HomeMy WebLinkAboutSUS121• SH
153
P3E8
• EVALUATION
OF FISH PROTECTIVE FACILITIES
AT LITTLE GOOSE • AND LOWER GRANITE DAMS
~ AND ~ •• REVIEW OF -w
= MASS TRANSPORTATION ACTIVITIES • , .....
'I; 1977
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• ce • • .....
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.a ce .....
~ ce by A
,:f//1/( • ..,
~ Donn L. Park, Jim Ross Smith, Emil Slatick,
Gene M. Matthews, Larry R. Basham
and George A. Swan • ...
....... ~ April 1978
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EVALUATION
OF FISH PROTECTIVE FACILITIES
AT LITTLE GOOSE
AND LGJER GRANITE DAMS
AND
REVIEW OF
MASS TRANSPORTATION ACTIVITIES
1977
by
Donn L. Park, Jim Ross Smith, Emil Sla t ick ,
Gene H. Matthews, Larry R. Basham,
and Geo r ge A. Swan
Final Report of Research
Financed by
U.S . Army Corps of Engineer s
(Contract No. DACW68-77 ·C-004.3)
and
Northwest and Alaska Fisheries Ce nt er
Division of
Coas t al Zone and Estuarine Studies
2725 Hontlake Boulevard East
Seattle, Washington 98112
April 1978
CONTENTS
INTRODUCT I ON • . • • • , 1
EMERGENCY MASS TRANSPORT OF SKOLTS 2
RESEARCH -La.IER GRANITE DAM . 7 .
TRANSPORT EXPEREMENTS . 7
Experimental Design and Procedures 7
Trucking 9
Flying . 12
Barging .• 13
Barge Design and Procedures . 13
Preliminary Tests ..... 15
Number of Smolts Transported and Mortality . 15
TRAVELING SCREEN STIJDIES . . •.•...••. 17
Monitoring -Standard Traveling Screen s .• 18
Testing -Adjustable Angle Traveling Screens 20
Procedures. 20
Results .. 23
CONDITI ON OF FINGERLINGS IN RELATION TO LOW RIVER FLOWS 25
RESEARCH -LITTLE GOOS E DAM ... 28
MASS TRANSPORTATION EXPERIMENTS 28
Experimental Design and Procedures 28
Numbers and Condition of Smolts Transpo rted . 29
NEW ORIFICE CONFIGURATION TESTS . • . . . . . . . 33
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PRELIMINARY RETURNS OF ADULT CHINOOK SAlMON
TO LITTLE GOOSE DAM , , , , , . . . . . .
1975 Outmigration, • . . . . .
1976 Outmigration, ,
PRELIMINARY RETURNS OF ADULT STEELHEAD TROUT
TO LITTLE GOOSE DAM • • • • • • . . .
1975 Outmigration,
Contribution of T ransportation in 1975 t o Adult
Steelhead Trout Returning to Dworshak Hatchery
1976-77. • • • • • • •••
1976 Outmigration •••.••••
RETURN OF ADULTS TO HATCHERIES, SPAWNING GROUNDS,
AND INDIAN FISHERY • • • • • • • • • • • . • • •
RETURNS TO HATCHERIES AND SPAwNING GROUNDS
ABOVE LITTLE GOOSE DAM •••
RETURNS TO TilE INDIAN FISHERY
SUMMARY •.
LITERATURE CITED
APPENDIX A
APPENDIX B
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48
51
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INTRODUCTION
During 1977, t he National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), under
contract to the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, continued to evaluate
the following: (1) a mass transport sys tem for increasing the survival
of downstream migrant salmonids and (2) fish protective facilities for
juvenile salmonids at Lower Granite and Little Goose Dams.
Early in 1977, it was apparent that the drought in the Pacific
Northwest would produce record low flows in the Columbia and Snake Rivers
during the period when juvenile salmonids would be migrating to the sea.
Concerned fis hery agencies perceived that if the downstream migrants
were to avoid catastrophic losses such as those sustained during the low
flows of 1973, a n emergency mass transportation program fo r the juvenile
salmoni ds would be necessary . Because the NMFS i n cooperation with The
Corps had basic expertise and faci lities to conduct such a program, it
was incorporated along with the ongoing transportation research. To
s upplement the trucking capacity and to accommodate the large numbers
of fish anticipated, barging was included for the first time as an
integral part of the overall transportation plan.
At Lower Granite Dam, research emphasis was placed on com paring
benefits of transportation of smolts f rom that dam with benefits obtained
by hauling from Little Goose Dam. It is extrem ely important to determine
if transportation, fo und to be s ucces sful at Little Goose Dam, can be
equally successful at Lower Granite Dam which is nearer the smo lt rearing
areas. Transport modes included trucks, airplanes, and barges, with
would be so low that only an emergency effort by the Corps of Engineers
... and NMFS to mass haul fingerlings could save the 1977 o utmigration from
total loss .
With the prospect of cransporting increased numbers of smolts due
to the no-spill situation, additional fish hauling trucks were made
available from Idaho Department of Fish and Game, Idaho Power Company,
and Dworshak National Fish Hatchery. In addition, two experimental trans-
l portation barges were made available by the Co rps of Engineers .
Approximately 2 million chinook salmo n and 1.4 million steelhead
tro ut fingerlings were e s timated to have arrived at Lower Granite Dam
) in 1977; this was less than SO% of the numb er estimated to have started
their migrations from upriver tributaries . The failure of these fish to
arrive at Lower Granite Dam was due to a combina tion of DX>rtality and
• delay in mig ratio n as a result of low river flows in the Snake River and
its tributaries. Sport fish ing success and purse seining in Lower
Granite r eservo ir indicated significant numbers of j uvenile chinook
salmon and steelhe3d trout remained in the rese rvoir after the spring
migration period . NMFS was prepared to haul these fish if they appeared
in the collection facilities in significant numbers after waters cooled
in the fall. However, very few fish resumed migrations in the fall .
Only 11,000 fish were collected and transporte d below Bonneville Dam
dur ing October and November . It is of interest to note that two of
these fish were subsequently captured in the estuary wi thin 3 to 4 weeks
after release , indicating these fish continued their migration to the
ocean after release below Bonneville Dam.
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trucks transport i ng the largest numbers of fish. The hauling phase of
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the study to determine the feasibility of transporting smelts by air
was completed and we initiated resear ch to determine the effectiveness
of using barges to transport large numbers of smelts from the Snak e River .
Additional research at Lower Granite Dam was done on the following :
(1) alleviating stress on fish during collection and transportation and
(2) investigating the mechan i cal aspects of adj ustable angle traveling
screens .
At Lit tle Goose Dam , emphasis was placed on mass transportation of
juvenile salmonids by truck and evaluation of adult returns. Evaluation
of the new orifice system that was installed and mechanically checked
out was delayed until 1978 because of power generat ion problems associ-
ated with the low flow conditions .
Adult returns examined in 1977 were from juveniles released at Dworshak
National Fish Hatchery and r eleases of juv eniles ma rked and transported
from Lower Gr anite Dam (1975 -76) and Little Goose Dam (1976).
Examination of adult returns to Little Goose Da m is the primary method of
evaluating the success of the transportation program . However, supplemental
information was obtained by evaluating adult returns to the Indian fishe ry
in the lower river and returns to hatcheries and spa\vning g round s upstream
f r om Little Goose Dam .
El'1ERGENCY HASS TRANSPORT OF SNOLTS T
By late winter 1976-77, state and federal fisheries agencies agreed
that because of drought cond itions in the Pacific Northwest, river flows
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would be so l o w that only an emergency effort by the Corps of Engineers
and NMFS to mass haul fingerlings could save the 1977 o utmigration from
total loss .
With the prospect of transporting increased numbers of smolts due
to the no-spill situation, additional fish hauling truc k s were made
available from Idaho Department of Fish and Game, Idaho Power Company,
a nd Dworshak National Fish Hatchery. In addition, two exper imental trans-
l po rtatio n barges were made available by the Corps of Engineers .
Approximately 2 million c hinook salmon and 1. 4 mill io n steel head
trout fingerlings were estima t ed to have arrived at Lower Granite Dam
i n 1977; this was less than 50% of the number estimated to have started
their migrations from upriver tributaries . The failure of these fish to
arrive at Lower Granite Dam wa s due to a combinatio n o f oortality and
delay in migration as a result of low river flows in the S nake River and
its tributaries. Sport fishing s uccess and purse seining in Lower
Granite reservoir indicated significant numbers of juvenile chinook
salmon and steelhead trout r emained in the rese rvoir after the spring
migration period. NMFS wa s prepared to haul these fis h if they appeared
in the collection facilities in significant numbers after wat e rs cooled
in the fall . However, very few fish resumed migration s in the fall .
Only 11,000 fish were collec ted and transported below Bonneville Dam
during October .1nd November . It is of interest to note that two of
these fis h were subsequently captured in the estuary within 3 to 4 weeks
after release, indicating these fish continued their migration to the
ocean after r elease below Bonneville Dam.
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Nearly 81 % of the 3 .4 mi ll io n fingerlings a rriving at Lower Gr a nite
Dam we r e collected (2 .0 million at Lower Granite Dam a nd J .7 million at
)
Little Goose Dam). About 2 .3 mi llion fish o r 65 % o f th e migration were
transpo rt ed from t hese tw o dam s a nd r e l eased below Bonneville Dam . The
numbers of smol t s tra nspo rted fro m the Snake River by t ruc k, a i rpl a ne ,
)
a nd barge in 1977 a r e shown in Table 1 . Table 2 s umma riz es the numb e r
of smo lts a nd the percen t of t he total o u tmigrat io n hauled ea ch yea r
since 19 7 1 .
)
Fingerlings collected at Lower Granit e and Little Goose Dams in 1977
were in poor condition . ~teasureme nt s o f r at e of descaling a nd delayed
mo rtality after transport we r e the hig hest ever r eco rd ed . Precise caus e J
was difficult to isolate. It probably was a combi nat io n of delay in
migration a nd exposure to va rio us face ts of the co llection and bypass
sys t em (see sec t ions o n "Resea r ch -Lowe r Granite Dam " a nd "Research -)
Little Goose Dam" for additional discussion).
The poorer quali t y and fewe r numbers of smolts migrating t o the
upper dam in 1977 compa r ed t o previous years will probably result in a
below-average return of adu lts from Lh 0 1977 ou t migratio n . Even t hough
many fish were of poo r quali t y , mass hauling of 65% of t he ou tmig r a t ion
should assure r e tu rn of s u fficien t numbers of adults t o ma intain most
up river stocks. If no fish had been hauled , t here ~~uld have been a
comp l e t e disaster. Over 95% of th e fingerlings that did mi g r ate would
have died enrou t e to the ocean a nd fewe r t han 6 ,000 chi nook salmon and
5, 000 adult steelhead trout would have returned . (These data a r e based
on returns from o utmigrants in 1973 when similar , but less sever e low
flows existed.)
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Table 1.--Number of Fingerlings Transported from the Snake River in 1977 .
• Lower Granite Dam
Chinoo k Stee1head Total
!
Truck 750,895 554,951 1,305 ,846
Barge 214 ,809 163,515 378 ,324
Air 76 ,425 2,172 78 ,597
• Little Goose Dam
Chinook Stee1head Total
Truck 330 ,932 184 ,892 515,824
•
Hatcheries
Chinook Steelhead Total
• Kooskia (Barge) 360,000 360 ,000
Owor s hak( Barge) 200 ,000 200,000
•
Chinook Steel head Total
TOTAL 1,733,061 1,105,530 2 ,838 ,591
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Tab l e 2 .--Numbe r of smolts and percent of total Snake River outmigr atio n
transported below Bonneville Dam 1971 to 1977.
Year
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
No. at
upper d am
(1 ,000)
4 ,000
5,000
5,000
3,500
4 ,000
5, 000
2 ,000
CHINOO K SMOLTS
No .
hauled
(1,000)
109
360
24 7
0
4 14
751
1 ,365
.,
10
hauled
3
7
5
0
10
15
68
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STEELHEAD TROUT SNOLTS
No . at
upper dam
(1 , 000)
5,500
2 ,500
5 ,500
5 ,000
3 ,200
3,200
1 ,400
No .
hauled
(1 ,000)
154
227
176
f)
549
435
895
%
hauled
3
9
3
0
17
14
64
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RESEARCH -LOWER GRANITE DAM
TRANSPORT EXPERIMENTS
Experimental Design and Procedures
Nine t r aveling screens provided full screening for three gener ating
units at Lower Granite Dam ; t hus, diversion and collection of migrants
for transportation was enhanced over previous years . Ex treme lo~ river
flows eliminated spilling and further en hanced collection capability; for
fish to pass the dam , they had to enter the genera t ion units . Low flows
also delayed the migration substantially ; full operations didn't begin
until 25 April, much later than in p r evious years •
The p r incipal objective of research in 1977 was to examine whether
large numbers of juvenile salmonids can be efficientl y collected a t
Lower Granite Dam (near e r rearing area s than Little Goo s e Dam) and
transported to locations ~elow Bonneville Dam thereby inc reasing their
survival without the migrants losing their homing abili ty. In quest ion
is the premise that if smelts are collec ted and transported too soon
after they begin their seaward migration , it may result in returning
adults straying due to destroyed o r impaired hom ing ability . The re fore ,
it is especially important to test the transport concept a t Lo wer Granite
Dam because of its proximi ty to nearby rearing a r eas and compa re t he
results with those obtai ned at Littl e Goose Dam where transportation
has a known record of success •
J uvenile steelhead trout and c hinook salmon collec t ed were divided
in t o six dis tinct groups--one control and five transpo r ted groups . The
transpor t ed groups were hauled in trucks , planes , or barges . Two
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tru ck-t r ansported grou ps wer e transpor t ed in 5 ppt salt wa t e r, Of
these, one group was r eleased a t Da lton Point , Washington and the other
group was released from a n ew location near Bonnevil le Dam at t he sou th
side of Br adford Island abou t 1/4 mile downstream f r om the powerhouse
discharge. The two gro u ps t r ansported by airplane (PBY) were hauled in
5 ppt salt water ; one gro u p was released near Beacon Rock and the o th e r
near Astoria , Or ego n (Tongu e Point). The fif th group was transpo rted by
barge and was released below Bonneville Dam near Beacon Rock. The
control g r oup was transported in fresh water and released near Clarkston,
Washing ton a t the port of Clarkston barge loading fac ility on the south
shore of the Snake River .
U\ch experimental group was marked with a distinctive wire tag
code a nd brand symbol. Fish t r ansported by truck and air had a fix~d
brand (nonrotated), whereas the fish in th e control g roup had their brand
rotated every 2 weeks. Fish in the barged group had a specific brand
rotation (symbol) for each load . All fish had their adipose fin removed .
Evaluation of the survival and homing ability of all groups will
be based o n adult returns to the commercial fishery, Indian fishery,
spor t s fishery, and the adult separator at Low e r Granite or Little Goose
Dams . Additional informa t ion will be collected from hatcheries a nd
spawning ground surveys .
Juvenile sa lmonids guided into gat ewell slo t s and thence through
orifices into t he b ypass pipe wer e collected at the t erminal e nd of
the bypass sys t em whe r e they were held in ra ceways until fed by g r Avi ty
into the ho l ding tan k in the ma r king facility. Fish were dip-net ted
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from the holding tank into a sorting trough which contained a temper-
ature controlled solu tion of MS 222 as an anesthetic. Previously marked,
injured, or descaled fish were returned to the Snake River when marking
for contro l or air transported groups; otherwise, they were transported
do wn stream with the experimental groups .
Diverting , collecting, marking, and transporting all place a degree
of str ess on fingerlings; measures of descaling and delayed mortality
provide criteria for assessmen t of this stress . Monitoring these
parameters on smolts hauled each year from both Lower Gra nit e and Little
Goose Dams provides an index of fish condition in relation to efforts
t o reduce stress. In 1977, the rate of descaling o n fingerlings at
Lower Granite Dam was monitored at three lccatio n s: (1) in the forebay
prior to entry into the turbine intake, (2) in the gatewell after
diversion by the traveling screens, and (3) in the marking facility
after passir.g through the bypass-collection sys tem . Delayed mortality
wa s measured on samples of fingerlings hauled by trucks •
Trucking
Chinook salmon a nd steelhead trout were hauled simultaneously , but
i n separat e compartment s in either 3 ,500 or 5,000-gallo n tankers. All
trucks used to transport test fish were equipped with life suppo rt
systems consisting of fil tration , aeration , and refrigeration units.
Dissolved oxygen, ca rbon dioxide, and pH were taken as water quality
measurements from trucks arriving at Bonneville Dam. Tank temperatures
were monitored during transporting and fi lters were back flushed twice.
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Samp l es of fish we r e taken fr the t ranspo r ted g r oups a nd held 45
hours at Bonneville Dam to determine delayed mor t alit y .
A total of 1 ,306,298 out of the 2 million smolts collected were
hauled by t ruck to various r elease locations below Bonneville Dam . Of
these, 126 ,794 chinook salmon and 116,828 steelhead t rout we r e rna rked
for s ubsequent evaluation of truck transportation experiments (Table 3).
Appendix Tables 1 through 3 contain a detailed summary of all truck
transport r eleases .
Delayed mortalities of transported chinook salmon and steelhead
trout WGre mor e severe this year t han in past yea r s. In 1977, delayed
mor talities o f marked chinook salmon transported by truck in salt
water ranged from 2 .3 to 62.8 % with an average of 30 %. The delay ed
mortalities of unmarked chinook salmon varied f r om 5.3 to 67 % with an
average of 31.4 %. In past years delayed mo rtalities ranged from 5 to
11%. In ma rked steelhead trout hauled in salt water, delayed mortalities
ranged from 0 to 29 .6% with an average of 6.5%, and the delayed mortal -
ities of unmarked steelhead trout ranged from 0 to 40 % with an average
of 8 .6%. In pas t y ears, delayed mortality of steelhead trout whether
marked or unmark ed was nil .
Salt treatment appeared to be of little o r no value under condi-
tions prevalent at Lower Granite Dam in 1977 . The delayed JlX)rtality
experienced with steelhead trout for the first t ime and th e higher
delayed mortality for chinook sa lmon r esul ted from th e ge nerall y poo r er
condition of fish arriving at Lower Granite Dam in 19 77 than in previous
years. (See section on fish condition in relation to lo\v river flows.)
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Table 3. --Summar y of transported marked a nd unmarked chinook sal mon and steelhead trout collected at
Lower Grani t e Dam by test condition and release sites , 19 77 .
TRANSPORTED
MARKED UNMARKED
RELEASE SITES SALTWATER FRESHWATER SALTWATER FRESHWATER
Chinook Steelhead Chinook S teelhead Chinook Steelhead Chi nook S teelhead
(no .) (no .) (no .) (no.)
Trucked (Test)
(no.) (no.) (no .) (no.)
Dalton Poin t 43,065 40 ,899
Powerhouse
Tailrace 4 5 ,404 4 2 ,777 662 ,823 471 ,330
Air (Test)
t-'
t-'
Bon neville 41 092
Estuary 35,333
Barged (Test)
Below Bonneville
Dam 31 ,628 30 ,330 183 ,181 1 33 ,19 5
Clarkston , WA
(Control) 38 ,325 33 ,1 52
TOTALS 164,894 83 ,676 39,953 63,482 662 ,823 4 71,330 183,181 1 33 ,195
Flying
In 1977, we completed the fingerling marking phase of an air
transport study design ed to : (1) compare s urvival of chinook salmon
f ingerlings trans ported b y air with survival of chinook salmon trucked
and ba r ged t o r el ease points below Bonneville Dam; and (2) determine
if transporting s rrolts closer t o t he sea (near As t o ria , Or egon) can
f urther enha nce th eir survival .
Chinook sal mo n smo lts are more vulnerable t o s tres ses a nd sho cks
t han are steelhead tro ut ; therefore, i £ t ransport st r esses a r e s ignificant ,
redu ced transport time should benefit chinook salmon . Fish tran sported
by air were handled and ma rked in the sam e ma nner as those hau led by
tru c k or barge .
Air transporting of juvenile chinook salmon began on 29 Ap r il and
8 flights were ma de du ring the 14-day period ending 12 May 1977 . In
fou r fl ights a total o f 41 ,092 ma r ked chinook salmon smolts we r e flown
in a PBY aircraft and air-d r opped into th e Co lumbia River bel ow Bonne-
vil le Da m in t he vicinity of Beacon Rock . A second drop zon e was
sdec ted at Tongue Point near Astoria, Orego n ""•her e 35,333 ma r ked
finge rli ngs were released int o the Columbia River . The average numbe r
of f i sh in each fligh t was 9,553 . See Appe nd ix Table 4 for specific
marking data.
Fish behavior , water tempera ture, and dissolved oxygen were moni t o red
during each flight. Finger lings o bserved during flights were in good
co nditio n and appeared t o be calm. Wa t e r temper ature r emained within
o n e degr ee F of amb ient river temper ature and oxygen was in exces s of
sa t u r a tio n .
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The feasibility of an air transport system cannot be fully
evaluated until adults return . Only t he n can a n econ omic value be
placed on this system of transportation •
Barging
Shortly after the forecast of a record low runoff in the Snake
River, the National Marine Fishereis Service alerted the Corps of
Engineers that there would be insufficient numbers of trucks to haul
all smolts collected during peak periods of downstream migration . The
two agencies, working closely together, developed t he co n cept of barging
to supple.ment trucking during peak periods of migration. By 1 April,
owo bar ges were comp leted a nd available for testing •
Barge Design a nd Procedures
Two barges, modified fo r hauling fish , and a tugboat were used for
the barging p r ogram . Each barge had a large tank 109 feet long and
28 feet wide . Th e cargo tank was divided into eight individual compart-
ments by a l ongitudinal bulkhead and three transverse bulkheads . Hinged
screens 9 feet by 3 feet were installed in the transverse bulkhead o n
each side of the longitudinal bulkhead . The six hinged screens, con-
structed of perforated plate (3/16 inch diameter perforations),permitted
segr egation of the fish.
Water was supplied t o the barge by two diesel po wered pumps ; each
pump had its own sea chest located near the bottom of the barge . A
third standby pump was available in case a primary pump malfunctioned •
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The total output of flow varied from 3100 to 5300 g pm de pending on numbers
o f pumps used and idiosyncrasies of each pump . In addition to being able to
pump water directly from the river, water could be recirculated in the barge
by closing the sea chest valves and opening recirculation valves . (Each
barge carried 15 oxygen gas cylinders which could be us ed i n the event the
reci r c ulation sys tem was r e quired .) \olith two pumps operating (standard
proced ure) a complet~ turnover of water in the barge could be achieved in
approxima t ely 20 minu t es. Ox >·~en levels und er the spray bar were maintained
near 100% saturation, and the values at different depths did no t va r y
significantly. (The l o wes t reco rded o x ygen value , the aft compart:ment
0 was 7 .8 ppm at 55 F).
No specific temperatur e control equipment was incorporated in the
bar g e. Consequently a wide range of water temperature was record ed in the
ba r ges due to changing me t eor ological cond itions a nd di ffe r e nt wa ter sources .
Howeve r, ther e was no increase in t he ~a ter temp erature between th e forward
and aft compa rtments.
Transported fish we re r eleased in the main channel of th e Colum bia
River approximately 1. 3 miles downstream f r om Bonnev ille Dam . He believe
releases made in the main c urrent reduces predation \vhile e nhancing dispersal
and survival. Fish and water were release d through two 10-inch diameter
floor drains located in the stern of the cargo tank . While the juveniles
were being discharged the tugboat was upstream from t he barge backing into
the current , ther eby assuring that the fish weren 't killed o r injured by
the tug 's screws .
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At Lo wer Granite Dam we modified the facili ties by installing a
6-inch diameter, two-way valve so that fish could be either loaded
directly into the barge o r diverted to the marking building . A 4 -inch
diameter flexible hose was installed at the marking building so that
marked fish could be piped to the barge.
Preliminary Tests
Juvenile fall chinook s::lmon from Spring Creek National Fish
Hat c hery were used to tes t the life suppo r t systems . Successf u l t es t s
we r e conducted o n 5 April wit h 50 ,000 fish and again on 11 and 12 Ap ril
when approximately 2,000,000 fish wer e hauled from the hatchery to the
release area below Bonneville Dam. On 19 April , approximatel y 360,000
spring chinook salmon from Kooskia Hatchery wer e barged from the
Clearvater Arm of Lowe r Granite r eservoir through all eight dams and
reservoirs and released below Bonneville Dam . Following successful
completion of this test, the tug and barges wer e dispatched to Lower
Granite Dam and we re available for the mass transport program .
Number of Smolts Transported and Mortality
From 5 April t o 5 June 1977, a total of 3 ,517,242 juvenile
salmonids were transpor ted by barge f rom all sources to release poin ts
below Bonneville Dam (Tab le 4). The breakdown fo r the various s pecies
is as follows: coho salmon -21 ,777; chinook salmon-3 ,111 ,1 59; and
steelhead -384 ,306 . Of these, 356,000 we r e ma rked for s ubsequent
evaluation of the barging experiments.
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DATE
(load ln~
s tarted)
mo/day/yr
4/5/77
4/11/77
4/12/77
4/19/77
4/22/77
5/4/77
5/5/77
5/26/7 7
6/1/77
6/2/77
TOTALS
SPECIE S
Fall chinook
salmon
Fall chinook
salmon
Fall chinook
salmo n
Spring c hinook
salmon
Coho salmo n
Chinook
salmon
Steel head
Steelhead
Chinook
salmo n
Steelhead
Fall chinook
salmon
S t eelhead
Summer chinook
s almon
Chinook
salmo n
Steelh ead
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NUt-IBER SOURCE
Unmarked Ha r ked
Spring Cr eek
National Fish
50 ,160 Hatchery
Spring Creek
Nation al Fish
935 ,939 76 ,057 Hatchery
Spring Cr eek
Natio nal Fish
999 ,575 Hatchery
Kooskia Nat ' 1
329 ,4 30 31,200 Fish Hatchery
l.Jillard NR t '1
21 777 Fish Hatche ry
Collector at
103 ,200 10 ,510 Lowe r Grani te
70 ,118 10 115 Dam
Oworshak
National f'ish
Hatchery
155 ,148 17,178
Col1ec tor at
24 ,498 10,198 Lowe r Granite
36 ,695 10,097 Dam
Priest Rapids
241 ,000 s pawn. ch ann el
48 ,455 Leavenworth
Na tiona! Fls h
Ha tchcry
\.Jells spa\ming
133,876 99 ,11 3 cha nn el
Co l lecto r at
55,483 10 ,920 Lo wer Granite
26,382 10 , ll8 Dam
3 ,161,504 355,738
• I
I. OJ\ DINt: REMARKS
SLTE
Sp ring Creek i
National Fish
~ r:r r:r
Ill .... ,.., ID
OQ
Hat chery
Spring Creek
National Fish
..... .::-
~ .
I
I
(') > 0
Hatchery
Sprin g Creek
National Fish
Hatchery
Lewis t o n , Loaded barge remained
Idaho in Clearwater Rive r
for 1 4 hours .
a Ill
'0 s: ..... g ID
~ lb
ID ,..,
Q. '<
Q. 0 s: t-o> ,..,
b ~ ,..,
OQ Ill
Orano Lake ,
Wa shi n ~to n
0
~ Ill ::r '8 ID
Lower Granite
Dam
,..,
Ill ~
'0 Ill
'1 ~
Lew Ls t on , All fish , exce pt last
Idaho load of 28 ,200 remained
..... b tl
OQ 0
0 0
t-o> .....
in Clearwater River
for 1 2 hou r s
Lower Granite
Dam
.... w.
\0 s: ...... < ...... ID a ....
ID
North Richland Ill
Ill
Wa s h ingto n
Originally, fish c am e
II (rom Chelan Hatchery
~
0
0 .....
Q.
Ill
r:r
'<
II
Lower Granite An additio nal 110
Dam ad ult steel head
(spa\med o ut) were
also transported.
-
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
The majority of the fish were barged from hatcheries. Relatively
few fish were hauled from Lower Granite Dam because the large numbers
of fish originally anticipated (4 to 5 million) were not c aptured a t
the collector . At Lower Grcln.ite Dam we barged about 375,000 fingerlings .
Of these about 62,000 were marked to evaluate the effect of barging vs .
o ther transport modes. See Appendix Table 5 for specific marking data .
The estima ted mortality rates of the transported Lower Granite
chinook salmon and s teelhead trout were 3.6 to 7.5% and 2 .2 to 5.3%,
respectively; however, the g reat est percentage of these deaths was due
to debilitated condition of the fish prior to loading. Mortality
associated with the loading, trans porting, and unloading wa s es timated
to be less than 0. 5%.
TRAVELING SCREEN STUDI ES
In 1977, Lower Gr a nite Dam became the first dam on the Col umbia
River system to have fully screened o p e rating turbines. Ho wever,
because o f l o w spring runoff, one o r more generat o r s ran on an inter-
mittent schedule. Pr io rity for operation wa s , therefore , placed with
Unit 1 which had three of t he new adjustable angle traveling scr eens
installed. Units 2 a nd 3 were screened with s t a ndard traveling screens
and operated wh e nev er sufficient water was available .
Traveling screen research in 1977 had the following objectives:
(1) monitor the prolonged operation of standard traveling scr eens in
all bulkhead slo t s of Units 2 and 3 while providing diversion of
fingerlings for co llec tion and transportatio n; (2) monitor the co ndition
of fingerlings after they entered the bulkhead s l o t s; and (3) t es t and
17
r I
evaluate the adjustable angle traveling screens fo r guidance and
descaling effec t s o n natural migrant chinook salmon smolts in relation
to optimum screen angle, percent open-area perforated pla te, lighting
condition , and the preferable slot (bulkhead o r fish screen) fo r
operation.
Monitoring -Standa r d Traveling Screen
During 1977, the s tandard travel ing screens oper ated without
mecha n ical prob l ems . Hinimal wear was no ted on drive chain s , wire mesh,
a nd guide ma t eria l . Because of our resear c h findings during the fall
tests of 1976, all standard travelin g screen s were equipped with i nter -
mediate mesh (72 x 36 x 16 mesh per foot) over 33% perforated plate.
')
Descaling and injury of fingerlings in the bulkhead slots of Uni ts
2 and 3 were monitored regularly throughout the season . Criteria for
determining descaling in 1977 \oo'BS the same as used in previous yea r s .
(FJsh with mo r e than 10% of their scales missing were classified as
descaled.) The average descaling rate for chinook salmon was 27% in
the "8" slots and 24% in the "C" slots . The average descaling rate for
steelhead trout was 18% in the "B" slo t s and 16:Y. in the "C" slo t s . Total
ave rage descaling for the two units was 26% for chinook sa l mon and 1 7%
for s Le elhead trou t. The "A" slots of un its 2 and 3 were not mo n itored
due to releases of post examined fish i nto the slots.
Descaling of both ch inook salmon and steelhead trout wa s over
three times as high as found in previous years (Figu re 1). Although
high descaling was measured following diversion by traveling screens,
18
')
•
• Chinook Salmon
• Steelhead Trout
D II c:
Cl
Cl ... • (J
(/)
30 0\
t!) z
H
~ u • (/) 20-CD
~ c:
Q Gl
Gl
t ... CD
(J c:
(/) Gl
~ Gl
u M ...
~ 10 (J
~
(/)
• p..
1975 1976 1977
•
• Figure 1 .--Descaling of n atur ally migrating c hinook salmo n and
steelead trout in relation to travel ing screen oper ations 1975-77 at
Lowe r Granite Dam •
•
•
19
•
other factors s uch as delay in migration and poor con~i ti on of fish
may have been co ntributing to descaling (see section o n f ish co ndition).
Testing -Adj ustable Angle Traveling Scr eens
In 19 77 , o peration of t he adjustable angle tra v eling screens was
much improved over 1976 . In addition to the 1976 pr o t o t ype screen,
two mo re adj ustabl e angle trav eling screens pu r chased pr io r t o the field
season were operated in Uni t 1.
Despite problems with low flow , higher water t emperature, and
crowding of fish , our r esearch objec tives were achieved. Du ring the
spring and f all testing in 1976, we ob~a~ned valuable data o n the new
screen using pr e-snr:>lt hatcher y chinook ralmo n . In 1977 , we were able
to verify this i nformation using natural migrant fingerl ings as test
fish.
Pt ol:edures
Test fish released through hoses in t o the turbine intakes a nd
recovered in the ga t ewells pr ovided data o n descaling and guiding during
the following t est conditions:
1 . Adjustable angle traveling screen backed with 33~ open a r ea
0 0 perfor ated plate; screen angle var ied from 50 to 65 in 5 increments; )
and turbine load (155 megawatts), screen lighting (on), and area of
o pera t ion (bulkhead slo t ) held co nstant.
2 . Adjustable angle traveling screen backed with 48% CJ:er· a r ea
perforated plate; scr een angle and area of operation (bulkhead or fish
screen slot) var ied; and screen lighting (on) and turbine load (155
megawa t ts) held con stant.
20
1
3 . Adjustable angle traveli.ng screen i.n a noooperati.ng mode; I
perr.entage open area of perfor ated pla t e and scr een angle varied ; and
screen lighting (on) and turbi.ne l oad (155 megawatts) held constant .
4 . No traveli.ng sc-reen i.ns tailed and turbine loads of 135 and
155 megawatts.
Test fish we-re natural mig r a nt spring c hinook s almon collected in
the forebay by pu-rse seine a nd tattooed in lots o f 150 fish each . Each
release (-repli.cate) was made up of one lot; three replicates totali.ng
450 fish made up a test group .
Each lot of fish was introduced in t o th· "B" s l ot of Unit 1 turbi n ~~
intake through a 4-inch diameter hose placed b ehind the trash r ack and
held i.n place (by cable) abou t 1 5 feet upstream from t he traveling screen
a nd 4 to 6 fee t f r om the intake ceiling (Figure 2).
Li ghting for the adjustable a n gle screens was provided by a n arr ay
of twelve 500 watt inca ndescent bulbs at tached t o a f r amework welded to
the back side of the screen . Lights were spaced so t hat the en t i r e
screen was i lluminated. No il luminatio n wa s provided at th e s lo t
entrance. All tests were co nduc ted with lights o n at 155 megawatt
turbine loading; the condition found to be opttmum in fall tests
cond ucted in 1976 .
During tests, th e o r ifices in the tes t slots (1 -B bulkhead o r fish
screen slot) wer~ c losed to p r event egress of fish . Tests were evalu-
ated by dip-nett.ing the slo t after each t est group (3 lots) was
released . The numb er of fish recover ed compa red to number of fish
21
-. . -.-' . , -....
•.. · .. . .. . • ..
• • • 0 -. . . ~ .. ·.
1a---Fi sh release hose
. . • El . 737 Foreboy : .· / :. . , ...
. . . . , ., .. '• ......
.... : ..... .-: ~ ----1-.-. ----"-U3--Wagner horn -.
. -. . .
.. ' ·. .. .. .. ., .. ..
·~ .. .. .. .. . ·~
.. . .. .. ...
, .
;.
-0
(/)
OJ -0
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.c:.
.¥
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... . . ·.· ·~ :--.. = .
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:. : -· .. -'. ·. _: ' -... · .... .,, .. . . " . c · ... ·: ..... :·. Q).-· ....... .
Cl) ... • • ....... ! . ;
~ .. ·-. ..., .. · . u • •. • (/),·.·:.-: .... "·· .. . ......... · ;·: .. ' ,.c. • .... • • ti'J .. • ..... • .. • •
'
screen s
Figur e i.--Schematic d r awing of traveling screen placemen t in
intake at Lo wer Gra nite Dam . Tr ave l ing screens were tes t ed
the i ntake bulkhead slot o r the fish screen slot at various
from vertical (a screen angle of 45° is illustrated).
22
the tu rbine
in either
angles
-,
.i
)
)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
released provid ed a measure of g u iding efficiency . All fish recovered
were examined for descaling and the standard descaling rate was
determined .
Result s
A composite of 12 te.st results ranked by average per centage of
fish recovered i s given in Table 5. Pertinent Hndings include the
following:
(1) Best guidance and lowes t r ate of descaling occurre d with the
sc reen equipped with 33% perforated plat e in the bulkhead slot, The
average percent reco very for fish during tests with perforated plate
a t all angles (50 to 65c; in the bulkhead slo t was 84%. This compared
well with an average recovery of 83% fo r the same angles tested in 1976.
The average descaling of natural migr ants i n tests with the 33%
perforated plate was a low 8% in 1977 .
(2) With 48% per fo r a ted pJ ~te, guidance declined to 64% and rate
of descaling increased to an average of 45% .
(3) As i n previous year s , poorest guidan ce (55%) occu rred with
traveling scree ns in the fish screen s l ot .
(4) With the scr een in a no n-traveling mode, r ec overy of fish
wa s hig h (70 to 82%) in each test. Descaling wa s low when tests were
made with 33 % perfo r ated pla te, but i ncrea sed sign ificantly wh e n 48 %
plate was u sed .
23
..
Table 5 .--Res ults of tests using modified adj u stab le angle traveling
scr eens with either a 3 3% or 48% perforated plate at selected operating
co nditions. All tests were conducted at turbine load s of 155 megawatts
with lights on.
Order
of
results
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
1/
Ave rage l / Average 2 Screen Perforated
recovery -descaling_/ angle plate
(%) (%) (degrees ) (% open area)
90 9 65 33
84 6 60 33
82 6 50 33
80 12 55 33
75 11 65 48
72 51 60 48
62 54 55 48
57 20 so 48
57 25 65 48
56 20 60 48
48 24 55 48
48 62 so 48
Percentage of fish r e l eased into the turbine intake recovered
ir t he gatewell.
2/ P ercentage of fish having 10% or oore of their body d escaled .
24
I
Slot
BHS
BHS l
BHS
BHS
BHS
BHS
BRS
FSS
FSS
FSS
FSS
\)
BliS
)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
(5) Traveling screens significantly enhanced collec tion of finger-
lings from turbine intakes. Recovery rate without a traveling screen averaged
21%, compared to 84 % with a screen installed.
(6) The descaling rates f or fish recovered from releases made without
a traveling screen were as high or higher (16 to 38%) than the rates measured
in the first five-ranked tests in Table 5 .
It is obvious that handling fish for marking, coupled with their release
through hoses, subsequent recovery, and further handling produced significant
d escaling . In some cases, as indicated in (6) above, descaling was greater
due t o handling alone than was due to handling i n combination with specific
screen tests . What can account fo r this anomaly? We feel that the primary
reasons are that the fish (chinook salmo n in particular) were in generally
poor condition t hrougho ut the seaso n, and thei r condition varied depending
upon the degree of s tr ess t hat they encountered prior t o their arrival at
Lower Grani te Dam.
OONDITION OF FINGERLINGS IN RELATION TO LOW RIVER FLOWS
Smolts diverted by traveling screens and subsequently hauled from
Lower Granite Dam were in very poor condition in 1977. Also, fa r fewer
migrants arrived at Lower Gran i t e Dam than were expected . Fewer fish and
their poor condition may be attributed, at least in part, to all-time
low tributary and Snake River flows. Smolt condi tion, as evidenced
by descaling, was mo nitored throug hout the season. Descaling r ates
25
were extremely high--higher than could logically be attr ibuted to
a single incident such as a one t :illle con tact with travelin g screens .
About 1 May, juven iles entering the gatewell s l ots and coll ection
system wer e observed t o be more easily descaled. This activity coincided
with large numbers of fish (80,000+) entering the system daily. Trash
racks were cleaned but high descaling did not subside. It was t h en
decided to purse seine fingerlings from th•:! forebay to determim1 their
general condition and degree of descaling.
Initial purse seining was restricted to a n~rrow area 50 to 100 yar ds
upstream from the powerhouse intakes . Approxim~~ely 2800 chinook salmon
were captured. Subsamj:·l Es indicated that 10 to 14 % w£re descaled
depending upon the particular seine set and location . By contr ast, fish
from sets made between 300 yards and 2 miles upstream were essentially
clean (nondescaled). On six different days between 24 Mey and 14 June,
a total of 2530 (nondescaled) chinook salmon were tattooed and r eleased
at various locations from 50 yards to 2 miles in front of the powerhouse .
Descaling measured after collection of these fish from gatewells ranged
from 14 I.e 33%, approximately the tate measured on other chinook salmon
examined from gatewells. From these data it is obvious that descaling
must be occurring at the dam and not in the forebay . The fact that
significant descaling (10 to 14%) was measure.d close to the po'4ert.cuse
suggested that fish may be swimming in and out of the intakes--
possibly at times when loads were adjusted, or when insufficient velocity
was available to draw fingerlings through the turbines.
26
1
1
t
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
r•
In a fur ther effort to a ssess fish condition, fish cap~ured from
the forebay, gatewells, at the fingerling sorter, and various points
in the handling process were blood-sampled for electrolyte i:a:balance
and depressed pl£ema-chloride--known stress indic ators . Blood
chemis t ry analysis was designed to show where stresses may occur in the
collection and handling processes . Juvenile s pr ing chinook sa lmon
t es ted appeared o utwardly to be in excellent condition. Descaled fish
were assumed t o be stressed and therefo re not tested. The Jllt.)St severe
plasma-chloride depression (stress) was noted when fish were dip-netted
from the gatewel l into holding tanks and then har.d brc: Heel into anesthetic
troughs for subsequent examination . Similar chloride depression was
observed when fingerlings we r e hand brailed into t he so rt i n g trough at
the marking facility just prior to marking for transportation s tudies.
Somewha t surprisingly, fish sampled after pur se seine coll ec tion,
after tattooing at the purse seine, above and below the fingerling
grader apparatus , and from the holding box in the marking building, did
not show any s:!.gnificant plaS1T2-chloride depression . After sorting in
the marking building , fingerlings are cold branded , adipose fin clipped ,
and coded wire tagged. Al though these fish were somevhat str essed by
the brailing a n d sorting process, no fur th er stress w~s noted due to
freeze brancl 1 r g o r oth e r marking pr ocesses.
It a ppears that most str esses in our collec tio n-ha ndling processes
are due to handling and no t collection. If this ar.alys is is co rrect,
mass transported fish should fare far bt·tt er than mc.t"ked (handled) fish
since mass transported fish are not removed from the~r e nvironment.
27
RESEARCH -LITTLE GOOSE DAM
MASS TRANSPORTATION EXPERIMENTS
Mass hauling o f juvenile salmonids began in 1976 a s a 3-year
pr ogr am . Th•ring 1977 , the objective of the transport research at
Little Goose Dam was the continuance of a ma rk and release study to
evalua te the po tential of mass hauling juv e nile chinook s3lmo n and
s t eelhead tro ut t o increase their survival.
Exp e ,·imental Design and Procedures
In 1977, mass transportation research began at Little Goose Dam o n
29 April. Collection of fingerlings throughout the migration period
was p artially limited as Unit 3 had no traveling scr eens in place fo r
diverting fish into the bypass collec tion sys1..em . Units 1 aod 2 had
both traveling screens and vertical. screens , and Uni t 3 co ntained
vertical sc reens only . Both juvenile chinook salmo n and s teelhead tt:out
were ma rked a nd rel eased in three lots: one lot (a control) was u.·l eased
at Little Goose Dam t ailrace (frontroll of t urbine), and the other two
lots (test) were transported to and released a t a site below Bonneville
Dam--one lot haul.ed in fresh water and one lo t in 10 ppt salt water .
Di~tinctive wire codes ar.d brands identified time and location of release .
Unmarked fish were transported t o and releas ed at our Bonneville
s ite. Handling, ma rking , and transporting opera tions were simila r to
those used at Little Goose D~ i n :976 . Fing erlings were transferred
either from the raceways into a trans port truck (unmarked fish) or into
28
)
)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
the ma r k.ing facility via a fish loading hopper . The hopper, containing
approximately 17 5 gallons of water and 3 ,000 fish, was lifted from the
raceway and emptied in 30 seconds.
Ra~e of descaling (c hinook salmon and steelhead trout), i ncidence
of gas bubble disease (chinoo k salmon), amount of fungus (steelhead
trout ),and the amount of delayed mortality (chinook salmon and s teelhead
trout) were c riteria used t o evaluate the quality of f ingerlings hauled
f rom Little Goose Dam •
Numbers a nd Conditions of Smolts Transpor ted
Ab o ut 669 ,000 salmonids we re coun ted a t the f ingerling fac ili ty at
Little Goose Dam in 1977--417 ,740 c hinook salmon, 248,189 steelhead
trout, and 3 ,500 sockeye and coho salmon. Of this total counted, 12 3,357
chinook salmon, 69 ,392 s t eelhead t rout, 163 sockeye salmon, a nd 12 1 coho
salmon were marked for the mass transpor tation expe riment (Tab le 6).
(See Appendix Table 7 for mo re de tails of marking by test g roups.) In
addition , a total of 237,381 unmarked chinook salmon , 129 ,164 unmarked
steelhead trout , a nd about 3 ,000 unmarked sockeye and coho salmon were
transported t o rel ease a r eas below Bonne ville Dam (Table 7). Po nd
holding mo rta l ities t o t aled app r oximat ely 2% of the chino ok salmon
collected and 4% of the steelhead trout collec t ed . In con junction with
other s tudies an additional 37 ,405 chinook salmon a nd 19,751 steelhead
trout were released into the tailrace a t Littl e Goose Dam (backroll
of turbine) •
29
Table 6 . --Sumnar y of fingerlings co ll ected at Little Goose Dam, marked,
and tben transported by truck to Bonneville Dam (test) or released at
Little Goose Dam (contro l), 1977 .
Rele ase site and Chinook Steelhead •
t ranspo rt medium Salmon Tro ut
(no.) (no.)
Bonneville Dam ' Salt Water 43 ,334 22 ,916
Fresh Water 4 1 ,677 24 ,272
I
Little Goose Dam -Tailrace 38 ,346 22.204
)
To tal Marked 123 ,357 69,392
J
30
)
~ •
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Table 7.--Summary of fingerlings collected at Little Goose Dam and
transported unmark~ by truck below Bonneville Dam, 1977 .
Release site and Chinook Steelhead
transport medium Salmon Trout
(no .) (no.)
Bonneville Dam
Salt Water 106,992 59.371
Fresh Water 130.389 69,793
Total Hauled Unmarked 237,381 129,164
31
During t he 1977 fingerling .migra tion, sal.monids were subjected to
a no-spill year at Little Goose Dam and were in generally poor physical
condition. The salmonids collected at Lo wer Granite Dam bad a high
incide.nc e of descaling present and generally were in poor physical
conditio n, as previou sly discu ssed . Fi ngerlings arriving a t Little
Goose Dam had passed through the turbines at Low e r Gra nite Dam and wer e
further s tressed by this exper ience . The average r ate of descaling for
chinook salmon was 23.9% and ranged from 6 .0 to 49 .2%, more than twice
the rate meas ured a t Little Goose in 1976 . The average rate of descaling
for steelhe.ac trc·ut ...-as 30.2% with a range of 7 .1 to 42 .0%-very lit tle
descaling was obser ved in 1976 . The high descaling rate among fi nger-
lings in 1977 r esulted f rom the poo r physical co nd i tio n of arr iving fish ,
compound ed by t he i n effic ient orifice byp~i&S system and collection
ftcilities at Littl e Goose Dam. As a result, t here were significantly
higher mo rta l i ties among fish held and transported than in previous y ears.
Gas bubble disease was minor this season with an average inciden ce
of 1).6% and a range from 0 tD 43 .0%. Excessive N2 levels were due t o
the bypass pipe which allowed air t o be entrapped under pressur e in the
collec tio n sys t em.
Another criteria used for determining fish quality was the pr esenc e
of f un gus (Saphrolegnia) o n steelhead. Bas ically we sampled for fu ngus
from 11 through 3 1 May , from the onset of Saphrolegnia to the dis-
appearance of the disease. The average inciden ce of fungus was 24 .5%
with a range from 1.3 to 44 .0%.
32
•
'
I
1
1
I
I
•
•
I
J
II
•
•
• .
•
•
Mortality of fish during transport to the Bonnevill e release site
differed between saltwater and freshwater hauls. Average transport
mortality for chinook salmon hauled in salt water was 0 ,48% comp~·ed
to 1 .27% in freshwat£r hauls . Average transport mortality f or steelhead
trout was 0 .53% for saltwat er and 1.08% for f resh~~ter hauls, indicating
a greater mortality from the freshwater loads . Mortality observed this
year was higher than the 1976 transport mo rtality, which was: chinook
salmo n, 0 . 04% in sal t water and 0 . 56% in fres h water and steelhead trout,
0.06% in salt water and 0.47% in fresh water .
Delayed 100rtality of fish was compa red among trE· folleowicg g r o up s :
(1) marked and unmarked chinook sal100n, (2) ma rked and unmarked steelhead
trout , and (3) f reshwater and sa ltwat er loads . Samples of fish obtained
from loads transported to Bonneville Dam were held for 45 hours to
determine delayed mcrt aU ty. Data obtained are summarized in Tab le 8 .
The average delayed morta lity rat es of 21.3 to 42.5% fo r chinook salmon
and 10 .5 to 16.1% f or steelhead trout are much higher than the average
delayed losses for chinook salmo n (3 to 6 %) and steelhead trcut (0.1 to
0.3%) mass hauled last year . Similar data were measured on fi ngerlings
transported from Lower Grani te Dam. These data r eflect the poor
quality of fingerlings mass hauled from both dams i n 1977 .
NEW ORIFICE CONFIGURATION TESTS
The new orifice sys tem was installed at Little Goose Dam as
proposed . Low water a nd subsequent need of the units for po wer genera-
tion to avoid spiiling delayed installation until mid-June--at~hich
33
Table 8 .--Delayed mortality of marked and unmarked chinook salmon and
marked and umnarked steelhead trout held 45 hours at Bonneville Dam
after transport from Little Goose Dam in fresh water or salt water
(1 0 ppt).
Marked chinook
Unmarked chinook
Marked steelhead
Unmarked steelhead
Mortality Range (Average)
Salt Water
(%)
10.0 to 54 .8
10.5 to 38.5
0.0 !:(' 4C.O
5.5 to 20.0
34
(29 .6)
(26.0)
(11.6)
(10.5)
Fnsh Water
(%)
16.7 to 73.8 (42 .5)
12.5 to 41.6 (21. 3)
0.0 to 30 .2 (11.1)
5 .0 to 25.0 (16 .1)
t
1
I
I
I
J
J
,
•
•
•
'
('
f '
I
I
time smolts were no longer a v ailable to test the system . All mechani cal
cperatioos have been fully checked out, and evaluation has been
rescheduled for the spring of 1978 .
35
PRELIMINARY RETURNS OF ADULT CHINOOK SALMON TO LITTLE GOOSE DAM
1975 Outmig ration
Returns of 1-and 2-ocean age spring and summer chinook salmon to
Little Goose Dam from j uveniles marked and released from Lower Granite
Dam in 1975 i ndicate that survival from transpo rted rel eases was greater
than survival from con trol r eleases. There is little difference in the
transportation benefit between fish wir e t agged only (59%) and fish
branded and wire tagged (58%) (Table 9).
1976 Outmig r a t ion
Very few jack chinook sala:>n have returned to Little Goose Dam f r om
juvenile releases made in 1976: returns from Little Goose Dam--9 trans -
ports and 1 control, from Lower Granite Dam--5 transports a nd 2 controls.
PRELIMINARY RETURNS OF ADULT STEELHEAD TROUT TO LITTLE GOOSE DAM
1975 Out mig r atio n
Through 30 November 1977, 831 marked 1-and 2-o cean adult s teelhead
trout from control and transport releases of juveniles f r om Lower Granite
Dam in 1975 have r eturned t o Little Goose Dam. Returns from the
Bonneville Dam release site indicate a transport t o control benefit o f
203 % fo r fish which had been branded and wire tagged and 161 % for fish
which were wire tagged only (Table 10).
36
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• • • • • • • • •
Table 9 .--Returns to Little Goose Dam of 1-and 2-ocean chinook sal mo n from control and transport releases
of smelts from Low er Granite Dam in 1975. Recovery period 13 April 1976 to 30 October 1977.
Adult return
in %of
Re l ease s i ~e and Number of Number of adults recaEtured j uveniles Transport
experimental juveniles l/ 1-ocean 2-ocean Total released 2/ benefits 1/
group released -age age ·(1· & 2 's) Observed Estimated ·(%)
Lower Granir:e Dam!!/
(control) 42,915 12 56 68 0 .158 0.417
Bonneville Dam
(transport)
Brand & wire tag 30 ,127 32 43 75 0.249 0.610 58 .0
Wire tag only 38,423 30 67 97 0.252 0.640 59.0
TOTAL REO>VERY 111,465 74 166 240
1} Adjusted for initial tag l oss.
11 Based o n comparison of known recovery of fish with magnetized wire tags at Little Goose Dam and the subse-
quent recovery of these and other m~rk ed fish at Rapid River Hatch ery and on spawning ground upstream from
Little Goose Dam. Returning fi sh identified at th e dam were marked with jaw tags and released to continue
their migration upstream . Numbers of externally -tagged fish arriving at up-river sites were compared with
the recovery of other wire tagged fish arriving at up-river sites not previously detected and identified at
Little Goose Dam.
11 Based o n observed return.
!±/ Adjusted for control fish which were transported from Little Goose Dam.
w
00
Table 10 . --Return s to Lit tl e Goose Dam of 1-and 2 -ocean age ad ult s teelhead trout from control and trans-
port releases of smo l ts from l.Dwer Granite Dam in 1 975 . Recoveries were made from 1 July 1976 to 30
November 1977 .
Ad u lt r etu r n
in % of
Release site and Number o f Number of adults reca2t u red j uveniles Trans port 31 experimen t al juveniles l/ 1-ocean 2-oc ean Total r eleased 2/ Benefi t s -
groue released -age a ge 1 & 2 's Ob served Estimated ~%2
Lower Granite Dam!!/ 46 ,823 57 124 181 0.387 0 .511
(eontrol )
Bon n evill"l Dam
Brand & wi re tag
(transport) 24,078 100 18 2 282 1.171 1.546 203 .0
Wi r e tag only
(tr ansport) 36 ,397 135 233 368 1.011 1.335 161.0
TOTAL 107 ,298 2 92 539 831
l/ Adjusted for i nitial tag loss .
2/ Based o n com parison of known r ecovery of fish with magnetize d wire tags at Lit t le Goose Dam and the
sub sequ en t recovery of these and other marked fish at Dworsh ak Natio n al Ha t cher y u p s t r e am f r om Li ttle
Goose . Returning fis h identified a t the dam wer e ma rke d wilh jaw tags and r e l eased to con tinu e t h e ir
migrat i on upstream . Numb e r s of externally-tagged fish arriving at Owors h ak Ha t c h ery were compar e d
with the recovery of other wire tagged fish arriving a t Dworshak Hatchery no t pr e viously detected a n d
identified at Little Goose Dam .
ll Based on o bserved return.
!!_/ Adjus t ed fo r C()ntrol fish whi c h wer e tra nspor t ed f r om Little Goose Dam .
•..J v
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Contribution of Transportation in 197 5
to Adult Steel.head Tro ut Returning
to Dw o rshak Hatchery in 1976-77
Marking s tudies to evaluate transportation of smo1ts from Lower
Granite Dam began in late April 1975 . Similarly mass transportation
began at Little Goose Dam, but without marking for evaluation. Estimates
of the contribution of transportatio n from both Lower Granite and Little
Goose Dams based o n r e turns from those marked at Lower Granite Dam are
difficult to c omp ute because limited nUIIbers were marked and those marked
were no t nec essarily representative of the total o utmigration passing
either Lower Granite o r Little Goose Dams. For example, much of the
migration f rom Dworshak Hatchery had already passed Lower Granite Dam
by the time sampling comm enced. (Only 15% of the total number of steel-
head trout passing Low~r Granite Dam we r e of Dworshak Hatchery o rigin as
com~ared to 44% at Little Goose Dam--determined from presence of marked
fisl1 in the samples inspected daily a t the dams.) However, in the case
of returning DvJrshak steelhead trout, it is possible to obtain some
measure of transportation benefit since 194,000 or 11% of the 1, 762 ,000
fi ~h rel eased from the hatchery in 1975 were marked by coded wire tag
and by remo val of the adipose fin .
This fall 2,709 Dwor shak Hatchery marks were observed by NMFS at the
adul t f a c ili t y at Li ttle Goose Dam . Assuming unmarked fish returned at the
same rate, the total 2-ocean return of Oworshak Hatchery steelbead trout
passi ng Little Goose Dam would be 24,600 (2709 ~ 0 .11). The assumption
is reasonable since 11% of the 1-ocean return were wire tagged as juv eniles •
39
The actual return to the hatchery could vary from the 24,600 estimate
depending on {1) fallback rate of adults at the dam {cou1d cause the 2, 709
figure to be inflated), (2) trap efficiency (if less than 100%, the 2,709
fjgure wuld be low)-and (3) numbers caught in the sport fishery or stray-
ing (could reduce the number returning to the hatchery).
It appears that transportation from Little Goose and Lower Granite
Dams in 1975 had a significant beneficial impact on the impending excellent
return of s teelhead trout to Dworshak Ratchery in 1977 (1978 spawning). The
best previous return to Dworshak Hatchery was about 0 .6% of the total
release of smolts . The observed return of marked fish t o Littl e Goose Dam
this year is 1.4%. If we assume that the difference is due to transporta-
tion then the benefit from transporting Dworshak Hatchery fish in 1975 is
55 to 60% (1 -~:: = 1 -0.43 or 57%). To s upport th is assump tion, we
r~ieved hov many Dworshak Hatchery smolts were transoorted in 1975, and
examined the returns back to Little Goose Dam of 1-and 2-ocenn steel-
head trout from the co ntrol rel eases at Lover Granite Dam , and related these
to returns of !-ocean steelbead trout to the hatche ry.
In 1 97 6, there were 12 marked controls from Lower Grani te Dac tests
that returned as 1-ocean s teelhead trou t t o Owor shak Hatchery. This is
17 .4 % of all Lower Granit e Dam contr o l s--furth er confirming our es timate of
I
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r
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I
the Dworshak Hatc hery contribution (15%) at the time o f outmigration. How-t
ever, of transported fish returning as adults from smolts transpo rted in
1975, only 27 of 285 1-ocean returns were of Dworsbak H.Fitchery origin . By
this analysis about 9.5% of the 60,4 75 total steelhead trout transported t
or 5 ,745 smolts were actually Dworshak Hatchery stock .
• 40
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Since t he previous analysis shows a variation in percent of Dworsbak
Hatchery smolts in groups ma r ked at Lower Granite Dam f r om 9 .5 to 17 .4.%,
we can indicate a range of transport con tributions of adults r eturning to
Dworshak Hatchery.
We estimate the range in contribution of transported fish to the
t o tal nlDDber of adults returning to Dwor shak Hatchery in 1978 to be
between 36 and 65% o r 8,864 to 15,271 fis h. (Table 11). The l a r ge ben efit
realized from transporting juven iles of Dwo r sh.ak Hatchery origin does not
necessarily apply to other s tocks of steelhead t rout in the Snake River •
(The return rate of steelhead trout from Dworsh.ak Hatchery has always
been significantly lower than the return rate o f the overall Snake River
run (Raymond 1975).) However, it is apparent that intercepting steelhead
trout from Dworshak Hatchery early in t heir seaward mig r ation and trans-
porting them around dams can bring positive ben efits.
The rationale and computations used to estimate the range i n transport
contribution for adults returning t o Dworsbak is contained in Appendix A.
1976 Ou~gration
In 1976, we used two release sites at Bonnevill e Dam . From 12 April
to 5 l-C.Jly , the rele!ase site was on the north shore, 1 mile below Bonneville
Dam at the Washington Department of Game 's boat ramp (this was our Bonne-
ville Dam release site fo r the past several years). At th e end of April
it wa s discover ed that rock fills and roads had been placed across the
high water c hannel downst r eam fro m o ur point of release . This cons truction
destroyl"d the effectiver.ess of the releas e site during high water periods
by creating a cul-de-sac •
41
Table ll. -Computations f o r range of transport contribution for adult s teel-
head trout returning t o Dworshak Hatchery i n 1977-78 based o n smo lts marked
and subsequently tra ns po rted f rom Lower Granite Dam and unmarked smolts trans-
port ed from Little Goose Dam in 1975):./
Per cen t of Dworshak Hatchery
smo1ts in ma r ked groups at
Lower Granite
Number of Owor shak Hatchery
smo lts transported from
Lower Grani te
!-ocean age Dworshak Hatchery
adults returning f rom trans-
po rt g rou p
Return rate (!-ocean)
Predicted 2-ocean age Dworshak
Hatchery adults2yeturning from
transport group-
Return r ate (2-ocean)
Number of Dworshak Hatchery
s100lts transported (Lit tle Goose
and Lower Granite Dams)
Predicted total of adults
returning to Dworshak Hatchery
due to transport
Per cent o f Dw r shak Hatchery f'ln
co ntribut ~d by transportation.W
Low
17.4%
10,522
27
0.257%
412
3 .92%
226,122
8, 86-'.
36%
Ra nge
High
9 .5%
5, 745
27
0 .470%
412
7 .17
221,345
15,871
65%
1/ Assuming that approximately 24 ,600 adults will return to Dworshak
Hatchery in 1977-78 spawning year.
~ See Appendix A for computation of predicted 2-ocean adul t s of Oworshak
Hatchery origin r eturning from transport group.
42
•
1
J
A new release site was develo ped at the south side of the
Bonneville Dam Powerhous e. Fish were released through a 6-inch diameter
aluminum pipe into the outflow from the ice-trash sluice channel. Releases
at t his s ite were initiated on 6 May and continued to the end of the season .
Returns to date of 1-ocean steelhead trout indicate considerably higher
transport benef it for those hauled from Little Goose Dam as com pared to s teel-
• head trout tra nsported from Lower Gran.ite Dam i n 1976 (Table 12). Transport
to control benefits from the boa t ramp releases were 782% for fish trans-
ported i n fres h water and 613 % for fish transported in salt water (10 ppt) •
• Th e transport benefits from the powerhous e releases were 136% for fish
transported in f resh wa t e r and 190% for fish transported in salt water. By
contrast, return~ f r om those hauled from Lower Granite Dam s howed transpor t
• to control benefits f r om the po werhouse releases of 15% fo r fish ha;;led i n
f r esh wat e r and 30% f or fish hauled in sal t water (5 ppt). Re t urns from the
boat ramp r e l eases indicat ed only a 2% transport benefit for fish hauled in
• fresh water a nd a 6% loss for £ish hauled in salt water.
The lower return rate fo r 1-ocean fish from juveniles tra n s ported from
Lo wer Granite Dam i n 1976 i s a concern to NMFS . As a result of these findings , • majo r resear ch objectives fo r 1978 wer e shifted to provide a means of deter-
' mining the cause of the differential return rate for steelhead trout trans-
ported from Lit tl e Goose and Lower Granite Dams .
Benefits relating to t he u s e of salt water i.n transport remain unclear
at this po int. Benefits were inco ns is t ent for hauls from both dams .
Based upon the high return (0 .599 to 0 .741 %) of steelhead t r out -transported f r om Littl e Goose Dam to the Bonnevil l e boat ramp sit e, it
would appear that relPase s it e is a more significant element in
43
0
... .,.
v
Table 1 2.--Preliminary returns to Little Goose Dam of 1-ocean age adult steelhead trout from co ntrol and transpo rt
releases of smelt s frum Lower Granite and Little Goose Dams in 197 6. Recoveries were from 28 May 1977 ~o
30 November 1977 .
Little Goose Dam Lower Gra nite Dam
Release site and Number l/ Transpo rt 21 Number 11 Transpo r t 21 experimental rele asecF Number Percent benefit s (%)-releasecF Number Percent benefit s (%)-
groups
Control1/ 7,135 6 0 .084 16,791 27 0 .161
Bonneville Boat Ramp
Freshwater 10,666 79 0 . 74 1 782.0 7 . 304 12 0 .164 2 .0
(transport)
4/ Salt wuter -11,677 70 0.599 613 .0 16,504 25 0 .151 -6.0
(transport)
Control l/ 22,279 33 0 .148 17,114 jj 0 .193
Bonnevill e Powerhouse
Freshwater 32,621 114 o. 349 136.0 4 7 , 392 1 05 0 .222 15.0
(transport)
4/ Saltwater -42 ,197 181 0 .429 190.0 52 ,64 1 132 0 .251 30.0
(transport)
TOTAL 126,575 483 162 ,707 334
1 57,746
!/ Adjusted for initial tag loss .
:Y Based o n observed retur n.
]./ Adjusted fo r co n trol fish which we r e transported in the mass transport program at Li ttle Goose and
Lower Gr ani te Dams.
y 10 ppt salt water at Little Goose Dam and 5 pp t salt water at Lower Cranite Dam
u .. -..
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
t ranspo rt consideration than is the use of salt water during trans it .
kesear r.h a i med at l ocat ing op t imum sites for releasing transported fish
should be continued.
RETURN OF ADULTS TO HATCHERIE S , SPAWNING GRO UND S ,
AND THE INDIAN F1S HERY
Enumeration of adults returning to the collection facility at
Lit tle Goose Dam is the primary means for eva luation of the collection-
transpo rt process . However, adult returns t o o t her sour ces provide
valuable insigh t regarding reliability of the transpor t benefit es t i -
ma tes a nd may indicate whether homing of transpo rted fish is affected
by transportation .
RETURN OF ADULTS TO HATCHERIES A.'ID s.PAWnNC GROmiDS
AB OVE LITTLE GOOSE DAM
As of 30 NovembPr, 44 marked adult chtnook salmon f r om 1975 trans-
port and contr ol r eleases we r e r ecover ed above Little Goose Dam-33 a t
Rapid Riv~r Hatcher y (Idaho) and 11 on salmo n ,pawning g r ou nd s i n I daho .
Of the ~4 marked adults, 30 o r 68% had escaped detec tion at Li ttle
Goose Dam, indicating that mo r e t han twice as many total fish returned
to the dam t han were observed at the collection facility. In addition,
because 30 o f t he 44 recoveries we re transported fi s h, it does no t
appear tha t t he homing abilit y of transported fish was seriously impaired .
Adult steelhead trout from 1975 transport and control releases
have been observed at DworsbaJt and Pahsimeroi Hatcheries . As o f 30
November , a t o tal of 55 adults returning after 1 year a t sea have been
45
..
found a t the t'WO hatcheries . No effort has been expended o n spawning
g r ound surveys because s t e '!lhead trout s pawn in the spring when stream
flows are increasing and other research commitments take priority. The
most significant aspect of the returns to the hatcher :Les i s a comparison
of t o tal returns of our t es t fish vs . the numb er having been intercep ted
at Little Goose Dam . Forty-two of the 55 adults mentioned above were
previously intercepted a t Little Goose Dam, indicating a recovery
efficiency for s teelhead trout at the dam of 76 %.
RETURNS TO THE INDIAN FISHERY
In 1977, 41 tagged steelhe~ trout that had been either trans-
ported to Bonneville Dam o r released as co ntrols from Little Goose o r
Lower Granite Dams in 1976 were recovered in the Indian fishery. Admittedly,
neither transport benefits to lower river fisheries nor po tential adverse
homing implications can be drawn from 41 recoveries from 10 different
release groups (Table 13). However , in 1978 wh en 2-ocean returns become
available , it will b~ impo~tant to evaluate the rate of returns t o the
Indian Fishery and to Little Goose Dam .
46
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• • • •
Table 13.--A compa riso n between transported and nontranspo rted groups of 1-ocean age steelhead trout based
on numb ers of trans ported and nontranspo rted juvenile fis h from Li ttle Goose a nd Lower Granite Dams i n 1 976
that were recaptured as adults in the I ndia n Fishery in th e l owe r Co lumbia River , 25 Aug u s t to 1 October 1977.
Transported from Transpo rted from
Little Coose Dam Lower Grani te Dam
Release site and
experimental Number l / Recaetured as Adults Number Recaetured as Adults
groups Released-Nuni>er Percent Released Number Percent
Control 29,ltl4 2 0.007 33 ,905 2 0 .006
Bonneville Boat Ramp '
Fr esh wat e r 10 ,666 3 0 .028 7,304 3 0.041
(transport)
Sal t water 11 ,677 3 0 .026 16,504 0 0 .0
(transport)
Bonneville Powerhouse
Fresh wa t er 32 ,621 6 0.018 47 ,392 9 0 .019
(transport)
Salt ll.'c'l t er
(transport) 42 ,197 6 0.014 52 ,641 7 0 .013
TOTAL 126,575 20 1 57 .746 21
!/ Adjusted for initial tag loss .
SUMMARY
1. Be cause of droug ht co nditions in the Pat:ific ll'o rthwest , f l ows in
the Snake River were at an all time low ciuring the spring migration
of juvenile salmo nids . As no spilling o c c u rred at the dams, emergency
measures were taken to collect a nd transport the fish from upriver
dams to s a fe r el ease sites in the Co lumbi a River below Bonneville Dam .
We es t imated that about 7 mill ion j uvenile salmonids would reach Low e r
Gr ani t e Dam . However, o nly about 50% of the expected juveniles arrived, 1
and these arrived later than usual and we r e in general l y poo r con-
di t ion. About 81 % of the 3.4 million j uvenil e salmonids that reached
t he dam were collected and mass transported downstream--abo ut 2. 0
million from Lower Granite Dam and 0 . 7 million f r om Little Goose Dam.
2 . In trucking oper ations "lt Lo wer Granite Dam , I. 3 million salmoni ds
wer e transported . Of these, 126,794 chin ook salmo n and 116 ,828
s t eelhead trout were ma rked for t ests compari ng the use of salt water
v s. fresh water during transpo rt . The relative survival at two
r elease sites below Bonneville Dam was also tested.
3 . Based o n samples held o t Bonneville Dam, delayed mortality of c hinook
s almo n tran sported by truck wa s about 30%.
4 . The transportation phase of a 2 -year air transport stud y was concl uded
in 1977 . Chinook salmon smolts we r e air-dropped into the Columb ia
River n ear Beaco n Rock State Pa r k , Washington (41,092) and near
Astoria , Orego n (35 ,333).
5 . To accommodate the lar ge numbers of fish a t Lo wer Granite Dam , bar ging
was instituted fo r t he first time in our transport operations. Over
3 .5 million salmonids were barged from various hatcheries and from
48
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II
1.)
(
•
Lower Granite Dam. At Lower Granit e Dam relatively few fish were
barged because the run never fully materialized. However, several
hundred thousand smolts were barged including 62,000 marked r ish .
All barged fish were released about 1. 5 miles below Bonneville Dam .
Firs t-year operations with the barge were considered extremely
successful .
6 . Full screening of turbine intakes was accomplis hed for the first
time ~t Low~~ Granite Dam; six conventional screens and t h r ee new
a d j u stable--angl e screens were u sed. Testin g was limited to the
adjustable angle screens. Recommendations for future screen acqui-
sition s have been made to the Corps based o n the following findings :
a) Adjustable angle screens should be used in the bulkhead slot .
b) The 33% perforated plate backing fo r screens shoul' be used.
c) Screen angle should be 650 .
d) Lights should be insulled on all screens .
Traveling scr eens t o be used at Little Goose o r Lower Granite Dams
should conform to the above criteria to produce maximum guidance
while min imizing descaling and injury. •
7. Descaling rate fo r chinook salmon sampled from gatewells at lower
Granite Dam was the highest reco rded (ebout 27 %). Severe migra-
tion conditions brought on by the record low river flows were
the likely cause of the high rate of descaling .
8. At Little Goose Dam 669 ,000 juvenile salmonids were collected; mos t
were mass transported . However, 123,357 chinook salmon, 69,392
steelhead tro ut, 163 sockeye salmon and 121 coho salmon were marked
for transport tests. Tests were designed to compare differences in
survival of juveniles transported in sal t water (10 ppt) vs. fresh
49
water. 'the average mortality after transport varied from 21,3 t o 4 2.5%.
fo r chinook salmon and from 10.5 to 16.1% for steelhead trou t .
9. Testing a new orifice configuration to enhance smolt passage from gate-
wells at Little Goose Dam wa s planned, and the apparatus for t es ting
wa s installed. HOwever, t es ting was defeTTed until 1978 because o f
spec.i..al flow and turbine gener ation r equir ements i n 1977 .
10 . Preli.mi.nary r eturns of chinook salmon adults f rom smo lts transported
f r om Lower Gr anite Dam in 1975 indicate a transpor t ben efi t (in crease)
of abCi ut 60%.
11. Re turn of s teelhead t r o ut adults from smo lts transported from Lower
Gr anite Dam i n 1975 show a benefit of 161 t o 203% depending on treat-
ment g roup. Transport data f rom these ma rked fish plus tho se mass
transpor ted a s smolts f r om Little Goose Dam indicate that adult r eturns
from transported smolts accou nted fo r 36 t o 65% of the ad ult s r e turning
t o Dworshak Hatchery in 1977-78 .
12. Ver y few 1-ocean age chinook salmon r eturned from fish ma rked and t r ans-
ported f r om Lower Grani t e and Little Goose Dams i n 197 6. Returns of
mar ked s teelhead trout transported f r om uower Gr anite and Littl e Goose
Dams in 1976 i ndica t e that benefits were considerably g reater for fish
transported from Li ttle Goose Dam than for fish transpo rted f rom Lower
Gr a n i te Dam .
13 . We have continued t o monitor retur ns of adults to hatcheries and s pawning
grounds above Lower Granite Dam , and to sport and Indian fisheries.
These data are particularly useful for estab lishing trap efficiencies at
the collection dam (Little Goose) and fo r mo n itoring homing o r s traying
of various transport groups .
so
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•
LITERATURE CITED
RA YK>ND, BOWARD L.
1975. Snake River runs of salmon and steelhead trout:
trends in abundance of adults and downstream survival of
juveniles. Nortlwest Fisheries Center. National Marine
Fisheries Service , 2725 Montlake Boulevard E .,
Seattle, WA 98112 , Processed Report , ll p , 5 fig , 2 tble,
Appendix listing 9 tble •
51
APPENDIX A
The rationale and computations used to estimate the range in contri-
bu t ion of transpcn;tation to adults returning to Dwo r shak Hatchery are
illustra ted below. The figur es used to obtain the high estimate are used
as an example. Thus , 9 .5% as determined from returning adults of Dwo r shak
Ha t chery origin is used fo r t he proportion of smolts of Dworshak. Hatchery
origin that were ma rked at Lower Granite Dam . Thu s ? 9 .5% of the 10,475
total steelhead trout t:-ansported or 5 , 745 smolts were Dwrsbak Hatchery
stock . Twenty-seven adults returned from the 5 ,745 smol t s transported ,
27
resulting in a return rate of 0 .470% (5745)-simila r to the return rate
of 0 .4 71% 28 5 (60,475) of all Lower Granite Dam 1-ocean returns from smolts
transpor t ed in 1975.
If we assume, the n, that a 1-ocean adult retur n rate of 0.470% ca n be
applied to t he 215,600 Dwo r s hak Hatchery smel ts transported from Lit tle Goose
Dam (44% of the 490,000 steelhead trout transported in 19 75) then 215,600 x
0.470% = 1 ,013 urunarked, unidentified 1-ocean adults returned t o Dwors hak
Hatchery from groups transported; this a dded t o 5 ,74 5 x 0.470% 27 ma rked
identified a dults becomes 1,040 or 97% of the 1,075 1-ocean r etur ns at
Dworshak Hatchery in 1976.
Assuming the rationale for 1976 (1-ocean returns) is valid, we must
hav e the final return of 2-ocean fish t o Dworshak Ha t c hery this spr ing t o
complete the evaluation. Lacking final returns let us make 2 ass umptions:
(1) Accep t the estimate of 24 ,600 adult return t o Dworshak Ha t chery
based on the marked population released from the hatchery and recaptured as
adults at Little Goose Dam . ~Note: the number of adults returning to Dwor shak
Hatchery as of 20 Ap ril 19i8 confirms this ertimate.)
52
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•
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•
•
,.
(2) Ac~ept our estimate of 30,000 total 2-ocean. steel head trout at
Little Goose Dam in fall 1977 based on age class composition determined by
observations of adults at the fisb viewing room at Little Gc.ose Dam .
On this premise, 82% (24• 600) of the 2-ocean count at Little Goose Dam 30,000
should be bo und for Dworshak Hatchery . This fall there were 503 marked
adult 2-ocean steelhead trout that returned to Little Goose Dam from the
5,745 smol t s of Dworshak Ha t chery origin transported from Lower Granite
Dam . Therefore, we migh t expect 412 (82%) of these to be of Dworshak
Ha tchery origin .
The 412 marked returns f rom S, 745 smolts of Dworshak Hatchery origin
marked and released at Bonneville Dam produces a return rate of 7% for 2-
ocean returns . If a return rate of 7% is assigned to the unmarked S1DOlts
transported from Little Goose Dam, the contribu tion then is
215,600 x 7 % = 15 ,092 and
5, 745 X 7% = 402 with a total transport contribution
of 15,494 or 63% of the t otal 2-ocean adults returning
to Dworshak Hatchery in 1977-78. This compares favorably with the 57% trans -
port benefit calculated by comparing the 1 .4% return to Little Goose Dam with
the best previous hatchery return of 0.6%. Further, the 7% return rate is
not too far from Raymond's (1975) estimate of the adult return to the
Columbia Riw~r from smolts passing, The Dalles Dam (S to 7%) .
53
APPENDIX B
The following tables comprise Appendix B :
1 . Date, brand position, wire tag code, release location, and
number of juvenile chinook salmon and steelhead trout marked and
released as controls above Lower Granite Dam, 1977.
2. Date~ brand position, wire tag code, and number of juvenile
chinook salmon and steelhead trout marked and transported in 5 ppt
s alt water by truck from Lower Granite Dam to Dalton Point, 1977.
3. Date, brand position, wire tag code, and number of juvenile
chinook salmon and steelhead trout marked and transported in 5 ppt
salt water by truck from Lower Granite Dam to Bonneville Dam, 1977 . t
4. Date, brand position, wire tag code, release location, and number
of juvenile chinook salmo n marked and transported in 5 ppt salt
water by airplan e f rom Lower Granite Dam, 1977 .
5 . Date, brand posi tion, wire tag code, release location, and number 1
of juvenile chinook salmon and steelhead trout marked and trah s-
ported by barge from Lower Granite Dam, 1977 .
6. Date, transport medium, brand position, wire tag code, release
location, and number of chinook salmon and steelhead trout marked
and transported by truck from Little Goose Dam (test) or released 1
at Little Goose Dam (control), 1977 .
J
J
54
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Appendix Table 1.--Date, brand position, wire tag code , release location,and
number of juvenile chinook salmon and steelhead trout marked a nd released
as controls above Lower Granite Dam, 1977.
Date
4/25
4/26
4/27
4/30
5/2
5/6
5/10
5/14
5/14
5/16
5/19
5/23
5/25
5/31
6/3
6/9
6/13
6/15
Brand positioJ/
and syabol
LA-K
LA-K
LA-K
LA-K
LA-K
LA-K
LA-:>::
LA-,.::
RA-,.::
LA-,.::
IA-"
LA-~
LA-)I
LA-)I
LA-)I
LA-~
LA-::..:
LA-::..:
Wire'Y
tag color
W-Y-Gr
W-Y-Gr
W-Y-Gr
W-Y-Gr
W-Y-Gr
W-Y-Gr
W-Y-Gr
W-Y-Gr
W-Y -Gr
W-Y -Gr
W-Y-Gr
W-Y-Gr
W-Y-Gr
W-Y-Gr
W-Y-Gr
W-Y-Gr
W-Y-Gr
W-f -Gr
Release site
Clades ton WA
Clarkston WA
Clarks t on WA
Clarks ton WA
Clark ston WA
Clarkston WA
Sub t otals
Clarkston WA
Clarkston WA
Clarkston WA
Clarkston WA
Clarkston WA
Subtotals
Clarks ton WA
Clarkston WA
Clarksto n WA
Clarks too WA
Subtotals
Clarkston WA
Clarks ton WA
Clarks ton WA
Subtotals
TOTALS
Chinook Steelhead
salmon trout
(No .)
3676
4405
2745
742
1612
2807
15987
3733
1403
28
4344
892
10400
2939
1485
1229
2110
7763
2193
198 2
4175
38,.')25
(No .)
462
1315
2325
3612
1724
1714
11152
2375
943
1467
1148
5933
1671
1802
3461
3444
10378
1582
2028
2079
5689
33 ,152
e !/ LA indicates brand position; left anterior.
1.,/ Colors of wire tags: W-Whi te; Y -Yellow; Gr-Green
• 5S
•
Appendix Table 2.--Date, brand posi t ion, wire tag code, and number of
juveni l e chinook sal100n and steelhead trout marked and transported in
5 ppt salt water b y truck from Lower Granite Dam to Dalton Point, 1977 .
Bran d pos ition!/ Wire!:/ Chinook Stee.lhead
Date and symbol tag color Release site s almon trout
(No .) (No.)
4/25 RA-F W-0 -YOX Dalton Point 2651 568
4/27 RA-F W-0-YOX Dalton Po i nt 6334
4/28 RA-F W-0-YOX Dalton Point 405 4370
4/29 RA-F W-0-YOX Dalton Point 2212 4057
5/3 RA-F W-0-YOX Dal ton Point 3895 5250
5/10 RA-F W-0-YOX Dalton Point 5236 4654
5/13 RA -F W-Q-YOX Dalton Point 5145 3200
5/16 RA-F W-Q-YOX Dalton Point 6823 1957
5/19 RA -F W-Q-YOX Dalto~ Point 1623 2239
5/25 RA-F W-Q-YOX Dalton Point 1567 4089
6/6 RA-F W-0 -YOX Dalton Point 2275 4756
6/9 RA-F W-Q-YOX Dalton Point 2572 2821
6/15 RA-F W-Q -YOX Dalton Point 2327 2938
TOTALS 43,065 40,899
!/ RA indicates brand po s ition; right anterior.
y Colors of wire tags; W-Wh ite ; 0 -0 r ange; YOX-Yellow Ox ide ; Y-Yellow.
56
l I
t .
I
I
I
I
D
'.;,pendilt Table 3 .--Date, brand position, wire ·tag code, and number of
juvenile chinook salmon and steelhead trout marked and transported in
5 ppt salt water by truck from Lower Granite Dam to Bonneville Dam, 1977.
Brand position!/ Wir;Y Cninock Steelnead
Date and syui>ol tag color Release site salmon trout
(No.) (No .)
4/'J.6 RA-..., W-Y-LtBl Bonneville Dam 5986 1634
.. ;/28 RA-.., W-Y-LtBl Bonneville Dam 3101 5480
5/2 RA-.., w-Y-LtBl Bonneville Dam 6281 2218
5/3 RA-.., W-Y-LtBl Bonneville Dam 1535 4104
5/9 RA-..., W-Y-LtBl Bonneville Dam 5771
5/11 nA-.., W-Y-LtBl Bonneville Dam 3645 1976
S/14 RA-"11 w-Y-LtBl Bonneville Dam 4385 2854
5/17 RA--=l W-Y-LtBl Bonneville Dam 3835 2677
5/23 RA-"'1 W-Y-LtBl Bonneville Dam 3200 3096
S/31 RA-..., W-Y-LtBl Bonneville Dam 2851 2335
• 6/8 RA-"'1 W-Y-LtBl Bo nneville Dam 3096 4328
6/8 RA-..., W-Y-0 Bonneville Dam 119 966
6/13 RA -..., W-Y-o Bonneville Dam 3678 3563
6/17 RA-"'1 W-Y-0 Bonneville Dam 36 92 1775
TOTALS 45,404 4 2' 771
!J RA indicates brand position ; right anterior.
Y Colo r of wire tags; W-White; Y-Yellow; LtBl-Light Blue ; 0-Qrange.
57
•
Appendix Table 4 .--Date , brand position, wire tag code, release location,
and number of juvenile chinook salmon marked and transported in 5 ppt
sal t wa ter by airplane from Lower Gr anite Dam, 1977.
Brand posi tion!/ Wire!:/ Chinook
Date and synbol tag color Release site s almon
(No.)
4/29 RA-d W-YOX-R Beacon Rock 9900
5/5 RA-d W-YOX-R II 7248
5/5 RA -a W-0 -R II 2558
5/6 RA-A w-o-R II 10,537
5 /11 RA-d W-0-R II 4698
5 /11 RA-d w-o-w II 6151
Sub-total 41 ,092
4/30 RA-c.. W-Y-R Tongue Point 10.227
5/7 RA-c.. W-Y-R II 7856
5/7 RA -c.. W-Y-Bl II 1821
5/9 RA-c.. W-Y-Bl II 4640
5/12 RA-c.. W-Y-81 II 8455
5/12 RA-c.. W-Y-R II 2334
Sub-total 35 ,333
TOTAL 76,425
1/ RA indicates brand position; right anterior .
!I Colo r s of wire tags ; W-White, Q-Orange, Y-Yellow, R-Red , 81-Bl ue,
YOX-Yellow Oxide.
58
' J
)
' .;
)
-~
1
•
l '
,,
I '
App endix Table 5 .--Dace, brand position , wire tag co d e , r ele ase l oca t ion~
and n umber o f j uvenile c hino ok s almon and steelhead trout marked a nd
transported by barge from Lower Granit e Dam, 197 7 .
Brand position!' Wir;!:/ Chinook Steelhead
Date and symbol tag colo r Release site salmo n trout
(No .) (No .)
5/4 RA-3 W-~LtG r Bonneville Dam 10 .510 8930
5/5 RA-3 W-Y-LtGr Bonneville Dam 1185
5/26 RA-...., W-Y-L t Gr Bonneville Dam 5934 7579
5/27 RA-w W-Y-LtG r Bo n nevil le Dam 4264 2518
6/2 RA-£ W-Y-LtGr Bonneville Dam 10,920 6378
6/3 RA-( W-Y-LtGr Bonneville Dam 3740
TOTALS 31 ,628 30 ,330
1/ RA indicates brand positio n ; r ight anterior .
I' 2/ Colors of wire cags: W-White, Y-Y~ll.:>v, LtGr-Light Green .
I
59
•
Appendix Table 6.-Date, transport medium, brand position , wire tag code,
release location, and number of chinook salmon and steelhead trout
marked and transported by truck from LitUe Goose Dam (test) or released
at Little Goose Dam (control), 1977 .
Brand
Wire tay}:-1 Transport position l / Release Chinook Steelhead
Date medium and s yabol-color site s almon trou t
RA-'f
(No .) (No.)
April 29 -Salt W-Y-Y Bonneville 43 ,334 22 ,916
June 16 water Dam
10 ppt
May 2-Fresh RA -~ w-o-e Bonneville 41,677 24,272
June 20 water Dam
May 2 -11 No lA-Y W-Y-P Little 16,535 11,209
transport Goose Dam
tl.ay 17 -No LA->< W-Y-P Little 21,811 10,995
June 16 t t anspo rt Goose Dam
TOTALS 123,357 69 ,392
y RA indicates brand position; rig ht anterio r
LA indicates brand po s ition ; left anterior
2 / Colors on wire tags; W-White , Y-~low, 0-0 range, G-Green, P-Pink.
60
I