HomeMy WebLinkAboutAPA4053dALASKA DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME
SUSITNA AQUATIC STUDIES
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY (DRAFT)
1 Barrett, B.M. 1974. An assessment of the anadromous fish populations in
the upper Susitna River watershed between Devil Canyon and the
Chulitna River. Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Division of
Commercial Fisheries, Anchorage, Alaska.
Fishwheels operating in the lower portion of the middle Susitna
River (RM 101.7 and RM 104.0) provided migrational timing,
age-length-sex composition and abundances levels by salmon species.
Chum {Oncorhynchus keta) and pink (Q. gorbuscha) salmon dominated
the catches. The major pink salmon migration occurred during the
last week of July and the first week of August, and-correspondingly
for chum salmon i~ t~e second and third weeks of August. Three-and
four-year old fish comprised 81.6 percent of the chum salmon catch.
Coho salmon were abundant in the river from mid-August to
mid-September. Age samples indicated that coho escapement was
predominantly four-year old fish.
Twenty-one sloughs were identified on the Susitna River between the
Chu 1 itna River confluence and Devil Canyon and surveyed for the
first time: rearing coho (Q. ki sutch) fry were observed in twe 1 ve
of these, and spawning chum salmon in nine of the sloughs. In four
of the sloughs, sockeye (Q. nerka) salmon co-spawned with chum
salmon.
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Pink salmon spawned in Indian River! Fourth of July, Lane, Portage,
and Gold creeks; chum salmon also spawned in these streams, with the
exceptions of Lane and Gold creeks.
Pink salmon spawned primarily during the first three weeks of
August. The major period of chum spawning occurred in the streams
from mid-August to mid-September, and in the sloughs during the
first three weeks of September.
Spawning coho salmon were ·recorded in Indian River, Fourth of July,
Portage, Whiskers, and Chase creeks.
An estimated 24,286 chum, 5,252 pink, and 1,008 sockeye salmon
migrated at the fi shwheel station as determined from the tag and
recovery program. The coho salmon population was estimated to range
from 4,000 to 9,000 individuals. Tag returns from chum, pink, and
sockeye salmon spawning below the fishwheel station suggest that a
significant but unknown proportion of the salmon captured in the
fishwheels were milling fish and not migrating to spawning grounds
above the tagging station.
A minimum of 1,036 pink, 2,753 chum, 307 coho, and 104 sockeye
salmon spawned in the streams and sloughs of the Susitna River
between the Chulitna River tributary and Portage Creek as determined
from peak slough and stream index escapement counts.
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Twelve of the sloughs surveyed wert> barren of spawning sa-lmon.
Although Slough 10 is included in these, it contained a relatively
abundant population of rearing coho fry, during the month of August.
Springs are orevalent in this slough, and the surface stratum is
composed of approximately 95 percent sandy silt and 5 perce,~t
cobbles and boulders. The author suggests that the slough has the
potential to support a spawning population of chum salmon, and it
would be feasible to weir a portion of the slough and force spawn a
donor stock of chum salmon above the structure.
The water levels in the sloughs are maintained in part by the
Susitna River. Stream surveyors noted less rearing in the sloughs
during low water periods, but significantly higher densities of fry
milling in the confluences of the sloughs with the river. Physical
" access into the sloughs for the escapement was considered optimum
during the period of August 28 to September 7, which coincided with
a flood period on the Susitna River. Reduction in the water flow of
the Sus Hna River in the 1ast two weeks of September resulted in
less than adequate accessibility for the salmon into the upper
spawning pools of Slough 21.
Significant gravel displacement occurred in the streams during the
late August-early September flood. A portion of the pink salmon
spawn may have been destroyed as a consequence.
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2 Alaska Department of F~sh and Game (ADF&G). 1976. Fish and Wildlife
studies related to the Corp of Engineers Devil Canyon, Watana
Reservoir Hydroelectric Project. Alaska Department of Fish and
Game, Anchorage, Alaska.
3 Friese, N.V. 1975. Preauthorization assessment of anadromous fish
populations of the upper Susitna River watershed in the vicinity of
the proposed Devi 1 Canyon Hydroe lectri c Project. Commerci a 1
Fisheries Division Section in: ADF&G. Fish and wildl ife studies
related to the Corp of Engineers Devil Canyon, Watana Reservoir
Hydroelectric Project. Alaska Department of Fish and Game,
Anchorage, Alaska.
Gross indications of migrational timing, abundance by species and
age-length-sex data was obtained from fishwheel operation in the
lower study area. The total catch of salmon during the 1975 season
was less than 1974. Chum (Oncorhynchus ketal and pink (Q.
gorbuscha) salmon dominated the fishwheel catches. Population
estimates were determined by the Petersen mark and recapture method.
The population estimates for 1974 and 1975 were:
1974 1975
Chum 24,386 ± 2,602 11,850 ± 4,044
Pink 5,252 ± 998 6,257 ± 261
Sockeye 1,008 ± 224 1,835 ± 337
Comparative data is not available for chinook (Q. tshawytscha) and
coho (Q. kisutch) salmon. Tag recoveries from chum, pink, sockeye,
(Q. nerka) and coho salmon below the fishwheel sites indicate a
,....,~
significant, but unknown, proportion of the salmon captured were
possibly mi'lling and not migrating to s~.awning grounds above the
tagging project.
Twenty-one sloughs were identified and surveyed on the Susitna River
during 1974. An additional seven sloughs were identified during
winter and summer 1975. Rearing fry were observed in 22 of the
slough areas. Adult salmon were found spawning in eight of the
sloughs. Mult sockeye salmon were observed in four sloughs and
adult chum salman were observed in six slough areas. Pink, king,
and coho sal man were found exc1 usive1y in c1 earwater tributaries.
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• Chum salmon were observed spawning in Lane Creek and Indian River,
and sockeye spawned in Fourth of July Creek, McKenzie Creek, and
Indian River, clearwater tributaries of the Susitna River.
A minimum of 575 pink, 568 chum, 242 sockeye, and 62 king salmon
spawned in the streams and sloughs of the Susitna River between the
confluence of the Chu1 ana River and Portage Creek as determined
from peak slough and stream index escapement counts.
Thirteen sloughs and two clearwater streams were identified and
surveyed on the Talkeetna River between its conf1 uence with the
Susitna River and Clear Creek in 1975. Coho fry were rearing i·n
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eight sloughs and one clearwater stream. Rearins chum salmon fry
were observed in three sloughs in June. Chum salmon were the only
salmon species observed spawning in the slough areas of the
Talkeetna River. Pink salmon were, however, observed in Clear Creek
by the escapement survey crew. The presence of spawning sockeye,
coho, and pink salmon was confirmed by sport fishermen's tag returns
in Chunilna Creek, Clear Creek, and Stephan lake.
Winter surveys of the slough and mainstem Susitna River established
the presence of rearing coho (Q. kisutch) fry in both areas.
Suspended solid levels of the mainstem river were extremely low
during fall and winter months resulting in clear water conditions.
The combination of partial slough dewatering and clear water
conditions were contributing factors of fry emigration into the
\\' mainstem river for rearing.
Artificial substrate sampling and fry foregut analysis was conducted
to determine species composition of invertebrates within the study
area and the importance of benthic invertebrates as food items to
rearing fry. Insects comprised 100 percent of the benthic organisms
found in the substrate samples. The number of species of benthic
organisms identified was extremely low. The contributing factors
are the time of year they were installed and the length of time they
remained in the sampling locations. The Plecoptera (stonefiles) and
Oiptera (Ilno-see-ums") represented the dominant orders. Simuliidae
(black flies), Ephemeroptera (mayflies), Tricoptera (caddis flies)
were also present.
4 Riis, .LC. 1976. Preauthorization assessment: of the Susitna River
Hydroelectric Projects: preliminary investigations of water quality
and aquatic species composition. Sport Fish Division Section in:
ADF&G. Fish and wildlife studies related to the Corp of Engineers
Devil Canyon, Watana Reservoir Hydroelectric Project. Alaska
Department of Fish and Game, Anchorage, Alaska.
Biological investigations of the Susitna River and selected
tributaries were conducted from February 10, 1975 to September 30,
1975 to obtain baseline data regarding indigenous fish populations,
available aquatic habitat, and water quality which will aid in the
definition of biological areas of concern requiring additional study
prior to authorization of hydroelectric development.
I, There is evidence that resident and rearing anadromous fish migrate
out of the tributaries and into the mainstem in the fall and return
to the tributaries in the spring. Coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch),
chinook (0. tshawytscha), chum (Q. keta), grayl ing (Thymallus
arcticus, sculpin (Cottus cognatus), burbot (Lota lota), whitefish
(Coregonus sp.), and sucker (Catostomus catostomusl were found
overwintering in the mainstem Susitna River.
Five Dolly Varden (Salvel inus malma) ranging from 85 nm to 142 IT1l1
were trapped in early April in Willow Creek, and four chinook fry
were trapped in Montana Creek. Minnow traps generally were not
effective as under-ice sampling gear in tributaries because water
depths were too shallow.
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Electroshockers were the most effective sampl ing gear. During the
summer salmon fry, rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri), and grayl ing
were scarce in the turbid mainstem Susitna River whereas whitefish,
sculpin, and suckers were commonly captured. Occurring in most of
the clearwater tributaries, Arctic grayl ing are the most cOl11Tlon
recreationally important resident fish species. Aquatic insects
collected in both the mainstemand tributaries are typical of cleary
cold water streams in Alaska.
Water samples were collected on a bi-week1y basis at bridge
crossings of each major east side tributary. Parameters measured
included temperature, pH, turbidity, conductivity, total alkalinity,
total hardness, and dissolved oxygen. Temperatures were also
monitored using a Ryan thermograph in the Susitna River, Birch
\,\Creek, and Willow Creek. Similar trends in water temperature
fluctuations were noted for the mainstem and tributaries with the
exception of Birch Creek which is the outlet for Fish Lake.
Temperatures there were considerably warmer ana flows did not
fluctuate as much as in other tributaries.
Specific conductance in the mainstem in substantially higher than in
the tributaries. There was no consistent trend in turbidity among
the tributaries. Fluctuations appear to be linked to precipitation.
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5 Riis, J.e. 1977. Preauthorization assessment of the proposed Susitna
River Hydroelectric Projects: preliminary investigations of water
quality and aquatic species composition. Alaska Department of Fish
and Game. Sport Fish Division. Anchorage, Alaska.
Biological, water quality. and water quantity investigations were
conducted from July 1. 1976 through September 30, 1976 to obtain
baseline data on indigenous fish populations and the existing
aquatic habitat as part of an ongoing environmental study to assess
the potential impacts of the proposed Watana/Devil Canyon
hydroelectric project upon the aquatic ecosystem of the Susitna
River drainage.
Long term ecological changes to this drainage may be significant.
The level and flow patterns of the Susitna River will be altered and
will affect the fish and wildlife resources.
Between May 12 and June 12, 1976, mainstem Susitna River discharge
ranged from 11,900 cfs to 33,3000 cfs. Stage fluctuations within
clearwater sloughs were directly related to rnainstem discharge.
Nine of the 12 sloughs monitored were isolated pools or completely
dry when rna ins tern fl ows were 7 ,000 cfs, the proposed post-proj ect
flow.
Basel ine water temperature data was collected with thermographs at
the Parks Highway Bridge. upstream of Chase Creek, and between Devil
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Canyon and Portage Creek. Temperature trends were similar at the
three sites. Water temperature was measured with a pocket
thermometer at other study sites. Slough temperatures were
generally more stable than those of the mainstem.
Total suspended solid levels and turbidity were directly related to
Susitna River discharge. Oxygen concentrations were close to
saturation throughout the study. The range of pH measured at each
station remained relatively stable over the study period.
Seven artificial substrate baskets were installed in the mainstem
Susitna River to collect baseline data on benthic invertebrates
present. A total of 118 specimens from two baskets were collected
and identified. Of these, 63 percent were classified as tlsensitive"
\
\ to changes in water quality.
Aerial and ground escapement surveys were conducted to estimate the
relative abundance of fish. Chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)
escapement was estimated to be 50,499. Other species of salmon were
observed, but their numbers were not estimated.
Alaska Department of Fish and Game (ADF&G). 1978. Preliminary
env i ronmenta 1 assessment of hydroe 1ectri c development on the Sus itna
River. Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Anchorage, Alaska.
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6
7 Riis, J.C. and N.V. F~iese. 1978. Fisheries and habitat investigations
of the Sus i tna River: a pre 1 imi na ry study of potentia 1 impacts of
the Devil Canyon and Watana Hydroelectric Projects. Section! in:
ADF&G. Prel iminary envi ronmental assessment of hydroelectric
development on the Susitna River. Alaska Department of Fish and
Game, Anchorage, Alaska.
Biological and water quality and quantity investigations were
conducted from May 1, 1977 through March 7, 1978 to obtain baseline
data on indigenous fish populations and the existing aquatic habitat
of the Susitna River drainage.
The relative abundance, distribution, and migrational timing of
adult salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) were determined within the Susitna
\ River drainage through tag and recovery programs during 1977. The"
salmon escapement from June 29 through August 14 was estimated to be
approximately 237,000 sockeye (Q. nerka), 50,000 coho (Q. kisutch), -and 105,000 chum (Q. keta) salmon. An escapement estimate in excess
of 100,000 fish was determined for chinook salmon (Q. tshawytscha)
through aerial surveys. Population estimates of pink (Q. gorbuscha)
salmon utilizing the drainage in the area of the Susitna and
Chulitna river confluences were determined as a part of this study.
Documentation of the outmigration of salmon fry from tributary
rearing areas into the mainstem Susitna River was accomplished by
intensive investigation of two clearwater tributaries.. The
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I
objective of these studies was to determine util ization of the
mainstem river for rearing during winter months. A total of 25,176
chinook salmon fry were marked in Montana Creek between July 19 and
August 4. A gradual downstream movement of fry was noted from the
latter part of August to February. A drastic reduction in
population density was found in February and was attributed to lower
flows which prevailed at the time. Chinook fry were documented
overwintering in the Susitna River. No distinct movement of fry was
observed in Rabideux Creek.
The relative abundance, distribution, age, length, and weight
characteristics, and feeding habits of juvenile salmonids were
monitored in s'loughs and tributaries of the Susitna River from
Portage Creek downstream to the Chulitna River confluence from July
\ 1 through October 5, 1977. The predominant rearing species were
chinook and coho salmon. Water quality and quantity determinations
were made in conjunction with all juvenile salmon surveys.
The Susitna River was floated from its intersection with the Denali
Highway to Devi 1 Ca nyon duri ng the fi rst two weeks of Ju 1y to
inventory fish species present and survey the aquatic habitat in the
areas to be inundated. Arctic grayling (Thymallus arcticus) were
abundant in all of the clearwater tributaries within the proposed
impoundment area. The headwaters of these tributaries and upland
lakes were also surveyed by separate crews. It is apparent that the
Watana reservoi r, which is projected to have substantial seasonal
fluctuations, will alter the fisheries habitat.
-12
~~easurements of hydrological and limnological parar.eters associated
with the Susitna River and selected tributaries end sloughs were
obta i ned between the Denali Hi ghway and t~on:ana Creek. A
cooperative agreement between the United States Geological Survey
(USGS) and the ADF&G was initiated to determine discharge. sediment
loads, and standard water quality analysis of the nainstem Susitna
River.
Long term ecological changes to the drainage may be significant due
to dam construction. The level and flow patterns of the Susitna
River will be altered and will affect the fisheries resources.
The effects of impoundment and construction activities which alter
natural flow regimes, water chemistry, mass transport of materials,
and quantity of wetted habitat areas are of primary concern. These
changes may disrupt the trophic structure and habitat composition
and reduce or eliminate terrestrial and aquatic populations. These
populations and vegetation in and around the free-flowing rivers
have evolved to their current levels due to natural flow variations.
Some species may be present only because this particular hydrologic
regime exists.
Alaska Department of Fish and Game (ADF&G). 1979. Fish and wildlife
studies proposed by the Alaska Department of Fish and Game.
Preliminary final plan of study. Alaska Department of Fish and
Game, Anchorage, Alaska.
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8
Alaska Department of Fish and Game proposed a five-year study
.. '.
program to assess the potential impacts of hydroelectric development
on the Susitna River. Phase I study proposals were designed to
provide baseline information for accomplishing this. Six general
objectives were outlined:
1) Determine the relative abundance and distribution of adult
anadromous fish populations within the drainage ..
2) Determine the distribution and abundance of selected resident
and juvenile anadromous fish populations.
r~
3) Determine the spatial and seasonal habitat requirements of
anadromous and resident fish species during each stage of their
1 He histories.
"'";;:~
4) Determine the economic, recreational, social, and aesthetic
values of the existing resident and anadromous fish stocks and
habitat.
5) Determine the impact the Devil Canyon project on the aquati c
ecosystems and any required mitigation prior to construction
approval decision.
6) Determine a long term study plan, if the project is authorized,
to monitor the impacts during and after project completion.
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9· Alaska Department of Fish and Game (AOF&G). 1981a. Aquatic Studies
Procedures Manual (1980-1981). (l of 2). Susitna Hydro Aquatic
Studies. Phase 1. Subtask 7.10. Alaska Department of Fish and
Game, Anchorage, Alaska.
Technical procedures and data procedures used during Phase I of the
Susitna Hydroelectric Aquatic Studies Program are detailed.
10 Alaska Department of Fish and Game (ADF&G). 1981b. Aquatic Studies
Procedures Manual (1980-1981). (2 of 2: Appendi ces). Sus itna
Hydro Aquatic Studies. Phase 1. Subtask 7.10. Alaska Department
of Fish and Game, Anchorage, Alaska.
11 Alaska Department of Fish and Game (ADF&G). 1981c. Adult anadromous
:, fisheries project (June-September 1981). Susitna Hydro Aquatic
Studies. Phase 1 final draft report. Subtask 7.10. Alaska
Department of Fish and Game, Anchorage, Alaska.
Salmon· escapement was monitored at four stations on the Susitna
River between Cook Inlet and Devil Canyon and one station on the
Yentna River. These stations were operational from late June to
mid-September 1981. Methods used included side scan sonar counters
and fishwheels. Chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) salmon
escapement surveys were conducted in late July and early August on
tributary streams. A radio telemetry tagging program monitored the
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migrational movements of ad~lt chinook, chum (Q. keta), and coho (Q.
kisutch) salmon between late June and early September. The Susitna
River mainstem was surveyed for spawning activity by three crews
from late July through September using primarily drift gill nets,
electroshocking equipment, and egg deposition pumps. Set netting
was effected at river mile (RM) 150 in the Susitna River mainstem ,
immediately below Devil Canyon (RM 151) from late July to
mid-September. Susitna River tributary streams and sloughs between
the Talkeetna River confluence (RM 99) and Devil Canyon were
surveyed on foot for spawning salmon from late July through
September.
Fishwheel catch and sonar enumeration data indicate the chinook
salmon migration was underway before the fishwheels and sonar
\
\ counters were placed. Peak migration timing was determined at
Sunshine (RM 80), Talkeetna (RM 103), and Curry (RM 120) stations.
Comllencelllent of migration was recorded only at Curry Station. A
carrel ati on may exi st between river di scharge and upstream
migration. The 1981 Susitna River chinook salmon escapement was
dominated by four year old fish. Length measurements segregated by
age and sex indicate that chinook salmon at Talkeetna and Curry
stations were significantly larger than those intercepted at
Sunshine Station. Early smolting is a possible cause based on a
higher percentage of Talkeetna and Curry station fish having spent
less than one winter in freshwater before smolting. Radio telemetry
investigations indicate that the confluence of the Talkeetna,
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Chulitna, and Susitna rivers (R~' 99) is a probable chinook salmon
milling area end also that some upper Susitna River chinook salmon
stocks use lower Devil Canyon (RM 151\ as a milling area.
The Susitna River basin chinook salmon escapement in 1985 was
generally above average based on comparative recent year surveys.
Sockeye (Q. nerka), pink (Q. gorbuscha), chum, and coho salmon
escapements and timing were documented at each mainstem sampling
station. The data indicate that the majority of 1981 Susitna River
sockeye, pink, chum, and coho salmon escapement originated in the
Susitna River reach above (upstream of) the Yentna River confluence
(RM 28). Escapement samples collected from fishwheel interceptions
indicate average length differences in sockeye and pink salmon
..
\ stocks between the Yentna River subdrainages and the Susitna River
basin above the Yentna River confluence.
Scale samples collected at the mainstem sampling stations indicate
Susitna River sockeye, chum, and coho salmon stocks were comprised
predominantly of age 52' 41 , and 43 fish, respectively.
Twelve Susitna River mainstem salmon spawning sites were located
between RN 64.5 and RM 135.2. Chum salmon were found spawni ng in
the same area as chum salmon at two sites.
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Sockeye, chum, a-nd coho salrr10n were gill netted in the Susitna River
mainstem less than one mile below Devil Canyon (Rn 151) indicating a
milling area exists in the lower canyon.
Eight additional salmon spawning sloughs and streams were identified
in the Susitna River reach between the Chulitna River (RM 99) and
Devil Canyon (RM 151).
Radio telemetry investigations on chum and coho salmon indicate that
both species display milling behavior in the Susitna River mainstem
above Talkeetna (RM 99). Coho salmon displayed the greatest milling
movement; radio tagged coho salmon were found in the Susitna River
several miles upstream of their spawning area. Necropsies of radio
tagged coho and chum salmon indicate successful spawning occurred.
12 Alaska Department of Fish and Game (ADF&G). 1981d. Juvenile anadromous
fish study on the Susitna River (November 1980-0ctober 1981).
Susitna Hydro Aquatic Studies. Phase 1 final draft report. Subtask
7.10. Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Anchorage, Alaska.
This study was designed to gather information describing the
presence, abundance, geographical and seasonal distribution, age
class composition, length distribution, and smolt migration timing
of juvenile salmon in the Susitna River between Cook Inlet and Devil
Canyon as part of a feasibility study regarding the proposed Susitna
Hydroelectric project.
-18
Field collection of data on juvenile salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.)
species took place from November 1980 to October 1981. Sampling
gear included variable mesh gillnets, minnow traps, beach seines,
electrofishing units, and dip nets.
Juvenil e chi nook (0. tshawytscha) sa 1mon were captured throughout
the study area. The majority of juvenil e chinook salmon captured
during winter between Cook Inlet and Devil Canyon occurred at slough
and mainstem Susitna River sites and in sUlT1Tler at tributary mouth
sites. Two age classes (0+ and 1+) were captured. Age 1+ were not
captured after July between Talkeetna and Devil Canyon and were not
captured after August in the Cook Inlet to Talkeetna reach.
Juvenile coho (0. kisutch) salmon occurred throughout the study
a rea. The maj ori ty of j uven il e coho sa 1mon captured between Cook
Inlet and Talkeetna during winter and summer occurred at tributary
mouth sites. Between Talkeetna and Devil Canyon occurrence was
greater at slough sites in winter and at slough and tributary mouth
sites in summer. Three age classes (0+, 1+, and l1+) were captured.
Age II + were not captured after May in the Talkeetna to Devil Canyon
reach and were not captured after mid-June in the Cook Inlet to
Talkeetna reach.
Relatively small numbers of juvenile pink (Q.. gorbuscha), chum (Q..
keta), and sockeye (Q •. nerka) salmon were collected in 1980-81.
Sampling scheme bias imposed by gear types and by location of effort
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can account for the limited numbers of these juvenile salmon species
encountered. Further seJsonal distribution, relative abundance, and
hiological information on these three juvenile salmon species is
needed to evaluate their life histories.
Further information is needed on the winter distribution and habits
of all five species of juvenile salmon.
Further information is needed on the timing on the smolt
outmigration and also on the incubation of embryos of all five
juvenile salmon species.
13 Alaska Department of Fish and Game (ADF&G). 1981e. Resident fish
investigation on the Lower Susitna River (November 1980-0ctober
1981). Susitna Hydro Aquatic Studies. Phase 1 final draft report.
Subtask 7.10. Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Anchorage,
Alaska.
Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) were captured throughout the Susitna
River between Cook Inl et and Devi 1 Canyon, with the mouths of
tributary streams producing higher catches per unit effort than
mainstem river locations. The mean fork length of the 395 rainbow
trout captured was 285 mm. Fork 1 engths of rai nbow trout in the
Cook Inlet to Talkeetna reach was consistently 20 to 40 mm longer in
each age class than those recorded in the Talkeetna to Devil Canyon
reach. The most prevalent age classes captured were Age III. Age
IV, and Age V.
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Peak catches of Arctic grayling (Thymallus arcticus) occurred in May
and September. Cache Creek slough, r-lontana Creek, anc1 Portage Creek
had the lugest catches per unit effort. The mean fork length of
fish captured was 202 mm and the most prevalent age classes were Age
V and Age VI.
Burbot (Lota lota) were captured at 43 of the 44 habitat locations
between Alexander Creek and Portage Creek with peak catch rates
recorded in late August and early September. The mean length of 457
burbot measured was 428 mm. The most prevalent age classes were Age
III, Age V, and Age VIII.
Round whitefish (Prosopium cylindraceum) occurred throughout the
study area but the more productive sites tended to be upstream of
Talkeetna. Age IV fish were the most common and had a mean length
of 261 mm.
Humpback whitefish (Coregonus pidschian) were captured at
approximately half the habitat locations throughout the study area
but were generally more abundant at sites downstream of Talkeetna.
The mean fork 1ength of 344 fi sh measured was 284 rnm. Age IV and
Age VI were the most prevalent age classes.
Eight hundred, thirty-four Bering cisco (coregonus laurettae) were
captured at sites ranging from Kroto Slough to a site just upstream
of Talkeetna in the late summer and early fall. This species was
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not know to occur in the Susitna River drainage prior to this study.
The mean fork length of measured fish was 332 mm and Age IV was the
most prevalent age class. Spawning was observed at three sites
between river mile 74 and mile 79. Peak spawning occurred during
the second week of October.
Longnose suckers (Catostomus catostomus) occurred throughout the
study area. The mean fork length of 532 suckers measured was 259 mm
and the most prevalent age class was Age VI.
Dolly Varden (Salvelinus malma) were captured at sites ranging from
Alexander Creek to Portage Creek with the highest catch per unit
effort recorded at the mouths of tributary streams. The mean fork
length was 196 1l1Tl. Dolly Varden captured in minnow traps on upper
\' Indian River and upper Portage Creek had a mean fork length of 94
mm.
Threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) were widespread and
abundant in the Susitna River below Devil Canyon during the early
summer. The catch in minnow traps at habitat locations generally
decline after late June. Threespine sticklebacks were caught at a
site two miles below the confluence of Portage Creek, approximately
50 miles further upriver than previously reported. The mean total
length of fish2measured was 79 mm. Three age classes (0+, 1+, 11+)
were present during the summer.
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The sl imy sculpin (Cottus cognatus) was present at almost all
habitat locations between Cook Inlet and Devil Canyon. The mean
total length of 476 fish measured was 70 mm.
Forty Arctic lamprey (Lampetra japonica) were captured at sites in
the lower 100 miles of the Susitna River.
One Age IX female northern pike ([sox lucius) measuring 715 mm fork
length was captured in Kroto Slough on September 11, 1981. Northern
pike are expanding their range from the Bulchitna Lake area; this is
the first record of one captured in the mainstem Susitna River.
Information obtained to date has described the geographic and
seasonal distribution, relative abundance, length distribution, and
\ , age distribution of adult residents during the period June through
September. The data on male/female ratios are less complete.
Relatively small numbers of juvenile resident fish were collected in
1980-81. Sampling scheme bias imposed by gear types and by location
of effort can account for the limited numbers of juvenile residents
encountered. Further seasonal distribution, relative abundance, and
biological information on juvenile residents is needed to evaluate
their life histories.
Spawning sites were located for the round whitefish and Bering
cisco. More information is needed on location of mainstem and
-23
slough spawning s1:('5 and on spawning habits and timing for all
species. More inforrcction i5, also needed on the incubation of
embryos.
Further information is needed on the winter distribution and habits
of all species.
Although many fish were tagged during this study, there have been
few recaptures to date. As more recaptures are made, the migrations
and movement of the various species can be better described.
14 Alaska Department of Fish and Game (ADF&G). 1981f. Resident fish
investigation on the upper, Susitna River (May-October 1981).
Susitna Hydro Aquatic Studies. Phase 1 final draft report. Subtask
r
\ 7.10. Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Anchorage, Alaska.
The seasonal distribution and relative abundance of resident fish
species was evaluated in eight major tributaries of the Susitna
River above Devil Canyon. Eight different species were captured:
Arctic grayling (Thymallus arcticus), burbot (Lota lata), sl"imy
sculpin (Cottus cognatus), Dolly Varden (Salvelinus namaycush),
Longnose sucker (Catostomus catostomus), humpback whitefish
(Coregonus pidschian), and round whitefish (Prosopium cylindraceum).
No juvenile or adult salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) were captured or
observed in the study area between Fog Creek (RM 173.9) and the
Oshetna River (RM 226.9). Observations in May 1981 indicate that
-24
Arctic grayling (Thymallus arcticus) spawn during late April or
early May under the ice or in flood \'Iaters immediatrly following ice
out. Schnabel population estimates, based on tag and and recapture
data, were generated for Arctic grayl ing in tributaries and in the
study area. The estimate for the upper Susitna River was, 10,279
fish.
15 Alaska Department of Fish and Game (ADF&G). 1981g. Aquatic habitat and
instream flow project (December 1980-0ctober 1981). Susitna Hydro
Aquatic Studies. Phase 1 final draft report. Volume 1. Subtask
7.10. Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Anchorage, Alaska.
This report is one of a series of reports on studies conducted
during Phase 1 of the Susitna Aquatic Studies Program. Analysis of
\ data is limited to first stage reduction. 'I
Fishery habitat evaluation studies were performed during the 1981
winter and SUlTlTler field seasons on the Susitna River between the
mouth and the Oshetna River. Data was collected in conjunction with
the resident and juvenile anadromous and adult anadromous fish
investigations. Velocity, depth, and substrate were collected
regularly at fish sampling gear placement sites and incidentally
where fish were observed. General habitat evaluations provided t~e
necessary data to describe and map the overall habitat
characteristics of each site.
-25
In addition, water quality, morphometric, and discharge data were
collected at five selected sites to evaluate the relationships of
mainstem hydraulic and water quality conditions to fisheries habitat
in slough areas between Talkeetna and Devil Canyon. Water quality
~arameters included temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, conductivity,
and turbidity.
Analysis of data was limited to first stage reduction, and the
-discussion of results is limited to descriptions, rather than
comparisons, of study sites.
16 Alaska Department of Fish and Game (ADF&G). 1981h. Aquatic habitat and
instr~am flow project. Susitna Hydro Aquatic Studies. Phase 1
final draft report. Volume 2 (1 of 2: Appendices EA-EH). Subtask
. , 7.10. Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Anchorage, Alaska .
Volume 2 consists of maps and data tables summarizing data collected
during 1981. Part 1 contains site maps, a methods supplement, and
data tables (physiochemical, temperature, stage, cross section
survey, discharge, and incidental data).
17 Alaska Department of Fish and Game (ADF&G). 1981i. Aquatic habitat and
;=-
instream flow project. Susitna Hydro Aquatic Studies. Phase 1
final draft report. Volume 2 (2 of 2: Appendices EI-EJ). Subtask
7.10. Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Anchorage, Alaska.
-26
Volume 2 consists of maps and data tables summarizing data collected
during 1981. Part 2 contains depth, velocity, and substrate data
collected at fish sampling gear placement sites during 1981. Winter
data collected in early 1981 is also presented.
Objectives, technical procedures, and data reduction procedures as
used by each component of the Susitna Hydro Aquatic Studies Program
during 1982-83 are described.
18 Alaska Department of Fish and Game (ADF&G). 1982a. Aquatic studies
program (November 1980-0ctober 1981). Susitna Hydro Aquatic
Studies. Phase 1 final draft report. Subtask 7.10. Alaska
Department of Fish and Game, Anchorage, Alaska.
\ This report represents a partial synthesis of the 1981 fishery and
habitat data collected by the ADF&G Susitna Aquatic Studies Program.
Fishery/habitat relationships are discussed to the extent possible.
The relationships between individual aquatic habitat parameters and
discharge are described. Various predictive models developed by
other research groups involved with the project are discussed.
\
When compared to discharge data, daily sonar counts indicate that
salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) movement decreased during periods of high
flow and increased as flows subsided after major flood events.
Burbot (Lata lata) catches during low flow conditions were primarily
restricted to the mainstem and deeper sloughs and side channel
-27
habitats. During high flows, burbot were captured at a greater
number of habitats, including shallow side channels, sloughs, and
tributary mouths. Percent incidence of rainbow trout (Salmo
gairdneri) caught is related to mainstem discharge and their
seasonal migration patterns, whereas that of chinook (Q.
tshawytscha) fry is apparently a function of fish growth and
independent of discharge. The availability of suitable substrate
and adequate flows to permit access into sloughs from the mainstem
are two of the factors determining the suitability of salmon
spawning habitat. Tributary and ground water flow which contribute
to slough flow may be critical during periods of low mainstem
discharge. At sites above Devil Canyon, Arctic grayling (Thymallus
arcticus) were generally more abundant in channels with large deep
pools and/or cutbanks and streamflows less than 2.0 feet/second.
,, Availability of suitable substrate within the study area was not a
limiting factor in the distribution and abundance of grayling.
Mainstem turbi dity generally increases with di scharge. Slough
turbidity remains low as mainstem discharge increases until a
certain threshold level at which point the turbidity/discharge
relationship in sloughs resembles that of the mainstem.
Temperature was found to be related to mainstem discharge,
intragravel flow, and tributary discharge. The HEC-2 hydraulic
model was used to predict water surface elevation (WSEL) at
approximately 70 mainstem cross sections for a range of mainstem
-28
discharges. The model generally predicted a smaller than observed
change in mainstem WSEL when the discharge values are below 20,000
cfs.
19 Alaska Department of Fish and Game (ADF&G). 1982b. Adult anadromous
fisheries project. Stock separation feasibility report. Susitna
Hydro Aquatic Studies. Phase 1 final draft report. Subtask 7.10.
r~
Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Anchorage, Alaska.
Past efforts to estimate the Susitna River's contribution to the
upper Cook Inlet commercial salmon harvest has been limited almost
exclusively to sockeye (Oncorhynchus nerka' salmon, the most
economically valuable of the five species. The Susitna River
appears to be a major producer of coho (Q. ki sutch), pi nk (Q.
gorbuscha), and chum CQ. keta) salmon; however, contributions of
river systems on the west side of Cook Inlet are unknown and need to
be assessed before implementing a stock identification program.
Chinook (Q. tshawytscha) migration begins well before the commercial
fishing season opens. Thus, Susitna River stocks are not
significantly exploited in the upper Cook Inlet fishery and a stock
separation program is not necessary at this time.
20 Alaska Department of Fish and Game (ADF&G). 1983a. Aquatic Studies
PrOcedures Manual (1982-1983). Susitna Hydro Aquatic Studies.
Phase 2. Subtask 7.10. Alaska Department of Fish and Game,
Anchorage, Alaska.
-29
21 Alaska Department of Fish and Game ADF&G). 1983b. Summarization of
Volumes 2, 3, 4, Part I and II, and 5. Susitna Hydro Aquatic
Studies. Phase 2 basic data report (October 1981-0ctober 1982).
Volume 1. Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Anchorage, Alaska.
This report presents a synopsis of the information contained in
Volumes 2 through 4 of the Phase II reports.
22 Alaska Department of Fish and Game (ADF&G). 1983c. Adult anadromous
fish studies, 1982. Susitna Hydro Aquatic Studies. Phase 2 final
report. Volume 2 (I of 2). Alaska Department of Fish and Game,
Anchorage, Alaska.
Tag recapture techniques and sonar counters were used to estimate
\ escapement and determine the timing and nature of the migration of
Pacific salmon into the Susitna River. Stream surveys were
conducted to identify salmon spawning sites in the mainstem and
peripheral habitats and to evaluate their relative importance.
Radio tags were implanted in chinook {Oncorhynchus tshawytscha},
chum (Q. ketal, and coho (Q. kisutch) salmon to monitor and
characterize their migration upriver.
\
Two runs of eulachon in May/June were documented and characterized.
Bering cisco (Coregonus laurettae) were intercepted by fishwheels at
Susitna Station (RM 26), Yentna Station (TRM 04), and Sunshine
Station (RM 80).
23 Alaska Department of Fish ere Game (ADF&G). 1983d. AduH anadromous
fish studies, 1982. Susitna Hydro Aquatic Studies. Phase 2 final
report. Volume 2 (2 of 2: Appendices A-H). Alaska Department of
Fish and Game, Anchorage, Alaska.
24 Bernard, D.R., G. Oliver, W. Goshert, and B. Cross. 1983. Comparison of
scale patterns from sockeye salmon sampled from different stocks in
the Susitna River in 1982. Appendix H in: ADF&G. Adult anadromous
fish studies, 1982. Susitna Hydro Aquatic Studies. Phase 2 final
report. Volume 2 (2 of 2: Appendices A-H). Alaska Department of
Fish and Game, Anchorage, Alaska.
Scale pattern analysis with linear discriminant functions was used
to examine the probable fate of sockeye salmon fry spawned upstream
" \ of Curry Station on the Susitna River. Scale samples were taken
from sockeye salmon collected at Talkeetna Station, at Curry
Station, from the Tokositna River, and from the confluence of the
outlet from Larson Lake and the Talkeetna River. Fish aged 1.3
dominate the samples and are used in the analysis. Growth during
the first season of 1 ife (1977) is the most discriminating scale
pattern variable. Scale patterns from fish sampled at Tokositna
River and at Larson Lake are most different. Fish from Larson Lake
grew slower for a longer period of time than did fish from the
Tokositna River. Fish from Talkeetna Station on the Susitna River
are more like fish sampled at Larson Lake on the Talkeetna River.
Fish from Curry Station are misclassified as being from Tokositna
-31
River or from Larson Lake more often thcr from upstream of CUtTy
Sta ti on. SockeyE' sa 1man pass i n9 Curry Stc t) on a re probably not a
separate stock, but are strays from Talkeetna and Chulitna rivers.
Fry hatched upstream of Curry Station most probably die or move to
the lower Susitna to rear.
25 Alaska Department of Fish and Game (ADF&G). 1983e. Resident and
juvenile anadromous fish studies on the Susitna River below Devil
Canyon, 1982. Susitna Hydro Aquatic Studies. Phase 2 basic data
report. Volume 3 (l of 2). Alaska Department of Fish and Game,
Anchorage, Alaska.
Studies were conducted to assess the potential impact that
hydroelectric development on the Susitna River would have on
" \ resident and juvenile anadromous fish species. Data were collected
concerning the seasonal distribution and relative abundance of the
various fish species utilizing the mainstem and peripheral habitats.
Emergence, outmigration, and food habits of juvenil e salmon
(Oncorhynchus spp.) were also studied.
26 Alaska Department of Fish and Game (ADF&G). 1983f. Resident and
juvenile anadromous fish studies on the Susitna River below Devil
Canyon, 1982. Susitna Hydro Aquatic Studies. Phase 2 basic data
report. Volume 3 (2 of 2: Appendices). Alaska Department of Fish
and Game, Anchorage, Alaska.
-32
27 Alaska Department of Fish and Game (ADF&G). 1983g. Aquatic habitat and
instream flow studies, 1982. Susitna Hydro Aquatic Studies. Phase
2 basic data report. Volume 4 (l of 3: Part I and II). Alaska
Department of Fish and Game, Anchorage. Alaska.
Studies were conducted to evaluate existing aquatic habitat
conditions and define their relationship to mainstem Susitna River
discharge. Available and usable habitat areas at various discharges
were evaluated using computer modelling. The influence of the
mainstem Susitna River discharge on hydrological and water quality
characteristics in selected slough, tributary, and mainstem habitats
was investigated.
Changes in mainstem water surface elevation generally ranged from 3
to 5 feet for mainstem discharges between 8,000 and 32,000 cfs. The
stage/discharge relationship for that range of flows is well
defined. Backwater effects at slough, tributary, and side channel
mouths was dependent on mainstem discharge and the morphology of the
specific site. Most side sloughs between Talkeetna and Devil Canyon
were found to breach as mainstem discharge at Gold Creek passed from
20,000 cfs to 26,000 cfs (±15%).
'\
Surface water temperature was monitored at twelve sites in the
mainstem Susitna River between Talkeetna and Devil Canyon.
Intragravel and surface water temperatures were monitored at six
side sloughs. Surface water temperature fluctuated more than
-33
intragravel temperature did. Specific conductance, pH, dissolved
oxygen, water temperature and turbidity were collected at study sites
between River Mile (RM) 5.0 and RM 258.0. Values measured in the
mainstem Susitna River appeared to be relatively homogenous and
independent of mainstem discharge, location, or date of collection.
In some sloughs, water quality was very similar during both breached
and unbreached flows.
Preliminary salmon spawning habitat investigations in the rnainstem
indicate that the majority of the habitat available is unsuitable
because the substrate is cemented. Chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta)
were found spawning in the mainstem, however, the majority were
observed spawning in clear backwater habitats situated in side
channels which were cut off from mainstem water influence at their
.\1 heads. All species of salmon except chinook (Q. tshawytscha) were
observed spawning in slough habitats. Chum salmon appeared to
prefer areas with upwelling present.
Access to spawning areas in sloughs and side channels is the IOOst
critical factor in determining the suitability of the site. Because
access is mostly a function of water depth, reduced discharge can
make otherwise suitable habitat unavailable to spawning fish.
28 Alaska Department of Fish and Game (ADF&G). 1983h. Aquatic habitat and
instream flow studies, 1982. Susitna Hydro Aquatic Studies. Phase
2 basic data report. Volume 4 (2 of 3: Appendices A-C). Alaska
Department of Fish and Game, Anchorage, Alaska.
-34
29 Alaska Department of Fish and G~me (ADF&G). 1983i. Aquatic habitat and
instream flow studies, 1982. Susitna Hydro Aquatic Studies. Phase
F>m!:o
2 basic data report. Volume 4 (3 of 3: Appendices O-J). Alaska
Department of Fish and Game, Anchorage, Alaska.
30 Alaska Department of Fish and Game (AOF&G). 1983j. Upper Susitna River
impoundment studies, 1982. Susitna Hydro Aquatic Studies. Phase 2
basic data report. Volume 5. Alaska Department of Fish and Game,
Anchorage, Alaska.
Water quality, fish habitat evaluation, and resident fish species
distribution and abundance were investigated in the upper Susitna
River between RM 152.0 to RM 239.0 above the proposed Devil Canyon
impoundment. Water quality of tributaries, mainstem, sloughs, and
\ , \ Sally Lake was evaluated by dissolved oxygen, pH, turbidity,
conductivity and temperature measurements. Ma i nstem turbi d ity may
influence the distribution of Arctic grayling (Thymallus arcticus)
which prefer clearwater tributaries. Arctic grayling distribution,
abundance, age, length, sex, and migration in tributary and mainstem
habitats were investigated. Other resident fish species noted were
burbot (Lata lata), longnose sucker (Catostomus catostomus), round
whitefish (Prosopium cylindraceum), and humpback whitefish
(Coregonus pidschian). Morphometric data, water quality data, and a
contour map were collected at Sally Lake. Lake trout (Salvelinus
namaycush) and Arctic grayling (Thymallus arcticus) were present in
the lake.
-35
Chinook and Cheechako creeks, located within lower Devil Caryon are
the only two tributaries within the pr-oposed impounctment areas that
are presently known to be utilized by spawning salmon (Oncorhynchus
spp. ).
31 Alaska Department of Fish and Game (ADF&G). 1983k. Synopsis of the 1982
aquatic studies and analysis of fish and habitat relationships (1 of
2). Susitna Hydro Aquatic Studies. Phase 2 report. Alaska
Department of Fish and Game, Anchorage, Alaska.
This report provides a synopsis of the findings on each of the
target species of resident and anadromous fish, and an analysis of
fish and habitat data contained in the 1982 ADF&G Phase II Basic
Data Reports. Specific analytical components are presented in 11
~ appendices to complement the major findings of this report.
32 Alaska Department of Fish and Game (AOF&G). 19831. Synopsis of the 1982
aquatic studies and analysis of fish and habitat relationships (2 of
2: Appendices A-K). Susitna Hydro Aquatic Studies. Phase 2
report. Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Anchorage, Alaska.
33 Thompson, F.M., and B.M. Barrett. 1983. Analysis of the species
selectivity of fishwheels for the capture of adult salmon in the
Susitna River. Appendix A in: ADF&G. Synopsis of the 1982 aquatic
studies and analysis of fish and habitat relationships (2 of 2:
Appendices). Susitna Hydro Aquatic Studies. Phase 2 report.
Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Anchorage, Alaska.
-30
--
A statistical Chi-square test shewed that fishwheels were
significantly species selective (P 0.001) at two of five sites on
the Susitna River. These over or under catch rates should be
-considered when estimating species escapements.
34 Trihey, E.W., L.J. Vining, and C.C. Estes. 1983. Timing and passage of
adult salmon in the mainstem Susitna River and access into selected
sloughs upstream of the Chulitna River confluence. Appendix Bin:
ADF&G. Synopsis of the 1982 aquatic studies and analysis of fish
and habitat relationships (2 of 2: Appendices). Susitna Hydro
Aquati c Studi es. Phase 2 report. Alaska Department of Fi sh and
Game, Anchorage, Alaska.
Timinq and passage of five salmon species (Oncorhynchus nerka, O.
\. keta, Q. gorbushcha, Q. kisutch, and Q. tshawytscha) to spawning
habitat in the Susitna River were monitored by fishwheel catches,
spawning habitat surveys and passage surveys in 9 sloughs between
Talkeetna (RM 103.0) and Devil Canyon (RM 157.0). Comparisons were
made between a low water year (1982) and a high water year (1981).
35 Salasky, S .• R. Sinnott, and A. Hoffmann. 1983. Qualitative analysis of
salmon spawning habitat in sloughs located within the Talkeetna to
Devil Canyon reach of the Susitna River. Appendix C in: ADF&G.
Synopsis of the 1982 aquatic studies and analysis of fish and
habitat relationships (2 of 2: Appendices). Susitna Hydro Aquatic
Studies. Phase 2 report. Alaska Department of Fish and Game,
Anchorage, Alaska.
-37
l :
36 Sinnott, R., K. Sylvester, A. hoffmann, and C.C. Estes. 1983. Modelling
of hydraulic conditions crd chum salmon spawning habitat in selected
Susitna River sloughs. Appendix 0 in: ADF&G. Synopsis of the 1982
aquatic studies and analysis of fish and habitat relationships (2 of
2: Append; ces). Sus itna Hydro Aquati c Studi es. Phase 2 report.
Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Anchorage, Alaska.
Available hydraulic conditions in four sloughs (8A, 9, 21, and Chum
Channel) were modelled as a function of slough discharge. Water
depth and velocity were evaluated over a wide range of predicted
slough discharge.
The influence of slough hydraulic conditions on the sel~ction of
redd sites by chum salmon (Oncorhynchus ketal was modelled by
analyzing the frequency distribution of chum redds among available
water depths, velocities, and substrate types at low flows in
sloughs 8A, 9, and 21. Available water depths, velocities, and
substrate types at a predicted slough flow of 5 cfs and the
frequency distributions of chum salmon redds were evaluated using a
habitat suitability model developed for sloughs 8A, 9, and 21.
37 Marshall, B. 1983. Effects on mainstem Susitna discharge on total
wetted backwater surface area at selected study sites. Appendix E
in: ADF&G. Synopsi"s of the 1982 aquatic studies and analysis of
fish and habitat relationships (2 of 2: Appendices). Susitna Hydro
Aquatic Studies. Phase 2 report. Alaska Department of Fish and
Game, Anchorage, Alaska.
-38
Additional information beyond that discussed in previous reports
concerning the response of bach.Jater surface areas to changes in
mainstem discharge is presented. The relationship between backwater
and wetted surface areas, and data on the abundance of pools formed
by berms in free flowing stream areas at study sites is also
discussed.
Fourteen sites were sampled: Sloughs 6A, 8A, 9, 11, 19, 20, and 21;
\~hiskers Creek and Slough, Birch Creek and Slough, Sunshine Creek
and Side Channel, Lane Creek, Whitefish Slough, Goose Creek and Side
Channel. Rabideux Creek and Slough.
38 Hale, 5.5. 1983. Influence of habitat para~eters on distribution and
relative abundance of juvenile salmon and resident species.
\
\ Appendix Fin: ADF&G. Synopsis of the 1982 aquatic studies and
-analysis of fish and habitat relationship (2 of 2: Appendices).
Susitna Hydro Aquatic Studies. Phase 2 report. Alaska Department
of Fish and Game, Anchorage, Alaska.
The proposed hydroelectric project could create physical-chemical
conditions which are outside the limits of natural variation with
regard to timing, magnitude, or both. This appendix presents an
analysis of the cause-effect relationships observed between natural
variations in physical and chemical conditions and the distribution
and abundance of fish (primarily juvenile salmon) during the 1982
open water season. A habitat cl ass ifi cation system was developed
-39
for dividing the study sites into nine possible zones so that
changes in physical habitat with changing discharge could be
monitored without an intensive data collection effort. An estimate
of how juvenile salmon habitat changes with variations in mainstem
discharge was ,developed by combining the catch variations between
zones with the changes in the surface area of the zones.
39 Suchanek, P.M., and S.S. Hale. 1983. Use of major habitat types by
juvenile salmon and residen~ species. Appendix Gin: ADF&G.
Synopsis of the 1982 aquatic studies and analysis of fish and
habitat relationships (2 of 2: Appendices). Susitna Hydro Aquatic
Studies. Phase 2 report. Alaska Department of Fish and Game,
Anchorage, Alaska ..
An analysis of habitat preferences of resident fish and juvenile
salmon during the open water season is presented. Six major habitat
types occurring on the Susitna River between Cook Inlet and Devil
Canyon were identified: tributary "~uths, side channels with large
tributary mouths, side sloughs with 1arge tributary mouths, or
ground water input, upland sloughs. and mainstem channels or side
channels.
Chi-square and graphic analysis were used. Data were extracted from
Volume 3 of the Basic Data Report ).>J,uvenile salmon
species considered were: chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), coho
(0. kisutch), chum (Q. keta), and red (Q.. nerka) salmon. Pink (Q..
-40
gorbuscha) salmon were not i ncl uded due to low numbers captured.
Resident species included: round whitefish (Prosopium
cylindraceum), Arctic grayling (Thymallus arcticus), longnose sucker
(Catostomus catostomus), slimy sculpin (Cottus cognatus), burbot
(Lota lota), humpback whitefish (Coregonus pidschian), rainbow trout
(Salmo gairdneltn, and Dolly Varden (Salvelinus malmaL
40 Hale, S.S. 1983. Habitat relationships·of juvenile salmon outmigration.
Appendix H in: ADF&G. Synopsis of the 1982 aquatic studies and
analysis of fish and habitat relationships (2 of 2: Appendices).
Susitna Hydro Aquatic Studies. Phase 2 report. Alaska Department
of Fish and Game, Anchorage, Alaska.
The relationship between the outmigration timing of juvenile salmon
\
\ and the environmental variables for the Susitna River between the
Chulitna River confluence and Devil Canyon were analyzed in order to
evaluate the influence environmental factors have on the
outmigration of juvenile salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha, O.
tshawytscha, O. keta, O. kisutch, and O. nerka). Parameters
examined included were mainstem discharge, water temperature,
turbidity, and photoperiod. Other related factors were time of
season and variation in size (mean length) of juvenile salmon.
-41
~l Schmidt, D.C. 1983. A model of the effects of incremental increases in
sport fishing on population structure of Arctic grayling above Devil
Canyon. Appendix in: ADF&G. Synopsis of the 1982 aquatic
studies and analysis of fish and habitat relationships (2 of 2:
Appendices). Susitna Hydro Aquatic Studies. Phase 2 report.
Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Anchorage, Alaska.
The opening of", access roads into the impoundment area of the
proposed Susitna Hydroelectric project, can be expected to create a
substantial Arctic grayling sport fishery in this previously
seldom-fished drainage. This study was initiated to examine the
effect of increased mortality rates due to fishing pressure on the
age structure and abundance of the Arctic grayling (Thymal1us
arcticus) populations in the clearwater tributaries studied to date.
,.\ Fish were sampled using hook and 1ine and then tagged. Mark and
recapture, and age-l ength data were coll ected over two open water
seasons at eight major clearwater tributaries in the proposed
impoundment area.
42 Suchanek, P.M., and S.S. Hale. 1983. Age-length curves and growth of
Arctic grayling and rainbow trout. Appendix J in: ADF&G. Synopsis
of the 1982 aquatic studies and analysis of fish and habitat
relationships (2 of 2: Appendices). Susitna Hydro Aquatic Studies.
Phase 2 report. Alaska Department of Fi sh and Game, Anchorage,
Alaska.
-42
Age~length curves and regressions were examined for Arctic grayling
(Thymallus arcticus) to determine if the gl-O\.,rth of the population in
the proposed impoundment area above Devil Canyon was significantly
different from that of the population below Devil Canyon.
Age-length curves for rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) were also
analyzed.
43 Sandone, G., and J. Sautner. 1983. Evaluation of Arctic grayling
spawning and rearing habitat and notes on salmon spawning in the
impoundment study are~a of the Susitna River. Appendix Kin:
ADF&G. Synopsis of the 1982 aquatic studies and analysis of fish
and habitat relationships (2 of 2: Appendices). Susitna Hydro
Aquatic Studies. Phase 2 report. Alaska Department of Fish and
Game, Anchorage, Alaska.
Arctic grayling (Thymallus arcticus) spawning and rearing habitats
were surveyed and documented above and below the proposed
impoundment elevation (PIE) along eleven major tributaries which
would be partially inundated by the proposed impoundment.
Inundation would result in loss of existing habitat in the lower
reaches; therefore, continued spawning and rearing of Arctic
grayling in these streams depends upon the quantity, quality, and
availability of habitat above the PIE.
-43
Chinook and Cheechako creeks, located within lower Devil Canyon are
the only tributaries within the prcposed impoundment areas at which
sa lmon a re known to spawn. AOF&G documented ch i nook (Oncorhynchus
tshawytscha) salmon spawning in the glacial/clearwater mixing zones
of these creeks. A semi-dewatered redd was observed at the water's
edge approximately 150 feet downstream from the mouth of Cheechako
Creek, indicating that spawning had occurred during a higher
discharge period.
44 Alaska Department of Fish and Game (ADF&G). 1983m. Winter aquatic
studies (October 1982-May 1983). Susitna Hydro Aquatic Studi es.
Phase 2 report. Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Anchorage,
Ala'ska.
\ A. 1983 Winter Aquatic Studies, October 1982-May 1983, Continuous"
Surface and Intragravel Water Temperature Study. Andrew
Hoffmann.
Water surface and intragravel water temperatures were
continuously monitored with OTnr.idata datapod recorders at 13
slough and mainstem sites in the Susitna River from August 1982
to June 1983. This study provided baseline data and allowed
comparisons of temperatures of sites known to be used or not
used by spawning salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.). Intragravel
temperatures in sloughs were ger-erally warmer and more stable
than surface water temperatures. However, slough water
temperatures were affected by upwelling ground water.
-44
B. 1983 \-Jinter Aquatic Studies, October 1982-May 1983, Salmon
1ncubation and E~rgence Studies. L. Vining and J. Quinn.
Physical and chefT1ical conditions of surface and intragravel
water were related to development of sockeye (Oncorhynchus
nerka) and chum salmon (Q. keta) embryos and alevins in the
Sus Hna River. Datapods and standpi pes were used to measure
temperature. dissolved oxygen. pH and conductance in slough and
side channel spawning sites. Temperature units and time
required for development were similar to those recorded for
these species elsewhere in Alaska.
C. 1983 Wi nter Aquati c Studi es. October 1982-May 1983. Burbot
Spawning in the Susitna River below Devil Canyon. R. Sundet.
The timing and habitat characteristics of burbot (Lota lota)
spawning were studied in the Deshka River. a tributary of the
Susitna River. Physical and chemical characteristics of two
sites on the Deshka River (Susitna RM 40.6) were measured: ice
thickness. water depth. under ice water velocity. dissolved
oxygen. specific conductance. pH. and water temperature.
Timing of spawning was determined from monthly necropsies of
samples (n = 69) to determine gonad maturity. Otoliths were
collected to determine age and fish length was measured.
Monthly examinations of sexually ripe gonads showed that the
size increased from early December to mid-January. then
progressively decreased in size through March.
-45
D. 1983 Winter Aquatic Studies, October 1982-May 1983, Winter
Radio Telemetry Investigations of Selected Resident Fish. M.
Wenger, R. Sundet, and M. Stratton.
Three species of resident fish in the Susitna River were radio
tagged to determine winter movements, overwintering locations,
or spawning habitat and timing. Radio transmitters were
imp 1anted in 1i ve fi sh in September-October 1982 and mon Hored
by air, boat, and snowmobile until May 1983. Ten rainbow trout
(Salmo gairdneri) migrated 14-76.6 miles downstream to
overwintering locations. Fifteen Arctic grayling (Thymallus
arcticus) migrated 2.1 to 50.8 miles from tributaries down the
mainstem, in September to early October, to two main areas on
concentration. Six burbot (Lota lata) migrated 1 to 113.6
\ miles to winter spawning grounds in September to mid-January.
They spawned mid-January to early February and migrated again
early February to mid-March. Burbot showed some preference for
areas with upwelling.
1
45 Alaska Department of Fish and Game (AOF&G). 1984a. Susitna Hydro
Aquatic Studies Procedures Manual (May 1983-June 1984) (l of 2).
Susitna Hydro Aquatic Studies. Alaska Department of Fish and Game.
Anchorage, Alaska.
Objectives. technical procedures, and data reduction procedures are
described for each component of the SusHna Hydroelectric Aquatic
Studies Program during the period of May 1983-June 1984.
-46
46 Alaska Department of Fish and Game (ADF&G). 1984b. Susitna Hydro
Aquatic Studies Procedures Manual (I-lay 1983-June 1984) (2 of 2:
Appendices). Susitna Hydro Aquatic Studies. Alaska Department of
Fish and Game, Anchorage, Alaska.
47 Sarrett, S.M., F.M. Thompson, and S.N. Wick, editors. 1984. Adult
anadromous fish investigations: ~1ay-October 1983. Susitna Hydro
Aquatic Studies. Report No.1. Alaska Department of Fish and Game,
Anchorage, Alaska.
Eulachon (Thaleichthys pacificus) migrated into the Susitna River in
two runs during late May-early June 1983. Pre-spawning males were
more numerous than fema l.es in the fi rst, smaller run, whil e
pre-spawning females outnumbered males in the second, larger run.
\ This suggests that individual male eulachon ripen earlier and spawnI'
over a longer period than females following ice-out at water
temperatures between 6.0°C and 9.0°C. About 70 percent of the fish
spawned within the first 29 miles from the mouth. No fish were
observed spawning in clearwater sloughs or tributaries. Age data
indicated that three year olds accounted for 92-97 percent of
spawning fish in both runs. Weight/length data showed that three
year old males were significantly larger in the first run than in
the second. Spawning habitat was described in terms of water depth,
velocity, temperature, and substrate. The first run included
several hundred thousand fish. while the second escapement reached
several 'mill ion eulachon. Escapement of chum (Oncorhynchus keta~,
-47
chinook (Q.. tshawytscha), coho (Q. kisutch), pink (Q. gorbuscha),
and red (Q. nerka) salmon occurring in the Susitna River was
monitored at three points on the Susitna River using fishwheels,
Petersen tag-recapture techniques and side scan sonar. Age, length,
weiQht, and fecundity data were collected. Streams and sloughs were
surveyed for salmon spawning activity. Results are presented by
species and river location.
Bering cisco (Coregonus laurettae) were incidentally sampled at
Yentna (TRM 04), Sunshine (RM 80), Talkeetna (RM 103), and Curry (RM
120) stations in 1983. Relative abundance, distribution, and
migrational timing were determined, and age, length, and sex data
were collected. The documented distribution of Bering cisco was
extended from Talkeetna Station (RM 103) to Fourth of July Creek (RM
131.1).l'
48 Schmidt, D.C., 5.5. Hale, D.L. Crawford, and P. Suchanek, editors. 1984.
Resident and juvenile anadromous fish investigations (May-October
1983). Susitna Hydro Aquatic Studies. Report No.2. Alaska
Department of Fish and Game, Anchorage, Alaska.
Report No. 2 includes juvenile salmon and resident species studies
conducted during the period May to October 1983. The majority of
these stud fes took place in the Su s itna Rive r between the Chu 1i tna
River confluence and Devil Canyon. Very limited sampling (primarily
for resident species) was conducted downstream of the Chulitna River
confluence.
-48
The report is divided into seven separate papers addressing topics
from four general subject areas: distribution and relative
abundance, movement and migration, population dynamics, and
habitat/species relationships.
49 Roth, K.J., D.C. Gray, and D.C. Schmidt. 1984. The outmigration of
juvenile salmon from the Susitna River above the Chulitna River
confluence. Part 1 in: D.C. Schmidt, S.S. Hale, D.L. Crawford, and
P.M. Suchanek, editors. Resident and juvenile anadromous fish
investigations (May-October 1983). Susitna Hydro Aquatic Studies.
Report No.2. Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Anchorage,
Alaska.
Population estimates of juvenile chum (Oncorhynchus keta) and
I
\' sockeye (Q.• nerka) salmon were obtained by mark-recapture using a
unique application of half-length coded wire tags. Fry were tagged
at four sloughs and one tributary of the Susitna River between the
Chulitna River confluence and Devil Canyon. Downstream migrant
traps were used to recapture tagged fry during June, July, and
August 1983. Chinook (Q. tshawytscha), coho (Q. kisutch), and pink
(Q. gorbuscha) salmon were also collected during the sampling
season.
50 Dugan, L.J., D.A. Sterritt, and M.E. Stratton. 1984. The distribution ,
and relative abundance of juvenile salmon in the Susitna River
drainage above the Chulitna River confluence. Part 2 in: D.C.
Schmidt, S.S. Hale, D.L. Crawford, and P.M. Suchanek, editors.
Resident and juvenile anadromous fish investigations (May-October
1983). Susitna Hydro Aquatic Studies. Report No.2. Alaska
Department of Fish and Game, Anchorage, Alaska.
Thirty-five sites, representing four macrohabitat types within the
Susitna River drainage, were sampled from May through September 1983
to detennine the seasonal distribution and abundance of juvenile
salmon (Oncorynchus spp.). limited sampling was also conducted
during October and November. Distribution of all species was found
to be significantly related to macrohabitat type and time of year.
51 Suchanek, P.M., R.P. Marshall, S.S. Hale, and D.C. Schmidt. 1984.
Juvenile salmon rearing suitability criteria. Part 3 in: D.C.
\
r Schmidt, 5.S. Hale, D.L. Crawford, and P.M. Suchanek, editors.
Resi dent and juvenil e anadromous fi sh i nvesti gations (May-October
1983). Susitna Hydro Aquatic Studies. Report No.2. Alaska
Department of Fish and Game, Anchorage, Alaska.
Habitat attributes were measured and juvenile salmon (Oncorhynchus
spp.) were sampled at representative sites on the Susitna River
between the Chulitna River confluence and Devil Canyon. Suitability
criteria for percent cover, cover type, velocity, and depth were
developed for juvenile (Q. tshawytscha), coh~(Q. kisutch), sockeye
(Q. nerka), and chum (Q. keta) salmon. Composite weighting factors
were fonnulated and correlated with observed fish catch.
-50
52 Marshall, R.P., P.N. Suchanek, and D.C. Schmidt. 1984. ,!uvenile salmon
rearing habitats models. Part 4 in: D.C. Schmidt, S.S. Hale, D.L.
Crawford, and P.M. Suchanek, editors. Resident and juvenile
anadromous fish investigations U~ay-October 1983). Susitna Hydro
Aquatic Studies. Report No.2. Alaska Department of Fish and Game,
Anchorage, Alaska.
'Using habitat models, the effects of mainstem discharge on rearing
habitat of juvenile salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) in the Susitna River
between the Chul itna River confl uence and Devil Canyon were
quantified. Data collected include hydraulic characteristics,
cover, water quality, water surface area, and fish density.
Weighted usable areas were calculated for selected species at each
site. A habitat index was calculated for site comparisons .
.,
53 Sundet, R.L., and M.N. Wenger. 1984. Resident fish distribution and
population dynamics in the Susitna River below Devil Canyon. Part 5
in: D.C. Schmidt, S.S. Hale, D.L. Crawford, and P.M. Suchanek,
-editors. Resident and juvenile anadromous fish investigations
(May-October 1983). Susitna Hydro Aquatic Studies. Report No.2.
Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Anchorage, Alaska.
Using radio telemetry and mark and recapture methods, the seasonal
distribution of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) and estimates of
local abundance for other resident species were obtained for the
Susitna River between the Chulitna River confluence and Devil
-51
Canyon. Seasonal distribution of round whitefish (Prosopium
cylindraceum), burbot (Lata lata), Arctic grayling (Thymallus
al'cticus), and Dolly Varden (Salvelinus malma) are desc ri bed.
Selected sites were established to monitor catch per unit effort for
resident fish species and their response to flow regulation of the
proposed hydroelectric project.
54 Suchanek, P.M., R.l. Sundet, and M.N. Wenger. 1984. Resident and fish
habitat studies. Part 6 in: D.C. Schmidt, 5.S. Hale, D.L.
Crawford, and P.M. Suchanek, editors. Resident and juvenile
anadromous fi sh i nvestigati ons (May-October 1983). Susitna Hydro
Aquatic Studies. Report No.2. Alaska Department of Fish and Game,
Anchorage, Alaska.
Habitat distribution and suitability were evaluated for rainbow
trout (Salmo gairdneri), Arctic grayling (Thymallus arcticus), round
whitefish (Prosopium cylindraceUlll), and longnose suckers (Catostomus -catostomus) in the 5usitna River drainage between the Chulitna River
confluence and Devil Canyon. Electrofishing, beach seine, and
hook-and-l ine catch data and habitat data were collected at radio
telemetry relocation sites for rainbow trout and burbot (Lata lota)
and at spawning sites (round whitefish). Suitability criteria for
velocity, depth, and object cover were fit to the distribution of
resident fish.
-52
55 Hale, S.S., P.M. Suchanek, and D.C. Schmidt. 1984. Modelling of
juvenile salmon and resident ~ish habitat. Pa rt 7 in: D.C.
-
pl.,""'"
-
Schmidt, 5.5. Hale, D.L. Crawford, and P.M. Suchanek, editors.
Res i dent and juveni 1e anadromous fi sh i nvestigati ons (May-October
1983). Susitna Hydro Aquatic Studies. Report No.2. Alaska
Department of Fish and Game, Anchorage, Alaska.
Instream Flow Group (IFG) hydraulic models were used to evaluate the
effect of mainstem discharge on rearing habitat for juvenile salmon
and resident species at seven sites on the Susitna River between the
Chul itna River confluence and Devil Canyon. Overtopping of side
slough heads by mainstem discharge causes abrupt changes in rearing
habitat which are positive benefit to some species/life stages. and
negative for others.
\ ,
56 Estes, C.C., and O.S. Vincent-Lang, editors. 1984. Aquatic habitat and
instream flow investigations, May-October 1983 (IO volumes:
Chapters 1-10). Susitna Hydro Aquatic Studies. Report No.3.
Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Anchorage, Alaska.
Report No.3 is divided into two parts: Part I (Chapters 1-4),
Hydrological and Water Quality Investigations, is a compilation of
the physical and chemical data collected by the ADF&G Susitna
Hydroelectric Aquatic Studies team during 1983. Part II (Chapters
5-10). Adul t Anadromous Fi sh Habitat Investigations. describes the
subset of available habitat between Cook Inlet and Devil Canyon that
is utilized by adult anadromous fish. Primary emphasis is upon
slough and side channel habitats.
-53
57 Quane, T., P. Morrow, and T. Withrow. 1984. Stage and discharge
investigations. Chapter 1 in: C.C. Estes, and O.S. Vincent-Lang,
,
editors. Aquatic habitat and instream flow investigations,
May-October 1983. Susitna Hydro Aquatic Studies. Report No.3.
Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Anchorage, Alaska.
Baseline hydrological data have been collected within the Susitna
River basin since 1981 in conjunction with the baseline fisheries
studies being conducted by the Alaska Department of Fish and Game
Susitna Hydroelectric Aquatic Studies Feasibility Team. The primary
objective of the data collection program has been to collect
baseline hydrological data (stage/water surface, elevation, stream
flow, and discharge) within th~ variety of ,fish habitats that are
present in the Susitna River basin and to determine the influences
of mainstem discharge conditions on the hydrological characteristics
of these habitats. Although these investigations have been
conducted throughout this large glacially-fed river system, effort
has been concentrated in the reach of river extending from Talkeetna
(RM 97) to Devil Canyon (RM 150) as impacts from the construction
and operation of the proposed hydroelectric development are expected
to be greatest in this river reach.
Six major fishery habitat types are located in the reach of river
from Talkeetna to Devil Canyon; mainstem, side channel, side slough,
upland slough, tributary mouth, and tributary. Sufficient data was
collected to describe the relationship of mainstem discharge on the
-54
water surface elevation of the mainstem at 46 sites. Based cr. these
data, this relationship is fairly well defined for the range of
discharges from 5,000 to 30,000 cfs (as referenced to the USGS Gold
Creek mainstem discharge gaging station). Mainstem dischcrge was
also found to influence, to varying degrees, the hydraulic
characteristics of side channels and side slough habitats by
creating backwater areas and by overtopping the heads of these
habitats. Prior to overtopping events, flow i~ these habitats was
found to be generally clear and low, originating from ground water
upwelling and surface water runoff. Subsequent to overtopping, flow
in these habitats was found to increase dramatically and become
directly governed by mainstem discharge. The heads of upland slough
habitats are never fqund to breach, with the only influence of
rna i nstem di scharge on these habitats being backwater effects. The
\
\ stream flow regimes of the major clearwater tributaries in this
reach were also evaluated to determine the relative contribution of
the tributaries to the overall discharge of the Susitna River
watershed.
Information from these studies will be used by other project
biologists and engineers to evaluate the impact of hydroelectric
development on the Susitna River.
58 Quane. T•• I. Queral. T. Keklak, and O. Seagren. 1984 Channel geometry
investigations of the Susitna River basin. Chapter 2 in: C.C.
Estes. and D.S. Vincent-Lang. editors. Aquatic habitat and instream
-55
flow investigati0n~. May-tober 1983. Susitna Hydro Aquatic
Studies. 3. F,1askd Department of Fi sh and Game,
Anchorage. Alaska.
Channel geometry cata have been collected by the Alaska Department
of Fish and Game Susitna Hydro Aquatic Studies Feasibil ity Study
Team since 1982 at twenty-one side channel, upland and side slough
and tributary habitats located in the Talkeetna to Devil Canyon
reach of the Susitna River. These data have been used to describe
the channel characteristics of these study sites. Thalweg profiles,
depicting the overall gradient, extent of backwater, and sub~trate
composition of the site, were constructed from the data for four
side channels and thirteen upland and side sloughs. Cross section
profiles, illustrating the cross sectional channel characteristics
\
.1
\
and wetted surface area as a response to stage changes, were also
developed for selected stage/discharge monitoring stations within
these study sites. These data are used by other project biologists
and engineers to evaluate the impact of hydroelectric development on
the Susitna River.
59 Keklak, T., and T. Quane. 1984. Continuous water temperature
investigations. Chapter 3 in: C.C. Estes, and D.S. Vincent-Lang.
editors. Aquatic habitat and instream flow investigations,
May-October 1983. Susitna Hydro Aquatic Studies. Report No.3.
Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Anchorage, Alaska.
-56
Surface and intragravel w~ter temperature data have been recorded on
a continuous basis at selected locations throughout the Susitna
River Basin since 1981 JY t'1'~ 1\lil~J:c [Ierartrrent of Fish and Game
Susitna Hydro Aquatic Studies Feasibility Team to characterize the
wa ter temperature regimes of the mains tern Sus itn.a Ri ver and its
peripheral habitats. During the 1983 open water season (May-October
1983) baseline surface and intragravel water temperature data were
recorded in the mainstem Susitna River and its peripheral side
channel, side slough, upland slough, and tributary habitats.
Although data were collected from the estuary (RM 0.0) to above the
Oshetna River (RM 235.7), the study concentrated on the reach of the
river from the Parks Highway Bridge (RM 83.9) to the Oshetna River
(RM 233.4). During the 1983 open water season surface water
temperatures in the mainstem Susitna River generally increased
1
\ downstream from RM 235.7 to RM 103.0. Surface water temperatures
recorded at RM 83.9 were colder reflecting the influences of the
Talkeetna and Chulitna rivers. Intragravel temperatures were
recorded at sites form RM 103.3 to RM 142.3. Warmest intragravel
temperatures were recorded at the most upstream site. The influence
of mainstem temperatures on surface water temperatures in side
-sloughs or side channels resulting from mainstem breaching
discharges was observed in side channels 10, upper 11. and 21, and
in side slough 9 and 21. rntragravel temperatures recorded in side
channels and side sloughs were;.influenced by ground water upwelling
or mainstem temperatures. Variabil ity in intragravel temperatures
recorded within a side channel or side slough was observed in upper
side channel 11 and slough 8A.
-57
Results of these investigations w;il be used to evaluate the
influences that seasonal water te1118eratures have on fish and fish
habitats and to calibrate or validate various temperature models.
60 Sandone, G.,. and T. Quane. 1984. Water cuality investigations. Chapter
,--4 in: C.C. Estes, and D.S. Vincent-Lang, editors. Aquatic habitat
and instream flow investigations, ~ay-October 1983. Susitna Hydro
Aquatic Studies. Report No.3. Alaska Department of Fish and Gamg,
Anchorage, Alaska.
Baseline water quality data have been collected within the Susitna
River basin since 1981 in conjunction with the baseline fisheries
studies being conducted by the Alaska Department of Fish and Game
Susitna Hydroelectric Aquatic Studies Feasibility Team. The primary
objective of the data collection program has been to collect
baseline water quality data (dissolved oxygen, pH, conductivity,
temperature, and turbidity) within the habitats selected for fishery
studies that are present in the Sus;tna River basin and to determine
the influences of mainstem discharge conditions on the water quality
cha racteri st i cs of these hab ita ts. A1 though these invest i ga t ion
have been conducted throughout th~s large glacially-fed river
system, effort has been concentrated in the reach of river extending
from Talkeetna (RM 97) to Devil Canyon (RM 150) as im~acts from the
construction and operation of the proposed hydroelectric development
are expected to be greatest in this river reach.
-58
The 1983 investigations (summarized in this report), concentrated on
mainstem, side channel, side slough and tributary habitats. Water
quality measurements of dissolved oxygen, pH, conductivity and
turbidity were obtained in the mainstem Susitna River and Talkeetna
and Chul itna rivers twice a month on an instantaneous basis except
for the Talkeetna fishwheel and Gold Creek camp stations, which were
monitored daily. Turbidity measurements were obtained from several
side channels and side sloughs in the Ta,lkeetna to Devil Canyon
reach twice a month.
Results of these investigations indicate that water quality in the
mainstem Susitna River is relatively similar among sampling
locations but that specific water quality variables at sampling
locations but that specific water quality variables at sampling
stations change in relation to mainstem discharge. Increased levels
of turbidity in the mainstem were found to correlate to mainstem
discharge, but are assumed to result from suspended sediment
contributed by the Susitna and MaClaren glaciers. Turbidity levels
remain low when glacial melt ceases. Turbidity levels in side
channels and side sloughs were found to be independent of mainstem
discharge prior to breaching of the heads by the mainstem, however,
subsequent to breaching those sites were found to resemble the
turbidity of the mainstem with the controlling factor being the
relative flow contribution of the mainstem to that of the site flow.
Tributary water quality was found to be independent of mainstem
Susitna River discharge and was determined to influence to varying
-59
degrees the water quality conditions of the mainstem depending on
the relative size of the tributary.
Information from these studies will be used by other project
biologists and engineers to evaluate the impact of hydroelectric
development on the Susitna River.
I
I
-60
.. 61 Vincent-Lang, 0.5., and T. Queral. 19811. Eulachon spawning in the lower
Susitna River. Chapter 5 in: C.C. Estes, and 0.5. Vincent-Lang,
editors. Aquatic habitat and instream flow investigations,
May-October 1983. Susitna Hydro Aquatic Studies. Report No.3.
Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Anchorage, Alaska.
Eulachon {Tha1eichthys pacificus [Richardson]} are an anadromous
member of the smelt family. Studies to determine naturally
occurring hydraulic and temperature relationships to eu1achon
inmigration and spawning were initiated by the Alaska Department of
Fish and Game (AOF&G) in 1982 and continued into 1983. These
surveys indicated that eulachon are probably the most abundant
species of fish in the Susitna River. Based on 1981 and 1983 catch
data, eu1achon begin their upstream spawning migration during early
\'
I to mid-May. Two distinct spawning runs of eulachon enter the
Susitna River with no apparent correlation with either mainstem
discharge or temperature. Spawning was found to occur over a broad
range of hydraul ic and substrate conditions along the margins of
mainstem habitats from the mouth of the Susitna River (RM O)
upstream to RM 50.3. Based on a representative number of spawning
sites selected for further evaluation, it appears that similar
physical habitat condition will be present under both decreased and
increased mainstem discharge conditions.
-61
6? Saut'ler, J., L.J. Vining, and L.A. Rundquist. 1984. An evaluatior cO:
~assage conditions for adult salmon in sloughs and side charrE~S of
the middle Susitna River. Chapter 6 in: C.C. Estes, anc C.S.
Vincent-Lang. editors. Aquatic habitat and instrecrr ~low
investigations, ~1ay-October 1983. Susitna Hydro Aquatic Studies.
Report No.3. Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Anchorage,
Alaska.
An interim evaluation of passage conditions for adult Pacific salmon
(Oncorhynchus spp.) into and within twelve slough and side channel
sites in the middle reach of the Susitna River is presented to
detennine the effects of mainstem discharge on passage conditions
into these habitat types. These habitats were selected for
evaluation as they are affected by mainstem Susitna River
" ,I discharges. A final evaluation will be completed in FY 85. The
sites account for the majority of chum, sockeye, and pink salmon
which spawn in sloughs and side channels in this reach. The
evaluation of salmon passage conditions at each site included the
effect of mainstem breaching discharge and backwater stagin9, and
slough flows (local flows) derived from local water sources (e.g.,
upwelling. tributaries, precipitation'. Timing and distribution
patterns of salmon were also evaluated as they relate to passage
conditions and flow patterns in the Susitna River system.
Daily salmon catch data at three fishwheel sites on the m.ainstem
river were compared to mean daily discharge levels. These discharge
-62
data and survey counts of peak numbers of 1ive and dead salmon in
sloughs and side channels indicate that the period from August 20 to
September 20 is a critical period for providing passage into and
within slough and side channel sites from the mainstem Susitna
River. All analyses of passage were therefore restricted to this
time period.
Reaches within the study sites which were -restrictive to salmon
passage (passage reaches) were identified at each site on the basis
of water depth requi rements for passage by salmon. Depth
requi rements for successful passage increased with and increase in
the 1ength of a passage. The ana lyses of breachi ng and backwater
discharges and local flow ~ffects on passage reaches were conducted
independently and their relative importance is reported on a site by
1 site basis. In general, breaching discharges affect all passage
reaches within a site simultaneously; whereas, backwater staging
usually affects only one or two passage reaches in the lower portion
of a site. Local flow requirements may affect all passage reaches,
but vary among sites and among passage reaches. These variations in
local flow requirements are due to spatial variations in sources of
1oca 1 fl ow.
l'
63 Vincent-Lang, D.S., A. Hoffmann, A.E. Bingham, C.C. Estes, D. Hillard, C.
Steward, E.W. Trihey. and S. Crumley. 1984. An evaluation of chum
and sockeye salmon spawning habitat in sloughs and side channels of
the middle Susitna River. Chapter 7 in: C.C. Estes, and D.S.
-63
Vincent-Long" editors. Aquatic habitat and instream flow
invest'gations, May-October 1983. Susitna Hydro Aquatic Studies.
Report No.3. Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Anchorage,
Alaska.
Three sloughs (BA, 9, and 21) and four side channels (10, lower II,
upper 11 and 21) in the middle reach of the Susitna River were
evaluated using an Inst~eam Flow Incremental Methodology (IFIM)
physical habitat simulation (PHABSIM) modelling approach to evaluate
the effects that site flow and mainstem discharge have on chum
(Oncorhynchus ketal and sockeye (Q. nerka) salmon spawning habitat
conditions on these sloughs and side channels are thought to
represent the range of spawning habitat conditions that are present
in the sloughs and side channels of the middle Susitna River which
\ currently support a majority of chum and sockeye salmon spawning in\'
these habitat types.
Ten hydraulic simulation models were calibrated to simulate depths
and velocities associated with a range of site specific flows at
these seven modelling study sites. Comparisons between
corresponding sets of simulated and measured depths and velocities
indicate that the calibrated models provide reliable estimates of
depths and velocities within their recommended calibration ranges.
Habitat suitability criteria for chum and sockeye salmon spawning
for the habitat variables of depth, velocity, substrate, and
upwelling were developed for input into a habitat simulation model.
The suitability criteria 'developed for chum salmon spawning were
-64
based on an analysis of utilization cata as modified using limited
preference data, literature information, and the opinion of project
biologists familiar with middle Susitna River chum salmon stocks.
The spawning suitabil ity criteria constructed for sockeye salmon
were developed using the same analy~ical approach used in the chum
salmon analysis with the exception that no analysis of preference
could be made.
Using a habitat simulation model (HABTAT), the output of hydraul ic
simulation models and the spawning habitat suitability criteria were
linked to project usable area of chum and sockeye salmon spawning
habitat (WUA) as a function of flow for each of the seven modelled
study sites'. Using these relationships and relationships between
site flows and mainstem discharge presented in Chapter 1 of this-
report, the relationships between chum and sockeye salmon spawning
habitat as a function of mainstem discharge for the period of
controlled site flows were also determined for each modelled study
site. These projections of chum and sockeye spawning WUA made at
study sites indicate that spawning habitat usability in sloughs and
side channel s exhibits certain species-specific and site-specific
trends. Generally, projections of I.JUA at study sites peak in the
range mainstem discharges from 20,000 to 35,000 cfs, with the
contra 11 i ng factor appeari ng to be the overtoppi ng of the site by
mainstem discharge and the subsequent control of the site flow by
mainstem discharge. Assuming that the modelled sloughs and side
'channels are representative of other non-modelled sloughs and side
-65
channels in the middle ,-each which currently support spawning, the
theoretical maximum WUA for slough and side channel habitats in the
middle river reach would occur slightly after the mainstem discharge
overtops and control s the hydraul ics at a maximum number of these
habitats. Based on a review of time series plots of WUA over time
. of each study site, however, flows at study sites which currently
support chum and sockeye spawning are only infrequently controlled
by mainstem discharge. For this reason, the WUA at study sites._
remains relatively low and stable during the period of peak spawning
activity (August through September), except during flood events.
There appears to be a general positive correlation between projected
WUA and habitat use at study sites.
64 Sandone, G., O.S. Vincent-Lang, and A. Hoffmann. 1984. Evaluation of
:' chum salmon spawning habitat in selected tributary mouth habitats on
the middle Susitna River. Chapter 8 in: C.C. Estes, and D.S.
Vincent-Lang, editors. Aquatic habitat and instream flow
investigations, May-October 1983. Susitna Hydro Aquatic Studies.
Report No.3. Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Anchorage,
Alaska.
Two tributary mouths (Lane Creek and Fourth of July Creek) located
in the middle reach of the Susitna River were evaluated to determine
the influence that mainstem discharge has on the quantity and
quality of chum (OncorhynchUS keta~ salmon spawning habitat. During
the 1983 field season, chum salmon were observed spawning in the
-66
clean-lilter plume of Fourth of July Creek, but not within the Lane
Creek mouth area. At each study site, the location and surface area
of available and usable chum salmon spawning habitat was determined.
Available habitat surface area was positively correlated to changes
in mainstem discharge at both tributary mouth study sites, whereas
usable chum salmon spawning habitat increased with increasing
mainstem discharge only at the Fourth of July Creek mouth area. The
surface area of usable chum salmon spawning habitat within the Lane
Creek mouth decreased as mainstem discharge increased. This
difference in usable surface area responses is likely related to the
different type of confluence area of each site. Lane Creek flows
directly into the mainstem while Fourth of July Creek empties into a
side channel. Spawning activity could not be observed beyond the
clearwater plume at the Fourth of July mouth area due to high
\
\
' mainstem turbidities. Because of this, the importance of the
clearwater plume in determining the area of usable chum salmon
spawning habitat at tributary mouth habitats could not be
ascertained. If it is subsequently determined that chum salmon
spawning does take place outside of the clearwater plume area of
tributary mouths, the frequency distribution of spawning depths and
velocities reported herein is likely biased towards shallower and
slower waters.
65 Vincent-Lang, D.S., A. Hoffmann, A.E. Bingham, and C.C. Estes. 1984.
Habitat suitability criteria for chinook, coho, and pink salmon
spawning in tributaries of the middle Susitna River. Chapter 9 in:
-67
C.L Estes, and D.S. Vincent-Lanq, editors. Aquatic habitat and
instream flow investigations, May-October 19R3. Susitna Hydro
Aquatic Studies. Report No.3. Alaska Department of Fish and Game,
Anchorage, Alaska.
Utilization data for the habitat variables of depth, velocity~ and
substrate composition were collected at chinook (Oncorhynchus
tshawytscha) salmon spawning sites in selected tributaries of the
middle reach of the Susitna River. These data were modified using
statistical methods and the professional judgements of project
biologists familiar with Susitna River chinook salmon stocks to
develop suitability criteria for chinook salmon spawning in
tributaries of the middle Susitna River. These criteria show that
depths ranging from 0.5 to 4.0 feet; mean water column velocities
ranging from 0.3 to 4.5 feet/second; and, substrates ranging from
small gravels to cobbles are suitable for chinook salmon spawning in
these habitats. Suitability criteria were also developed for coho
(Q. kisutch) and pink (Q. gorbuscha) salmon spawning in tributaries
of the middle Susitna River based on 1 iterature information as
modified using the professional judgements of project biologists
famil iar with Susitna River coho and pink salmon stocks. These
criteria show that depths ranging from 0.3 to 4.0 feet; mean water
column velocities ranging from 0.1 to 4.0 feet/second; and,
substrates ranging from sand intermixed with small gravels to large
rubbles are suitable for pink salmon spawning in these habitats.
The criteria developed for coho salmon spawning in these habitats
show the range of depths from 0.3 to 4.0 feet; mean water column
{i~
-68
velocities from 0.1 to 4.0 feet/second; and, substrates :'rol' sand
intermixed with small gravel to large rubbles are suitc~le fat'
spawning in tributaries of the middle Susitna River. Suggested
applications and limitations of these suitability criteria are
discussed.
66 Sandone, G., and C.C. Estes. 1984. Evaluations of the effectiveness of
applying infrared imagery techniques to detect upwelling ground
water. Chapter 10 in: C.C. Estes, and 0.5. Vincent-Lang. editors.
~
Aquatic habitat and instream flow investigations, May-October 1983 .
•-Susitna Hydro Aquatic Studies. Report No.3. Alaska Department of
Fish and Game, Anchorage, Alaska.
Studies by the Alaska Department of Fish and Game Susitna
Hydroelectric Aquatic Studies Team suggest that upwell ing ground
water is one of the principal variables influencing the suitability
of habitat for chum (Oncorhynchus ketal salmon spawning in the
middle reach of the Susitna River (ADF&G 1983). Three infrared heat
sensing devices (Hughes Probeye, Xedar Pyroscan, and AGA
Thermovision) were tested to evaluate the feasibility of using
infrared thermal imagery as a remote sensing technique for detecting
and quantifying the amount of upwelling ground water in slough
habitats of the Susitna River. Results of these investigations
indicate that the application of infrared heat sensing devices for
locating upwelling is contingent on a host of environmental
conditions and the level of detail desired. Areas of upwelling
-69
ground water and their relative magnitude were identifi-ed using
these techniques; however, some areas known to have upwelling based
on ground truthing surveys were not detected. This inconsistency is
due to the wide variety of environmental conditions that occur
within the Susitna River combined with the physical 1 imitations of
the technology. For these reasons, it is doubtful whether this
technique can be applied on a large scale for the detection and
quantification of upwelling areas.
67 Schmidt, D.C., C.C. Estes, D.L. Crawford, and D.S. Vincent-Lang, editors.
1984. Access and transmission corridor aquatic investigations
(May-October 1983). Susitna Hydro Aquatic Studies. Report No. 4
Alaska Department of Fish and Ga~e, Anchorage, Alaska.
\ This report consists of two parts. Part 1 provides information "
collected during the open water field season on the aquatic habitat
and fish resources within the proposed access and transmission
corridors for the Susitna Hydroelectric Project. Part 2 analyzes
the potential effect of an expended sport fishery on Arctic grayling
(Thymallus arcticus) in tributaries of the upper Susitna basin.
68 Sautner, J.S., and M.E. Stratton. 1984. Access and transmission
corridor studies. Part 1 in: D.C. Schmidt, C.C. Estes, D.L.
Crawford, and D.S. Vincent-Lang, editors. Access and transmission
corridor aquatic investigations (July-October 1983). Susitna Hydro
Aquatic Studies, Anchorage, Alaska.
-70
Construction Df the proposed access and transmission corridors (ATC)
associated with the development of the Susitna Hydroelectric Project
may affect the aquatic habitat and fish resources along these
routes. Studies were conducted by the Alaska Department of Fish and
Game during a portion of the 1983 open water field season to provide
infonnation on the aquatic habitat and fish resources within the
proposed corridors to enable project participants to assess
potential impacts on these resources from cons.truction activities.
Forty-two proposed stream crossing sites and ten lake habitats were
sampl ed within the ATC study area. Three study reaches of Deadman
Creek, which closely parallels the ATC, were also sampled. A total
of 13 fish species were found to inhabit the streams and lakes
within th~ ATC study area. Arctic grayling (Thymallus 'arcticus),
Dolly Varden (Salvelinus malma), and lake trout (Salvelinus
\'
\ namaycush) were the major sport fish species identified within these
habita ts. Genera 1 water quality (dissolved oxygen, pH,
conductivity, and water temperature), discharge, and substrate data
were collected at stream crossing study sites. Selected physical
and chemical data were collected in Deadman Lake. Population
estimates were generated for Arctic grayling within the three study
reaches of Deadman Creek. Among the impacts which could result from
development of the ATC, the increase in sport fishing pressure, due
to the increased access to the area, may have the greatest effect on
various sport fish species within the study area. The increase in
sport fishing pressure may result in reduced number and sizes of
-71
fish species such as Arctic grayling, Oolly Varden, and lake trout.
Other impacts which may occur at proposed stream crossing sites
include alterations of stream hydraulics, deterioration of water
quality, and removal or shifting of substrates.
69 Schmidt, D.C .• and M.E. Stratton. 1984. Population dynamics of Arctic
grayling in the upper Susitna Basin. Part 2 in: D.C. Schmidt. C.C.
Estes, O.l. Crawford, and O. S. Vi ncent-Lang. editors. Access and
transmission corridor aquatic investigations (July-October 1983).
P"~
Susitna Hydro Aquatic Studies, Anchorage. Alaska.
The effects of an anticipated sport fishery for Arctic gray1 ing
(Thymal1us arcticus) on the tributary streams of the upper Susitna
basin are examined by modelling the effects of hypothetical harvest.
The increased levels of mortality created by a sport fishery cause a
rapid shift in the age structure and consequently the size of the
fish caught. To maintain a "trophy ll fishery on a sustained yield
basis. a catch and release fishery appears to be warranted. Under
the assumptions of the model. the total number of all fish caught is
not substantially reduced with comparatively high levels of fishing.
Possible explanations of the differences in population structures of
the Deadman Creek drainage and the impoundment tributaries are
discussed.
70 Alaska Department of Fish and Game (ADF&G). 1985 (in preparation).
Susitna Aquatic Studies Procedures Manual (June 1984-June 1985).
-72
Susitna Aquatic Studies Program. Alaska Department of Fish and
Game, Anchorage, Alaska.
,~
71 Keklak, T., and T. Quane. 1985a. Continuous water temperature
investigations. Susitna Aquatic Studies Program. Task 32 Support
Technical Report. Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Anchorage,
Alaska.
,Surface water temperatures were collected at 15 mainstem and 8
tributary sites on the Susitna River during the 1984 open water
season. Continuous recordings were made with either Peabody-Ryan
model J-90 temperature recorders, or Omnidata two channel, data pod
recorders. Data is presented in tables and plots. The data will be
used by the Arctic Environmental and Information Data Center (AEIDC)
"'"'
in a temperature modelling study.
72 Estes, C.C., J. Sautner, and D.S. Vincent-Lang, editors. 1985 Winter
aquatic investigations, September 1983-May 1984 (2 volumes).
Susitna Aquatic Studies Program. Report No.5. Alaska Department
of Fish and Game, Anchorage, Alaska.
Report No. 5 provides results of the 1983-84 winter studies
conducted by the Alaska Department of Fish and Game to evaluate and
compa re ex is t i ng chum (Oncorhynchus I<eta) sa 1mon i ncuba t i on
conditions in selected slough, side channel, tributary, and mainstem
habitats of the Susitna River between Talkeetna and Devil Canyon (RM
-73
98-15?). The types of data presented include development and
survival data for chum salmon embryos, surface and intragravel water
qual ity data (pH, conductivity, temperature, and dissolved oxygen),
and substrate composition data. The report is bound in two volumes.
Volume 1 presents an evaluation of the incubation life phase of chum
salmon in the middle Susitna River. Volume 2 presents an
independent evaluation of the surface and intragravel water
temperature conditions at incubation study sites as well as other
monitoring sites.
73 Vining, l.J., J.S. Blakely, and G.M. Freeman. 1985. An evaluation of
the incubation life-phase of chum salmon in the middle Susitna
River. Volume 1 in: C.C. Estes, J. Sautner, D.S. Vincent-lang,
editors. Winter aquatic investigations (September 1983-May 1984).
Susitna Aquatic Studies Program. Report No.5. Alaska Department
of Fish and Game, Anchorage, Alaska.
An evaluation of the pattern of survival and development and chum
(Oncorhynchus keta) salmon embryos incubated in artificial redds in
slough, side channel, tributary, and mainstem habitats of the middle
Susitna River was conducted in conjunction with an assessment of the
currently available chum salmon incubation habitat conditions within
these habitat types. Chum salmon eggs obtained from local stocks
were artificially fertil ized, placed within modified Whitlock-Vibert
Boxes (WVB1s) and then implanted in artificial redds in the
streambed at selected study sites. At each of these sites, a
-74
polyvinyl chloride standpipe was also installed to obtain
instantaneous intragravel vlater quality measurements of temperature,
dissolved oxygen, pH, and conductivity which were later correlated
to the percent survival of embryos (loa percent hatched) at each
site. In addition, representative substrate samples were obtained
at selected study sites using a modified McNeil substrate sampler to
characterize the substrate conditions present at incubation study
sites.
The survival rates of embryos in slough, side channel and tributary
habitats were 17, 9, and 11 percent, respectively. Survival of
embryos in mainstem habitat was 19 percent but did not reflect the
effects of dewatering and freezing due to a difference in the method
of site location. Thus, estimates of percent survival for this
habitat type are probably higher than would be expected for natural
conditions.
The 1argest demonstrated cause of embryo mortality at study si tes
was due to dewatering and subsequent freezi ng of the streambed.
Greater than 47 percent of the total number of WVB's used to
estimate survival became frozen. This effect was greatest in side
channels and least in sloughs, and was observed to be directly
related to the presence and quantity of upwelling water. Areas
parti cul arly vul nerabl e to the effects of dewatering and freezing
include large portions of side channel habitats as well as the mouth
areas of slough and tributary habitats which may lack sources of
upwelling water.
-75
A quantitative analysis of the effect of each variable on survival
was hampered by the hi gh embryo marta 1i ty due to dewa ret"i ng and
subsequent freezing of substrate. When frozen embryos were removed
from the survival data base, no significant correlations were
obtained between measured water quality variables and percent
survival of embryos (p 0.5). However, the correlation between
dissolved oxygen (mg/l) and percent survival of embryos decreased to
zero at dissolved oxygen concentrations below 3.0 mg/1. The percent
survival of embryos was also correlated to the percent of fine
substrate particles ( 0.08 in. diameter) contained within WVB's.
Although there was no significant correlation, the percent survival
of embryos decreased to zero when the percent of fines exceeded 18
percent.
The rate of embryonic development at study sites was found to be
strongly influenced by the degree of upwelling present. Chum salmon
embryos which were fertilized on August 26, 1983, and incubated in
an upwelling area in a side channel, reached the 100 percent hatch
in late December, whereas those incubated in a non-upwelling area in
the ma,instem Susitna River experienced delayed development and did
not reach 100 percent hatch until mid-April. There~ore, the
presence of upwelling water in middle Susitna River habitats appears
-to be a key component which maintains the integrity of chum salmon
incubation habitats by preventing substrate from dewatering and
freezing and by maintaining suitable incubation temperatures which
allow embryos to develop properly.
-76
A comparison of the rates of ~ situ embryo development observed in
this study to those observed in the laboratory study of Wangaard and
Burger (1983) was hampered by problems encountered with temperature
recorders installed at each site. Incomplete temperatures records
were obtained at study sites used to compare thennal unit
requirements for development. However, based on a quantitative
assessment of development data collected in these study sites and a
previous ADF&G study (ADF&G 1983), it is the opinion of the authors
that the predictive equation of Wangaard and Burger are an adequate
model to use in predicting rates of churn salmon development of the
middle Susitna River.
74 Keklak, 1., and T. Quane. 1985b.. Appendix F: Winter temperature data.
Volume 2 in: C.C. Estes, J. Sautner, O.S. Vincent-Lang, editors.
,I . Winter aquatic investigations (September 1983-May 1984). Susitna
Aquatic Studies Program. Report No.5. Alaska Department of Fish
and Game, Anchorage, Alaska.
Surface and/or intragravel water temperature was monitored on a
continuous basis at 20 selected sites along the Susitna River
between Talkeetna and Devil Canyon duri ng the 1983-84 wi nter fi el d
season.
Sites were located at: LRX 9, lRX 29, LRX 57, slough 8A, 9, 10, 11,
and 21, side channel 10, 11, and 21, Fourth of July Creek, Deadhorse
Creek, Indian River, and mainstem Susitna at RM 136.1.
-77
Similar surface water temperature patterns were exhibited at all
mainstem locations except LRX 9, site 3 where beginning in April,
temperatures were warmer and more variable than those at LRX 29 and
57. This was probably due to ground water upwelling.
Surface water temperatures generally decreased to approximately O°C
by October and remained near O°C through May when they began to
increase. Intragrave1 water temperatures at mainstem sites remained
stable through the winter until mid-May.
Temperatures were recorded at one mainstem site in support of the
chum salmon (Oncorhynchus ketal incubation study. Intragravel
temperatures averaged near ooe until mid-April when they began to
increase. Ground water upwe 11 i ng was not evi dent. Surface
temperatures during the period March 2-May 3 ranged from -O.l°C to
2.0°C. Temperatures recorded within side channel sites were often
dissimilar, reflecting the influences of various ground water
sources.
Surface water temperatures generally followed similar trends at all
slough sites except lower slough 8A. At that site, temperatures
were similar to those recorded in the mainstem. surface water
temperatures at other sites were generally warmer, rangi ng from
approximately IOC to 2°C. Intragravel temperature trends varied,
reflecting different ground water sources.
-78
Surface and intragravel temperctures measured at Fourth of July
Creek and Indian River fol1owed a trend similar to the mainstem.
Temperatures were recorded at Deadhorse Creek in support of the
mitigation evaluation study. They remained near O"C through March
and then began to increase and daily fluctuations of up to 3.5°C
were observed.
75 Quane. T.• P. Morrow, and I. Queral. 1985a. Hydrological investigations
at selected lower Susitna River study sites. Susitna Aquatic
Studies Program. Task 36 Support Technical Report. Alaska
Department of Fish and Game, Anchorage, Alaska.
This technical'memorandum provides hydraulic data for May-October
1984 to be used in the Task 36 lower River Instream Flow Incremental
\ ' Methodology (IFIM) rearing habitat modelling study. The
relationship of mainstem Susitna River discharge to side channel and
slough stage, stream flow, breaching and backwater conditions was
monitored. The data will be used to model changes in salmon rearing
habitat as a function of mainstem discharge.
76 Quane. T., P. Morrow, and I. Queral. 1985a. Hydrological investigations
at selected lower Susitna River study sites. Susitna Aquatic
Studies Program. Task 14 Support Technical Report. Alaska
Department of Fish and Game. Anchorage, Alaska.
I"'F'
-79
~-This report provides hydraul ic data to support the Task J4 Lower
River Resident and Juvenile Habitat modelling study. In May-October
,,~
1984. 19 side channel and slough sites were evaluated for the
relationship of mainstem discharge to stream flow. stage, and
(."'ffl"
backwater. Rating curves were developed for six side channel sites.
Thalweg and cross section profiles were surveyed to describe channel
geometry at all sites. Mainstem discharge at USGS Sunshine Station
ranged from 6.000-104.000 cfs. Initial and controlling breaching
discharges were estimated for the study sites.
77 Barrett, B.M., F.M. Thompson, and S.N. Wick, editors. 1985. Adult
salmon investigations: May-October 1984. Susitna Aquatic Studies
Program. Report No.6. Alaska Department of Fish and Game,
Anchorage. Alaska.
\
(
This report presents escapement estimates for the Susitna River for
chum (Oncorhynchus keta). chinook (Q. tshawytscha), sockeye (Q.
nerka), pink (Q. gorbuscha), and coho (Q. kisutch) salmon.
Fishwheels were operated at four locations between the confluence of
the Chulitna River (RM 0.0) and Devil Canyon (RM 161.0). Fish were
tagged with Petersen di scs or Floy FT -4 spaghetti tags to monitor
migration upstream. Samples from each location monitored age, sex,
-fork length, and length of fish. A fishwheel and side scan sonar
were also operated at one location on the Yentna River. An
escapement of 5.4 million salmon into the Susitna was estimated
using the Petersen index.
-80
Spawning surveys were performed by visual. identification of spawning
pairs, redds, or incubating eggs. Spawning sites were mapped and
described by channel morphology, substrate, and ground water.
Escapement and spawning results and described by location and
species.
78 Schmidt, D.C., 5.5. Hale, and D.L. Crawford, editors. 1985. Resident
and juvenile anadromous fish investigations (May-October 1984) • .
Susitna Aquatic Studies Program. Report No.7. Alaska Department
of Fish and Game, Anchorage, Alaska.
This report covers studies of juvenile salmon and resident species
of the Susitna River during the period May through October 1984. In
addition, some information is included on overwintering of resident
fish radio-tagged in 1983. The majority of the effort during the
1984 open water season was on the lower river (from the mouth to the
Chulitna River confluence). No studies were conducted above Devil
Canyon.
I'
79 Roth, K.J., and M.E. Stratton. 1985. The migration and growth of
juvenile salmon in the Susitna River. Part 1 in: D.C. Schmidt,
S.S. Hale, and D.L. Crawford, editors. Resident and juvenile
anadromous fish investigations (May-October 1984). 5usitna Aquatic
Studies Program. Report No.7. Alaska Department of Fish and Game,
Anchorage, Alaska.
-81
Studies of s~lmon spawning, embryo incubation, and juvenile rearins
are all critical in understanding the current life history ant
habitat dynamics of salmon in the Susitna River. However, the final
measure of the value of a reach of ri ver to the freshwater 1i fe
stages of salmon is the number .and condition of the fry which
outmigrate from the reach to the ocean. Baseline data on salmon
outmigration have been collected at Talkeetna Station (RM 103.0) for
the past three years. The data from 1982 and 1983 have shown that a
substantial number of chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). coho (Q.
kisutch). and sockeye (Q. nerka) fry outmigrate from the middle
river during their first summer. Because the majority of returning
adults have spent at 1east one wi nter reari ng in freshwater. an
important question was whether these age 0+ fish overwintered in the
lower river or had a low survival rate. To help answer this
\
\ ' question, outmigrant traps were also operated near the mouth of the
Susitna River (RM 22.4) during 1984. Mark and recapture studies
gave population estimates for chum and sockeye fry (marked by coded
wire tags) in the Susitna River above Talkeetna Station (middle
river) and for chinook fry (marked by cold branding) in Indian River
and other rearing sites. The cold branding study also monitored
outmigration timing from Indian River and obtained estimates of
juvenile chinook residence time in mainstem rearing areas. The
Talkeetna River and Deshka River were intermittently sampled to help
explain the mainstem outmigrant trap data. A portion of the age 0+
chinook fry apparently outmigrate from the middle river upon
reaching a critical size but a large number remain to overwinter and
-82
then> outmigrate during their second summer. Coho fry outmigrate at
a wider range of lengths than chinook fry so the cumulative biomass
of coho fry lags behind the cumulative numbers of individuals by one
or two weeks. Age 0+ chinook and coho fry grow about 30 mm in
1ength duri ng the open water season. Juveni..l e sockeye sa lmon appear
to seek out lake-like rearing areas at a size of about 50 mm. The
limited amount of this habitat type in the middle river is the major
influence on their redistribution to the lower river. The estimated
1984 middle river population size was about 300,000 for age 0+
sockeye and 2,040,000 for chum fry. Chum fry rearing in the middle
river demonstrated by their growth and by analysis of stomach
contents.
80 Hale, 5.5. 1985. Time series analysis of discharge, turbidity, and
juvenile salmon outmigrationin the Susitna River, Alaska. Appendix
C of Part 1 in: D.C. Schmidt, 5.5. Hale, and D.L. Crawford,
editors. Resident and juvenile anadromous fish investigations
(May-October 1984). Susitna Aquatic Studies Program. Report No.7.
Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Anchorage, Alaska.
-83
81 Suchanek, P.M., K.J. Kuntz, and J.P. McDonnell. 1985. The relative
abundance, distribution, and instream flow relationships of juvenile
salmon in the lower Susitna River. Part 2 in: D.C. Schmidt, 5.5.
Hale, and D.L. Crawford, editors. Resident and juvenile anadromous
fish investigations (May-October 1984). Susitna Aquatic Studies
Program. Report No.7. Alaska Department of Fish and Game,
Anchorage, Alaska.
Juvenile salmon abundance and distribution were studied in the lower
Susitna River (below the Chul itna River confl uence) and juvenil e
salmon rearing habitat was modelled at 20 sites within the reach.
Chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), chum (Q. keta), and sockeye (Q.
nerka) salmon juveniJes made use of side channels; however, high
turbidity limited use of side channels located in the Chulitna River
\
\' plume. Coho salmon juveniles were found primarily in tributary
mouths; sockeye, chinook and chum salmon also were present in these
areas. Sloughs, which were limited in occurrence, were not used
heavily by any of the salmon species.
Both tributary mouths and side channel/slough sites were modelled
using one of two habitat models. At tributary mouths, an increase
in weighted usable area with a rise in mainstem discharge resulted
from the formation of backwater areas which led to lower velocities
and an expansion of the area and amount of cover inundated. At side
channels, chinook weighted usable area increased after overtopping
-84
due to a gain in cover suitability (turbidity', velocity, and area.
The weighted usable area t-esponse to a rise in mainstem discharge
for sockeye and chum salmon juveniles at side channels was also
usually positive. Habitat indices at side channels for chinook,
chum, and sockeye juveniles at mainstem discharges and side Ghannel
flows above the overtopping discharge declined as velocities became
unsuitably high. Weighted usable area for these species did not
always decline at high discharges, however, because of the
compensating effect of a larger surface area.
82 Anderson, J., J. Bigler, and A.G. Hoffmann. 1985. Hydraulic models for
use in assessing the rearing habitat of juvenile salmon in six side
channels of the lower Susitna River. Appendix D of Part 2 in: D.C.
Schmidt, S.S. Hale, and D.L. Crawford, editors. Resident and
,I juvenile anadromous fish investigations (May-October 1984). Susitna
Aquatic Studies Program. Report No.7. Alaska Department of Fish
and Game, Anchorage, Alaska.
Six side channels (Island, Mainstem West Bank, Circular, Sauna,
Sunset, and Trapper Creek) in the lower reach of the Susitna River
were evaluated using an Instream Flow Incremental Methodology (IFIM)
physical habitat simulation (PHABSIM) modelling approach to describe
-the effects that site flow and mainstem discharge have on rearing
juvenile salmon habitat. These sites were thought to contain
potential habitat for rearing juvenile salmon and were chosen to
range greatly in size, shape, and overtopping discharge.
-85
Six hydraulic simulation models (either IFG-2 or IFG-4) were
calibrated to simulate depths and velocities associated with a range
of site-specific flows at the six modelling study sites.
Comparisons between corresponding sites of simulated and measured
depths and velocities indicated that the models provide reliable
estimates of depths and velocities within their recommended
calibration ranges.
The recorrrnended of ranges of rnainstem Susitna River discharge over
which these models can hydraulically simulate the habitat of rearing
juvenile salmon are: Island Side Channel from 35,000 to 70,000cfs
mainstem discharge; Mainstem West Bank Side Channel from 18,000 to
48,000 cfs; Circular Side Channel from 36,000 to 63,000 cfs; Sauna
Side Channel from 44,000 to 63,000 cfs; Sunset Side Channel from
32,000 to 67,000 cfs; and Trapper Creek Side Channel from 20,000 to
66,000 cfs.
83 Sundet, R.L., and S.D. Pechek. 1985. Resident fish distribution and
life history in the Susitna River below Devil Canyon. Part 3 in:
D.C. Schmidt, $.5. Hale, and D.L. Crawford, editors. Resident and
juvenile anadromous fish investigations (May-October 1984). Susitna
Aquatic Studies Program. Report No.7. Alaska Department of Fish
and Game, Anchorage, Alaska.
Studies of resident fish were conducted in both the lower (below
Chulitna River confluence) and middle (Chulitna River confluence to
-86
Devil Canyon) Susitna River in 1984. The primary objectives in the
middle river were to determine the seasonal distribution, timing of
spawning, and spawning areas of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri), and
to monitor 13 index sites as part of the long term monitoring
effort. Most of the rainbow trout data was collected by use of
radio telemetry. Results showed that rainbow trout are relatively
few in numbers and that spawning occurs at selected areas which are
influenced by lakes. Much of the rainbow trout population in the
middle river probably originates in lakes which drain into middle
river tributaries. Rainbow trout were abundant in lakes located at
the headwaters of Fourth of July Creek and in the upper reaches of
Portage Creek. Rainbow trout were also found to use Portage Creek
more extensively than previously thought. Spawning occurred during
the first week of June. All rainbow trout moved out of tributaries
by early October (probably triggered by low fall discharges), and
most overwintered in the mainstem Susitna River slightly downstream
(0.1-4.0 miles) of the tributary where they were captured. Other
mi ddl e river studies suggest Arctic grayl ing (Thymall us arcticus)
overwinter in the mainstem Susitna then ascend and spawn in
tributaries in late May. Arctic grayling also outmigrated from
tributaries at the same time as rainbow trout. Catch data at middle
river index sites in 1984 were similar to 1982 and 1983 findings.
Studies in the lower river reinforced the belief that some humpback
whi tefi sh (Coregonus pidschi an) are anadromous, and that rainbow
trout and Arctic grayling outmigrate from most east side tributaries
in September. Lower river studies also found that burbot (Lata
lata) move into the Oeshka River in mid-September.
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84 Hansen, T.F., and J.e. Richards. 1985. AvailabilHy of invertebrate
food sources for rearing juvenile chinook salmon in turbid Susitna
River habitats. Susitna Aquatic Studies Program. Report No.8.
Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Anchorage, Alaska.
-Benthic and drifting invertebrates were sampled from May through
October 1984 to evaluate available fish food resources and the gain
and loss of benthic invertebrate habitat resulting from changes in
flow. Four side channel and side slough sites were sampled at head
and mid-section locations using drift nets and modified Hess type
samplers. Juvenile chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) salmon were
also sampled using electrofishing techniques to correlate the
available food sources being utilized.
"
\ A total of 52 invertebrate taxa were identified in drift and benthic
samples, with Chironomidae being the dominant taxa. The proportions
of numbers of invertebrates found in the stomachs of juvenile
chinook salmon were closely correlated with the proportions of
invertebrates available in the drift. Drift samples collected under
breached conditions indicated that invertebrates were being
transported from the mainstem into the side channels and side
sloughs. The quantity of drifting invertebrates in side channels
and side sloughs under unbreached conditions was negligible compared
to the drift under breached conditions when total drift was
considered.
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Habitat suitability criteria were developed and weighted usable area
was estimated for invertebrates which were common to drift, benthos,
and the diet of juvenile chinook salmon by behavioral type (i.e .•
burrower, swimmer, clinger, and sprawler). The densities of each of
the behavioral types generally correlated with water velocity and
substrate type. Depth of water did not appear to be an important
factor influencing and density of organisms. Water velocities less
than 0.4 feet/second and substrates comprised of silts and sands
generally supported the highest mean densities of burrowers which
were made up primarily of Chironomidae. Rubble substrates with
components of large gravel or cobble and water velocities between
1.6 feet/second and 2.6 feet/second generally supported the highest
mean densities of swimmers and c1 ingers. Sprawlers did not appear
to preferentially utilize any particular substrate or water
\ velocity.f
Projected weighted usable area for each of the behavioral types was
clearly a function of mainstem discharge. The minimum controlling
mainstem discharge for each of the study sites generally produced
the greatest amount of burrower habitat weighted usable area. The
maximum amount of weighted usable area for swimmer, clinger, and
sprawler habitat at all study sites was reached at a mainstem
discharge above 25,000 cfs.
In conclusion, naturally fluctuating mainstem flows which
occasionally inundated sampling sites appeared to maintain a diverse
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benthic fauna and appeared to provide drifting food organisms within
sampling sites, thereby contributing to the overall rearing
1"'0"""
potential of these sites for juvenile chinook salmon.
85 Hoffmann, A.G. 1985. Summary of salmon fishery data for selected middle
Susitna River sites (1981-84). Susitna Aquatic Studies Program.
Report No.9. Alaska Department of Fish and Game. Anchorage,
Alaska.
The fishery data collected by the Alaska Department of Fish and Game
on the Susitna River is a necessary component for use in evaluating
effects of variations in natural flow regimes on the life history
cycles of the various species present. These data, used in
conjunction with the hydraulic data now available for the river,
provide the basis for recommending various flow regimes, mitigation
options, etc. for the proposed hydroelectric development with
respect to the fishery. This report indexes the fishery data
collected by a variety of ADF&G studies under one cover in order to
better facilitate this process.
86 Blakely, J.S., J.S. Sautner, L.A. Rundquist, and N.E. Bradley. 1985.
Salmon passage validation studies (August-October 1984). Susitna
Aquatic Studies Program. Addendum to Report No.3. Chapter 6.
Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Anchorage, Alaska.
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An interim evaluation of the effects that mainstem discharge and
local flow have on passage conditions for adult salmon at selected
slough and side channel habitats of the middle reach of the Susitna
River was previously presented in Sautner et a1. (1984). Due to the
limited data available for this interim evaluation, the Passage
Val idation Studies (PVS) were initiated during the 1984 open water
field season to collect additional physical and biological data to
re-evaluate the passage criteria and the local flow and mainstem
discharge values required for successful and unsuccessful salmon
passage within these habitats. In addition, the methodologies used
,~ for the backwater and local flow analyses were revised to reflect
the add i tiona 1 da ta which were call ected . Phys i ca 1 da ta co 11 ected
included ~hannel cross section and thalweg profiles, substrate
assessments, and local flow measurements. Biological data consisted
\
r of salmon passage criteria based on visual observations of adult
chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) movement in selected slough and side
channel habitats.
The salmon passage criteria previously presented in Sautner et al.
(1984) were re-eva 1uated and revi sed based on these data us i ng a
modified analytical approach. The revised analysis resulted in the
development of a single set of salmon passage criteria thresholds
for defining successful and unsuccessful passage conditions at study
sites. A total of 85 passage reaches were identified at slough and
side channel sites during the 1984 PVS compared to 74 passage
reaches identified in Sautner et al. (l984). Using the revised
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~riteria thresholds as guidelines, a re-evaluation of the breaching,
backwater, and local flow analyses for these passage reaches
indicates that mainstem discharge and local flow requirements for
successful and unsuccessful passage are similar to values previously
established. The most significant differences occurred in the
backwater analysis for some sites, where required mainstem
discharges decreased over 1,000 cfs. Water depth was determined to
be the primary physical variable affecting passage conditions at
passage reaches; passage conditions were not greatly affected by
changes in passage reach length. Variations in channel
configuration and substrate size were assumed to have a negligible
influence on the salmon passage criteria. The revised passage
criteria thresholds are based on an upper thalweg depth of 0.5 feet
thereby voiding all previous analyses that utilized 0.67 feet as the
upper limit of thalweg depth.
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