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LOWER S USITNA RIVER SEDIMENTATION STUDY
PROJECT EFFECTS ON
SUSPENDED SEDIMENT CONC ENT RATION
Report by
Har za-Ebasco Susitna Joint Venture
Pre pared f or
Ala ska Power Aut hority
Draft Report
June 198 4
UN IVErl 51T L I\SI<A
ARCTIC ENVIRONM CNTA l INFORMATIO N
AND DATA CEN rioR
707 A ST1Iff1
~Nf.99lIJI
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TA BLE OF CONTENTS
4 .4 Sediment Trans port During Freeze-up
4.5 Project Effect
4 .1 Data Sour ce
4.2 Characteristics of Suspended Sediment
4.2 .1 At Selected Locations
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2
3
3
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4
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7
8
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9
10
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PAGE
Suspended Sediment Concent rat ion at
Watana Reservoir Out l et
River Temperatures
Suspended Sed iment Concent rat ion between
Wa tana and the Confluence
Suspended Sediment Concentration between
the Confluence and Sunshine
4 . 5. l
4.5 .4
4 .5.2
4 . 5 .3
4.2.2 Suspended Sediment Entering Watana
Reservoir
4 . 3 Effects o f Ice Cover on Sedim ent Transport
SECTION/TITLE
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF EXHIBITS
1.0 SUMMAR'!
2 .0 SCOPE OF THE STUD'!
3.0 SETTING
4 .0 SUS PEN DED SEDIMENT
REFERENCES
TABLES
EXHIBITS
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No.
1
2
3
LIST OF TABLES
Title
Suspended Sediment Ssmples
Suspended Sediment Concentrations
Psrticle Size Distribution of Suspended Sediment
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1•
2.
3.
4.
5.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
LIST OF &XHIBITS
Title
Stream Gaging Station
Susitna Rive r at Gold Creek,Water Discharge Vs.Mgtl
Susitna River at Sunshine,Water Discharge Vs.Mgtl
Suspended Sediment Size Distribution ,Susitna River nr.
Denal1
Suspended Sediment Si ze Distribution,Su~itna River nr.
Cantwell
Suspended Sediment Size Distribution,Susitna River at Gold
Creek
Suspended Sediment Size Distribution,Susitna River nr .
Talkeetna
Suspended Sediment Size Distribution,Chulitna River nr.
Talkeetna
Suspended Sediment Size Distribution,Talkeetna Rive r nr.
Tal keetna
Suspended Sediment Size Distribution,
Susi tna River at Su n.hi ne
Suspended Sediment Size Distribution,
Susitna River at Sus !tna Station
Susitna River at Gold Creek,Monthly
Suspended Sediment Concentrations
Susitna River at Sunshine ,Monthly
Suspended Sedimen~Concentrations
Turbidity Vs.Suspended Sediment Concentration
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..
I .0 SOMIlAJ.!
The concent ration and particle s i ze di stribution o f sus pended s ediment are
d ete rmin ed for n atur al co ndi tions at v arious loca tions o n the Sus ltna Riv er
based on the data collected by the United States Geological Survey.Under
with-project conditions,the concentrations are estimated for reserv oir
releases and at Gold Creek and Sunshine.
It is estimated that the average suspended sediment concentration o f all
f lows ente ring Watana Reservoir will be about 830 milligram per litre
(mg/I).The reservoir will trap about 82 percent of the sediment.Particle
sizes of a bout .003 and .004 mm will pass through.The concentration in the
releases will vary from about 55 mg/l in the winter to about 250 mg/I in the
summer.
The estimated monthly suspended sediment concentrations at Gold Creek and
Sunshine are shown on Exhibits II and 12.The project operation would
increase the concentration during winter and decrease that during summer.
At Go ld Creek,No vember through March concentration would increase from
aobut 5 t o 60 mg /l.The i ncrease at Sunshine also would be about the same.
The concentrations i n the months o f April and October also will in crease
compared to that under natural conditions (Exhibits II and 12).The co ncen-
t r ation during May through September will decrease (Exhibits I I a nd 1 2).
2.0 SCOPE or tIlE STUDt
The scope of this study includes the analysis of suspended sediment concen-
tration under natural conditions and changes in the concentration due to the
project operation.The analysis is made for the Susitna River at Gold Creek
and at Sunshine s tream gaging stations (see Exhibit I for the locations).
The major tasks are:
I.to define the characteristics of suspended sediment at selected
locations upstream of Sunshine stream gaging station (Sunshine
gage);
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2.to define the characteristics of suspended sediment enteri ng
Watana Reservoir ;
3.to estimate probable suspended sediment concentration of water
released from the reservoir;
4.to evaluate effects on suspended sediment concentration in the
ma {~stem due to major tributaries entering the Susitna River above
Sunshi ne Rage;and
5.to provide a comparison of monthly suspended sediment concentra-
tions at Gold Creek stream gaging station (Gold Creek gage)and at
Sunshine g age for natural snd with-project conditions .
3.0 SETTING
The Sus{tna River drains an area of about 19,600 square miles (mi 2)in the
south central region of Alaska.The major tributaries include the Chulitna,
Talkeetna and Yentna rivers with drainage areas of about 2,650,2,040 and
6,200 mi2 respectivel y.
The Susitna River originates in the West Fork and Maclaren glaciers of
Alaska Range (Exhibit 1) and traverses a distance o f about 320 miles to its
mouth at the Cook Inlet.The Chulitna River o riginat es in the glaciers o n
the south slopes of Mount McKinley and joins the Susitna River from the West
near Talkeetna st river mile 98 (river miles referenced from the Cook
Inlet).The Talkeetna River originates in the Talkeetna Mountain and joins
the Susitna River from the east near Talkeetna at river miles 97.The
Yentna River originates in the Alaska Range and enters the Susitna River
from the west at river mile 28.
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The Sus1tna Hydroelectric Project will Include two dams,Watana and Devil
Canyon,located at river miles 184 ~nd 152,respectIvely.The drainage
areas at the t•.o sItes are about 5,180 and 5,810 mI2,respectively.
Susitna streamflow Is characterIzed by turbId hIgh flows In May through
September and clear low flows from October through ApriL High sprIng and
summer flows are caused by snowmelt,glacIal melt and storm raInfall.
4.0 SUSPENDED SEDIKBNT
4.1 DATA SOURCE
Suspended sedIment samples have been collected at a number of stream gaging
statIons In the Susitna RIver basIn by the United States GeologIcal Survey
(USGS).These samples have been analysed for total suspended sediment con-
centratIon In millIgram per litre (mg/l).A number of samples also have
been analysed for particle size dIstrIbutIon.ExhIbIt I shows the sampling
statIons for which the suspended sedIment data are available.The number of
samples collected at selected statIons durIng the perIod of record are gIven
In Table I.
4.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF SUSPENDED SEDIMENT
Sediment Is transported In suspensIon,as bed load rollIng or slIdIng along
the bed and Interchangeably by suspensIon and bed load.The nature of move-
ment depends on the partIcle sIze,shape and specifIc gravIty In respect to
the associated velocity and turbulence.Under some condItions of hIgh
velocity and turbulence (high flows In steep-gradIent mountaIn streams)
cobles (64 to 256 mm sIze)can be carrIed IntermIttently In ~uspension.
Conversely,sIlt sIze partIcles (.004 to .062 mm)may move as bed load In
low-gradIent,low-velocity channels.
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4.2.1 At Selected Locations
Suspended sediment is the sediment that is transported outside of th~bed
layer in suspension by the turbulent components of the flowing water.In
the Susitna River,fine material (silt and clays finer than 0.062 mm)and
fine to medium sand particles (sizes between 0.062 mm and upto 1.00 mm)have
been observed in suspension.
The five material,also known as wash load,are derived from sheet erosion,
glacier melt and bank erosion.The quantity of wash load being transported
depends upon its availability because the Susitna River can transport much
larger quantities of wash load for the observed range of flow.The sand
par "icles are derived either from river bed erosion or from glacier melt and
other erosion processes.The maximum quantity of sand being transported
depends upon the magnitude of flow.
Suspended sediment samples generally have been collected during the months
of Hay through October (T"ble I).A few samples are available fa r some
stations for the period from December through April but no sample was col-
lected in November at any station.
Since the suspended sediment consists of wash load and sand particle,its
concentration varies both with the avallablity of wash load and the capacity
of flow to transport sand particles.Available data did not allow to define
a clear relationship between water discharge and suspended sediment concen-
tration (Exhibits 2 and 3)which can be used to determine the monthly varia-
tion of suspended sediment based on mean monthly discharges.Therefore,to
provide some idea of monthly variation,the maximum,minimum and median
concentrations measured at various locations are listed in Table 2.The
maximum and minimum concentrations are not provided for the months for which
only one or two samples are available.The median values in such cases are
the average of the two or the single value.
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The size distributions of suspended sediment at various stations a re g iven
in Tabl e 3 .Si ze distributions are availa ble for the s ampl es collected
during the months of May through October .A few samples collected during
the other month s were not analysed for size distribution probably because of
insufficient sediment quan tity.The size distribution curves based on Table
3 are shown on Exhibit 7 through 11 . The per centages of fine material a nd
sand particles at va rious locations are given below.
PERCENTAGES OF FINE MATERIAL AND SAND
IN SUSPENDED SEDIMENT
Median
Stati on Fine Material Sand Dia.
«.062 mm)(>.062 mm)(mm)
Susitna R.nr .De nali 52 48 .056
Sus1tna R.nr ,Cantwell S4 46 .049
Sus1t na R.at Gol d Creek 61 39 .038
Susitna R.n r .Talkeetna 70 30 .015
(above co nflue nce)
Chul i tna R. n r . Tal ke et na 62 38 .024
Talkeetna R.nr.Tal kee tna 51 49 .060
Sus1tna R. a t Sunshine 69 31 .014
Sus1tna R.at Sus itna Station 6 1 39 .030
The above table indica tes ,on the average,an increase in the percent ages of
fine material fr om Denali t,o above t he conf l uence of the Sus1t na and
Chulitna rivers.Only limited number of samples are available for Susitna
River near Talkeetna and dt Sunshi ne.
Sufficient n umher of samples are not available to precisely defi ne the
concentration for e ach month .However,by comparing the data fo r v arious
stations,some indicative values of monthly Clncent r a ti ons for the Susitna
River at Gold Creek and at Sunshine were estimated and are shown on Exhibits
12 and 13 ,respectively.The values indicat ed on the exhibits are not
related to specific discharges and approximately represent the median values
from the range of observed concentrations und er natural flow condi t tons ,
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4.2.2 Suspending Sediment Entering Watana Reservoir
The characteristics of the suspended sediment entering Watana Reservoir are
best represented by those measured at the Cantwell station.This indicates
that.on the average,the suspended sediment concentrations vary approxi-
mately between 2 to 20 mg!l during November through April and between 80 to
3 ,000 mg!l during Hay through October.The average size distribution based
on the samples collected during May through October is shown on Exhibit 4.
This indicates that about 18 percent of sediment is less than .004 rum (clay
sizes),about 36 per cer t is between .004 and .062 (sUt sizes)and about 4 6
percent is larger than .062 rum (sand sizes).The average annual streamflow
at Watana is about 8,000 cubic feet per second (ds)(l)!J.The suspended
sediment inflow is estimated to be about 6 ,530,000 tons per year (ton!yr )
(2).This gives an average concentration of about 830 mg/l for the flow
entering the reservoir.The winter concentration may be about 0 to 10 mg !l
mg!l (Table 2).
4.3 EFFECTS OF ICE COVER ON SEDIMENT TRANSPORT
A study made by W.W .Sayre and G.B. Song (3)to evaluate the effects of i c e-
cover on al l uvi al channel flow and sedime nts transport pro ce sees indicated
that ice causes a n umber of changes in a l luv ial channel flows by approxi-
mately doubling the wetted perimeter and thereby producing a redistribution
of the boundary and internal shear st resses.The total depth of flow in the
channel with a given unit discharge and s l ope is significantly i ncreased
(about 20 to 30 percent for a smooth cover and from 30 to 8 0 percent f or
rough caver,relative to the depth for a f ree surface condition).Due ma in-
l y to the l ower velocities ,sediment discharge is s igni ficantly reduced.
1!Indicate reference at the end of text
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The above conclusions are applicable to the Sus1tna River.
4.4 SEDIMENT TRANSPORT DURING FREEZEUP
Field observations on the Susitna River show thst freeze-up generally begins
in October with some processes continuing until break-up.The beginning o f
frazil ice (a spongy or slushy accumulation of ice crystals which form in
supercooled water that is too turbulent to permit coagulation of the crys-
tals into sheet ice)is marked by a rapid reduction in suspended sediment
concentration.As the process continues,the river becomes clear wi thin a
day or t wo .Since more contribution of fine sediment from erosion process
is stopped due to frozen ground and also there is no glacier melt,the river
remain practically clear until breakup.
The frazU crystals often flocculate into larger clusters having porosity of
about 60 percent.Since water can permeate through these clusters,they
filter out the sediment particles which remain entrapped.During breakup,
significant quantity of sediment,mcstly silt and clay ,is observed to be
mixed with ice.The sediment is concentrated at places rathern than distri-
buted over the whole mass.
Anchor ice,similar to slush ice but adhering temporily to the river bottom,
also has been observed to be mixed wi th sediment.The ancho r ice probably
catches sediment moving as bed load as well as suspended load.The anchor
ice is generally formed at night and released during the day and then drifts
downstream.
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4.5 PROJECT EPFECT
4.5.1 Suspended Sediments Concentrations at Watana Reservoir Outlet
Peratrovich,Not t i ngh am and Drage,Inc.;(PND),(4)made analysis of turbid-
ity levels i n Watana Reservoir using a computer model DEPOSITS.The :najor
conclusions made by PND that a re pertinent to this study are given below.
1.It is likely that sediment particles less than .003 and .004 mm
will remain in suspension;
2 .Maximum turbidity levels at the outlet will be on the order of SO
NTU's,which corresponds to a sediment concentration of 200 to 40 0
mg /l ;
3.Minimum turbidity level will be in the order of 10 NTU's which
corresponds to a sediment concentration of 30 to 70 mg/l;
4.Turbidit y l ev el s a t the reservoir outlet during each month appear
to primarily dependent upon the travel time for sediment slugs
delivered to the reservoir during previous summers to reach the
reservoir outlet ;and
5. In spite of some limitations.the data gathered from outside
sources support the concl usion that Watana reservoir turbid i ty
level will be in the range of 10-50 :ITU's.
Harza-Ebasco plans to study the turbidity level in Wata r.a reservoir and in
the outflow from the reservo ir.The dynamic reservoir simulation mo del
DYRESH (5),currently being used for the reservoir temperature and ice
study,will be enhanced to include a sub-routine for predicting turbidity
levels under various flow conditions.This study will include the effect of "
ice COVer on turbidity which was not considered in PND's study.The prupose
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of Harza-Ebaaco study will be to confirm or refine anal ysis made b y P~D .
For the purpose of this study,the results provided by PND have been u sed to
estimate suspended sediment concentrations under with-project conditions.
PND's analysis show that sediment parti cles less than about .003 and .001.1DID
will remain in suspension and pass through the reservoir . Us i ng size di 'l-
tribution curve shown on Exhibit 4,about 18 percent of the sediment is
Hner than .004 10m.Therefore,it can be expected that about 18 percent of
the inflowing sediment will pass through the reservoir.
Turbidity level at the outlet is eatimated to be about 10 to 50 NTU's b ',
PND.Uaing Exhibit 14,this corresponds to about 55 to 250 mg/l.Thes!
values are slightly different than those reported by PND.
From the above dlscusslon,it can be concluded that the o per at ion of WE.tana
reservoir would increase the suspended sediment cor.c:entration in winter from
about 5 to about 55 mg/l.The summer concentrations would be significantly
reduced.The extents of reductions would depend on the "",nth.
4.5.2 River Temperatures
Harza-Ebasco is conducting a temperature and ice study for Watana Reservoir.
The prel iminary simulation co mput e r runs i ndi ca t e that the outflow tempera-
tures will be about 1°to 3°C h igh~r than those under natural conditions .
The Arctic Environmental Information and Data Center (AEIDC),Alaska,is
conducting a river temperature study to investigate with-project temper~·
tures at various locations in the reach below Watana and Devil Canyon.::he
results of this study are not yet:available.Howev"r .based on reservoi r
outflow temperatures,it can be assumed that the river reach between Wat.na
and the confluence of the Susitna and Chulitna r iver would be ice f r ee
during the winter period,espec:1ally when Devil Canyon reservoir also will
become opera tional.
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4.5.3 Suspended Sediment Concentration between Watana and the Confluence
The suspended sediment concentrstion in this reach will be controlled by the
concentration in the reservoir releases and any sediment contribution from
the reach.During summer,the concentration will be somewhat higher than
250 mg/l because of intervening flows but much less than those observed
under natural conditions.
During freeze-up and winter,for....tion of frazil ice or anchor ice will be
practically eliminated because of above freezing water temperatures.The
river will not clear u p as rapidly as noticed under natural conditions.The
sediment concentration will be nearly same as in the releases because inter-
vening area will not contribute sediment because of frozen ground.However,
the higher winter flow may tend to pick-up sand ;>articles from the river
bed,thereby slightly increasing the suspended concentration.The monthly
distribution of suspended sediment concentration can be approximately repre-
sented as shown on Exhibit 12.
4.5.4 Suspended Sed iment Concentration between the Confluence and Sunshine
In thi s reach two major tributaries ,the Chulitna and the Talkeetna river
j oins the Susitna River.These river carry little sediments during winter
(Tabl e 2). The concentration during winter will,therefore,be controlled
by the co ncentration in the Sus ltna River above the confluence.During
summer months,low concentration In t he Susltna above the confluence,will
decrease the concentration at Sunshine compared to the natural condI t Io ns ,
Pro-ratil~the concentrations with discharges,t~e estimated concentrations
at Sunshine are shown on Exhibit 13.The nr>nthly discharges used for the
Susitna River,were those for with-project and scenario 'c'of License
Application.The IIDnthly discharges for the Chuletna and Talkeetna rivers
were for the period of record.
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REFERENCES
1.Harza-Ebasco Susitna Joint Venture,Susitna Hydroelectric Project,
J anuary 1984:Susitna River at Watana and Devil Canyon,Streamflow
Time Series ,Draft Report,Document No.460,prepared f or Alaska Power
Authority.
2.Harza-Ebasco Susitna Joint Venture,Susitna Hydroelectric Project,
April 1984:Reservoir and River Sedimentation,Final Report,Document
No.475,prepared for Alaska Power Authority.
3.Sayre,W.W ;and G.B.Song,February 1979:Effects of Ice Covers on
Alluvial Channel Flow and Sediment Transport Processes,prepared for
U.S.Geological Survey,IIHR Report No.215,Iowa Institute of
Hydraulic Research,The University of Iowa,Iowa City,Iowa .
4.Peratrovich,Nottingham and Drage,Inc.:November 1982:Susitna
Keservoir Sedimentat ion and Water Clarity Study,prepared for Acres
American Inc.
5.1mberger,J.,and J.C.Patterson,1981:A Dynamic Reservoir Simulation
Hodel.DYRESH:5,Transport Hodels for Inland and Coastal Wate rs,
Chapter 9, Academic Press.
..
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'Illb1e 1
SUSPENDED SEDIMENT SAMPLES
Months
J F M A M J J A S o N D
Stream Gaging Stations Period No.of Samples
Susitna River nr ,Denali 1961-62;1964-66
1968;1974-75;
1977 ;1979-82 - - 1 1 7 8 12 9 8 3 - -
Suaitna Rive r nr ,Cantwell 1962-72;
1980-82 1 - 1 -3 11 14 9 12 3 - -
Susitna River at Gold Creek 1962;1974-82 3 1 4 - 9 7 9 9 8 5 - -
Susitna River nr ,Talkeetna 1982 --- --5 4 5 1
Chulitna River nr.Talkeetna 1967-72,
1980-82 1 1 4 2 4 10 10 8 9
2
Talkeetna River nr ,Talkeetna 1966-82 8 1 7 7 12 13 16 23 12 7 - -
Susitna River a t Sunshine 1971;1977 ;
1981-82 - - 2 -
1 7 7 8 3 1
Sus l tna River at Susitna 1975-81 2 - 3 2
3 4 6 4 1 2 -2
St a t ion
.'
Ta b le 2
SUSP ENDED SEDIMEN T CO NCE NT RA TIONS
Hont hs
St ation Jan ~Mar Apr Ma y J un Jul Aug ~Oct ~!!!!.£
Susitna R. n r.Denali
Max.----1 190 1600 2770 5690 3600 1400
Mi n.-- --102 302 886 350 124 85
Median --8 5 5 70 840 1350 8 90 293 104
Susit na R. n r.Cantwell
Hs x.----7 26 1860 2790 1040 770 140
Min.- ---132 172 632 380 34 6
Medi an I -14 -661 4 17 1090 755 138 84
Susitna R.at Gold Creek
Max.8 -3 -1110 1400 130 938 812 22
Min.<I -I -65 15 1 100 158 23 7
Me dian 2 2 2 -498 574 394
420 68 10
Susitna R. n r.Talkeetna
Max.- --- -
769 768 341
Mi n.-----181 145 2 19
Med ian - ----438 422
285
Chulitna R.n r.Talkeetna
Ma x.--21 -1040 1600 2200 1260 1680
Min.--4 -500 90 71 7 694 129
Median 3 5 12 206 675 820 1165 817 396 105
Tal keet na R.nr .Talkeetna
Max.15 -I I 48 503 1340 1160 3530 3 10 29
Min.2 -I 2 21 171 90 38 13 8
Me dian 8 2 3
8 123 309 35 9 466 80
16
Suaitna R.at Sunshine
Max.-----1630 1430 3510
1620
Mi n.---- -
360 503
4 24 76
Me di an --2 -508 702 71 3 715 -288
SusH na R.at SusHna Station
Max.--5 -5 72 918 1490
1490
Min.--3 -378 32 6 561 483
Media n 4 -3 3 4 17 503 852
943 235 175 -7
~
Tab1e 3
PART ICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF SUSPENDED SEDIMEN T
No.Particle Size (mm)
St ream Gaging of 1.'.00 2 .004 .008 .016 .031 .062 .125 .250 .500 1 .000
Station Sample --perc entFiner Than
Suaitna River 34 12 16 2 3 31
4 1 53 64 81 96 10 0
nr ,Denali
Suaitna Ri ver 27 12 18 2 5 33 43 54 67 8 6 97 1 00
nr ,Cantwell
Suaitna Ri ver 24 15 19 27 3 5 47 61 75 86 98
100
at Gold Cre ek
Suaitna River 13 29 35 53 72 79 90 100
nr ,Talkeetna
Chulitna River 3 6 2 1 31 37 46 55 62 72 85 99 100
n r ,Talkeetna
Talkeetna River 16 9 16 22 31 4 1 53 65 85 99 10 0
n r ,Talkeetna
Susitna River 17 2 2 33 43 53 62 67 79 90 100
at Sunshine
Susitna Rive r 9 16 2 3 3 3 43 52
60 82 94 100
at Susit na Sta tion
!!Sample s for which full r ange of s ize di st r ibutiona were a nalyzed.
y Median value for a give s i ze.
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