HomeMy WebLinkAboutAPA4153FY85 ADULT ANADROMOUS FISHERIES STUDY
PROCEDURES MANUAL -DRAFT
TK
1425
.S8
A68
no.4153
FY85 Adult Anadromous Fisheries Study Procedures Manual
Draft
Alaska Library Resources and Information Services (ARLIS) has numbered this document "RTS
23 draft" for the Susitna Hydroelectric Project collection, since it is related to the actual
document numbered "RTS 23", described below.
The document Adult Anadromous Studies Procedures Manual (June 1984-June 1985) is
numbered "RTS 23" in Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Susitna Aquatic Studies,
Divisions of Sport and Commercial Fisheries Publications Annotated Bibliography. That
document is identified as a draft and unpublished report, but no copy has not been found.
Christopher Estes created a file containing that bibliography and the title page of each report
listed in it. That file contained a handwritten title page for RTS 23, but it is possible that that
handwritten page was actually a placeholder page. ARLIS added that title page in front of the
text in this document in order to preserve the historical record of the document's existence.
According to the bibliography and to Christopher Estes, that document consisted of excerpts
from another document which is numbered APA 2748. That bibliography indicates there is no
matching APA number for that collection of excerpts; however, both the draft unannotated
version and the final annotated version of the bibliography erroneously match RTS 23 as the
same document as APA 2748, which is really the same as RTS 29.
The document presented here, also identified on the title page as a draft, is evidently an earlier
version of RTS 23, as its pages differ from those found in APA 2748, and are thus not mere
excerpts, and as it discusses work yet to be done in 1984. It is not listed in any of the
bibliographies for the Susitna Hydroelectric Project.
Appendix 10 is missing.
A similar procedures manual was written for the previous fiscal year. It is called "ADF&G Su
Hydro Aquatic Studies, May 1983-June 1984, procedures manual" (numbered APA 885-886,
RTS 18, and SUS 264-265).
CONTENTS
• Introduction
• Objectives
• Technical procedures : adult salmon
• Data procedure
• Appendix 1. Sonar installation and operation manual
• Appendix 2. Oscilloscope operation for the side scanner / A. Menin
• Appendix 3. Fishwheel operation
• Appendix 4. Fish tagging
• Appendix 5. Geographic location code and general maps
• Appendix 6. General equipment, camp maintenance and camp policy
• Appendix 7. Fish identification. [Pages 29-39 of: The freshwater fishes of Alaska /
James E. Morrow]
• Appendix 8. Side band radio. [Reprint of: Trident HF-radio telephone communications :
how to use a single side band radio / by Jack and Virginia Reed and the Trident staff]
• Appendix 9. First aid and safety
• Appendix 10. Epson [not included in this copy]
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INTRODUCTION
The Susitna River, a major Southcentral Alaska river system, flows into
Cook Inlet near the city of Anchorage. The drainage encompasses an area
of 19,400 square miles and extends north of Mt. Denali and east almost
to the town of Glennallen. The mainstem river and its major tributaries
are of glacial origin and carry a heavy silt load during ice-free
months. Many of the smaller tributaries are perennially silt:free.
Construction of hydroelectric dams will affect portions of the fish and
wildlife resources of the Susitna River Basin. The two dam system
proposed would inundate approximately 45,8000 acres of aquatic and
terrestrial habitat upstream of Devil Canyon. Historically, the long
and short term environmental impacts of hydroelectric dams have
adversely altered the sport and commercial fisheries of affected
drainages (Keller, 1980; Hagen et al., 1973). Regulation of the
mainstem river will substantially alter the natural flow regime.
downstream. The transmission line corridor, substations, road corridor[
and construction pad sites will also impact aquatic and ·terrestrial
communities and their habitat .
. Th~ proposed hydroelectric development
substantial knowledge of its chemical,
necessitates gaining a
physical and biological
parameters prior to final dam design approval and construction
authorization.
(
To insure adequate information is available to determine the impacts of
the pnoposed hydroelectric project and to design proper mitigative
strate~ies, a data collection program has been developed. This manual
addresses field sampling procedures to be conducted within the proposed
study area in FY85.
, .
I. OBJECTIVES
Adult Salmon
1. Determine the abundance and seasonal timing of the sockeye, pink,
1
chum and coho salmon escapem~nts in the Susitna and Yentna rivers
;
at Flathorn (RM 20), Yentna .(TRM 04), Sunshine (RM 80), Talkeetna
(RM 103) and Curry (RM 120) stations.
2. Determine the abundance~nd timing of the chinook salmon escapement
in the Susitna River at Sunshine (RM 80), Talkeetna (RM 103) and
Curry (RM 120) stations.
3. Define the age, length, sex composition and migrational
characteristics of sockeye, pink, chum and coho salmon in the
Susitna and Yentna rivers at Flathorn (RM 20), Yentna (TRM 04),
Sunshine (RM 80), Talkeetna (RM 103) and Curry (RM 120) stations.
In addition, evaluate tpe same parameters for chinook salmon at
Sunshine, Talkeetna and Curry stations.
4. Define where and when and to what level chinook, sockeye, pink,
chum and coho salmon .spawn in streams, sloughs, side channels_an.d
the main channel of the Susitna River between RM 28 and 161.0.
5. Determine the average stream or spawning life of sockeye and chum
salmon in sloughs as necessary to define total escapements into
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II. TECHNICAL PROCEDURES -Adult Salmon
Main Channel Escapement Monitoring
Operations Dates
Main channel escapement monitoring using side scan sonar (SSS) counters
and tag/recapture fishwheels will begin and end on the following dates,
by station:
Flathorn Station (RM 20) July 1 to September 3
Yentna Station (TRM 04) July 1 to September 5
Sunshine Station (RM 80) June 4 to September 10
Talkeetna Station (RM 103) , .. ~~ .., "-~ September ,,
UUIIt: I I.U J.~
Curry Station (RM 120) June 10 to September 14
Methods
Sonar and Tag/Recapture
At Yentna Station (TRM 04) two side scan sonar counters will be deployed
.as._sbown in Figure_ 1. Specific methods for substrate deployment,
counter set-up and counter operation will be in accordance to procedures
outlined in the 1980 Side Scan Sonar Counter Installation and Operation
Manual (Appendix 1).
~(~'\1
.... ,
-· \-\3u..(e. \ '
r·---. \
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South Bc1nk
Flahwhul
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........... ~ ••.•.• J. ••• • • .... ~-~ ·•··
Y ENTNA STATION
, .
To prevent under and over counting adult salmon due to differential fish
velocity between species counters will be monitored, at minimum, four
times daily. This is accomplished by hand-tallying~fish related echos
displayed on an oscilloscope and comparing them to S~S counts {Appendix ,
j
2}. When the ratio of oscilloscope counts to SSS c¢unts deviates from
i
one by greater than 10 percent the fish velocit~ control will be
;
adjusted as outlined in the above cited operations manual.
Important items concerning SSS operations which may not appear in the
operational instructions (Appendix 1} are:
1. When large numbers of pink salmon pass over the substrate it is
possi b 1 e for the counter 1 1 ogi c 1 to interpret the counts as
debris. On these occasions the debris notation on the counter
printout should be ignored.
2. When checking the battery conditions it is preferable to do so
when a load, such as the printer, is befng applied.
3. A light pr·int problem may be resolved by applying rubbing
alcohol to the paper and pulling through the printer rollers.
4. At times the printer may print over the previous hours
printout. This problem may be solved by applying a light coat
of rubbing alcohol to the paper and attaching a weight to the
end of the printer paper.
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Two fishwheels will be operated at Yentna Station (TRM 04), one in the
immediate vicinity of each SSS counter. Fishwheel catches will provide
the necessary species composition data needed to apportion the SSS
counts.
At Flathorn (RM 20), Sunshine (RM 80), Talkeetna (RM 103) and Curry (RM
120) stations fishwheels will be operated for tag/recapture purposes at
the locations identified in Figures 2, 3 and 4. Two fishwheels will be
deployed on each side of the Susitna River at Flathorn, Sunshine and
Talkeetna stations. At Curry station, a single fishwheel will be
operated offshore of each bank. Fishwheel design is described in the
Phase I ADF&G/Su Hydro Adult Anadromous Report (1981) and fishwheel
operation in Appendix 3. Fishwheels will be operated 24 hours per day,
and sampled for catch and checked for maintenance needs five or more
times daily.
All adult salmon caught by fishwheels located at Flathorn (RM 20),
Sunshine (RM 80), Talkeetna (RM 103) and Curry (RM 120) stations will be
tagged and releas~d except:
1. fish that appear lethargic or stressed.
2. fish which are in post-spawning condition.
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SUNSHINE· STATION
PARkS HIGHWAY
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Lower East Bank \;.,
Flahwheel .,,,.,., •.• ,.,
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r~use 3.
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River mile 103
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CABIN
Upper W11t Bank
Flahwheel
-sUSITNA
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TALKEETNA STAT JON
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CURRY STATION
Ft j tNr e 4./~
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Station I
Flathorn
Sunshine
Talkeetna
Curry
River
Mile SpeCies
20 Chinook
Chinook
Sockeye
Pink
Chum
80 Chinook
Chinook
(east bank fishwheels)
Chinook
Chinook
(west bank fishwheels)
Sockeye
Pink
Chum
Coho
103 Chinook
Chinook
Sockeye
Pink
Chum
Coho
120 Chinook
Chinook
Sockeye
Pink
Chum
I Coho
Length
<351 mm
'2::.351 mm
All
All
All
<-351 mm
!"351 mm
~351 mm
~351 mm
All
All
All
All
< 351 mm
.2:351 mm
All
All
All
All
4 351 mm
.2.351 inm
All
All
All
All
("-.\
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. '
Percent of Tag Tag
Catch Tagged Type Color
i
0 ' -----
0 -----
100 FT-4 Spaghetti Green
10 FT-4 Spaghetti Green
100 FT-4 Spaghetti Green
0 -----
100 111 dia. Peterson Disc Blue~
o· -----
100 111 dia. Petersen Disc Yellow
.~ " ..... , ........... ~ • .. _.,, ... . ... . , I ...... ,
100 FT-4 Spaghetti Pink
10 FT-4 Spaghetti Pink
100 FT-4 Spaghetti Pink
100 FT-4 Spaghetti • Pink
0 -----
100 111 dia. Petersen Disc Green
100 FT-4 Spaghetti Blue
50 FT-4 Spaghetti Blue
100 FT-4 Spaghetti Blue
100 FT-4 Spaghetti Blue
0 -----
100 111 dia. Petersen Disc Orange
100 111 dia. Petersen Disc Orange
50 111 di a. Petersen· Drs·c ··-..... ·· ·· Orange
100 111 dia. Petersen Disc Orange
100 111 dia. Petersen Disc Orange
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(__.
3. chinook salmon less than 351 mm in fork length (FL).
4; fish previously tagged at another tagging site.
These fish will be released without being tagged.
Procedures for tagging fish are defined in Appendix 4. The type of
tags, colors and percent of each species tagged at Flathorn, Sunshine,
Talkeetna and Curry stations are defined in the following table:
Special tagging instructions:
1.
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Chinook s~lmon at Sunshine Station will be tagged with two
different colored tags; one for the east bank (blue) and one
for the west bank (yellow).
2. At Talkeetna Station odd one hundred series (x~xx) tags will
be used for fish captured in west bank fishwheels and even one
hundred series tags wi 11 be used for fish captured in east
bank fishwheels. For example, a carcass bearing Talkeetna
tag, number 1312 should have been captured in a west bank
fishwheel and a carcass bearing Talkeetna tag, number 2613
should have been captured in a east bank fishwheel (note: tags
0-99 are considered even one hundred set~i es).
3. Large numbered Petersen Discs will be deployed at Curry
Station. These discs are to be used for sockeye and chum
salmon only.
Fish which are recaptured from other tagging locations are to be
released with the original tag in place following species identification
and recording of tag type, color and number (Section. III, DATA
PROCEDURES). All non-salmon catches will be identified to species, and
if time allows, tagged and released.
Fishwheel catch, sonar and tag deployment and recapture data will be
__ tr-ansmitted to the Anchorage--off-ice-e~te~y -two-weeks ft"om -~la-thot"n -(RM---
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20), Yentna (TRM 04), Sunshine (RM 80), Talkeetna (RM 103) and Curry (RM
120) stations. All data will be edited by the Operations Control Leader
and then submitted to the Data Processing Section.
Age, Length and Sex Composition Sampling:
At Flathorn (RM 20), Yentna (TRM 04), Sunshine (RM 80), Talkeetna
(RM 103) and Curry (RM 120) stations age, length and sex data (Section
III, DATA PROCEDURES) will be collected daily for each species as
follows:
Chinook salmon: Age, length and sex samples from 30 consecutively
(regardless of size) caught fish.
Except: At Sunshine Station-age, length and sex samples
from 30 consecutively (regardless of size) caught
fish from east bank fishwheels and 30
consecutively (regardless of size) caught fish
from west bank fishwheels.
Sockeye salmon: Age, length and sex samples daily from 30
consecutively (regardless of size) caught fish.
Pink salmon: Length and sex samples daily from 30 consecutively
(regardless of size) caught fish.
r . "'-..
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Chum salmon: Age, length and sex samples daJly from 20
consecutively (regardless of sex) caught fish.
Coho salmon: Age, length and sex samples daily from 20
consecutively (regardless of size) caught fish.
Age, length and sex composition data will be forwarded to the Anchorage
office every two weeks from Flathorn (RM 20), Yentna (TRM 04), Sunshine
(RM 80), Talkeetna (RM 103) and Curry (RM 120) stations.
Stream, Slough, Side Channel and Main Channel Surveys
Lower River
Operation Period and Reach
Streams will be surveyed for salmon escapements weekly from July 21 to
October 7. The geographic areas of responsibility for two Lower River
survey crews (RM 28.0-98.7) are:
Flathorn Station Survey
Sunshine Station Survey
RM 28 to Kashwitna River
__ Kashwitna River_to Talkeetna
Stream surveys will be in accordance to the schedule defined in Table 2.
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Table 2. lower river salmon escapement survey.
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River Survey
Stream~ Mile Period Frequency Method Distance
;
Fish Creek 31.2 7/22-10/7 Weekly Foot 1/3 mile
Whitsol Creek 35.2 7/22-10/7 Weekly Foot 1/3 mile
Rolly Creek 39.0 7/22-10/7 Weekly Foot 1/3 mile
Wi 11 ow Creek 49.1 7/22-10/7 Weekly Foot 1/3 mile
little Willow Cr. 50.5 7/22-10/7 Weekly Foot 1/3 mile
Grays Creek 59.5 7/22-10/7 Weekly Foot 1/3 mile
Kashwitna River 61.0 7/22-10/7 Weekly Foot 1/3 mile
Caswell Creek 64.0 7/22-10/7 Weekly Foot 1/3 mile
Sheep Creek 66.1 7/22-10/7 Weekly Foot 1/3 mile
Goose Creek 72.0 7/22-10/7 Weekly Foot 1/3 mile
Montana Creek 77.0 7/22-10/7 Weekly Foot 1/3 mile
Rabideux Creek 83.1 .,,,...,... 11"\1.., Weekly Foot 1/3 mile If C.C.-lUf/
Sunshine Creek 85.1 7/22-10/7 Weekly Foot 1/3 mile
Birch Creek 89.2 7/22-10/7 Weekly Foot 1/3 mile
Trapper Creek 91.5 7/22-10/7 Weekly Foot 1/3 mile
Cache Creek 95.5 7/22-10/7 Weekly Foot 1/3 mile
Additionally, Sunshine Station Survey will survey Birch Creek Slough
(R_M 88.4), Question Creek (RM 84.1) and Answer Creek (RM 84.1) once
between September 15 -28 for a distance to be field selected.
Sloughs, side channels and main channel habitats between RM 28 and 97.1
will be surveyed for salmon spawning weekly, by helicopter, from August
21 to October 7.
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Methods
A 11 spawning ground and tag recovery surveys wi 11 be conducted by
trained observers. Stream surveys wi 11 be conducted on foot ] for a
' distance of one third mi 1 e from the confluence of the Sus i tna j River
'
except Birch Creek which will be surveyed one third mile frdm its
confluence with Birch Creek Slough. A marker will be established at the
upper survey limit on the first survey of each stream to ensure
repetitive surveys throughout the season. Surveyors will wear polarized
glasses to reduce surface water glare and use hand held tally counters
to record live tagged and untagged adult salmon and carcasses.
Surveyors will map the distribution of salmon spawning activity and give
a brief description of the habitat for any adult salmon found spawning
in the str~eam survey r~each. Survey data and maps of salmon spawning
distribution will be recorded on the appropriate forms (Section III,
DATA PROCEDURES) and transmitted to the Anchorage office once every two
weeks. The data forms will be edited by the Operations Control Leader
and then forwarded to the Data Processing Section.
Sloughs, side channel and main channel habitats will be surveyed for
sa 1 mon spawning by he 1 i copter. A 11 suspected spawning areas '~{ill be
v_i_si ted _by boat and will be defined as _ t~ue spawning sites if_ the
following criteria are met:
1. Fish exhibits spawning and morphology.
--2-. -!="ish expells eggs or-milt when slight-pr-essur-e-is-e-xerted -on---
the abdomen.
3. Fish is in vigorous condition, with 25 percent or more of the
eggs or milt remaining in the body cavity.
4. Additional fish meeting criteria 1 through 3 are present.
Once a spawning area has been located the appropriate data forms will be
filled out (Section III, DATA PROCEDURES) and forwarded to the Anchorage
office every two or three weeks.
Middle River
Operation Period and Reach
Salmon stream escapement surveys will be conducted from July 22 to
October 7. Chinook salmon escapement surveys will be conducted as
outlined in Table 3. Additionally, between July 22 and August 5
specific chinook salmon tag recovery surveys will be conducted as
scheduled in Table 4.
Between August 6 and October 7 all streams and sloughs of known and
suspected adult salmon use from RM 98.6 to 161.0 wi 11 be surveyed as
close to weekly as possible_. __ The sloughs wilL_be surveyed. in their
entirety and streams to a standard index 1 imit or the upper spawning
limit as defined in Table 5.
Side channel and main channel habitats will be surveyed for salmon
spawning by he 1 i copter a minimum of two times between September 1 and
October 7.
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Table 3. Chinook salmon escapement survey schedule.
! Survey 1------------------~--------------
, . Stream Peri9d Frequency ~/ Method Distance 11
•
Chase Creek 106.9 7/22~8/5
7/22~8/5
7/22+8/5
7/2278/5
7/22~8/5
Lane Creek 113.6
Fifth of July Cr. 123.7
Sherman Creek 130.8
Fourth of July Cr. 131.1
Gold Creek
Indian River
Portage Creek
Cheechako Creek
Chinook Creek
Devil Creek
ll RM = River Mile
136.7 7/22-8/5
138.9 7/22-8/5
148.9 7/22-8/5
152.4 . 7/22-8/5
157.0 ' 7/22-8/5
161.0 7/22-8/5
Once
Twice
Twice
Twice
Twice
Twice
Twice
Twice
Twice
Twice
Twice
Foot
Foot
Foot
Foot
Foot
1 Mile
Upper Spawning Limit
Upper Spawning Limit
Upper Spawning Limit
Upper Spawning Limit
Foot or Hel. Upper Spawning Limit
Helicopter Upper Spawning Limit
Helicopter Upper Spawning Limit
Helicopter Upper Spawning Limit
Helicopter Upper Spawning Limit
Helicopter Upper Spawning Limit
~/ Conduct surveys no less than 7 days apart under notation of •twice.•
-3/ Distance either expressed in standard distance to be surveyed from mouth or to
upper spawning limit.
Table 4. Specific chinook salmon tag recovery survey schedule.
Survey
Stream RM l/ Period Frequency Method Distance
Radideux Creek 83.1 i7 /22-8/5 Once min. Foot Field Selected
I Prairie Creek 97.1 17/22-8/5 Once min. Foot Field Selected
Clear Creek 97.1 17/22-8/5 Once min. Foot Field Selected
Troublesome Creek 97.8 17/22-8/5 Once min. Foot Field Selected
I Byers Creek 97.8 7/22-8/5 Once min. Foot Field Selected
Chulitna River 97.8 7/22-8/5 Once min. Foot Field Selected
Bunco Creek 97.8 7/22-8/5 Twice Foot Field Selected
Indian River 138.9 7/22-8/5 Twice Foot Field Selected
Portage Creek 148.9 7/22-8/5 Twice Foot Field Selected
ll RM = River Mile
c~-Table 5. General salmon escapement survey schedule above River Mile 97.1.
I .
RM !/ Survey
Stream Per1 od Frequency Method D1stance
Fish .Creek 97.1 8/10-25 Twice Foot Field Selected
larson Creek 97.1 8/11-8/10 Once Foot Field Selected
Byers Creek 97.8 8/10-15 Once Foot Field Selected
Unnamed Trib. 97.8 8/1-8/10 -Once Foot Field Selected
Tokositna R. to
Troublesome Cr. 97.8 9/5-15 Once Foot Field Selected
Swan lake 97.8 9/5-20 Once Foot Field Selected
All Sloughs 98.6-161.0 8/6-10/7 Weekly Foot Entire
Whiskers Creek 101.4 8/6-10/7 Weekly Foot 0.5
Chase Creek 106.4 8/8-10/7 Weekly Foot 0.75
Slash Creek 106.9 8/8-10/7 Weekly Foot 0.25
Gash Creek 111.6 8/8-10/7 Weekly Foot 1.0 r··.
\.__· Lane Creek 113.6 8/8-10/7 Weekly Foot 0.5
lower McKenzie Cr. 116.2 8/8-10/7 Weekly Foot 0.25
McKenzie Creek 116.7 8/8-10/7 Weekly Foot 0.25
little Portage Cr. 117.7 8/8-10/7 Weekly Foot 0.25
I
Dead Horse Creek 120.9 j8/8-10/7 Weekly Foot 0.25
Fifth of July Cr. 123.7 ! 8/8-10/7 Weekly Foot 0.25 -
18/8-10/7
:
Skull Creek 124.7 Weekly Foot 0.25
Sherman Creek 130.8 I 8/8-10/7 Weekly Foot 0.25
Fourth of July Cr. 131.1 18/8-10/7 Weekly Foot 0.25
Gold Creek 136.7 1 8!8-1on Weekly Foot 0.25
Indian River 138.6 I 8/8-10/7 Weekly Foot 1.0
138.6 .. 8/8~10/7 Weekly Helicopter Upper Spawning limit
· Jack long Creek 144.5 8/8-10-7 Weekly Foot 0.25
Portage Creek 148.9 8/8-10/7 Weekly Foot 0.25
148.9 8/8-10/7 Weekly Helicopter Upper Spawning limit
Cheechako Creek 152.4 8/8-10/7 Weekly Helicopter 1.0
Chinook Creek 157.0 8/8-10/7 Weekly Helicopter 1.5
c~ Devil Creek 161.0 8/8-10-7 Weekly Helicopter 1.0
- ----------- - - - ----- - - - -----------
!/ RM = River Mile
Methods
i
Sloughs wi 1 ~ be surveyed in their entirety and streams for a distance
defined in Table 5. Surveyors will wear polarized glasses and use hand
held tally counters to enumerate live tagged and untagged salmon and
carcasses. Survey data will be recorded on the appropriate forms
(Section III, DATA PROCEDURES) and transmitted to the Anchorage office
every two weeks. The data forms will be edited by the Operations
Control Leader and then forwarded to the Data Processing Section.
Methods addressing main channel and side channel salmon spawning are
identical to those reported in the lower River Survey portion of this
procedures manual.
Stream Life
Operation Period and Survey Reach
Investigations \'li 11 extend from August 16 to freeze-up (approximately
October 7) and wi 11 be conducted by a crew based at Curry Station
(RM 120). Areas surveyed will be sloughs 11, 9, 9A, 8A and Moose.
Methods
Beginning August 16, sloughs 11, 9, 9A, 8A and Moose will be surveyed on
foot approximately every third day for sockeye and chum salmon that were
tagged at Curry Station (RM 120). Fish will be individually identified
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by orange one inch Petersen discs bearing full size identification
numbers. Surveyors will wear polaroid glasses and record observations
as outlined in Section III, DATA PROCEDURES.
Survey data will be forwarded to the Anc~orage office every three weeks.
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The data forms will be edited by the Op~rations Control Leader and then
forwarded to the Data Processing Section.
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III. DATA PROCEDURES
Stde Scan Sonar Operations
Daily Procedures
1. PRINTER TAPE STAMP: Each day's printer tape will be stamped
(Figure 5) at the beginning and end of the tape as well as
anytime during the day that control settings are changed.
Each morning the tape is to be removed from the counter,
stamped on both ends of the tear and filled in with the same
information on each stamp.
2. DAILY LOG FOR SIDE SCAN SONAR COUNTER FORM: This is a
summary of changes in controls which will be updated daiiy
(Table 6). The information is necessary when interpreting
sonar counts and calibration factor data.
3. SIDE SCANNER COUNTER LOG FORM: Details the mechanics of
operation of the counter, substrate and related equipment
(Table 7). Any apparent malfunctions should be recorded with
description, frequency and consistency noted. Also, changes
___ in_sensitivity, ___ spare card changes, raising or moving_of
substrate, anticipated problems, and needed repairs on
equipment. This is the place where suggestions on-improving
operations, notes on river conditions which might have an
effect on the equipment, and general comments should be
noted.
loution: ----------
Ode:-----Time:----
Beam An9le: --------
Velocity: __ __._ _____ _
O&;od Range: .... " -------
live Range: --------
Ob~rverr. ---------
Remarkr. ---------...
Figure 5.
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Page _ of _ AA-84-12
DAILY LOG FOR SIDE SCAN SONAR COUNTER
Station: YENTNA Bank: S/N: --------
I Command Auto
Fish Beam Dead Counting Print Printout Test
Date Time Velocity Angle Range Range Time Time Time
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-rc~ 7.
Page _ of _
Station: YENTNA
Bank:
Date Time
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AA-84-14 ... '"'"'" .............. .. -
SIDE SCAN SONAR COUNTER LOG
Remarks (i.e., Substrate lifted, any controls reset, etc.)
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4. SIDE SCAN SONAR COUNTER FIELD COUNTER CALIBRATION LOG FORM:
Calibration of the sonar counter to adjust for differential
;
fish veflocities. between salmon species ·will be accomplished
: ~
by vi sua 1 monitoring of the counters . with an osci 11 i scope.
Counters will be calibrated a minimum of four times daily.
All catibration counts are to be recorded on the Side
;
Scan Sonar Counter Field Calibration Log from (Table 8).
5. DAILY SONAR COUNT FORM: Sonar counts from printer tapes will
be· entered by hour and sector (Table 9). Counts which
register debris or are skipped in printing should be noted
with a "d" or "s" in the appropriate hour-sector box. When
counters are shut off for a portion of one hour, data will be
interpolated for the hour as follows:
Ad . h 1 t = 60 minutes t for ml·nutes t d J. our y coun minutes operated x coun s opera e
in hour in hour
For periods when the counter is off more than 50 minutes in
one hour that hour will be treated as a debris block. After
all blocks have been filled counts should be totalled for all
good blocks in each sector and each hour: _The grand total is
the total of all sectors or all hours (they should be equal).
This is known as the "daily raw count". After each days
counts are tabulated and reported, printer tapes and SSS
count forms are to be placed in notebooks and sent to the
main office every two weeks. The Operations Control Leader
.~
-~(~ B, ("") I)
AA-84-10
SIDE SCAN SONAR COUNTER FIELD CALIBRATION LOG
Station: YENTNA Bank:----·--------S/N: --------
i Percent Beam Fish I
Time Scope Sonar Agreement Width: Ve1ocit) Date Observer Start Stop Count Count (1-:-2)100 A 1t., (Sec/ft Sensitivity CoiTlTients
(1) ( 2) 20' 40
'
!
'
'
..
I
'
i
' ~ ..• l
'' ----------
... -· •..• ~.... .La.. ..• ,
AA-84-09
Page_ of_ Daily Sonar Counts
("'ank: ------------
Station: YENTNP,. ---~~~;~---------
.
, .
Sector
Time 1 2 3 4 5 6
0100
0200
0300
0400
0500
0600
0700
0800
0900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
2000 .
2100
2200
2300
2400
Total
(Total raw counts)
------(Total debris counts)
= (Total good counts)
------(debris blocks)
Total good counts x 144 =
Total good blocks
Adjusted Raw Count
(Sectors 1-6) --------
Date: I I 84 ----"------'---
Sector
Total 7 8 9 10 11 12 Total
-
.....
---
(Total raw counts)
------(Total debris counts)
= (Total good counts)
(debris blocks) -r o_,t,--a ...... l_g_o_o....,d_c_o_u_n t s x 144 _
Total good blocks -
Adjusted Raw Count
(Sectors 7-12) -------------
TOTAL DAILY ESCAPEMENT (Adjusted raw count sectors 1-6 + 7-12) = --------
COMMENTS ON BACK
6.
will edit the forms and then forward them to the Data
Processing Section.
_1
;
All raw daily sss counts are to be entered in the Epson
microcomputer daily (Appendix 10). All data entered onto
;
microcassettes will be : .. backed up 11 by microcomputer paper
printouts. The mi crocassettes and printouts wi 11 be
forwarded-to the Anchorage office every two weeks. After
editing, the Operations Control Leader will convey the data
to the Data Processing Section.
Tag/Recapture Operations
Daily Procedures
1. Daily fishwheel catches will be summarized on the Daily
Fishwheel Catch Log form (Table 10, 11 or 12). Each time a
fishwheel is checked, the catch will be recorded along with the
corresponding time in military hours on the Individual
Fishwheel Wor.ksheet (Table 13). All field notebooks will be
kept in such a manner that the information is usab 1 e upon
comp 1 eti on of the fie 1 d season. Fo 11 owing the 1 ast da Hy
check, the catches will be summarized and entered in the
appropriate space on the Daily Fishwheel Catch Log form and the
1984 Daily and Cumulative Fishwheel Catch form (Table 14) or
entered in the Epson microcomputer fo 11 owing procedures
outlined in Appendix 10.
V:~~ \0. ("""!
\ I
i\
Page _ of _ AA-84-0lA Geographic Co'des
Date I I 84 EBU I I I EBL --/ - --1 - --1 - - -
Station: -------wsu--1--.-1 ---1 ---
WBL = =I = = =I = . =I = = =
DAILY FISHWHEEL CATCH LOG
Fishwheel Salmon Whitefish Miscellaneous
Hours Hump-Ber1ng Spec1es No. Total
Location Operated Chinook Sockeye Pink Chum Coho Round back Cisco Code # Catch
Eastbank
Upper I
i
I
Eastbank
Lower
EASTBANK
TOTAL
I
Westbank
Upper .
j
Westbank
Lower
WESTBANK i
TOTAL !
DAILY TOTAL
EAST AND
WEST BANKS
'
COMMENTS:
.r,..._ , n ~ \\' \i <..JJJlU.L--
1
(""': ,')
...
Page of ---AA-84-018 Geographic Codes
•-" " ' ... ,. .......... • • "-"~ '" ' ' "" . L,,-.,,.' •
Date I I 84 NB I I I
Station: YENTNA SB ==I ===I ==-I = = =
DAILY FISHWHEEL CATCH LOG
Fishwheel Salmon Whitefish
Hours Hump-Bering Mi see 11 aneous Tota 1
Location Operated ~ Chi nook Sockeye Pink Chum Coho Hound back Cisco Spec1es 11 No. Catch
Code-
!
NORTHBANK
................ -.~. '"... ..
SOUTH BANK !
" l· \ ., ,. ..
DAILY TOTAL
NORTH AND
SOUTH BANKS
--------
COMMENTS:
J.
11 511 Eulachon
530 Dolly Varden
541 Rainbow trout
582 Humpback whitefish
586 Round whitefish
585 Bering cisco
590 Burbot
610 Arctic grayling '
640 Longnose sucker
, __
t'""\ -r~ \?..
Page of
Date I I 84
Station: CURRY
Fishwheel
Hours
Location Operated
EASTBANK
WESTBANK
DAILY TOTAL
EAST AND
WEST BANKS
COMMENTS:
Chinook
("'"" \ ,I 'J
AA-84-0lC Geographic Codes
EB I I I
WB = =I = = =I = = =I = = =
DAILY FISHWHEEL CATCH LOG
j
Salmon Whitefish
Sockeye Pink Chum Coho
'
.. j"'l
·Hump-
Round back
Benng
Cisco
u
1/. 511
530
541
582
586
585
590
610
640
Miscellaneous Total
Spec1es 1/ No. Catch
Code -
OM••o.J. ~;, "' •• o! ... o o lo. ' ' ,J.o~~.,, •. ,
Eulachon
Dolly Varden
Rainbow trout
Humpback whitefish
Round whitefish
Bering cisco
Burbot
Arctic grayling
Longnose sucker
'
'
INDIVIDUAL FISHWHEEL \~ORKSHEET
Date I I 84
..
Station: Fishwheel Location: -----------------
Time Number of Fish Captured
(Military) Chinook Sockeye Pink Chum
. ·---· -··----· -
( __ -Hours Operated: -------
Coho Other *
·-
* Identify species
and number caught.
Page of AA-84-04
(-station ----------
1984 DAILY AND CUMULATIVE FISHWHEEL CATCH
;
-'
!
Chinook Socke e Pink ' Chum Coho
Date Daily Cum Daily Cum Daily Cum Daily Cum Daily Cum
:
;
C_
, .
2. Fish tagging effort will be recorded on the Tag Deployment Log
form (Tab 1 e 15, 16, or 17) or entered in the Epson
microcomputer as detailed in Appendix 10. · Information recorded
will include: date, project location and tag type, color and
number series used.
3. Tag recaptures from other sampling stations will be logged on
the Tag Recapture Record form (Table 18) or entered in the
Epson microcomputer (Appendix 10). Recorded information shall
include: fishwheel locations; tag number, color and type;,and
species. A summary of recapture data by species shaH be
entered in the space indicated on the form. Fish recaptured at
the sampling ·stations where they were tagged will be released
and will not be recorded on the Fishwheel Data Catch Log form
or the Tag Recapture Record form except at Sunshine Station
where recaptured chi nook salmon previously tagged at Sunshine
Station will be recorded on only the Tag Recapture Record Form
(Table 18).
Age, Length and Sex Composition Sampling
At Flathorn (RM 20), Yentna (TRM 04), Sunshine (RM 80), Talkeetna (RM
103) and Curry (RM 120) stations age, length and sex data will be
collected from adult salmon as defined in Section II, TECHNICAL
PROCEDURES. Scales will be mounted on gum cards as illustrated in
Figure 6. It is important to note that scales are mounted such that the
T~ \5. EAST BANK ONLY
Page_ of_ AA-84-0SE
TAG DEPLOYMENT LOG
Project Loca~ion (camp): ------------
' Date: ./ , I 84
LAST Tag Number of day: ---------
FIRST Tag Number of day: --------
Number of Missing Tags: ---------
Tag Color l/
Tag Type ?/
-----
-----
Number of Numbered Tags Deployed:
Number of Blank Tags Deploy~d:
TOTAL NUMBER OF TAGS DEPLOYED:
Summary of Adult Salmon Tagged
Chinook Salmon
Sockeye Salmon
Pink Salmon
Chum Salmon
Coho Salmon
TOTAL
COMMENTS:
----------------
----------------
----------------
----------------
----------------
----------------
l/ Color: Int orange = 0
Yellow = Y
Green = G
Pink = P
Blue = B
~/ Type: Flay Spaghetti = S
Petersen Disc = P
T~ \~.
WEST BANK ONLY
Page of AA-84-0SW
TAG DEPLOYMENT LOG
Project Location (camp): -----------------
• -Date: _/ I 84
LAST Tag Number of day: ----------'---
FIRST Tag Number of day: ------..;;--
Number of Missing Tags: ----------'---
Tag Color 11
Tag Type ?/
Number of Numbered Tags Deployed: ~-----
Nun:'ber of Blank Tags Deployed: --------------
TOTAL NUMBER OF TAGS DEPLOYED: ---------
COMMENTS:
Summary of Adult Salmon Tagged
Chinook Salmon ----------------
Sockeye Saimon --------------
Pink Salmon ---------------
Chum Salmon --------------
Coho Salmon ---------------
TOTAL ---------------
------
-----
11 Color: Int orange = 0
Yellow = Y
Green = G
Pink = P
Blue = B
?:/ Type: Floy Spaghetti = S
Petersen Disc = P
T~ ''·
Page of AA-84-05B
TAG DEPLOYMENT LOG
Project Location (camp): -----------------
' Date: l I 84
LAST Tag Number of day: Tag Color .!1 -----
FIRST Tag Number of day: -----------
Number of Missing Tags:
Tag Type '!:.1 -----
Number of Numbered Tags Deployed: -----------
Number of Blank Tags Deployed: ----------
TOTAL NUMBER OF TAGS DEPLOYED: -------
COMMENTS:
Summary of Adult Salmon Tagged
Chinook Salmon ----------------
Sockeye Saimon -------------
Pink Salmon ------------
Chum Salmon --------------
Coho Salmon ------------
TOTAL -------------
l! Color: Int orange =
Yellow=
Green =
Pink =
Blue =
2/ Type: Floy Spaghetti =
Petersen Disc =
0
y
G
p
B
s
p
Page of AA-84-19
TAG RECAPTURE RECORD
(~, Project Station:
"-
(_
, -;
J Bank
Date--Cap-tured Species
'
SHEET SUMMARY
No. Recaptures
Chinook (41)
Sockeye (42) ------
Coho (43)
Pink (44) ------
Chum (45) -----__,..,..
TOTAL ------
Number
Tag
Color !/ Type '1:.1
Leave Blank
(Office Use Only)
!/ Color: Int;; orange = 0
Yellow = Y
Green = G
Pink = P
Blue = B
'1:.1 Type: Flay Spaghetti = S
Petersen Disc = P
, .,
LEFT SIDE
Take the preferred scale on the
left siee of the fish,tw tows
above.the latteral line and on the
c:'iiasonal frQII behind the base Of the anal fin.
l'refe.rred Sc:ale
OCRSAt FI:N
ASOVE
u n:.cu!-'L~N~
If the preferred scale is :nissir.g
take a SCale {l<Jain on the left
side of the fish 110 1110re than .
four rows aboVe toe latteral l1ne
within the area behind the dorsal fin and ahead of the anal fin.
\
Place an 1 in colurn E of
AWL focc if the preferred scale vas not san-pled.
Do not tucn scales over wben
transfering from fish to gum card.
~
Place scales directly over number on
guu card. ~ 1f ' .
10 9 8 1 6 s 4 :1 2 ~
20 19 18 17 16 'lS H 1.3 12 11
:lO 29 2.8 Z1 26 25 !M 2." 22 2.1.
-40 :l9 38 37 36 35 34 33 32. 3L
ridged surface is facing out and the anterior portion of the sea 1 e
orientated toward the top of the scale card. All length measurements are
taken from mid-eye to fork of tail (FL) and are recorded to the nearest
five millimeters.
Length and sex data are recorded on the Age and Length (AL) form (Table
19). Scale cards are numbered to correspond with the proper AL form
(i.e. scale card 001 contains scales collected from samples recorded on
AL form 001).
Length and sex data along with the corresponding scale cards will be
returned to the Operations Control Leader every two weeks.
Stream, Slough, Side Channel and Main Channel Surveys
Lower River
Stream survey results wi 11 be recorded on the Stream Survey Log Fonn
(Table 20). Qata recorded on each survey will include date, stream,
survey conditions, distance surveyed, 1 i ve and dead fish counted by
species and number of live tagged fish by tag type and color. The
11 Comments 11 column_will include name_s of survey staff and reference to
tag loss. Tags on carcasses will be removed as schedules permit and the
information recorded on the back side of the Stream Survey Log form.
Adult salmon spawning distribution in the first one-third mile of each
stream will be mapped on the Lower River Stream Survey Spawner
Distribution Map form (Table 21). In addition, a brief description of
the habitat will also be recorded on this form.
(.. Station:----------~
Date: I I 84
, Unit of measure:_ M~tric
Type of length meas~rement: FL
No. Species Sei
M iF
1 ~
2
3
4
5 ' 6
7
8
9
10
11
1?
.1.'-
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20 -
21 -·
22
23
24_
25
26
27
Ztl
29_
30
M F
TOTAL EACH SEX ~
Length Age
Class
AA-84-13
Sample No.: -----------------
Species: ----------------
Other
Information
..
~-:.~n-'~0 • ,\·~cA.
Page_ of_
Date ll I I B4
Stream -----------------
Survey , 2/ Species
Area Conditio~;~s -Syrveyed
I
Chinook
Sockeye
Mouth Pink
Chum
Coho
I Chinook
Mouth to Sockeye
Standard Pink
Index Point Chum
Coho
Clrtinook
Additional Sockeye
DistAnce Pink
Surveyed Clrtum
(Optional) Coho
Month and day.
Poor, fair, good or excellent
No. Observed
Live~/ Dead
-
---------------
Include all live tagged and untagged fish.
("'
• J
J~A-84-18
STREAM SURVEY LOG
No. Live Tagged Fish
Petersen li sc,
Total Blue Yellow Green Int. Orange
h
Spaghettl
Pink Blue Green
......... -o ..... 1.... .... .I, ..... ,
11
21
31
41 Note overall activity of salmon at mouth~ and additional distance surveyed.
,"\
• I
Corrments '!/
T~ ~\.
AA-84-07
Lower River Stream
Survey Spawner
(' Distribution Map
S~ream Observers
Date ---------------------
General Habitat Description of Spawning Area(s):
-------------------
Main channel, slough and side channel spawning will be recorded on the
Adult Anadromous Spawning Site Map form (Table 22). ; Information
recorded wi 11 inc 1 ude date,~ river mile, geographic code, ~ map of the
spawning site, number of fish and a general habitat description.
Egg deposition samp 1 i ng da t~ wi 11 be recorded on the Egg Deposition .,
Sampling form (Table 23). Information collected will include: date,
location, number of plots sampled, number of live eggs and number of
dead eggs.
All survey data will be returned to the Operations Control Leader every
three weeks, who wi 11 edit the data and forward it to the Data
Processing Section.
Middle River
Stream survey, main channel and side channel spawning and egg deposition
sampling data procedure~ are the same as those discussed for the Lower
River Surveys.
Escapement surveys of sloughs will be recorded on the Slough Survey Log
(Jable 24). For each survey a recording by species of the live and dead
fish count, tagged and untagged fish numbers and survey conditions and
distance surveyed in percentage will be made. Under the comments column
include surveyors name(s) and reference to tag loss.
~~ 22.
Date: __ /_/ 84
Crew:
Location:
Description:
---------------
11 Upper river mile
~/ Geographic code for upper river mile
r"'\
I I
'.
AA-84-05
Adult Anadromous Spawning Site Map
River Mile .!1: GC ?:../:
,~,,
! ___ / ___ ! ___ /
Page of AA-84-07
EGG DEPOSITION LOG
Date I I 84
Location: River Mile ------Geographic Code: __ I ___ I ___ I __ _
Plot Number Number of Eg< s REMARKS .l/
(Sequential) Live Dead Total
---------·----~ ~~-
.!/ Include names of survey staff and substrate description.
~..--.\
'I ' ' -r o}}.l~ ~.4'
Page of
Slough Date Survey 1/ Species
("'\
\ '
AA-84-17
SLOUGH SURVEY LOG
No, Observed
No. Live Tagged Fish
Petersen U1sc
No. Cond. Distance Surveyed Live Y Dead Total Blue Yellow Green Int. Orange
1/
2/
3!
Chinook
Sock eve
Pink
Chum
Coho
Chinook
• Sockeye
Pink
Chum
Coho
~ •. J. '
Chinook
Sockeye
Pink
Chum
Coho
Survey conditions: poor, fair, good or excellent.
Survey distance: note by percentage (i.e. 100%}
Include all live tagged and untagged fish.
Note overall activity of salmon at mouth only; survey p1ersonnel; tag loss, etc.
r)
'
~pagnettl Comments y
Pink Blue Green
'
•
, .
(_
All carcasses bearing Talkeetna Station tags will be examined and the
number, species, date and 1 ocati on recorded on the back side of the
Stream Survey Log form or the Slough Survey ·Log form. Similar
procedures will be followed for carcasses bearing tags from other
stations as schedule permits.
All survey forms will be returned to the Operations Control Leader once
every three weeks. The data will be edited and forwarded to the Data
Processing Section.
Stream Life
The Stream Life Log form will be used to record site observations of
sockeye and chum salmon tagged at Curry Station (RM 120) (Table 24).
Data recorded will include site location, date, fish identification
number, species and behavior and or condition of fish (i.e., milling,
spawning, post-spawning, carcass).
~
Apper)dix 1
Appendix 2
j
Appe~dix 3
Appendix 4
APPENDICES
ADULT ANADROMOUS]FISHERIES STUDIES
Sonar Installation & Operation Manual
Oscilloscope Operation
Fishwheel Operation
Fish Tagging
Appendix 5 Geographic Location Code & General Maps
Appendix 6 General Equipment, Camp Maintenance and Camp Policy
Appendix 7 Fish Identification
'Appendix 8 Side Band Radio
Appendix 9 First Aid and Safety
Appendix 10 Epson
c
APPENDIX 1
ADULT ANADROMOUS FISHERIES STUDIES
Sonar Installation and Operation Manual
.. ~·
, .
THE BENDIX CORPORATION
E1 ectrodynami cs
Division
North Hollywood
California
INSTALLATION
AND
OPERATION
MANUAL
SIDE SCAN
SALMON COUNTER
(1980 model)
Report No.
SP-78-017
10 March 1980
Prepared for:
The State of Alaska
Department of Fish and Game
Anchorage, Alaska
Revised October 1981 by
Susan L. Ellis
Su Hydro Project
T A B L E 0 F C 0 N T E N T S
~
Section I Fur;~ction of Front Panel Controls
Section II Initial Setup and System Test
i
Section III Troubleshooting
Section IV Side Scan Sonar Artificial Substrate
I N D E X
Printer Controls
Clear Pushbutton (Data)
4 Digit Display & Manual Sector Selector
Meter, Meter Switch & Battery
Fish Velocity Control
Sensitivity Control
Dead Range Control
Counting Range Control
Transducer Aiming
Cumulative Counter
Safety Switch
Sounder
Test Pushbutton & Data Switch
Fish & Sector Lights
Automatic Test
Test Points on Panel
Beamwidth Switch
Debris Alerting
Initial Setup & System Test
Solar Panel
Troubleshooting
Side Scan Artificial Substrate
As semb 1 y Procedure for 60 F ooLArray
Array Installation Procedure
Array Removal Procedure
Array Disassembly
General Caution Notes
Shortened Arrays
PAGE
1 - 2
2
3
-3
3
4
4
5
5 - 7
"7
I
7
8
8
8
8
9
10
10
11 -12
12
12 -14
15
16 -17
17 -18
19
19
19 -20
20
I N T R 0 0 U C T I 0 N
Before attempting to operate or install the Side Scanner, thoroughly read this
manual to become familiar with the system operation.
Section I will familiarize you with all the controls and their purpose. It
is probably the most important section of this manual.
Section II will show you how to initially set up the unit and test it to
determine that it is operating properly. Read this section before applying
power to the unit.
r '--" Section III wi11 aid you in pinpointing any source of problems and in making
any necessary field repairs by replacing printed circuit cards.
Section V will show you how to install the artificial substrate in the river.
I. FUNCT-ION OF FRONT P~NEL COUTROLS
A· PRINTER
1. Printout
2.
3.
4.
j
The printer prints out 12 1 ines ofi data. ~The nulilber at
left designates the river sector, the next column is a letter
identifying various conditions sue~ as normal, command print
or auto test. These letters are explained on the front panel.
If norma 1, the letter 11 A11 wi 11 be ~rinted. This may appear
as a dot on the 1978 ~odel. The f~llowing four digits are
the number of fish counts that have been accumulated in each
sector. Each sector represents a iength of river, perpendicular
to the shore that is equa 1 . in length to 1/12 of the ·~oUNTING
RANGE .. control setting, with sector 1 being closest to shore.
For exar.Jple, if the 11 COUNTING" RANGE 11 control ·is set to 60 feet,
then each sector represent~ 5 feet .. in distance. A 11 +11 in the
third column indicates debris has been detected in the corres-
ponding s~ctor. Anytime PRINTOUT TIME OR AUTOTEST TIME is
changed, the time must be reset.
Set Time (Printer)
The purpose of this pusnou~~on is to initially set the
printout time and auto test time at any point. The 11 SAFETY
SWITCH 11 must be off to do this. Set time to print out on the
hour.
Print Command
The printer may be commanded to print its contents at any
time without affecting the timing. The letter ncn is
printed when this pushbutton is depressed to permit you to
know that this is a command print and not in the normal
time sequence. The printout t~ming is not affected but
the counts are erased after printout •. Erasure of data on
1978 and •79 models can be avoided by setting the DAfA CLEAR
TIME switch to the NEVER position until printout is over.
On 1980 models the command printout should be added to the
next hourly printout.
Printer On-Off Switch
-
This s\'li tch does not affect the timing or data in any way
and is merely used to shut off :the printer. The sounder
l'li 11 sound to a 1 ert you to put ·the printer ON-OFF S\'li tch
back on. It normally takes only a minute to change paper
so try to plan your paper change between prints or a
complete pr.intout may be missed without your knowledge. On
models usi.ng the 11 0AfEL 11 printer, be sure to shut off the
printer switch when changing printer paper.
B
5. Replacing Printer Paper
A blue line on the paper alerts you about 1 day in advance of
paper depletion. To change paper, shut off the printer
s\'li tch and unscrew the 2 sma 11 si 1 ver knurled scre'ls on the
printer face. Lay a new pad of paper in-the rear tray with
the blue lines toward the tray bottom. Feed the paper over
the silver roller in front and between the plastic face and
rubber roller. Start the paper by revolving the rubber ·roller
with your finger. During operation place a binder clip on
the end of the tape as it comes out of the_ counter. Hanging
the clip over the edge of the counter stand will allow tape
to move smoothly out of the counter, eliminating printer
malfunction. If the printer tape doesn•t_f~ed smo~hly and hourly
printouts are superimposed on each other, clean the black
rubber roller thoroughly \'lith alcohol. When the paper runs
1~'1 the printer may skip printouts, so it is important to
avoid letting the paper run too close to the end of the roll.
When replacing the printer, push it in while, making sure
the paper is not pinched between the· printer·~ and panel by
manually pulling some paper out of the slot. Make sure the
printer seats completely flush \'lith the panel since an electrical
connector must r.take contact. Retighten the two knurled scre\'IS
as tightly as possible with your fingers.!/ If the ink becomes
dim after 2 to 4 years of operation, loosen the bto black
screws on the printer face and pull out the ink pad. A new
pad may then be scre\'t'ed in. Spare pads have been supplied
to the State of Alaska and spare printers· have been included.
Any printers may be interchanged between systems., as they are
identical.
DATA CLEAR TIME
Data is cleared (erased from menory) after each printout.
Set for AT PRINT ROSition on 1978 and 1979 models.
C. CLEAR PUSHBUTTON
The red CLEAR pushbutton located on the left side of the
panel will clear the data in the memories controlling the
printer and 4 digit liquid crystal display. It does not
affect the cumulative counter at right. To clear the data,
the 11 SAFETY 11 S\'litch must be 11 0FF". The sounder alerts you
w1len thiS switch iS left off.
C. 1/ Screw on printers must be tightened daily as vibrations can cause ther.t
to loosen. · ·
D.
;
E~. 1
F.
4 Digit Di sp 1 ay and .t1anua 1 Sector Se 1 ector
The liquid crystal display sho\'IS you the number of counts
accumulated· in any of the H2 sectors that is selected by the
black thumbwheel switch above it. It is always on since it
uses only 1 microamp of Ct,irrent. Being liqt;rid crystal, it is
a reflective display and requires some ambient light to be seen
At night a flashlight or match may be necessary to see it.
Meter, Meter Switch and Battery
When in the 11 BATT 11 position, the meter reads the condition of
the GEL-CELL battery. When in the 11 SOLAR CHARGE 11 position,
the meter reads the output of the solar panel. In full,
unobscured sunlight the meter will read at the extreme ~ight
indicating the solar panel is supplying 12 times the current
that the Side Scanner is using with the excess going to charge
the supplied GEL-CELL battery. When the meter is at the point
where the red and green meet (such as cloudy weather} the solar
panel is supplying twice as much current as the Side Scanner
is consuming with the excess going to charge the GEL-CELL battery.
This would be enough to indefinitely carry it through the night
hours. Although a 12V, 16 amp hour rechargeable GEL-CELL battery
is su2plied with each system, any 12V battery of equal or qreater
capacity may be used. The supplied battery, when fully charged,
will operate the Side Scanner for approximately 300 hours, or
about 2 weeks, day and night, with no solar charging. Internal
protection is provided against battery overcharging in the event
of constant full sun.
Fish Velocity Control
This thumbwheel switch controls the transmit repetition rate
of the system. It has been observed that salmon migrate up-
stream at about 1. 75 feet per second (ground speed}. Since the
switch is labeled in seconds per foot, the reciprocal of 1.75
feet per second is 0.571 seconds per foot so until new fish speed
information is obtained, set the control to 0~571. To determine
optimum velocity use the following formula after monitoring the
oscilloscope for a minimum of 250 cumulative fish spikes:
Fish counts on the SSS counter x existing velocity =
Fish spikes observed on oscilloscope
new velocity
e.g., if the SSS count is 200 and the scope count is 250,
200/250 x 0.571 = .457, the new velocity setting. If the ratio
of sonar counts to scope counts is within 0.8 and 1.2, do not
adjust velocity. The reason .behind this is as follows: When
the side scan sonar is overcounting the fish are in the beam
too long; the pulse repetition rate is too high. The solution
is to decrease pulse repetition rate by dialing fish velocity~
o·~emember, the velocity dial is the reCiprocal-of fiStl-swimmi-rrg-
speed). Likewise, when the sonar is undercounting, the fish are
F.
G.
....
~. r-m (
'-,__.--I , l I. ! ~
30v i.
t.:
l !·'
,;
~ ; n ,.
'I
u
H.
C_)
Fish Velocity Control Cont. -
not in the beam long enough; the pulse repetition rate is
too slow and the fish velocity should be dialed down.
It has been observed that at the lower extreme of th~ velocity
setting (i.e.( .150) the side scan sonar counters tend to
function erratically. Such settings should be avoid~d. If
undercounting problems persist at higher settings, tbe transducer
may be misaimed or the sensitivity set too low.
Sensitivity Control
This controls the amount of power tra,nsmitted to the· transducer
and is essentially a system sensitivity control .
To adjust it initially requires a fine bladed screwdriver or
knife and an oscilloscope. It is adjusted as ~oll~~s:
(1)
(2)
( 3)
Connect the oscilloscope input to the red test point on the
panel marked XM2°. Set the vertical sensitivity of the scope
to 5V per division and the scope trigger to internal. Set
the horizontal scope sweep speed to 50ftsec per division.
Make sure the transducer is properly connected and in the
water.
Set the beamwidth switch to 2°. Adjust the front panel
sensitivity control· for an average peak to peak (top to
bottom) signal of 30V. It will look something like the
waveform at left so adjust for an average as shown.
For a quick method to check sensitivity set the volts/div
to 5 and time/div to 50j(seconds. Turn both red •:fine
tuning" knobs fully clockwise. Make sure toe lever on the
for right of the scope face is in the bottom position (EXT
TRIG OR HORIZ-DC). Plug the scope trigger lead in the
XM2° test point and the vertical input lead in the back of
the external trigger lead.
(4) A sensitivity setting of 30 volts is only a starting point
and may be adjusted depending on individual situations. If
t~e counter is undercounting, it may help to increase_the
sensitivity. However, at settings~ 60 volts minor bits of
debris and water turbulence may cause false counts, so care
should be taken not to set the sensitivity too high. Cloudy
or muddy rivers usually require a higher sensitivity than
clearer rivers.
Dead Range Control
This controls the distance from the face of the transducer that
the system is "blanked out". That is, any echoes received within
H. Dead Range Control (Cont.)
this preset range \'li 11 not be aq:eptcd for processing. The con-
trol may be set from 0 to 10 fee~. This control is necessary to-
blank out transducer "ringing" which occurs for about 2-1/2 feet
and would result in false counts. Sometimes a source of air
b-ubbles near shore exists which could false-counts. In this case,
increase the DEAD RANGE control until the count stops in sector 1
{as evidenced by the #1 fish light blinking). The fish would then
have to be weired out to beyond the dead range.
During periods of extreme high water false counts may register in
the first one or two sectors possibly due to increased water
velocity, increased turbidity or a combination of the two. In
this case the dead range may be dialed out to 3 or mor~~feet to_
avoid overcounting until the river returns to a normal level.
I. Counting Range Control
J.
This controls the total perpendicular distance to which fish coun~s
will be accepted. This preset distance starts immediately after ~
the DEAD RANGE ceases, thus the total range from the face of the
transducer is the total of both the "DEAD RANGE" and "COUNTING
RANGE" settings.
Transducer Aiming
The end of the artificial substrate contains a target, approximately
60 feet from the transducer face. This is necessary for initi-al
aiming of the transducer beam. Prior to submersion the transducer
plate should be flushed on all sides with the transducer housing.
This can be accomplished by "feel" or using a straight edge.
An oscilloscope should be used in lieu of the #12 FISH LIGHT for
more precise a1m1ng. To do so, trigger the oscilloscope from the
XM2° panel test point, connect the scope ground to the GND test
point and the scope input to the RCVR test point. Set the scope
vertical control to 1 V/CM and the horizontal control to 5 milli-
meters per em. 1/. The target will be observed on the scope 24
milliseconds from the start of the trace and the transducer may be
manipulated for a maximum "spike" at that point. If the transducer
is aimed to low, early echoes coming from rough surfaces on the
pi pc \'li 11 be seen before 24 milliseconds. 2/
The new. (1978) artificial substrates have an improved method of
transducer adjustment and have transducers modified for the new
substrates (see figure on the last sheet.) The transducer plate
1f See section titled Oscilloscope Operation for the Side Scanner.
2/ See section titled Typical Side Scanner Oscilloscope Waveforms
for various transducer aiming conditions.
J.
c
Transducer Aiming (Cont .. )
should be installed in the shroud on the: shore end member. The
3 studs attached to the plate will be secured to the plate with
th2 3/8-16 locknuts. Use lockwashers and tighten with channel
lock pl iens. About 1 1/2 inches away th~re ·wi:ll be a 1/2-20 nut
followed by a flat washer, a spring and flat washer in that order.
The threejstuds should be pushed through the three corresponding
holes in ~he shroud with the last flat \'lasher against the inside
of the shti<>ud. A hand wheel should then be screwed onto the
outside ofi the shroud on each of the portruding studs. Extreme
care should be taken when insta 11 ing or removing the transducer
from the housing as the springs tend to fall off and get lost
in the river. To avoid this, tape the springs to the studs with
a small piece of tape. The transducer and transducer tables
should be fed over the top of the transducer and back to shore,
securing ~hem with tape to prevent chafing and to provi_de a little
service loop to prevent their being torn off the transducer. The
thre~ hand wheels should be tightened with an equal amount of stud
protruding through the wheel. The transducer will now be approxi-
mately aimed at the target end 60 feet away. (The remaining three
hand wheels should be used after final transducer adjustment by
running them up the stud and tightening them against the first
wheel to lock them in place.)
To aim the transducer with the oscilloscope, set the beanMidth
switch to 2° and the counting range to somewhat over 60 feet so
that the target is counted (the #12 sector light wiii constantly
blink). The beam should be low enough to just miss counting
reflections from the pipe itself. To raise the beam; screw the
upper \'/heel clocb1ise (to the right) one turn for each 3/4 foot
beam movement 60 feet away (or counterclockwise to lower it).
The scope trace should appear relatively clean (free of spikes)
on 2° and show a few small spikes at the end of the substrate on
4°. (s~:e section titled Typica 1 Sice Scanner Oscilloscope Wavefonns
for schematics of various ~ransducer aiming conditions). A
typical schematic of a strong target on 2° beam (expanded horiz-
ontally) is shown below:
transducer face target
A good target is broad and flat across the top and not varying
in height. Once the target has been adjusted vertically it can
be adjusted horizontally. To move the beam to the right, turn
the low2r right \'/heel clockwise and the lower left wheel the
• •
K.
l.
-
same amount counterclockwise at the same time. To move the
beam to the left, reverse the procedure. Horizontal movements
should involve exactly the same amount of turning on each wheel
to avoid 11 Skewing .. the beam out and up or down. Each full turn
of both wheels together will move the beam horizontally 1 l/2
feet. By turning them together, the vertical aiming remains
unchanged. Likewise, adjusting the upper knob does not affect
horizontal beam movement.
frolil the 11 flushed'' position, the transd'ucer should be moved up
or down stream as much as necessary to achieve a strong target.
In a strong current th~ pipe tends to bow out so the t~ansducer
may need to be aimed a bit upstream to compensate. In cases·
where fish tend to migrate close to the surface over the substrate,
the bealil may need to be aimed high and downstream. Frequent
monitoring of the oscilloscope and experience with aiming are =
the surest means of achieVing a good target and counting maximt.lllTI
numbers of fish.
It has been observed that when water level rises considerably
over a short period of time the target becomes weak or disappears
completely. This may be caused by the increased velocity bending
the tube, requiring an adjustment of the horizontal position
of the beam. If no target can be found when making vertical
adjustments of the beam, it may be due to irregularities of the
river bottom. If the end of the tube is hanging over a ledge
or if the tube is resting on a rock, the target end wi 11 be lower
than the rest of the tube and may not be locatable by aiming the
transducer. In this case the beam should be aimed low enough to
just avoid reflecting echoes from the surface of the tube. When
no target can be found at all and the printouts are all zeroes, :
it may be that a large piece of debris is lodged on the transducet
blocking transmission of the beam. This should be checked before'
adjusting the transducer.~
Cumulative Counter
This counter maintains a running total of all counts. It is an
8-digit counter and being of the L.E.D. typ~, consumes a fair
amount of power when lit. For this reason a 11 READ 11 pushbutton
---;s provfCied below it to read the to-tal wfien desired. To clear
the cumulative counter, shut off the SAFETY switch and depress
the CLEAR pushbutton located below the counter. The alarm will
alert you that the SAFETY switch is OFF.
Safety Switch
This S\'litch is an interlock provided to· prey~nt accidenta 1 clear-
ing of the data or accidental resetting of:1P.RINTER time or
N.
N.
0.
P.
AUT0f4ATIC TEST time. ~Jhenever it is left in the OFF position
the sounder wi 11 sound, a 1 ert i ng you to this fact.
Sdunder
'~
T~e ~ounder will alert you \'lhenever any of the· following three
s~itches are left in the "wrong" position to prevent walking
away from the unit in that condition: (The sounder will "click"
whenever a fish is counted).
a. Sounds \'/hen 11 DATA 11 switch is left OFF.
b. Sounds when 11 PRINTER" switch is left OFF.
c. Sounds \'lhen "SAFETY" switch is left OFF.
Speaker may be covered when working to lessen obnoxious noise.
However, the speaker is not a gum repository.
Test Pushbutton and Data Switch
The purpose of this test is to verify proper functioning of almost·
the entire system (except the transmitter). This button, when
depressed, electronically simulates fish in the first 11 sectors ..
When the system is operating properly, the first 11 fish lights
will blink, the sounder will sound, the cumulative counter and the
4-digit counter at left will record these counts. .If only a partial
system test is desired, without interfering with data already present
in the memories or the cumulative counter, the DATA switch should be
i eft OFF. This wii i prevent these 11 fa i se counts !I from being recorded
but will permit the FISH lights to blink. When a full system test
is desired at the cost of losing the data already present, the
DATA switch may be left ON.
Fish and Sector Lights
The two red SECTOR L.E.D.•s indicate that the electronics logic
card is probably functioning properly. The sector lights must
always blink. If a light(s) does not blink, the cause may be
merely a burned out lig~t. This can be verified by dialing the
large·thumbwheel switch to the sector in question and simulating
fish by depressing the TEST pushbutton with the DATA switch ON.
If data is recorded in that sector, it merely means that either
the light is bad or the L.E.D. card in the system is bad, which
will not affect proper operation.
To check sector 12, merely increase the RANGE control setting
a few feet to ~'count" the target at the end of the substrate. The
FISH lights will blink \'lhenever fish are detected in the corres-
ponding sector and the sounder will sound.
Automatic Test
This feature permits automatic self testing of the entire system
• •
~\ t .
'-··
including the transducer and its proper aiming. It functions
automatically each 12 hours-(1978 and 1979 models can be set at
6, 12 or 24 hours. Set at 24 hours) as follows: To start tHe
12 hour timing sequence at any point in time, press the SET 11MES
red pushbutton. This initiates both the printer and auto te~t
times. Precisely 2 seconds afler the~normal printput 12 houris
later, the system will go intojan automatic test mode. It w~ll.
automatically electronically ~$Jmulate between 2 and 7 fish iri each
of the first 11 sectors and it1will automatically extend its range
by 3 feet, thus counting the artificial target 60 feet away and
recording these counts in sect~r 12. It will then· print out all
these counts and the letter E 1n the second column to indicate a
self start. 1978 and 1979 mod~ls will have letter I in the second
column. None of these counts will enter the cumulative counter at
right~ and will_be erased right after the print.
Q. Test Points on Panel
The test points have the following purposes:
·: .. ~~ ·:
1. X~~LT. This test point is connected to the 4° section of the
transducer which shows the transmitted voltage when the unit is
transmitting at 4~. ~
2. The XM2° test point is directly connected to the transducer
sector that is selected by the beamwidth switch and permits
oscilloscope reading of the transmitted voltage, thus checking
the transmitter card in the system. The 4° transmit will
always by considerably h:igher than the 2° transmitted voltage
except when the beamwidth switch is set to 2°. When the BEAM
WIDTH switch is in the ALT position, the transmitted voltage
can be seen to alternately go high and low as the 2° and 4°
sectors are automatically selected.
3. RCVR test point. This}test point is the receiver output and
gives a true .. ana 1 og P,1 cture.. on an osc i 11 oscope of what is
happening in the water. Any echoes received are amplified
and presented at this-test point. Any time the echo exceeds
3 volts at this point for the proper pre-programmmed number of
11 hits 11 it will result in a count. To use this feature, the
scope input is connected to .. the RCVR test point, the scope
ground connected to the GND test point and the scope may be
triggered from either the "XM" test point which permits obser-
vation of the entire 60 feet or from any one of·the 11 SCOPE ---
TRIG .. test points which starts the scope trace at the beginning
of any of the 12 sector "listening times". The scope trigger
must be set to -• By doing this and properly expanding the
scope sweep speed, any one or· more of the 12 sectors may be
individually observed.
• •
(
R. Beamwidth Switch
This switch electronically controls the transducer beamwidth by
connecting only the center section of the transducer for a 4°
beamwidth or paralleling both the center and outer transducer
sections for·a 2° beamwidth. Any of the three·modes may be
selected, but for optimum coverage, the ALT position should be used
since this tends to make the lateral coverage more unifonm. When
in the ALT position, the system alternately transmits on the 2°
sector then on the 4° sector and back to the 2° sector, etc.
·After transmittimg on the 4° sector, only those echoes received
during the first half o·f the active range are accepted (sectors
1 through 6). When transmitting on the 2°sector, only those
echoes received during the last half of the active range are
accepted (sectors 7 through 12). The system electronically gives
more weight to sectors closer to the transducer face since the
fish will be in the beam a shorter period of time because of the
fact that the closer to the transducer, the narrower the beamwidth.
Anumber of samples of each fish are taken, permitting different
"aspects .. of the fish to be sampled as it crosses the--beam. A
varying number of valid "hits" are required before the system
·"decides" the target is a fish and enters it into permanent memory.
The number of valid hits required for detection is a function of
which of the 12 sectors the fish was detected. For example,
although a fish travelling at 1.75 feet/sec is sampled 9 times,
if it is detected in sector 9, only 5 valid 11 hits 11 are required to
count, so if 5,6,7,8 or 9 hits are made during the passage of the fish
oniy i count wiii result.
This feature essentially eliminates downstream passing debris which
typically is travelling at the river velocity which is usually
much faster than 1.75 ft/sec and which would not be in the beam
long enough to count. To prevent single debris counts occurring
over a period of time from adding up to the numb~r required for a
valid fish count, the temporary fish decision meinories are auto-
matically cleared 4 transmissions after receipt of any single echo.
S. · Debris A 1 erting
Any time 24 counts are made in any one of the 12 sectors in a 35
second period (starting from the-first count), the system assumes
that this cannot be fish and is probably a piece of debris hung up
on the artificial substrate. When the next printout occurs, the
corresponding sector column will contain the symbol ''+ 11 in the
third column next to the sector identification number. After
printout, the debris detector is cleared and starts out 11 fresh 11
again. If the debris is still present, the system will again
accept up to 24 counts in 35 seconds and indicate 11 + " again. If
the debris has washed away) it will resume normal operation.
·5
~i
£
f , ______
NOTE: Some of the front panel switches are of the PULL TO CHANGE
types. This is to prevent inadvertent changiil~ of the switch
positions. The switch]landle must be· pulled away from the panel and
then changed. Make sur~ that the switch is firmly seated in the
desired position. ~
II •. ~ INITIAL SET UP AND SYSTEM TEST~
To verify proper system operation when first turned on or anytime
desired, do the following:
Before the battery is plugged in, which turns on the system, place the
following switches in the noted positions:
(1) PRINTER OFF.
{2) TRANSDUCER NOT PLUGGED IN.
{3) SAFETY SWITCH OFF.
{4) METER SWITCH IN BATT POSITION.
{5) FISH VELOCITY to 0.571.
{6) DATA ON.
{7) ACTIVE RANGE to about 50 feet.
The remainder of the controls may be left in any position.
Next, plug in the battery and then press the SET TIMES pushbutton
{this synchronizes the system). Some of the FISH lights may remain
on. To clear the system, press and hold the red TEST pushbutton,
noting that each of the FISH lights blink in sectors 1 through 11.
The system is now cleared and ready for operation.· ... At this time, the
SECTOR lights should be blinking and the BATTERY CONDITION METER
should be in the green. Press the two red CLEAR pushbuttons to erase
any counts from the memories. Press and hold the red TEST pushbutton,
This .wi 11 simulate counts on sectors 1 through 11. Hold it in until
a few hundred counts appear on the CUMUL counter. {You have to press
the blact< READ pushbutton to see th.is.)
The next step will be to verify that counts have been registered on
each section of the 4-digit-liqtrid crystal display and that the printer-
is functioning, and that all counts agree. To do this, turn on the
PRINTER switch and momentarily press t,he b 1 ack PRINT COMM pushbutton.
The printer should now print out 12) ines of data. The column at
left will be the sector identification number and should sequentially
read 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0, 1, 2. The next column should have
printed the letter 11 C11
•. DiaJ the large black thumbwheel switch
through its 12 positions and compare the numbers in the 4-digit
numerical display with the corresponding blue printed columns. They
should agree.
Next, add up the column of figures. The total sho~ld agree ~ith ~he
total CUMUL count within one or two digits. ~
Solar Panel
~j
The purpose of the solar panel is to charge the 16A~ GEL-CELL battery
supplied with the system. ~
i
Nount the solar panel such that it will receive a maximum average
amount of 1 i ght throughout the day. Plug it into the side cmfuector
marked SOLAR PANEL, observing polarity (this means red to red and black
to black}. If the so 1 ar pane 1 is connected backward,. no damage \'li 11
result, but the meter will read no solar charge when exposed to light.
Put the METER switch in the SOLAR CHARGE position •. ~ .If full sunlight
is falling directly on the solar panel, the meter tlill be at the extreme
right. In very cloudy weather the meter will ··probably be in the red.
When it is at the red/green crossover point, the solar panel is supplying
twice as much current as the system is consuming» with the excess
going to the battery~ This condition will be adequate to indefinitely
carry the system through the night hours. Make sure no part of the
solar panel is shaded because shading one cell is the same as shading
the entire panel.
III. TROUBLESHOOTING
Many complete sets of printed circuit card spares have been supplied
to Alaska Department of Fish and Game. They contain pre-tested cards
of every type used in the Side Scanner System. They are identified by
a function name etched on the component side o{ the .,cards at the upper
left corner of the card. The following table t1sts the P.C. card names
and their functions to aid in troubleshooting.#
Printed Circuit
Card Name &
Location in P.C.
Card File
t-1E~10RIES
(Slot 1 & Slot 2}
These 2 cards are
identical.
Card Function
The memory cards store valid fish counts after the
electronic deCision has been made if debris· or fish.
They drive the 4 digit liquid crystal display and the
printer. They have nothing to do with the cumulative
counter display. The 2 cards arc identical and inter-
changeable. T-he memory card in slot 1 controls the two
most significant digits of the display and printer fish
counts, i.e., the two digits on the left. The memory
card in slot 3 controls the 2 least significant digits
of the display and printer fish counts, i.e., the two
digits on the right.
t .
Printed Circuit
Card Name &
Location in P.C.
Card File
LOGIC
(Slot 5)
PRINTER
(Slot 7)
RECEIVER
(Slot 11)
CAUTION:
If this card is
changed, it will
be necessary to
readjust the
sensitivity
screwdriver con-
trol on the front
panel as discussed
earlier in this
manual.
Card Function
The logic card controls the-systein repetition
rate (or "ping" rate). It controls the duration
of the transmit signal. the 11 simulated fish
counts for test, the automatic range extension
during auto test, the counting range;-the dead
range, the smolt vs. fish function, the power to
receiver, all the L.E.D. functions, the 12
sector scan, the cumulative counter, the sounder
duration when fish are detected and th~ temporary
memories which decide whether the echo detected is
fish or debris. If debris, it is erased; if fish
it is routed to the previously mentioned permanent
memories cards for storage and then erased from
this card. This card also controls. the 2:~ _, 4°
and ALT beam routing in conjunction \'lith the beam·--
width switch.
The printer card controls the printer time clock
the printer command, the 12 print sequencing,
the printer sector 1.0. number printed on the left
of the printed paper, the letters printed next to
·the left on the printed paper, the automatic self
test timing~ the erasure or automatic clearing of
the data after print, the tape recorder automatic
pm·1er turn-on for 3.6 rninutes after each print,
and makes the decision whether a very high rate of
counts is fish or debris and if debris it tells
the printer to print the symbo 1 "+" . . -~';
The receiver card contains the receiver which takes
the minute fish echoes, amplifies tham 23,000
times and if the echo exceed a predetermined threshold
it triggers a device which sends a signal to the
temporary memory card for subsequent decision as
to whether it was fish or debris. This card also
contains a 9V regulator to power the entire system.
-----It also controls-the battery and-solar charge meter
and provides T.V.G. which means time variable gain
which causes fish echoes detected far away to be
amplified at a greater factor than fish close by
since the echo'decreases with distance in a log
manner. This card also contains the transmitter
which transmits a 515 kHz signal to the transducer.
The card also contains part of the circuitry to
electronically simulate fish in the first 11 sectors
for automatic and manual test. The tape recorder
power regulator is located on this card-al"so.
, .
Printed Circuit
Card Name &
Location i n P. C.
Card File~
LIQUID CR't;STAL
DISPLAY CARD .., .,
;
Located o~ front
panel. ~
Card Function
This card contains a 4-digit liquid crystal
display on the front panel. If it becomes ·
defective it may be removed from the inside by
removing the two retaining 6-32 nuts and replacing
it with a spare display card. If this is done,
be sure the two flat plugs that are inserted in
its connector are firmly inserted in the new card
in identical orientation. The display has an
average life of about 7 years. It will be
noticed that in cold weather the display takes
longer to change its numbers. This is a normal
characteristic of liquid crystal displays.
Most of the card functions are self-explanatory so that in the event of
trouble, a card may be replaced. Since many of the card functions are
inter-related, a problem may sometimes not be definitely localized to a
specific card and more than one card may have to be interchanged to cure
the problem (one at a time).
To change a printed
Remove the 6 screws
panel straight up.
electronics.
circuit card, disconnect the battery and solar panel.
holding the front panel and carefully lift the front
It may then be turned and laid down next to the
CAUTiON: The electronic components on the cards are susceptible to
immediate destruction by static electricity. They should never be
handl~d in an office where carpets generate static electricity.
:
Replace the suspect card with a ne\'1 one and _retest. The system can be
operated in the open position so it will not be necessary to close the
system to test it, but be very careful not to short anything.
To remove a card, pull up on the two.card ejectors. To replace a
card, press the card fi.rmly down and hook the combination black card
ejector/inserter under the ridge of the card file and push the two black
inserters down. These will fo.rce the card into its sockets and may have
to alternately be 11 rocked" until the card is firmly seated in its
socket.
CAUTION: NEVER remove or replace a card with power from the battery
or solar panel connected,
To replace the panel, reverse the removal procedure being careful not to
' .
pinch any cables between the panel and the~ case. The 6 nuts are on
sliding plates and may have to be repositioned \'lith a knife blade if
they were moved.
Some problems with the counter can be s6lved without changing cards.
If the ~rinter is malfunctioning, check to see that_it is flush with]
the counter and thescr~ws are fully tightened. Also make sure the ·i
tape is feeding out ·smoothly. If it is pulled out crookedly, the paper
will become jammed. If the printer begins skipping hours and changing
cards does not help, there is plenty of paper, the roller is clean a6d
the battery is tig~tly plugged in, the problem may be a faulty power~
inverter. This requires repair by Bendix. i ..
IV .. SIDE SCAN ARTIFICIAL SUBSTRATE j
General Description
The array (Figure 1A, 1B and 3) is made up of three· 18! foot long ,
sections of tubes that plug together with an 18 inch everlap forming·
a single tube. Offshore and onshore sections terminate the assembly:ends.
A 1 inch diameter wire rope runs through the assembly and is pinned to
the offshore cap. The onshore cap has a threaded shaft and handwhee,l
which is used to provide tension holding the array sections together:
by tensioning the cable. Cable should be threaded on the downstream
side of bolts tlhich hold sections together. Alignment of the vortex
shedding fins on each section is required in order to prevent oscil-
lation or vibration of the array in fast currents. Install and tighten
the !" bolts on the welded brackets. These will squeeze the slots
together thus securing~the pipes together. On 1978 and 1979 arrays
tighten bolts to 45 ft/lbs (second bolt from target end -tighten to
20 ft/lbs only). If too loose, the array will bend excessively, allowing
fish to escape under the beam. If tightened to greater than 60 ft/lbs
the bolts will break or the tube deform.
NOTE: The bolts should be tightened with the pipe upside down
from the way it will lie on the river bottom. This Will
help straighten the pipe. '
The offshore cap provides the wire rope termination, has a water check
valve used for blowing out and floating the array~ mounts the offshore
cable attachment point and has .a target attached for acoustic signal
alignment. The onshore cap has a 2 inch diameter hole in the end which
is used to stake the array in position on the shore. A second 2 inch
hole may be used to tie off the array for safety. A mount for the
transducer is provided on the:cap-~-Both~vertical and hor-izontal adjust-
ment of the transducer is possible. A t inch diameter x 2 ft. long bar
is provided to use as a lever for aligning the transducer on the 1976
systems. The new systems have adjustment handwheels. Mount the trans-
ducer in the upper 3 holes of its housing. A traveler, attached to the
cable swivel, rides on a bar preventing rotation of the cable when
tightening.
NOTE: The cable must be as tight as possible to prevent array
breakup in fast river. Hand tighten only.
A i inch threaded plug is provided for an air hose to blow out and
float the array prior to removal from t~e river bed. Netting is tied
~o the lower vortex fin. 1/8 inch diam~ter holes spaced at 1! inch
!intervals provide net tie points. Holes are provided on both top and
pottom f_ins as i~stallation on the opposite shore t:'~quires turning the
array end for end and rotating 180°.
NOTE: It has been found by A.D.F.& G.-that if no air is available,
the array may be raised by allowing the pipe to tilt down
inthe direction of the water flow. The fairings act as
ailerons and will raise the pipe to the surface. Conversely,
when sinking the array, the stake on the shore end should
be attached via a "cor.~e-along 11 to a tree and should be
tilted upstream a few degrees to help sink the arr.~y and
hold it firmly on the river bottom.
Assembly Procedure for 60 Foot Array
1. Lay out the fo-llowing parts on a reasonably level surface parallel
to the river bed in the order listed. Leave 1 foot of space between
parts.
1 each Offshore Cap.
2 each 18! foot section with couplers attached.
1 each 18! foot section without coupler.
1 each Onshore Cap (screw in tension screw handwheel all the way).
2. Attach swivel end of i inch cable to eye on threaded tension screw.
3. Feed opposite end of cable (with eye) through the 18! foot tube
sections. Cable must pass through center hole in bulkheads (two
places), and on downstream side of 3/8 inch bolts.
4. With the onshore cap transducer housing straight up, slip the first
18! foot section onto the shore cap (male), reduced diameter, align
the bolt holes and install i inch diameter bolts. Fitting coupler
sections into 18! foot sections i.s made much easier by spreading the
welded brackets apart with 2 or 3 disc brake pad spreaders. Before
fitting sections together, coat the outside of coupler sections with
clear silicone to prevent air l_eak~ Also coat bg_th ~nds 9f_bolts,
cable anchor bolt, endplate and offshore cap. -Be sure 18! foot
sections face in the right direction. Fins go downstream.
5. Install second and third section i·n similar manner. If couplings
hang up and do not seat, the cable'and tension screw can be used
to pull the couplings together. However, care must be taken to
align the fins during coupling insertion as turning the sections
after complete assembly may be difficult.
, .
6~ losert cable eye through the offshore cap and install cap on
last section. Insert bolt. Target (curved projection} should be
up. ~
7. Install end plate (with ~lot for pin} onto offshore caP,. Cable
should project through Chp center hole and extend out ~bout 12
inches if all couplings are seated. :
~ ~
8. Start to tighten the han~wheel inside onshore cap until cable eye
is aligned with slot in ~nd plate.
"'i
9. Install pin through eye Jnd seat in slot of end plate.
-~~
10. Tighten cable hand tight~ using handwheel. All couplings should
now be fully seated. When tightening, insert a long screwtiriver
in the far end of the swivel assembly to keep the traveler bar
from twisting as the cable is tightened. The cable tightens by
turning the knob counterclockwise and loosens by turning it clock-
wise. Two nuts should be screwed on both in front of and behind
the handwheel to al1low the. shaft to turn as the knob is turned. -""~". ... .
11. Install coupling bolts and cap nuts not previously installed.
Tighten to 20 ft/1 bs only, apply silicone.
12. Install end cap onto end plate covering cable.
13. All seams must be sealed to prevent air leaks when raising the tube.
Apply silicone generously to each joint and wrap with insulation
tape (such as 3M Scotchfill Insulation Putty Tape}. Cover this
tightly with gray 2 11 PVC tape, overlapping the seam 2 inches on
each side. Place 2 connected 8 inch hose clamps on each side of
the seam and over tape. Tighten clamps, being careful to keep
clamp nuts to the downstream side of the tube and out of the beam
path.
'
14. The array is now re;dy for placing into the river.
Array Installation Proc'edure
'
1. Before placing the array in the river, the chain anchoring the
net should be tied up to prevent it from snagging on debris
during deployment. It is easiest to thread a line through the links
and tie it to the holes in the fins. This can be readily cut when
releasing the net. Make sure the i inch plug on top and 3 inch
floodcap on the side are in before putting the array in the water.
2. Attach an appropriate shore cable ! inch minimum diameter to
upstream end of collar provided on offshore cap. The longer the
cable, the easier it will be to move the array in and out. Attach
the other end of the cable to a stake, tree or other available
attachment point. CAUTION: In 7 foot per second currents cable
tension of floating array will be as high as 850 pounds.
, .
3. Attach another cable to the 2 inch hole on the upstream side of
the inshore end of the array. The other end of the ca.ble ·should
be attached to a tree or stake onshore. Moving the array out will
be much easier if the cable runs as closely to parallel with the
bank as possible.
4. Once both cables are attached, the offshore end should be .gradually
let out, allowing the array to swing out into the current until it
is perpendicualr to the bank. In fast rivers the current may tend
to push the tube out parallel to the bank as the offshore cable is
being let out.-As a safety precaution against this, it is a good
idea to tie a short rope from the _standpipe to a stake or tree
onshore. (The standpipe is a 4 foot x 2 inch 0.0. steel pipe
inserted in the 2 inch holes behind the transducer housing with
T-caps screwed onto both ends. This allows easier moveme~t of
the array and is a handle by which you can "ai leron 11 the a·rray).
5. Someone on the onshore end should be ready to place a boom log
in the end of the pipe to hold the array out far enough so that
about 6 inches. of water covers the tpp of the transducer housing.
The boom log can be held in place by'-weights or stakes (see draw-
ing belm-1).
6. When in place, cut the line holding the chain up and remove the
i inch plug on top and the 3 inch f1oodcap on the side ·to a11ow
the pipe to sink •
.. . -. ~-. .-, -.· ., ~~· ,;.. ·. . ~ :·-''""'" -· ' -... ;-.-.. -.,
, .
Array Removal Procedure
1. Blow out water in the array through. the check valve located in
the shore cap. This is done by removing the ! inch pipe plug
located in the shore cap and replacing with an air hose. Air
pressure applied here (as from an air compressor) will force
water out t~e ·check valve, floating the array.
2.
If no air is available. the alternate raising method described
earlier may be used, i.e.; allow the shore end stake to tilt
forward (downstream) which will raise the array by the aileron
action of the fins. ·
The floating array can now be hauled ashore either by pulling
straight out or by pulling in tbe offshore cable.
Array Disassembly Procedure. See Figures 1A, J.B and 3
1. With the array on a reasonably level area~ remov~ the end cap.
2. Untighten (screw in) the handwheel inside the onshore cap. This
will loosen the tension cable and allow removal of the pin on the
offshore end plate.
3. Remove .the end plate.
4. Drive a stake through the 2 inch shore cap hole into the ground.
Also drive a second stake into the grou~d about 10 feet from the
opposite end of the array.
5. Attach the uyu cable to the offshore cap, see Figure 3. Install
come-along between stake and uyu cable.
6. Remove through bolt of first section to be disassembled (any order
is OK).
7. Pull apart with come-along.
8~ Install 2 eye short cable between sections pulled apart. See
Figure 3.
9. Remove next through bolt and pull apart next section.
lQ •. Continue process until all.sections are pulled.ap_ar:t.
General Caution Notes
1. Before placing array in water ins!'~ct check valve operation.
2. Cable must be tensioned before array deployment.
3. Do not turn array vortex fins into current in currents over 4 feet
per second. Excessive load may damage array.
• •
(_
--
4. Installation of a_-cable around the onshore cap to a stake upstream
on shore may be useful in a fast current river.
5. If corrosion prevents loosening of cable tension wheel on assembled
array~ the offshore cap pin may be driven -·aut; after removal of the
cap, -thus releasing cable tension. ~
6. Handle exposed section ends with reasonable care to avoid nicks
or tube distortion. -i
7. Be sure i inch diameter carriage bolt i~coupling sections are
tightened to 45 ft/lbs in order to elimi~ate coupling to tube
clearance thus preventing array sag. Neyer exceed 50 ft/lbs.
8. Transducer. The transducer, although re~sonably rugged would be
destroyed if dropped on a-rock. Before use, the radiating poly-
urethane face should be washed with a detergent, preferably liquid
detergent with the liquid left on the face. This cleans off finger
oils. Any oil or grease will completely block the high frequency
• output and make the transducer inoperative~ In some rivers, a--
buildup of various forms of 11 Crud 11 1nay develop on the transducer
face after a week or two~ so a quantity:of liquid detergent should
be placed in the hand and the hand quicJ<ly put under water to rub
the face of the transducer. This should be done whenever too much
buildup of "crud 11 is felt or seen on the transducer face. A
moderate amount of detritus will not affect normal operation.
Shortened Arrays
In situations where the current is swift or the fish·hug the bank
tightly it may be desirable to use only one or two of the 18! foot
sections to assemble a 20 or 40 foot array. Assembly procedures are
the same as for a full size 60 foot array except that the inner cable
must be shortened.
When using a 40 foot tube the beamwidth!switch should be set to ALT
and the counting range to a distance of about 38 feet. Beamwidth for
a 20 foot array should be set on XM2° and counting range to about 18
feet.
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SIDE St~N SONAR ONSHORE CAP
Transducer
Adjus~ing Knobs-== \ ""<
Standpipe Hole
..... .;.. ,, ..... , ••• .ll.;.AJ.& ........ ii£•1·1• ·"'·· ' ... .J ....... , ••.
1/2 11 Plug For Air
Hose Connection
1/4 11 Wire
Tension Cable
_ ....
.. _..._ ..... - -
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\~-_______.
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' '
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I ------------_......+-........_ CABL]i: ·-l'OSSITIOflE'Ir"
_.....-: --.-ARRAy
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ON SHORE
STAKE
~ I L //_/ ./.L:_ .L ./ / a ~
CAB LID
,.------.....____
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ARRAY
READY TO SYrnNO
OUT(FLOATING)
,_ -----
POSSITIONED
>'oJi:l
~-.... ..........._ . ...__ -
STAl{E ~ '"-~--ARRAY
INSTALLED IN
lUVER .. ~ ..
ALTERNATE ARRAY DEPLOYMENT METHO~
. (SLOW CUl\1\EN'l' S'l'ItEAMS}
r
VERT I CAL ADJUSTMENT
[ T1 GHTEII l1 TURN CLOCKWISE FOR EACII
3/4 FOOT OEA~t RISE l\T 60 FEET, /\WAY)
lR VICE VERSA TO LOWERREN\
HORIZONTAL 1\(}JUSTHENT.
fiGIITEN LEFT Kr!Oil AND LOOSEN:
RIGIIT KtiOO Sir1ULTANEOUSLY
I TURN FOR EliCII
l's FT. DEN\ SUIFT TO
filE LEFf AT 60 Ff. AWAY J
OR VICE VERS/\ TO SUIFT RIGIIT
NITIALLY TIGHTEU KNOllS TO COMPRESS THE SPRHIGS
0 AOOUT 2/3 OF THEIR NO-TENSIOU LEtiGTH. BEFORE
USTALLING Ill WAfER • liOJllST TilE 3 KNOBS SO THAT
RMSOUCEil FJ\CE IS PERPEIIDICU~I\R TO PIPE.
tOl'Ea lise upper three holes.
("-\
--·'
CARLE
FLEXIBLE COUPLINGS'
,---..._
' \
}
........ JJI ... -. •. .a~ .... ,.4 .• ,, ·''· -
SIIORE k"
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(TIGHTEN 00\-IH 1\GiiiNST Trt/\NSDUCER IPLiiTE) . '· .
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OFF-SHORJn
CAP
20 1
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.......... ,, ....
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STAKE DRVEN.INTO
ON SHORE CAP
~
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STAKE
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anquNo
THRU BOLT
'----Z EYE SHORT CABLE
EXTRA TIIRU BOLT
THRU BOLT ......... , ..... ; ...... ,.~............. .1.
ZND JOINT TO BE PULLED APARD
i· ,, •
GROUND I.
A\~ \'t A Y \:J \ ~I~~ S e tv\ e, LY
, .
APPENDIX 2
ADULT ANADROMOUS FISHERIES STUDIES
Oscilloscope Operation
r~·-,
~ .. ·
OSCILLOSCOPE OPERATION
for the
SIDE SCANNER
July 16, 1979
A. Menin
This manual describes how_to use the oscilloscope in conjunctionwith the
side scanner-. Although it.rs specificially written around the Tektronix model
323 .. scope". the same basic rules apply to ·v-irtually any model scqpe except
~
1 for the location of controls~
1
.;
~
-~ .
·-
THEORY OF SCOPE OPERATION
The scope is basically a time variable voltmeter. A bright dot moves
1
~ . across the screen at a constant rate from left to r1ght. The speed at which
it moves is determined by the TIME/DIV control setting on the scope. At most
settings, ·the dot moves so quickly that it looks like a continuous horizontal
line to the human eye.
:,:-~ ·--· ..
-·
The VERTICAL INPUT of the scope (ori the left side of scope) is the same
as the + & -input l-eads on a voltmet;er except that a voltage connected to
VERTICAL INPL7 scope connector wi11 cause an upward vertical deflection of
the moving dot of ~ight proportional to :the amount. of voltage at t~e_. input at
the point in time t·hat the moving dot happens to be when tliat voltage is con-
nected. For example, if there is no voltage on the scope input for the fir~t.
half of the trace, you will see a straight line. If a + voltage is then applied
during the middle of the trace (or;sweep a~ it is usually called), the bright
i
1
dot will go vertically up to the corresponding place on the scope's face as
determined by the VOLTS/DIY setting of the scope. Example: With a 2V/DIV
setting, the dot would rise three divisions at the precise· instant in time
that you connected the+ of a 6V ba~tery ~o the scope's VERTICAL INPUT.~ith
the -of the battery connected to the scope ground.
TRIGGERING
The bright dot on the screen requires an electrical voltage on the TRIGGER
IN.PUT of the scope (on the left side of scope} to start· the dot moving at the
..-----.
--· rate {or speed) set by the -TIME/DIY control on the scope's front panel. This-
"trigger is required for each "'sweep" of the dot. At the instant in time that
a voltage is applied tci the TRIGGER INPUT of th~ scope, the dot will start
moving from left to right. This provides synchronization of what you see on
the screen with the side scanner. In the case of the side scanner, the TRIGGER
INPUT will be connected to either XM2°, XM4° (or XM ALT. in the latest version
of the side scanner). ~ach time the side scanner transmits a "burst of sound",
the transmitted voltage momentarily appears on the XM pin connector of the
side scanner. At this instant in time, this voltage causes the dot to start
moving from left to right. Since you will have the TIME/DIY set to 2 ms
{MILLISECONDS) for .~roper ~operation with the side "''scanner-~~ this ··dot is now
moving across the screen at the rate of 2 milliseconds (2-thousanths of a
second) per division. This of course is too fast for the human eye to follow
so it looks like a straight line to the eye. Since sound travels (in water)
L at about 5000 feet per second whfch equals 5 feet per milliseconds (1 thous-
anth of a second), when the scope's VERTICAL INPUT is connected to the RCVR
(receiver) pin connector of the side scanner, an echo (a vertical line} from·
a fish {or other object) 25 feet away from the transducer would be seen as a
vertical .1 ine at 5 divisions from the left of the start of the sweep of the
bright dot. This ·is because it took 5 milliseconds for the sound to travel
the 25 feet to the 11 fish" and another 5 milliseconds for the "echo" from the
fish to return to the transducer for a total of 10 milliseconds roun_9 trip
travel time. Since the scope is set to 2 milliseconds per division, 10 milli-
seconds would be 5 divisions.
To see the -metal target at the end of the pipe which is about· 59 feet
away from the transducer, you should expect to see this target 23.6 milliseconds
(_.~ from the face of the transducer (the start of the sweep) because at 5 feet per
..
millisecond travel time, it will take 11.8 milliseconds for the sound to hit
~he metal target ~nd another 11.8 milliseconds for-the "echo" to return to the
transducer or a round t~ip travel time of 11.8 + 11.8 = 23.6 milliseconds.
·j -• .
-~
.Since the TIME/DIVISION ff the -scope is set to 2 Msec/DIVISION, that would .
be just beyond the 1.0 di~isions on the scope screen and would not be seen; so
a fine variable adjustment knob located in the center of the TIME/DIY coarse
control should be .rotated a little counter clockwise so that the echo from
the metal target can be seen on the scope's face. RotatinQ this small control
counterclockwise increases the time oer division to some amount Qreater than
the 2 milliseconds oer division that the coarse control was set to.
SCOPE CONTROLS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS
1. POWER SWITCH-ON (see fig. 1) -CAUTION: Be sure to shut off power
when scope is not being used since it draws much more power than the side
(> scanner and ·would rapidly discharge the battery.
\~---
2. POWER SOURCE SELECT SWITCH (see fig. 2) -This is a small slide switch
on the rear of the scope and should be pushed down to the EXT DC position which
means that the scope is being powered by an external l2Y from the side scanner.
3. VOLTS/DIY. ROTARY CONTRO~ (see fig. l) -·This switch may be set ~s
desired for viewing the side scanner RCVR output. It should be set to either
lV or 2V. If it is set to lV per division you may want to rotate the small
"fine control" center knob inside the coarse control VOLTS/DIY to reduce the
height of the vertical lines or fish echos to about 1 incll.
4. POSITION CONTROLS (see fig. 1) -These 2 controls merely affect the
horizontal and vertical position of the scope d~splay. You may want to set
the vertical position control so that the horizontal trace of the scope is a
little above the bottom of the screen and the first vertical line on the left
is about 1/4 inch inside of the screen. (This corresponds to the transmitted
burst of sound or the transducer position).
5. -INPUT LEVER SWITCH {see fig. l) -This should be down (in the DC
position). :~ -3 . ~
6 •. TRIGG-ER LEVER SWITCH (see fig. 1) -This important switch should be
in one of the 2 bottom external triooer positions. ~~ther AC or DC. This switch
·;
~ is located on the right side of the model 323 scope. 'l
7. TRIGGER KNOB (see fig. 1) -This is probably; the most important {and
mast often mis-set centro 1). Its funct.i on is to assure that the start of the
sweep of the scope picture exactly coincides with the: instant the side scanner
transmits_ i"ts burst of sound. This ~ill cause tpe transmit burst vertical line
·::t. :,, -
to be at the start of the sweep (the extreme left side of the trace). If this
knob is rotated comoletely clockwise or completely counterclockwise. the scope
trace will i•free run". that is to say. it will never be synchronized with the·
(~ transmit burst and therefore the transmit burst verti ca 1 ·; i ne on the scope • s-
'---.-··
face may occur anywhere along the scope sweep.
8. TIME/DIV. ROTARY CONTROL (see fig. 1) -This controls the speed at
which the bright dot crosses the screen. For use with the side ·scanner. it
should be set to the 2 Ms (MILLISECONDS) position}
9. ATTEN. SLIDE SWITCH (see fig. 1) -This switch is located on the left
side of the scope. Although it can be operated in either position, stable
triggering is a little easier to adjust if this slide switch is in the lOX
position. ·
10. FOCUS AND INTENSITY (see fig. 1) -These two controls are located on
top of the scope.
The intensity control should be rotated fully clockwise for maximum bright-
ness of the trace. After adjusting the brightness. rotate the focus control
for the sharpest vertical lines.
-At nrght y.ou rr.ay want t.o decrease the bri·ghtness. If you do, refocus
the FOCUS control.
OSCILLOSCOPE CONNECTIONS TO·SIDE SCANNER
, · 1. _EXT. D.C. POWER (see f-ig. 2) -This twin conn·ee:tion is located on the
right side of scope. This should be connected to the mating connector labeled
··scOPE" on the right side of the side scanner.;-CAUTION: This is the 12 volt
power connection to the scope and does not have reverse polarity protection.
If these leads are reversed, the scope wi_l1 burn out instantly. -
2. EXT TRIG. (see fig. 1} -This connector is located on the left side
of scope. It should be connected to either the 2° or 4° _(or ALT. in 1980
. -'model side scanner). This is to provide triggering of the scope from the side
scanner. Use either one of the supplied connector cables. The black pin on
,~
(
'---·
the connector cable is ground and may be connected to the gnd. pin of the
side scanner or left disconnected if you l·ike, since the scope will be ground~d
anyway through the power connector.
3. VERT. INPUT (see fig. 1) -This connector is also located on the
left side of the scope. It should be connected to the RCVR connector o~ the
face of the side scanner using the supplied connector cord which is identical
t.o the ext. trig. corn. The black pin is ground and need not be connected to
the side scanner ground since the scope is already grounded through the 12V
power cord.
This is the vertic~l. _input to the scope_ and causes the bright movin·g dot·
of the scope to 90 up vertically when~ voltage is present on the RCVR output
of the side scanner as it would be when a fi s'h echo is present.
OSCillOSCOPE ADJUSTI~ENTS
1. After all three connectors are in place (trigger, vertical input and
external l2V power) turn on the scope power.
(~
, .
.r---
2. Turn the brightness control fully clockwise.
-3. Place the-rear slide switch in the down (ext DC) position (Fig. 2).
4. Place the ext. trig. switch on th~ left side of scope to the lOX
.;
position.
' 5.
(down).
Plac~ the inout lever switch on the scope face to the ·oc position
6. Place1 the trigger lever switch (on the right side of scope face)·
:.;
down. to the EXT TRIG DC position.
7. Set the TIME/DIY rotary switch to 2 ms.
8. Rotate the small center knob inside the TIME/DIY switch about 1/3 of
a revolution counterc1ockwise-fro_~jts fully clockwise:{detentj position:' · ··
~l .. -
_ 9. Set t~e VOLTS/DIY rotary switch to·l volt.
;
10. Rotate the small center knob inside the VOLTS/D!V switch about 1/3
of a revolution counterclockwise from its fully clockwise (detent) position •
l_/ 11. Push in the 2 POSITION controls located on the bottom center of the
scope face. These 2 rotary controls are also push-pull switches and should
always be pushed in.
12. Rotate the trigger knob on the lower right side~-of scope face fully
counterclockwise to its d~tent position. . This wi 11 --cause the scope to operate
even without an external trigger so that you can adjust the two position con-
trols ..
13. Rotate the vertical position knob on the bottom center of the scope
until the trace on the screen is about 1 division from the bottom of the screen.
14. Rotate the horizontal position control on the lower center of the
scope face until the trace starts about one division from the left side of the
scope screen.
(_~ The scope is now ready for final trigger adjustments.
15. Put the side scanner beamwidth switch in the 2° position and connect
( the EXT TRIG. cable to t,he XM2° pin connector on the face of the scope. ,_
Rotate the TRIGGER knob on the right side of scope face to about the
~
10 o'clock position.-S;omewhere near this point, the scope should be~ triggering
-~
properly as evidenced by a stable vertical "spike .. being seen on the] extreme
~
~ left (-the beginning) of the scope trace. Now place the beamwidth sw~tch on
~
the sfde scanner to fhe Alternate-posit'ion. The scope trace should jook the
same as it did in the 20. position meaning that you ·are..:sti11 triggering only
on 2°. If it looks different or seems to speed up or get bri·ghter tJ:lat means
you are slightly misadjusted. If so, rota.te the TRIGGER knob a~bit un~il the
.~
scope picture does not· change as you switch between the 2° to-the All positions
on the side scanners beamwidth switch.
Now put the EXT TRIG connector cord in the XM4° connector (or the XM AL.T •
.r on the· 1980·model) When the side scanner"beamwidth switch is in the ALT ( . -
\__.
position the trace on th~ scope shou1~ now be triggering twice as fast
{brighter) as in the 2° position since now you are alternately triggering ~he
scope twice as fast as you were. You are causing the scope to al~ernately
trigger on 2°, 4°, 2°, 4° etc. If you now move the EXT TRIG. cable connector
back to the XM.2° connector you wi 11 ·see a change in the trace sin.ce it wil 1
·only be triggering on the '2° beam {half as often).
You should now see a stable vertical spike, about 1 inch high on the
left_ side of the trace-and--you should-see the metal target echo {about 1 inch
high) near the right side of the trace if you increase the COUNTING RANGE con-
trol on the side scanner to beyond 60 feet. To o~erate the side scanner
nonnally, you should now reduce the COUNTING RANGE control slowly until it
just ceases to count the target (on sector 12) and then reduce it about one
foot more for safety.
c
(-
'----
, .
Pf}C-E 0 F 5CO?£
\I'OLTS/DIV
~~ .2
2~ _,
s { () l .os_
10~.02
20 • DCII' .01
RDCU.. .0~~ i;" 0 0 ~ -1 I 5q • .. :::.~ j •osrrooN ••.£ ...
TYPE 324 OSCILLOSCOPE .4='!-i:•""TEKTRONIX/Tooo. :.IA,.,ur
--JOCIIS-tcltJtS.n--.
TIME/OIV
~~~
... s~(!)1 .2 .1
5 ~
. 10 ~ . ~~) f:: \ col,., ~0. "---..-/-s .s (-1 /2/
s .2 l:n ~( ..;;;::.t .. .,.ll lilT
YAI IIIJC
'rRICGER .. t . rol ::f j··,, ,'l ~
&.!. AUTO~
LOCATED CJN LEFT VCT T~IC Olt HOiliZ EJn VllllT INP11f CAL OUT < )
"!""' . """'"' ...
SJDF f)F GeoPE .. ~~~~ 0 .~ 0 '@h_ \........._ :>--.... ...... _,
Oscilloscope controls. Sony Tektronix type 324 oscilloscope.
riG; 1
, .
rot 7Jf/5 51-JOE SW 1 TCil
Jtl O[JV/A' (EXT JJc) ?OSJ/ItJN
Oscilloscope adjustments. Sony Tektronix type 324 oscilloscope.
c •••..•• , ... rinr
·~··-
~~ -':•:
~;:4
~<·
~
, .
A. Menin -T. Namtvedt, 6-18-79
Table II-1. TYPICAL SIDE SCANNER OSCILLOSCOPE WAVEFORMS FOR VARIOUS
FIGURE #
II-3.
11-4.
II-5.
II-6.
II-7.
11-8.
11-9.
II-10.
11-11.
11-12.
II-13.
TRANSDUCER AIMING CONDITIONS
CONDITION
PROPER VERTICAL AIMING. 2°
PROPER VERTICAL AIMING. ALT. BUT SCOPE TRIG. ON 4°
PROPER VERTICAL AIMING. ALT: BUT SCOPE TRIG. ON 2°
IMPROPER VERTICAL AIMING. (AIMED TOO LOW)
IMPROPER VERTICAL AIMING. (AI~ED -TOO HIGH). 2°
-
IMPROPER VERTICAL AIMING. (AIMED TOO HIGH). 4°
IMPROPER HORIZONTAL AIMING. (AIMED TOO FAR DOWNSTREAM)
PROPER HORIZONTAL AIMING.
IMPROPER VERTICAL AIMING. (TOO LOW AND BOUNCING OFF SUBSTRATE)
ECHOS FROM BOAT WAKE
IMPROPER VERTICAL AIMING IN SHALLOW WATER
~r
TRANSDUCER
~
Figure 1.
I
(-)
"i"''l··· ...
OSCILLOSCOPE SCREEN
Bright and strong target echo,
not varying in height. --~"'
,.Small 11 Spike'su are okay.~
I I f I I I I I I • I I I I I I I
!o ~ •• ii ~
End
I y
..._
/')
• •. " ' '-··' .. ..a.;.J. ~ ~ ,,, _,,10.1 .; .. .10 ••••••• J .......
of 11 Listening 11 Time Spike,
Range contra 1 on s i.de.,,.s_c.an.n.er
set to just beyond target.
Sector 12 will count.
TARGET
2° Beam r
6 0 ' S U B ~~ T R A T E '·
i
PROPJRLY aimed transducer when beamwidth switch is set to 2° and scope triggered from XM 2°.
(~. (-~)
OSCILLOSCOPE SCREEN
Bright and strong target echo.
Not varying in height. ~'
These refle5tions from pipe ~n 4°
are okay (2 beam must be clean).
First half must be "clean"
except for small spikes.~
I I I I I I I I I I d II I
'~ ~
It
~~
.. ~.
End of "listening" time spikes. v I ,. ,,.
Range control on side scanner set
to just beyond target. Sector 12
will count.
TRANSDUCER
\
~
t=!!!C=:E='-==--=-=-~----------------------'""'------- - --------- - - - - ------.,.. ,, 4u ---.-Beam ----------~ .... ~ .. -------------------------
20 Beam
6 0 • S U B S T R A ;E-- - - - -~ - -.... ~--· • . '····. ~.._.;TARGET
--I -------
F~guse 2. PROgERLY aimed transducer when beamwidth switch is set to alternate and scope is triggered from
XM 4 . Note 4 beam is skimming surface of substrate beyond the 50% point on subs~rate thus causing
reflections from imperfections on the substrate surface. This is okay since the 4 beam will not count
any echos beyond the 50% point.
( (\
\ ,I
OSCILLOSCOPE SCREEN
Bright and strong target
echos not varying in height~
j
Small "spikes" are okay \.. .
"(
I I I I·
End
( ..
......
I)
of "listening" time spikes.
Range control on side scanner set to
just beyond target. Sector 12 will
count.
----------TRANSDUCER ------------~ ~ . -----}-c--=--~ r::;-_--::::: -:::_-:__ ----_4° Bl!ilJ!I -2° Bi>am ~ TAR 0 E T
. . -----/
I ~
I : 60' SUBSTRATE_____________ I ------
I ,,
,1•"'
Figure 3. PROPERLY aimed transducer when beamwidth is set to alternate but scope is triggered from XM 2°.
(--. /"-\
I •
\ /
OSCILLOSCOPE SCREEN
~ ... li :.
'''1
Bright and strong target echo
~ ~~
2° echos from pipe
\
J tl
rj
'
End,of 11 Listening 11 Time Sp.ike
( ............... ~.. ............... '.I.& ... ..
y
Range control set just beyond target.
Sections 9, 10, 11 and 12 will count.
TRANSDUCER
\D 3° Beam ~JJRGEl
I 60' SUBSTRATE f
Figu&e 4. IMPROPERLY aimed transducer when beamwidth switch is set to 2° and scope is triggered from
XM 2 . Note that beam is aimed too low, causing echos to be returned from last Y3 of substrate
imperfections even though target echo is strong and doesn't va~ in height.
r---, ("") -,
; ) I
OSCILLOSCOPE SCREEN
End
I
Weak 2° target echo varying in height.
Not bright on top. '~
--
of "Listening" Time Spike
i '
Range control on side scanner set to
just beyond target. Section 12 will
probably count.
-------------TRA ·~-----L~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~;' u 0
~ S D U C E R Q.. ~ ·--2 Beam ~ \ r--1 __ ---4 ffeau1 ------~---------
- ---- -_j----------- - - - - - -.. lt-"'" e o • 8 U B 8 T If A "t;Ji
T,ARGET
~
Figure 5. IMPROPERLY aimed transducer. Beamwidth switch is s~t soh 4°"and scopetlft~rfgg 1e're'd'.Jf"r'om, XM 2°.
Note that beam is aimed too high and is just catching target in 2 .beam although 4 beam does hit target.
See figure 6. Low passing fish may be missed.
( ---.... !-)
OSCILLOSCOPE SCREEN
Strong 4° target echo not varying 0 .,... I
. in height. Bright on top. But on 2• . I . target echo will be 1 ower, not
bright and will vary in height.
(See figure 5).
I
I
I
j
End
f .,
---..
r )
of ."Listening" Time Spike.
Range control set to,just beyond target.
Section 12 will count when beamwidth switch
is in 4° po 0ition. Section 12 may count with
switch in 2 or Alt. position.
TRANSDUCER ·----------------
1 \ I""'
'
~
-----·--0 --===--~-:=.:=:::.:t~a..!!!_ _ _... ____ f 2 Beam
: ' ------------I
I 6 0 • SUBSTRATE
Figure 6. IMPROPERbY aimed transducer. Beamwidth switch is set to Alt. (or 4°). Scope is
triggered from XM 4 , Note that beam is aimed too high, although the 40 beam solidly hits the
target, the 20 beam just barely hits the target (see figure 5 for 20 scope waveform.) Fish may
be missed.
~: ..,.TARGET
~ r
-
(-\
OSCILLOSCOPE :SCRIEEN
Weak echo from net
Weak echo from target~
Neither is very bright on top and y
both may vary in height. Both echos Y
may be very close together so care-
ful observation is necessary.
.. , '
..
End
I y
U·~ •• u
'·
of 11 Listening 11 Time Spike.
Range control set just
beyond target.
3:
0
·-···· ............ ~.. ............ ... ...II···4: s...
<U > •r-a:::
{~
TRANSDUCER FISH
\1 ~o--=--=-=--=== =-------= ---------r/----;;n---
I. Net tra i1 i ng
...Qcmns.tream
FLOAT
--------_ ·-_ _ ; 2 Beam
80' SIUBST -----------------
. RATE
\
TARG:ET
Figure 7. IMPROPERLY aimed transducer. Beamwidth switch is set to 2° and scope is triggered from XM 2°.
Transducer is aimed too far downstream, just barely hitting target. This will cause an overtoil'nt"·orf""" ···
salmon in the last half of substrate because salmon tend to linger downstream of pipe before crossing. If
salmon tend to overcount near end of substrate, this may be the problem. Reaiming the transducer more
upstream will cure the problem.
(-----' (-"1
' I )
OSCILLOSCOPE SCREEN
High and bright top on target
echo, not varying in height.~~
~indr echos from last half of
pipe seen in 4° or alt. mode
~ut not in 2° mode. ~
~
l
End ofi"Listening" Ttme Spike
/
Range control set to just beyond
target, sector 12 only will count.
TRANSDUCER -__ _..~ ----. --····· -------
---I ------fl TARGET
-----. e 0 • S U B S t R A T E ll:::'l--' 20 Beam ~----.J ~.~ ~--------~ ------------. ---------------------------
Figure 8. PROPeRLY aimed transducer. Transducer beamwidth switch is set to alternate and scope is
triggered from XM 4°. This assumes vertical aiming of transducer is correct .
.. ~ . .!i ~
···~
( (-\
\ /
OSCILLOSCOPE SCRE:EN
Target may or may not look okay ,,
~
First bounce off pipe.
I y
i .11
~~
~
,,..,.~, ...... ,, > • ..:O,! .... ll .• , -ll<~l.l I ,11\,, ,, ,.,,Jj.&.,l.l
of 11 Listening 11 Time Spike
.f\1
l. /
Range control set to just beyond target.
Various sections may count.
TRANSDUCER
\ ~
TARGET
~ 80' SUBSTRATE :
Figure 9. IMPROPER transducer aiming. Beamwidth switch set to 2° and scope trigger to XM 2°.
Transducer is aimed much too low and beam is bouncing off pipe near transducer, then hits target
and returns by same path.
{~-
'I
r·~~
! '
OSCILl.OSCOPE SCREEN
Target echo\
"
Multiple echos from aeration from
propeller of boat ~
~~
_;i·
%End of 11 1 istening 11 time spike
,..
.. .. . "' . ~ ····-. -m i::,
. ' ,j,
t \
I, I
TRANSDUCER If ( ,'\\\
\ r-
"" 1-
I·\\) ?0
Beam ( / f (I\ ~TARGET
(ff(t\'\\ 8 0 • SUBSTRATE
( !1 I f• ( \ ' \ \ ')
WAKE
Figure 10. Properly aimed transducer but multiple echos from wake of boat. This will cause
many counts, usually in outer sectors, and w·ill probably trigger the debris indicator~···.,····'"····
(r' (-,1 n
\! /
....
' OSCILLOSCOPE SCREEN
i
J
I I. . . I
End
I
Target echos weak r
\
1
Echos from river surface
' 1
I I I I I I ~~ 11111
WATER SIJIRFA.CE .
of 11 Listening 11 Time Spike
Range control set just beyond target
Will probably count on sectors 10, 11
and 12.
. : :---------
/RANSDUCER ~ o TARGET
2, Beam \~
I 6 0 ' ~~ U ·B 8 T R A T E i
f,.:.lt'
Figure 11. Improperly aimed transduc 0r. Beamwidth switch set to 2° and scope triggered from 2°.
Note water is too shallow even for 2 beam which is boxed in. Counting range on side scanner would
have to be reduced to about so• to prevent surface echos from counting. Target will be obscured by
surface echos.
, .
APPENDIX 3
ADULT ANADROMOUS FISHERIES STUDIES
Fishwheel Operation
APPENDIX 3
A. ADULT ANADROMOUS FISHERIES STUDIES
Fishwheel Operation
Design
-]
1 .
The fishwheels used at Flathorn, Yentna, Sunshine, Talkeetna and
Curry stations are of identical design with two baskets and two pa~dles each.
Flotation is provided by styrofoam logs covered with a plywood frame or
urethane sealed floats. The baskets are constructed of native spruGe and have
an average 1 ength ,-width and depth of 7. 5 feet, 6. 0 feet and : 30 inches
respectively. The paddles, also constructed of native spruce poles, have the
same width and length as the baskets. The baskets are netted with 2.5 inch
square creosote coated netting. The axle is an eight inch squared~spruce log
capped at each end with a steel collar fitted with a 1.25 inch steel shaft.
The side assembly--rbJates··~·on self adjusting bearings whj]ch tfol.~-to:·· an
adjustable wood frame on each float that permits the axle lo be rafsed or
lowered at 6 inch steps. A live box is attached to the inshore side of each
fishwheel. The fishwheel is held stationary by a cable bridle anchored to an
onshore deadman located upsteam of the fishwheel. The fishwheel is kept
offshore by an inshore mounted boom log lodged between the bank and the
inshore float.
Lead Weir
A lead weir is a critical component of a successfully operating
fishwheel. The purpose of a lead weir is to direct inshore migrant fish into
the fishing area of the wheel. The weir is constructed out of a series-of
framed panels averaging five feet long and covered with 2.5 inch mesh fencing
fabric. The panels are built to contour the river bottom and are held in
place by a boom log extending perpendicular to the river ;'flow from the
downstream end of the live box to the river bank. I
Operation
Fishwheels are designed to rotate at a speed ranging from 2.0 to 3.5
rpm. Maximum catch efficiency normally occurs at 2.5 rpm. At fishwheel
locations where velocity causes a wheel to turn at a speed greater than 3.5
rpm an experimental brake system will be used that creates a negative lifting
force to slow the wheel. The brake wtlJ consist of two water releasing boxes
referred to as "bird boxes" that attach to the paddles.
Properly sited and adjusted, fishwheel baskets should reach within six
inches or less of the bottom. If the baskets do not reach within six or less
inches of the bottom, fish will pass underneath the baskets without being
subject to capture.
Maintenance
Fishing depth of the baskets must be checked twice daily and
appropriate adjustments made. Lead weirs sho~ld also be inspected twice daily
to insure that they are properly functioning. Additionally, once a day each
, '.
wheel should be rigorously inspected for wear, damaged components, loose
rigging and protuding nails or rough surfaces which can inflict injuries to-
captured fish. Appropriate repairs must be effected at the first indication
of a problem.
c
, .
APPENDIX 4
ADUUT ANADROMOUS FISHERIES STUDIES
Fish Tagging
(_
, .
( ;
1 J
"=:;;
A. ADULT ANADROMOUS FISHERIES STUDIES
Fish Tagging (ADF&G, 1976)
Development of Marking of Fish
A mark can be defined as a brand, 1 abe 1 , sea 1 or tag which
identifies an object to show the marker or owner. Early tagging of fish
was begun by land owners along streams who were interested in conserving
salmon and trout runs. Charles Atking tagged Atlantic salmon in 1873 in
Maine's Penobscot River and several recoveries were noted in following
years. T.W. Fulton of Scotland (1893) and C.G.J. Petersen of Denmark
(1884) both used numbered buttons or disks on plaice (flatfish) and
other fish species in the Atiantic Ocean. The Petersen disc has been
one of the most successful types of tags and most widely usecfover the
years.
Exact figures on the rate of development of tagging are hard
to accumulate, but there are ·esl_imates that by 1910 about 100,000 fish~
had been marked with tags. By 19-36, the total was around 600,000 markedc<
fish. Presently many millions of fish (also molluscs, crustacea and
sea mamma 1 s) are being tagged every year for the purpose of studying
population dynamics and migrations.
Idea Fish Marks
Information on what constitutes an ideal fish mark, the types
of marks, purposes of tagging and methods of tagging and recovery are
spread through the fisheries literature.
Arnold (1966) suggested the following criteria for an ideal
fish mark.
1. It should be retained essentially unaltered for life of
fish regardless of the age at which applied.
2. It should have absolutely no effect of fish's behavior,
reproductions, life-span, growth, feeding, movement,
vul nerabi 1 i ty to predation, angling or other externa 1
factors.
3. It should not tangle in vegetation or nets of any kind.
-
4. It should be inexpensive and easily manufactured.
5. It should be usable on any size fish without significant
alternation.
, .
6. It should not be found in nature nor should it be possible to
confuse it with any other mark, natural or artificial.
7. It should be easily applied to fish in the field without the
need for an anesthetic.
8. It should be easily detected in the field by untrained
personnel or the public.
9. If the marked fish is preserved as a scientific specimen, or
for later examination, the mark would not be affected by the
preservation. ·
10. There should be enough possible variations of the mark so that
many individuals or many small groups can be identified
separately.
11. The marking substance should not present any health or safety
hazard tothe,biplogist, fish, or the public. · · ·· ·
12. The mark should not cause adverse public relations by spoiling
edible parts of the fish.
Obviously, no one mark satisfies all the above listed
requirements and it generally only satisfies a few of them. One of the
critical problems of a research project is to decide on the best mark
for the particular circumstances.
Both Fl oy and Petersen disc tags have been uti 1 i zed in the
Susi tna River drainage in the past and will be used to tag fish at
Flathorn, Sunshine, Talkeetna and Curry stations.
Petersen Disc Tags
One (1) inch diameter, sequentially numbered or blank Petersen
disc tags will be utilized on adult salmon at Curry Station, and at
Sunshine and Talkeetna stations on chinook salmon. The color code will
be international orange at Curry Station and yellow or blue at Sunshine
Station and green at Talkeetna Station.
Tagging procedures will be reviewed in the field as it is
difficult to explain without having tags and a fish in hand. Generally,
the following steps are as followed:
1. Hold prepared tag (pin, buffer pad, and numbered tag) with
needle nosed pliers and insert through the cartilage
immediately under the dorsal fin.
2. Place a blank tag on the pin and cut off all but 3/8 inch of
the pin with a cutting pliers.
c
3. Twist rema1n1ng pin in a inward and rolling motion so that the
pin lies flat against the disc and forms a loop.
Here are a couple suggesttons that will help:
i
1. Use a sharpening stpne to make a sharp point on the
tagging pins. This ;can be done ahead of time and will
make penetration eas~er.
~
2. Prepare tags prior to making fishwheel checks. Assemble
tags in sequential drder and stick them in a piece of
styrofoam: pin, clea~ buffer disc, tag.
Floy Tags .~
Sequentially numbered FT-4 Floy tags will be utilized on
sockeye, pink, chum and coho salmon at the Flathorn, Sunshine and
Talkeetna stations. Color codes wjll be: green at Flathorn, pink at
Sunshine and blue at Talkeetnal -· ·
Tagging procedures will be demonstrated in the field;
generally the following steps are followed:
1. S 1 ide one end of the tag into the ho 11 ow end of the
tagging needle. Insert the needle completely through the
fish in the cartilage immediately under the dorsal fin.
2. Slide the tag off the needle and tie the tag firmly
against the posterior end of the dorsa 1 fin with an
overhand knot making sure that the tag does not override
or vertically compress the dorsal fin.
Several suggestions are:
1. Keep two (2) or!three (3) tagging needles available in
the event of a loss.
2. Use a sharpening stone to maintain a sharp point on the
tagging needle. This can be done ahead of time, making
the tagging easier.
3. Prepare tags prior to making fishwheel checks. Assemble
tags in sequent i a 1 order on a board and tape them in
place, thus allowing them to be easily withdrawn.
' '·.
, .
APPENDIX 5
ADULT ANADROMOUS FISHERIES STUDIES
Geographic Location Code and General Maps
System of Specifying Geographic Locations
('
·. For conciseness and for ,use in the computer processing, it
is convenient to use a modificatiqn of the Genera] Land Qffice method of
specifying locations as developed jby federal and state agencies in
' ·Montana (MDFWP ,_ 1979). 1 _ .
-~ =-~
In this report, loqations of features such as sampling
points are specified by using 12 characters. The first three characters
of the location give the township, the next three characters the range.
Theqnext two give the section nu~ber within the township, and the next
traqt, the quarter-quarter section (40-acre tract), and_the quarter-
quariter-quarter section (lO-acre tract). These subdivisions of the 640-
acre section in the northeast quadrant. If there is more than one
feature in a 10-acre tract, consecutive digits beginning with 2 are
added to the number. For example, if a sample was collected in Section
21, Township 9 North, Range 20 West, it would be numbered 09N20E21DAA2.
The: letters DAA indicate that 1.the site is in the Nl/4 of the Nl/4 of the
SEl/4, and the number 2 following the letters DAA indicates there are at
···· ···· --~ ·lea·st -two sampling· locations··in·:this"·~lo-:-acre~~~tract-;'·~····c·· ----~~~,~ ·····
,'-,_, ·-,..~-:~ · ,· ~--· -~-· .. :.-..._..;:_ • .., • -< : .•.. -"'-~.'i.~ ~-~-. :::, -·-:.,.:·-.c-. ; ' -:t•-s.<c:-,--:~::. :-'.;.._._~· . .-.~-...;.:.r.~-'1.;.~ .... ~.{.~;.;:;'-\.oi· '-"=·..r,; _ _.:,;_...,;._,·_,_..;, _.:,.--=-~··:-.:•,..;...-:i":•-•'' •. , ,......., _ _,...,.~,.-,:,~-.. :..· -·~ ..• • . .·''--•; ... ~ ,., . _,_..,.__ !-··-_ .•.•
09N20W21 DAA2
System used by ADF&G in this study to specify geographic
locations.
, .
ALASKA POWER AUTHORITY
SUSITNA HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT
-~
ATTACHMENT D: SUSITNA RIVER MILE INDEX
MOUTH TO SUSI.jrNA GLACIER
;
DECEMBER 1981
. .;; .
Prepared by:
R&M CONSULTANTS, INC.
5024 Cordova Street
Anchorage; Alaska 99502
Prepared for:
ACRES AMERICAN INCORPORATED
1000 liberty Bank Building
Main at Court
Buffalo, New York 14202
Telephone (716) 853-7525
. -· ··'-; -~-
, .
ATTACHMENT D
SUSITNA RIVER MILE INDEX
SOURCES OF INFORMATION
River Miles were established by means of measurement along the
principal Channel thalweg 1 aS identified On mapS and photographS
of varying scales as follows:
0
0
0
0
0
River Mile 1-96. 1 11 = 1000' blueline copie.s of
reproducible photographs, Sheets 18/37 through 37/37,
by North Pacific Aerial Surveys for R&M Consultants and
Acres Amerjcan.
River Mile 96-152. 1 11 = 5001 blueline copies of
reproducible photographs, Sheets 1/37 through 17/37 by.
North Pacific Aerial Surveys for R&M Consultants and
Acres American.
River Mile
copies of
Consultants
Authority.
152-182 and
topographic
and Acres
188-248. 1 11 = 2000 1 blueline ·
maps, Sheets A -G, by R&M
American for Alaska Power'
River Mile 182-188. 1 11 = 1000' blueline copies of
photogrammetrie topographic maps, Sheets 2/19 and 4/19,
by North Pacific Aerial Surveys, from photography dated
7:19:80.
River Mile 248-320. 1:63,360 photocopies of 151
quadrangle maps from the U.S. Geological Survey, as
included herein.
/
f
"'---·
LEGEND
HEALy II: 2 50,00 0 QUADRANGLE NAME
~~21 1:63,360 QUADRANGLE NAME
(@ FIGURE NUMBER OF THIS INDEX !":;····~
HEALY =* !B-1
A· ·I
D-6 D-5 !0·4 ,D-3 D-2
~
IC-1 !... ,.,
, ... "'
IC-2 0-1
TALKEETNA
1-TALKEETNA
lm :MOUNTA.t·NS
1-
I<
~
lc-2
TYONEK I~
c:
aJ
--'
PREPARilD BY I PREPARED FOR•
R&M CONSULTANTS. INC.
SUSITNA RIVER MILE· INCEX
INCEX MAP AGUREO.
:::D
go
1:
0
1 I
I ~~ t
I 1 , q , I,
t • ''.:I I I ..
0 z
(/)
c
~ > z
~
,!/)
I I z r 'I ·' ; '
I 0
/ .. ,'"'. f 0
~ ~ UJ
~. F c:
UJ
1 ~ m -'-I
2 ·~ ~· ,};a
~ -1 Il ~.0 -rr. ~ < e ~ m
·' 0 D
I,
~ -r m -2 c m
X
I
o I
0 ••
d " ..
I
i
f .
I
I
I
i
I
a
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
•"·
'·
''"-~ .......
<'\
I
! .....
-......
' I
,._
I ·;;
I • a J·.:· ~·
/26
I
.• I •
... . .. . --
--
.. . .
':--....,_/ :
f"". ·. J ·' .c.-~ o: .. __ -= -..... _"-~_f-:-. -~-i.~. ==JI."-'------~
} . • ~. ~. ·"':-<>Y; 't-"-.. ·:.-I '· . -. ~. . . ~ .. -.. -, r: _. · J6 ~.-ll t =-_lA .. ; : --.· ~ I = -~--,_ •
c;-1 rn
1
_ = -~~~ ~-:~: ~;·
-Z'O C/ - _ ... -. •. '-
• _ c .• ->: ·» I ~ e E't;c.!, :-o.s_ L-A N·o ( j\. .-~· .: < ~
. L ~~~~---~-r/:1-~~·~ ~-~_.·-:.~>-;-·; ;~i\~;
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MILES 279 TO 285
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MILES 303 TO 314
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MILES 313 TO 318
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CANYON
~;NSHINE STATION
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ISLAND
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... .. .... ~-.. .. ·~
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SCALE: 1"=7/amllt
RM: R IVERMILE
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RM
8~11
Is I and-_,_-+-
• • 5 RIVER MILES
1. ALEXANDER CREEK 10. CHULITNA WEST FORK
2. TALACHULITNA 11. CHULITNA MIDDLE FORK
3. QUARTZ CREEK 12. HONOLULU CREEK
4. CANYON CREEK 13. PORTAGE CREEK
5. RED CREEK 14. INDIAN CREEK
6. LAKE CREEK 15. BYERS CREEK ··
7. PETERS CREEK 16. TROUBLESOME CREEK
8. -DESHKA RIVER 17. LANE CREEK
9. BUNCO CREEK 18. CLEAR CREEK
/
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19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
,
----~ ....
.... ...--------
_ ....
PRAIRIE CREEK
110NTANA CREEK
GOOSE CREEK
SHEEP CREEK
KASH\~ITNA RIVER NORTH
24. · LI-T-"R::E WILLOW CREEK
25. WILLOW CREEK
Susitna basin map shcwinq chinook salmon survey streams
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I•-5 River Miles I
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r '-·
Whiskers Creek
l
8
115
Lane Creek
: Slougll ~A ,...
Oxbow 110
Slougll 6
s1ougll s ,...
A
I • -River Mile
""'( Moose Slougll
Slougll 813
~lougtl .ac
~ Slougtl 80
~~CURRY STATION
. ~~ AM 120
Oxbow 2 ~
•
McKenzie Creek
Lower Mck'enzle Creek
8
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Staerman Creek
Slougll 17
RM
Slougll
Slougtl
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Slougta SA
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-~
APPENDIX 6
ADULT ANADROMOUS FISHERIES STUDIES
General Equipment, Camp Maintenance and Camp Policy
, .
GENERAL EQUIPMENT AND CAMP MAINTENANCE, AND CAMP POLICY
Camp Maintenance
Maintaining a clean and efficient camp site is required. A few of the
things to check are:
1. Maintenance of tent camp and other instal1ations will be
performed as necessary. All materials nedessary will be
provided. ·
2. Grounds will be kept free of liter. All ~arbage wili be bagged
up and at minimum disposed of at the nearest sanitary landfill
once a week. Special precautions should qe observed to insure
that garbage does not attract bears and o~her scavenger species.
3. Upon completion of the summer season, all camp equipment will be
cleaned preparatory to win!er storage.
4. All sampling nets, tents and tarps must be dry before being
stored.
5. A complete camp inventory will be taken by the crew leader at
the close of the field season. ·
6. All equipment will be brought in when the field station is
disbanded in the fall.
Camp Policy
1. No alcoholic beverages are to be storea 1n areas open to public
view including cook tents. If alcohol is consumed at a camp an
employee must be off-duty and under no circumstances shall he or
she engage in the operat1on of any state equ1pment, including
boats and motors nor shall he or she return to duty status under
the influence of alcohol.
2. The crew leader of each sampling station shall establish a policy
on living standards and personnel behavior in accordance with
normal guidelines.
3. All sampling stations will operate seven days a week, 24 hours a
day. No crew leader shall be off location for more than 24 hours
unless specifically authorized by the A/A Project Leader or one
of his assistants. Time-off for individual crew members shall be
scheduled by the crew leader and it shall be his option as to
whether sampling duties allow time-off from the location.
4. All A/A employees will be required to act in a professional
manner at all times and shall be especially courteous to the
public.
5. It will be the responsibility of the crew leader to report any
equipment abuse to the A/A Project Leader or one of his
assistants and to insure that no abuse does occur. Additionally,
the crew leader must also report within 24 hours to the above
cited authority, any Line 500 equipment loss which occurs.
c
Equipment Maintenance
Equipment maintenance is perhaps one of the most important operations you
will perform during the field season. The outboard motors and generators
must be kept in good operating condition or the whole program will suffer.
It wi 11 be the crew leader• s responsibi 1 ity to assign the most
knowledgeable member of the crew to the job of maintaining and serv1c1ng
the equipment. It will be this persons responsibility to see that all
equipment is kept in operating condition.
Outboard Motors
Your outboard motor will perform longer and give less trouble if these
suggestions are followed:
1. The correct outboard fuel mixture is 50:1. Always pour the oil
into the tank first, then add 2 or 3 gaTTons of gas and mix
thoroughly, then fill tank to capacity always using a large
funnel and chamois filter.
2. Chainsaws have a fuel mixture of 25:1. Chainsaw gas should be
----------m-l'xeaina5 gallon can anacreafly markecr-Eilat nis chainsaw
fuel.
3. When mixing gasoline or filling the tanks of the generator, stove
or lantern, keep the following in mind:
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
a. Always mix fuel tanks or equipment under cover to prevent
water contamination. Always use a funnel and filter.
b. Fill camp stoves and lanterns outside as the danger of fire
is very real.
c. A little extra effort toward cleanliness will pay in hours
of trouble free operation.
Always place outboard in neutral when starting.
Check dail* the clamp screws that hold the outboard to the
transom.lso routinely check the motor for loose screws and
bolts, cracks, and break, especially in the area of the lower
unit.
Never start or run an outboard in the tilted position.
In the normal operation of a water pump, a 11 tell-tale 11 stream of
water is discharged from a hole in the bottom edge of the cowling
or from the back of the shaft. If this stream of water stops,
the water pump is not working and the motor should be shut off.
The side plate over the water intake can be removed for temporary
relief as it may be plugged. If the pump continues not to
function, the outboard should not be run, and a report to base
camp should-he made.
Check the grease in the lower unit of prop outboards once a week,
and drain and replace grease evert three weeks. Jet un1ts must
be greased daily. This is cruci a . Speci a 1 grease guns wi 11 be
provided.
If the skeg or jet unit hits bottom, check the screws for
tightness and housing damage.
If your outboard will not start, check the following:
a. Check to see if the fuel line is connected to the motor and
the tank and not pinched or kinked.
b. Check to see if there is water in the gasoline.
c. Check to see that the engine is not flooded.
, .
/ L
d. Check the spark plugs as they may be fouled or defective
(replace if needed).
-11. All outboards are to be tilted in the up position when moored at
mainstem stations to preclude silt accumulation in the jet unit
or water pump and skeg or housin~ damage.
Lastly, it should be emphasized that the salmon enumeration counts and
sampling mu,st continue, as they are very( important to the program. All
stations wi~l be p~ovided with a spare ou~board and Anchorage will replace
all inopera~ive outboards as soon as possible.
Boats
1. Boats are to be kept clean and free of loose tools and debris,
and moored at locations where they are not subject to damage by
wave action or through contact with the river bottom in rock
laden areas.
2. Each crew leader will be responsible for maintaining mooring
stakes on the river bank sufficient for the boats assigned to his
subproject plus one transient craft. Further responsibility
includes maintaining a skookum bow line on each assigned craft
and insuring that each boat is properly moored at the end of each
work day to preclude possible loss or damage.
Generators ;
Portable generators will be supplied to all field camps. Their maintenance
follows the same line as for the outboards. Since the generators have
4-cycle engines, mixed gas must not be used. The crankcase oil reservoir
should be checked daily and maintained at the full level. After 25 hours
of operation the oil should be changed. Spark plugs should be checked
after every five (5) hours of operation.
Food Orders
Grocery orders wi 11 be p 1 aced with the Anchorage office once a week. A
grocery request list will be supplied to each camp. Please order all food
by coriespondi ng numbers. This saves a 1 ot of time on the radio and/or
telephone and also lessens the changes of mix-ups of orders.
c-CANNED MEALS COND-I.MENTS
1. baked beans 44. molasses
2. chili 45. cucumber pickles , . 3. kidney beans 46. dill pickles
4. pork and beans 47. sweet pickles
5. chow mein 48. honey
6. hash 49. horseradish
7. sloppy joes 50. ketchup
8. stew, 11 Dinty Moore 11 51. mustard
52. relish
BEVERAGES 53. mayonaise
54. mixed nuts
9. canned soda 55. olives
10. canned soda, diet 56. syrup
11. coffee, instant 57. vinegar
12. coffee, regular grind 58. tarter suace
13. tea, bags
14. tea, instant DAIRY
15. Swiss Miss
59. 11 Coffeemate 11
BREAD AND CRACKERS 60. canned milk
61. Milkman
16. pretzels
17. hot dog buns DESSERTS (cookies, jello, candl, gum)
18. hamburger buns r--19. triscuits 62. chocolate chips
'---· 20. pilot bread 63. candy bars
21. ritz crackers 64. chocolate chip cookies
22. soda crackers 65. Oreo cookies
23. white, loaf 66. fig newtons
24. wheat, loaf 67. gum, assorted
25. assorted crackers 68. Jello gelatin
69. Lifesavers
CAKE AND MUFFIN MIXES 70. chaco 1 ate puddings .
71. vanilla puddings
26. blueberry muffins 72. butterscotch puddings
27. brownie mix 73. marshmallows
28. chocolate cake 74. oatmeal cookies
29. white cake 75. Chocolate mint cookies
30. yellow cake
31. other cake DETERGENTS AND CLEANSERS
32. corn bread muffins
33. snack-n-cake 76. Ajax
77. bar soap
CEREALS 78. bleach
79. Borax
34. Frosted Flakes 80. cold water 11 All 11
35. cream of rice 81. liquid dishwashing soap
36. cream of wheat 82. scouring pads (Brillo & S.O.S)
37. quick rolled oats 83. sponges
38. variety pack co 39. wheaties
40. grape nuts
41. instant oatmeal
42. regular oatmeal
43. gnts
(
CHE SE FLOUR --
, . 84 Parmesan (canned) 116. bisquick
85 mozzarella 117. krusteaz
86 monterey jack 118. white
87. swiss 119. whole wheat
88. mild cheddar
89. sharp cheddar NON EDIBLE
90. mozzarella
120. wax paper
FROSTING MIX 121. saran wrap
122. plastic bags, small
91. chocolate 123. garbage bags
92. white 124. aluminum foil
93. other 125. "Cutters 11
126. matches
FRESH FRUIT 127. paper towels
128. napkins
94. apples 129. mosquito coils
95. bananas 130. toilet paper
96. grapes 131. toothpicks
97. melons
98. oranges OIL AND BUTTER
99. peaches
r 100. pears 132. butter, canned
\__ 101. grapefruits 133. margarine
102. other, in season 134. olive oil
135. shortening, canned
CANNED FRUIT 136. 11 Wesson 11 oil
137. creamy peanut butter
103. applesauce 138. chunky peanut butter
104. apricots
105. fruit cocktail POULTRY
106. grapefruit slices
107. mandarin oranges 139. chicken, fresh
108. peaches 140. chicken, canned
109. pears 141. eggs, 1 dozen
110. pineapple
111. raisins PRESERVES
GRAIN PRODUCTS 142. apple butter
----143. apricot
112. egg noodles 144. b 1 ackberry
113. elbow macaroni 145. boysenberry
114. spaghetti 146. grape
115. lasagna noodles 147. raspberry
148. strawberry
149. Peach
c
, .
c
c
JUICE
150. apple
151. cranapple
152. cranberry
153. V-8
154. grape
155. grapefruit
156. lemon
157. orange
158. pineapple
159. tang
MEATS
160. bacon
161. ham
162. hamburger
163. hot dogs
164. pork chops
165. pot roast
166. sandwich meats
167. sausage
168. steak
169. veal cutlet
MIXES (packaged)
170.
171.
172.
173.
174.
175.
SPICES
dream whip
frying mix
pie crust
sour cream
spaghetti sauce
taco mix
176. allspice
177. baking powder
178. baking soda
179. basil, sweet
180. bay leaves
181. chili powder
182. cinnamon
183. garlic salt
184. garlic powder
185. onion salt
186. oregano
187. paprika
188. pepper, black
189. salt
190. vani 11 a
RICE
191. brown
192. minute
193. Rice~A-Roni
SAUCES
194. A-1
195. barbeque
196. soy
197. tobasco
198. Worchestershire
SOUP
199.
200.
201.
202.
203.
204.
205.
206.
207.
208.
209.
SUGAR
tomato
bean with bacon
bullion cubes, beef
bullion cubes, chicken
clam chowder
chicken noodle
cream of mushroom
minestrone
onion
package mixes, dehydrated
vegetable
210. brown
211. granulated
212. powdered
VEGETABLES, CANNED
213. asparagus
214. beets
215. carrots
216. cream style corn
217. whole kernal corn
218. corn on the cob
219. french style green beans
220. cut green beans
221. mushrooms
222. peas
223. sauerkraut
224. spinach
225. tomatoes, stewed
226. tomatoes, solid pack
227. tomato sauce
228. tomato paste
(-VEGETABLES, FRESH
229. lettuce , . 230. mushrooms
231. onions·
232. potatoes, 10 lb. sac
233. radishes
234. tomatoes
235. cabbage
236. zucchini
237. cucumbers
238. misc., in season
cj
APPENDIX 7
ADULT ANADROMOUS FISHERIES STUDIES
Fish Identification
c
, .
THE FRESHWATER
reprinted with the permission of:
Alaska NorthWest Publishing Cu.
130 Second Ave. South
Edmunds, Washington 98020
, .
JAMES E. MORROW
ILLUSTRATIONS BY
\L-\RlC)N J. DALE:'-!
Gl)nLASHR
NORTHWEST
PUBliSHING-
CDMPHNY
Anchorage, Alaska
(~,
and Crossman, 1973), Cohen (1954) found that the
anadromous fish at Point Barrow grew slower and
were thinner than .a nonmigratory population in
lkrba~ik Lake. To (urther confound the situation, a
second population ;in lkroavik Lake was slower-
growing and shorter~lived than the first two.
Kepler's (1973) ifata on various numbers of
spawning females fr*m the Chatanika River yield the
following average fork lengths at ages from 2+ to
8 +: 2+, 31.1 cm-(21ish); 3 +, 31.6 em (4); 4+, 33.3
em (IS); 5 +. 37 cm~l2); 6+. 38.lcm (5); 7 +, 41.3
em (I); 8 +, 40.5 em: (2). Alt (197la), on the basis of
back-calculating from scales, gave the following fork
·-lengths at the end of each year of life for Chatanika
River fish: l, 12 em; 2, 20.8 em; 3, 26.1. em; 4, 30.4
em; 5, 33.7 em; 6, 36.4 em; 7. 38.7 em; and 8, 41 em.
Although lake-dwelling populations appear to be
nonmigratory, those least ciscoes living in streams or
reaching brackish water go to considerable effort to
r(ach or leave their spawning grounds. As already
not(d, young-of-the-year move off the spawning
grounds shortly after spring breakup. The upstream
spawning migration of adults begins in early July in
the Chatanika River and is completed by late
(~-.. September.
-.......... Least ciscoes feed primarily on various types of
c
zooplankton, including various small eopepods,
cladocerans, mysids and the adults and larvae of a
variety of insects. They may also eat plant material.
The ciscoes normally do not feed during the
spawning run (Nikolskii, 1961; Furniss, 1974;
~torrow et al., l977).
The least ~isco is sought-by many predators
including the tagle, hawk, kingfisher, pike, inconnu,
lake trout, burbot, man and, no doubt, any others
capable of catching it. The eggs may be eaten by
grayling and Alaska whitefish during spawning
(Morrow et al., 1977).
IMPORTANCE TO MAN
In North America the least cisco is relatively
unimportant. It is taken by subsistence fisheries in
Alaska and northern Canada. usually as an inci-
dental in nets set primarily for other whitefishes or
for. pike or grayling. Spearfishing for least cisco has
developed as a spon of small proportions in the
Chatanika River in interior Alaska. The least cisco is
an important commercial fish in Siberia. Annual
landings in the late 1930s were in excess of I million
kg (Nikolskii. 1961 ).
:\s a food fish. the ,least cisco is generally
considered somewhat inferior to rhc humpback
'' hirc:fishes. Ncvert helcss. it is a very good fish for
C:;Jting, with firm. tasty meat.
Whitefishes 29
BERING CISCO
Coregonus /aurettae Bean
DISTINCTIVE CHARACTERS
The pale, almost colorless pelvic and pectoral fins
distinguish the Bering cisco from the least cisco, and
the smaller· number of gill rakers ( 18 to 25) on the
lower portion of the first gill atch distinguish it from
the arctic cisco, which has 26 to 31 gill rakers (Figure
14).
DESCRIPTION
Body rather elongate, slightly compressed: depth
about 20"1o of total length. Head moderate, 22"1o to
25'1• of total length. Snout 20"1o to"'2S'1• of head
length. Eye about equal to snout, round. Two
nostrils on each side of head. with a double flap
between openings of each pair. Mouth moderate,
terminal: upper and lower jaws equal. Maxilla
reaches backward to middle of eye. Usually no tccth
on jaws, but weak lccth arc present on maxilla in
young and in rare cases a few smalltccth arc present
on !ower jaw of adults. Small patch of tccth present
FIGURE 14. Bering cisco. Coregonus /auretrae.
The arctic cisco. Coregonus autumnalis, appears
Identical with this species but has more gill rakers.
on longue. From 18 to 25 gill rakers on lower
portion of first gill arch; total gill rakers on lim
Jrch: 3.5 10 39. Branchios1egals: 8 10 9. La1eral line
has 76 10 95 pored scales. Pyloric caeca: 71 10 12.3.
Vc:rtebrae: 621o 65.
FINS: Dorsal. which is ra1her high and faka1c:.
has II 10 13 rays. Adipose fin presc:m. Anal has 12
;o 1-' rays; .pec10rals.-L-' 10 17; pclvics. 10 10 12.
.1x1llary process presem. Caudal fork.:d.
'iCALES. Cydoid. fairly largo:.
COLOR. Generally brownish 10 dark green on
hack: 'iih·ery on lower sides and belly. Anal. p.:lvic
:~nd p<.-cloral fins pale; caudal and dorsal lins dusk v
cphowgraphs. page 115: l'lale 22. page 1331.
'ilZE: The largest known Bc:ring ci~co. recorded
~\" :\It 11'1731. was a female nf -'II em fork kn!lth
from the lower 51Xlm of Hess Creek, Alaska. The
.I\ era\!e ~lle of adults i' abnut 30 .:m.
RANGE AND ABUNDANCE
The Bt:ring ..:i~..:o i~ found from Bristol Bay nonh
and c:a'1 to Oliktok Poini llll the an.:ti..: ..:oa~1 of
c
30 The Freshwater Fishes of Alaska
Alaska. It is present in the Yukon River as far
upstream as Fort Yukon. and also in the Porcupine
River. h has been found at the mouth of Ship Creek.
Knik Arm. at Anchorage (SUFC #41858. now in the
JcJlthj'~logical Collection of the California Academy
of Sciences) (McPhail.-1966). in Tolugak Lake in
Anaktuvuk:Pass in the Brooks Range (UAFC #617.
#618). and was found in 1972 in the Kenai River on
the Kenai P~ninsula. •
Throughout its range the Bering cisco is fairly
abundant. at kast seasonally; Alt (1973c) reponed up
to 18 a day taken in a fish wheel at Rampart, on the
Yukon River, in September. 1972.
HABITS
Very little is known of the biology of the Bering
cisco. Most of the following is derived from Alt
(1973c).
Spawning runs begin in the spring. Most Bering
ciscoes apparently winter in salt or brackish water
near river mouths. but the presence of potential
spawners well up the Yukon and Kuskokwim rivers
suggests that some populations may spend the winter
in fresh water. far from the sea. Bering cisco were
first observed well inland in 1968 and 1969, when one
(UAFC #2176) was taken in the Chatanika River near
Fairbanks and seven (UAFC #632) at Rampart. on
the Yukon River. Two more specimens (UAFC #617,
#618) are from Tolugak Lake in Anaktuvuk Pass.
Subsequently, Alt (1973c) found Bering cisco in the
Yukon River at Fon Yukon; in the Porcupine River,
1,400 km from the mouth of the Yukon; and in the
South Fork of the Kuskokwim River, 840 km from
the ocean.
Spawning probably takes place in the fall, but
spawning behavior and the location of the spawning
grounds are unknown. • From the distribution of the
rish in June it may be presumed that the spawning
grounds are in clear-water streams tributary to major
rivers. Dymond ( 1943) mentioned hybrids between
C. /aureuae and Stenodus leucichthys, but the toea·
tion from which the specimens came, the Mackenzie
River Delta, strongly suggests that they were acrually
hybrids between the arctic cisco, C. autum no/is,_ and
the inconnu.
Alt ( 1973) stated that the majority of his specimens
from Hess Creek were 4 + to 6 + and were mature.
His fish from Port Clarence and Gramley Harbor
were mostly 2+ and 3 + immatures, but included a
few adults. These adults showed slower growth than
the Hess Creek fish. possibly because of a shorter
growing season. Mean fork lengths at age. were for
the Hess Creek fish: 4 + • 34.4 em; 5 +. 35.4 em; 6 +
•K.T. Ah: pcr!Kinal communication.
37.3 CllF 7 +. 40.5 em: 8 +-~ 44.6: and for the Port
Clarence:Grantley Harbor fish: } +, 24.1 em; 4 + •
26.3 em; 5 +. 28.5 em: 6 +. 31.3 em; 7 +. 35 em.
As noted above, Bering cisco undertake extensive
spawning migrations. Presumably they move down-
stream after spawning. H_owever, the Ptecise extent
of the migrations is unknown. ~ -~
The Bering cisco. like other ciscoes~i apparently
does not feed during its spawning runs.~All the fish
examined from the Yukon and Kuskokwim rivers in·
June through September had empty st1:>machs. By
contrast, fish taken at Port Clarence-Grantley
Harbor had fed on invertebrates and small cottids
(Alt. 1973). McPhail and Lindsey (l970) listed
amphipods as food of the Bering cisco.
IMPORTANCE TO MAN
The Bering cisco is little used. Small numbers are
taken for subsistence use by gill net and by fish wheel
in the Yukon and Kuskokwim rivers. Similar use
probably exists wherever subsist~nce fishing and the
Bering cisco coincide.
ARCTIC 0sco'
Coregonus autumnalis (Pallas)
DISTINCTIVE CHARACTERS
Pale or colorless pelvic fins. a terminal mouth and
the presence 0 f 41 to 48 gill rakers on the first gill
arch serve to distinguish the arctic cisco (Figure 14,
page 29).
DESCRIPTION
Body elongate, slight1y.-.compresscd.-.Dcpth._ 200io
to 23'7o of total length. Head moderate. somewhat
less than 2S'7o of total length. Snout about 25'7o of
head. a little longer than eye dia"!Ctcr. Eye round.
20'7o to 24'7• of head. Nostrils h~vc a double flap
between the openings. Mouth moderate, jaws tooth-
less in adults (a. few weak teeth may be present in
very small young), a patch of teeth on tongue.
Maxilla extends backward to about middle of eye.
Gill rakers: 41 to 48 on first arch. Branchiostcgals: 8
to 9. Lateral line has 82to 110 pored scales. Pyloric
caeca: 113 to 183. Vcncbrac: 64to67.
FINS. Dorsal, which is fairly high and slightly
falcate, has IO to 12 rays. Adipose fin present. Anal
has l2 to 14 rays; pectorals, 14 to 17; pelvics, II to
12, axillary process present. Caudal forked.
SCALES. Moderately large, cycloid; 82 to 110
pored scales in lateral line.
COLOR. Brown to dark greenish above fading to
silvery on sides and belly. Fins pale.
SIZE. Specimens up to 64 em in total length and
up to 2.68 kg in weight have been reponed from the
Lena River in Siberia (Berg, 1948). However, Nonh
American specimens generally arc much smaller,
averaging somewhere in the neighborhood of JS to
40 em long (Roguski and Komarek, 197!) and
perhaps I kg in weight.
32 The Freshwater Fishes of Alaska
c--,ystems in Washington. Montana, British Columbia
and the, Yukon Territory; and from the Chignik,
Naknekj and Wood river systems in southwestern
Alaska. ;h is not known outside of North America.
Whet-ev~r it is foun~. it seems to be quite abundant.
..
HABITS
Details of breeding behavior of the pygmy white-
. fish are unknown. Spawning takes place at night in
late fall and early winter (November to January) at
water temperatures of about 4°C or colder.
Spawning grounds appear to be on gravel in lake
shallows and in streams. Presumably the eggs are
broadcast; then they settle into interstices in the
gravel and hatch the following spring. In the Bristol
Bay region, the eggs are about .24 em in diameter
(Heard and Hartman, 1966), somewhat larger than
the .2 em reported for Lake Superior fish (Eschmeyer
and Bailey. 1955). Egg number varies between 103
and 1,153 per-female in Bristol Bay fish, a greater
average number than in Lake Superior fish. Males
may become sexually mature at as early an age as a
year; females, a year later (Weisel et al .• 1973).
Growth of the pygmy whitefish is very slow and
shows considerable variation from one population to
l --, another. In general, females grow faster than males,
"'although in some populations the ma!es grow faster
than females during the first year (Eschmeyer and
Bailey, 1955). In Brooks Lake, Alaska. the average 3-
year-old fish was about 7 em in fork length, while in
South Bay. Naknek Lake, fish of the same age
averaged about 11.6 em. The maximum age recorded
for fish in the Naknek system was S + (Heard and
Hartman. 1966). but ages up to 9 + have been noted
in Maclure Lake, British Columbia (McCan. 1965).
The pygmy whitefish does not make extended
migrations. However, it does move on to the
spawning areas irt the early winter and presumably·
back into deeper water after spawning.
Food of the pygmy whitefish includes a rather wide
variety of items. Listed as most important in the
Naknek system were cladocerans, dipteran (chiefly
Chironomidae) larvae and pupae, adult Diptera and
nymphs of Plecoptera. Other food included diatoms-
and other algae, pelecypods, nematodes, arachnids
and fish eggs (Kendall, 1921; Heard and Hartman,
1966). In Lake Superior, ostracods and amphipods
were the principal foods (Eschmeyer and Bailey,
1955). The pygmy whitefish feeds almost exclusively
during daylight hours, making "short distinct jabs or
darts, apparently at specific food items. such as L. 1 insect larvae, when picking up mouthfuls of bottom
material." They may also-rise off the bouom and
take specific items from the current (Heard and
Hartman. 1966).
There is a distinct positive correlation between the
diet and the a\'erage size of individu~s in a popu-
lation. Fish belonging to groups in which .insects are
the dietary mainstay are. on the average. much larger
than those in which zooplankton is the chief food
(Heard and Hartman, 1966). -McCart (1970) found
forms with high and low gill raker counts in
Aleknagik, Naknek and Chignik lakes in Alaska and
suggested that these represented sibling species. The
high-count form, which was found almost exclusively
in deep water. fed on plankton and grew more
slowly. By contrast, the low-count form was found in
both shallow and deep water, ate mostly insects and
grew faster. However, the difference in growth rates
through age IV in Chignik Lake does not appear to
be significant. More careful analyses of larger
samples are needed.
As noted above, the pygmy whitefish is found in
both deep and shallow water •. In Lake Superior. it
was reported as most abundant at depths of 46 to
71 m (Eschmeyer and Bailey, 1955; Dryer, 1966). In
the Naknek system, the species was found at depths
to 168 m but was also abundant in the shallows
(Heard and Hartman, 1966). McCart (1970) found
that in Chignik Lake beach seine samples were
composed entirely of the form with the low gill raker
count, while in gill nets set at 30 m or deeper, the
high-count form accounted for 36.207o of the fish
taken.
IMPORTANCE TO MAN
The pygmy whitefish is of no direct importance to
man. It is too small and scarce and of too limited
distribution to be profitable for any kind of fishery.
However, it is undoubtedly fed upon by predatory
fishes such as charr. pike and burbot and may
contribute to the overall scheme of competition for
food. In this respect, it is interesting to note that the
pygmy whitefish attains its greatest size in waters
where there is no competition from other coregonids
(McCart, 1965).
ROUND WimEFISH
Prosopium cy/indraceum-(Pallas)
DISTINCTIVE CHARACTERS
The narrow, rather pointed snout, the 74 or more
pored scales in the lateral line. and the 50 or more
pyloric caeca distinguish the round whitefish (Figure
16).
DESCRIPTION
Body elongau:. cylindrical, slender; depth IS'lo to
20'7o of fork length. Head relatively shon, its length
averaging 20"1o of fork length. Snout shon, about
22"io of head, pointed when sccn from above. Eye:
round, diameter equal to or less than snout length;
notch present in membrane below posterior edge of
pupil. Nostrils have ·a single flap separating the
~ openings on each side. Mouth small, upper jaw ovc;r-
hanging lower;· maxilla reaches about to anteri.br
margin of eye in adults. a liule farther back in
young. Teeth restricted to a small patch bf
embedded teeth on tongue; also present on bases of
gill rakers. Gill rakers, which arc short: 14 to 2L
Branchiostegals: 6 to 9. lateral line has 74 to U)8
pored scales. Pyloric caeca: SO to 130. Vertebrae: $8
to6S.
FINS. Dorsal has II to IS rays. Adipose fin
present. Anal has 10 to 13 rays; pcaorals, 14 to 17;
pdvics, 9 to II, axillary process present. Caudal
forked.
FIGURE 16. Round whitefish. Prosopium
cylindraceum.
r ~-I
~------------------------------------~
SCALES. Cycloid, fairly large; nuptial tubercles
prominent on lateral scales of breeding males. but
only feebly developed in females.
COLOR. Bronze on back, sometimes with a
greenish tinge. Sides silvery, belly silvery white. Fins
of most Alaskan specimens are more or less colorless
or slightly dusky. Scou and Crossman (1973)
reported the pectoral, pelvic and anal fins to be an
amber color, becoming orange at spawning time.
The young arc marked with 3 rows of fairly well·
defined parr marks. the first row lying along the
lateral line, a second row (sometimes not well
defined) just above the first, and a third row just
below the midline of the back. The spots of this third
row often coalesce across the middorsal line
(photographs. page 86 and 87).
SIZE. The largest round whitefish on record was a
specimen of S6.1 em total length from Great Slave
lake (Scott and Crossman. 1973). The round white·
fish is known to reach a weight of 2 kg (Keleher.
1961) and has been reponed as reaching "about S
pounds" (2.27 kg) in lake Superior (Koelz. 1929).
RANGE AND ABUNDANCE
The round whitefish is found throughout mainland
Alaska from the Taku River. near Juneau, north to
(_ the arctic coast. It ranges eastward across Canada to
the western shores of Hudson Bay. A discontinuity in
range exists in Manitoba and northern Ontario. and
the species is again present in the Great Lakes (except
lake Erie), easl\vard to New Hampshire and .Maine.
Whitefishes 33
south to Connecticut and nor,th to Labrador's arctk
coast. In Asia the round whit~fish ranges west to the
Yenisei River and south to Ka~chatka.
The round whitefish is fairly abundant wherever it
is present, although it usually; does not occur in such
large numbers as some of its relatives.
HABITS
Spawning occurs in late September through
October in interior Alaska, but not until November
or December in more southern parts of the range.
Spawning appears to be an annual affair, with many
fish breeding in successive years, even in the Arctic
(McCart et al., 1972). Spawning beds are located on
gravelly shallows of rivers and the inshore areas of
lakes. Inshore and upstream migrations have been
observed (Harper, 1948; Normandeau, 1969) at
spawning time and are probably characteristic.
However, fish in interior Alaska do not seem to show
the concentrated migrations characteristic of ciscoes
and humpback whitefish. According to Normandeau
( 1969). the fish swim in pairs during spawning, a
single male with each female. Details of spawning
behavior have not been described, but probably
resemble those of the mountain whitefish, Pro-
sopium williamsoni. In that species, the fish contact
each other and rest on the bottom for 2 to 4 seconds,
emitting eggs and milt, then separate (Brown, 1952).
The eggs of the round whitefish are known to be
broadcast and to receive no parental care. Females
produce between 1,000 and 12,000 eggs, with ·the
average between 5,000 and 6,000 (Bailey, 1963;
Normandeau, 1969; Furniss, 1974). The size of
ovarian eggs varies with locality. In New Hampshire
unfertilized eggs averaged .27 em, in diameter
(Normandeau, 1969), but Furniss (1974) found
ovarian eggs of Alaskan fish to be only .1 to .18 em
in diameter. The eggs absorb water after fertilization
and may reach diameters of .3 em to almost .5 em in
a few hours. The eggs. which are yellow to orange
and demersal but not sticky, settle into crevices in the
rocks and gravel of the bottom. Time of development
has been reported as about 140 days at 2.2°C in New
Hampshire (Normandeau. 1969) and presumably is
not much different in Alaska. The young hatch out
as sac fry. In two to three weeks. the yolk has been
absorbed and the young have left the spawning
grounds.
Growth rates vary from one locality to another.
Lake Michigan fish grow very rapidly, reaching a
total length of about 50 em in 1 years (Mraz, 1964a).
By contrast. in Elusive Lake. in the Brooks Range of
Alaska. this length is not achieved until age 12. The
oldest known round \\hitetish is one of 16+ from
Shainin Lake. Alaska (Furniss. 1974). Sexual matur·
c:
34 The Freshwater Fishes of Alaska
ity is reached in about 5 years in the southern pans of
the range, but not until age 7 in the Brooks Range of
Alaska (Furniss. 1974). .
Except for the spawning movemerits already
' · mentioned, the rouQd whitefish apparen~ly does not
migrate. i
Food of the round whitefish is primarily the
immature stages of various insects, especially Diptera
and Trichoptera. Adult Trichoptera are also
important, as well as gastropods, Daphnia and fish
eggs (Martin, 1957; Loftus, 1958: Normandeau,
1969; Furniss, 1974). In some areas the round
whitefish is considerd a serious predator on the eggs
of lake trout {Martin, 1957: Loftus, 1958). ·
IMPORTANCE TOMAN
The round whitefish was formerly taken in con-
siderable quantities in the Great Lakes. In the late
1920s annual catches from northern Lake Michigan
were on the order of 90,900 to 163,200 kg (Mraz,
1964a), but present-day catches are much smaller,
primarily because of the relatively small size of the
fish and an uncertain supply. In Alaska the round
whitefish is of some importance in freshwater
subsistence fisheries. It is occasionally smoked in
strips and sold as .. squaw candy.''
BROAD WHTIEFlSH
Coregonus nasus (Pallas)
DISTINCTIVE CHARACTERS
The broad whitefish is set off by its short gill
rakers, which are less than one-fifth as long as-the.
interorbital width, and the rounded to flat profile of
the head (Figure 17).
DESCRIPTION
Body elongate and compressed, especially in large
specimens; sides a bit flatter than in most other
whitefishes. Depth of body 23'1o to 31'1• of fork
length in adults, less in young. Head short, IS'h to
20"1• of fork length. Dorsal profile rounded to flat
(may be slightly concave in large specimens). Snout
blunt, short, rounded, sheep-nosed in profile, its
length equal to or less than diameter of eye. Eye
small, 12.,. to 16'1• of head length. No notch in
adipose lid. Nostrils have a double flap between
openings. Mouth small, upper jaw overhanging
lower, maxilla reaching rearward approximately to
below anterior edge of eye. No teeth except for a
small patch of weak teeth on base of tongue. The 18
to 2S gill rakers arc blunt and shon, longest 13'7. to
19'lt of interorbital width. Branchiostcgals: 8 or 9.
Lateral line has 84 to 102 pored scales. Pyloric
caeca: about 140 to more than ISO. Vertebrae: 60 to
6S.
FINS. Dorsal has 10 to 13 rays. Adipose fin
--... -~-
FIGURE 17. Broad whitefish, Coregonus nasus.
present and fairly large. Anal, II to 14 rays;
pectorals, 16to 17; pdvics. lito 12, axillary process
present. Caudal forked.
SCALES. Large. cycloid. Males develop promi-
nent breeding tubercles on lateral scales at spawning
time. but these arc only weakly developed in
females.
COLOR. Olive-brown to nearly blaclc on baclc;
sides silvery, often with a craY cast; belly white to
yellowish. Fins usually rather gray in adults, pale in
young (photograph, page 87).
SIZE. This species is the largest of the: Alaskan
whitefishes. It is reponed to reach weights up to
16 leg in the Kolyma River of Siberia (Berg, 1948),
but most mature: fash run around 2 to S leg. One of
71.S em weighing S.7 leg from the: Ycnisci River is
mentioned by Berg (1948). The largest Alaskan
specimen known was a fish of 67 em forlc length
from the Colville River at Umiat (All and Kogl.
1973).
RANGEANDABUNDANCE
The broad whitefish is found throughout Alaska
from the Kuskokwim River north to the arctic coast.
It is-present in the Yukon River from the mouth to
the headwaters. In the Tanana River drainage it is
known from Minto Flats and the Tolovana.
Chatanika and. Chena rivers. and probably occurs
farther upstream as well. It is present in most, if not
all, of the rivers draining into the Bering. Chukchi
and Beaufort seas. The range extends eastward to the
Perry River. Northwest Territories. westward across
Siberia to the Pechora River. south to the Bay of
Korf and to the Penzhina River on the Sea of
Okhotsk. It is fairly abundant seasonally, though
apparently not in as large numbers as some of its
relatives.
HABITS
Little is known of the biology of the broad
whitefish. Although the adults are more or less
anadromous. those reaching the sea apparently do
not venture far from brackish water. Upstream
spawning runs begin as early as June and may extend
into September or even later (Kogl. 1971; Alt and
1
'
Kogl, 1973; Kepler, 1973: Townsend and Kepler,
1974). Spawning actually tak~ place from September
through October, possibly. -leven into November.
Wynne-Edwards's (1952) stat~ment that .. The broad
"~ whitefish spawns in the rive:,.S in August .• :• is
probably based on a misinterpretation of the timing
of the spawning runs. Except for our knowledge that
spawning takes place in streams with gravel bottoms,
nothing is known of the breeding habits. Pr-esumably
they are similar to those of other coregonids. The
ovarian eggs are pale yellow to milky white in color
and up to .4 em in diameter (Berg, 1948; Nikolskii,
1961). Young hatch in the spring and move down-
stream. Adults apparently move downstream after
spawning and overwinter in deep parts of the rivers
or in estuaries.
Growth is relatively slow, especially in the arctic.
Berg ( 1948) mentioned lengths of SO to 53 em at 8 +
for fish fro·m the Kara and Kolyma regions of Russia,
but in the Colville River, Alaska, the average length
of 8 + fish was under 40 em (Kogl, 1971). Broad
whitefish from the Minto Flats area grow at about
the same rate as the Siberian fish (Ait and Kogl,
1973). Maximum age recorded is 15 years (Ait and
K~gl, 1973), although Nikolskii (1961) stated that
"ihe age iimit of this fish exceeds i5 years.''
The broad whitefish appears to be mainly a bottom
feeder. It is known to eat chironomids, snails, bivalve
mollusks (Kogl, 1971 ), mosquito larvae (Berg, 1948)
and crustaceans (Scott and Crossman, 1973).
IMPORTANCE TO MAN
The broad whitefish is taken commercially in
Siberia, but it is not of great importance. Pre-World
War II catches in Siberia averaged 40,000 kg per
year. In North America the broad whitefish is used
almost exclusively in subsistence fisheries, although a
commercial fishery in the Colville River Delta takes
about 7,000 kg per year. Despite its lack of popu-
larity the broad whitefish is an excellent food fish.
THE HUMPBACK WHITEFISHES
Coregonus clupeaformis complex
This group of three closely related species forms a
most confusing assemblage because almost the only
means by which they can be distinguished from one
another seems to be the modal number of gill rakers
in large samples (the rwde is the most frequent
number to appear in a count). The form here called
Coregonus pidschian has average gill raker counts of
:! I to 23, with a range from about 17 to 2~ or 25 in
Whitefishes 35
individual specimens. Coregonus nelsoni averages 24
or 25 (the mode is usually 25) with a range of 22 to
27, while Coregonus clupeaformis has modal counts
of 26 or more, with indi_vi_dual counts ranging from
24 to 33. C. pidschian appears to have lower average
vertebral counts than do C. nelsoni and C. clupea-
formis. Fisheries biologists in Alaska have applied
one or another of these names to humpback
whitefish throughout the state, all too often without
adequate samples for proper identification. Hence,
distributional records are often of little value.
There appear to be some differences in ecological
relationships among the three species. C. c/upea-
formis is primarily a lake-dwelling form. C. nelsoni is
mostly a stream dweller, only rarely being encoun-
tered in lakes. It seems to be intolerant of salt water.
C. pidschian apparently is truly anadromous, at least
in some areas, and may winter in the sea near river
mouths.
AlAsKA WIDTEFISH
Coregor:us nelsor.i
DISTINCTIVE CHARACfERS
The distinctive marks of the Alaska whitefish are
gill rakers that are longer than 200!o of the inter-
orbital width, a total of 22 to 27 gill rakers on first
arch (with modal counts of 24 or 25) and a pro-
nounced hump behind the head in adults (Figure 18).
DESCRIPTION
Body moderately compressed, sides rather flat.
Depth of body 2S'?e to 33'1• of forlc length in adults.
the percentage increasing in larger fish. Head shon.
less than 2S'l• of forlc length. Dorsal profile of head
distinctly concave behind eyes in adults due to the
prominent nuchal hump. Snout 27.,• to JS'lo of head
length. Eye small, its diameter 20.,• to 2SOJ'o of head
length; no notch present in lower posterior pan of
membrane. Nostrils have a double flap between
openings. Mouth rather small with upper jaw over-
FIGURE 18. Alaska whllefish. Coregonus nelsoni.
The humooacK and lake Whilelisnes closely re·
semo1e th•s soec•es out d1ffer •n numoer ol g•ll
rakers.
(
36 The_ Freshwater Fishes of Alaska
hanging lower and maxilla rcacl:!)ng backward to
below front third of eye. A few weak teeth present
on premaxilla in young, no teeth on ja .. ·s in adults.
A few small teeth present on tongue. Gill rakers: 22
to 27, with total counts averaging around 24 or 25.
Longest raker longer than 20.,, of interorbital space.
Branchiostegals: 8 ~o 10. Lateral line has 77 to 9S
pored scales. Venebrae: 60 to 63.-
FINS. Dorsal has_ II to 13 rays. Adipose fin well
developed, often larger in males than in females.
Anal has 10 to 14 rays; pectorals, IS to 17; pelvics,
lito 12, axillary process present. Caudal forked.
SCALES. Cycloid, fairly large. Well-developed
nuptial tubercles on lateral scales or males, less
developed in females.
COLOR. Dark brown to midnight blue above
fading to silver on sides and white beneath. N~ parr
marks in young (photograph, page 88).
SIZE. Up to at least S3.2 em fork length iR the
Chatanika River (Alt. 1971a).
RANGE AND ABUNDANCE
The precise distribution of Alaska whitefish is
uncertain, primarily because of the difficulty of iden-
tifying the three species of humpbacked coregonids
which occur in Alaska. However, as far as can be
determined, th-e Alaska whitefish seems to be pretty
well confined to the Yukon and its tributary
drainages, where it is to be found all the way from
Nulato to the Canadian border. It is present in the
Tanana River and the Koyukuk River and their
tributaries and in Lake Minchumina. Specimens that
may be of this species have been reported from the
Unalakleet and Wulik rivers. Possible C. nelsoni are
known from the Alsek, Copper and Susitna systems,
the upper parts of the Yukon River in Canada, the
lower reaches of the Mackenzie River and several
lakes in western Canada (Lindsey, 1963a, b; Lindsey
et at., 1970; McPhail and Lindsey, 1970).
The Alaska whitefish is locally and seasonally
abundant during the summer and fall. Throughout
the rest of the year the fish apparently disperse
widely.
HABITS
The Alaska whitefish spawns from late September
through October in interior Alaska. Spawning areas
are in clear, moderately swift streams with fairly
clean gravel bottoms. In the Chatanika River, these
areas are from 100 to 800 m long, 15 to 22m wide,
and 1.3 to 2.6 m deep, with water velocities of about
0.5 m per second. Water temperatures at spawning
are between 0° and 3 oc (Kepler, 1973). Average
fecundity of 20 mature females 5 to 10 years old and
39.5 to 52 em fork length was about 50,000 eggs.
• A. H. Townsend: personal communication.
Fecundity was not closely related to age or size of the
fish (Townsend and Kepler, 1914).
The spawning act is similar to that of the least
cisco. A female begins to swim vertically toward the
surfac~. belly -upstream. She is joined by a m~le
(sometjmes two, rarely three). Eggs and milt ~re
extrud"bd as the~ fish approach the surface of the
water--~ The fish break the surface, fall away from
each olher and return to the bottom of the pool. In
contrast to the least cisco, the Alaska whitefish .,
spawn~ actively both at night and in the daytime. The
yellow~ to orange eggs, with an average diameter of
.21 to~.23 em, drift down to the bottom where they
lodge jn crevices in the gravel. The exact time of
incubation is unknown. However, young-of-the-year
have been taken in June and July, so presumably the
young fish hatch in late winter or early spring.
The Alaska whitefish of the Chatanika River grow
rapidly during their early years. A year-old fish
. averages about 12 em fork length. By the age of 5,
'the fish average between 35 and 40 em fork length,
and at 10 years about 48.5 em. The oldest so far
recor.ded was a 12+ of 53.2 em fork length. Sexual
maturity is reached ·between 3 and 5 years (Alt.
1971a; Townsend and Kepler, 1974).
The Alaska whitefish of the interior undertakes
fairly extensive upstream and downstream move-
ments. Upstream migration, apparently the begin·
ning of the spawning run, may start as early as late
June. The ·migration seems to be rather indefinite at
first but it becomes marked as the season progresses
and more and more fish approach breeding condi·
tion. By September schools of up to several hundred
fish are on or close to the spawning areas. Following
the completion OU(l~ning, the majority of the fish
{move downstream but a few may winter in deep
pools near the spawning grounds. The young-of-the-
year move downstream in their first year and as a rule
do not return to the spawning areas until they are
sexually mature.
Alaska whitefish generally return to the same
spawning grounds year after year. Townsend and
Kepler (1974) found that five fish tagged in 1972 were
present on the same grounds in 1973. On the other
hand, these same investigators noted far fewer tag
returns than were expected and suggested that this
might indicate either increased mortality of tagged
fish or nonconsecutive (nonannual) spawning. The
October. 1975, recovery at Nenana of an Alaska
whitefish tagged in the Chatanika River in 1974•
suggests that some fish may wander far from their
natal streams. Apparently not all fish return each
year to the same spawning areas.
Hybrids of Alaska whitefish and inconnu are
known to exist (Alt, 1971c). The two species spawn at
the same time and in the same places. Because of the
differences in breeding behavior. hybridization is
prpb.ably not the result of pairing between genera but
due rather to simultaneous broadcasting of repro-
ductive products in the same area. Occasional
hybridization occurs also between the Alaska
whitefish and the least cisco (UAFC #2173).
Alaska whitefish feed primarily on immature
stages of insects. notably Diptera and Trichoptera.
Although they generally do not feed during the latter
pa£t of the spawning run. this is not always so. On
oocasion they will feed heavily on eggs of the least
cisco (Morrow et at •• 1977).
IMPORTANCE TO MAN
The Alaska whitefish is an excellent food fish but
is virtually never eaten. Its major importance is in the
subsistence fisheries. but even here it falls far behind
the various salmons. Spearfishing for sport has
resulted in a small fishery in the Chatanika River;
this fishery. which takes place at night. is estimated
to take up to 500 fish yearly (Kepler. 1973) and
similar spear fisheries. also small. exist at other loca-
tions in Alaska. Commercial fisheries have operated
in some of the lakes of the Copper River drainage.
but the take has not been large (Williams. 1968.
1969). The young are consumed by predatory fishes
such as pike and burbot (Alt. 1968) and by other
predators such as kingfishers. mink and otter.
HUMPBACK WHITEFISH
Coregonus pidschian
DISTINCTIVE CHARACTERS
The humpback whitefish is distinguished by gill
rakers that are longer than 200Jo of the interorbital
width. 19 to 25 gill rakers (with modal counts of 22 or
23). and a pronounced hump behind the head in
adults.
DESCRIPTION
Sec description of c: -;;elroni (page: JS). Except for
the: gill raker counts. there: arc: no known morpho-
logical differences of any significance:. It is my
impression. as wc:ll as that of several lishc:ric:s
biologim in the: Fairbanks office: of the: Alaska
lXpartmc:nt of Fish & Game:. that pearl organs arc:
far fewer in number and arc: less well developed in
C. pidschian than in C. nelsoni. Specimens from the:
Kobuk River that I have seen myself. and specimens
from Highpower Crc:ck and the Kalitna River in the:
Kuskokwim system.• all taken in early October. had
few pearl organs. V\:f\ebrae-(in Siberian lishl: 58 to
6).
•K.t". Alt: pcrsonal.:ommum.:auon.
Whitefishes 37
RANGE AND ABUNDANCE
The humpback whitefish is to be found in most of
the Alaskan rivers that empty into the Bering.
Chukchi and Beaufort seas. It ranges throughout the
Kuskokwim River drainage ·and well above Umiat in
the Colville. Alt and Kogl (1973) found it at Umiat in
July; thus it is presumed that the spawning grounds
in the Colville must be much farther upstream. In the
Yukon. on the other hand. it apparently is confined
to the lowerf"eaches. where it has been recorded from
Marshall. Its range extends eastward along the arctic
coast at least to the Sagavanirktok River. Alaska.
westward across Siberia to_ the Kara Sea. Throughout
its range it is quite abundant during the spawning
concentrations. but the fish apparently disperse at
other times of the year.
HABITS
Humpback whitefish appear to be truly anadro-
mous. but it is not known how far the wintering fish
move from the river mouths. They have been taken. in
the Beaufort Sea several miles offshore of the
Colville and Sagavanirktok rivers as weii as in
Kotzebue Sound. off Nome. and around the mouths
of the Yukon and Kuskokwim rivers. In the Kara Sea
of western Siberia they have b-....aen taken we!! out in
the northern parts "which are characterized by high
salinities .. (Berg. 1948). Upstream spawning migra-
tions may be extensive. Fish tagged in the
Kuskokwim River below Bethel have been recovered
on the North Fork at Medfra and Telida, the latter
representing a migration of not less than 1.280 km.
Possible C. pidschian have been found in the Yukon
River at Fort Yukon and in the Porcupine River, •
but their origin remains unknown. Other populations
seldom venture far upstream and still others may
never go to sea at all (Berg. 1948).
The spawning run generally begins in June and
spawning usually occurs in October. However,
humpback whitefish have been found spawning
under the ice in the Kuskokwim River near Bethel as
late as November 15* and similar phenomena have
been recorded in Siberia (Berg. 1948). Spawning
behavior has not been described, but presumably is
similar to that of the Alaska whitelish. Sexual
maturity is attained at 4 to 6 years. Ovarian eggs are
reported as .12 em in diameter in Siberian tish
(Nikolskii. 1961\. Fecundity of females varies from
one population to another and with the size of the
tish. The general range is from about 8,000 to nearly
50.000 eggs per female. It is assumed thnt the young
hatch in the late winter and spring. subsequcmly
moving downstream, to return as mature adults -t to
6 years lat~r.
c_·
38 The Freshwater Fishes of Alaska
The young feed mainly on zooplankton. but adults
feed mostly on mollusks, crustaceans· and chiro-
nomid larvae (Nikolskii. 1961 ). .
Growth rates vary greatly from place to place and
' even in different sections of the same river (Nikolskti,
1961). I~ Alaska, -fish in arctic rivers such as the
Colville,j Kobuk and Agiakpuk grow much more
slowly t~an do those in the Kuskokwim and lower
Yukon dl-ainages. Humpback whitefish from the first
three rivbrs average about 26.7 em fork length at 5 +
and 40.5! em at I 0 + while those from the latter areas
average ~4. 7 em and 44.5 em at the same ages (Alt.
1973b) ..
IMPORTANCE TO MAN
The humpback whitefish of Alaska is of little
direct importance except in local subsistence
fisheries. A commercial operation on the Colville
River Delta takes about 1,000 fish annually (Alt and
Kogl, 1973). However, this fish is an important
commercial species in Siberia (Berg, 1948; Nikolskii,
1961).;
LAKE WHITEFISH
Coregonus clupeaformis (Mitchill)
DISTINCTIVE CHARACTERS
The lake whitefish is differentiated from the other
two humpback whitefishes of Alaska by its higher gill
raker count, which ranges from 26 to 33.
DESCRIPTION
Sec description of C. nelsoni (page JS). Except for
the gill raker counts, there arc no known differences
in appearance of any significance. Pyloric caeca: 140
to 222. V cncbrac: SS to 64.
RANGE AND ABUNDANCE
The lake whitefish is widely distributed across
Canada and the northern United States, from the
upper Yukon and Northwest Territories south to
Montana, Minnesota and the Great Lakes, and east
to New England, Quebec and labrador. Records of
its distribution in Alaska are not completely reliable
due to the confusion with closely related species.
However, the lake whitefish has been recorded with
reasonable certainty from Paxson and Crosswind
lakes in the Copper River drainage and from Lake
Louise and the Tyone Lakes in the Susitna drainage
(Williams, 1968; Van Wyhe and Peck, 1969). Lindsey
et at., (1970) show a possible record of lake whitefish
from Old John Lake at the head of the Sheenjek
•c. Lindsey: personal communication.
River. but the record is based on only two
specimens. • Wherever it is foufld, the lake whitefish
is quite abundant, especially when schooled up for
spawning.
HABITS
Breeding behavior of the· lake whitefish is similar
to that of the Alaska whitefish hcept that spawning
generally takes place in the inshore regions of lakes.
Stream populations, of course, use the rivers and
creeks. Spawning takes place o~er rocky or gravelly
bottom in depths of 1 to 3 m. A female and one or
more males rise to the surface, extrude eggs and milt,
then descend separately toward the bottom.
Spawning e>«urs at night (Bean, 1903; Hart, 1930;
Everhart, 1958). Adults breed annually in the
southern parts of theorange, but apparently only
every other year or even every third year in the arctic
and sub-arctic (Kennedy; 1953).
Fecundity varies greatly from one population to
another, averaging around 50,000 eggs per female,
with a reported range of less than 6,000 to more than
150,000. Spawning occurs from October to Decem-
ber, depending on locality, and seems to be
associated with water temperatures of about 6°C or
less. Hatching normally occurs in late April.
Development of the eggs takes 140 days at .5 oc,
which seems to be the optimum temperature for the
eggs. In laboratory studies, no eggs survived at 0° or
at 1rc. Mortalities through hatching increased from
2711Jo at .5° to 4111Jo or 4211Jo at r to 6°, 8111Jo at go and
990io at I 0 °C. Abnormalities also increased from
none at .So to rc to 5011Jo at 10 oc (Price, 1940).
The larvae are 1.1 to 1.4 em long at hatching and
grow rapidly during the summer. In Lake Huron the
larvae af"e close inshore from_soon after breakup to
the end of the summer (Faber, 1970), their location
often being associated with emerge_(lt vegetation.
They stay at or near areas with temperatures of l7°C
(Reckahn, 1970), descending with it to the metalim-
nion. Van Wyhe and Peck (1969) found similar
movements of young-of-the-year that were believed
to be lake whitefish in Paxson Lake, Alaska.
Growth slows abruptly in September so that-by the
end of October the larvae are about 12 em long. This
slowing of growth is associated with descent into the
colder water of the hypolimnion.
Growth rates vary with locality and population.
Average total lengths at age, covering a wide variety
of localities in the U.S. and southern Canada, are:
I+. 13 em; 2 +. 21.6 em; 5 +, 38.6 em; 10 +. 51.1
em; 15 +, 62.7 em (Carlander. 1969). By contrast,
lake whitefish in Paxson Lake, Alaska, had the
following age-length relationships: I+, 4 em; 2 +,
(
~~-
7.7 em; 5 +, 20.2 em; 10+, 37.3 em; 15 +, 46 em
(VanWyhe and Peck, 1969). Maximum age reported
was that of a fish of 28 years from Great Slave Lake.
(Kennedy, 195.3), while the largest size was of a fish
of 19 kg t~ken in La Ice Superior in 1918 (Van Oosten,
1946). If ,the length-weight relationship given by
Dryer (1963) for Lake Superior whitefish can be
applied to· this second specimen, then the fish must
have been on the order of 135 em total length. The
next largest known weighed just over half as much,
10.9 kg (Keleher, 1961).
The lake whitefish appears to be a rather sedentary
fish, at least in the Grc:at Lakes. Tagging studies
(Budd, 1957; Dryer, 1964) indicate that the majority
of fish stay within 16 km of their spawning ground,
although one fish in Lake Huron wa·s recaptured 240
k:m from the point of release. There seems also to be
a tendency toward movement in definite directions,
although no well-defined routes have been deter-
mined (Budd, 1957). In general, movement of lake
whitefish in large lakes consists of four stages: travel
from deep to shallow water in the spring; movement
back into deep water during the summer as the shoal
water warms; migration back to the shallow-water
spawning areas in the fall and early winter: and post-
·spawning movement bade to deeper water.
Within each of the Great Lakes, and probably in
most large lakes, the lake whitefish form more or less
separate populations. These are usually characterized
by different growth rates rather than by morpho-
logical differences (Budd, 1957; Roelofs, 1958;
Dryer, 1963, 1964; Mraz, 1964b). It is not known
whether these populations are genetically distinct or
are produced by environmental factors. In any case,
the lack of migratory habits probably tends to keep
them separate.
Food of the lake whitefish varies with size and age
of the fish, location, and the type of food available.
The initial food of the young consists of copepods,
later on of cladocerans. By early summer they begin
to feed on bottom organisms, but Cladocera,
_especially Bosmina. remain a dQminant food item for
some time (Reckahn. 1970). Adults feed mainly on
benthic organisms. but pelagic and semi pelagic forms
also are important. Kliewer (1970) found a signifi-
cant negative correlation between gill raker length
Whitefishes 39
and the proportion of benthic food, and a strong
positive correlation between the number of gill rakers
and the amount of benthic food. He listed the
following food items for lake ~whitefish from the
- • -4
Cranberry Portage area in northern Manitoba:
Pelecypods, gastropods, am;phipods, Diptera
(tc:ndepedid larvae and pupae, culicid and
ceratopogonid larvae), Ephc:merqptc:ra, Trichoptera,
Mc:galoptera, plant material, fi~h eggs, Hirudinea,
Cladocera, Copepoda, mysids, Hemiptera
(Corixidae), Hymenoptera and; fishes. In Paxson
Lake, Alaska, adult whitefish we~c: seen to prey upon
young sockeye salmon until the fry grew too big for
the whitefish (VanWyhe and Peck, 1969).
Although extensive hatchery programs for the:
propagation of lake whitefish have'bec:n carried on
for years on the Great Lakes and other places, there:
is no evidence: to show that these programs have ever
influenced the strength of year classes (Koelz, 1929;
Christie, 1963). Weather sc:erjls to be: the: most
important factor. Cold water temperatures at
spawning time-below 6 °C-(ollowed by a steady
non fluctuating decrease to .5 °C and by warm
temperatures at hatching time, produce: the strongest
year classes (Christie, 1963; Lawler, 1965a).
IMPORTANCE TO MAN
The: lake whitefish has long been one of the most
valuable freshwater species in North America.
Deterioration of i~s environment, depletion of the
stocks and other factors led to a decline in yield from
the 5.5 million leg per year of the 1880s to the: 700,000
leg per year of the 1920s (Koelz, 1929), but in the late
1960s the catch was incre~ing. In 1970 the U.S. and
Canadian landings from 'the Great Lakes and the
International Lakes between Minnesota and Ontario
amounted to about 1.69 million kg (Anonymous,
1973). In addition, there are considerable Canadian
fisheries in the northern lakes such as Lake Winnipeg
and Great Slave Lake. In Alaska, however, the lake
whitefish is virtually unused. Attempts at commercial
fishing for lake whitefish have been made in
Crosswind Lake in the upper Copper River drainage
and in Lake Louise and Tyone Lake in the upper
Susitna. These have not, however. been especially
successful (Williams. 1968, 1969).
APPENDIX 8
ADULT ANADROMOUS FISHERIES STUDIES
Side Band Radio
c--
c
TRIDENT
HF-1RADIO TELEPHONE COMMUNICATIONS
•
HOW TO USE A SINGLE SIDE BAND RADIO
PRODUCED FOR OUR CUSTOMERS
by
Jack and Virginia Ree~
a n·d t he Trident Staff
P.O. BOX 10-1158 • ANCHORAGE, ALASKA 99511
TABLE OF CONTENTS
HOW THE RADIO WORKS AND·WHY IT DOESN'T
SOME-TIMES~ .••.••••••••••••••••••.••••••••.••••• -. •••••.• PAGE 1 J
HOW TO SET UP YOUR RADIO AND ANTENNA
FOR USE •••••.•••.••••••••••.••••••••.•.•••••.•.•••.••. PAGE 6
HOW TO USE THE RADIO CONTROLS PROPERLY ••.•••.••••..... PAGE 10
SOME NOTES ON GOOD RADIO MANNERS ••••••••••••..•••••••• PAGE 12
CORRECT TERMINOLOGY TO USE WHILE ON THE AIR ••••••••••• PAGE 15
PROCEEDURES FOR RADIO TRANSMISSION, OR HOW
TO MAKE A PHONE PATCH··======~······················· PA6E 17
( WHAT IS AN EMERGENCY, ~ND WHAT TO DO ••.••.•••.•••.•.•. PAGE 19
c
SOME FCC RULES AND REGULATIONS ...•............•.•.••.. PAGE 22
HOW TO CONTACT US VIA PHONE OR RADIO,
HELPFUL HINTS AND ASSOCIATED SERVICES WE
OFFER, AND HOURS OF OPERATION....... . . . . . . . • . . . • . . . . . PAGE /25
c
HOW THE RADIO WORKS AND WHY IT DOESN'T SOMETIMES.
Radio :is a means of communication that uses electro-magnetic
waves ! sent through the atmosphere at approximately the
speed of light. It works by changing sounds or other
signals into these waves that carry the desired information.
These are called "Radio Waves". These radio waves travel
through the atmosphere and through space, and through some
solid objects such as walls of buildings. Radio waves will
not, however, pass through metals, like lead, and sometimes
large land masses such as mountains can inhibit them. The
waves used are similar to light waves, but are lower in
frequency.
"Frequency" is the word used to designate the number of
vibrations per second that the radio waves contain. Many
different frequencies are used so that many different mes-
sages can be transmitted at the same time without causing
interference of· being just a mumbo-jumble that no one can
understand.
Sending and receiving radio communications involve four
basic steps. They are:
1. Converting the communication into "Radio Waves".
This is done in several steps. First your voice (or
any sound) is converted into electrical energy by
the microphone. It is then impressed onto a radio
wave by the "modulator", and--then amplified by the
"amplifier". This all happens inside the radio.
2. "Transmitting" or sending the radio waves up and
out .into space. This is done through the antenna,
which sends or launches the radio wave out and up
into space in all directions.
-1-
(
3. "Receiv_}.ng" or catching the radio waves. This hap-
pens when the transmitted waves passes your an,ten-
na, and causes a current to flow through it and on
into your radio.
4. Changing the "received~ w~ves back into the original
form of communication $ent, so it is understandable. ! .
This is done the same; way that the original com-
munication was converted into radio waves, but in
reverse. In other words, first it is amplified,
then converted by the demodulator, then sent to the
loudspeaker or through the earphones so you can
hear it.
The sounds or signals transmitted by the radio transmitter
are carried on a "Carrier Wave". The carrier wave is varied .
by the electrical signal, or the frequency, used to produce
it. The wave is fed into a "Transmitter" or "Transmitting
Antenna" which sends the waves either up into the atmosphere
or along the ground. The waves that go up into the atmo-
sphere are called "Sky Waves" and the waves "that go along
the ground are called "Ground Waves".
Sky waves are usually applied to long distance communi-
cations and are what we use to transmit on single side band
radios. These waves go out into space till they reach the
layer known as the "Ionosphere", then are bounced back to
earth by the ionsphere if the conditions are correct. What
I mean by this is that the waves must be properly transmit-
ted, and on a correct frequency that does not exceed the
"Critical Frequency". Communications that are transmitted
above the critical frequency are not bounced back, but go
through the ionosphere and are lost. This is one of the
reasons why there is so much flap about being on frequency.
The other reason is that by being off frequency you can
-2-
c
interfere with other peoples signals and impair their com-
munications.
The condition and location or height of the ionosphere has
a great deal to do with the quality of communications on
any ·given day, or at different times of the day. The
ionosphere is usually higher in the evening and early
morning. In the early afternoon through mid-afternoon it
lowers slightly, and during the night it goes back up. As
~-
the height of the ionosphere changes the frequencies that
work best change also. As the ionosphere moves up, the
frequency moves down. 3201 usually doesn't work as well
during the day when the ionosphere is lower, and 8070 is
usually better during the day than at night. The reason for
this is that the angle in which the radio wave strikes the
ionosphere determines the place where it will come down to
some degree, and as the ionosphere changes some commun-
ications come down where they shouldn't be. This will
sometimes explain the noise and foreign language transmis-
sion that goes on at certain times of the day over the air.
A small portion of the carrier wave you s~nd is captured by
an antenna that is tuned, or made sensitive to the frequency
that is being used. The wave is then sent to a receiver
which separates the signal from the radio wave and converts
the signal into understandable communication, as we discus-
sed previously.
Radio-waves are invisible, and need no wires to send. them
from one place to another, and since the inception of
transistors and printed circuits radios have b~come highly
portable. This is why radio has become such a desirable
means of communication to people that are in remote areas
where the local power company or telephones just do not
exist.
-3-
There are many reasons why radio waves don't "con.nect". We
' discussed being off fr;equency and the frequencies that are
i
best to use at different times of the day in the previous
paragraphs. Another common problem is that the radio has
been connected to the :power supply backwards. Not only will
the radio not work, but it will blow fuses, or it could
blow up transistors and become a very expensive mistake. Be
careful!!! Not having the antenna set up correctly is
another .. common problem. We will cover how to set up your
antenna in the next chapter. Weak power supplies also will
cause you problems. All of these are human error, and if
you are experiencing a problem check these areas first.
Another common error we run into is that the operator has
not allowed the radio to warm up before trying to transmit.
This can result in garbled communications bec·ause a radio
that has not been allowed to warm up is not transmitting on
r l_ the proper frequency. Allow the radio to warm up for at
(_
least 15 minuted before trying to transmit. It will work
much better and you won't_ get nasty letters from the FCC
about broadcasting off frequency.
Since radio waves are an electro-magnetic wave any elec-
trical or magnetic disturbance in the atmosphere can really
louse _ up communications. Sun spots or solar flares_, meteors,
electrical storms, northern lights activity, comets, all of
these things can foul up radio transmission, and sometime~
for days. Our operators swear that cloud covers sometimes
help communications, although it isn't supposed to _IJt.Q.ke a
difference.
Normally when you are experiencing difficulty in transmis-
sion you will not hear other transmissions taking place
over the air, or if you do, they are obviously not
-4-
successful. In other words, if communications are down~
they are down for everybody. If you do hear communications
taking . place and you are not able to g~t. thr~ugh, check
your artterina "location and attachment, powei= supply strength
and at~achment, your microphone attachm~nt~ and your fuses,
and if . all is well there, you could have ~a radio problem.
. 1
This happens infrequently, but if it doesj you have to get
the thing in for repairs& We cover that in the last chapter.
This doesn't cover all the -contingencies, but from our
experience these are the problems that we run into most
often, I hope · this chapter answers some of your questions,
and gives some insight into how the radio works, and ·how to
handle problems that might come up.
-5-
(_
HOW TO SET YOUR RADIO AND ANTENNA UP FOR USE
We discussed allowing your radio to warm up in the. last
chapter. Don't forget.... at least 15 minutes. The best
possible set up is never to turn off the radio at all, but
this is not usually possible when you are out in the bush.
You do need a CONSTANT SOURCE OF POWER. A gasoline or
diesel generator is not the best source of power to connect
directly to the radio because they tend to be off frequency
and create power surges. These power surges will blow your
fuses, or worse yet the transistors, and the radio won't
work. The best and most efficient arrangement is to hook up
a 6 amp minimum, automatic battery charger to the generator,
attach a designated type of battery or batteries to the
charger, and the radio to the batteries. This will give you
the constant power you need. The second best, and more
temporary and portable solution is just to use alkaline or
lead acid batteries only, depending on the make, model and
type of radio you are using. The technician that delivers
the radio to you should tell you which type of power source
the radio needs.
Another very im~ortant point is to· make sure you know which
terminal is positive and which is negative on your radio.
This may sound like a simple thing to ask about, but these.
are not always marked clearly, and hooking up a radio
backwards can really_ put it out of commission quickly and
permanently. We fix. at least a dozen radios that have been
hooked up backward every season. This is a common mistake,
and a very inconvenient and expensive one. Pay Attention!!!!!
Your antenna should be set up as
the page following this chapter.
-6-
per the illustration
The ideal height is
on
so
C.
feet, but when you are out in the, bush you can't always
find SO foot trees. The min-imum height you should use is 20
i
feet. 30 fe:et. is ".better, 40 feet be;tter yet,. and SO is the
! ~ ,.
best, but 20 will work. Do the best you can. The antenna
should be ~et up in a straight a line; .as possible..... or
as straightj a line as you can create under bush conditions.
The rule is: that the antenna should be at 90 degree angles,
or crosswise from the direction that you wish to transmit
toward, however this is only really important at heights
that are greater than the ones we are talking about here.
It still will help a little, but isn't as critical. Get it
as high as you can, up to SO feet, and in as straight a
line as possible, and it will work. More important than the
direction of broadcast is to set up the antenna at right
angles to any power lines in the area to reduce the
electric noise coupled into the antenna.
The length of the antenna varies with the frequency or
frequencies that the antenna is built to utilize. Our three
frequency antennas for 3201, Sl67. S and 8070 are 110 feet
long. A single frequency antenna or antennas that operate
on other than these frequencies can range from about 60
feet to~ 190 feet long. If you are out in the bush, you
usually will use trees to mount your antenna on, so the
length isn't that important, but before you build a perma-
nent structure to use as a mount, be sure to check the
length of the antenna that you will be using.
We will be discussing our frequencies which are used by
Trident only in a later chapter. These are 5134. S/5370 and
3362/3238. Our standard 110 foot antenna will work for
these frequenc:ies as well as the Alaska Public Fixed Freq-
uencies which are 3201, 5167.S and 8070. However .... if you
have the aeronautical enroute frequency, (which is 3449),
-7-
(':
(_'
or one of the marine frequencies on your radio, you will
need separate antennas for them.
Just as an after thought, REMEMBER TO TURN THE RADIO OFF
BEFORE CONNECTING OR DISCONNECTING ANY POWER SOURCES!!!
-8-
'
HOW YOUR ANTENNA SHOULD LOOK WHEN ERECTED
Y'
~----------------------------LENGTH------------~------------~
~~ (_)
r
HEIGHT
l
\_;
I
0'1
I
c
c~
HOW TO USE THE RADIO CONTROLS PROPERLY.
-:Now that you have wres~led with the antenna, set up your
power source, and allow~d the radio to warm up, you are
ready to transmit. You Iitust "KEY" the microphone, ("mike")
j
to talk, that is, push the button on it IN to talk, and let
it OUT to listen. Hold the mike about 4 inches from the lips
and speak in a clear, nor.mal voice. Do not shout into the
mike, as this will result in a garbled communication and
loss of clarity. (Not to speak of what it does to the ears
of the poor pe~son on the other end.)
All radios have some or all of the following ~ontrols on the
face plate. The technician or salesperson that. delivers your
radio to you should go over your particul-ar model with you,
but the following will give you an idea of what the different
types of dials or buttons are and what they do.
The ON/OFF or POWER switch or button has an obivious func-
tion. Some radios combine this switch with another dial or
switch such as VOLUME or CHANNEL SELECTOR. Your salesperson
will point this out. I
The · CHANNEL SELECTOR switch selects which channel you want
to be on. Different radios have different channel capacities
that range anywhere from one to twenty or more. Each
frequency is assigned to a specific channel, and should be
marked on a channel selec~or plaquet on the front of the
radio. Again your technician or salesperson will help you.
VOLUME or LOUDNESS control is another one with a pretty
obvious function.
-10-
SQUELCH modifiys the noise coming in over the air. Too much
SQUELCH interferes with communication and as a general rule
should be left OFF.
CLARITY or CLARIFIER is the control that will help when a
communication sounds distorted or garbled.
Some radios have a SPEAKER/PHONE -switch. This switch causes
the noise the radio makes to be channeled either to the
loudspeaker or to th~ headphones, depending on the position
the switch is in.
The "VOLUME CONTROL" should be left at mi'd-range and the
"SQUELCH" button or dial should be left OFF, since loud
volume :iecreases clarity and the Squelch can interfere with
( your hearing any weak communications that are directed at
.....__/
you. The "CLARIFIER" control will help you out if the person
that is transmitting to you sounds like Mickey Mouse, or
Donald Duck.
I may have missed some of the controls on your particular
radio, but these are the important ones that you will use.
Once agai.n, when you pick up your particular radio, ~he
technician or salesperson should go over all the features of
your specific make and model with you. This list should help
you to remember the most important ones, and what to use
t_hem for.
-11-
...-,.~::.~·l\''i~t---· .
·.:-·•
SOME NOTES ON GOOD RADIO MANNERS
· The two bigg}!st cpmplaints
use radios ~11 the time
we seem to hear from people who
are about' people who spend an
inordinate a.fnount of time gabbing about nothing over the
air, and pepple who continually "walk on", or interrupt
other transmissions that are taking place.
First we '11 cover the amount of time spent on the air.
There is a·n FCC regulation that states that the radio is
not to be used for "superfluous or frivilous conversation",
and it (the regulation) also limits the amount of time
spent on each call, and the number of calls allowed each
call sign within a 24 hour period. This rule is not often
enforced, unless the station REALLY abuses the privilege,
and infringes on the rigHts of other users. We here at r·. Trident try to limit calls to six minutes or less, and try ......._ __ _
(
to discourage· people from calling thier wives, sweethearts,
mothers, husbands and friends just to gab and pass the time
of day. Aside from the fact that you are preventing people
from using the frequency who might need to. make important
calls, you are being list~ned.to by hundreds of people who
really aren • t interested in Old Charlie's lumbago, and/or
Nina's sweet/ugly new baby/boyfriend or affair with the
postman. Try to keep your calls as businesslike as possible,
and again, under six minutes. If you have a grocery list or
parts order that you know will take longer than the alloted
time, make two calls, or wait till after hours when the
radio is not so busy, such as after 9 at night. You can
often give lists like these to a friend, and have them
relay· the order, or reservations or whatever to the neces-
sary people involved. This usually saves difficulty anyway,
as . most clerks that answer phones don • t really know what is
-12-
(_
going on when they receive a radio phone patch.
The second most common breach of etiquitte is-"walking on",
or interrupting another transmission. I'f you are aware of
another communication going on, do not iinterrupt unless it
is ~ ·bona-fied emergency, and then on~y with the correct
"buzz words". We will cover what is a l bona-fied emergency
and what these words are in a later chapter. Wait till the
a-ir is cleared, which will be signaled by both parties
saying "Call sign, Clear", (like, ABC 21, Clear, followed
by BCB 21, Clear). Then you race like mad to get your call
in before someone else gets on the air. Sometimes a person
does interrupt a transmission because they couldn • t hear
the traffic going on. If you accidentally ~o interrupt
someone, they will usually tell you to "Stand By for
Traffic", which loosely translated means to shut up and
wait till it's your turn.
Once again let me remind you that people are listening to
the conversations that go on over the air. This is a point
that you should try never to forget. Don 1 t discuss things
of a delicate or personal nature, don 1 t discuss bank ac-
counts, credit card numbers, dollar Ifigures, and so on. If
you want your business public that 1 s OK with us, but be
warned that it will be public if you broadcast it over the
air, and we are not take responsiblili ty for charges made
to credit cards, etc., whose numbers have been broadcasted.
If you want to guarantee payments to a credit card number,
call on a land line and give the operator the credit card
number and the OK to use it, and she will give the party
that should have it the information after you have cleared
the air. Our operators are bondable, and your information
is secure with us.
(_
On the subject of confidential information, we will not
give out any information about you, neither ;will we give
you information on anyone else. Please do not aiscuss other
customers affairs on the air with our operato~s, and don't
gossip. As I said before, hundreds of other p~ople are out
there listening.
Most good manners are just common sense and consideration
of the rights and feelings of others. Follow a few simple
guidelines, and you will remain on good terms with your
neighbors and our operators.
-14-
CORRECT TERMINOLOGY TO USE WHILE ON THE AIR
This· is a brief glossary of terms you'll use over the air.
)Rememb~r~ NEVER· to use CB jargon, , such as 10-4, Breaker, and
,so on.
"ROGER" means yes, or OK.
"AFFIRMATIVE" means yes, or OK.
"NEGATIVE", or "THAT'S A NEGATIVE" means no.
"DO YOU COPY" or "HOW DO YOU COPY" means how can you
hear me, or how well can you hear me.
"TRAFFIC" is a term used to describe the transmissions.
going on at the time, or, Is there much traffic
today?" would mean has there been broadcasting going
on, or not.
"STAND BY" means hold on, or wait till you are called
BY YOUR CALL SIGN for a resumption of tran~missi-on.
Other stations are permitted to transmit while a
:stat ion is on stand by. This means that you ·are not
finished with your transmission, but are temporarily
off the air. This is used when you have to get paper,
numbers, and so forth.
"SAY AGAIN" means to repeat what you just said.
"OVER" should be said at the end of a transmitted
phrase to signal the operator and the other party that
you are finished speaking and are waiting for a
response. Not all radio operators use this phrase, but
it is good practice.
c· "GO AHEAD" is sometimes used instead of over.
"CLEAR", preceeded by your call letters, such as ABC
21, Clear, means that you are finished with your
' transmission, and are clearing the air for others use.
"1 BY 1, 2 BY 2, 3 BY 3, 4 BY 4, and 5 BY 5" or ~ny
combination of the preceeding numbers is the way ito
communicate the quality o.f the transmission you are
receiving or __ sending. One (1) is the worst, or totally
unreadable, and five (5) is the best, -or very clear.
The first number given represents the loudness of the
communication, the second number represents the
clarity. For instance, if a communication is loud, but
garbled, it should be classified as a 5 by 3. When.
someone asks you "How do you copy", or "How do ·you
read. me 11 , you should answer with the numbers that give
the caller the best indication as to how they are
transmitting. This is also the· way our operators will
communicate to you how you are transmitting when you
call for radio checks, or if you are having trouble
with a transmission. In cases of 1 X 1 or 2 X 2
transmission, you usually should try again later.
"SIGNALS ARE DOWN" means that for some or all of the
reasons described in the first chapter, that radio
transmission is lousy that day, forget about being
understood.
-16-
c :PROCEEDURES FOR RADIO TRANSMISSION ,OR
HOW TO MAKE A RADIO CALL
The corre·ct form for calling 4nother station is "Call sign,
~ ~ .
this is Call Sign. (Such as, :ABC 21 this is BCB 23. ) 'This
can be repeated three times over the air at 10 second
intervals, and· at that point, if you havn' t received an
answer, you must clear the air. You do this by saying,
"Negative Contact, Call Sign Clear, or just Call Sign,
Clear, (such as, Negative Contact, ABC 21, Clear, or ABC
21, Clear. )
If the station you are callfng is monitering the radio, and
wants to talk to you, they will answer you by saying Call
sign, this is Call Sign, Go Ahead Please, (such as ABC 21,
this is BCB 23$ Go Ahead Please). At this point you can go
on with your communication, say what you have to say, and
clear the air.
You clear the air by saying Call Sign, Clear, (or ABC 21,
Clear,) and are answered by the other call sign saying
Their Call sign, Clear, (or BCB 23, Clear.) Always remember
to use YOUR ENTIRE CALL SIGN, AND NOT JUST A PORTION OF IT.
Using just your letters, as some people have been known to
do will get you a violation ~etter from the FCC really fast.
If you need to interrupt a communication that is in progress
for some reason, such as to find a number or get something
you need, do so by saying Cal leg Call Sign, Stand By. (.For
instance, if your call sign is ABC 21, and you were talking
to BCB 23, you should say BCB 23, Stand By, and BCB 23
should answer by saying BCB 23, Standing By). After a stand
by, you must re-call the station you were talking to in the
same manner that you would use to call a new station.
-17-
(_i
Remember to use both of the call signs in thier entirity.
Other stations are allowed to broadcast while a 'station is
on· stand by, so if you; retu~n and find the ai!r waves in .
use, just .wait till the station transmitting has cleared,
then continue your transmission.
-18-
WHAT IS AN EMERGENCY, AND WHAT TO DO
This is a difficult chapter to write, because in most
emergency cases your own judgement is what determines the.
action to take. I'll try to define a true emergency, and to,
explain what the normal procedures are. You have to take it
from there.
According to the FCC, a true emergency is "a situation that
imminently endangers the safety of life and/or property".
This rather broad definition covers aircraft that are lost,
missing, crashed or in trouble, boats lost, missing or in
trouble, lost or missing persons, crimes, or medical emergen-
cies such as heart attack, bur~s, excessive bleeding, appendi-
citus, broken bones, athasma attacks, and so on.
A person that is already dead is not an emergency. They
feel, and rightly so, that there is nothing more that can be
done for them.
The FCC frowns on people that use an "emergency" signal to
get through when it is not really a bona-fied emergengy. A
wife, husband or girl friend that is not home at 11 o • clock
when someone trys to reach him or her is not an emergency.
Neither is a hunter or fisherman that is weathered in out in
the bush and needs to call his office and cancel a business
. --meeting on Monday morning.
A crime is defined as some nut shooting up the streets of
Kotzebue, or someone holding hostages, or things of that type.
There are some terms to use on the air when an emergency
situation is taking place. The use of these terms will cease
-19-
any radio transmission that is going on at the moment, so
that the emerg~ncy can be broadcasted, and resolved. These
terms are as follows:
Distress Signal MAYDAY
MAYDAY is the most familliar emergency term to us all
because. of all those 1940's war movies. The FCC definition
of a MAYDAY communication is that it is to be used only in
cases where there is immediate danger of loss of life and/or
property. MAYDAY takes priority over all other communications.
Urgency Signal PAN
PAN is used when the saf~ty of life and /or property is in
jeopardy. PAN takes priority over all communications except
'MAYDAY.
Safety Signal SECURITY
SECURITY is used mainly by the coast guard for messages
concerning the safety of navigation or giving metorological
bulletins and warnings.
The proceedure to follow is to clear the air, and stay off,
unless you can provide additional and helpful information,
or if you can pass along an unclear transmission. This
includes things such as sightings of the plane or boat in
question and the location, or as I said, relaying' an unclear
transmission. If you can't help, keep quiet.
When the emergency has been resolved, that is, some action
taken, communications will begin again.
-20-
The people that will help. you in emergency situations are
the Search and Rescue People, The State Police, Flight
I
Service, and in some cases the Coast Guard. You should try
to have the numbers of these agenci~s posted near your
radio in case of a problem. All o~ the Agencies work
closely together in emergency situations and if you should
call the wrong one to help you with yo.ur problem they will
set you aright very quickly. They are very efficient, and
have solved alot of problems in the past with remarkable
• <{':""
speed and dexterity. These people know what they are doing • .
Give them all the information you have, and let them do
thier work. If there is anything that can possibly be done
they will do it.
Once again, DO NOT USE "EMERGENCY" FOR ANYTHING BUT A
BONA-FIED EMERGENCY AND ABOVE ALL •••••••
DON'T PANIC !!!!!
-21-
(
SOME FCC RULES AND REGULATIONS
Here is a VERY brief summary of the things you need to know
to prevent getting in trouble with ~the FCC. They DO moniter
the airwaves, and the DO send out qotices of violations and
fines. PAY ATTENTION!!!
There are several frequencies avai~·able for use in Alaska.
The most co~~on are 3201, 5167.5, 8070, 3449, 547~, and a
bunch of them for boats. Our OWN frequency is 5134.5/5370.
All of these have special licensing and useage rules
applicable, and to cover· it all would (DOES) fill a LARGE
book. I'll cover the most important ones here. 3201, 5167.5
and 8070 are the frequencies used for public communication.
They are open to everyone, and the restrictions (briefly)
are as follows:
1. 3201 may be used at any time, and at any distance.
2. 516 7. 5 may only be used between the hours of 6:OOAM and
9:00PM (2100 hours), and only with distances of 50 miles
between transmitter and receiver.
3. 8070 is only useable for the same hours,. and only at
distances of 200 Miles between users.
4. Calls should be kept to 6 minutes, and not more than 5 a
day. This is not a commonly enforced rule, but if
someone abuses the air, we will all have problems.
5. "Superflouos and Frivilous" conversation is not allowed.
6. Obscene Language is not permitted.
7. You may NOT speak to boats or planes on the above noted
frequencies unless there is an emergency
8. During Daylight Savings Time Months the hours of useage
change to 7:00 AM to 10:00 PM.·
3449 and 5472 are the aeronautical en-route frequencies.
These ar.e used to talk to planes~ but only from the ground.
You may ·not talk from plane to plane on these fr~quencies.
You. also may not talk from one station to another on. the
g~ound on these frequencies.
The marine frequencies are too numerous to mention. You may
not talk to boats at all over any of the above mentioned
frequencies. If you need to talk to a boat, you have ·to
patch a phone call to a marine operator, and let her ·handle
it.
Most Alaska call signs have three letters and two numbers.
Some Government issued call signs have three letters and
three numbers, but there aren't too many of these. Planes
have some numbers (no specific format) and 1 letter,
preceeded by "N". Planes use the number on the tail as a
call sign. Boats are not uniform, but usually have three
letters and four numbers. This as sometimes how you can
tell who you are talking to· and who NOT to talk to. I know
this is rather vague, but it's the best we can do.
Our frequency is 5134.5/5370, and according to the FCC it is
now illegal to make phone patches on 516 7 or the others.
This is why we have our own. This will be for phone calls_
only.
The FCC really yells if your radio is not operating on
frequency. Be sure to have your radio checked once a year
for this.
You are supposed to keep a log of all calls ·including the
-.. . ··-..:.·-~'~~-··
Time, Date, Frequency Used, Your Call Sign Thier Call
Sign, and approximate content of the conversation. You also
need to have a FCC license (personal), which we can ~~ve
you a form for, and station license, which should ; be
posted near the radio at all times.
If you should get a violation from the FCC, it usua~ly
needs answering in writing within 10 days. Failure to do.so
results in losses of license, fines and thunde~bolts.
As I said before, this is VERY brief, but I think you get
the idea. If you have any problems, call us and we'll help
you straighten it out if we can.
According to the FCC. you should also have a copy of the FCC·
Rules and Regulations, Part 81, near the radio, and a copy
of FCC Form 1079 attached to your lisence. You can obtain the
FCC part 81 from the FCC, Form 1079 you can get from us if
you need one.
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(~ .
HOW TO CONTACT US VIA PHONE OR RADIO,
HELPFUL-HINTS AND ASSOCIATED SERVICES WE OFFER,
AND HOURS OF OPERATION
Trident has two telephone lines into the .radio room. One is
a message line only, the other is the phone patch line. The
message line is for the times that people may want a call
sign to get a message, but do not need to talk to anyone at
the call ;:;ign directly. The operator will take the message
and deliver it to the call sign as soon as contact with the
call sign is made. The other line is the phone patch line,
-and should be called when someone desires to contact a call
sign directly. Our customers should try to make sure that
all the people that will be trying to contact them at thier
call signs have the correct call sign, and the name of th~
camp, such as ABC 21, Lake Lovely. This will expidite c·-service and make everyone involved more popular with our
operators. Our customers should also try to make the people
who might be calling them aware that the radio is not the
same as a telephone, and if the call sign at camp is not
monitoring the frequency, they can't be reached, and the
operator can do nothing except take a message. This is
difficult for many people to understand, especially if they
hav.e never heard of a Single Side Band Radio.
c
Our two telephone numbers are as follows:
Message Phone 9~?-345-1140
Patch Phone 907-345-1160
We also have a business office phone. It is in a different
building and cannot be used for messages or phone patches.
This is the place to call for information, prices, repairs,
_.,c;_
and questions about your bills and/or service. This number
is as follows:
Business Office 907-345-1170
The way to call TRIDENT oyer the air is WKD 22, Anchorage.
This is our call sign. 'Just follow the instructions on
mapual· pages 17 ·& 18, using' this call sign and your own, and
we will answer you!
SOME HELPFUL HINTS ON GETTING ALONG WITH OUR OPERATORS
I ' 11 try to give you some helpful tips on protocol within
our organization and how to save yourself and your callers
some time and money. Most of this information is meant to
be directed at people calling on the phone, and we encourage
our customers to pass it along to the people who will be
calling them. Try to remember that our operators are trained
to give the radio first priority over the phones. If
someone calls and there is a radio transmission taking
place, they will be asked to hold. Often they will be left
holding while uhe operator takes information from several
different call
on the caller
signs on the
they are
explain this to your callers.
air. He or she is not picking
following instructions. Please
Our operators are instructed to inquire if the caller i.;
calling long distance. Unfortunately they sometimes forget,
and if you could spend an hour or so in the radio room on a
busy day you would understand why. If someone is calling
long distance I suggest that you tell them to inform the
operator of that fact quickly, and then to tell him or her
which call sign they are trying to contact, and leave a
-26-
r\ '---.
number where they can be reached so that he or she can ge~
back to ·them when their turn comes up. This is much cheaper
and less frustrating than . holding on a lo.ng distance line.
Another .thing to remember is that you sha,re air space with
the entire State. ,of Alaska. Only one. cor;ununication· can· take
place at a time on any (requency •••• sort of like your
phone •••• when· it 1 s busy nobody else c~n get through. The
problem . is that there are·n 1 t nearly ·as many ·,available
frequencies. as phone. lines, so while several thousand people
can call into Anchorage at the same time by phone, only· a
few can use the radio frequencies that exsist. :There is
often a wait during the summer months for communications to
go .through ... Not ·Only does the operator have to answer the.
radio calls and ·telephone calls, he or she has to take
messages, deliver messages, make phone calis, keep ; a'· log
and keep it all straight besides. · While the operators· ·are
doing this juggling ·act, they are often keeping track of 10
or 15 calls waiting ahead of yours, so try to be patient
and tell your callers· to do the same. A 45 minute wait for
communications is not uncommon during the summer months.
Just keep cool.
Another thing that is helpful to our operators is for the
people calling in on the radio to have the phone numbers
that they wish to call. The operators have thier hands full
with the phones and the radio •..• they will look up a number
for you, or assist you in any way they can, but try to be
considerate of their time.
We get a lot of good feedback and compliments on most of
our operators most of the time. We feel that they all do a
good and necessary job, but even they have bad days and
-11-
once in a while they make a mistake. If you have a
complaint or pro~le,m we can't help you if we don't know
about it. Please ·l~t us kn<?W immediately if you encounter
any difficulties with our service. On thing we DO ask is
that you make your complaints known to Jack or Virginia by
land line or by mail. ••• not on the air, and please discuss
complaints with us and not our operators. This saves lots
of confusion. I assure you tha~_we will do whatever we can
to solve any difficulties that come up. Virginia hand opens
all the mail... all you have to do is jot a note on your
monthly statement and when we get your payment, she will
see it, and reply.
Speaking of billing, we bf..ll on the ·15th of the previous
month for our monthly services. In other words, you will be
billed on the 15th of July for August's phone patch service,
and we bill twice a month, on the 1st and 15th for any
repairs done to your radio during t;.hat period. All of our
billing is due within 30 days. Following this chapter is a
short, rough summary on our charges, and what they mean. We
also ask that you supply us with ·a credit card number or a
third party billing number so we can charge any long
distance charges to it. In the event that there is a
mistake made and a long distance call is charged to our
phone, it will be passed on to you on your monthly statement
labeled LD CHGS.
We hold the customer responsible for informing us·-whep they
wish to interrupt their servi~e, and will continue to
charge our monthly service charges as agreed upon until we
are notified differently.
Associated Services
Trident offers a com?lete line of communications materials
-28-
and services. We s~ll, service, install and in some cases
manufacture, as well as offer consulting and engineering
services. If you have any communications _problems or
questions, call us. If we can't help you solve it ourselves,
we probably will know who else will be able to help.
HOURS OF OPERATION
Our hours of operation are as follows:
6 AM through 12 Midnight, Seven Days A Week
Thanksgiving and Christmas day are the only days of the
year that we are closed completely so that our employees
may spend these hofidays with their families. On these two
days we close at 9 PM the night before, and re-open at 7 AM r-the day after.
"--··
I hope we have covered most of the questions that you have,
and most of the information that you need to operate a
radio in the bush. If there is anything we forgot or failed
to cover, or any additional questions that you may have,
~
please don't" hesitate to contact us here at Trident. It is
our wish that you enjoy the best communications services
possible and we try to ensure that for all our customers.
(,
APPENDIX 9
ADULT ANADROMOUS FISHERIES STUDIES
First Aid
and
Safety
.,.. ~:--. . ...
·-'\":~-
. ;; .....
In Alaska.··--------------------------~-----------------
Think before
you drink
1\"1 Called "bec:kpKkCt'"l dlt<eeM." "beaver fever."
ot gtardt.ala. and eech ,...., .n lncrcatlnt number
of wlldcmcu trawlers Mllfct' from Ita unpluMnt
aymptoma. Before you quench your thklt from a
eke.,. Alaska .. ,..m. consldet ttw following lnfcw·
mat~ ebotA the~ WnbCI l*'••lte-Met
how ·~ ..-old k.
What Is giardiasis?
~ &.mbll. It found worlctwldc end It the moM
commOnty reported hutMft W.atm.l perultc In
the United St.tu. Although the cy'lt CMI be
tr.nwnkted on food and from perton to penon.
Ita most frequent transmlulon Is through aurf.cc
watet thee It cltiM:r untreeted Of ~ely
treated. In treated watct. eltMt lfMdc.qullte
chloriNtlon ot Uective nlten or both Mvc been
responsible for large outbraks of the dlseate
n.t&onwklc.
What are the symptoms?
Abdominal bloetlno. cr.mps. uatllw ou.
diarrhea and a v~w fecllno of phyak:al diKOm-
fort ale typlall. The lncubaUon period alter Inges-
ting the C)'ltS Is OM lo four wceka with 1ft aver~
oliO to 14 doyL
If you ...... ...,. comblnotlon ollho-oymp-
toms, espcdolly II !hey.-..... Joneer ............
cloys.-should-your physlclon end .......
don the poulblllty of ga.rdiNit 10 that ..
proptlatc tnta can be done. [)Mgnoslt Ia
confirmed by atool caeminalfon •
How do you contract the
disease?
FoUow-up on,...,., cua 1ft IOuthccntrel Ala.U
te¥talecl thet the vlctlma heel consumed ~M~~rHted
""'.,: ;::::.~ ~c!.:'~'l:.~ltlpL
ctudlng ........... """wtlcl """domestic ...........
8eevtfl Hem pertkulatty aueceptlble IO <:iWd.
Wectlona and carry IMgoe numbers of cytta In their
lnlc.tlnet. The reca of airier enlmlils (Oftlak\Cpta
whktl Hwc outalde: the hoM. The cysta rc.ch water
ckalneee systems either by direct dcpollta"lnto
;.~er~a ~-c .. c with beaven. or Indirectly by
Cil.rdl .. ls la u.swllr puacd between tMMnens u
• rault or pooc' Mnllary practkct. Young chUdrcn
wbo become Wected INI)' rtfnfc<t them.clves or
other&. Typlcallr • chUd ,., neotect to walla lhdr
h.enda .tter • bowel mcwemcnc. Later thdr Rnoers
rcochlhelt mouths while ... lng., playing. ,..,_
troduclng the cysts Into thdr lntntinota.
lMH who hondle bobln """ chong< d._..
IUCh u d.ri care workers. mutt. al10 be cavUoUI
:::c-.;:.shlng their t..nd:l to aYOid pau(ng cyata
:C_l "·"'·:';.~-· ;~-,~~:.·:··~~~:~;~~~,_~t!$.! Treatment--------------------------------------
,~ .... ,.
rre•'mef!l for humans inotolves use of propetly
prescribed drugs for KWn to ten days. The drugs
m.r produce side effecta. end care muse be
obacrved In their use by pregnant women and
possibly od\erL Treatment should be pres-cribed
by a doctor.
There Is a catch to the treatment of this unplea·
Mnt disease. From 857. to 90~ of patients are
cured with one course of medication. The 10"' to
15"' who are not must lake • second course of
treatment.
Whenevet possible. people in the out-of-doors
should carry drinking water of known purity with
them. When this Is not pracdcal. and water from
streams. lakes, ponds, and ocher outdoor sources
must be used. time should be taken to disinfect
the water before drinking it.
Bolllng
E.cept for municip.l water treatment methods
th.t include adequate fillratlon. boiling Is the only
te<:hnlque th.t can be recommended with com-
plele confidence for eliminating G.rdla In water.
Botllng fOI one minUte Is adeqU.te to kill CiUa'diL rr ocher upstream contamination Is suspected (from
placn of hum.n h.bltatlon. sewage outfalls. etc.).
the water should be boiled for 20 minutes. ·
Chlorine or Iodine disinfection
Ahhough bolling Is the most reliable method of
disinfection. k b rec:ognhed that bolllng drinking
water Ia noc pt"actkal under many clrcumatancn.
Therefore, when one cannot boll water. c;hemkal
disinfectants s.uch as Sodine or chlorine thould be
used. This will provide a l.arge degree of protectk»n
agalnK ~ M\d will destroy mott becterla and
viruses th.t cavte lllneu.
Tbc cffectlvesneu of chlorine and Iodine against
O..n:IM Na b«n studled by researcher'~ M lhe
Unlveraltr ol .Oregon. They hevt! shown thM chlo-
rine and kldlnc can be: effective ag.lrut CiiMdUa cysts
under certain clrcumstancu. .The cffectlveneu de-
creases as water gets colder. Cloudy or turbid water
abo decreases the effecthocneu of chlodne and
iodine, To counleract thae effects. the contact time
(holding time) after the disinfectant Is added should
be Increased.
Below are Instructions for dltlnfectlng water
using household tincture of Iodine or chlorine
bleach. H water is vialbl)' dirty. It should Rrst be
strained through a clean cloth Into a container to reo
move any sediment or fkNtlng matter. Then the
water should be treated u rolktws:
Chlorine
Household liquid chlorine bluch (Cioroa.
Purcx. etc~) utually has .. ,. to 5"' available chlo-
rine. Read the label to find the percentage ol chlo-
rine In the solution. Chlorine tablets (Ha&.1one) are
also available at rnanr dNg stores.
Mix lhot~hly by stirring or shaking water In
container and let stand for JO minutes. For
chlorine tablet.&. contact time begins aftC1' tablets
have dluolved.. Be ture ~ cap thre.da of your
water container rteelve disinfected water for the
approptlate contact tlrne. The water shoukl have a
slight chlorine odor aftC1' ltancflng. If not. repeat
the doscagc and Jet .t.,-.d for an additional JO
·minutes before using.
~'"._,COftt.Kt u ~-o.os ... u T~nw
•.................... ~·~} 4-6(~Mt.ch, ••. ~~·.:::·.::::. ·~
7·10 .. • • • • • • • • • • • . • . • . .•.••••• z 4rops )0 ~.
U..-". •..•..................•• lOtkopt.
" ... -•.•..............•.....•. ,,a.tttftl
Note: Very cold or turl>d MMt~ will ~prolong·
N contKf lime'. Ld M tlMNl LIP lo ~M hours « ....... .,.,..,,...._
_:__ ____ ._:_ __ .. _ .. ,_..:__. __ · . __ :_ __ , _ _,~·-:......~~;:-·
Iodine
~-;,, of iodine from the medicine chat or
first •14 "-lt can be used to trut. water. foc;llne
disinfecting tablets are alto a¥allable. Mia
thoroughly by Mirrlng or shaking water In con-
141incr end Jet stand for JO minutes.. For iodine
tablets, contact time begins after t.a,lds Nvc
dis.solved. Be sur~ Krew cap threads of JOUf water
container receive disinfected water fOf the ap-
propriate contact time.
To..ct...,eoflodkw(Z7.1 ••.•..
~-~· ~.,ot .......
C~etc.a.
··········-} ,. __
. .••• 2~
tlofe: Vvy cold M Curl>ld W.l~ wflt ~ pt'Oiong-
ftl conl«t line. Ld gMWI'&.p lo ~M hocn or
-.might.
Water filters
Portable Rltratlon de<ric:es whkh arc effective
against Q.rdl.l ar~ those with pore Illes less
t"'-n Rw mk:romders(one mkrometer Ia
one mUUonth of a meter). Water prt:UUte
will be requlr~ to u-.e f11ten with pore
openings of this size. Water filters contaln-
M\g resins or ectlvated carbon gra('ulcs
without mk:rofllten with pore <es less_ .
than fiw micrometers wilt probably
not Riter out Giardia cysts.
--~ ~c--. _,___ __ ,.
(_
Cp4.:·, __ R~-~--~
·-..
. ..
In Basic life Support
For Cardiac Arrest
I I
The most comrrcn signal of a heart attack is:
~uncomfortabie pressure. squeezing.
fullness or pain in the center of the chest
behind the breastbone.
Other signals may be:
Ci2 sweating
~nausea
E:::l shortness of breath. or
~a feeling of weakness
Sometimes these signals subside and retum.
After you have completed the training
coursa in cardiopulmonary resuscitation
(CPR). you will want to keep this leaflet as a
review of what ydu hove learned until you
take your next refresher course.
There are many causes of sudden death:
poisoning. drowning. suffocation. choking,
electrocution and smoke inhalation. But the
most common cause is heart attack. Everyone
should know the usual earfy signals of heart
attock and have an emergency plan of action.
<
Basic CPR is a simple ~rocedure. as
simple as A-B-C. Airway, Breathing and
Circulolion.~ or~
Airway~-bhV"
If you find a collapsed person. determine _if
victim is conscious by shaking the shoulder
and sh:>uting .. Are you all right! If no resi:>onse.
shout for help. Then open the airway. If victim
is not lying flat on his back. roll victim over.
moving the entire body at one time as a
total unit
b open the victim's airway.lift up the
neck (or chin) gently with one hand while
pushing down on the forehead with the other
to tilt head back. Once the airway is open.
place your ear close to the victim's moufh:
CR look -at the chest and stomach for
movement.
lSI Listen-for sounds of breathing.
c= Feel-for breath on your cheek.
If rone of these signs is present. victim
is not brea1hing ..
If opening the airway does not~ -
the victim to begin to breathe spontaneously.
you must provide rescue breathing.
Brealhing . ~
The best way to provide resa.Je breathing is
by using the moufh-tcrmouth technique. Take
your hand that is on the victim's forehead and
tum it so that you can pinch the victim's nose
shut while keeping the heel of the hand in
place to maintain head tilt. Your other hand
should remain under the victim's neck (or
chin). lifting up.
Immediately give four quick. full breaths
in rapid succession using the mouth-to-mouth
method.
I
Check Pulse .4-----
Atter giving the four quick breaths. locate the
victim's carotid pulse to see it the heart is
beating. 10 find the carotid artery. fake your
hand .that isunderthevictim's neck and locate
the voice tx>x. Slide the tips of your index and
middle fingers info the groove beside the
voice tx>x. Feel forfhe pulse. Cardiac arrest
con be recognized by absent breathing and
on absent pulse in the ca10tid artery in
.the neck.
If you cannot find the pulse. you must
provide artificial circulation in addition to
rescue breathing.
Activate The Emergency Medical
Services "System (EMSS) Send
someone to call 911 or Your local
Emergency Number
Cardiac Compression
_ Artificial circulation is provided by external
(_cardiac compression. In effect when you
apply rhyftmic pressure on the lower half of
the-victim's breastbone. you ore forcing his·
heart to pump blood b perform external
carcfJOc compression properly. kneel at the
"ictim's side near his chest. Locate the notch
at the lowest portion of the sternum. Place the
heel of one hand on the sternum 1v2 to 2
irr....hes atx>ve the notch._ Place your other hand
on top of the one that is in position. Be sure 1o
keep your fingers off the chest wall. You may
find if easier to do this it you inter1ock
l
your fingers.
Bring your sroulders directly over the
victim's sferrun as you compress downward.
keeping your arms straight Depress the
siernum a tout 1% to 2 inches for on adult
victim. Then relax pressure On the sternum --
completely. HJwever. do not remove your
hands from the victim's stemum. but do allow
the chest to return to its rormol position
2
•
between compressions. Relaxation and
compression should be of equal duration.
If you are the only rescuer. you must
p10vide both rescue breathing and cardiac
compression. The proper ratio is 15 chest
compressions to 2 quick breaths. You must
· compress at the rote of 80 times per ·minute
when you are working alone since you will
stop compressions when you take time
to breathe.
. When there is another rescuer to help
you. position yourselves on opposite sides of
the victim it possible. One of you should be
responsible for interposing a breath du~ng the
relaxation after each fifth compression. The
other rescuer. who compresses the chest.
should use a rate of 60 compressbns per
minute.
RATIO OF
COMPRESSIONS RATE OF
RESCUERS TO BREATHS COMPRESSIONS
ONE 15:2 80 times/min.
TWO 5:1 60 times/min.
For lnfanis cndSmail Children
Basic life support for infants and small children
is similar to that for adults. A few imp:)rtant
differences to remember are given below.
Airway _
Be careful when handling an infant that you
do not exaggerate the backward p:)sition of
the head tilt. An infanr s neck is so pliable that
forceful backward tilting might block ·
breathing passages instead of opening them.
Breathing
Don't try to pinch off the nose. Cover both the
mouth and nose of an infant or smell child
who is not breathing. Use small breaths with
less volume to inflate the lungs. Give one small
breath every three seconds.
----~ ----~-
·c·.-.'. ' '
Check Pulse
The absence of a pulse may be more easily
determined by feeling over the left nipple.
Circulation
The technique for cardiac 80mpression is
different for infants and small children. In both
cases. only one hand is used tor compression.
The other hand may be slipped under the ;
child to provide a firm support for his back. ,
For infants. use only the fips of the index
and middle fmgers to compress the chest at
mid-sternum. Depress the sternum between
V:z to ¥.1 inch at a fast rate of 80 to 100 times
a minute.
For ~II children. use only the heel of
one hand to cnmpress the chest. Depress the
sternUm between "¥4 and 1Y:z inches. ·
depending upon the size of the child. The rate
should be 80 to 100 times per minute.
In the case of l:x::>th infants and smaii
children. breaths should be administered
during the relaxation after every fifth chest
compression.
Partol Hand Depress Role of
Hond Position Sternum Compren.lon
INFANTS lips ot roe.: md-slerrun Y..b~ 60b'OJ
crdmi:XIe nch permnute
f.ngers
CHilDREN heelottold mid-~errun :v. b lY.. 80bi00
inches permirute
Neck Injury
If you suspect the victim has suffered a neck
injury. you m.Jst not open the airway in the ,
usual manner. If the victim is injured in a diving
or automobile accident. you should consider
the possibility of such 9 neck injury. In these
cases. the airway should be
opened by using a modified
jaw thrust. keeping the
. victim's head in a fiXed.
neutral position.
3
"
-Chokir.g ~
The mgency of choking cannot be over-
emphasized. Immediate recognition and
proper action are essentiaL If the vic1im has
good air exchange. or only partial cbstruction.
and is still able to speak or cough effectively.
do not interfere with his attemots to·exoel o
foreign bodv.
When you recognize complete airway
obstruction by observing the conscious victim~
inability to speak. breathe or cough. the
following sequence should be perfOlTTled
·quickly on the victim in the sitting. standing or
lying position: ·
a. 4 Back blows
b. 4 Manual fhrus1s (abdominal or chest)
c. Altemafe back blows and manual
thrusts until effective. or the oerson
become$ unconsdous ·
If the victim beComes unconscious.
shout for help. Place him on his back. face up.
Open the airway and attempt to ventilate. If.,
unsuccessful. deliver 4 back blows. 4 rncn.JCJI
thru~s. probe the mouth with 1he f~nger and_
attempt to ventilate. It may be necessciY tO-
repeat 1hese steps. BE PERSISTENT.
Infants end Small Children
To dislodge an objecf in the airway of a
child. tum him upside down over one arm and
deliver blows between nis shoulder blades.
Other Causes
of Airway Obstruction
An adequate open airway must be
maintained at all times in all unconscious
patients. _
Other conditions which may cause
unconsciousness and airway obStruction
include: stroke. epilepsy. head injury.
alcoholic intoxicafbn. drug overdose.
diabetes.
r.:
1. 1.> .. •e victim unconscious?
2. If so. srout for help. open the airway. and
check for breathing .
3. If no br~thing. give 4 quick breaths
4. Check carotid pulse
5. Activate the EMSS: Send someone to call
""911"' or your local emergency number
6. If no pulse. begin extemol cardiac
compression by depressing lower-half of
the sternum l¥2 to 2 inches
7. Continue uninterrupted CPR until advanced
life support is available
CPR for ONE RESCUER: 15:2 ~pressions to
breaths at a rate of
80 compressions a
minute ( 4 cycles per
minute)
CPR for TWO RESCUERS: 5:1 compressions to
breaths at a rate of
tJJ compressions a
minute
Periodic practice in CPR is essential to insure
C: fisfoctory level of proficiency. A life may
rn ~upon row well you have
re • n::;~ nbered the proper steps of CPR and
how to apply them. You should be sure to hove
tested both your skill and knowledge of CPR
at least once a year. It could mean
s::>I'TleOne's lite.
t:mergency Medical
. Ser~J3ces System (EMSS)
Anv victim on wtx:m you begin resuscitation
must be considered to need advanced life
st.:pport. He or she will hove the best chance of
surviving if your community has a total
emergency medical services system. This
includes on efficient communications alert
system. such as 911. wi!b public awareness of
how or where to call; well trained rescue
person.'le! who con respond rapidly; vehicles
that are prcperfy equipped; on emergency
fccility tr.ot is open 24 hours a day to provide
advanced life support; and an intensive core
section in the hospital for the victims. You
4
"'
should work with all interested agencies to
achieve such a system.
Signals and
Actions For Survival
Know the signals: an uncomfortable pressure.
squeezing. fullness or pain in the center of the
chest. behind the breastbone. which may
spread to the shoulder. neck or arms (the pain
may not be severe); other signals may include
sweating. nausea. shortness of breath and a
feeling of weakness.
1. Recognize the -signals"'.
2. Stop activity and sit or lie down.
3. If signals persist. call your local EMSS
number. or if not available. go to the
nearest rospifal emergency room
which provides emergency cardiac .
care.
b activate your EMSS. call ______ _
Nearest Emergency Department:
\)American Heart Association-
N::.l~t.~n:-~1 C ~t-.--r• 7J:'U Cira:-n,·iiL.: .A't.-.u.: • n .. R.b... T n..:. 7~.!1 1
70 02X::
11-n.v..r.M
(_)
June 9, 1982
Lt. Col. Jack G. Sautter
Commanding Officer
AAC/RCC Elmendorf Airforce Base
Anchorage, Alaska 99506
Sir:
.lAYS. HAMMOND. GOVERNOR
Su Hydro ll.quati c Studies
2207 Spenard Road
Anchorage, Alaska 99503
Several weeks ago I contacted members of your command regarding assistance
and information that we may provide in the event personnel deployed along
the Susitna River by the Alaska Department of Fish and Game Aquatic Study
Team would need your rescue services. Your subordinates suggested we
provide your team with detailed maps showing the locations of our camps and
the possible helicopter landing sites along with other information such as
radio frequencies and the names and telephone numbers of Anchorage based
persons that could act as guides on short notice.
The maps which accompany this letter indicate the locations of camps and
nearby potential helicopter landing sites. Radio frequencies monitored
through 11 Trident Communications .. , a commercial company, are 5167.5 and 3201
mHz. Communication through the Fish and Game reserved frequency of 3230
mHz is also possible. Each camp is equipped with a single sideband radio.
Anchorage based persons that could act as guides are:
Tom Trent
Bruce Barrett
Susan Wick
344-6187
349-7138
276-4508
Each of our camps are equipped with aerial flares to guide pilots to
landing sites in darkness or marginal light conditions.
If you office could provide us with a reference number to draw attention to
these maps it may save time in the event of emergency.
I am hopeful that we will not require your services but want to ~e prepared
in the event we do.
Sincerely,
~~
Assistant Aquatic Studies Coordinator
cc: T. Trent
----S . -~~1 c:-R -
C>
MEMORANDUM
TO All AH Crew Leaders
FROM: ~ Christopher Estes
State of Alaska
DATE
FILE NO
TELEPHONE NO:
SUBJECT:
,July 26, 1982
03-82-7.10-.?..0
274-7583 .
Aquatic Habitat and
Project Leader
Instream Flow
Health and Welfare of
Crew Members
It is your responsibility to insure that your crew members are fully aware of
health and safety practices (e.g. boiling water to prevent dysentary and kill
giardia, what to do in a emergency, where first aid kits and fire
extinguishers etc. are located, washing hands before preparing meals, etc.).
More often than not, these obvious practices are ignored. With camps as
large as they are, neglect of health practices can have serious ramificati~s
if several employees were to become ill at the same time.
On the same topic, you are all required to maintain a current copy of the Su
Hydro Staff Telephone numbers at your home, including the radio call numbers
for each field camp. Additionally, a. copy of staff and other emergency
telephone numbers should be posted next to the Trident Radio at each camp.
There can be no excuse for neglecting to implement these practices.
cc: T. Trent
L. Bartlett
ll
'd.er"'c., t..s no/-'1~ D/'
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7 ~-J. -3 t.{ 3 7
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