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Home My WebLink AboutAPA4035,~ I '-I ~5 .S<6 ~i~3 V\o,!fo35 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE ARCHEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE UPPER SUSITNA RIVER VALLEY,ALASKA IN CONNECTION WITH THE SUSITNA HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT,1980 AND 1981 December 15,1981 Report to: Secretary Smithsonian Institution and U.S.Department of the Interior National Park Service As Required Under Permit No. 81-AK-209 Submitted by: The University of Al aska Museum Fairbanks,Alaska Prepared by: E.James Dixon Jr.,Ph.D. George S.Smith,M.A. Robert C.Betts,B.A. Peter G.Phippen,B.A. ARLIS Alaska Resources Library &information Servtces Aulchorage.AJaska - I~ TABLE OF CONTENTS Reconnaissance Survey and Systematic Testing 1980 and 1981 Agency Consultation Consul tation Methods Summary of Comments Su rvey Methods Objectives Methods Study Area Permits Literature Review Cultural Chronology Research Strategy Data Collection and Evaluation Procedures Historic and Archeological Sites in the Project Area Watana Dam and Impoundment Archeological Sites -Results and Discussion Historic Sites -Results and Discussion Devil Canyon Dam and Impoundment Archeological Sites -Results and Discussion Historic Sites -Results and Discussion Proposed Borrow Areas,Associated Facilities,and Areas Disturbed~by Geotechnical Testing Archeological Sites -Results and Discussion Historic Sites -Results and Discussion i 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 4 7 7 7 7 8 8 9 9 37 39 39 43 44 44 52 - ,f"" Proposed Access Routes Archeological Sites -Results and Discussion Historic Sites -Results and Discussion Transmission Lines Other Areas Archeological Sites -Results and Discussion Historic Sites -Results and Discussion Bibliography ii 53 53 64 64 64 65 72 73 i~\ RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY AND SYSTEMATIC TESTING 1980 AND 1981 Agency Consul tation (a)Consultation Methods For all federally funded or 1i censed projects such as the Sus i tna Hydro- electric Project,it is necessary to obtain a federal antiquities pennit.Fannal application including vitas of individuals in general and direct charge was m~de to the National Park Service and the neces- sary permits received for 1980-81.In addition to the federal anti- quities pennits,a state antiquity permit was obtained for state selected land within the study area. The State Historic Preservation Officer and State Archeologist have been advised of cultural resource investigations associated with this project through verbal and written communications.Copies of the Pro~edure Manual and the Annual Report for subsection 7.06 were submitted to them for review,comment,and to document compliance with appropriate state and federal 1egi sl a ti on. (b)Summary of Comments Comments concerning the federal antiquities pennitappl ications were in the fonn of sti pul ations to the pennits by the National Park Service, Bureau of Land Management,and the U.S.Fish and Wildlife Service. These comments specified the conditions of the pennit. The research design and the 1980 annual report were reviewed by the SHPO and the State Archeol ogi st and found to meet project needs and profes- sional standards.It is their opinion that the research conducted to 1 - date is thorough and well documented and constitutes an excellent pre- liminary cultural resource program,but that continued reconnaissance testing of areas not covered·during 1980 and 1981 must be undertaken to locate as many sites as possible given present technology and that systematic testing should continue to further evaluate sites anu provide data on which to base significance,assess effect and determine the appropriate mitigation measures.In addition,archeological clearance must continue for any activities that may impact cuI turalresources in the study area and a final mitigation plan prepared.They also request a copy of the final report for revi ew. Survey ~1ethods (a)Objectives The cultural resource program and the methods employed were di rected toward two objectives:identifyi ng and documenti ng archeological and historical sites,and testing and evaluating these resources in order to address significance,evaluate impact and propose mitigating measures. (b)Methods In order to comply with regulations pertaining to cultural resources and provide the data necessary for preparation of the Federal Energy license appl ication a five step program was implemented. Prefield Tasks --Step 1:Federal and state permits were applied for and received.A I iterature review of available documents pertaining to the history,prehistory,ethnology,geology,flora and fauna of the study area was conducted.Using this infonnation a research design was fonnulated that integrated current data into a cuI tural chronological framework,and developed a research strategy that was structured to 2 - predict archeological site locations in relation to physical and topo- graphical features within the limits of contemporary archeological method and theory.Based on the del i neated cul tural chronology t docu- mented topographic and ecological settings for sites within each culture periodtand geological evaluation of the study area t 119 survey locales were identified as having relatively high potential for archeological site occurrence •.These locales were examined using surface reconnais- sance and subsurface testing techniques and all sites located within them were recorded and documented.Aerial photograph interpretation was also conducted which was needed to delineate regional geology and survey locales and assess archeological potential. Reconnaissance Testing --Step 2:Archeological sites within the study area were located and documented.As specified in 36 CFR 66 in the Federal Register t vol.42 t no.19 t a reconnaissance level survey should be used only as a preliminary tool prior to intensive survey.It is not the legislative or professional intent of a reconnaissance level survey and testing program to cover 100%of an area.In an effort to examine as much of the study area as possible t given personnel levels and budget t 119 survey areas were identified,111 of which were surveyed and tested t employing both surface and subsurface testing techniques.In addi ti on t 1oca 1es associated wi th proposed borrow sources t access routes t and areas effected by geotechnical and other preconstruction studies were also examined for cultural resources.Only a portion of the stUdy area was covered at the reconnaissance level and further survey is necessary to locate as many sites as possible. Systematic testing --Step 3:Systematic testing was implemented in order to collect data to address site significance and impact "in order to develop mitigation measures and a general mitigation plan.System- atic testing required transit surveys of sites t topographic mapping and excavation of selected units using standard archeological methods.Due to the large area covered t number of sites located t time,and fiscal 3 .~ - "'"' constraints it was possible to systematically test only 18 of the 113 sites located.Because the number of sites that could be tested was limited,sites that had the greatest potential for producing data that would assist in developing an overall cultural chronology for the Upper Susitna River Valley were given priority for systematic testing.This method enabled extrapolation to other sites and provided a basis for assessing significance of sites not subject to this level of testing. It is necessary to systematically test the remaining sites as well as any new sites in order to establish size and content,a necessary step prior to finalizing mitigation measures • Analysis and Report Preparation --Step 4:This phase entailed compila- tion of the individual reports for all phases of subsection 7.06 as well as synthesized and evaluated all data recovered.It also consisted of providing monthly,semiannual,annual and final reports on the cultural resource studies. Curation --Step 5:All cultural material was cataloged and accessioned to the University of Alaska Museum along with all supporting documenta- tion as required by federal law.The University of Alaska Museum was designated on the federal antiquities permit as the repository for cultural material and documentation.resulting from this study.All artifactual material and supporting documentation is housed at the University of Alaska Museum. (i)Study Area The study area for cultural resource studies included an area from approximately 3 km below Devil Canyon on the west to the Tyone River on the east and extended approximately 2 km to the north and south of the Susitna River.In addition,areas affected by ongoing studies were also incl uded in the study area (Maps 1 and 2). 4 UPPER SUSITNA BASIN LOCATION MAP o so 100MI~i~-~.~5bJ1!'.·~·~..~==~Io80160KM Map 1:Upper Susitna Bastn. 5 ))})»))))) o II )0 ..I'DEVIL CANYON DAMSITE IMPOUNDMENT LI M'T SCALE l'S2'S?"'"'',:S ..o 5 10 15 20MILES :3: ~ "'0 N r 0n AI r+ -J. 0 :J 0 -t, -0 -S 0 "'0 0 III (l) 0)0.. 0 ~ 3 III 0 :J r+ :Y (l) C "'0 "'0 (l)., Vl C VI...... r+ :J ~ - - (i i)Pennits Federal Antiquities pennits (#80AK-23,#81AK-209)and State of Alaska Pennits (#80-1,#81-11)were obtained for the project. {iii}Literature Review Literature pertaining to the archeology,history,geology,flora and fauna of the study area and surrounding areas was reviewed and incor- poratedintothe research design. (iv)Cultural Chronology The data resulting from the review of the archeological and historical 1 iterature was used to construct a tentative cul tural chronology for cultural resour.c~sexpected in the study area,provide data for the delineation of a predictive model for archeological potential of various project areas,and explicate hypotheses that could aid in the evaluation of sites located during survey and testing.A tentative chronology suggested that sites spanning the past ca.10,000 years would be found in the study area.Prel iminary analysis of cultural resources located during the two field seasons of this project indicate that sites repre- senting all culture periods outlined in the research design occur in the study area. (v)Research Strategy An analysis of the data derived from the literature search focusing on site locales established that archeological sites occur in a non-random pattern in relation to associated physical,topographic,and ecological features.Based on the analysis of site locationaldata from regions adjacent to the study area,the features characteristically associated with archeological site occurrence are:areas of high topographic 7 - - relief,nq,tural constrictions that would tend to concentrate game an'imals,well drained relatively level areas and lake,stream and river margins.These types of areas were incorporated into the selection of survey locales.Within each survey locale,surface reconnaissance and sursurface testing were used to locate cul tural resources.In addition, sites were systematically tested to assist in determining significance and evaluating mitigation. (vi)Data Collection and Evaluation Procedures Sites located were documented and recorded.Detailed site specific information,including the geomorphic feature on which the site was located,topographic setting,elevation,slope,exposure,view,strati- graphy,as wellasdeta il s concerning the surrounding terrain was recorded.Survey forms were used to record data on each site 1oca ted as well as on each survey locale investigated (see annual report pp.313- 326). Historic and Archeological Sites in the Project Area A total of 113 sites were located and documented during the 1980-81 field seasons.Areas associated with the Watana and Devil Canyon dams, proposed borrow sources and associated facilities,geotechnical areas, access routes and transmission line (a very brief 4 hour aerial survey), and areas containing archeological sites as reported by project personnel were examined.The sites located in these areas and within the the survey locales examined are presented below.Discussion is limited because analysis is not complete.Additional analysis will be included in the final report. Although testing of all sites is incomplete,many of the sites can be rel a ted to one or more tephras known to occur in the area which make all 8 - of the sites significant because of the information they can collec- tively provide concerning the history and prehistory of the Upper Susitna Valley.Because only a portion of the project area has been examined,additional reconnaissance level survey is necessary to locate and document remaining cultural resources that may be impacted by the \ Susitna Hydroelectric project.Further systematic testing of sites not previously systematically tested is necessary before mitigation measures can be finalized. (a)Watana Darn and Impoundment (i)Archeological Sites -Results and Discussion TLM 015 The site is located 1.7 km east of Tsusena Creek and 2.7 km north of the Susitna River in kettle and kame topography.Located at the top of a kame,the site offers an unrestricted view of numerous knolls,ridges and kettle lakes. This site was tested in 1978 and revisited in 1980 without additional testing.In 1978 a single test produced two waste flakes from different soil units suggesting that the site may bemulticomponent.No tephra deposits were noted in descriptions of the soil units at the site.No surface artifacts were observed at the site .. TLM 016 The site is located in an area of kettle and kame topography bordered to the west and east by Tsusena and Deadman Creeks and to the south by the Susitna River.It is situated at the highest elevation of a low rounded kame knoll which is the highest point of rel ief within a 600 m radius • .The view from the site is panoramic but the principal view is to the west and north encompassing portions of four lakes. 9 Both surface and subsurface cultural material was found at this site in 1978.The site was revisited in 1980 but no additional testing was done.During testing in 1978 six basalt and rhyolite flakes were re- covered from a blo.wout,and five test pi ts were excavated at the si te. Forty bone fragments and six waste flakes associated with charcoal were recovered from Test 1.A radiocarbon date of 3675 ±160 years: 1725 B.C.(GX-5630)was obtained on this charcoal.Two other tests produced cul turalmaterial,a uni facially retouched rhyoli te pebbl e was excavated from Test 2 and six waste flakes were recovered from Test 5. TLM 017 The site is located 1.2 km east of Tsusena Creek and 900 m north of the Susitna River.It is situated on a level bench near the top of a north- west slope which descends to TsusenaCreek.A l8{)O field of view from the southwest to the northwest encompasses the Tsusena Creek drainage although the creek itself is not visible. This site was identified during a brief 1978 survey.No surface arti- facts were observed at the site but a single subsurface test produced 372 basalt flakes,a large portion of which were cortex flakes.No diagnostic artifacts were recovered from this test and eight .additional shovel tests excavated in 1980 failed to produce additional subsurface cultural material.The 1978 test was reopened in 1980 and an additional 285 basalt flakes were recovered during wall preparation for profiling. Cultural material is associated with the contact between the middle and lower tephra. TLM 018 The site is located 3 km east of Tsusena Creek and 800 m north of the Susitna River near the 1978 Corps of Engineers Camp.Situated on an east-west trending ridge,the site is located on a low knoll which forms 10 - one of the highest points of relief along this ridge and affords an expansive view of a broad kettle and kame plain extending northeast of the site.Artifacts have been exposed in large blowouts which occur on the northern slope of this knoll. The site was identified in 1978 and 29 flakes and a bifacially flaked triangular basalt projectile p'oint were surface collected.Anaddi- tional 138 flakes were recovered from the single test at the site.In 1980 the site was revisited and three additional artifacts were surface collected.These included a basalt biface,a chert flake with a blade facet and a chert burin spall.Two distinct 1 ithologies were noted among su rface artifacts at the site,basal t flakes concentrated on the southwest side of the knoll and chert flakes on the northwest side. This site was systematically tested in 1981 and all surface artifacts were collected in 1 m square units.Three 1 m test squares were exca- vated at the site.A total of 1414 surface artifacts and 570 subsurface artifacts were coll ected.The 1981 surface collection,wi th the excep- tion of a boulder chip scraper and a chert flake core,is composed totally of flakes,consisting of 1078 chert flakes,332 basalt flakes, 2 rhyolite flakes and 2 flakes of unidentified material.Subsurface material found in two of the three test squares consisted of 2 basalt biface fragments,an obsidian core fragment,3 obsidian flakes,1 chert blade-like flake,62 chert flakes and 503 basalt flakes.No diagnositc arti facts were recovered from the tes t squares.Cryoturba ti on and poor stratigraphy do not allow the clear division of artifacts into separate components al though it appears that an upper component,above the upper tephra,and a lower component,below the upper tephra may be present. TLM 021 The site,consisting of three loci (A,B,C),is situated on an east- west trending ridge 500 m west of Kosina Creek and approximately 1 km 11 :- northwest of the confluence of Kosina Creek and Gilbert Creek.The easternmost locus,Locus A,ove~looks Kosina Creek which is out of view from the other loci.All three loci are exposed in deflated areas along the crest of the ridge. Testing was concentrated at Locus A where four su rface fl ake scatters were identified.Two scrapers (chert and rhyolite)and a retouched rhyolite flake were found spacially isolated from the flake scatters.A total of 570 rhyolite flakes,9 chert flakes and 1 basalt flake were .surface collected from this locus,approximately half the surface flakes observed.Four test pits were excavated,only one of which produced subsurface material consi sting entirely of waste fl akes. Locus B consists of six flake scatters from which all observed surface artifacts were collected.Diagonistic surface artifacts included the medial section of a projectile point,a scraper and a biface,all of rhyol ite.A sin.gle test pit excavated at this locus produced one chert fl ake assoc i ated wi th burned bone and charcoal.A radiocarbon detennin- ation of 1160±100:A.D.790 (DIC-18l8)was obtained from this char- coal.One hundred and fourteen rhyolite,4 chert and 2 basalt flakes were surface collected.Four of the rhyolite flakes showed retouch. Locus C consists of a single flake scatter containing 21 brown chert flakes,6 basalt flakes and 2 rhyolite flakes all of which were col- lected.One test pit was dug which produced a single gray chert flake directly below the vegetative mat. TLM 026 The site is located on the north side of the Susitna River directly across from the mouth of Goose Creek.The site is situated at the southwestern po;ntofa 1.5 km long peninsula around which the Susitna River fonns a tight bend.The view both downriver and upriver from the site is excellent for a distance of 3 to 4 km. 12 ,~ The site consists of both surface and subsurface cultural material. Surface artifacts exposed at the top of an eroded bank overlooking the Susitna River consisted of a chert endscraper,2 chert flakes and a rhyol ite fl ake.Three test pi ts and seven shovel tests excavated during initial reconnaissance testing in 1980 did not reveal subsurface cultural material.Continued reconnaissance testing in 1981 involved systematic shovel testing along east-west transects.Eighty-five addi- tional shovel tests were dug,only one of which revealed cultural material consisti ng of 134 burned bone fragments.rhi s shovel test was not expanded into a test.pit and consequently the stratigraphic.position of the faunal material is uncertain,although it appeared to be asso- ciated with the A horizon directly below the organic mat. TLM 028 The site,consisting of two loci (A,B),is situated on an esker located 2.5 kmwest of the mouth of the Tyone River on the north margin of the Susitna River.This esker parallels a bend of the Susitna River for approximately 1 km.Locus A is situated at the highest elevation at the extreme northeast end of the esker and locus B is located approximately 750 m.southwest of locus A on the level crest of the esker.The view .from both loci is good in all directions although limited by the rela- tively low ~levation of the esker. The site is a surface site limited toa single isolated flake collected at each locus.At Locus A a rhyolite flake was found in a blowout.Two test pi ts and a shovel test did not reveal any subsurface cul tural material at this locus.A basalt waste flake was surface collected at Locus B from a game trail which follows the crest of the esker.A single test pit at this 1DCUS failed to reveal any additional cul tural material.Intens ive surface reconnaissance along the enti re length of the eskt:r di(j not produce any additional surface artifacts. 13 !"'"' I ' I TLM 031 The site is located on a high pl ateau on the north side of the Susitna R"iver approximately 4 km downriver from the mouth of Kosina Creek.The site is situated in a system of h"ills and ridges surrounding several sma 11 1a kes • The site consist of a single isolated surface artifact)a black chert endscraper on a blade.Three test pits excavated at the site failed to reveal additional cultural material.The site is located on an exten- sively deflated ridge and intensive surface reconnaissance did not produce any further surface artifacts. TLM 032 The site is located on a high plateau on the north side of the Susitna River approximately 4 km downriver from the mouth of Xos ina Creek.It is located 200 msouth of the southern point of the largest of three kettle lakes at the eastern end of the plateau.The view from the site is panoramic but somewhat restricted to the south by to·pography. A total of 10 artifacts were surface collected during reconnaissance test i ng incl udi ng 2 qua rtzi te endsc rapers,a retouched rhyol ite fl ake.a notched cobble exhibiting battering at one end and a chalcedony core fra,gment.In addition 5 flakes were collected with lithologies includ- ing basalt,chert and quartzite.A single test pit in the immediate vicinity of the surface scatter did not reveal subsurface artifacts. The entire area around the concentration of surface artifacts consisted of bedrock and deflated ground.All observed artifacts were collected. 14 ~, - TLM 033 The site ;s located approximately 4 km downriver from the mouth of Kosina Creek on the north side of the Susitna River,near the outlet of a small lake.Situated on the point of a flat terrace,the site over- looks the lake outlet stream.The view from the site is best to the west and northwest overlooking a lower terrace and the stream drainage. The stream itself and its confluence with the Susitna River is not v"isible. There is no surface indication of a site at this location.A total of three test pits and one shovel test were dug during reconnaissance level testing.The only art;fact recovered was a brown chert bi face fragment of uncertain provienence stratigraphically since it was found during shovel testing.Systematic testing at the site included the excavation of six 1 m test squares and five shovel tests.No additional cultural material was recovered.Extensive soil movement due to sol i fl uction was noted during systematic testing. TLM 036 The site is located on a high plateau on the north side of the Susitna R"jver approximately 3 km downriver from the mouth of Kosina Creek.It is situated on a small knoll overlooking a south-facing slope leading down to the Susitna River.The knoll and ridge upon which the site is located is part of a system of discontinuous ridges exhibiting numerous bedrock and drift exposures.The view from the site is panoramic ranging from 1 km to 5 km. The site consists of a surface lithic scatter exposed in a blowout approximately 8 mby 12 m in size.A unifacially worked chert end- scraper was surface collected from this blowout along with a single gray chert flake.No other cultural material was observed on the surface.A 15 single test pit at the site did not reveal any subsurface cultural material and encountered bedrock within 10 em. TLM 037 The site is located on a high plateau on the north side of the Susi tna River approximately 4km downriver from the mouth of KosinaCreek.It is situated on one of the numerous east.,.west trending glacially scoured ridges wi th exposed bedrock and drift which characterizes thi s plateau. The view is panoramic and encompasses two kettle lakes to the southwest of the site. This is a surface site consisting of four waste flakes exposed in a blowout measuring apprOXimately 40 m by 50 rn.Two of these flakes,one of gray chert and one of basal t,were surface coll ected and two gray chert flakes left in place.No diagnostic artifacts were observed.A single test pit did not reveal any subsurface cultural material.Soil deposition in the vicinity of,the site is shallow and bedrock was encountered within 10 cmbs • .n.M 038 The site is located apprOXimately 10 km upstream from the mouth of Watana Creek on the eastern edge of a plain overlooking the creek from the west.It is situated on a small discrete lobe of the continuous edge of the plain.Watana Creek is accessible but access is quite steep and diffi cul t or impossi ble in pl aces wheredowncutting has resul ted in cliffs and steep bedrock exposures.The view encompasses the relatively level plain west of the site and a lower alluvial terrace along with portions of Watana Creek to the north and northeast. There is no surface indication of a site at this location.Reconnais- sance level testing included two test pits and three shovel tests. 16 .- ,~I"~ Burned bone associated with charcoal was revealed in 'one test pit and t~/O shovel tests.Several hundred calcined bone fragments were recovered.Most bone fragments were too small to identi fy .but 12 long bone fragments,1 carpal,1 metacarpal and 1 tooth were identified as caribou (Rangifer tqrandus). Systematic testing of this site included the excavation of five 1 m test squares and a single 40 em by 40 em test pit.An additional 22 bone fragments and 9 thennally fractured rocks were recovered and attributed to a single cultural occupation.Four of the test squares produced cultural material although concentration of faunal material was much less dense than in the reconnaissance test pits.No cultural lithic material other than fire cracked rock was recovered.The cultural unit is within and above the upper tephra. TLM 039 The site is located on the western margin of an 18 hectare lake approxi- mately 4 km east of the mouth of Watana Creek on the north side of the Susitna River.It is situated at the highest elevation ofa knoll at the southwestern end of the lake and is the highest point on the peri- meter of the lake.The view from the knoll is panoramic,encompassing the entire lake margin. No cultural material was observed on the surface.Reconnaissance level testing involved the excavation of three test pits.,only one of which reveal ed subsurface cultural material.A burin spall and 14 quartzite f1 akes were recovered from thi s test.Subsequent systematic testing consi sted of three 1 m test squares all of whi ch produced cul tura1 material.One obsidian and two black chert microblade fragments,along wi th a tuffaceous fl ake core fragment and 45 waste fl akes were recovered during systematic testing.Lithologies present include basalt, quartZite,chert,tuff and rhyolite.A single fire cracked rock was 17 - recovered.Charcoal was present in association with the cultural material.The site appears to be mul ti-component with a component above the upper tephra and another component at the contact between the middle and lower tephra. TI.M 040 The site is located approximately 8 km downriver from the mouth of Kosina Creek on the southern margin of the Susitna River.It is situated on an old river terrace approximately 30m from the river margin.The view is obstructed in all directions by vegetation although the river is visible through the trees. There is no surface indication of a site at this location.A shovel tE~st produced a jasper blade-like flake with retouch along two margins and a tuffacious flake.This shovel test was enlarged into a test pit and an additional test pit was also excavated.No additional artifacts WE~re recovered during reconnaissance testing although charcoal was noted in one of the test pits. Systematic testing of this site included the excavation of five 1 m test squares and 10 shovel tests.Lithic material of obsidian,basalt,chert and rhyolite was recovered from three of these five test squares.None of the shovel tests produced cultural material.A total of 182 1 ithic al~ti facts were recovered during systematic testing.Arti facts recovered included 22 obsidian microblade fragments,4 obsidian blade-like flakes, one chert blade fragment,a possible chert graver,a chert scraper,a rhyol ite boulder chip scraper,a chert flake core fragment,a chert· core/chopper tool,29 obsidian flakes and 130 additional flakes of bclsal t and chert.More than one component appears to be present at thi s sHe however,frost action has mixed the cultural material strati- graphically.Obsidian and basalt lithic material including microblades are distributed through seven of the thirteen soil units recognized at 18 the site t whereas the gray-banded chert appears to be associated within or below the lower tephra.Cultural material was recovered from below t within and at the upper contact of the lower tephra t and above the upper tE~phra • TLM 042 This site is comprised of two loci (At B)and is located on the north side of the Susitna River on a 1.5 km long peninsula directly across fr'om the mouth of Goose Creek.Both loci are situated on the south- eQlstern crest of a high river terrace which forms the peninsul a around which the Susitna River makes a tight bend.Eroded bluffs form the northwest and southeast banks of this terrace~however t the top is relatively level and varies between 100 m and 300 m in width. Both surface and subsurface cul tural material was recovered from thi s locus.One bas'al'i and one siltstone biface fragment were surface col- 1ected t along with two siltstone blade-like flakes and 25 siltstone and basalt flakes.Approximately half of the surface lithic material observed exposed in the eroding bl uff edge was collected during the re!connaissance level testing.Two test pits were excavated at the top of the slope t one of which produced five additional siltstone flakes and t~fO si 1 ts tone b1ade-1ike fl ake fragments jus t below the organ;c hori zon. Three of five test squares and one of four shovel tests dug during systematic testing of this locus yielded cultural material.A total of 15;1 1i thic arti facts and three bone fragments were coll ected from both surface and subsurface areas of the locus.Soil stratigraphy was dominated by solufluction features and the bulk of the artifacts were collected from the eroding bluff face.Systematic testing yielded three retouched siltstone fl akes and one possible siltstone graver in addi ti on to 130 siltstone t 15 basalt and 2 rhyolite flakes.Lithic and faunal material t both in the test squares and in the surface fl akes scatters 19 "'" ,~ _____L was uncovered in the upper organic-rich layers or an underlying yellow- brown oxidized zone.No diagnostic artifacts were found and the recovered faunal remains were too fragmentary for identification. Locus B al so consists of both surface and subsurface cul tural material. Surface artifacts collected during the reconnaissance testing of the site included a side-notched basalt point base,a retouched chert flake, a ba sal t ofl a ke core fragment and a chert fl ake .Of two tes t pi ts e:>tcavated at the edge of the eroding bluff face,one produced a basalt endscraper fragment. Systematic testing at Locus B consisted of excavating six 1 m test squares and one test pit.Five of the six test squares yielded cultural mlaterial consisting of 109 flakes,1 point base,4 fire cracked rocks and 5 unidentified bone fragments.Cul tural material was recovered from tlhe organic horizon and above the middle tephra.A radiocarbon deter- mination on charcoal.from above the middle tephra resulted in a modern date (DIC-2282). TLM 043 The site is located approximately 3 km downriver from the mouth of Watana Creek on the north side of the Susitna River.It is situated 2100 m west of a tributary creek that joins the Susitna River from the north.Located approximately 400 m north of the river margin,the site sits on a river terrace in a relatively flat open area.The view is rtestricted to approximately 30 m in all directions by trees which 1 imit v'isibi1ity to the immediate clearing in which the site is located. NIl cul tural material was observed on the surface.Reconnaissance level tlesting consisted of three test pits,two of which revealed subsurface fi~unal material.A dense concentration of bone fragments directly below the organic horizon yielded 48 long bone fragments,1 rib fragment, 20 3 phalanges identified as caribou (Rangifer tarandus) 380 very small bone fragments too small to identify. filcts were recovered duri ng reconnaissance testi ng. and approximately No lithic arti- -. I~ "'"' """ SJfstematic testing included the excavation of six 1 m test squares and e"!even shovel tests.Cul tural material was recovered from the upper two or'ganic soil units above the upper tephra,and consisted of 17 chert fllakes,36 fire cracked rocks,and burned and unburned bone including 3~~large fragments and a large quantity of very small fragments.All cultural material appears to be from a single occupation of the site. None of the shovel tests produced cultural material and no diagnostic at-tifacts were recovered. Tl.M 044 The site is located approximately 6 km west of Jay Creek and 2.5 km north of the Susitna River on a high plateau comprised of glacially scoured hills and ridges.It is situated on the deflated top of a discrete knoll which affords a panoramic view of the surrounding terrain and a valley to the north which contains several lakes. Both surface and subsurface cultural material was present at this site. SUirface material consisted of five lithic scatters exposed in blowouts near the highest elevation of the knoll.A complete lanceolate point,a bi face fragment,a retouched fl ake,a uniface fragment,22 waste flakes and 19 bone fragments were surface collected during reconnai ssance 1evel tE!sting.A single test pit produced 15 basalt flakes and 69 bone frag- memts associated with charcoal.No tephra deposits were encountered. Flake lithologies present at this site include basalt,rhyolite,chert and chalcedony. 21 - ___ L TLM 045 This site t consisting of two loci (At B)t is situated on the south and eSist facing slopes of a knoll approximately 300 m northeast of TLM 044. The view from locus Ais limited by intervening topography to less than HIO m.Locus B is situated on an east facing slope overlooking a small va.lley and the view from this locus includes both the valley to the north and low marshy areas and kettle lakes to the southwest. RE!COnnaissance level testing revealed both surface and subsurface cultural material.Surface material was found in three flake scatters comprising two loci (At B)located 104 m apart.A complete chert point t a chalcedony microblade t a chalcedony ffiicroblade fragment t a retouched flake and 62 bone fragments were surface collected along with 63 waste flakes.Approximately 126 surface flakes were left in place.A single tE!st pit produced two basal t fl akesana onerhyol i te fl ake t ca.290 bone fT'agmentsand 25 flakes and 16 possible fire cracked rocks.Faunal ma:terial included a phalanx identified as caribou (Rangifer tarandus)t a tarsal fragment identified as possibly caribou (Rangifer tarandus)and a right and left maxilla identified as arctic ground squirrel (Spenno- .E!Jlilus parryi).Lithologies representedat the site included basalt t rhyol ite t chert t chalcedony and obsidian.Subsurface cultural material appeared to be associated with the contact between the upper and middle te:phra deposi ts. The general location and topographic setting of TLM 046 is similar to that of TLM 044 and TLM 045.TLM 046 is situated on the top of the ea:sternmost and highest of three knoll St the western knoll s containing the other two sites.All three knolls are part of the same landfonn and the western slope of the highest knoll joins the ridge upon which the two lower knolls are situated.TLM 046 is located at the northern end 22 of a north-south oriented knoll which affords the most commanding piinoramic view of any of the surrounding terrain features.The view encompasses both the valley to the north with its series of intercon- nE~cted lakes and the lower elevations to the east and southeast with kE!ttl e 1akes. Both surface and subsurface cul tural material was recovered from four fil ake scatters duri ng reconnaissance testing.Two projecti 1e poi nt bases,one of chert and one of basal t,were surface collected along with abasaltendscraper,a chert endscraper,48 waste flakes and ca.200 bone fragments.Some surface bone and 43 observed flakes were left in p~ace.Only one of three test pits produced cultural material, 30 flakes (lithologies including basalt,rhyol ite,chert and obsid'ian) and 8 burned bone fragments associated with charcoal.Subsurface cultural material was associated with the middle tephra and the contact bE~tween the middle and lower tephra.A radiocarbon detennination of 2~140 ±145 years:390 B.C.(DIC-1903)was obtained on charcoal asso- ciated with subsurface cul tural material. Systmatic testing included the excavation of five 1 m test squares, three of which produced cultural material.Two additional surface lithic scatters were identified at the site during systematic testing. Additional surface collection at the site included one point base, 7t;fl akes and 8 bone fragments.A total of 180 flakes were recovered fy'om the three test squares which produced cultural material.A charcoal concentration interpreted as a hearth feature was encountered 5cm to 10 em below the surface in one of the test squares. TL.M 047 The site is located approximately 9 Jon downriver from Vee Canyon on the W€!st side of the Susitna River.Itis situated 800 m west of the river at the north end of a north-south oriented bedrock ridge.The Susitna 23 r~ J~ River valley and the river itself are visible to the north,east and south but the view to the west is blocked by bedrock cliffs and higher terrain. The site consists of a 3 m by 10 m surface lithic scatter exposed on the dE!flated crest ofa bedrock ridge.Artifacts surface collected include a chert biface fragment,a chert microblade fragment and a retouched chert flake in addition to 24 rhyolite and basalt flakes.Approximately 70 rhyol ite flakes were left in place.Two test pits excavated during .rE!connaissance level testing failed to reveal subsurface cultural material.Intensive surface reconnaissance and shovel testing along the eriltireridgetop failed to reveal additional cultural material and the site appears to be limited to only the extreme northern end of the ridge. TLM 048 The site is located at the northern end of an 18 hectare lake approxi- mately 3 kID east of Watana Creek and 1 km north of the Susitna River. Situated at the top of a 20 m high rounded knoll,the site overlooks the hike outlet stream.The view encompasses the outl et stream,the enti re nCirthern margi n of the 1ake and a low marshy area to the northeast where the lake outlet stream joins a small slow-moving creek. NCi cultural material was observed on the surface at the site location. Three shovel test and two test pi ts were dug during reconha i ssance te~sting with only one of the test pits producing cul tural material.A gray chert biface fragment was found in one of the initial shovel tests as:sociated with the lower tephra.This shovel test was expanded to a t€~stpit but no additional cultural material was recovered. Sy'stematic testing incl uded the excavation of five 1 m test squares four of which contained cultural material.Two components were recognized 24 during systematic testing.The one component above the upper tephra was represented primarily by a hearth feature containing over 1000 bone fragments and more than 300 fi re cracked rocks.Nine fl akes of chert, basalt and quartzite showing evidence of heat spalling,and a flake core were associated with this hearth.The second component associated with the lower tephra was represented by a si ngl e mi crob 1ade fragment of tuffaceous rock and 12 fl akes of chert,rhyol ;te and tuffaceous rock. The second component is definitely associated with the lower tephra but / because of cryoturbation it is not clear whether it is associated with the upper or lower contact of this tephra. TLM 049 The site is located approximately 1.5 km east of the mouth of the Oshetna River on the south side of the Susitna River.It is situated on the summit of a discrete knoll located on a north-south trending con- tinuous ridge overlooking the Susitna River.The site overlooks a broad alluvial terrace to the west,north and east which contains two lakes, only one of which is visible from the site. Both surface and subsurface cultural material is present at this site. A total of four test pits were excavated on the knoll,one of which produced a single basalt flake within the organic mat.Two additional surface fl akes were observed,but not collected,in a blowout on the ridge top approximately 500m south of the knoll. TLM 050 The site is located apprOXimately 8 km upriver from the mouth of Watana Creek near the mouth of an unnamed creek which joins the Sus itna River from the northeast.The site is situated on a small alluvial bench on the east bank,of the creek apprOXimately 40 m upstream from the creek.' mouth.The view is limited to the immediate vicinity of the site by 25 AI,ASI{A RESOURCES U.S.DEPT ,LIBRARY.OF INTERIOR, dense vegetation,although the Susitna River is visible through the trees. No cultural material was observed on the surface at this site.Only one of three test pits excavated during reconnaissance level testing reveal ed eul tural material.A concentration of charcoal associ ated wi th burned bone and 34 thermally fractured rocks wa.s found between 14 and 30 ems below the surface between the organic mat and a yellow sand. Over 200 burned bone fragments were recovered including three phalanges and two metatarsal fragments identified as Ciiri.bou (Rangifer.tarandus). One tibia fragment identified as possible calribou (Rangifer tarandus) was also recovered.One of the unidentified bone fragments recovered exhibits a distinct butchering mark.No lithic material other than fire cracked rock was recovered during reconnaissance testing.A radiocarbon detennination of 280 ±110 years:A.D.1670 (0IC-1905)was obtained on a charcoal sample. Systematic testing of this site included the excavation of six 1 m test squares and five shovel tests.All five test squares produced cul tural material with faunal material,thennally fractured rock and lithic material recovered from two levels of the site.Nineteen flakes and 105 fire cracked rocks were recovered.Cul turalmaterial was associated wi th a dark brown si It and a very dark brown silt.These two un;ts are separated by a dark gray;sh brown poorly sorted sand.No di agnostic lithic artifacts were recovered. TLM 052 The site,consisting of two loci (A,B),is "located approximately 3.5 km northwest of the mouth of Jay Creek on a southeast-northwest trending ridge.This ridge is the highest of numerous deflated ridges and knolls in this vicinity and affords an excellent vantage point overlooking the 26 - largest kettle lake in the area,an 8 hectare lake (Laha Lake)approxi- mately 600 m southeast of the site.Locus A is situated at the edge of the deflated crest of the ridge on the southern slope overlooking Laha Lake and Locus B is located on the northeastlern rounded crest of the ridge. Both surface and subsurface cultural material was found at this site. Artifacts surface collected from the site include one basalt and two chert point bases and seven basalt and chert waste flakes.Thirty-four basalt and chert flakes were left uncollected.Most of the surface 1 ithic material was observed at locus A wherle a single test pit excavated immediately southwest of the largest concentration of flakes produced a bl ack basal t flake 7 ems below thiS:surface at the contact between the organic horizon and a gray silt. TLM 053 The site,consisting of two loci (A,B),is located 4 km northeast of the mouth of Jay Creek and 1.5 km west of JaJ Creek.5i tuated on a deflated ridge the two site loci are 240 m apart on opposite ends of the ridge. Locus A contains both surface and subsurface material.A surface 1i thic scatter includes a chert flake bifacially retouched on the right lateral margin with a graver spur at the distal end,a whitish-gray chert flake with retouch on the left and right margins and the distal end,a large tuffacious rhyolite flake,a basalt flake and a chalcedony flake.Test pit 1 revealed a light brown ttlffacious rhyo"Jite flake on the contact of the glacial drift and the upper tephra unit.Locus B consists of a single gray chert flake retouched on the dorsal surface (possibly a scraper).Locus B lacked any soil other than glacial drift and bedrock and therefore,no subsurface testing was initiated. 27 ,~ TLM 058 The site is located on a terrace 400 m north of the Susitna River and 3 kin downriver from the mouth of Watana Creek and 100 m east of an unnamed creek. No surface artifacts were observed.A shovel test and sUbsequent widening into test pit 1 revealed a black chert flake t two brown chert flakes (one with bifacia·l end retouch)t and a white chalcedony flake. The lithic material is associated with the contact of the humic zone and the upper tephra.Six addi tional shovel tests and an add;ti onal test pit failed to reveal further cultural material at the site. TLM 059 The site is located 400 m east of an unnamed creek between the Watana and Deadman Creek drainages t 2 km north of the Susitna River.The site is situated on a low rounded knoll which is part of a series of kame ri dges wh i ch 1 i ne the eas tern boundary of th,e creek dra i nage to the west. The site t discovered during reconnaissance t,esting was later systemat- ically tested.consists of a rectangular depression at the top of the low rounded knoll.The dimensions of this d1epression are 2 x 1.8 m across and 35 cm deep.Around the depression is a diffuse berm which is sl ightly higher than the surface of the knoll top.Test pi t 1 was placed along the southern interior edge of the depression and decayed logs.charcoal t burned and unburned bone fragments t and some possible fire cracked rock were observed.Test pit 2 placed 7.5 m·to the north- east of the feature but was ster"ile t and test pit 3 placed 2.1 m west of the feature revealed one small burned bone fragment at the contact of· the humic zone and the upper tephra.Eleven additional shovel tests were dug around the base of the knoll but arT were steril e. 28 ~, - - Systematic testing of the site involved excavating three 1 m test squares,as well as further testing in test pit 1.A radiocarbon data on charcoal collected from the charcoal and burned bone level produced a date of 440 ±70 years:A.D.1510 (DIC-2253).The depression truncates all three tephra units as indicated by the testing of the berm during systematic testing.The cultural debr.is outside of the depression is characterized by a gravelly sand unit above the upper tephra which contains some burned bone fragments and a single chert flake.The identifiable faunal material within the feature has been identified as caribou (Rangifer tarandus). TLM 060 The site is located on the northern shoulder of the Susitna River canyon and is situated on the highest end of a 100 m long ridge 800 m west of a major unnamed tributary,3 km west of the mouth of Watana Greek. The site consists of both surface and subsurface material.A black chert biface fragment was surface collected from an exposed soil slump but no other surface material was observed.Eight shovel tests were pl aced along the ridge top only one of whi ch reveal ed subsurface arti- facts.This shovel test was expanded after recovering alight 01 ive brown welded tuff flake with possible retouch along one margin.This flake was associated with the upper tephra.Additional excavation of test pit 1 had negative results.Two additional test pits failed to reveal further cultural material. TLM 061 The site is located approximately 4.3 km west of Watana Creek on the northern shoulder of the Susitna River canyon.The site is situated at the top of a 20 m high kame knoll which is the highest poi nt of 1and for 29 300 m in the vicinity of the site.To the east of the site approxi- mately 300 m is a clearwater stream and to the west,500 m,lies a 1 hectare kettle lake. No cultural material was observed on the surface of the knoll but a shovel test near the center revealed charcoal and burned bone during reconnaissance testing.The expanded test revealed a total of 300 burned mammal bone fragments,15 pieces of fire cracked rock,and a quantity of charcoal.The material was present in two distinct soil horizons any may represent a mu1 ti-component site.·A total of 9 shovel tests,one of which was expanded into a test pit,were excavated at the site.Seven of these produced cultural material including the test pit. One soil sample containing bone fragments,15 fire cracked rock frag- ments,1 basalt fl a ke,and 3 pi eces of red ochre were co 11 ected dur'j ng reconnaissance testing.Identified faunal m,aterial collected from test 1 represented caribou (Rangifer tarandu.~).Cultural material was found above the upper tephra. TLM 062 The site is located on the south margin of the Susitna River approxi- mately 4 km west of the mouth of Kosina Creek,on a relatively flat river terrace 50 m above the level of the Susitna.The terrace point on which the site is located is the highest and most prominent landfonn in the immediate vicinity of the site. Eight shovel tests were dug at the site during reconnaissance testing, one of which was expanded into test 1 when a chert core was recovered. Test 1 revealed further cultural material consisting of two red jasper end scraper fragments which articulated to fonn a complete tool.These artifacts were associated with the upper tephra and appear to be from the same stratigraphic context. 30 """ - The site was chosen for systematic testing and a total of six 1 m squares were excavated.An additional 49 shovel tests were dug to delineate site boundaries.Two and possibly three archeological com- ponents are present at the site.Chert and basalt flakes and burned bone fragments are associated wi th the upper tephra and basal t flakes and burned bone fragments are associated with the lowest .tephra.A third component may be present in the middle tephra,but the cultural material recovered from this tephra unit may represent mixing due to cryoturbation.A total of 180 basalt flakes,.1 basalt biface,and 4 basal t retouched fl akes were recovered dur'ing systematic testing. Twenty-five chert flakes and over 1600 burned bone fragments were also recovered. TLM 063 The site is located on the top of a 20 m high,steep sided,isolated kame knoll 75 m southest of the Susitna Rivelr.The kame knoll is part of a low glacial outwash terrace where numerous small streams and a one hectare kettle lake are located within 300 m of the site. No cul tural material was observed on the surface of the knoll and only one of eleven shovel tests revealed cultural material during reconnais- sance testing.This test was expanded into ia test pit and ca.700 small burned bone fragments and one jasper f1 ake wI:re collected. TLM 064 The site is located on the south side of the Susitna River ca.2.8 km southeast of the mouth of Watana Creek.Two site loci (A,B)are located on two knolls ca.90 m apart on a nOlrtheast-southwest axis.A small 1akeand a c1 earwater tri butary are located wi thin 500 m of the site. 31 """ - The lithic scatter which characterizes the site contains both surface and subsurface material.Test 2 at locus B revealed one brown rhyolite flake and a basalt projectile point base associated with the contact between a black humic soil and the upper tephra.Other artifacts col .. lected from the surface of the site consisted of 12 basalt flakes~and 1 quartz flake.A total of five shovel tests and two test pits were excavated at the site. TLM 065 The site consists of two loci (A,B)located on a broad terrace 900 m south of the confluence of Kosina Creek and the Susitna River.The terrace is 60 m wide (east..west)and 75 m deep (north-south)and is demarcated by a creek drainage to the east. The site was discovered during reconnaissance testing and was later systematically tested~Locus A is characterized by a rectangular depression 2.3 m by 2.7 m by 30 cm oriented north...south,a circular depression 1 m in diameter~and an area 2 m by 5 m of sedges,moss,and grass comprising a discontinuity in the general site vegetation.None of the features were tested during reconnaissance testing but a 40 by 40 cm test within 6 m of the main feature revealed bone and fire cracked rock located beneath the vegetal mat.Locus B consists of a single circular depression 43 em in diameter and 20 cm deep which was tested during reconnaissance survey and two unburned innominate fragments of caribou (Rangifer tarandus)were collected. Systematic testing of the site included excavating four 1 m test squares.One test bisects the circular depr1ession at locus A where six bone fragments,one piece of wood,one blue ~glass bead,three fire cracked rock fragments~and a sheet of bi rch bark were recovered . Another test square was positioned to bisect an apparent wall of the rectangular feature.Heavily decayed wooden logs ran parallel to the 32 embankment which may represent wall structures of a house depression. Eight glass beads and four fire cracked rocks were collected from this unit.Other test squares at the site revealed additional glass beads, flakes,bone fragments,and fire cracked rocks.Cultural material was found above the upper tephra. TLM 069 The site is located 3 km east of Jay Creek and 1 km north of the Susitna River at the top of an elongated knoll.The knoll is part of a series of glacially scoured bedrock knolls which comprise the topography in the general vicinity of the site.A small pond is located 50 m to the northeast of the site. The site was discovered during reconnaissance testing and was later systematically tested.During reconnaissancl2 testing 741 flakes of various materials including chert,rhyol ite,basalt and obsidian were recovered.Two utilized obsidian flakes and 1 utilized chert flake were al so collected.Five pieces of fire cracked rock and 1539 burned bone fragments were collected.All but three flakes were recovered from three test pi ts,as were the bone fragments iand the fi re cracked rock. Systematic testing of the site included the 12xcavation of three 1 m test squares,three 50 by 50 em test squares,and a series of shovel tests to help delineate the limits of the site.The cultural material recovered .from this testing consisted of 1232 flakes,l~tool fragments,3 scrapers,1 biface,1 biface fragment,1 corle,1 point,and numerous burned bone fragments.The cultural materia"was associated with the contact of the lower tephra and the glacial drift,the contact of the middle tephra and the lower tephra,within the middle tephra,and on the contact with the decomposed organic layer and the upper tephra."the site has at least three archeological components,and possibly four. 33 TLM 072 The site t a large circular depression,is located ca.900 m northwest of the mouth of Jay Creek.The site is situated at the southwestern end of an isolated low rounded ridge which parallels the general slope of the vall ey wa 11 . The circular depression is 90 cm deep and me,asures 4.2 m by 4.5 m across.Seven shovel tests were excavated around the outs ide of the pi t only one of which produced cul tural material;large pieces of burned wood and charcoal.An eighth test pit was begun near the center of the depression and a complete unburned moose metacarpal was exposed in the vegetative mat at the bottom of the pit.This was left in place and the test was discont'inued so that the integrity IOf the feature would be intact until further testing could be carried out.The depression truncates the upper tephra. TLM073 The site is located 200 -300 m east of the Osnetna River and 1 km south of the Susitna River on a northwest-southeast oriented river terrace. No surface artifacts were observed at the site t but two test pits and one shovel test revealed subsurface lithics during reconnaissance testing.Twelve basalt flakes,2 brown chert flakes,2 rhyolite flakes, 1 cryptocrystalline flake,and 1 flake of undetermined lithology were recovered from as many as five soil units.These are:the contact of the lower tephra and the glacial drift,with'in the lower tephra t at the contact of the middle and lower tephra t with'in the middle tephra t and at the contact of the decomposed organic layer lind the upper tephra. 34 - TLM 074 The site is located on the rim of the southern upland terrace overlook- ing the Susitna River on a bend in the river 4.6 km northeast of the mouth of the Oshetna River. A total of eight shovel tests were dug at the site one of which was expanded into a test pit after recovering a large quartzite flake from the contact of the upper and middle tephra.Another test pit was excavated on the site which revealed a concentration of charcoal. TLM 075 The site is located on the south side of the Susitna River 1.3 km south- west of the mouth of Jay Creek.It is situated on a knoll which is part of a ridge system on the north facing slope of the river valley. The si te is compri sed of two areas of subsurface 1ithic arti facts,no surface indications were observed at the site during reconnaissance testing.Test 1 produced a black chert flakle and a possible black chert core tablet from the contact of the humic mat and the upper tephra. Test 2 produced two pale brown rhyolite flakles from the middle tephra. TLM 076 The site,consisting of three loci (A,B,C),is located on the south side of the Susitna River 4.5 km east-northeast of the confluence of the Oshetna and the Susitna Rivers.The three loci are located on kame knolls and are higher than the surrounding tlerrain. Locus A consists of a lithic scatter and a partially exposed hearth. The hearth contains charcoal,burned bone and fire cracked rock.An obsidian flake was collected 50 cm north of the hearth.Four chert 35 flakes were collected from a blowout and the two test pits excavated during reconnaissance testing whi~h were sterile. Locus B consists of an obsidian point fragment and a flake,both found on the surface.No subsurface material was recovered from the test pit at locus B.Locus C consists of one basalt flake found on the surface. No subsurface material was observed in the tl~st pit excavated at locus C. TLM 077 The site is located 600 m south of the confluence of Kosina Creek and the Susitna River.Situated on the southern end of an esker which runs north-south across the present Susitna floodplain,the site is on the highest point,5 m above the floodplain. No surface artifacts were observed at the site during reconnaissance 'testing.Test 1 produced one basalt flake below the lower tephra at the contact with the glacial drift.Another flake was discovered in the backdirt of the initial shovel test.Five additional shovel tests were excavated but failed to produce further cultural material. TLM 102 The site is located on the western end of a }'idge crest on the northern side of the Susitna River,5.3 km downriver from the mouth of Kosina Creek. No surface artifacts were observed at the site.A black chert waste fl ake was found in the backdi rt of a shovel test which was then expanded to become test pit 1.Three additional wastE~flakes were located in test pit 1.One black chert waste,flake was located just beneath the humic mat at the contact of the upper tephra unit.Two additional flakes were recovered from the middle tephra unit. 36 - - TLM 104 The site is located 500 m west of Watana Creek and 1 km northwest of the confluence of Watana Creek and the Susitna River.The site is located on the south slope of an esker ridge which curves around the northern edge of a 2 hectare lake. The site consists of a rectangular depression (feature 1)of horizontal dimensions 1.4 m by 1.2 m and 65 cm deep.A diffuse berm is visible around the perimeter of the depression.Test pit 1 was placed 70.cm from the feature and revealed charcoal and partially burned wood in a sand and gravelly matrix beneath the moss cover.Two rib fragments from a large mammal were recovered from the charcoal-woad-sand unit above the upper tephra.Four additional shovel tests were placed within 20 m of feature 1 but all were sterile. (if)Historic Sites -Results and Discussion TLM 071 The site was the trapping headquarters of Elmer Simco and was built in the early 1930's.The site complex is located ca.25 m east of Gilbert Creek,a small tributary of Kosina Creek.The cabin is situated on a low,gently sloping shoreline terrace less than 5 m above the creek. The cabin consists of one room (12 x 15 ft.)and has a dirt floor. General condition of the cabin is fair to poor.The cabin contains the remains of the original furnishings and supplies used during the period between 1930 and 1950.Leakage from the roof is causing destruction of many interior items.There are three'associated outbuildings at the site:an outhouse,a dog kennel ~and a grass covered structure of unknown function.Other associated features at the site include a.\ garbage dump and a woodpile.No cul tural materi al was coll ected at the ',' site,nor was any subsurface testing conducted. 37 ,~ - - TLM 079 The site,a trapper's line cabin complex built by Elmer Simco in the mid-1930 's is located on a low alluvial plain ca.200 m east of the confluence of Jay Creek and the Susitna River. The site consists of a cabin,three outbuildings,a tree cache struc- ture,a garbage dump and associated historic debris.The cabin is a one room (13 by 9 ft.)structure built of horizontally stacked spruce logs. The few suppl ies present inside the cabin are probably from the late 1950's-1960 's and consist of cooking utensils and cans.The cabin is sparsely furnished but is in relatively good condition overall.Out- building #1 is an outhouse,outbuilding #2 is a storage shed but is collapsed and overgrown with vegetation.Outbuilding #3 is probably a dog kennel but has been des troyed by flooding.The tree cache is delapidated but consisted of two ll-foot vertical beams and a 7 foot long horizontal crossbeam.A deposit of historic debris was found northeast of the cabin including such items as plastic,a sleeping bag, cans,as well as a sheet metal stove and oven. TLM 080 The site is a historic trapper's line cabin located on the south side of the Susitna River,1 kID east of the mouth of Watana Creek.The cabin is situated on a low flat,poorly drained alluvial terrace 40 m east of a sma 11 bra i ded stream. The cabin has one room (7 x 10 feet)and a dirt floor.The sturcture is buil t of heri zeotal moss chinked spruce logs.Interior furn;shings are sparse.A built-in bunk,a low bench,two shelves,a table made of wooden boxes,a rusted stove and pipe make up the furnishings.No outbUildings or historic debris were observed outside the cabin. 38 """,, (b)Devil Canyon Dam and Impoundment (i)Archeological Sites -Results and Discussion TLM 022 The site is situated on the east bank of Tsusena Creek at its confluence with the Susitna River.located on an alluvial terraceaverlooking the creek,the site affords a view of both the north and south banks of the Susitna River for approximately 800 m to the west. There are no surface indications of a site at this location.Reconnais- sance testing consisted of one test pit and four shovel tests which reveal ed charcoal and bu rned bone associated wi th a hearth and fi re cracked rock.Fifty-one burned bone and tooth fragments were collected. Two phalanx fragments were identified as caribou (Rangifer tarandus)and one canine tooth fragment as possibly bear (~Ursus spp.).Radiocarbon detenni nati ons on charcoal produced modern d,ates (DIC-1879,DIC ...2252). Systematic testing included the excavation of five 1 m test squares and five additional shovel tests.Two components,both represented by hearth features with associated faunal material were identified.Most of the faunal material (487 pieces)was too fragmentary for identifica... tion,however,five phalanges and a portion of a mandible were identi- fied as caribou (Rangifer tarandus).Sixty...two fragments of fire cracked rock were recovered.No 1ithic artifacts were recovered. Deposition at the site is fluvial and tephras are not present in the stratigraphy. TlM 024 The site is located ;n proposed Borrow Area Eapproximately 500 m north- west of the mouth of Tsusena Creek.It is situated at the end of a 39 - - - ridge overlooking an alluvial terrace to the south.The view from the site is presently restricted by a dense stand of mixed spruce and birch. There is no surface indication of a site at this location,however a shovel test produced a single basalt cortex flake.Three shovel tests and two test pits failed to reveal additional cultural material.The site is restricted topographically to a small bench below the point of the ridge.The provenience of the basalt fl!ake was uncertain and it is notposs"ible to relate this artifact to the tephra deposits which are present at the site. TLM 027 The site is located on the south shore of the Susitna River at the mouth of an unnamed stream which joins the Susitna River approximately 4 km upriver from the mouth of Fog Creek.BecauslE!the site is situated on the summit of a discrete knoll approximately 100 m from the river margin the view from the site is excellent in all d'irections except to the south where it is obstructed by dense tree glrowth.Below the si te there is evidence of terracing by the Susitna Rivelr. Testing at this site included both reconnaissance and systematic testing.No surface artifacts were observed at the site.Three test pits excavated during reconnaissance testing produced 29 light green tuffacious flakes (7 with retouch),1 tuffacious core and 5 basalt flakes.Systematic testing,consisting of three 1 m squares,produced 199 basalt flakes,5 basalt flakes with cortex,2 basalt biface frag- ments,1 retouched basalt flake,1 basalt fragment,196 tuffacious flakes,7 tuffacious blades,5 possible tuffacious blades,5 tuffacious microblades,3 tuffacious uniface fragments,1 tuffacious core,1 pos- sible tuffacious core tablet,40 chert flakes,1 obsidian flake, 1 cobble and 12 flakes of undetennined mater'ial type.The site contains several components with artifacts occurring below the lower tephra,at 40 ---~ .- the contact between the lower and middle tephra,and above the upper tephra. A radiocarbon detennination of 3210 ±80 yealrs:1260 B.C.(DIC 2286) was obtained on charcoal associated with art'ifacts at the contact between the middle and lower tephra deposits .. TLM 029 The site is located approximately 4 kin uprivl=r from the mouth of Fog Creek at the mouth of an unnamed stream which joins the Susitna River from the east.The site is situated at the edge of an alluvial terrace on the south side of this stream and overloolks the mouth of the stream . Both the Susitna River and the stream are visible and easily accessible from the site.The view is blocked to the east by topography and some- what restricted in other directions by fairl;y dense black spruce. There is no surface indication of a site at this location.Four shovel tests and one test pit were excavated.Only the test pit revealed cul tural material.A total of 224 flakes were recovered from this test pit and included 213 basalt flakes,10 chert flakes and 1 chalcedony flake.Nodiagonistic artifacts wererecovelred.The site appears to be single component with cultural material occurring at the contact between the upper and middle tephra. TLM 030 The site is located on the south margin of Fog Creek approximately 900 m upstream from the confluence of Fog Creek and the Susitna River and is si tuated on the point of an alluvial terrace overlooking Fog Creek.The view is primarily northeast up Fog Creek and west down Fog Creek to the mouth,encompassing a distance of approximately 1.5 km.Visibility in other directions is limited by topography and dense spruce forest. 41 - """ The site contains both surface and subsurface cultural material.A side-notched basalt point was surface collected from a game trail that traverses the s;te.Other observed surface fl akes exposed in the game trail were left in place.A total of five test pits were excavated, four of which produced cul tural mat€rial.Over 500 fl akesand 6 tool s are included in the assemblage from the site.Diagnostic artifacts associated with charcoal concentrations include a side-notched basal t biface (backed knife),a side-notched point base of chert,3 basalt blade-like flakes,a basalt blade core fragment and a large argillite blade-like flake.Artifacts occur above the upper tephra,within the middle tephra,at the contact between the middle and lower tephra and below the lower tephra.A radiocarbon determination of 2310 ±220 years:360 B.C.(DIC-187?)was obtained on charcoal associated with fl akes in Test 1.Charcoal from Test 4,al so associated wi th fl akes produced a radiocarbon determination of 4730 ±130 years:2700 B.C. (DI C-1880)• TLM 034 The si te is located 1.5 km downriver from the mouth of Fog Creek on the west side of the Susitna River on the crest of a low ridge 30 m north- west of a small pond.Scattered spruce and birch cover the slopes of the ridge restricting the view to the immediate vicinity of the site. There is no surface indication of a site at this location.Two test pits were excavated,one of which produced 2 rhyolite flakes,including the proximal end of a blade-like flake.Both flakes were excavated from the same soil unit,a brown mottled silt directly under the humus. Addi tional shovel testing along the ridge away from the immediate vicinity of the site did not produce additional artifacts. 42 -<~. TLM 035 The site is located approximately 1 km upstream from the mouth of Tsusena Creek on the west side of the creek.It is situated on the point of an older river terrace approximately 300 m west of Tsusena Creek.Except for isolated openings in the tree cover,the view in all directions is severely restricted by the existing vegetation and blocked to the north by topography. There is no surface indication of a site at this location.Two of three test pits excavated at this site produced cultural material.Two waste flakes,one of rhyolite and one of basalt,were recovered from these test pits.The cultural material was associiatedwith the contact between a dark brown silt and a gray silt (ulPper tephra).No diagnostic artifacts were recovered. (ii)Historic Sites -Results and Discussion TLM 023 The site,a collapsed trapper's cabin,is located in proposed Borrow Area E,1 kID west of the mouth of Tsusena Crl~ek,at the mouth of an unnamed creek which joins the Susitna River 'from the north.The cabin remains,not vis'ible from the river,are located on a relatively flat alluvial terrace 50 m east of the braided mouth of the creek. The fallen wall logs are partially decomposed and covered with soil and vegetation.The ground in the immediate vic'inity of the cabin is littered with historic culturQ.l debris including the remains of a dog sled.One glass jar was collected and all other historic artifacts were left in place.There is no evidence of outbuildings or a cache in the area.None of the four shovel tests excavatl~d at the site produced cultural material.This cabin may be a line cabin used by Oscar Vogel in the 1930's and 1940 1 s. 43 .~ (c)Proposed Borrow Areas,Associated Facilities,and Areas Dis- turbed by Geotechnical Testing (i)Archeological Sites -Results and Discussion TLM051 The site is located near the southeastern boundary of proposed Borrow Area F,approximately 700 m east of Tsusena Creek.It is located in kettle and kame topography near the top of the highest knoll in an area of numerous knoll s and ridges and approximately 17 1akes and ponds located \tlithin a 1 km radius of the site.The site location provides a view of many of the kettle lakes in the area but the principal view is of a 7 hectare lake with a long finger extending to the northwest. No cultural material was observed on the surface.Only one of five reconnaissance level tE!st pits excavated at the site produced cultural material.Five tuffacious rhyolite flakes,one of which exhibits retouch along one margi n,were recovered from thi s test. TLM 054 f'!" ~, The site is Creek. 1oca ted on a kame or esker remnant 300 m east of Tsusena No surface material was observed at the site.Two dark gray chal cedony flakes were recovered from beneath the organic mat during an ini~ial shovel test.This shovel test was then expanded into test pit 1 and one small bone fragment was recovered.The cul tural material is associated with the contact of the upper and middle tephras,the upper tephra,and the contact of the upper tephra and the organic mat. 44 ".•......., - TLM055 The site is located approximately 1 km north of the northwest tip of Tsusena Butte t and approximately 200 m west of Tsusena Creek.It is situated on a low knoll which rises approximately 2 m above the imme- diate surrounding terrain.Tsusena Creek is visible from the site although vegetation limits the visibility.A very wet area consisting of muskeg and marsh is present between the site and Tsusena Creek t although the immediate vicinity of the site is better drained and cove.red wi th spruce forest. No surface artifacts were observed at the site.Initial reconnaissance testing involved placing two shovel tests on this knoll t one of which produced a chert scraper.This shovel test was widened to a test pit from which four additional chert flakes were recovered.Cultural material occurred above the upper tephra in the zone of finely divided organics.During the systematic testing of site TLM 097 t TLM 055 was revisited and a single 1 m test square was excavated at the site in an attempt to obtain additional diagonistic 1ithic material.Four burned bone fragments and five fire cracked rocks Wlere found associated with a dense concentration of charcoal within the same finely divided organic horizon above the upper tephra from which the previous cultural material was recovered.Three very small chert fl akes were the only 1;thi c material recovered from this test square. TLM 068 The site is located on the southeastern slo~~of a low knoll on the crest of a discontinuous end morraine at the northern tenninus of a 2 km wide U-shaped valley 16 km east of Stephan Lake. The site consists of a surface lithic scatter exposed on the deflated slope of the morraine as well as isolated sUlrface lithics located along 45 .<'"'\ the moraine crest to the north of the main lithic concentration.Arti- facts that were collected during reconnaissance testing include 1 black chert projectile point,1 burinated gray chert flake,1 gray chert biface,1 black chert knife,1 black chert flake and 1 whitish-gray flake. TLM070 The site is located 16 km east of Stephan ~ake at the northern end of a 2 km wide glacial valley which is oriented Mrth-south.It is situated on the deflated summit of a low knoll which is part of a lateral moraine system on the eastern side of the glacial valley. The site consists of a surface lithic scatter exposed at the summit of the knoll.A gray chert endscraper,two light gray rhyolite flakes,and a black chert flake were surface collected from the exposure during reconnaissance testing.Subsurface testing lat the site failed to reveal any additional cul tural material. TLM 078 The si te is located on a small kame knoll 8 m above and 40 m east of Tsusena Creek,and 6 km north of TSusena Butte. Both surface and subsurface material was present at the site.A single basalt flake was observed on the surface.Additional lithic material was recovered in two subsurface tests.One gray chert flake associ ated with the humic mat was recovered in test 1 during reconnaissance testing.Test pit 2 revealed four black basalt and two gray chert flakes associated with the middle tephra. 46 - - TLM 082 The Black River Moraine site consists of two loci (As B)located on top of a moraine 3 km north and parallel to the Black Rivers 5 km upstream from its confl uence wi th the Oshetna River. Surface Reconnaissance of the moraine resulted in the collection of four out of a total of the seven flakes observed.The material was found in two concentrations located 171 m apart along the axis of the northeast- southwest oriented moraine.A test pit was excavated at each of the two loci but no subsurface cultural material was observed. TLM 083 ~ The site is located on a kame knoll 40 m east of Tsusena Creek and 8 km north of Tsusena Butte.The site is located on a feature of sufficient relative rel ief to afford a panoramic view of the surrounding region.-. l'~ - No surface artifacts were observed at the site.A single gray rhyolite flake with retouch was recovered in a shovel test which was expanded into test pit 1.No exact provenience is available for the flake and no further subsurface material was observed in test pit 1 orin the second shovel test located 2 m to the southeast. TLM 084 The site is situated on top of a kame 100 m I;ast of Tsusena Creek and 5.5 km north of Tsusena Butte.The site rests on the most northerly tip of a 30 m long by 22 m wide northeast-southwest oriented kame 6 m above the floodplain of Tsusena Creek. One hundred eighty black basalt flakes were recovered 4-7 cm below the surface at the contact between the humus and the upper tephra in test 47 pit 1.No surface artifacts were observed.Test pit 2,8 m southeast of test pit 1,was sterile. TLM 085 The site is located on a small kame or esker remnant 150 m east of Tsusena Creek and 5.5 km north of Tsusena Butte.The site is situated on the southern end of the kame and commands an extended view of the creek and its course to the north,and downstream to the south. No surface artifacts were observed at the site.Test pit 1 revealed 69 gray chert fl akes from a depth of 2-11 cm below the surface.The flakes were found in a zone of gray to light brown tephra immediately above the glacial drift.Mixing of the soil units was present due to cryoturbation and tentatively the cul tural material can be associ ated with the middle tephra.Test pit 2 and two additional shovel·te.sts fa i 1ed to reveal fu rther cul tural material. TLM 086 The site is located on the top of a small kame which is 15 m above the level of Tsusena Creek 200 m to the west and immediately north of one of its clearwater tributaries. A single black chert flake was discovered in a surface exposure on the south slope of the kame.Subsurface testing failed to reveal any cultural material. TLM 087 The site is located on the south half of a northeast-southwest oriented kame in the kettle and kame topography which borders Tsusena Creek 5.5 km north of Tsusena Butte. 48 - No surface artifacts were observed at the site.Test pit 1,located at the highest point on the kame,produced two gray chert flakes.The context of the flakes appears to be in the upper tephra unit.A second test pit failed to reveal further cultural material. TLM 094 The site is located 150 m west of Tsusena Creek and 3 km north of Tsusena Butte.It is situated on the southern end of a kame which rises about 5 m above the surrounding marshy floodplain. Twelve flakes (six of which were collected)located in a gravel exposure on the southwest end of the kame comprise the surface arti facts at the site and consist of chert and basalt.Two articulating pieces of a gray basal t biface fragment were al so collected from the exposure.A test pit was excavated 1.5 m northeast of the scatter which produced four translucent flakes from the contact of the humic zone and the upper tephra,two light chert flakes from the middle tephra,and one black chert flake from the contact of the middl e tephra and a gray-brown s il t at 11 em below surface.The site may be multicomponent but mixing of the soil units was evident due to cryoturbation and correlations of cul tural material to stratagraphic units is tentative. TLM 095 The site is located on the west side of Tsusena Creek 5 km north of Tsusena Butte.The site is situated on a 6 In high kame knoll which is part of the general kettle and kame topograplhy of the upper Tsusena Creek drainage. No surface artifacts were observed at the site,however two out of seven shovel tests placed at the two areas of highest elevation on the knoll revealed cultural material.Test pit 1 (it tlhe northwest end of the 49 - knoll revealed 50 fine grained basalt flakes from within the lowest of the three tephra.Test pit 2 at the southeast end of the knoll revealed 23 fine grained basalt flakes from the middl1e tephra.The site may be mul ti-component. TLM 096 The site is located 3 km north of Tsusena Butte and 500 m west of Tsusena Creek at the western edge of a marshy alluvial plain.It is situated on the top of a low narrow ridge which trends east to west. No surface artifacts were observed at the site.Eight shovel tests were dug a t the site,two of wh i ch we re expandedi nto tes t pi ts,1 and 2. Test pit 1 revealed three whitish-gray chert flakes from the upper tephra.Test pit 2 was sterile as were the remaining six shovel tests. TLM 097 The site is located in proposed Borrow Area C approximately 2.5 km northwest of Tsusena Butte,on the west side of Tsusena Creek.It is situated at the top of an east facing bluff lflhich overlooks Tsusena Creek which lies approximately 50 m east of the site.The field of view is panoramic with the depth of view greatest to the northeast over- looking a broad alluvial plain. Both surface and subsurface cultural materia'l was collected during the· reconnaissance level testing of the site.A gray chert lanceolate point was surface collected from the site along with a basalt flake.Twelve shovel tests were dug along the top of the b'luff,two of which revealed subsurface cultural material.These two shovel tests were expanded into test pits one of which did not produce addit'ional cul tural material. The other test pit produced a total of 55 flakes t one bone fregment and one fire cracked rock,all associated with a concentration of charcoal 50 at the contact of the organics (A horizon}. basalt and both black upper tephra with the zone of finely divided Flake lithologies from this test pit include and gray chert. Systematic testing of this site included the excavation of five 1 m test s·quares and 24 shovel tests.All five of the test squares and four of the shovel tests produced cultural material.Diagnostic lithic material produced by subsurface testing included a basalt side-notched point base,a basaltendscraper,4 basalt blade-like flakes,a chert end- scraper,a possible backed scraper of tuffaceous material,4 retouched flakes and two flake core fragments.In addition 120 fire cracked rocks were collected along with more than 400 burned bone fragments.Flake lighologies include basalt,chert,rhyolite,tuff,siltstone,chancedony and obsidian.Cultural material is present ,at the contact between the lower tephra and the mi ddl e tephra and above the upper tephra wi th a minimum of two components present at this site.A side-notched point base was excavated from the lower tephra in association with charcoal and a dense concentration of basalt flakes.A radiocarbon detel1llination on charcoal from the same stratigraphic leve'J at a nearby test,which was also associated with basalt flakes,produced a date of 3720 ±60 C14 years BP:1770 B.C.(DIC 2283). HEA 177 The site consisting of three loci (A,B,C}'is located on the east side of a northeast-southwest trending lateral mOlraine 3.6 km east of where Butte Creek leaves Butte Lake."rhe top of the moraine offers an un- obstructed panoramic view of the large lake plain to the north,Butte Lake to the west and upl and hill s to the south and southwest. Of the two test pits excavated at the site during reconnaissance testing only test 1 produced cul tural material,1 chE~rt f1ake.Surface cul tural material was present at all three loci and collectively consisted of 51 r~ 1 dark gray chert flake t 25 gray chert flakes t 2 Gray chert rocks t and 1 gray chert tabular core. HEA 178 The site is located on a moraine running east..west along the north edge of a kettle lake located 4 km northeast of the north end of Butte Lake and consists of two loci (At B).The view flr"om both loci is panoramic. The one test pit at locus A excavated at the site during reconnaissance testing did not produce any cul tural materia'l.All cul tural material call ected at the si te was collected on the surface and collectively consisted of 4 rhyolite flakes t 23 chert flat<:es t and 1 basalt blade ..like flake with retouch. HEA 179 The site is located north of the Denali Highway approximately 900 m southeast of the intersection of Canyon Creek and the highway.The view from the site is unobstructed to the northwest~north t and east over .. looking the extensive southern drainage of the Alaska Range. The one test pit excavated at the site during reconnaissance testing did not produce any cultural material.The only artifact collected at the site was a black chert flake recovered in a blowout. (;1)Historic Sites ..Results and Discussion TLM 056 The site t a partly collapsed log cabin t ;s ll)cated at the southern boundary of proposed Borrow Area Ct near the base of Tsusena Butte.The cabin is situated on a gently sloping terrace 4 m above the level of the creek approximately 20 m west of the creek margin. 52 The site consists of a dirt floored,one room log cabin constructed of unpeeled spruce logs with moss chinking.The west wall of the cabin is collapsed.A door opening is present in the south wall but the door itself is missing.Few interior furnishings were noted,however only a third of the cabin interior is visible due to the collapsed sod covered roof.The general condition of the cabin is poor with the majority of the log members extensively rotted.There was no collection of cultural material at the site.No associated outbuildings were noted,however a rectangular 1.3 m x 1.8 m depression is located southwest of the cabin. A recent tool cache was found 2 m east of the cabin under a stand of spruce trees. (d)Proposed Access Routes (i)Archeological Sites -Results and Discussion TLM 098 The site is located near the center of an elongated knoll 100 m east of a major northern tributary of Deadman Creek and 500 m north of the confluence of the two streams. The site is a surface lithic scatter consisting of two patinated gray chert flakes,one of which was collected.Additional surface reconnais- sance and subsurface testing at test pit 1 failed to reveal cultural material. TLM 099 This two loci (A,B)site is located on two ,adjacent knolls 1.5 km southwest of Deadman Lake and 700 m north of the confl uence of Deadman Creek and one of its northern tributaries. 53 - Fourteen bl ack fl ecked gray rhyol ited fl akes were located on the surface of locus A of which three were collected.Two flakes were found at locus B,a white patinated chert flake and a black basalt flake,both were collected.A test pit at each loci failed to produce subsurface cul tural material. TLM 101 The site is located on the southern edge of a large terrace,200 m east of Devil Creek and 6 km north of its mouth. The site consists of a single banded chert flake located on the surface of a gravel exposure on the southern end of the terrace.Test pit 1 revealed no subsurface cultural material and further reconnaissance survey of the exposures failed to reveal any further cul tural material. TLM 103 The site is located on the eastern edge of a terrace 6 km north of the mouth of Devil Creek,200 m east of Devil Creek and 91 m above the creek. Three basalt flakes and one basalt projectile point tip were collected from a surface 1 ithic scatter within an area of gravel exposures.Test pit 1 failed to reveal any subsurface cultural material. TLM 106 The site is located on a prominent knoll located centrally along an esker overlooking the valley of a creek which flows southeast into the Susitna River,approximately 8.3 km east-southeast of Swimming Bear Lake.The site location affords a panoramic view of the creek valley to the east,south and southwest.To the north the uplands are clearly visible. 54 One test pit was excavated during reconnaissance testing at the site. However)the only artifact recovered was a gray chert bi face fragment recovered on the surface of the large exposure on the southeastern portion of the site. TLM 107 The site is located approximately 8 km northwest of the confluence of Tsusena Creek and the Susitna River on a west-nort~west trending esker. The view from the site is extensive in an directions. One test pit was excavated at the site during reconnaissance testing which did not produce any cultutal material.All the cultural material recovered was collected from the surface and consisted of 3 chert flakes)5 rhyolite flakes)1 basalt flake)1 quartzite flake,1 cobble spall (With possible retouch))1 biface fragment,and 1 chert point fragment (midsection). TLM 108 The site is located on a prominent esker feature 2.5 km southeast of Swimming Bear Lake along an unnamed stream drainage.The site itself is located on the flat,oval-shaped exposed top of the high southern end of the esker overlooking the creek,and associated marsh areas to the south and west.The gradually roll ing and steep upl ands to the north,east and west are visible from the site. One test pit was excavated at the site durin9 reconnaissance testing, but all cultural material collected was recovered on the surface.A lithic scatter consisting of 100 plus flakes was noted at the site, however,only 16 black basal t flakes and 2 gl"ay chert flakes were collected. 55 - TLM 109 The site is located on a peninsula at the east end of Swimming Bear Lake approximately 100 m north of the narrowest point in the lake.The view from the site includes all of the lake as well as the uplands to the north,south,east and west. One test pit and 13 shovel tests were excavated on the site during reconnaissance testing,however,all cultural material recovered was co 11 ected on the su rface and cons is ted of 2 gray c~e rt fl a kes and 2 brown chert flakes. TLM 110 The site is located on the top of an east..west oriented ridge on the northwest side of Swimming Bear Lake and is about 30 m above the lake. The view from the site is panoramic with total visibility of the lake and surrounding terra in for approximately 2 km. The one test pit excavated during reconnaiss,ance testing,at the highest point of the ridge produced 20 black basalt flakes,4 black chert .flakes,2 gray chalcedony flakes and 1 black basal t biface fragment. Surface material collected from the site included 11 black basalt fl akes,2 gray chert fl akes,1 gray rhyol i te fl ake,1 whi te rhyo 1 i te flake,and 1 chert biface fragment.Subsurface cultural material was found on the contact between the middle and upper tephra,in the upper tephra,and above the upper tephra. TLM 111 The site is located at the northwest end of Swimming Bear Lake approxi- mately 10.5 km northeast of theSusitna River at its closest point.The 56 site is truding tions. sian. approximately 10 m above the present lake level on a spit pro- southeast into the lake.The view is extensive in all direc-. The site consists of a 1.3 mx 1.5 m x 45 cm rectangular de pres- - The one test pit excavated adjacent to the depression and the nine shovel tests excavated during reconnaissance testing did not reveal any cul tural material. TLM 112 The site,an irregular circle of stones,is located on a discontinuous ridge overlooking Devil Creek and a major unnamed creek,approximately 11.7 km northeast of the confluence of Devil Creek and the Susi tna River,and 1 km north of Swimming Bear Lake.The view from the site is good and includes portions of the glacial vaHey to the north and south. However,a portion of the view to the south is obstructed by slightly higher terrain. The one test pit placed on the site during reconnaissance testing did not reveal any cul tural material.The site consists of 30 stones fonn- ing an irregular circle which ranged in size from cobbles to small boulders.The stones were partially embeded in the surrounding soil. n.M 113 The site is located along a southeast facing bluff approximately 100 m northwest of Devil Creek and 6.4 km northeast of High Lake.From the site a panoramic view of the Devil Creek drainage and associated lower terraces to the east,southeast and south is possible. The one test pit and eleven shovel tests excavated on the site during reconnaissance testing did not reveal any cultural material.All 57 ,AII'i', artifacts were collected on the surface.Artifacts collected included 1 gray rhyolite.projectile point,1 white rhyolite stemmed point, 1 white rhyol ite flake and 1 black basal t flake with possible retouch. TLM 114 The site is located on the northeastern end of a north-south oriented terrace overlooking Devil Creek,approximately 6 km due north of the confluence of Devil Creek and the Susitna River.The site commands a view of Devil Creek and its valley to the east,north,and northwest. One test pit and three shovel tests were excavated on the site during reconna i ssance testing.However,all cul tural material was recovered on the surface and consisted of 5 white rhyolite flakes. TLM 117 The site is located on a north-south oriented ridge which overlooks the confluence of Deadman Creek and one of its tributaries.The ridge is one of several low rolling ridges ~'lhich border the north side of Deadman Creek and have been truncated by it.A panoramic view is possible from the site. The one test pit excavated during reconnaissance testing did not produce any cul tural material.Surface lithic material consisting of four flakes was located on the northern hal f of the ridge 1 m below the centrally located high point.One black basalt flake and 1 gray chert flake were collected. HEA 174 The site is located on top of a 30 m high knoll in glacially scoured terrain at the northeastern end of Deadman Lake,approximately 600 m 58 --_._----_._----_._----_._--_._-~~._~.------- northeast of the point where Deadman Creek enters the lake. from the site is extensive and panoramic overlooking Deadman west and Deadman Creek to the south. The view Lake to the ~, ~, The one test pit escavated at the site during reconnaissance testing did not produce any cul tural material.The artifacts recovered were col- 1ected from the surface of the top~western and southeastern slopes of the deflated knoll on which the site is located.eul tural material collected included:1 basalt sidescraper,1 basalt blade-like flake, 1 gray quartzite lanceolate point~2 black chert endscrapers,1 black chert scraper fragment,1 red-brown jasper endscraper fragment,2 brown jasper retouched flakes,2 gray chert retouched flakes,2 gray rhyolite retouched flakes,1 gray rhyolite flake,1 gray chert flake and 2 quartz flakes. HEA 175 The site is located at the southwest end of Butte Lake and consists of two loci (A,B)focused around two knoll s wi thi n 200 m of the.Butte , Creek outlet and on a ridgel ine running along the west shore of the lake.The view from the site includes all of Butte Lake and the uplands to the south,east,and west. Reconnaissance testing and systematic testing were conducted at the site.Six shovel tests and 2 test pits were excavated during reconnais- sance testing and collectively produced 1 side-notched point,1 burin- ate<!flake,1 point base~2 possible microbl,ades,3 blade fragments, 25 chert flakes,13 rhyolite flakes,6 basalt flakes and 3 microblades. Five 1 m squares were excavated at locus A during systematic testing and collectively produced 2 microblade fragments,1 basalt microblade, 1 possible basalt core tablet,1 uniface fragment,1 possible core chopper,2 side-notched points,1 chert bifalce fragment,1 siltstone 59 I~' ,~. - retouched flake,2 retouched basalt flakes,1 blade-like flake,1 burin- ated flake,109 chert flakes,76 basalt flakes,9 siltstone flakes, 4 rhyolite flakes,2 obsidian flakes,5 quartzite flakes,94 flakes of undetermined material type and 4 bone fragments.Surface artifacts included 1 projectile point base,1 basalt biface fragment,1 gray chert flake core,1 rhyolite uniface fragment,and 1 cryptocrystaline core (possible). HEA 176 The site consists of two loci (A,B)and is located on two kame knolls at the eastern end of Deadman Lake approximately 500 m southeast of the point where Deadman Creek enters the lake.The view from both loci is panoramic encompassing the eastern end of Deadman Lake inlet and the surrounding low relief terrain for 2·3 km in all directions. The one test pit excavated at locus A during reconnaissance testing produced a single red chert flake.No subsurface testing was conducted at locus B where 1 chalcedony flake and 2 black basalt flakes were collected from the surface.Surface material collected at locus A was recovered from two different clusters and collectively consisted of 1 gray 'rhyolite flake,4 gray chert flakes , 1 black basalt flake,and 1 white chert f1 ake.The red chert f1 ake from test pi t 1 at locus A was recovered from below the middle tephra which in this test was located directly on top of glacial drift with no intervening lower tephra. HEA 180 The site is situated on top ofakno11 1.6 km southeast of the Deadman Lake outlet and 2 km north of the confluence of Deadman Creek and a northern tributary.The knoll on which the site is located is a dominant high land fonn in the region prOViding a panoramic view from the site. 60 The only test pit excavated on the site during reconnaissance testing produced two chalcedony flakes.The remainder of the cultural material from the site was collected on the surface at two different scatters and consisted of the following:.scatter 1--1 gray chert flake,2 white chert flakes,1 black basalt flake,2 light gray chalcedony flakes and 1 black chert flake;scatter 2--1 jasper micJr'oblade,1 chert microblade, 1 dark gray chert microblade fragment,1 brown obsidian burin spall, 1 white chert point base,1 brown jasper flake,1 red-brown jasper flake,1 white chert flake,1 pale red chert flake with retouch,1 light red-brown chert flake,1 red streaked gray chert flake,1 black speckled white chert flake,1 pale red rhyolite flake:l 1 light red rhyolite flake,1 gray white rhyolite flake,1 black flecked chalcedony flake, 2 brown chalcedony flakes,1 white-brown chalicedony flake,1 white gray chalcedony flake,1 clear quartz flake,1 black basalt flake and 1 light brown siltstone flake. HEA 181 The site is located 2 km northwest of Deadman Lake outlet at the outlet of a small lake at the southern end of a glacial valley.The view from the site is most extensive to the north,encompassing a small nearby lake and the valley walls. The one test pit excavated at the site durinSI reconnaissance testing revealed one chert flake.Three shovel tests in the area did not reveal any additionai material.Seven surface flakE!s were noted at the site four of which were collected;3 basalt and 1 chert flakes.The one subsu rface fl ake was recovered from the contact between the upper and middle tephra. 61 ""'" ,~ HEA 182 The site is located 3 km northwest of Deadman Lake on the western tip of a glaci.ally fonned knoll approximately 150 m east of a wide meandering south-flowing creek.The site is located on a gravel deflation which extends along the western edge of the knoll.The knoll is one of the highest spots in the area affording an excellent panoramic view from the site. The one test pit pI aced on the site during reconnai ssance testing di d not produce any cultural material.The artifacts collected from the site were recovered from the surface and consisted of 1 rhyolite side- notched point fragment,2 basalt flakes,and 1 quartz biface fragment. HEA 183 The site is located ona small low knoll approx:imately 200 m from the outlet stream which drains Deadman take.The site is located on a deflated portion of the knoll.The view from the site consists of most of Deadman Lake,as well as the outlet stream. The only arti fact recovered from the si te was 1 gray chert fl ake recovered from the surface of the defl ated portion of the low knoll. Due to the rocky nature of the area no subsUirface testing was possible. HEA 184 The site is located on a blowout 600 m northwest of the outlet stream wh i ch d ra i ns Deadman La ke,on the eas tern shore of a sma 11 1a ke 500 m west of Deadman Lake.The view from the site includes all of the small lake west of the site,two-thirds of Deadman Lake and a portion of its outlet stream to the south. 62 ,,,", - The one test pit excavated at the site during reconnaissance testing did not produce any cultural material.The only artifacts recovered from the site were 2 yellow-brown chert flakes which exhibited retouch and articulated to foml a 1arge scraper. HEA 185 The site is located on an east-west trending ridge on the west side of Deadman Lake approximately 70 m above the lake.In addition to Deadman Lake itself three smaller lakes and Big Lake as well as an unnamed stream are visible from the site. Due to the rocky nature of the site no subsurface testing was possible. Artifacts were collected from two loci (A,B)and collectively consisted of 2 gray chert flakes,4 basalt flakes,1 possible scraper prefonn and 1 brown chert thumbnail scraper.. HEA 186 The site is located on a knoll 500 m east of Deadman Lake.The site is primari ly located on the eastern hal f of the east-west oriented knoll. The view from the site includes the braided section of Deadman Creek, and several small 1akes. The one test pit placed on the site during reconnaissance testing produced 1 black basalt flake.Surface artifacts collected at the site consisted of 1 patinated gray chert biface,1 gray chert,projectile point fragment,2 gray chert blade fragments,1 gray chert biface frag- ment,9 gray chert flakes,1 white chert flake,1 black chert flake and 3 black basalt flakes. 63 (ii)Historic Sites -Results and Discussion No historic sites were located in this area during 1980 and 1981 field reconnaissance.However,all of the proposed access routes were examined at the reconnaissance level,as requested by T.E.S.,as opposed to examining one route intensively. (e)Transmission Lines Only a very brief four-hour aerial reconnaissance was conducted of the proposed transmission line routes.Examination of the transmission 1 ines was not part of the scope of work for cul tural resourceinvesti- gations,sub-task 7.06.The brief aerial survey was conducted at the request of T.E.S.in a spirit of cooperation but constitutes only a very prel iminary evaluation.Intensive examination is required.One pos- sible site was found during the aerial reconnaissance but testing ;s necessary to finnly document the site. (f)Other Areas During the course of the cultural resource study a number of sites were located outside the areas al ready"addressed in this report,by project personnel (helicopter pilots,land use planning team,geologist,etc.). Although no subsurface disturbance was scheduled for these areas,loca- tion and documentation of these sites was very important because little is known about the history and prehistory of the Upper Susitna Valley and each site studied increases the data base.In addition,since these sites were located and could potentially be 'impacted,it is in the best interest of any cul tural resoutce management plan to include them as part of this study. 64 - ..... (i)Archeological Sites -Results and Discussion TLM 025 The site is located 3.6 km south of the Susitna River and 3.5 km south- west of the mouth of Watana Creek.It is situated at the highest eleva... tion of a glacial crag and tail feature which exhibits sharp relief in relation to the surrounding terrain.The vilew from the site is excel- lent in all di rections for a di stance of over 10 km. The site contains both surface and subsurface cultural material.A surface flake scatter is exposed in a blowout covering an area 4 m by 35 m.Diagnostic artifacts call ected from the surface incl ude a chert core tablet t a rhyolite bipolar-flaked cylindrical core,a rhyolite core tablet,two rhyolite microblade midsections,a basalt point base,a possible cobble hammerstone and a chert scraper.In addition 14 waste fl akes were surface call ected including two obs idi an fl akes.Three test pits were excavated t two of which produced cultural material.Test 1 produced a single rhyolite flake and test 2 produced two basalt flakes. No tephra deposi ts were noted during reconna'issance testing. TLM 041 The site is located on a high fiat plain south of the Susitna River, approximately 1.8 km southwest of the confluence of a large tributary creek Which joins Fog Creek 8 km upstream from its confl uence wi th the Susitna River.The site is situated on a low knob on a broad northeast- southwest sloping grassy plain.Despite low topographic rel ief ,the site location affords an unobstructed panoramic view of an open plain 300 m to 400 m wide and approximately 1 km long. 65 - This site was identified by an R&M geologist who collected a tuffacious rhyolite flake from the surface.Subsequent intensive surface recon- naissance and two subsurface tests failed to reveal additional cultural materi al.The exact 1ocati on at which the fl ake was coll ected was never identified. TLM 057 The site is located 100 m from the east margin of Big Lake overlooking an outlet creek to the north and the lake itself to the west. The surface lithic scatter at the site included a chert microblade fragment,two chert flakes,and a quartzite fragment which were col- lected.Several basalt flakes were left uncollected from the surface and five shovel tests and a single test pit I/lere placed on the flat knoll top but all failed to reveal subsurfac(~material. TLM 066 The site is located on the east-southeast slope of a ridgetop plateau ca.3 km east of Watana Creek and 7.5 km northeast of the mouth of Watana Creek.The site overlooks a small unnamed creek to the southeast and commands a view in all directions except toward the northeast where mountains rise steeply. Threebifacially chipped tools were recovered from an exposed blowout surface during reconnaissance testing.TheSE!include a gray chert lanceolate projectile point found in two pieces,the base of a black chert projectile point wi th a reworked ti p,and a gray chert ovate biface found in two pieces.One test pit excavated near the ovate biface failed to reveal subsurface cultural material. 66 -TLM 067 The Sonona Creek site is situated on top of a knoll along the east side of Big Bones Ridge,1 kmwest of Sonona Creek.The knoll is a prominent topographic feature and the eastern slope drops continuously to the level of Sonona Creek 180 m below.the site is above treeline and commands a view in all directions. The site consists of three surface lithic concentrations and three rock features.The bulk of the cultural material is exposed on the surface but in one of the two test pits excavated at the site a jasper flake was recovered from a dark organic zone,but no tephra were associated with the artifact. Feature 1 is a 3.3 m by 1 m linear rock pile showing definite stacking and placement of local bedrock boulders.The height of the finished wall is approximately 50 cm.Feature 2 is a smaller "windbreak",50 cm wide by 50 cm high.A "window"formed by the,two uprights and cap stone. affords a view to the east. Cluster 1 consists of 2 chalcedony projectile points,1 red jasper point,1 quartz crystal,2 chert flakes,1 chalcedony flake,and 1 pos- sible "spo keshave".Cluster 2 consists of 5 black basalt flakes. Hi scell aneous surface finds incl uded 1 black basal t biface fragment, 2 rhyolite flakes,2 chalcedony flakes,1 chert flake,1 polished green pebble and 1 cobble chopper. TLM 081 The site is located on a kame knoll 90 m southeast of Tsusena Creek ca.1 km north of Tsusena Butte where Tsusena Creek changes its course to the west and then back to the south again before passing Tsusena Butte. 67 -~. No surface artifacts were observed at the site.An initial shovel test near the center of the kame revealed two brown rhyolite flakes.The shovel test was expanded into a test pit and thirty additional flakes of the same material were recovered.The artifacts appear to be associated with the middle tephra but cryoturbation has occurred,and only a tenta- tive correlation may be made at this time. TLM 088 The site is situated on an esker 80 m southeast of Tsusena Creek within an area where the creek makes a sharp bend around the northern flanks of Tsusena Butte. No surface artifacts were observed at the site.Test pit 1 revealed 22 black basalt flakes associated with the lower tephra.A small depression,1 m by 80 em by 15 cm deep was present at the site and a test pit was excavated in its center.This test revealed evidence of subsurface disturbance in that the strata were mixed and considerably different from the strata present in a test pit outside the depression. No cul tu ra 1 rna teri a1 was encountered in th is test pi t. TLM 089 The site is located on the northern ridge of Tsusena Butte 800 m east of Tsusena Creek and 100 m above the creek and its surrounding floodplain. The site consists of six soil exposures which contain over a hundred basalt flakes,the bulk of which were left ulTlcollected,a brown chert biface fragment,and numerous rhyolite and chert flakes.Test pit 1 revealed a hearth consisting of a thick charcoal unit within which numerous faunal and lithic specimens were contained.Identifiable faunal consisted of one 3rd phalanx,calcined,caribou (Rangifer tarandus),one metatarsal/carpal fragment,calcined (possibly caribou), 68 - and four tooth fragments (possibly caribou).Lithic material from test pit 1 consist of 1 translucent flake,6 green-gray chert flakes,10 dark gray chert flakes,19 tan-gray chert flakes,36 black basalt flakes,and 498 brown chert flakes.The cultural material from test pit 1 is from above the upper tephra. TLM 090 The site is located on a level bench of the north ridge of Tsusena Butte overlooking the Tsusena Creek valley 130 m below. Five black basalt flakes,one of which was collected,were found on the surface of a small exposure.Seven shovel tests placed in the vicinity of test pit 1,which is adjacent to the exposure,were sterile as was test pi t 1. TLM 091 The site,consist'jng of two loci (A,B),is located on the southern end of a 1 km long north-south trending narrow bedrock ridge,2.2 km north of the highest point of Tsusena Butte.The site is located on two sides of a dip which separates the ridge from Tsusena Butte. Locus A consisted of ten black basal t flakes located on the surface ofa bedrock-soil exposure,in a 30 cm square area.Three of the flakes were collected.Test pit 1 at locus A failed to reveal any subsurface arti- facts.Locus B consisted of a bl ack basal t !point tip.No further testing was done at this locus. TLM 092 The site is located on a north-south oriented bedrock ridge on the west side of the northern arm of Tsusena Lake. 69 !~- ,,,",, ,~ - The site consists of a surface lithic scatter in a soil exposure measuring 90 by 40 cm within a bedrock outcrop.A total of 3 black fine grained basalt flakes were collected from this exposure.Test pit 1 .fai led to produce any subsurface cu1 tura1 material. TLM 093 The site is located 300 m southwest of the northern ann of Tsusena Lake and is si tuated on an exposed bedrock knob ()j~cupying an area of 20 m by 35 m on the top of this outcrop. Both surface and subsurface cultural materia'i is present with three clusters of surface flakes observed in blowouts which occur among the bedrock exposures.C1 uster 1 contained 15 f"lakes of which 7 were collected.Cluster 2 contained four flakes,three of which (including a retouched basalt flake)were collected.Cluster 3 contained 51 flakes of which 12 were collected.Lithologies represented on the surface were basalt,chert and rhyolite. . Subsurface testing at the site included one test pit and eight shovel tests.Test pit 1 was excavated 2 m from cluster 2 and revealed a total of 33 dark gray basalt flakes associated with the middle tephra.An additional f1 ake of simi1 ar material was recovered from the lower tephra. TLM 100 The site,consisting of two loci (A,B),is "located at the western end of Clarence Lake,within 200 mof Gilbert Crl!ek.The site consists of 13 rectangular,square,or round depressions on terrain features sl ight1y elevated above the lake level and luke margin of the area. 70 .- Locus A consists of 11 depressions of variable shape and size on the western shore of Clarence Lake.The largest of these depressions, feature 1,measures 6 by 6.5 m.Seven depression features,none larger than 3 m in diameter,are clustered 40 m northeast of feature 1.All features are between 20 and 110 cm deep with fairly vertical walls. Locus B consists of two depression features,the larger of the two measures 4 m by 4 m and the smaller measures 1.3m by 1.1 m and is rectangular.·No subsurface testing was done due to the number and integrity of the extant features. TLM 105 The site is located on the top of a broad flattened hill on the north shore of Clarence Lake approximately 20 m above lake level.Clarence Lake and adjacent lowlying swampland are visible to the south,east,and west.Uplands dominate the view to the north. Two test pits and one shovel test were excavated at the site during reconnaissance testing.The two test pits collectively produced 1 black basalt flake and 30 white rhyolite flakes.No additional cultural material was found in the shovel test.Surface material recovered in an area of disturbed sod consisted of 12 black basalt flakes,1 blue-gray cryptocrystalline flake,2 white rhyolite flakes,9 brown chert flakes, 1 quartz flake,2 gray rhyolite flakes,and 3 gray-white chert flakes. It appears that some of the 1i thic materi a1 was recovered from between the lower and middle tephra. TLM 116 The site consisting of a rock carin is located on top of a hill approxi- mat~ly ~km southeast of Tsusena Lake.The 1.3 m high carin rests on an area of exposed bedrock.A panoramic view is available from the site with the greatest depth of view to the south and west. 71 ..... No subsurface tests were placed on the site due to the rocky nature of the terrain.The rocks used in constr-uction were generally 50 cm long and there was no evidence of small stones being employed for chinking or leveling.The rocks were stacked into a pyramid arrangement with an open framework.A 15 cm long bone fragment was the only object found at the site. 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