.2 •• 6
• Pllenologlcal ~~ (I) Ja't -.Jing fro. ground or first slg ... of new
grwttl or ..--t for-~~~-·· (2) l•f buds. (3) 1--. ,., fl-buds.
,,, fla.ers. (6) seeds. (7) decsden1'.
....,
TIBU 12
-Ulll ~~-ef ..,._ ....,._,, .,_,_ ,...,..,, --• ~-"' •-••• ef twl•--•-,., ....... , ell .... ,,.. tile
....... --lef 1 .. 1 .. --. ... -·--...... -I ......... 6 1!1112 • Ifill lo tile .. Mio Sool-.. _ .....
~ ~ 11&111 11&111 .... ,_... ·-.. ......... ...... ....... -...... -... , ..... --.... .. .. . ... .. .. -.... -.... . ... .. ..
*" 11 m I ......
I I ··-··· I l.tl •• IJ,t1.04
J l!l.tll atZ2 J.IIJ.ti.JI "·"-*' .111 • lttli •• -1.29
J I ··--·" I ,. .. ,..,.
J l.tl •• ~1.04 • "*' 1.0 ,.l!l.tl-"
• I 4..Qif.U
I J.l,_., • l.llltl.tt
I I l.l!l,ti.OO a.IIJ.tl ...
' 2.1 ..... S.JW.JI
J ~ .. .,. ... I.IJ,tll ... • letJ
z I J.tJ l.leti.Jt S.G!I,tii.H l.llltJ.II z.us.u
I ail 2.J!I.tji.JI '·"-·" J ,_., ··--·· ··-··" • llltJJ J.2!1,tl.91 I.JQli.JI
J I I.IJ,tll.61 '·11111·• I 2.U,tll., J.IJ,tii.JI
J 4tl J.IIJ.ti.SI '·'•'·" 1.1!1,ti.1S I.I.I.IJ • "*' 41.t10 IO.SQt2.0 ... ,...so
nal II 1-1-IJ
...... ...... ..... ..... --.,._ II-I• ......... -"-...... .... ...... --tl• Clot ,__ -.... 1 ... .... -.... -twit -....
wyr r IE
J I ,...,..JJ ........ a '·"*·.,. '·~l£~·•• J ... ,..,. •. ,..n • lttll
' I '·-··,. •• -1.01
' ., J,IJii,JJ J,IQll ... I.IJii,IJ '·"U·" J ~ JWI IO,IIItji.IO t.cac.• • IJtJII
J I ,.,. .•. •·"-·" ' ... '·~· .. ,.,.. ...
J .., J.Jitl.a ,.,. .. • ~ IIJ., .._. .. ··-··· ··-··· l.atl.8
• I ,...,. ..
I '·"-·" J.l)jii.O
J ...... J.JIItl,:rt
• I .. ,. ... '·Mill·" ' ·~··· ··-··,. J w J,JIIti.M I.JIIti.JI • ,.., I !Ill
' I l.ftti,IIJ , . .,. ...
I ~~~ I.IQli,IJ l.l)jii.IO
J 1411172 ,.,., •. ,.,74 ··"*'"' • ''*'' l5iJI .. _. ... I.JitiM
J I :IS 4,4Jtl.11 '·''*'·" a _, JWI .. _,,., l.lltl.:rt , ltliJ ·~· J,ntJ,H J.ott.l6 • J1iiJ ~ '·'-·" 10,11Jt10.05
--··-·-, ...... ...... ~ ~ --•• ......... _.... ...... ---, .. .., ---.... -.... -.... -.... -
• I , ....... ..... .ll
I J.-I.SI •• Qti,.IJ , . ..., .. •• -...JI • J.tl ,.,. .. ........
I •• I!W •• J.llti.IU
I J.tl '·'-'·• , . ..,.u
J .., • J.tl )lj,M
I I l.tl
I .., ... ~ . ., IO.fl.l).ll
J I!IIJI] ...... J.lli.I).IJ ··-·--• llltJI J.)lti.N J.QtJ ••
J I 4.!Jjji.IS J.ftt11.74
I 7,t7 I!W l.~l.n 2 ......
J ,.. .. •. ~.1· J.Qtl.ll • .. .. _..
I l.tl l.llli.D '.JCill.ll
I "~I .. ., l.)ltl.ll l.!l',tl •• • ,.n,tt.ll ,.-I.IJ
' Ia .. ..... 71 '·"*1.11 .... .. ... J.IJ,tl •• J.IZtJ.JI
I .. 1.-o l.tl 2 ........ J.JS,tl.ll -l.tl l.tl .. ,.., .. .. ._..., ··~·" '·"*~· .. J I• -l.tl l.)lti.JI •. ~1.11 -.. l.tl I.IJ,ti,.IJ l.!l',tl., • .. ... ... ... '-17 IQ.tJM
--, ...., ....
T.a!IZI_I_4)
...... ..... ...... ....... ....
y,_ II-•• ---...... ...... .... ...... --··-llolt
,__ __ .... .... . ... .... . ... .. .• ... .. .. . ... ....
I •• '* ...... JI ···~· ... IS '·"*'·" ,.llltd.4)
2 •• '*' , .. ~ . .,. I.]W.II -liQIII .... ··-··· 4.Qll.72
J .... ....,., ,.., .. _,.__, .... • •• Mt.JI ,..,. 2. IJt,Z.IJ 2.H,tZ., -.... lltttl ,.,.., ... 2.)J,tl ••
' •• '*' liS S.ll:il .4) l.OJ,tl .11 --'*' l.SQO •• t.OQl4 •• O.Mtii.IS ··-··· 2 •• •• J,tl '·"*'· .. 4.1J,tl ... '· "'*'·, 1.2J,ti.D -llltl2 Jill' 2.tJ,t1 •• S.OQtl.24
J •• .,.., -· J.JQIII., ...... » ........ ---.., 6.17 •• 17 • •• '""" .,... JO.Ilt4 •• n.s7~.74 -,.., 411i171 '· "'*'·" S.SQO.JO 11.7,_ • ., 16.6J,tll.12
• •• 2l,tZJ ,_,.,_, J.lltJ.21 -47,tZZ 2.,_ • ., J.Qti.JI
2 •• Mtn 2:l1 J.2J,t1.71 s . .-.» -22:lf ,,_ , ........ J.JIIt1.4t • •• ._., 4.4J,tl.lll ··~·" -''*" '*' s.s..a.n S.lltJ ••
• ~·-·-J-... t .. l ·-.. tr-•.
--....., -..
TML£ 113
••• Ct.SEJ CWAII't -1 grawtll Ckg/1111) of twigs end 1-• of •Jor Ulrulla .-pled Inside end outside of .a::loaur•
Wllltl .,...._. 1912 111 the •lddle Sualtlle Rlwer Bllsln.
·~···· llldll1.a JaU& JaU& 41aa llltl&la
11lii1::IIIMI ........... ...... .... a1.D.III:U -tilE~~
Tr-' Eleni'IOII 1.-o.t IMf twig l•f twig l•t twig leef twig l•f twig l•t twig
,., 4
I ,. .... .... .... .. 1 .. ....... -...
2 Ill 140:l40 20±9 20±7
2 out 34Qt120 ~ ~ 51::1 6Qt15 20±7 80t20
' Ill 24Qt100 4±4 51::1
' out '~ 919 201i20
4 111 300JJO
4 out ~40
2 111 720±40 ~ ~
2 out 5001:140 ~ 401;40
2 2 In 400±80 2016 ~0
2 2 out 1~ 2016 20±8
2 ' Ill 560t.320
2 ' out 200±80 60±20 8t4
2 4 In ~0 ~0 ~ 3D 20±7
2 4 out ~ 20±8 'f.4 8±5 2016
-----------
----
TMU IB Ccolltl.._.. 2)
......... lldii1A s.ua WJ& 61AIIa 8mJ.a
Kl:l:llchiMI ......... AIW;IIU .._ a.l.lullta --=·flal
Tr~ Elev.tlon l.....o.t l•f ~Ill l•f twig l•f twig l..t twig l•f ~Ill l•f ~Ill
~~I l!l!llfLi I • ' ===-•• ...
3 2 Ia 120,t40 20i.4 ~ w 20t10
3 2 Gilt ~ 20t10 4Qt20 ~ 20t10 ~ 180±180
3 3 Ia ~ ~ 20t10 ~I ~
J 3 Gilt 280+140 <l;t;<l <l;t;<l ·~ 80±80 601ti0 601ti()
3 4 Ill 40±40 ~01~0
3 4 Gilt 20t10 w 3.t,5 60±40 81:4 3.t,5 3.t,5
4 •• ·~ 4Qt20 4Qt20
4 Gilt '~ 20t10 20t10
4 2 Ia 220tl00 ~ ~
4 2 Gilt 220tl20 4Qt20 20t10
4 .. Ill ~ 20±8 2Qt10
4 4 Gilt 36Qtl60 5±4 4.t,5
• El...tlon 3 not •t.bllllled 8t tr811MC't 4.
TABLE 84
...... st.nd .. d errors. •d IIUIIber of twigs ,....Ired to ••pie wltlllll lOS of
tile -~~ wltll "11 COIIfldenee for buel dl-ters ,_, end 1....,. ,_, of
eul"f'eel't .,._, growth twigs for •Jor shrubs .-pled for tile plent phenology
.ndy. •lcldle S..ltt. Rlvw Beslll.
StendW'd Est I ..ted
•• Speelwc.t.gory Error S.,le Size
llbi1A , .......
01--1.1 0.01 " LIIIIQtll C7.2 0.12 121
.lal.1& MLGIIa
01_,.,. 1.9 0.06 ~
Length "·· 3.76 "' .~AU& a1.u
01--1.9 0.06 " Length 63., ,.02 223
Ala& a1all:t&
01--2.9 0.09 26
Length 87.0 ,.00 16
llbi1A -rl fre
01--2.3 0.07 23
Length 119 •• 7.03 90
.......
--.....
TABLE 85
tt.c:t-end perceni'eo-of NCh the Prl_.y, Secondary end Control burn erees covered by vegetation types In
,._ Al,..._t Hills.
!I:IIIK¥ ~ ......... Dilatalll
Wegentlon Type tt.c:t.-es ~ ,,, tt.c:t.-.. Area ,,, HM:teres AreeCSl
Forest 2203 75.65 10606 77.41 9143 113.06
Open spruce 2134 73.27 9125 66.59 5296 48.10
Open spruce/Woodland spruce 1124 10.22
Waodlencl ..,..uce 69 2.38 1461 10.67 2000 18.17
Waodlencl spruce/Mislc r•IIIOid
h.-.,_/Low shnll 20 0.15 723 6.57
Sllrub 623 21.39 2596 18.95 595 5.40
Law shrub 582 19.98 2146 15.67 566 5.14
Law shrub/Mislc r•lnold herbaceous 253 1.85
O.wf shrub 63 0.45
Law •II low 30 1.04 91 0.66 29 0.26
Low •lllaw/Mislc r•lnold herbaceous 11 0.37 43 0.32
Herbaceous 63 2.15 137 0.99 149 1.36
Mesic r•lnold herbeceous 63 2.15 137 0.99 149 1.36
u.w.g.taftd 24 0.81 363 2.65 1120 10.18
IAIIe 24 0.81 363 2.65 1120 10.18
Total Area 2913 100.00 13,702 100.00 11,007 100.00
TABlE 86
Average dlaa.ter et point-of-browsing lDPBl for browsed twigs, weight/twig,
end weigh• ot leaves attached to clipped twigs In the Alphabet Hills.
Species DPB t•l leaf lg) Twig lgl
Jlma1A g!edy!cwe 2 •• 0.30 o.,
.s&lliL a1lua 3., 0.7 • O.C6
.s&lliL ..... 3.0 0.!18 0.36
lAJ..a auJ.m& 2.8 O.M 0.,1
TABLE 87
Average p•cent canopy cover and nllllber of plats required to s-.ple within 2QI
of the aeen with 67' confidence by life fDnl end plant species In 30-._.;1
end 1-•2 qued~ets f~o• 3 sites In the Open White Sp~uce vegetation type,
Alphabet Hills.
Stend•d EstiMted
Life FDI"WSPK: A Mean Err~ Seaple Size
T~ee I ._.;1) 10 2.9 10
Total tell shrub 0.6
.A1JIIIa J:C.i.IIIA 0.6
Total low sh~ub 19 3.2 13
.BIItJ&!A glendy I me 3 1.2 2
h.ll.x~ 1' 2.7 9
Total dw•f sh~ub 11...Z1 11 2.0 ' r.a.s.J..gu tetragooo 1 0.3 1
feptt[!M .l11arJa 3 0.9 1
J.aliYII gcpao I end I Qlll 1 o., 1
li.J.l.& c:ll:l: I 1:11 lata 1 0.6 I
yocctnlym .yltgrngau• ' 1.4 1
Yaoclnlyw vltli=ldaea 3 1.0 1
Total fcrb 34 3., 8
~C:IIIIIUa spp. 1 0.3 I
CbryiOSQIIQiul t•trondrum 1 o., 1
~ c••d•s '' ' 1.8 4
Eou ••t• .IDWlM 6 2.3 6
Equl•ta a!IY'tlc;y• 3 1.1 1
Pet•slt•5 frlgldua 7 1.6 3
fvm1A spp. 1 0.2 1
.BullJa. ch• I U$• 1 0.3 1
Yaii[IIOI capitato 1 0.2 1
Total g~lnold 10 1.1 4
C.IMIQrpt+l• cmodto&l$ ' 1." 4
i:lma spp. 3 1.8 4
Gress •JIP· 2 1.0 1
Total moss " '·9 9
Total lichen 2 0.6
e.!tlgan spp. I 0.4
Llttw 9 1.4 2
Dead IICIOd 3 1.2 2
Blre gi"'OInd 1 0.2 1
,_ ....
TMLE 88
Average density Cn~/hal of st .. s tor living and dead shrub and •ature tree. tree aapl lng and tree
a.dllng apec:lea et 2 sites In the Open White Sprue. v.getetlon type. Alphabet Hilla.
Live Dead Live Dead TrM TrM
Life ForwfSpecles Shrub• Shrub8 Treeb Treeb Sapllngb Seedllng8
TrN
eJ.J:B aJJu;:a 455 28 133 750
eJ.J:B MdADA 172 13 32 333
Tall shrub
4J..Iula .GtliA& 4167 1583
A1.a.la a.I.Dull:tA 83
low lllrub
lliltuJ.A giMC!yiQM 11583 333
JALAJaa:a 750 167
JalA au.IJ:;Iu:A 48000 3333
• W quadrat
b Point-centered quarter
TABLE 89
~ INIAl dl-tr class and prcent twig utlllzetlon of shrub species,
end nu•ber of plants required to s .. ple within 20S of the eeen with 67S
confidence based on those .. asures, for 2 sites• In the Open White Spruce
vegetation type, Alphllbet Hills.
Stendrd No. No. Estl.ated
Mlesure Species Mien Error Plants Sites S•le Size
Basil I .IIJI:tiiJ..a 11111111111 Qll 1 0 64 2
01~ .s&llil AJW;Ia 2 0 80 2
Cless
Utlllz.tlon .IIJI:tiiJ..a llllllllllll:llol 12 2., 64 2 n ,,, .s&LlJl wma 12 2.0 80 2 ,..
• Site 123 heavily browsed, dete •lsslng
TABLE 90
Total .velleble and utilized l .. f, twig and total bla.ess (kg/hal estl•etad fro. nu•ber of unbrowsed and browsed
twigs/he• and st. deflsltl• Cn....,./hel fro. 3 sites In the Open White Spruce wgetetlon 1'ype, Alphabet Hills.
No. lHrCIIMd AYIIIIable Available Totlll Avel!~le No. Elrollsed Utilized Utilized Totlll Utilized
Spec I• Twlgs/1111 leaf Blc.ss Twig BI~BMS Blc.ass Twlgs/1111 Leaf Blcaassb Twig Bl~s Blc.ass
Jll1uJ.A II 1111111111111 82239 25 28 53 40541 12 14 26
~ a.uJ,.cliCI 374400 249 192 441 115200 77 59 136
Total Bla.ess 274 220 494 89 73 162
• A1J111A w_. twigs not count.d.
b L .. f blo.ess ra.oved If browsing had occurred when leaves ware attached.
TABLE 91
Avenge pwc:ent cenapy CDVer Md IIUIIber of plots requir-ed to s.-ple within 2011
of the -an with 67S confl dence by life far-. and plant species In 70 -4-ftil
and 1-.2 quadrats trOll 7 sites In the Open Black Spruce vegetation type.
AI phllbet Hills.
St1111derd Est I ..ted
Life For./Specles Maan Error s-tile Size
Tree C.....ZJ 13 I .7 8
Total low shrub 12 1.6 7
Brl:t.ll.lA g IMdu Jgaa 5 0.7 I
.Sa.J..a AI&LdlcA 7 1.5 7
Total dwrf shrub CI...ZJ 31 2.5 " ~JI.18cla 9 1.9 10
.Lidia d•;ueb«tl 5 1.0 3
Ladwl grgenlondlsum 3 0.6 I
Yecclnlyw ullglopsum 14 1.8 9
Yacclnlyw yltls-ldota 7 1.2 4
Total forb 20 2.2 13
Egyllf+u• a••votlcum 2 0.7 I Pttna•te• tclgldua 4 0.9 3
Jlllb..u.a sh= rua 3 0.7 I
Total gr•lnold 10 2.8 II
.I:Ku. spp. 10 2.8 II
Total 11055 53 3.3 7
Total lichen 19 2.2 13
etlltiiiiCI spp. 3 0.7 I
Sterepc;ou I M spp. I 0.7 I
Litter 9 1.9 10
Deed wood I 0.4 I
Bare ground I 0.3 I
lleter I 0.5 I
-
TABLE 92
A_..,. density (nllllber/he) of st•s for living end deed shrub end ••tura trH. trH sepllng end trH
.-dllng species et 7 sltn In the Open Bleck Spruce v.getetlon type. Alphllbet Hills.
Live Deed Live Deed Tree Tree
Life Foni/Specles Shrut!8 Shrub• Treeb Treeb Sepllngb Seedllng8
Tree
fJJ:H a1AIII:A 29 14 93
~81E.UDA 1207 56 921 6679
Low shrub
fatiiJ.I. g I andg I oaa 1500 11
... w;!cy!r·l$ 33786 1143
.5aU& a1MI:a 357
.5aU& .1.lutA 643 250
.5al..l&~ 1,00 1857
• ....;l quedrllt
b PDI nt-centered quertw
TABLE 93
Av..-. basal dl-tw class and prcall't 'hllg uti II za1'1on of shl"ull spec las.
and nu•ll81" of plants l"aqull"ed to s .. ple within 201 of 1'he .. an with 67S
confidence lla .. d on those .. asul"es. fOI" 7 sl1'es In 1'he Open Black Spl"uca
vag.tatlan type. Alphatt.t Hills.
S1'and81"d No. No. WI ..ted
... su ... Species NNn EI"I"'O" Plants Sites S.-ple Size
Basal Blti&1A 8111111111 ... I 0 2al 7
Dla..tar ..s.L.1& 8Uia I 0 13 2
Class ..s.L.1& .L.a:a 2 0 22 I
la1..1& Al&1*& 2 0 %37 7
utlllzetlan llti&LA gl-.dlll gg 3 0.6 Ml 6 102
(J) la1..1& auaa 6 '·II 13 I 325
..s.L.1& .L.a:a 27 ,.8 u I M
la1..1& 8lllCID 8 0.9 237 7 611
TABLE 9~
Total available end utilized leaf, twig end total biomass lkg/hel estl•eted fro• number ot unbrowsed and browsed
twigs/he• end st .. densities lnu.ber/he) from' 7 sites In the Open Bleck Spruce vegetation type, Alphabet Hills.
No. lHircws&d Available Available Total Available lob. Browsed
Species Twigs/he Leaf Blc.ess Twig Blc.ess Blcaass Twigs/he
ll1aa1A g lllldlll QSII 320967 97 111 208 60815
JIJ..IJl aJ..a 2785 2 I :5 1071
~ lAall:tA 3729 2 I ~ 1865
~ IIW:Iu:A 2:75900 183 1~2 325 79050
Totel Blouss 2114 255 5~0
• AJ..Du ~ twIgs not counted.
b leaf blouss r81110ved If browsing had occurred when leaves were ettoched.
Utilized Utilized Total Utilized
leaf Blanessb Twig Bla.ess Blaness
18
I
I
53
73
21
<I
I
~I
6~
39
I
2
93
135
TABLE 95
Average percent canopy cover end nulllber of plots requIred to s•ple within 20S
of the •een with 67S conf ldence by life forti end plant species In 50 -4-.Z
end 1-.Z quadrats f~ 5 sites In the Woodland White Spruce vegetation type,
AlphaHt Hills.
Standard EstiM'htd
Life For./Specles Mean Error S.,le Size
Tree l~l 6 2.1 9
Total low shrub 25 2.5 13
.BI1IL1A gl•c!y .... 14 2.3 11
.Sai.LJ. AI&1*A 12 2.1 9
Total dwarf shrub (1-.z) 45 4.0 10
Acctost•phy I gs Olllta 1 0.6 1
Eatr• .a.J.aca 13 1.7 6
.LUIIII gr<wn I end I Q!a " 3.8 28
yeq;tnhe ullgloosum 27 3.9 26
YIQC'"'Y' vrtr 5-ra11o 8 1.4 4
~ cetlc;ul«to 2 1.3 3
Total forb 8 1.6 5
Equlafllll &llyotlc;um 4 1,3 4
l&lllu.l. sbnn ox u $ 1 0.4 1
Ptte•ltea klgldu$ 1 0.3 1
Total •oss 46 4.2 II
Total lichen 21 3,3 21
Cetrerle spp. 2 0.7 1
C!edgnle spp. 9 1.1 2
P!J!tlg•• spp. 7 2.2 9
Sterwx;aylgn IPP• 1 0.8 1
Litter 17 2.9 17
Deed wood 1 0.2 1
Bare ground 1 0.6 1
TABLE 96
Average density (nu.ber/he) of ste•s for living end dead shrub and ••ture tree, tree sapl lng and tree
seedling species at 5 sites In the Woodland White Spruce vegetation type, Alphabet Hills.
Live Deed Live O..d Tree Tree
Life FDni/Spec:les Shrub• Shrub• Treeb Treeb Sepllngb Seedllftltl
Tree
f.J.cM aws:a 361 15 95 200
f.J.cM .ad.loa 87 1 48 200
Tal l shrub
.61DIIa .a.l..luiUA 150
Low shrub
111uJ..a glondp!QH 57950 4300
111M w;!c;p!KII 3200
.saux~ 100 .saux .1.aDa1A 100
.klli~ 25400 4150
• 4-fil quadrat
b Polnt-centet eel quarter
TABLE 97
Totlil evellable end utilized IMf. twig and total blc.~~ss Ckg/ha) estl•atecl fr-nu.ber of unbrowsed and browsed
twigs/ .... and st. densities cn...-/ha) trca • sl'hls In the Woodland Whl'hl Spruce vegetation type. Alphabet Hills.
Species
MD. IHirwlecl Awallable Available Total Available MD. &owsed
Twlas/he Leef Blcaess Twig Blcaess Blcaess Twigs/he
utilized utilized Total utilized
leef Bl~ Twig Blcaess Blcaess
lllt.IIJA ........... 701195 212 2•2 .,. 21 .. 15 6' 7 • 139 .saua 81.-:a 1080 1 <I 1 .,0 <1 <1 I
.sallal..ta 650 <1 <1 I 650 <I <1 1 .saua JIIW:Ia 325760 216 167 364 117070 78 60 138
Totlil Blcaeu 00 .11 640 1., 136 279
a ALIIII& maa twigs not counted.
b Leef bl-s r-.d If br011slng had occurred when INves were attechad.
TABLE 98
Avenge basel dl-tw c:lass and pwc:ant twig u'tl I lzatlon of shrub spec: I .. ,
and nu•ber of plants required to s .. ple within 20S of the eean with 67S
CO'Ifldenc:e beNd on t~e -sures, for!' sites In the Woodland White Sprue:•
v9f11tlon type, Alphabet HI I Is.
Standard No. No. Estl-ted
Mae sure Species Maan Error Plants Sites S.-ple Size
Basal kb&lA gi•IIIUIIIII I 0 178 ' Dl~r .i&U& gl-=a 2 0 164 ' Class wa~ 2 0 2 2
.5IJ.Lis. AUJ,gu 2 0 164 '
Utll lzlltlon kb&lA g llllllu IIIII 8 I .I 1n ' " ,,, .5IJ.Lis. a.t.lla. 2' 3.3 38 I 17 wa .J.Ialtt& " 7.7 2 2 2
.5IJ.Lis. AUJ,gu 16 1., 164 ' 38
TABLE 99
A¥erege p~ canopy cover and nu.Oer of plots required to sa.ple within 201
of the .. an •lth 67S confidence by life fOI"'I and plant species In 70 • ._.;2
and I•.Z quadrats fro• 7 sites In the Dw..-f Birch vegetation type. Alphabet
Hll Is.
Standard Est luted
Life F~Specles Mean &!'Or' Sa.ple Size
Tcrtal low shr'ub (~) 49 3.2 7
BI1IIJ.a gl•dulcw• 45 3.3 9
Tcrta I dwrf shrub C 1-.2) " 3.9 9
E .. trM Jl.J..grJa 26 3.8 36
L.Uaa ....... 2 1.2 4
.1.a11u. grgeo I end I c:ym 21 2.9 24
Yc;tnl• ullglmsy• 35 3.6 19
YacclniY' xltls•ldl'a 8 1.4 '
Tcrtal forb 8 1., 6
.D:I:Ju&a SMident I I 3 1.2 4
Tcrtal gr•lnold 3 0.9 2
icu& spp. I 0.8 2
Hlrc;psbiM A1AJJ1A I 0.3 I
Tcrtal -• 53 3.8 9
Total lichen 23 2.6 19
Qetrw=l• spp. 3 0.7 I
Cladpnla spp. II 0.8 2
P.lflgra spp. 7 I. I 3
Llttw 30 3., 24
O.d wood 2 0.4 I a.... gi"'UUICC I o., I
*'
TltBLE 100
~~ge density Cn~/hel of ste•s for living end deed shrub end .. ture tree, tree sepl lng end tr ..
Medllng species .t 7 sites In the Dwarf Birch vegetation type, Alphabet Hills.
Lift Clelld Lift Clelld Tree TrM
Ll fe ForWSpec ... SttrubB Shrub• Treeb Treeb Sepl lngb Seedllng8
Tree
f1i:M 8UIU 14 2 4
f1i:M llllt.lAIIA 13 I 12 18
Lo. lhrub
IIUJ&1A gl l!ldu'AM 125232 12196
JllaM w;!cp!KII 1503 143
.s.u& aJ.,IIM:& 1321 821
.s.u&aal*a 10857 1125
• 4-fil qlllldret
b Point-ante! eel quarter
TABLE 101
AveAga beMI dl-tw class end percewt twig utlllzetlon of shrub species,
end nu8ber of plants required to s .. ple within 20S of the ... n ulth 67S
canflclenc:e based on ttiOM -•res, for 7 sites In the Duerf Birch vegetation
type, AlplleNt Hills.
Standard No. No. Estl..-t.d
Mlesure Spec In NNn Error Plants Sites s-..•• Size
BIIAI ll:bl.1a lll.ullllaM 2 0 276 7
Dl~ .5alliL AUla 2 0 36 ' Cl•s .5alliL 1111*& 2 0 117 7
Utlllutlon BlltuJ..a 111 .. 1111• ' 0.5 276 6 82
(J) .5alliL AUla 10 2.5 36 ' " .5alliL 1111*& " 1.7 117 7 38
TABLE 102
Tot.l evelleble end utilized l .. f, twig end totel bla.ess Ckg/he) estl•eted fra. nu•ber of unbrowsed end browsed
twlp/ .... end at• densities Cn...,./he) fro. 7 sites In 'the Dwarf Birch vegetation type, Alphabet HII Is.
No. lNircw8ed Available Awlllllble Total Awellllble No. llrarsed utll I zed utll lzed Total utll lzed
Spec I• Twigs/he lAef Bl-. Twig Bl_. Bl-s Twlgelhe leaf Bl-.b Twig Bl-. Bl-.
lltl&1a g!lll!l!y!QH 2492117 754 860 1614 438312 133 ''1 284
JalJJl taJ,.IIIia 13738 10 6 16 ,416 4 2 6
Jal..l&.wKa 1628, 108 84 192 412,7 27 21 49
Tot.l Blc.ea 872 9'0 1822 164 174 339
• "-.Gr.UM twlp not counted.
b Leaf blc.ess ra.oved If browsing hed occurred when , .. ,.. were e'ttiiCfled.
TABLE 10!5
Avenge ,.-cent cenopy cover-end nllllber" of plots required to s.-ple within 201
of the •een with 67' confidence by life for'll end piMt species In 30-4-112
end 1-112 quedr-ets fr-011 3 s ltes In the O.rf Birch -Willow ~I on type,
Alphellet Hll Is.
Standrd Est I ..ted
Life Fore(Specl .. Mean Error S.,le Size
Tote I low shr-ub (4-1!2) 37 4.7 12
Jlltii1A IJIMdg ICWI 19 3.7 17
~aUla 1 1.3 2
.\IJ.J.& lll1m:a 18 4.1 20
Tote I dllrf shr-ub O...Z) 68 4., 3
kc;tQitapby I AI Cilla 2 1.3 2
Ewwtr•~ 21 3.7 16
~..., .... , 8 2.0 ' .l..liiiM QrQM !Md I Q!P 11 2.2 6
Xtq:lnhw y!lgiM$411 56 ,,I 6
YAGG'"'Y' yltl5-ldDf1 7 2.1 '
Totel forb 12 1.9 ..
,EQulwt• allve+lc;aw 2 0,, I
flete•ltea frlgldua l. L! l.
Totel gr•lnold 9 0.9 2 .c.-spp. 8 1.8 ..
Grass spp. 1 0.4 I
Totel -• 59 4.8 '
Tote I lichen 26 4.0 18
Qatrr!e spp. I 0.3 I
C!edpple spp. 7 1,, 3
Pa!tlgre spp. 1 0,, I
Pelt!•• spp. 18 2.9 10
Llttw 33 '·' 21
Deed wood 3 0.6 1
TMLE 104
""-• -lty htllllller/h•) of st•• few llvl .. ••d de•d shrub •nd .. 'ture 1'rH. 1'rH ••PIIftO •nd trH
....... .,.c:IH e1' J slt.s In the Dwerf Blrc:h -Wll ICIII vegete1'1on type. Alph-.1' Hll Is.
Llv. DNcl Llv. DNcl Tr• Tree
Life FontfSpec:IH Shru~ Sllru~ Treelio Treelio Sepll~ Seedllng8
Tree
£1ma aLala 9 29 9 167
£1ma llldMa 14 20 9
LCIII llllrub
lldiii.A .......... J985J 7~ a.. es•••••• 4167
~a.laKa 1~ ~ J.dJ&...-. JJ417 4000
• ....,. quedre1'
b ""' nt-c:ellfel eel q..-ter
TABlE 105
Awer8gl lleul dl-tr cl••• 1111d !*"c:eflt twig utlllz8tlon of shrub spec:t•••
•nd nu.ber of pl8nts r8qulred to ... pte within 201 of the •een with 67S
conflcleftce besed on t'--sur .. , for 3 sites In the Dw•rf Birch -WI I low
~Jon type, Alpllellet Hills.
St.nderd No. No. Er'..,.d ...... ,.. $peel .. """ Error Plants Sites 588ple Size
S...l lma1& 811111111 .. 2 0 120 3
Dl-.ter J&l..1& l1.a 2 0 ,. 3
Cl•s J&l..1& IUS:Ka 2 0 98 3
L'tl I Iutton lmal&gl ....... 6 I .3 120 3 IC7 ,,, J&l..1& l1.a ' 2., ,. 3 80
JaLa M1GIIca 8 I .7 98 3 101
TABLE 106
Total -llebla end U'tlllzecl l•f• twig and total bl-u (kg/hal astl .. tad fr011 nullbar of unbrowsad and browsed
twlplllell end .t. dansltiH (11...,./MI fr011 3 sites In tM Ddrf Blrcll -Wll lOll vagatftlon type, AlpMIIat Hll Is.
MD. ~ Aw!ll.-la Aw!ll.-la Total Mll.,la lb. an...d Uti I lzad Uti I lzecl Total Uti I lzecl
llllplhe L..t 81-Twig Blc-.s 81-Twl...,.. leaf Blc-.sb Twig 81-s Blc.15s
ldalall ..... ll:lll 820560 248 285 ,31 171282 '2 '9 Ill
.laLla l1..:a 22950 17 11 28 4!500 3 2 ' .laLla---407687 271 209 480 93568 62 48 110
Total Bl-11 ,36 503 1039 117 109 226
• ~ G£J.1M twigs not countad.
II &A.f bl-~ r~ If browsing had occurred wMn 1-s wara .ttachad.
..
FIGURE 1
Locetlon of Susltne River Besln end Alphabet Hills study erees In
~rei Aleske.
..
LOCAT1011 OP 11UDY AMM
.. 1MI ITA'R OP ALAeltA
..
..
....
I
FIGURE 2
Location of transects for 1982 plant rhenology study, middle Susltna River Bas In.
Dewll Ce•,••
o ......
"•'• ......
• . ••
•••••• o ......
'• '•.
OIIIOINAL tiel
FIGURE 3
Location of Individual slt.~ra. 1982 browse Inventory study, •lddle
Susltna River Basin.
Dewit Ooo,oo
o ......
? ••• •••••
...... . '
I ;-=-;t I
0 t I a
Kllo••••r•
• 0 • •, .,
• •
.. •• .... •• C)
.... c.••
FIGURE I
1111 ai'IOWII INYINTOI'IY LOCATION8
FIGURE ~
Vegetation •P (112~,000) of 1982 Alphabet Hills p~burn 1nventrv end eue.-rrt study (bade pocket) s110111ng prt_.y, secondary, end control burn
boUnder I .. , soufbeerrtral AI nk•·
FIGURE 5
~ blo.ess of forbs and gra•lnolds (kg/he currant annual growth) by
week, pllllt phenology study, •lddla Susltna River Basin,
"..., ...... 7.1111. ......
u••••
,OM __ ........,..,
, ......
17.1111.
TIM I
., ..... .......
FIGURE 6
Plot of beNI dl-'ter and length of twigs of current annuli grc:llf'th for ' lhr'*•• pllllt p._nology ltudy. •lddle Su11tne Rlw• Buln.
I •
___ ......-
10
........... ------------------~~--
..-niLA • ,.... OeA
IIM.DI PW.CHIA
IIM.DI &AUOA ...__,.TA ..-ni..A,,., ...
------_.--
tOO
--..
'. , .. ,. + CI.OOI w
Y • t .... + 0.081 CaJ
,., .......... w
, ............ w
Y=t.rw +LOOIW
tiO 100
FIGURE 7
lndlvldu•l alt.a of reloc•ftd IIKC:Iosures following 1982 plan't phenology
study, •lddle Sual'tna River Blsln.
'···
De•HC••r••
o ......
.. '•.
......
0 '
I tp:;;:t I
0 t I I
Kilo•• ten
-'* ?#, ........ ~ ·--
.., .... o ......
• . • •, .,
••
LOCATION FOrt NEW P'HENOLOGY CAQEI
FIGUR£ 8
Location of Individual sites fron 1982 Alphabet Hills pre-burn Inventory
end esses_.,t study.
_____ ......;;;:;-.. -.~ .. -
C7
......
0 I I fiGUitE I
~ I I I I I I I l 0 I I a • IUie•elare
APP£NDIX A
us·t of plant species Identified dura"' s-rs of 1980-1982 In the
•lddle and upper Susltna River Basin (U) and downstreUt floodplain (D).
lht -.d1f1ed fro. pre11•1nary list of McKendrick et al. (1982).
Pter1 dopllyta
Asp1dlaCHe
ter1s d11ata.ta (Moffll.) Gray
;:-~~=";;,' traqrans (l .• ) Schott ~==!:!L:-:1•= dryopteris (L.) New!.
At!IYriaceH
•
i f11ix-f•ina (L.) Roth
frep!11s (L.} Berni!.
-..tina (l••·) llernh.
s triitliTcil!._teri s ( L. ) T odl ro "WDOili~~ •• ~."'tpfna (BOlton) s. F. Gray
EquisetaCHe
lsoetlceu
lsoetes ~rlcata Our.
Lycopodiaceae
•~,_!·L.
clavau. L.
~lanau. L. Siigo l. ssp . !!!.!£
Tbelypteridlceae
Thelypteris p§pteris (L.) Slossol'l
Gylft)sper"Me.
Cupressaceae
Juniperus c~nls L.
Shield fern
Fragrant shield-fern
oat-fern
La~ fern
Fragile-fern
Mountain fragile-fern
Ostrich fern
Alpine woodsla
U D
u
U D
U D
u
u
D
u
Meadow horsetail u
s...p horsetail U
Narsh horsetail D
Meadow horsetail u D
Woodland horsetail u
Variegated, scouring-rush u D
Quill1110rt u
A 1 pine c 1 ubllloss. u
Stiff clut.oss u
Running clut.oss u
Ground cedar u
Fir clublnoss u
Long beech fern u
C0111110n juniper u
..
~
I ~
P1naceu
P1cH. !Jl•yc• (~t~ench) voss
P1cH •r 1111 (Mill.) Br1 tt.,
--nirn~gg.
Wh1 te spruce
Black spruce
WI ter sedge
Bigelow sedge
Na1rltke sedge
S 11very sedge
Low northern sedge
Thread-leaf sedge
Sedge
Shore sedge
Sedge
Bog sedge
Sedge
Fragile sedge
Short-stalk sedge
Sedge
Sedge
Sedge
Tall cottongrass
11111 te cottongrass
Tus ·sock cottongrass
Cottongrass
S..ll-fru1t bullrush
Tufted clubrush
Northern lfhea ·tgrass
llhutgrass
Wheatgrass
Wheatgrass
Tickle grass
Bent grass
Mountain foxtail
Polargrass
Slough grass
Bluejoint
Purple reedgrass
Wood reed
Timber oatgrass
u 0
u
u
u
u
0
u
u
0
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
0
u 0
u
1J u
0
0
u
u
0
0
0
u 0
u
u
u
0
u 0
u
0 u
.. .
------~''"'
Desch!!psia atropurpul"H (Wihlenb .)
ScliiiTe
Dtschl!psia caes,itosa (L .) Beauv.
Festue~ attllca rtn.
Fes tuca Miiri"T. Co 11 .
illirOCJiloe alpina (Swartz) Roea. &
schUtt .
Hitrocftloe odorata (L.) Wlhlenb.
Pht ... ~"'litiillillndoger lliiiiTetr c JIOi arc ca R. Br.
I'Oi iiT'US'tr'is L. Trfsetw~ sptcatua (L .) Richter
Iricilceat
!!!!. setow Pellas
Juncac:He
Juncus arcticus Willd.
JllfiCIIS castineus Sin .
JiiiCiii an.lldti E. Mey.
Juncus •rtiiislanus Bong .
Juncus t~1q1Uirts L.
Luzull ~t1'1s (L.) DC. ex DC.
ltili.
Luzula confusa Lindeb .
Luzuta iiilim'ora (Retz .) Lej.
Luzull !!!rYfflora (Ehrh.) Desv.
Luzuh tuildrf co 1 a 6orodk •
luzula wahtenbirg11 Rupr.
L fliaceae
~~dM serotina (L ) Rchb .
p ~s a-etexifolius (L .) DC .
Tolletd\i eocctnea Richards
TOffiTdli ml!l (Mi chx.) Pers .
Verat,. v r 1t.
qgadiiills elegans Pursh
Drchfdaceae
Platanthera conval lariaefolia
(Fisch .) lfildt .
Platanthet'l dilatata (Pursh) Lindl.
Ptatintliera hmr60rea (L.) L1 ndl.
Platintliira ousata (Pursh) Lindl.
----=:.-..,.... .......... ---------• -. -~ -
Mountain hairgrass
Tufted hairgrass
Fescue grass
Red fescue
Alpine holygrass
Vani lta grass
Till! thy
Alpine bluegrass
Arctic bluegrass
Bluegrass
Downy oatgrass
Wild iris
Arctic rush
Chestnut rush
er-nd rush
Mertens rush
Ri.ISh
u
U D
u
u
u
U D
u
u
u
u
u 0
u
U D
u
u u
u
Woodrush U
No r thern ~rush U
Woodrush u
Sma 11 -f1 owe red wood rush u
Tund r a .ooclrush u
Wlhlenberg woodrush U
Alp lily
CucUIIber root
Northern asphodel
Scotch a.sphocle 1
Helebore
Elegant. death camas
Northern bog-orchis
White bog-orchis
Nort.hern bog-orchis
S..ll bog-orchis
---__.-
u u 0
u
u u
u
u
u
u
u
..
~
-
to e'fh~drous Raf. f 1f on~1s Pers.
gr:.ineus L.
~o11atus L.
1ns11 oakes
Sparganfaceae
Sp!rganfu. angustffoliu. Mfchx.
Dicotyledoneae
An.liaceae
EchfiiO!!IftiX horrfdu. (SIR.) Decne.
I Planch.
lletuliCHeC
Alnus f.d.!H. (Aft.) Pursh
Alnus Sliiiiitl (AI~.) fiYdb.
A1 nus iiiiUlTo'1 f 1 Nu tt •
litUfa gliridUlOSI Mfchx.
liEiTi nana [.
li6i1i O«Tclentalh Hook .
BetUla !!1pxr1fen Mlrsh.
Boragfnaceae
Mlrtensfa ¥:n1culltl (Aft.) &. Don
MYOSot1s a pestr1s F. v. Schlfdt
Clll f trf chlceae
Clllftrfche hen~~"{{rodftica L.
Cl111£r1chi ~ .
C..nuhceae
Cup!nula lasfocar~~~ Chill.
Clprf fo 11aceae
Lfnnaea bo~alfs L.
VT1iiiniiil eau 1 e ( "1 chx . ) Ra f.
Clryopeyllaceae
Mfnuartfa obtusfloba (f~Ydb.) House
RDiftrTii9Ta later1fiora (L.) Fenzl
______ .._:--_ ..... ·~
Nuttall pondwed U
F111fon. po~d U
Po~ U
Clasping-leaf pondweed U
Robbins pondweed U
Nlrrow-1 H ved burreed
Devil 's club
~rican green alder
Sitka alder
Thfnleaf alder
Resin birch
!Mrf arc.tfc bircll
water birch
Paper birch
Tall bluebell
Forget-~~~e-not
water starwrt
Vema 1 weter-starwrt
Mountain harebell
Twin-flo"'!r
High bush cranberry
Alpine sandwort
Grove sandwort
u
U D
u
U D
D
u
U D
u
U D
U D
u
u u
u
u
U D
u
D
--
Silene ICIU11s l .
StiT1i rTiS'jj:"""
111iliih1S1& pl!,ysodes (Fisch.) HcNe111
Collpositle (Astereceee)
Achillea borealis Bong.
kh111ea s161r1ce Ledeb .
Aiitiliiiine elp1ne (L.) Gaertn .
Aiitiftnene .,noc,hlla DC.
Xritiiiliir1e !"Osee reene
Arnica !!pliiTCiulis Nutt. ssp. pri.a
~ire
Arnica c~tssonts Less. (?)
JriiTCi rr1g;di C. A. Mey.
Arri1ci ess ngf i Greene
~511 lliSklnl ~db .
Artii1s1a erct1ca Less.
Artii1s1e miS1T Ledeb.
AStir s1bfMciiSL.
rrlji!"On hiii111 s Grehlll
Erlge!"On ~ lous riOo.k .
R1erec1u. r ste lid.
Petls1tes ~us (l.) Franch.
Pitis1tes seg ttitUs (Banks) Gray
Petlsftes sp .
Siussuree angusttfolta (Willd .) DC.
senecio ltropu'l\'reus ( Ledeb.) Fedtsch.
senedo ~~ cherds.
Senecio s nensi s P.,rs.
~ 1Ult1radiatl Aft .
fariXICWI sp.
Corneceae
f.Q!:m!! c a nadens 1 s L.
Crassulaceae
Sed1111 rosea (L.) Scop.
.cructferee (Brassicaceae)
Clrdallfne bellfdifolia L.
cai'dili1ne !ii6etensls L.
Cirdi•lnellatl Greene
orabi n1ve11s Llijebl.
liriDi stenoloba Ledeb . tffi• nUCI1caults ~L.) Regel ~ 1sland1ca Deder) Borb.
Moss campton
Stln«~rt
Merclda
Yarrow
Siberia.n yar!"Ow
Alpine pussytoes
Pussytoes
PuS:Sytoes
Arnica
Arnica
Arnica
Arnica
A las ka woi"'IIWWO<<
Woi'WM)Qd
Wo~
Siberian aster
Fleabane daisy
Daisy
Woo 11 y hiWkweed
Arctic sweet coltsfoot
Arrowl eaf sweet
coltsfoot
Sweet coltsfoot
Saussurea
Ragwort
Ragwort
She 1 don g!"Oundse 1
Northern go 1 den!"Od
Dandelion
Bunch berry
Roseroot
Alpine bfttercress
Cuckoo flower
Bi ttercre.ss
Rockcress
Rockcress
lllstlrd
Marsh yellowcress
u
u u
U D
U D
u u
u
u
0
u
u
u
u
U D
U D
u
D
u
u
u
D
u
u
u u
U D
u
u 0
u
u
u
u u
u u
u
I
l
I
I
I
l
Oi a pens iacen
Oiapensta lappontca L.
ElaeagnacHe
Sl!eph!rd1a canaclet!sis (L.) Mutt.
EllpetracHe
Elp!tNI niQNI L.
Ericaceae
~r-ada ~11fo11a L. ;n:eatCK •lt! <L.> Spreng. n: S TCK (Rehel . & 111lson)
Fern. ~
Arctosti!!I\Ylos uva-ursi (L.) Sp ... ng.
Ciss101!! ste11ei'1ana (Pall.) DC.
Ciss1• titragona (l.) D. Don
cllcllllbens (A i t. ) Sill 11 c
praen1arid1cu. Oeder
sp.
) lllhlenb.
F-.riaceae
Corydlli s pauc1 f1 ora ( Steph . ) Pers •
Gentianaceae
lilntiana gla"f Pall.
6int1ana pro~f!lua Richards. tJtV!": t ol1a.u L. ___ a perennfs l.
&eraniaceae
Gerantu. er1itnt111111 DC.
Haloragaceae
Hippurls vulgaris L.
,~ --1'-------------
Oiapensia
Soapberry
Bog roseury
Alpine bearberry
Red-fruit bearberry
Bearberry
,, •<ka 11155 heath
~uw• ~l• llluntain-
hHthe
Northern Lao . '" ·tea
Labrador tea
Labrador tea
Alpine azalea
SWIIIIIP cranberry
Lapland roseba,y
Dwarf blueberry
Bog b 1 ueberrt
MOuntain cranberry
u
u 0
u
u
u
u
u
u
u u
u
0
u
u 0
u
u
u 0
u
Few-flowred corydalis U
Glaucous gentian
Gentian
Buckbean
Gentian
Northern geranium
Coi!IIIOn maresta11
------
u u u 0
u
u
u
---
1
.,
I
.,
I
Legylinosae Fablceae)
Lentibulariaceae
Pi~icula villosa L.
Dtrcu1ar1aViiljiMs L.
~riCKae
!E!£!. i!!!. L.
....... c:eM
!!!!~!!:!!!: polXS!I!IIu. Enge,l•.
Onl9raceae
CircaM alpina L. e• ait\'ft1foli1111 L.
p • ta o11u. l .
Ep11061• palustre l.
Oroblnchacea.e
Mil k-vetch
Mi l k-vetch
Milk-vetch
Alpine s.eet-vetch
Arctic lupine
01\ytrope
Field oJQ"trope
Hudcle I son ol()'t rope
Maydell ox:ytrope
Blackish o)Q'trope
Vi scid ox:ytrope
Hairy butte~l't e-n bladcle~rt
SWet gale
Yellow pond lfly
u
U D
u
U D
u
D
D
u
u
u
u
u
u
U 0
u
Enchanter's nightshade D
Fireweed U D
Dwarf fireweed U D
Swup wt 11 ow-herb U
Boschntakta rossica (tna11. & Schlecht.) Fidtsch. ---Poque 0 D
Polaonflceae
Pol110niu. acutifloru. Willd .
Polygonaceae
Oa,yria ~ (L .} Htll
'PiiTYji•ilioTStorta L .
ru. v1v111lru.L.
irct1 cus rautv .
lliiiU sp.
Jacob's ladder
Malinta t n sorre 1
Meadow btstort
Alpine btstort
Arctic clock
Doc k
U D
u u
u
u
u
Portulacaceae
Claytonia sarwenton C. A. !tty. Spring-beiuty u
Pri.,laceae
a. Scnlecht. Northern shooting star u
u
u
PyroliCHe
ltlneses uniflora (L.) Gray
p-rota asrnroTTa ltfchx.
.!:.l!:!!.!.!. grarid1f1ora A.ldius
~•1nor L.
~ secundi L.
Ainui!CU 1 ICHe
Aconitu. del~nifoli~ DC. ~ rubra A1t.) llflld.
Miiiiiiie 111 rc i u i f1 ora L.
~ne ~rvlfiora Michx. Miiiiini r chlrdSon1i Hook
mtJiA'Ieftofmla DC . mllii ~ us s t.
Jiiiiiiituus confervoides (E. Fries)
E. Fries
Raftui!Culus •counii Britt . (NY be R. paclficus or sa.ething si•ilar)
Ranunculus nlvalis L.
Rinunculus ~talis Mutt.
Rinui!Culus pxg!l!!leus llihlenb .
Rinunculus sp.
Thltf ctna al pi nf¥1 L. Thl11ctna S!l4!"S 01'1111 Turcz.
Rosaceae
~ d,._ndi i RiChards.
.!!ri!!_ 1rrlar1folia M. Va hl.
_.!!ri!!_ oc ~ti Ia L. ~rossf (R . Br.) Ser.
Luetkea--wtinatl (Pursh ) Ktze.
J50tiiiffi a bffi ora Wfll d .
POtent111a rriiilcOsa L.
Potent111a 1\~rctlca Ma l te
Potent111a ~strfs (L.) Scop.
POterrtl11a v 11osa Pall .
RIDsa acfculffiSTindl.
liedge-leaf priiii"'se
G~enland primrose
Arctic stirflowr U D
Single delight U D
Liverleaf wintergreen D
Large-flower wintergreen U
Lesser wintergreen U
One-sided wintergreen U D
ltlnkshood u
Baneberry D
"'-ne u
ieortllern IIM!III)ne U
""-one L D
ltluntiin •rsh .. rigold U
Marsh •rigold U
W.ter crowfoot u
Macoun buttercup D
Snow buttercup U
Western buttercup U
PyQIIIY buttercup U
Bu'ttercup U
Arctic meadowrue U
Few-flowr ~~~eadowrue u ·o
D~nd mountlin-avens U 0
Dryas u
Whi t .e 110unt1in-avens U
Ross avens u
Luetkea U
Two-flowr cinquefoil U
Shrubby c i nquefoil U
Arctic cinquefoil U
Marsh cinquefoil u D
Villous cinquefoil U
Pr i c kly rose u 0
...
RubUs II"Ct1cus L.
1lii1iiii clilil..,rus L.
lii6Ui i dleus l .
liiliUs DiC!itiis S..
~1 'SCirlMit!;S! ata R4 f.
Sf ldfa proc ns l.
sol'&is s~lina Greene ~ uvertl1ana Schne i d .
Aub1aceae
Gllf111 boreale L.
~trm'diil L .
&iTh• trifioru~~ ltl chx.
5al1CICHeC
P®!!l~ balsa.i·fera L.
~ t,_,lofdes ltlchx .
muensls (Aiiderss .) Cov.
$il1i ai"&&Scu 1 o 1 des Anders s •
§1li ardfca Pall.
$il1i '6irCTi¥1 Anderss.
$il1i ;rac!\Ycarpa N\jtt .
$il1i uscescens Anderss.
§T1i fh"tl (. $il1i ana L. subsp. rfchardsonii
"""\Riloi}X:Skwortz .
Salix •nt1cola Bebb
Si1li novae-J~r 1 ae Anderss.
$il1i 2 ~1em~na Anderss. Silli p a no a. PUrsh ssp . plant folia
Si1li planifolia Pursh ssp . pu1chra
--roi•-) Argus
Sali x pol,rf; Wilhlenb. mTi ret cu ata L.
Si1li rotundifol i a Trautv.
Si1li scou1erfana Barratt
Si1b sp .
Santa 1 acea.e
Geocaulon .l i vid1111 (Richards .) Fern.
Suffragaceae
Boyk1n1a r 1c ~rdson1 1 (Hook.) Gray
Ch~~op ieni1111 tetrandrum (Lund) T.
rfes
Leptarrhena frol1fol f a (0. Don) Ser.
Pa.rnassia pa ustri s [.
-----;..;;~-.. '-. .. ~-
Magoon berry
Cloudberry
Raspbe r ry
Fi ve-leaf braMble
Sf tka burne t
Si bblldia
Western 1110un tai n ash
Beauverd spi rea
u 0
u u 0
u
u
u
u u 0
Northern bedstraw U
Sma 11 bedstr aw U
S.eet-scente<' bedstraw 0
Balsa11 poplar
Quaking aspen
Feltle.af wil l ow
L1 ttl etree will ow
Arctic willow
Barclay willow
Barren-ground willow
Alaska bog wi llow
Grayl eaf willow
Richa.rdson willow
Park willow
Tal l blueberry willow
Skeletonleaf willow
Planeleaf willow
Ofa1110ndleaf willow
Polar willow
Netleaf willow
Least willow
Scou 1 er wi ll ow·
Willow
Sandalwoo d
u 0
u u 0
u 0
u
u
u
u 0
u
u
u
u 0
u
u
u
u
u
u
u u I)
u
Richardson boykinia U
No r thern water carpet U
Leather-leaf saxifrage U
Northern Grass-of-
Parnassus U
"'' I
Parnessia kotzebuet Cham. & Schlecht .
Pamusfa sp.
R1biS hUCISontanun Richards .
Jmiii 1ax1no,. Pursh (may be R.
"!!!~os .. J -
R16iSti'1ste Pall.
'Siill'rigi""Dronchfa 1t s L.
Six1frag~ divur1ca W111d.
Six1fraaa fo11o1osa R. Br .
Six1fraaa h1e~ac1folfa Wlldst . & K ~t.
six1fra91 1xa11 p Engler
Six1fraga oppos tffolfa L.
Saxtfraga punctata L.
Six1fraga serpy111folia Pursh
Six1frag! trrcusp1dita Rottb.
Scrop~lariaceae
"CijmitaAd!IIIS ~m~~~caudata (Pennell) Rebr.
kane1 DUrand
Tibrldorica Wirsing ~~~~~_iea!!!rv!1~101~o!!ra J . E. Sm. var.
!)~~bell iferae (Apiaceae)
~lica luctda L.
racleun lanatun Michx.
Valerfanaceae
Val erf ana capt ta ta Pa 11 •
Violaceae
Viola epipsila Ledeb.
Viola 1angsd0rffi Fisch.
Nonvascular Plant Species
Lichens
& Schult.
Cetraria cucullata (Bell.) Ach.
cetrar1a 1slarid1ca (L.) Ach .
Cetraria n1va11s (L.) Ach.
Cetraria rTCiii'ra'sonii Hook.
Kotzebue Grass-of-
Parnassus
Grass of Parnassus
Northern black currant
Trailing black currant
Red c rrant
Spotted saxifrage
Saxifrage
Foliose s~xifrage
Hawk~-leaf saxifrage
Red-stem saxifrage
Purple mountain
saxifrage
Brook .saxifrage
Thyme-leaf suffrage
Three-tooth saxifrage
Pale Indian paintbrush
Capitate lousewort
Kane lousewort
Labrador lousewort
Lousewort
lousewort
Whorled lousewort
Alpine speedwell
Wild celery
Cow parsnip
Capitate valertan
Marsh violet
Violet
u
D
u 0
D
u 0
u
u
u
u
u
u u
u u
u
u u
u
u u
u u
u
U D
u
u u
u
u
u
u
--_---t/t.
Cetraria spp .
c1ad0n1a alntris {L.) Rabenh .
c1ad0fl1a mit s sandst .
ClaCIOti f 1 riiigTferi na { L.) Web.
C1ad0n1a spp.
tc§i llll arctica (Hook.) Nyl .
-~sp.
l06ir1a 11ntta (Ach) Rabh . wer-spp. Pi tfgera aphthosl (L.) W111d.
Pi1t1gera canfna (l.) W'llld.
Rti1zoca~-giiiir~h1cllll (l.) DC.
Stareocauon ~sc le (l.) Hoffm.
Th111101fa ve!Wcu1ar1s (Sw.) Schaer .
Ullbf11carh sp.
Mosses
AulOCOiri1111 sp.
C1f•d~~~t sp.
Dfcran~~~t sp.
H 1oc0ii~~~t sp.
n1111 spp. and other feather IIO$aes
a la squarrosa (ttedw.) Brid.
Pleuroz11111 sp .
POlffifdllil spp.
Ptf • crista-castrensis (ttedw.) DeMot.
lllilciiiftr1~~~t s pp •
sphlgn1111 spp.
u
u
u
u
u u
u
D
u
u
u
u
U D
u
u
u u
u
u
u
u
u
U D
u
U D
U D
1 Vascular plant species IIOIIII!nclature according to liulten (1968) except
llhere noted. Lichen 110111enclature according to Tholllson (lgJg). Moss
no.nclature according to Conard (1 g7g).
b Noaenclature according to Welsh (1g74).
c. ~nclature according to Viereck and Little (1972).
a NoaenclatuTe according to Crum (1976).
N-~IX B
List of scientific and common name~ of plants by I lfe form measured or
tabulated In the •lddle Susltna River &a,.;;: uur!•1g Su-er, 1982.
a.tJUA. papyrlfra
f.l.I:M . Q.Uia
f.LI:.M MU.AIIA.
~ bolswlten
~ tr .. ylo!des
Tall Sl!cyb;
a.tJUA gtonduloso
.a.:t.W.& DAilll
EchrmpMp Dgrr!dym
Pgtaotllla frutlrnso
1lJ.bA :ttJ...tta
BaiA ac!Gular rs
~ fU 1 S1 K 10 $
.sal.llt. Q.Uia
~l&atA
.sa1.llt ~
Sbepbtrdla son•dlftsls
.sa.Lc..~M b•uy.-d I ana
Y I b yrnu. DlW.1Jt.
Arc;tmhghylos A.lA.LilA
Acc:tosbpbyl OS .t.YII.CA
Acctoat•phy lg$Uvo=ursl
C.aslmt Uttlklooo
C.•slcmo t•tragooo
Dloptnsfo loppgn lco
EwwtriJI!~
ldua decuphAD 5
.L.adlla gcoen I and lcym
Lg[Mityrlo grpc;umbltl)$
.sa1.llt aiJ..ilc.U
.s.aJ.a ret Icy I !!'to
voocrn!yt y! lglnpsym
Yog;!niJW vltls-lqwo
------------------------------
Paper birch
White spruce
Black spruce
Balsam poplar
Quaking aspen
~rlcon green elder
Sitka alder
Resin birch
Dwarf arctic birch
Devll's club
Shrubby cinquefoil
Red currant
Prickly rose
Alaska bog ·•II low
Glaucous willow
Richardson willow
Dla.ond leaf wll low
Soepberry
Beauverd sp 1 raea
High bush cranberry
Alpine bearberry
Red-fruit bearberry
Bearberry
Alaska ~~ heath
Four-angle mountain
heather
Dlapensla
Crowberry
NorThern labrador tea
Labrador tea
Alpine azalea
Polar willow
Netleof willow
Bog b I ueberry
Mountain cranberry
APPEND IX 8 (cant I nuedl
A&mlfym dalpbloffo!lum
ArtfMslo spp.
Aatragol us spp.
CbryiQipiiQiym totcondryp
~ CADDdM$1$
Dr¥QIIt•rl$ spp.
Ep II gblue ongust I tal I ue
Equ IHt .. AC.diWI
Eqylsotwa :;t!yftiGu•
Erlmbocte spp.
.Li&l1kM QtiCt I Mto
J..l.DIIua bocv 1 1 s
I ysqaod I uw spp.
Mect•nalo ponlculfto
petealtps frlgldus
Po!Wl!!l• spp.
Po I ¥11A"YW II.J..atgrj:A
f¥aUA spp.
&.d1.u. erGtlc;ua
&.d1.u. c;h=n CXY$ a-spp.
.s.d!la .aiUA
Sgltdagg multlcodlpto
Tc l•to I I $ a.u.aaaaaA
Y•II[IIDI snpltoto
~spp.
ljrw!Mfd:
CofiiOQCOStfs COOOdAD$fS
~.spp.
f:tl'l!horum spp.
HlttQChlgo A!RiDA
ua.:
.c.tolcJ.A s PP •
Clocloolo spp.
Nophtc~M spp.
Ptltlgaro spp.
Stareocoylon spp.
------=::t-;~o. '---
Monkshood
Wormwood
Milk-vetch
Northern w~tercerpet
Bunchberry
Shield fern
Flreweed
Me~dow horseta il
Woodl~nd horsetail
Cottongress
Luetkea
Twl n-f I ower
C!ubmoss
Tell b I uebe II
Arctic sweet coltsfoot
J~cob's l~der
Meadow b I stort
WIntergreen
Nogoon berry
Cloud berry
Dock
Roseroot
Northern goldenrod
Arctic sterflower
Capitate veler l en
VIolet
Bluejo lnt
Sedge
Cottongress
Alpine holygrass
1
I
\