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HomeMy WebLinkAboutSUS342Ice a nd Tea pe ra ture Stud t ••Workshop Hay 15,1984 Agenda and Schedule (8:)0) (8:4~) (9:00) I. II. Introduction Overview of I ce a nd Tem pera tur.A. a•••me nt Prog ra. DISCUSS ION (9:)0)Ill. (10:10) (10:~O) (11:00)IV. (11:)0) (12:00) I na t ream Tem perat u re Pr edictions A. Rea ervoir Conditiona 8 .In atr .a.Temp era tur.Condi t ione C. Side Slou,h Tempe ratu r.Condi t ions DI SCUSSION BREAK Dev.lo~nt of Temperature Cr l terta fo r Fishery ~.e••aent A.Field Studt ••o f In stre••K.bltat (T.-pe ratur.) Relat lon_hlp. B.Ltterature Review and L.boratory Studt•• DI SCU SSION LUNCH (I:00) (I:20) (2:00) ():OO) V. VI . DISCUSSION In etree.I ce Predictions a nd Ana lya ta A. Natur.l In atr••• I ce Condi t ione 1.Phy sic al Pr oc ••••• 2 .Fiahery R.b ltat I nv.a t t ••t lona 8.Wi th Pr oj ect lna tr •••lee Pred ic t ion. C.lee Aa ••••.en t App roach DISCUSSION S~ry "Announce-nu Pre••ntation.vill b.b rief;oppo r tunity vlll be p r ovided for an~rln. quea tiona .fter each pr••e n tatlon.Lonler dt.cuaa lon period.follow .ach wo rkahop .ee-ent . ••I •j •j ~~ ....- I ·j '-- ,•2 ••-~ •o 8 SUSITNA IN STREAM TEMPERATURE AND ICE ASSESSMENT PROGRAMINSTREAMTEMPERATURESIMULATlONS RESOPS+D'fRESM+ I SNTEMP I I I BIOLOGICAL CRITERIA Susitna Literature Flelcl Studies Rwiew Laboratory Studies Biol09ical Response to Temperature j j Instream Temperature Effects I a.,Susitna Fishery Resources Of ICECAL+Pre-and With-Project Ice Conditions 1 .......1 I PhysicaI/MechcJrjcaI o-toPP;1l9 I V;!L...- -----------J Anchor Ice !ThermoO Natural Ice Dynam ics Mainstem vs.Side S10U9h Flow and T~ture Relationships Predicted Pre-and Witt,-Project Instream Temperature lnler Cokl-AIIQ .-Warm Meteorol09Y and Ulw-Avg.-Hi9h Flaw Conditions I iii i Instream Ice Physical Effects on Susitna Fish«y Resources AEIDC May 1984 I• !• I ..~Hr;:::!: ~. 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J 118 l. ..I~rl 2ftJO C.OLD!.S T ....'''~•c:.O~O,l:'S'T SUSITNA ~YDROELECTRIC PROJECT TASK 42 RESERVOIR TEMPERATURE AND ICE STUDY Introduction. o Re.ervoir outflow temperature •• a Watan.only (1996 and 2001 d.m.nd5)~ o Watana/Devil Canyon (2002 and 2020 demands). o Ca••C operating condition (Aug.min 0 •12,000 cfl). o rl~and v.ather condition•• o Multi-level intakes. a DYR£SM model. o Eklutna Lake Study_ o Oaily r ••ervoir outflow t.mp~r.tur••• o Downstream river temperature and tce studi ••• o Environmental study and potential impact .1 1I.s.ment. Cyrv tf /E ~"','11."'-f I I I The Reservoirll a.PhysicAl Characterilticsi ••1.Watana Relervoirl (1)Dam he ight·885 ft (2)At £1.2185 ft.norm.max.operating leve l : Surface are.•38,000 acres Total volume •9.410,000 acre-ft Reservoir length·48 mile. Max.depth •125 ft Shoreline length·183 mil•• a.2.Devil Canyon Reservoirl (1)Da~height·646 ft (2 )At £1.1455 ft .norm •• • • •operating levell Surf.ce are.•1.800 acre. Total v ol u~•1 .090 .000 acre-ft Reservo ir lengt h·26 ~ilel Max.depth •580 ft Sh orel ine len gth·16 miles Watana Operati onl (a )Multi-level intake l Four-level port.(6 units). (b)Mid-level outlet vorkl Cone valve MIX.0 •24.0 00 cfl. (e)Spillway (gatodl. Allow .surcharge to £1.2193 .0. Dev il Canyon Ope rat ionl (a)Mult i-level intake I Two-level porta (4 unita). (b)Mid-level i nt ake I Pa ••e.flow up to 38.500 ct.through cone valvel. (el Spillwoy (gatedl. No lurcharoe conaidered. I I • Re.ervoir Operation: 1.Multi-level intake .tructur.'t (1)Watana •4-level porta. (2)Devil Canyon·2-level port •• ())Sinole level operation. (4)Port level ael.ctionl Outflow temperature tollowa intlow temperature. (5)Submergence requirement. 2.watana Re.ervolr rillinol (1)FlllinQ criteria: Ca)Down.tream flow requirement •• (b)Safe flood .toraoe C2S0-yr flood). (e)Low level outlet max. 0 •30,000 cf •• (2)Simulation I (a)Second year fillino. Cb)1974 flow and weather condition•• C))Fir.t year tillinOl Ca )400 ft in S montha (May-Sept.). Cb.expected outflow temperature .1 SumMerl ave.inflow temp.(l--lS-C). Winter I 4-C. (4)Second year fillingl Cal additional 200 ft • (b)expected outflow temperature.1 Summer-ralll 4·C. Winterl l--]-C (with intak ••op.ating). The DYRESM Model: o Predicts the ave.reservoir thermal structure. o Simulates the principal physical processes through parameterization •• o Major constants determined from experimental or fi eld data. o Reservoir is divided into horizontal slabs vhich move vertically. o The basic time step is one day but can be reduced to as small as one quarter hour. o Frazil ice input i ncorporated. o Snov-Ice model:tested and verified. o Daily flow and meteorological data required. o Past applications: (1)Wellington Reservoir (Australia). (2)Kootenay Lake (B.C.,Canada). (3)Sabine Lake (S.C.,Canada). (4)Char Lake (NW Territory,Canada). Calibration and Verification of the DYRESM Model. Eklutna Lake Study. (1)Eklutna Lakes o 30 mil ••NE of Anchorage. o 6.5 ailes Ion;. o 180 feet d.ep. (2)Field data Cslnce May 1982). o Flow and veather data (daily). o Outflow (poverhou.e).daily 0 and temp. o Reservoir temperature profiles. Summer-Fall.tvice a month. Winter-Spring.once a month. (3)Study period.June 1982 to May 1983. (4)DYRESM Model enhanced. (5)The outflow temperatures are simulated vithin =l·C. (6)Satisfactorily duplicated the general re ••rvoir hydrothermal behavior•• (7)The study viII be continued. (8)No further -odel enhancements expected. (9)Applicable to th~South Central Alaskan reservoir •• The DYRESM mOdel enhancements. (1)Long vave atmospheric rad iation formulas. (2)Outflow dynamics. o Intake structure -;eometry and intake levels. o Bathymetic and approach conditions n.ar the intake atructure. (3)Vapor pressure data development. (4)Wind forcing effect (treated aw an equivalent d ••pening of epillmnion). The DYRESM model enhancem.nts: (1)Long wave at~ospheric radi ation formulas. (2)Out fl ow dynamics : o In t ake s t ruc ture -geome try a nd intake levels . o Bathymet ic a nd approach co ndit ions near the intake structure. ())Vapor pres.ur~data development . (4)Wind forci~effect (treated aw an equivalent de.pening of epil i~"ion). Status of Production runs, ~l/tlobf..",..../,tM t."./D,C .2f'J l'"''',....,. r.w J ,It :_,,."..,..·"'1 e-.J.I,....""IDOl 1 ••Z 1.1D 'Nd.,..J (..,...-(".t._ II."),.f'. } ,,,,.) ....'"'·,..11"I ,"".-,"("..,,.."'II ·,,,..,"'J •,v ".- ~/fl'·1f.,,,,,,,""(,ff.J "",""·H.y1f1j •,""v ~"".''''''''1 ,"'" ---- ..• Ty p i C a l w i nft r' t~iII?p .d lSt'. 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I "~U·I I! -.···i r~!!~ii.i··I ..,.-,-..... ~,-......"•~S ,N -.•~••-0 iii ,..'!•0 i• I NI I -3:.)1 i:Bf !,.I J)-J yn !~~)a W3 1 HC '~l no ·., PRE-PROJ ECT WITH -PROJECT ,/I -: <,./r-,./ OBS ERV ED OR STA TISTI CA LLY I D Y RE ~M SUPP LI ED WATANA FILLED WAT ANA DAM S IT E (OR EVIL CANYON)RELEAS E TEMP ERATURES AND FLO WS TEMP ERA TUR ES AND FLOWS I , --., BA SIN ~ ,.-- .-/ BA S Itl 1---'"SNTEMP --JiY DRO LO GY SNT Ei1P "'-..~~AS IN <, M ETEO R OLO ~ VALID ATI ON RUNS &STA T ISTICS BASE LI NE DOWNSTREAM TEMPERATURE S WAT ANA F I LLING WA TANA ON LI NE DEVI L CAN YON ON LINE -N---- o• w'zQe"=o c 0 =", -~c c u>:1.:.1 W Qs •;; /'z ~2 ~• uc ~ Ja 0-. ~ z 0 •c ,-Q ~ Z W 0 ~~ •./'c ~w =e•0 '0 "·'---..-"-".,,,',.\\;-.. S tream r.etwo rk f rom Wa tana t o Sunshine . WA,A NA DAM SITE 1 8 4.4 TSUSENA H r ------<::D 181.3 176 .21 J \.------"--0 F OG DEV IL POR TAGE 15 4.6 Hr--_-h 16 1.3 148.8 H CHI NCHEE 138.6jH)-----cbINDIAN WHI SKERS CHULIT NA H.r---____ H)-_ 101.4 98 . 6 H r e f ers to tribu tary he ad - wa t er s a s def i ned i n the stream network J r efers t o tri b uta ~' j unc t ion ~i th t he mains t em Numbe rs refer t o Rive r ~i l e as in te rp ola ted from R&}! Rive r ~i1 e Index (1981). TRAPPER +- - - - - ----0 TALKE ETNA97.2 J 0--_-<D 9 1.2 I SUNS HIN E RM 83.8 ------ STRE~l lEMPERATURE SI MULATIO~STATISTIC S 1981 1982 1983 81-83 DATA VALUES ·q9 67 m 2QO AVERAGE BIAS (c)-0.2 0.0 0.0 -0.1 STANDARD ERROR (c)0.8 n.5 0.5 0.5 ~~X OVERPREDICTIO N (c)1.7 1.3 1.9 1.9 MAX UNDERPREDICTION (c)2.0 1.1 0.9 2.0 90 %OF PRED I CTIONS WILL BE WITHI N -1.0 C TO 0.8 C OF ACTUAL VALUES PRE-AND WITH-PROJECT STREAM T EMPERAT URES (TALKEETNA STAT ION,RM 103 ),. ---NAT U~A L CQo\lOITlO NS,-WATANA OAM,199 60EMANO12:r\;"o<,"," '0-1 I, U f";,''",.a:,,::>,,r!;;,,...,Ia:,,,rur\:,, Q. "6 ",I '"" ,I....I ,,, I 4 ,, I, I•2 , I I I, 0 "J J •S 0 N D J F "• 1982 19'303 T IME I WITH-PROJECT STREAM TEMPERATUR E INCR EASE (TALKEETNA STATION,RM ;0 3) u 6 2 4 -2 '"uz ll! '"i:: 5 ll!::> !;;is 0+----f't- ---1'------ - ---- - -f- Q. "'".... "J J 4 S 19 82 o N D J F • 19 8 3 A T IME PRE-AND WITH - PROJECT STREAM TEMPERATURES (SUNSHINE STATION,RM 84) 14 12 ...-....NATURAL CONDI TIONS _WATANA DAM,1996 DEMAN D 10 U...<r ,:::> Ii<r..... '"...\...\ \, 4 ,,, I \ a \ \ I \ \ 0 "J J A 5 0 •0 J F "A 19 8 2 1983 TIME I I u-... U Z...<r.......u, •is... II::::> Ii II:..... '"...... WITH-PROJECT STREAM TE MPERATURE INCREASE (SUNSHINE STATION ,RM 84) • 4 , Ol +------;:~L------------:...L -, 1 A I S t982 o •I o I J F I M..'" I A TIME --MIDDLE S(J5ITN ARIVER-ISOTHERMS WY 1982 (NATURAL CONDITION ) 3 1 32 33 34 3 5 36 3 7 38 39 4 0 4 1 4 2 43 44 45 46 47 4 8 49 50 5 1 5 2, , ,,,,, 80 R5 5 5 II 5 7 5 '70 6 8 10 10 6 160-.:8 100-/8 -II 40 -., 130-5 1 "IZO r>:V - 11 0-\8 10 6 I 8 10 12 \- \I7 ,II 7 6~I II II "12 I \, M AY JUN Jue AUG ,E. 90 WATANA CHULITNA (/) UJ ...J ::I:GOLD CREEK' '"UJ>a: TIME MIUUl:t.:>U:511 NA "1'(IVI:.I{~I:;UTHI:.RMS WY 1982 (1996 DEMAND) 3 1 32 33 34 35 5 >2 MIDDLE SUSITNA RIVER -ISOTHERMS W Y 1983 (NATURAL CONDIT ION) 2 3 4 ,6 1 8 9 10 II 12 13 14 l!l 16 11 18 19 20 2 1 Z2 Z'2 4 2 '2 6 Z1 ze 2 'so 'I rAHA \'80 I 2 170 \.\ ,10-0 4 0 I 2 \ I 33'''' 'Ae>-6 I 0 _/1---------; 'j'l'D:6 tEEM '''' - IZO-I" ICE 1111 , 110 2 7. IOC>-ss,-;;;a. 0<1 NOV ot:t JAN fE 8 WAR APR 8 0 G t WA en... :! ::I CI:...> iE t NUl. I IMt; MIDDLE SU SITNA RIVER-ISOTHERMS WY 19 83 (19 96 DEMAND) 16 17 18 19 20 2 1 22 2 3 24 2'26 27 28 a ~5123..5 f.1 e 9 10 I I u-13 14 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I ltrr:'I J t I , 170 WATANA'I! IBO 16 °~+1 1 1 I I I /I\I ~,\I / I !2 1253 15°1 / 1 " I I I I "I I \ \I \11 I I ,2 (f) W ...J ~140 GOL D'I I V I n l ll l i ll /Il I ~I I I ICREEKI,I I "3 13O ~'2 j I i III I /\V\J \\II It ",h ~\I I 1I ' , i 'i ,!,:\i '~\I I I i( 11 0 -1 I 1111_I /,/I t imi'·1\·:",tfJ,'!!i\!ii,i!j ,i:\li,!':'lii\,,\:':'t'!/,lii\!:\\i\",,:\,I\\:\:\il ii'l\\I 1/\I 15 3 ""l ll ~~II y V I F "'1"\1 r \y :im,.:..~,,;. "'i"".;,,;," NOV OEC JAN FEB M AR APO 9O TI ME ® • 11 1 1 • I ~,'(,'\'j, ,I ,1/ I ~I I ;,".J-.~¢---...-------"-~-----....-....-.-,..-~,....---::.-~---.-- --t I ,- ~u 0 s~., '- ::J 7-0 '- '"5a. E., f-J l . -,- /11\I -,"Iv}\ \ ~-~-® S LOUGH II <0 l'..... L 30 ""a-• DISCHARGE I I 2 0 ,---- - - , • INT RAGRAVEL I r iO l.s••SURFACE \lATE R I l-e -c------------- SEP OCT 1982 NOV DEC JA N FEB MAR APR MAY 1983 Do lo JUN - UPPER SLOUGH 21 _a VI '-u 11 r3 0 61\ 2 0 "I DISC HA RG E ",J\)\\ 0--- ---0> ~<.:«I NTRA GRA VEL 10 0 L u ®•SURFACE \l ATER -- 0 Cl I ~--- ------......- , ! © ~.-'",",'.,.• 1,......\.'~l ~/I •.',"I't \"\,\''I 'tl \,,'"', •""\,/" ,,."\I I I ,.\"\ ..I ,," \-.." •I ,I • ..\', • -I I I ~ Ua 9 ~- '"~ :J 7 --0 ~ Q)5a. E Q) 3 - I- SEP OCT 198 2 NOV D EC J AN FE B MAR AP R MAY 198 3 Dole JUN ®Di s c nc rqe do lo ne t o voi to b te c l r er O ctober 19 . ®S l ough br e oc hed i n S eo t em b e r 19 6 2 . ©Sto uc b breach ed d ur in q b rea k u p , MOU TH SLOUGH SA '0 V)..., u 1-3 0 ...,a- x DIS CHARG E I I 20 0-- ----C1, IN TRAGRAV EL I r iO as: u "SUR FACE \lA TER I ~O -a------------- '.I -'-."--' ---t \~ ® ,,'\~~l \...;-"'""",,,, I .t'-I ~..•,....,I •1\\I I • "\ ll ~\..~ /\1\ I \ \I \ :J \r'\~_~_®,,, I I I •", I I I -"1 ,1 I -I I I . ~ U 0 9 . ~ '"'- ::J )--0 '- "5 .0. E '"3>- I JU NAPRMAYNOVOCTSEP 1982 DE C JAN FEB MAR 1983 Dol o @ Oll chorgl dolo net available ofter October 19. ®Su rfac.and in lrogron l temperatura a rt the laml . (C)In 'rogrow,1 probe ••y.red b y l e i moyemln,a long bonk. SLOUGH 2 1 .0 0 FEBNOVOCT /SLOUGH I I / / / / /'----_------.,,--/..f----------\ /'SLO UGH 8A. / / / ./ /' / / /' /' ~ ~ ~ /- / / / / / / / / / / I I I I I I / / / / / I I I AUG0'/yI I I I I I I I I 700 10 0 '".... Z 6 00 ::> '"<r ::>"'0.... "<r '"Q. ::f 4 0 0 '".... o '"....30 0<t J ::> :l! ='2 "';:> U U<t M ON T H • Fig ur e 3 - 18.Acc uuul a t ed t e mperatur e units f or i nt r a grav e l wat er at thr ee s lo ughs .wint er 19 82 -l 9G3. Fo r both S l ou gh 8A a nd S l ough 21 ,t h e va lu e s wer e i nt e r pol at ed u si ng da t a f ro m t wo diff er ent Da tap od r ec ord er s i n th e s e s l o ughs . Becaus e a e qu i puu -i t lo ss o r malfunc ti on,a co nt i nuo us r ec ord f o r an y one of t hes e r ec or d er s wa s not o b t a i ne d. FlJ;Uf l!'.Ob 'l!'f VI!'~tl!'~pl!'f~tU f l!'f ~n gl!'s f Of v a f l ous I l fl!''t a gI!"o f Paci fic ,~l =on .- n....,pERATURE:RA:>CE ·C SPECIES LIfE SOIl.a:LOCATtOY HICiU tION SPA \o'm:>C tSCl "UtIO:-R.E ARI ~C o r flSH STA GE "'0.Adu I t Be ll 1<1 13 8 .)- 21.0 7.2-12 .8 aeu 198 3 1 .S ,\DF&G 19 80 Kusk ok..,t r.l ~.0 -12 .8 Tf lb u t.'If ll!' M~t t son ~H ob~ft 1 962 So u thl!'ut AK 10 .10'19.10 M<:l'i l!'11 ~Boll h y 1975 Sou theu t AX 7 .0-1).0 IoI n , en 1 11 81 Kodhil.Is.6.5-12 .5 ~u Y l!19 66 sr t e•Cal.10 .0-1 6 .0 Rukhl o Y 1969 S~kha ltn .1,l SSR 1 .8 -8 .2 Hl!f f t tt ~~ymon d ~oat ~k R,AX 2.S 198) AD F&e 1 9810 Su,t t n~R,AX 5 .6 - 15 .5 1o .5 -lJ .2 J uve nt ie T u s k y 19 710 Sa l c ha R,AK 5 .0 -7 .0 Sano 19 66 B o h h ~l a R,6 .0 -10.0 USSR ae u 1 973 6 .7-lJ.5 11.2 -15 .7 H C ~l!t1 60 B3I lI!'Y 197 5 Southu st AK 10 .10 - 1 5 .7 \.Ilhon 19 79 KOdiak Is .5 .0 -7.0 Ra ymo nd 19 81 Dl!l ta R,AK ).0-5 .5 Ml!'rrl t t 60 R ~ymon d Noa tak R,AX 5 .0 -12.0 l'?S) AD F&G 1 98 10 Su ,t tna R.AX 10 .2-110.5 1.]- 1 6. 2 [gg /Al ev ln e-n 1971 10 .10 -1).) Hcl'leB 19f6 Sou t hp.l s t AK o -15 .0 Merr t t t &~.y.on d Noa t a k '.AK 0 .1-9 .0 19 8) SallO 1 9 66 J apan , McNl!'ll 60 BaB ey 197 5 Sou t heast AX U KOltt 1 965 Chena R,AK 0 .5-:'.5 Fu nc ls co 1977 De l t a R,AK 0 .4-&.7 R ~YIlIOnd 198 1 C1e~r ,AK 2 .0 -10.5 ADF t.e 1 98 )Sus ttna R.AK o _1 .10 l.'u n ll;a r d &llU flte f 1.<b ,0.5 '8.0 19 S ) Cot .o Adu l t Bell 19 7)7 .2 -15 . 6 4 .10 -9 .5 Be ll 198), HcN e t1 ""bttty 197 5 So utheast AK 7 .0-1).0 ) KcMa hon 198] , 5 '1 11 5 - 11 2 -17 .s-n., \.I a ll lS as )Anc h Of R.AK 2 -1~.7 -1 1o ,\DFlaG t Q ~1o Sus t tn;!R,AX 5 .8 '15.5 Haure .(Cont lnue 4)Observ.4 t ~.perature raneel lor varioul 11[e I taKel of Pnclfl c sal lJ1On.- TEMPERAt1JRt RA NCE ·C SPEC IES LIrE SOOllCE LOCA TI ON m ClUTION S PA I ~I N C.:f;Cli BAI10N REA RI NG OF FISK STAet Coh.Juve nile Ce4ertl01lll 6.Sc arle t \'"uhlnlton St .•(cont)1982 Busur4 6.Ma rve r V e eeuve r h .,1 19n Brit .Co l. Bell 1973 7.0-16.5 U .8414 .6 HcM el l 6.Ba il ey 1975 Sou theast A')4 .4 4U .7 ) P"oCH ~h on l UI)10 -16.6-124 4 -n ,7-U \iall h 198)Anc hor R.All:2 -lS . 7 -14 "1I1t lllCu 1919 Cari bou L ,AX U-U .5 Seldovia L.AII:3.0-5 .7 ADF50G 1984 Su st tna R,AX.4.2 -14 .S Egg/Al e vln Bell l'H3 10 .4-13 .3 3 McMahon 1<;183 4 -14 ,4-10 I Be ll l'il13 7.2 -15 .6 7 .2 -12 .8PinkAdul t Bell 19 83 USSR •H c~ell 6.Bailey South .al!7 .0-13 I l C1 7S Alaska She rld3n 1962 Southea lt AK 7 .2-18 .4 HcNell e r al 1964 So utheas t AK 10 .0-1 3 .0 I ADF ,Ij,G 1984 SU!litnll R,AX 7 .S -U . S s .o-n.o J uve nil e sen 1913 5 .6-11,.6 HeN eil 6.aal1ey 1975 Southeas t .u:4 .4-15 .7 Wils on 1919 Ko d iak h .5 .0 47 .0 Wick ett 19 62 Brit .Col .4 .0-5 .0 ADF&G 198/0 Sust t na R.A.~4 .4:-14.5 EII/Al evln Bell 1973 4 .4-13 .3 !ailey 6.[vans 1911 Sout heatt A'•••eo.bl 6.!urrovs 1957 l>b.0.S-5 .S ~N e l 1 et 11.19 ~Sou t heas t A'1 .0-S .0 Codl n 1980 l>b.3.4-lS .0 Sockeye Adult Bell 1973 7.2' 15 .6 10.6-12 .2 een 198 3 ,.. HcNe11 6.Bai ley 19 15 Sou thf'l st AK 7 .0-13.0 Nelso n U B)Sout h east AK 15 .3-14.3 ADFloC 198 4 Su sl t n.It.AI(S.8 4U .S 4 .'·7 .6 Flcur!_(Cont inued)Ob served t e-per3ture ranles fo r varioul I 1f.sta les o f P3c{f i c s ll .~. SPEC IES OF FISH LIrE STACE SOURCE LOC AT ION HICRAIIOJol SPAWN INC IJoICUfl ATlOJol ROR I JoI C I Sockeye J uvenile (con tl KeCut 1961 b:l dlh 1911 Bell 191] McN eil &Bailey 1 9 1 ~ Fr ied &L3ner 1981 Buchu 1981 Hartman e t a l.1961 FlaRI 19 83 ADF&C 1984 Brit .Col....... Sout healt lor: Brts .hy ,I¥.10.0·7 .0 Br ll .BIY,AX 10 .4-17. 8 Alas lta·w ldl 10 .5 · 10.0 Ku Uo r _,AX 6.7 ·110.4 SUli tna R.JS.10 .2·14 .0 11.2·14.6 4 .4·15.7 I I [gg/Alevln Sel l 1913 Coabl 1965 ADF 60C lq81 ~a a n gard &Bur ger 19 83 ...... SU lttna R•.u::...... 10 .10 ·13 .3 2 10 .5'110••3.1.5 1 .9· '.10 1.0·6 .5 I Chi nook Ad ult J uv..nl l e Se ll 1913 Bell 198 1 HcNei l &Brl 1ey 1975 \l'd1 1l 1983 .enG 1984 hlfll'O"d 1979 Be ll 191] ~cNe l l &8alley 19 75 A[IDe 1982 \1'3111 '1983 ADF &G 1984 3.3·13 .9 4 Southe al t AK 4 Anchor R,A K 2 ·110 .5- 10 Susitna R.AK 6 .6·15.6 Col U111b la It 7 Southeas t AX: Southc e nt..u:10 .5 4 Anchor R,10K 6 ·16.8·16 Susl tna R,AX 10 .2 ·14 .5 5.6·lJ .9 7.0·13 .0 1 .8-10 .9 7.3·14.6 [gg/Allvln 8e ll 1913 COIIbl 1965 Alderd i ce &Vel len 19 78 ......5 .0.14210l.5 2 .5 ·16.0 Not.:2S1ngle t ee perature val ue,are lower o bser vl"d th resho l d ,. 3After .gC 'had devl l o ~d t o th e 12S'cel1 o r e arly b las t u la I t 3ge I t 5 .5 ·C 4Opt 111l\llll u nae Pe3k "Iara tlon r 3nlte Co mbs.B.D. 1965.Effects of temper ature on the development of salmon eggs. Prog.Fish.Cult.27:134-37. CClmbs,B.D••and R.E.Burrows .1957.Threshold temperatures for the normal development of chinook salmon eggs.Progres sive Fish-Culturist.Vol .19. No.I.p,3-6 . Bustard.D.R.a nd D.W .xarver ,1975 .Aspects of water ecology of juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus k i sutch)and steelhead trout (Sa11:l0 gairdneri). Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada.Vol.32(5):667-680. Bailey,J .E ..and D.R.Evans.1971.The loti-temperature threshold for pink s almon eggs in rel ation to a proposed h ydroel ectric insta llation.Fish. Bull.69(3 )587-93. 1982. Lake AX. ecve wi thin Alaska 1981. Data Report. salmon 1983. of 8. species J anuary REFERENCES 1983.Susitna hydro aquatic studies,phase 2 aquatic studies (October.1982-Hay,1983). Pover Authority.Susitna Hydro Aquatic Studies. Susitna Joint Venture.137 pp . Lotler temp er atures at tlhich Memorandum to L.Moulton . Fisheries Handbook of Engineering geqat reeent s and Biological (Revised 1980).Prepared for Fisheries Engineerin~Re search Corps of Engineers .North Pacific Division.Portland.OR. 1983 . systems . Alaska Dept.of Fish &Game. data report .Winter Anchorage .AX.Alaska Report for Harza-Ebasco Alaska.Volv o.Arctic Environmental Information and Data Center . Summary of environmenta l knowledge of the proposed Gr ant hydroelectric project area.Alaska Power Authority .Anchorage. Report for Ebasco Services.212 pp . Bell.M.C. river Bucher.W.1981.1980 ~ood River sockeye ~almon s mo lt studies .pp.28- 34 i n 1980 Bristol Ba y Soc keye Studies .C.P.Meacham (ed .).Alaska Dept.of Fi sh and Callie,Div .of Comm ercial Fi sheries .Anchorage.AX. Alderdice.n.r .•and F.P.J.Velsen .1978 .Relation between temperature and incubation time for eggs of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada.Vol .35(1):69-75. Fla~g.L.8.1983.Sockeye s almon smolt studie s Kasilof River. Ala ska Dept.of Fish &Came.FRF "l Division.Technical l\o .11.Juneau.AX .31 pp. Cederholm.C.J ••and "'.J.Scarlett.1982.Seasonal immigrations of juvenile samonids into four small tributaries of the Clearwater River.Washington 1971-1981.p ,98-100 in Proceedings of the Salmon and Trout Migratory Be ha vior Symp osium.t.L .Brannon a nd t.O.Salo (eds.).School of Fi sheries.Vniv .of Washington.Seattle.VA . 1973. -Ct'itet'ia Program. I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Fried.S.M .•and J .J.Laner.1981.1980 Snake River sockeye salmo n smolt studied.pp.34-45 in 1980 Bristol Bay Sockeye Studies.In C .P .Me acham (ed.).Alaska Dept .of Fish and Game.Div.of Com mercial Fi s heries , Anchorage.AX. Francisco,K.1977.Se cond interim r ep ort of the Ccmee rc LaI Fish-Tech n ical Evaluation Study .J oint S t at e / Fede ra l Fish and Wildlife Advi sory Team. Special Rep or t.No.9.Anchorge.AK.46 pp . 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B.C . pp .4 1-57. review of FaT Eas t . ~o.18 . Sher i dan .W.L.196 2.Rela tion of s t re am temperat ur es t o timing of pink sa l mon escapemen ts i n sout heast Ah s ka.pp .87-102 i n N.J .\l llimovsky (ed .).Symposium o n pink sa lmon .H.R.Hac Hi llan Lec t ur es in Fi s her ies . 196 0.Unive rsi ty o f British Co lumbia .Vancouver . B.C . Tr as ky.L.L.19 74.Yukon River a nadromous fi sh i nve stigati ons . J ul y 19 73-June 1974.Al a ska Dept.of Fi sh and Cam e.Di vis i on o f COIrJlle rcia l Fi s he r ie s . Ancho rage ,AX. Wal lis .J .,a nd D.T .Balland .19 83.Anchor Rive r s te e lhead inves tiga t i on s. Fede ral Aid in Fi sh Res tora t i o n .Vol .2 4. Spo rt f ish Div ••Al aska De pt . of F i sh &Came .Juneau .AX.Projec t AFS-48 .Annua l Repor t.44 pp • ....a ngaard.D.B ••and D.V .8 uq~er .198 3.Effec t s oC v arious wae er t empe ra t u re Tegimes o n t he e 8R a nd alevin i ncubat ion of Su shna Ri v e r c hum a nd sockey e s aI ecn,National Fishe r y Research Cen te r .U.S .Fish an d Yil dlife Se rv ic e .Anch orage .AK.4)pp , """l t nore .D.C ••N.C .Dudi ak . a nd J.Y .'re s eer ,1979.Coho enhanc ement o n t he Kenai Pen insula .Al aska De pt . o f Fish &Ca. e .FRED Div i s ion .Comple tion Rep o rt AFS -45-1.Juneau,AK .54 pp. lli 15on."'.J ..e t _I.1981 .An assessment of env i ronmen ta l effec ts of con st ruction a nd o pera tion o f t he p ropo sed Terror Lake h ydroelectric facU ity.Ko diak Island.Ala ska .lnst ream fl ow s tud ie s .Final Report . Prepared f or Ko diak El ectric As soci ati on.419 pp . llil son .W.J•• e t al.1979.An assessment of en vi r onmental effec ts of construction and operation o f t he p roposed Terror Lake Hydr oelectric Facili ty.Kodiak .AX.Arctic Environmental Information and Data Cent er . Un ivers i ty o f Alas ka.Report fo r Kodiak Electr i c As soc iation .334 pp . I I t T e r ~i n o l ogy A ccli r.~ti on -a ph y s io logi cal adap ta t i on t o natural o r appl i ed en v iron- rnc ntnl c ondi ti o ns . Incip i ent l e thal l eve l o r t cr.peratu re -u pp e r and l ~e r t emperat ure l e v el ~h e r e t e ~p er3 t u re i s beg inni ng t o h ave a l ethal ef i ec t . Pr efer red o r se lec ted t e o ~e r 3 t u r e - t he r ange o f t emperatur es i n ~hic h a nir~l s co n g re ~a te o r s pen d the most t i me i n a f r ee c ho ice s i tuat ion a nd i s som~t i m e s cons ide red synonymous Yi th o p t imum. Zo ne ~o ler 3 nc e -t hc roal z one i n ~h i c h f i sh c an l i ve f ree fr om the lethal effects o f tempera tu re . - LE 20 .. 15 ...••••.•.... .. 10 ..• .. .. . ....... -UILT------CTM- ................................ 25 Cl>-::l-~ Cl> Co E Cl> f- Cl> In Co Co In Cl>a: .... .. .........~~~~~. 5 5 10 15 20 25 Acclimation Temperature I o Zone of Preference D Tolerance Zone elM -"C titical Thermal Ma ximum UILT -Upper Inc ip ient L e thal Tempera ture LILT -Lower Incipient Lethal Temperature LE -Line of Equality I Fig.Diagram showing tempera ture relation s o f sa lmon. (Adap te d f rom Jobli ng 1981) -- '" :z u Cl ~ :::E:~---!is ~ <I:~e~UJ "'"-M ~ ~ :::E:~~~-:::::J z:r:-LJ ~::; W % '"-~ ~ 0'-~ ~ ~-~ ~ ~ '"'"~N ~ ~~~~~ ~~~~~ ~~~~~ ~0 -~ ~$0 '"-~ '"~0 -~~-0 a -~-~•Sl '"%~ M Z M ~-•~'"~'"~'"~0 ~Z ~~----~ 0c I 2O Oct 10 Spown inq Dale CHUM SA LM ON NOMAGR APH f (C I 1.0 Emer genc e Dale June 10 June I 15 Moy20 July 2.0 Moyl0 2 .0 Aug I Mayl 2.5 Augl O Apr il 20 3 0 A"'l 20 3.5 Apr il 10 40 April r Sept I 4 .5 S tpt 10 5.0 March2 0 5.5 Sept20 6 .0 March 10 6.5 7.0 March J Ott I oe uo Feb20 FeblO Feb l Jon 20 Jan 10 Jan l P RELI ~INAR Y S AL~O ~T OLEP~~CE CRIT ERI A FOR S US I T ~ A RIVER DRA ISAG E TEXPERATl'RE ·C SP EC I ES Ch um Sockeye Pi nk Chi nook Co ho LI FE PHA SE TOLERAN CE PREFERRED Adul t Mi gra t ion 1.5-21. 0 6.0-13.0 Spawn ing 1 1.0-1 6.0 6 .0-13 .0 I nc ub at i o n 0 - 10 .0 2 .0-8 .0 Re a r Ln g 1.5- 16 .0 5 .0-15.0 Sra c Lt Mi~r a t io n 3 .0 -13 .0 5.0-10.0 Adu 1t ~i gra tio n 2 .5-16 .0 6 .0-1 2 .0 spavntng 1 4 .0-14 .0 6 .0-12 .0 I ncubat ion 2 .0-14 .0 4 .5-8 .0 Rearing 4 .0-16 .0 7 .0 -14. 0 Sm ol t MlIz ra t ion 4 .0-18 .0 5.0-10 .0 Ad ult m g ra t i on 5 .0 -18 .0 7 .0-13 .0 Spawn i ng 1 7.0-1 8 .0 8 .0-13. 0 Incuba t i on 0 -1 3. 0 4 .0- 10.0 Smo l t Mig rat ion 4 .0 -13 .0 5.0- 10 .0 Ad ult Migr at ion 2 .0-16 .0 7 .0-13.0 Spawnin g 1 5 .0-14.0 7.0 -12.0 I ncubat i o n 1.5-16 .0 4 .0 -12 .0 Rearing 4 .0-16.0 7 .0 -14.0 Sr::o l t Migra tion 4.0-1 6 .0 7.0 -14 .0 Adult Migra t ion 2 .0 -19.0 6 .0-11.0 Spawni ng 1 2.0-17 .0 6 .0-13.0 In cub ation 0 -14 .0 4 .0-10 .0 lie ar i ng 4 . 0 -21.0 7.0-\5.0 Soo l t Mi g ratio n 2 .0-16 .0 6.0-12 .0 1Emb r yo i ncubati on rat e i n crea ses as t e ~p er ature ri ses .Accumula ted t emperatur e uni t s o r days t o emerge nce s hou ld b e d e te rmine d fo r e ach spe ci es ns c r i te ri a fo r inc ubation. =-".""=-<: =~ ==~ ""-.. •=--e •"-.. .= ~ "". ="~ y ~ :::l •e Z -"-- on•'" o~,.0 '.~"'. !.'.'-:"..>,.,'.'.......'./<-.'..... .'., •C ~ •"C "••- 0 0. "0. :C ~:.-,...•• -,'.~.....-,-.'.'."0.... 0 0.•' o 00 0 ~oa; .".".. on- r '"N -.- ----- ---------.. -u Ftgur e ~ea n=te m~~ra t or e ·C:Septe mber 1 thr ouJt b :Apri-l 30. 197 /f.r .t915 1982~<98 l ..'"r\ATC1t\L"\l ATANA.t.'ATA.'{A ~ATUR1o.L \.'AT;..'\A \l A TA.~ 1996 200 1 199&2001 150 0 :9 2 :I 2:4 1 ;1 2: 8 3 ; 1 130 1.0 1.8 2:0 1.2 2 ."2:5 100 1:I 1.6 1.7 1.3 2:0 2:2 zo-I- CJ III III CIl Ule II: U iilz Z 4::co z-4: ~... 4: CJ-II. ~ "z-coo..: lI. ..: w Z Z c( :z: ~ 1II Q-(/) ~<.t,!i ,-'/I ,// I •.'\~...e ,-"rq ,"{"..I .'0 ,-~ t, I ~~~~ '\.~....""/;,..-,,' '- .. -.-.-.-. •"'~IILJlI ~.T"ICR cIlsAE~o"• •• • FL OOD PLAI N WATE R SU R F AC E S L USH RAFT S B ANI< Jl BOR DER IC E wI SL US H UNDERNEATH• B AN I< DAY 1 WATE R S UR FACE F RACTURE BORDER ICE / S L US H ICE COIJER ~l......DAY 2 D A Y 3 r D""'E N S LUS H u ICE COVER DAY 4 ~'~......it-....,',':':::""'::~ ENTR ANCE DE -WA TERED • • •••S IDE IS L A ND :CHANNEL i 't fH ICE RA FT S MAIN CH AN N EL BOR DER IC E (FROZEN SLUSHI ~~:~: ~ :;:~::8:;8:;:J0:0:}~;~:::;:;:::::;:;:;:'.:\ ,k.q<M ,;:PX 7(4 ;,,,;::.,Z ;;;,,;: S lO E CH ANNEL••-~W ~I .T.CA~R"aWn • B ANK.-.-. E NTRANCE OVE R TOPPED SL US H ICE COV ER ':'1~-;-,r,-~-~;:.,--;--! Y'.:.;v ;,-'.::-:;:.'~,.: 'l}i;);~U:!~I~i1!! ::!1!~i~j!l~irJ~~!iii [:[f~ii~ij [:[![f!i@ [fi!if : :ffti }?: FRA C TURED BORDER ICE F L o aDED SHOW WATER SUR FACE BORDER ICE ICE COVE R FR OZEN SL US H ~._~0_''0', ;~~" ':':':':' :"' :~ __D ..........'"'''' _____FR O ZEN S NOW -_ ~~_..:,' .>:S_N ~W COli ER ~ OPEN L EAD 1 ;, ·t ;~t0 !\l.~tJ:ijiih:4 +:m>$"';;;'U. ~ 4 m / / I I / / I / / / / / / / / / \/ \/ , '""~"4-'moz4"'", !!"~~ "'",:;:"0-'m'" '"!!"~Z '"'"0 Z-~ 0Z0 Nm00~ 4-'"'"I-~ "Z-~'"<n "40~ Q.~ -e l- X ::l... t Co""t,FdCr I?Af '14'--n--./ •7i!t/Cf!"CTpA -,(14 97 SlIf/71J If RlVr/l.. !y---;f'M /29 S us/TAJA 5'TA 7 /IJP RH /26 coo-t IAIUT '!iILI:£ETAI If R/vFII- Stlr/rl.M B ~r/J/ r cHEMAr/C I'If"CO iIe£ea»711 /itt tiJ;J1}t.If'IVOl. (tntrPI1 711 CMn.f/J9ICF) I',U-~,ePJErr (lf42 AI~If,1) !14.'d k~ClIlIp..1 .;;..""A'Mltlk Rt'rd 2.Ail'''zpf(,(,.tk,hfr.7 "'-'#/~d"iJ. .1.&/',...;A!Irt'/7'";'~'i'"I;'1_,.A?,~r. 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"[\""'"i",\...;-.;'l\',.«K/r\,~~,,.,I\.~f'..',".,.'l\~:~\.0:';',:" N::--,.,.rl 1\:, ,,.~~1\~',' r-,~".\."-,t-,.',. I'l-'.I ~"'-~" .'" ~.",,,)-"."-~"r-r;':>-..r-."'.'.,, .'v ,t\-o "' , ....-c -.,',', "<\.'-_.'~";\'<~.,"-.'.'~r .', i';:}'"••r . ~\~.'~1\"::..<,~. \.e :f\'1\•.1,•• 9• (1 3 3 ~)-N O I 1 ~A 3 '3 • W ...J->: "=", lJJ>-a:~- ! ! ELEVATION -(FEET)§,, (133~1 -NOI1~A 3'3 (1 3 3 ~1 -N OI1 ~A 3 l 3 uu ~~-::::~•~I '!•...~"'"-.1~~~;illG'~ELEVI'I TION -(FEET)~•~~""II ~II ~~~~i "~a_-.••i ~~i l I~r--') C~;;:;~r::--,i i ~l:J w i I......."-f -= ~....~i ~\.'.'l <;>It ".~<. ~~II"'"<,~~'<'>::~"~ ....:-':~III • •-,•~I~~, N ~~~C:'i,~~.r-,r-,w •~~..J -aI.'"r-.'"'0 r-.--'~!IJ:~r-,1\8~.·~f>;Cl:-" ~r-,.....W s~>~~-'\:~ """---!l!U K ~Cl:-•~r '.':'!I »-;':'t-,r---.... "~•.. 1<v •:~. ~.~:-:~~ ~~\j ;~~ ~,"Nrs;s:!~ '<..... 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',IGJ.~19 ..II..!..I ~~!I iL~......i I t~i 'I •~I I ::UiW I. ~l:l;::III- It I I >-i ~ ~i "I ~D '4 ~I lilS c 51 I ~'-.r .."o oj .... LJ)..."'"'i •.' -8l '"o ~ I -0--""'"_-i!i I ~w iiiS!g ;:~~ r ..~ I 15 ~i~>..~;II'W I •IqI .n! iii E a •iii !!l •••,.N -0 l ~ •• c'1:U °A'!"'S '"(!~:SSJN~JJ~!1JI l:a IZIilGJO I 8~ 'dIG.L _"9 i ~• llI ..nl N - O 1::1 u:a.om l 'dW]l ~J.9 I ~ ~w~!-~e;li~~ii~-i!i ~-~",,,~~~~i ij •"I I r:on ~I-II! ~w-!:!~ Ii J I i ~i ~~~ I 1-"- \. ~~"-Iil ~ii ~• "- •0 o'ilil Ir'-~ ,~ r.:III ,N ~"-§_..I.-1'-f....... _-is ~'- -. '-LU si S!g i~~ Ir~cr 0:0 I ~~~~cr ;II'~ i •Ir! §I II ~il I S ~~!!•1IlI ."'N - O l ~~ •0 (L~J OAr ]'S'~:.~l S93 N ~ )I H L 3Jl 1 :1 ~1 ~-.. "dW31 ~J.S ~~~!-~~~~;ii-;:~Ii",a_I i ~i Cj •"I i c::ii1V!i IIi~tJ;:iI - "i I i ~~::l ~I l 1iilll~•-a Di '"r-•. (1'l Ilrn 1"\~ -§~. i'-- •--a W 8~ri -...J ..--~:c "'.r u'"~i~ h-r-r-I w l'~>• ir ~i~ •! 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I i~lj;:II- It i I j ::: ~ @ '".,>-..~ I l ~, Ii!II I ~ w•0 o r..,~ • II:' to IIrn r"-t--I -§~. ~--a W 8 ~~..J ..--~ -, :l::"'~r u .....cr "'~~ ~w !l'1f~>~;r ;r~ •• •r-I I II ~II I S ~~~lIl "~f\I -O l ~! ••" U ,J '~3 "]"'"""I .~I SS3N ~JIH !3 JI l ~~l ~.:.; .dWJ J.wtat19 ---- - - ---- - ----------- L 1-+++4-I-J i ~6 I S ~ 0 .:1 1 "A ]'].,.... 1I1I~"N-O I ~tn'CmJl 'dlG!Wtal19 ICE AND TEI'IPERA~STUDIES WORKSHOP ADF~G PRESENTATION IV.DEVELOPMENT OF TE"PERATURE CRITERIA FOR FISHERY ASSESSMENT 1.SpAwning of the five pacific ••1.an sp.ci ••doe.not occur to any Appreciable .~t.nt in the ".t~.directly .ffect~by the ••tnst••Su.ltna during the wintwr .anth•• 2.Chu.and sockeye spawn, influenced by ground w.t~or Q.n~.lly within one degre.of .ppar~tly ••lectively,in are•• upNelllng with winte"temperatur•• thr ••deQr ••s centigrade. 3.Chinook ,pink,and coho apparently spawn pri ••rily in tributeri..and t ..pe,.atur ••during .id"int~of 1...than 1 degre.centrigrade.At l •••t chinook and pink obtain -uch of the th.,....l unit.n-e ••••ry for develop.-nt by spawn1n;.arlier to Obt.in .arly fall th.,.-.l input. 4.The r ••ld~t whitefish app.r~tly succe••fully spAwn in .Ain.t~ar.a.in Octob~,burbot in January,and long no•• •uck~.in MAYor Jun..Spawning APp.ars to b.li.ited by stable substrate and deNatering rath~than te~.rature. ~.Upper Ii_ita on r.aring teaperAture.do not appear to be reached in the SuaitnA r.aring habitat..No correlation.of di.tribution with open water t ..peratur••have been ob.erved. 6.Lower t.-perature.are a.aociated with increa.ed u.e of s l ough.and gravel sub&trate for cov~.OutMlgration fra. tributaries appears to be exten.ive And attraction to ground water sourc_in .lough.APpear to corr.late with lAt.fall .cv...nt.of Juvenil.chinook and coho .al.en. 7.T.-peratur_at chu.and sock.ye spawning ar.a.ar.pri ..rily influenced by ..inst..wAt.,..ov....flow.CAY-.d by ice proces_s.A on.ti_ev.nt at .lough SA car.,..lated ....11 with reduction in develop.-nt r.te.of .ockey.and chu..~ryo•• 1 A.N.tur.l In.tr.a.Ie.Condition. -fi.h Conclu.ion. r.l.tion.hip.to 5o.itna r.ached to dat •• 1.Th.furth.r north,the Mar.influence ic.proc•••••have on tributary ovarMint.rin~(app.rently)Mith out.i~r.tion.of .e.t r ••id.nt and juvenile .al.en .p.ci ••occurrin~with the on ••t of winter. 2.M.in.t.m Su.itna h.bitat.provide .table flow.in Midwinter, .ft.r an ic.cov.r is for ..d. 3.Slou~h habitat. a ••ociat.d with thermal provide input of stable ~round condition. Mat.r. .pp.r.ntly 4.On.time ob ••rv.tion of midwint.r ov.rflow of .lou~h 9A .u;~••ted incr••••d anchor ic.and r.duced temperatur ••• Un.tabl.flow condition••••ociat.d with ic.app.ar to mo.t the .ajor limitin;factor. Radio ta~;.d r ••ident cour..of the winter cov.r. fi.h ~.n.r.lly move down.tr ••m durin~ and corr••pond.with incr•••in~ic. 6.Concentration. attracted to ground of r ••ident fi.h in the wint.r app.ar w.t.r and thar.ally .ff.cted .r•••• tD 7.Limited burbot .pawnino .ay occur .t §ite.directly .ff.ct.d b y mainstem flow•• 9.S.cau..of confirmation data the cat••troohic nature on hypoth••••pr••ented i. of ic. difficult proc •••••, to obtain. 9.Overwint.ring habitat i.prob.bly a m.jor limitation in the production of re.id.nt and the r.aring juvenile ••lmon specie•• ifi!i." 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