HomeMy WebLinkAboutSUS403I
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SUSITNA HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT
INSTREAH ICE SIMULATION STUDY
Report by
Harza-Ebasco Susitna Joint Venture
Prepared for
Alaska Power Authoirty
Draft Report
September 1984
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TABLE or CORTE!fTS
Section/Title
1.0 IRTRODUCTIOR
1.1 Objective and Scope
1.2 Project Background Information
2.0 ImTIIODOLOGY
2.1 Model
2.2 Range of Simulated Conditions
2.3 Simulations of Natural Ice Conditions
2.4 Simulations of With-Project Ice Conditions
2.5 Slough and Side Channel Areas
2.6 Interpretations of Computer Simulations
3.0 JlESULTS
3.1 General
3.2 Simulations of Natural Conditions
3.3 Watand Operating with 1996 Energy Demand
3.4 Watana Operating with 2001 Energy Demand
3.5 Watana and Devil Canyon Operating with
2002 Energy Demand
3.6 Watana and Devil Canyon Operating with
2020 Energy Demand
3.7 Watana Filling
4.0 CONCLUSIORS AIm JlECOMMERDATIONS
5.0 JlEFEJlElfCES
TA:BLES
rIGUJlES
UIIIBITS
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3-6
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Ruaber
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LIST OF Ti.BLES
Title
Scope of River Ice Simulations
Observed Ice Front Progression on the Susitna River
Slough and Side Channel Areas in Middle Susitna River
MaxiMUm Simulated Winter River Stages
Occurrences where With-Project Maximum River Stages
are Higher than Natural Conditions
Expected Project Effects on Winter Slough Overtopping
Simulated Ice Front Progression
Total Ice Thickness -Maximum Simulated Values
Solid Ice Thickness -Maximum Simulated Values
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LIST 0'nGUUS
Title
Sus1tna River
Average Monthly Air Temperatures at Talkeetna
Susitna River Nat ural Streamflows at Go ld Creek -
Average Monthly Values
Discharge from Project Reservoirs
Typical Slough
Ice Di s tr ibut ion -Actual vs.SilllUlated
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LIST OP EDlIBITS
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ICECAL SIMULATION RESULTS:
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Reservoir
I lIeather Energy Release
Exhibit Period Project Status Demand Tellperature
I A 1971-72 Natural Conditions
B 1976-77 Natural Conditions
C 1981-82 Natural Conditions
D 1982-83 Natural Conditions
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E 1971-72 lIatana Operating 1996 Inflow-Ma tch ing
I F 1976-77 lIatana Operating 1996 Inflow-Hatching
G 1981-82 lIatana Operating 1996 Inflow-Hatching r 2 W L J-'-j,'
H 1982-83 Watana Operating 1996 Inflow-Hatching .-
I I 1971-72 lIatana Operating 1996 Warm,4°C C:,"N '-'":JJ,.
J 1971-72 lIatana Operating 2001 Inflow-Matching ")l w,H,,-.-..)....I It 1982-83 Watana Operat ing 2001 Inflow-Matching
I L 1971-72 lIatana and D.C. 2002 Inflow-Matching
Operating
H 1976-77 Wataua and D.C. 2002 Inflow-Hatching
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Operating t;(r.'XJ (/-~
N 1981-82 lIatana and D.C.2002 Inflow-Matching I
Operating
0 1982-83 lIatana and D.C. 2002 Inflow-Hatching
I Operating --
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I P 1971-72 lIatana and D.C.
2020 Inflow-Hatching /
Operating '>-'-I f>;N 1-,.,)
Q 1982-83 lIatana and D.C.2020 InflOW-Hatching I I
Operating -'
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R 1982-83 Watana Filling
I (1st Winter)
S 1981-82 Watana Filling
(2 nd Winter)
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LIST or ElHIIITS (Cont'd)
INTERPRETIVE SDTCIIES or lCECAL U:SULTS:
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Weather
Exhibit Period
T 1971-72
U 1976-77
V 1982-83
W 1971-72
X 1971-72
y 1982-83
Project Status
Watana Operating
Watana Operating
Watana Operating
Watana Operating
Watana and D.C .
Operating
Watana and D.C.
Operating
Reservoir
Energy Release
Demand Temperature
1996 Inflow-Hatching ,
/1996 Inflow-Hatching L (~_I /-/Y1996Inflow-Hatching j
1996 Warm,4°c -,'~I /../.:,;,.-,
2002 Inflov-Ha tching ""'/>i./. ,I-~
2002 Inf lov-Ha tci.lng !".f,-'-/.
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z 1981-82 Watana FUling
(2nd Winter)
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1.0 IRrRODUCTIOR
1.1 Objective and Scope
Presented in this report are the results to date of the instream ice simula-
tion s tudies for the Susitna Hydroelectric Project.The objective of these
studies is to determine the effect of the proposed Watana and Devil Canyon
Dams on river ice processes and the corresponding water surface elevations
during the winter season in the Susitna River downstream of the dams.These
studies are limited to the Middle Reach of the Susitna River (i.e.,upstream
of the confluence with the Chulitna River -See Figure I),wherein the
greatest impact of the project is expected.
The information presented in this report will be used in future environmen-
tal studies,particularly an assessment of possible project impacts on
salmon migration and spawning.Of special interest in this regard are a
number of slough and side channel areas,adjacent to the mainstem of the
Susitna River,which are known to be the preferred habitat for salmon
spawning.Results of the river ice studies are therefore focused on several
of the more important slough and s ide channel locations along the Middle
Susitna River.Results include continuous descriptions of ice thickness,
water surface elevation and water temperature at these locations.
This report provides a comparison of pre-project (i.e.,"natural")river ice
conditions with that expected during operation of the proposed project
(i.e.,"with-project").In order to provide a broad range of comparisons,
various combinations of winter weather patterns,project energy demands ,
ins tream flow requirements and reservoir releaae temperature policies were
conaidered.The river ice simulations cover the six month period from
November 1 through April 30,during which the freeze-up and melt-out of the
Middle Susitna River is generally expected to occur with-project.
The river ice simulation studies represent one component of a coordinated
environmental study effort.Corresponding simulations of the reservoir
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operation ,reservoir tempera ture distribution and st ream temperature
p rovided boundary c onditions on which the river ice studies were based . The
results of these related studies will be summarized in separate repor ts .
1.2 Proje ct Background Information
The proposed Susitna Hydroelectric Project is to be located in south-central
Alaska approximately 140 miles north-northeast of Anc horage and 110 mi les
south-southeast of Fairbanks.The proposed project,consisting of Watana
and Devil Canyon dams,would generate electrical power for the Railbelt
region of Alaska,i.e.,the corridor surrounding the Alaska Railroad from
Seward and Anchorage to Fairbanks.The Watana and Devil Canyon sitea are
184 and 152 river miles,respectively,upstream from the mouth of the
Susitna River at Cook In let.
Observation of natural ice processes on the Middle Susitna River have been
documented by R&M Consultants,Inc.[1,2,3,4]for the past four winters;
1980-81,1981-82,1982-83 and 1983-84.An additional study of natursl
hydraulic and ice conditions was also presented by R&M [5].
Preliminary river ice simulations with the ICESIH model were undertaken by
Acres American,I nc.[6]in preparation of the FERC License Appl ication.
Harza-Ebasco [7]documented t he river ice model ICECAL and its calibration
to the Middle Susitna River for use in the present study.Stream temr er a-
ture modeling with the SNTEMP model has been documented by the Arctic
Environmental Information and Data Center [8].The DYRESM model for reser-
voir temperature simulation has been documented by Harza-Ebasco [9].
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2.0 METHODOLOGY
2.1 Hodel
The computer .adel ICECAL was u sed to generate the river ice simulations
presented in this report.The model provides a daily summary of hydraulic,
temperature and ice conditions throughout the study reach.
The particular hydraulic and ice operations performed by the ICECAL model
include the following :
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Hydrauli ~profi~es are computed daily for the study reach .
Computations are based upon the Bernoulli and Hanning equations,
and are equivalent to the "HEC- 2"backwater program authored by
the u.s .Army Corps of Engineers.The computations include the
e ffect of existing ice covers and border ice in the river .
Water tempera ture pro files required for with-project simulations
are provided by the SNTEHP stream temperature studies.For i ce
covered reaches of the river ,the SNTEMP results are superseded by
ICECAL temperature computations.
Frazil ice generation is c om puted for reaches of t urbulent,open
wate .in which the water temperature has dropped to O·C .Frazil
ice flow rates are tabulated as the ice is carried downstream with
the flow .
Lateral or border ice growth proceeding from the river banks is
computed.This lateral ice growth t ends to restrict the open
water surface area available for frazil ice generation.
Frazil ice particles tend to coalesce into pans or rafts of slush
ice which can be accumulated downstream at n deve loping ice cover
extending across the river width .Hydraulic conditions at the ice
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6.
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cover are analyzed to determ ine i f the i ncomi ng i ce p an s wi l l
accumulate at the upstream edge of the cove r,there by adva ncing
t he "ice front ".Alternate ly,the incoming i ce may be swe p t
beneath the ice front and deposited downstream on the underside o f
the ice cover,t hereby thickening the ice cover.
Slush and solid ice component thicknesses of the rive r ice cover
are computed.Daily growth of solid ice is computed within the
initial accumulations of slush ice.
Melting o f the ice cover and retreat of its ice front are computed
when warm water (i.e.,above aOC)reaches the ice cover.In th is
manner ,a spring "melt-out "is simulated.Mechanical "break-up"
of the ice cover is no t c onsi dered,being beyond the state-of-the-
art in river ice modeling.Although severe springtime break-up
activit y and resulting ice jams have been observed for certain
years under natural conditions,it is expected that a more grsdua1
spring melt-out ,as considered in the model,will characterize the
with-proje ct condition.Severe springtime break-up activi ty is
largely associated with rapid natural flow increases which lift
and fracture the ice cover.The proposed project reservoirs will
reg ~late such seasonal flow events ,yielding a more steady flow
regime in the Middle Susitna River and allowing an existing ice
cover to melt i n place.
I Required input data for the I CECAL model includes the following:
3.Water inflow hydrograph at upstream boundary of study reach
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River cross-sectional geometry and bed roughness for study reach
Weather conditions (daily air temperature and wind veloc ity)
within the study reach
Daily frazi1 ice discharges at upstream boundary of study reach
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5.Water temperature profiles between the upstream bo unda ry a nd th e
location of the O·C isotherm.
Further discussion of the input data used fO l natural and wi th-pro ject
simulations is presented in Sections 2.3 and 2.4,respectively.
A detailed documentation of the ICECAL model and its c~libration to the
Middle Susitna River for the winters of 1982-83 and 1983-84 is presented by
Harza-Ebasco [7].
2.2 Range of Simulated Conditions
The particular river ice simulations included in this report are tabulated
in Table I.As shown,the simulations include four winters of historical
weather and flow data;1971-72,1976-77,1981-82 and 1982-83.Air tempera-'
ture data for these four winters is plotted in Figure 2.Figure 3 shows t he
corresponding natural river flow data.The winters of 1971-72 and 1981-8:!
are relatively cold whereas the winter of 1982-83 is average in temperature .
The winter of 1976-77 i.considered)warmer than average.
II </\••-<.~1 1.
The range of simulated conditions also includes various stages during
development of the project;natural conditions,filling of Watana Reservoir
(first and second winters),Watana operating alone (1996 and 2001 energy
demands),and Watana and Devil Canyon operating together (2002 and 2020
energy demands).The year 1996 represents the expected first year of Watana-----....-~power generation.Start-up of the Devil Canyon power generation is planned
for the year 2002.\
Reservoir releases for the with-project simu lations satisfy the Case C
minimum instream flow requirements.Case C is discussed in the FERC License
Application (6)and is a compromise between power generation and environmen-
tal flow constraints (See Figure 4).Flow rates for the with-project
simulations are ~djusted on a weekly ba~is.Fluctuations of flow within a
particular day or week are not considered.
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Temperature of the reservoir releases is con trolled by operat ion of a mul ti-
l evel intake st ructure.The policy of operation used in the simulations is
------------based on an attempted match of the releas~perature_with that of the
natural flow entering the reservoir.In effect,this "inflow matching "
policy results in release of the coldest available water during the win ter
months.As a sensitivity investigation,one river ice simu lation considers
the effect of an assumed release of warm,4°c water throughout the study
period.
The ra n~e of simulated conditions in this study is intended to provide a
broad base for comparisons between the natural and w1th-project river ice
environments.Of necessity,all c ombi nat i ons of meteorology,hydrology,
energy demands and reservoir operations could not be considered herei n.
However,the range of simulations includ ed is believed adequate to allow
significant conclusions regarding river ice behavior.Additional simula-
tions and sensitivity analyses will be pe rformed as needed.
2.3 Simulations of Natural Ice Conditions
As s hown i n Table I,this report includes natural ice simula tions for the
winte rs of 1971-72, 1976-77,1981-82 and 1982-83 .These simulations were
based on the following conditions and assumptions:
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Study Reach
The st ~dy reach extends from River Mile 98.6 (Chulitna confluence)
to River Mile 139.4 (slightly upstream of Gold Creek).
Progression of a defineable ice front has been observed in this
reach under natural conditions.Upstream of Gold Creek,howeve r,
localized unsteady ice bridging processes have been observed to
close the river prior to arrival of the ice front.Since the
ICECAL model does not attempt to simulate such processes,and
since observations of frazil ice quantities are available only at
Gold Creek,the model does not extend upstream of this vicinity.
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Period o f Simulation
Simulations cover the 6 month period from November 1 through April
30.Ice front progression up the Middle Susitna River has not
occurred prior to November 1 during the f cur years of ice
observat ions .Simulation of spring break-up or melt-out is not
attempted for natural conditions.
Starting Date for Ice Front Progression into the Middle Susitna
River
When a vailable ,actual observations are used for the starting date
o f the ice front progression a t the Susitna-Chu litna confluence.
Obser ved sta ~ting dates have ra nged from November 5 through
December 8 and are shown in Table I I .For years when observations
are not available,an assumed date is selected within the observed
range baded on the severity of the particular winter .
Water Flow Rates
Historical f l ow data at Gold Creek (Rive r Mile 137)was used as
recorded by the USGS and/o r R&M Consultants,Inc.(See Figure 3).
Daily flow rates are interpolated for periods when data is not
available.Flow rate adjustment factors were applied along the
study reach to account for tributary inflows [5) .
Weather Data
Daily air temperature and wind speed recorded at Talkeetna and
Watana weather stations were interpolated linearly along the river
length.Talkeetna data is available for all years simulated.
Watana data,when not a vai labl e,was estimated from a correlation
with Ta lkeetna .
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6 .
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Frazil Ice Discharge a t Upstream Boundary
This quantity was computed from actual ice observations at Gold
Creek (River Mile 137),when available.These ice discharges were
found to be well correlated with Talkeetna air temperature data .
This correlat ion provided an estimate of frazil ice discharge at
Gold Creek for years in wl:ich observations were not available.
Stream Temperatures
Stream temperatures were assumed at O·C at the up~tream boundary
t hr ougho ut t he natural simulations.Possible stre~temperature
variations downstream of Gold Creek were computed within the
lCECAL model.
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2 .4 Simulations of With-Project Ice Conditions
The various with-project i ce simulations were based on the following condi-
tions and assumptions:
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1.Study Reach
The study reach extends from the Susitna-Chulitna confluence
(River Mile 98 .6)to the Watana (River Mile 184 .4)or Devil Canyon
(River Mile 152)damsite.
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2.Period of Simulation
Simulations cover the 6 month period from November 1 through April
30.The fr eeze- up and melt-out of the Middle Susitna River are
generally expected to occur during this period.
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3.Starting Date for Ice Front Progression i nto the Midd le Susitna
River
Progress ion of the i ce front upstream of the Su sitna-Chul itna
confluence begins when the Lover Susitna River (downstream of the
Chulitna confluence)has f rozen over.The Lower Susitna freeze-up
is characterized by an initial ice bridge formation near River
Mile 9 and the subsequent advance of a u ice cover up to t he
Chulitna confluence.
The Lower Susitna ice cover is fed by frazil ice generated in t he
Tentna,Talkeetna,Chulitna,Lower Susitna and Middle Susitna
Rivers .The ICECAL model considers the total volume of ice re-
quired to fill the Lower Susitna River from the Tentns confluence
(River Mile 30)to the Chulitna confluence (River Mile 98.6)and
computes the time needed to generate the necessary frazil ice.
Frazil ice generation in the Middle Susitna River is computed
directly by the model.The frazil ice contributions of the
Talkeetna,Chulitna and Lower Susitna Rivers are computed by
correlation with cumulative freezing degree days at the Talkeetna
weather station.
Lower Susitna River ice observations suggest that the ice front
typical ly reaches the Tentna confluence (River Mile 30)in late
October or early Novembe r u nder natural cond itions (See Table II).
It is expected that this event will not be significantly delayed
under with-project conditions.Although the frazil ice contribu-
tion from the Middle Susitna River is greatly reduced under with-
project conditions,the Tentna River,wh i ch produces more than 50%
of the total ice downstream of River Mil e 3 0,remains unchanged.
Also unchanged are the frazil ice contributions o f the Chulitna
and Talkeetna Rivers.
Based on the above,November 1 was selected as a representative
date on which the Lower Susitna ice front reaches the Tentna
confluence during with-project conditions .The I CECAL model and
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related computations of tributary frazil ice production therefore
begin on November 1 for the with-project river ice simulations.
Daily tabulations of cumulative ice production are performed until
the ice atorage capacity of the Lower Susitna is reached.At th is
point,the model begins progression of the ice cover at the
Chulitna confluence (River Mile 98.6).
4.Water Flow Ratea
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Wa ter flow rates at the upstream boundary of the ICECAL simulation
are determined by releases from t he Watana or Devil Canyon
reservoirs.This information is read directly from the output of
the corresponding Harza-Ebasco DYRESM simulation and is summarized
in Figure 4.The flow rates are provided on a weekly basis and
are adjusted along the study reach to account for tributary
inflows.Fluctuations of flow within a particular day or week are
not considered.
Weather Dat a
Daily air temperature and wind speed data is interpolated along
the river length between Talkeetna,Devil Canyon and Watana
weather stationa.Watana and Devil Canyon data,when unavailable,
is estimated from a correlation with Talkeetna data.
Frazil Ice Discharge at Upstream Boundary
Water released from the Watana and Devil Canyon reservoirs remains
above O·C throughout the year.Therefore,no frazil ice exists
at the upstream boundary of the with-project simulations.
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7.Stream Temperatures
Reservoir release temperatures are computed in daily time steps bj
the Rarza-Ebasco DYRESM simulations.Corresponding SNTEMP simula-
tions provide stream temperature profi les on a weekly basis
throughout the study reach.This information is read directly
into the ICECAL .odel.The SNTEMP stream temperature profiles are
based upon open water conditions a nd are therefore not valid for
that portion of the river which is ice covered.The SNTEMP
results are therefore superseded by ICECAL temperature computa-
tions where an ice cover exists •
2.5 Slough and Side Channel Areas
Various slough and side channel areas adjacent to the mainstem Susitna Rive r
are of special importance as salmon spawning habitat .A typical slough,
illustrated in Figure 5,is an overflow channel separated from the mainstem
by a well-vegetated bar.Sloughs are often fed by an incoming creek and/or
upwel ling of groundwater.An alluvial berm generally extends across the
upstream end of the slough,shielding it from the river.High natural river
flows or ice activity viII periodically overtop this upstream berm and flood
the slough with water or ice.The water level at a given mainstem river
mile which results in overtopping of a nearby slough berm is referred to in
this study as the -threshold elevation.-This is not necessarily the berm
crest elevation,since the critical water level for overtopping that berm
may be at a different river mile location •
The important sloughs and side channels have been identified and are tabu-
lated in Table III.The most productive of these areas are indicated in
Table III with a -.- .For the purpose of the river ice simulations,it is
assumed that these particular sloughs will be protected against possible
overtopping by construction of artificial berms.That is,the model assumes
that the cross-sectional area of these particular sloughs is not available
to pass flow or store ice.This assumption has no influence on the model
results for those simulations in which the river stages re~in below the
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natural threshold elevations .For those simulations which show s lough
overtoppings,the slough protection assumption yields river stages which may
be slightly higher than those expected without the articifial berms.The
slough protection assumption therefore yields conservative results,reflect-
ing the river stages for which the artificial berms would hs v e to be
designed.
2.6 Interpretations of Computer Simulations
River ice mechanics and modeling is a relatively primitive field of study.
Ice processes are very complicated,unsteady and non-uniform,and many
aspects are not yet fully understood.Although the ICECAL model is con-
sidered state-of-the-art,cer tain simplifications and limitations are
necessarily involved.Three dimensi~nal concepts are presented in a one-
dimensional format,and the model t he r e f or e computes an average or
characteristic velocity and ice thickness to represent a particular cross-
section.The actual spatial distribution of velocity and ice thickness may
be highly non-uniform and is beyond the scope of the ~odel.Figure 6 con-
trasts actual and computed ice distribution at a hypothetical cross-section.
For these reasons,s el ec t ed ICECAL computer simulations have been inter-
pretted by R&H Consultants ,Inc.,based on their experience with Susitna
River ice over the past four years.The particular interpretations included
in this report are identified in Table I.The resulting interpretive
sketches combine the quantitative ICECAL results with observed river ice
distribution trends to yield the best estimate of the actual river ap-
pearance ~t selected cross-sections.
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3.0 RESULTS
3.1 General
Reaults of the river ice simulations are presented in Exhibits A through S.
Each exhibit includes the following information:
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1.
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3.
Profile of the maximum river stages which occurred during the
simulation period and the corresponding ice cover thickness which
existed on the date of maximum stage.(Since river stage is
influenced by both flow rate and ice thickness,the ice thick-
nesses shown do not necessarily represent the maximum thickness.)
Location of the ice front and zero degree C water isotherm
throughout the simulation .
Time history plots of water surface elevation,ice thickness and
water temperature at the selected slough and side channel areas.
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Table IV is a summary of the maximum water surface elevations which occurred
at selected slough and side channel areas for all the river ice simulations.
Table V summarizes the number of occurrences where with-project simulations
resulted in higher maximum stages than the corresponding natural conditions
for the same weather period.Table VI shows those slough and side channel
areas whose known threshold elevation was overtopped with-project but not
under natural conditions,and vice versa.Table VII summarizes the starting
da te,maximum extent and melt-out date of the ice front for each
simulation.Tables VIII and IX present the maximum total and solid ice
thicknesses,respecti vely,which occurred during the simulations.
Interpretive sketches for selected ICECAL simulations are presented in
Exhibits T-Z.Each sketch shows natural river conditions observed in 1983-
84,a selected ICECAL simulation result and an interpreted version of the
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ICECAL result for a particular river cross section .This i nt er pr et ed ver-
sion represents the best estimate of the actual appearance of the particular
river cross section at the time of its maximum winter stage.
3.2 Simulations of Natural Conditions
Of the four years simulated,the relatively cold winter of 1971-72
(Exhibit A)typically results in the greatest ice thicknesses and highest
river stages within the study reach .For this winter,maximum total ice
thicknesses (solid +slush component)within the study reach range from 5 '
to II',including up to 5'of solid ice.The winter of 1981-82 (Exhibit C),
also considered cold,shows maximum total ice thickne sses of 4'to 10',of
which 3'to 4'is typically solid ice.Maximum river atages for 1981-82 are
often l'to 3'lower than those for 1971-72.
The winter of 1982- 83,average in temperature,was used for model calibra-
tion pur~oses [7].Actual ice observations are shown along with simulated
results in Exhibit D.Maximum total ice thicknesses for 1982-83 range from
3'to 8',of which 3'is typically solid ice.Maximum river atages are
generally 0'to 4'lower than those of 1971-72 .
The winter of 1976-77,warmer than average in temperature,results in the
smallest ice thicknesses and lowest river stages of the four winters
simulated.Maximum total ice thicknesses range from l'to 7',of which I'
to 2'is solid ice .Maximum river stages for 1976-77 are generally 2 'to 6'
lower than those of 1971-72.
For the winters of 1971-72,1981-82 and 1982-83,ice front progression at
the Chulitna confluence (River Mile 98.6)begins in early or mid -November
and reaches Gold Creek in late December or early January.The winter of
1976-77 however,shows the ice front beginning in early December and reach-
ing Gold Creek in early March.All four simulations are characterized by a
rapid initial ice front progression rate in the lower portion of the study
reach with a gradual slowing as it approaches Gold Creek.
3-2
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I 3.3 Watana Operating with 1996 Energy Demand
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Simulation results are presented i n Exhibits E-I.As shown,the start of
the ice front progression at the Chulitna confluence ranges from late
November (1971-72 winter)to late December (1981-82 winter).This repre-
sents a delay of 2 to 5 weeks relative t o natural conditions for the
corresponding winters.The maximum upstream extent of the ice front is at
River Mile 137-140 for the winters of 1971-72,1976-77 and 1981-82,and at
River Mile 127 for the winter of 1982-83.Completion of the spring melt-out
in the Middle Susitna ranges from mid March (1982-83 winter)to mid May
(1971-72 winter).This melt-out occurs 4 to 6 weeks earlier than natural
river break-up based on observation of 1981-82 and 1982-83.
The ~st severe ice conditions for Watana operation and 1996 energy demand
occur for the winter of 1971-72 (Exhibit E).For this simulation,maximum
total ice thicknesses range from 2'to 11',including up to 5'of solid ice.
These ice thicknesses are generally similar to t hose of natural conditions
in the reach downstream of Gold Creek (River Mile 137).Maximum river
stages,however,are 3'to 7'higher than natural conditions due to the
significantly higher winter flow rates with the project.
The mildest simulated river ice conditions for the 1996 energy demand occur
for t he winter of 1982-83 (Exhibit H).Maximum total ice thicknesses for
this simulation range from 2'to 8',including up to 2'of solid ice.These
thicknesses are generally similar to natural 1982-83 conditions.but maximum
with-project river stages are 2'to 5 'higher than natural conditions due to
the higher with-project winter flows.Maximum river stages for the 1982-83
with-project simulation are 0'to 7'lower than those of the 1971-72 severe
conditions.
The effect of an assumed warm (4°C)water release from the Watana reservoir
throughout the 1971-72 winter was considered as shown in Exhibit 1.With
these "warm"reservoir releases,the ice cover progression at the Chulitna
confluence begins 3 weeks later and melt-out occurs approximately 7 weeks
earlier than with the "inflow matching"temperature release policy of
3-3
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Exhibit E (See Section 2.2 ).Max imum ice th icknesses with the warm releases
range from 2'to 7',and maximum river stages are typically I 'to 7'lower
than those with the -i nfl ow-matching-releases.Maximum exte nt of the i ce
cover with the warm releases is River Mile 127,versus River Mile 140 under
inflow matching release temperatures.It therefore appears that control of
the reservoir release temperatures can potentially have a ~jor impact on
river ice de velopment.
3.4 Watana Operating with 2001 Energy Demand
Simula t.ions of Watana operating with the 2001 energy demand were performed
for the winters of 1971-72 and 1982-83 (See Exhibits J and K).Results show
that the ice front starting date,melt-out date and maximum upstream extent
are simila r to those of the 1996 energy demand for the corresponding
winters.However,some redistribution of the frazil ice depositions along
the river length is apparent.Such differences in ice distribution can be
caused by different pat terns of reservoir release temperatures occuring at
different times wi thin a given winter season.In particular,for the 1971-
72 winter,the 2001 ene rgy demand shows colder December reservo ir rele3ses
than the 1996 demand,thereby causing a faster ice front progression.The
subsequent heavy frazil production i n January is therefore accumulated at a
further upstream location for the 2001 demand. As a result,maximum rive r
stages in the vicinity of river miles 137-142 for the 1971-72 winter with
2001 energy demand are 2'to 10'higher than those with the 1996 demand.
Maximum total ice thicknesses for the 1971-72 winter with 2001 energy demand
range from 4'to 14'of which 4 'to 5'is solid ice.Maximum river stages
are 2'to 6'higher than for natural 1971-72 conditions.
Maximum total ice thicknesses for the 1982-83 winter with 200 1 energy demand
range from 2'to 7'including up to 2'of solid ice.Maximum river stages
are l 'to 6'higher than natural conditions in the reach downstream of River
Mile 124 where the with-project ice cover exists.Upstream of t "e w ·.th-
projec t ice cover,however,maximum river stages are l'to 4'10 ~r than
natural conditions.Although the with-project flow rates are higher,the
3-4
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displscement and frictional resistance of the natural ice cover in this
reach result in higher river stages for natural conditions than with-
project .
3.5 Watana and Devil Canyon Operating with 2002 Energy Demand
SimulatioJ.results for Watana and Devil Canyon operating with 2002 energy
demand are presented in Exhibits L-O.Results show that the beginning of
the ice front progression at the Chulitna confluence ranges from early
December to aid-January,approximately 0-2 weeks later than the correspond-
ing Watana-only simulations,and 4-6 weeks later than natural conditions for
the same winters.Haximum upstream extent of the ice front ranges from
River Hile 123 to 137,and is 3-13 miles below that with Watana only and
1996 energy demand.Simulated melt-out with both dams operating and 2002
energy demand ranges from mid-Harch to mid-Hay,being 0-3 weeks earlier than
Watana-only simulations for the corresponding winters,and 7- 8 weeks earlier
than the natural break-up observed for the 1981-82 and 1982-83 winters.
For both dams operating with 2002 energy demand,the most severe ice condi-
tions occur with the 1971-72 winter (Exhibit L).Maximum ice thicknesses
for this case range from 3'to 7 ',of which 3'to 5'is solid ice.Haximum
river stages are l'to 5'lower than the corresponding Watana-only simula-
tion with 1996 energy demand.Maximum river stages downstream of River Hile
130 are 0'to 4'higher than natural conditions.Upstream of this location,
however,the ice cover is much thinner With-project and maximum river stages
are 0'to 3'lower than natural conditions.
The winters of 1976-77,1981-82 and 1982-83 (Exhibits H,Nand 0)all show
relatively mild ice conditions for both dams operating with the 2002 energy
demand.Maximum ice thicknesses for these cases range from l'to 6',in-
cluding l'to 2'of solid ice.Maximum river stages are 0'to 7'lower than
t he corresponding Watana-only simulations with 1996 energy demand.Maximum
river stages ,where an i ce cover exists,are l 'to 4'higher than cor-
responding natural conditions.Upstream of the with-project ice cover,
maximum river stages are 0'to 5'lower than natural conditions.Again,the
3-5
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higher natural stagea in this reach are due to the displa cement and fric-
tional r esistance of the natural ice cover.
3.6 Watana and Devil Canyon Operating with 2020 Energy Demand
Simulations of Watana and Devil Canyon operat ing with the 2020 e nergy demand
were performed for the winters of 1971-72 and 1982-83 (Exhibits P and Q).
Results show tha t the ice front starting date and maximum upstream extent
are generally similar to those of the 2002 energy demand for the correspond-
ing winters.The apring melt-out with the 2020 ene rgy demand,however ,
occurs 1 to 3 weeks earlier than with the 2002 energy demand.This i ll
apparently caused by somewhat warmer reservoir release temperatures result,·
ing from the 2020 reservoir simulation.
Simulation of the 1971-72 winter with 2020 ener JY demand shows maximum ice
thicknesses which range from 2'to 7'including l'to 4'of solid ice.
Maximum river stages in the ice-cover ed reach (downstream of River Mile
130)are l'to 7'higher than corresponding natural conditions.Upstream of
the with-proje ct ice cover,maximum river stages are l'to 5'lower than
those of natural conditions,due to the displacement and frictional resis ··
tance of the natural ice cover.
Simulation of t he 1982-83 wi nter with 2020 energy demand shows maximum ice
thicknesses ranging from l'to 3',including up to I'of solid ice.Maximum
river stages in the ice-covered reach are 0'to 4'higher than natural
conditions.Upstream o f the with-project ice cover,maximum stages are 0'
to 4'lower than corresponding ice-covered natural conditions .
3.7 Watana Filling
River ice simulations for the first and second years of filling the Watana
reservoir are shown in Exhibits Rand S. The first winter of filling,which
involves relatively warm reservoi r releases frow the low level outlet works,
wa s simulated with the average 1982-83 weather conditions.The second
3-6
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m
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•
winter of filling includes re lesse of colder wster from the reservoir sur-
fsce and was simulated with the cold 1981-82 westher conditions .The two
simulations were selected to provide a likely range of ice conditions during
the filling of the Watana reservoir.
Results for Watana filling show that the ice front progression at the
Chulitna confluence begins in mid-December,5-7 weeks later than correspond-
ing natural conditions.The simulated melt-out for the first winter o f
filling occurs in early May,similar to the timing of break-up under natural
conditions .The second winter of filling shows a melt-out in late May,2 to
3 weeks later than the natural break-up.This earlier natural ice break-up
is probably due to the spring flow increases which exist under natural
conditions but not during filling conditions.
The Watana filling simulations show the ice front progressing up to River
Mile 156-162.This ice progression is significantly further upstream than
any of the other with-project simulations and is due to the lower river
flows and velocities which exist under filling conditions .However,simula-
tion of an ice front progression upstream of River Mile 140 is considered an
approximation only,since intermittent bridging of lateral ice has been
observed to be the dominant process in this reach for natural conditions.
S imulation of the first year of filling with the 1982-83 winter shows maxi-
mum ice thicknesses of I'to 6',including up to 2 'of solid ice.Maximu~
river stages are 0'to 5'lower than natural conditions for 1982-83.
Simulation of the second year of filling with the 1 981- 82 winter shows
maximum ice thicknesses of l'to 8',including up to 3'of solid ice.
Maximum river stages are generally 0'to 3'lower than natural conditions
f or 1981-82.
3-7
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4.0 CORCLUSIONS AND IECOIIMENDATIORS
The fol lowing preliminary conclusions are based upon the river ice o imula-
tion results to date and are subject to the various assumptions and
conditions described in this rep::-rt.In particular,the with-project ice
results are based on a reservo ir release temperature policy whic h attempts
to match the natural stream tpmperatures incoming to the reservoir (i.e.,
co ldest available water is released from the reservoir during winter
season).Conclusions a pply only to the Middle Susitna River (i.e,upstream
of the confluence with the Chulitna River)wherein the most sign ificant
project impacts a re expected.
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1.Ice Front Progression and Me lt-Out
Relative to natural conditions,initial progression of the Middle
Susitna ice front at the Chulitna confluence (River Mile 98.6)is
expected to be delayed by 2 to 5 weeks with Watana operat i ng
alone,and 4 to 6 weeks with Watana and Devil Canyon operating
together .A gradual spring melt-out with Watana operating alone
is expected 4 to 6 weeks earlier than the natural,mechanical
break-up.With both dams operating,t he spring melt-out is ex-
pected 7 to 8 weeks earlier than ~h e nat ural break-up.
Maximum upstream extent of the river ice cover during the selected
warm,average and cold winters is e xpected to range from River
Mile 124 to 142 with Watana operating alone.With the addition of
the Devil Canyon dam,this maximum upstream extent will be some-
what reduced,with an expected range of River Mile 123 to 137.
2.Ice Thicknesses
In those reaches where an ice cover exists ,the maximum total and
solid ice thicknesses wi th Watana operating alone ore expected to
be generally similar to those of natural c onditions.With both
4-1
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3.
4.
dams operating,the maximum total and solid ice thicknesses are
expected to be typically I'to 2'less than those of natural
conditions.
River Stages and Slough Overtopping
In those reaches where an ice cover exists,the maximum r i ver
stages with Watana operating alone are expected to be generally
higher than those of the natural conditions,typically by 2'to
7'.Corresponding maximum river stages in ice covered reaches
with both dams operating are expected to be typically l'to 6'
higher than those of natural conditions.
Upstream of the with-project ice front,however,the maximum river
stages with Watana operating alone are expected to be typically I'
to 3'lower than the corresponding natural conditions.With both
dams operating,these maximum river stages are expected to be
typically l'to 5'lower than natural conditions.
As a result of the above,overtopping of the natural threshold
elevations in various slough and side channel areas in the lower
reaches of the Middle Susitna is expected to be more frequent with
the project than under natural conditions (See Table VI).
Depending on the aquatic assessments,it may therefore be
desirable to protect these particular areas with artificial berms.
However,various slough and side channel areas in the upper
reaches of the Middle Susitna are expected to be overtopped less
frequently with the project than under natural conditions.
Artificial berms,therefore,are not expected to be necessary for
these locations.
Further Considerations
It is expected that the policy which governs reservoir release
temperatures may have a major impact on the river ice development
4~
5.R&H Consultants,Inc.,"Hydraulic and Ice Studies",March 1982 .
5.0 unllERCBS
Harza-Ebasco,"Instream Ice,Calibration of Computer Hodel",Document
No.1122,April 1984.
Harza-Ebasco ,"Ek1utna Lake Temperature and Ice Study",January 1984.
R&H Consultants,Inc.,"Ice Observations,1980-81",August 1981.
R&H Consultants,Inc.,"Susitna River Ice Study,1982-83",August 1983.
Arctic Environmental Information and Data Center,"Stream Flow and
Temperatu'"e Hodeling in the Sus1tna Basin,Alaska",June 1983.
R&H Consultants,Inc _,"Winter 1981-82,Ice Observations Report",
December 1982.
1.
7.
6.Acres American,Inc."Sua1tna Hydroelectric Project",Application for
FERC License,February 1983,Volume SA,Exhibit E,Chapter 2.
9 .
8.
3.
2.
4.R&H Consultants,Inc.,"Susitna River Ice Study,1983-1984",Draft
Report,June 1984.
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1.1
5-1
--- ------ - - --------
TABLE I
SOSITRA RYDaOELlcnIC PROJECT
SCOPE or 1UVER ICE SDIDLATIORS
Natural Watana Only Watana and Devil Watana
Projec t Status Conditions Operating Canyon Operating Filliml
Flow Requirements ---Case C Case C ----
Energy Demand ----1996 2001 2002 2020 ----
Release Temperature --N W N N N ----
let 2nd
Winter Winter
cal Period:
(Cold winter)X 1tJ ®"I X "'®3 x
(Warm winter)X 1®'I x
(Cold winter)X I2-x 'I X ~
(Average winter)X 1&>I x '1 ®J x X
Ristor!
1971-72
1981-82
1982-83
1976-77
Notes:1.N represents natural "inflow matching"policy for
reservoir release temperatures.
2. W represents assumed warm,4°c temperature release.
Legend :X ICECAL simulation
00 ICECAL simulation and interpretive sketch
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TABLE II
SOSITRA RtDIlOnECTRIC PROJECT
OBSERVED ICE nORT PROCUSS ION
OR THE SUSITRA RIVER
Observed
Loca tion o f Rive r
I ce Front Mile 1980 1981 1982 1983
River Mil e 9 9 Unknown Ear ly Nov .Oct.2 2 OCt .26
Ch u lit na Co nf luence 98.6 Nov. 29 Nov. 18 No v.S Dec.8
Near Go ld Cr eek 136 Dec.1 2 Dec .3 1 Dec.2 7 Jan.S
U -"Upland "slough with no upstream head or berm.
Legend:
8 -Indicsted location represents the head of the slough or channel
K -Indicated location represents the mouth of the slough or channel
SUSITlIA HYDROELECTRIC PROJ'ECT
SLOUGH AND SIDE ClWiMEL AREAS
IN MIDDLE SUSITlIA RIVER
TABLE III
-For purposes of simulation,these sloughs are assumed
to be p rotected against overtopping.*
River KUe Threshold
Area Location Elevation
(feet)
*Whiskers Slough 101.58 367
Side Channel at 8ead of Gash Creek 112.0K Unknown
*Slough 6A 112.30 U
*Slough 8 114.1 476
Side Channel KSIl 115.50 482
Side Channel KSIl 115.98 487
Curry Slough 120.08 Uoknown
*Koose Slough 123.50 Unknown
*Slough 8A - West Channel 126.18 5;3
*Slough 8A -East Channel 127.10 582
*Slough 9 129.3 604
Side Channel Upstream of Slough 9 130.6 Unknown
Side Channel Upstream of 4th July Creek 131.80 Unknown
Slough 9A 133.7 651
Side Channel Upstream of Slough 10 134 .3 657
Side Channel Downstream of Slough 11 135.30 Unknown
*Slough 11 136.50 687
*Slough 17 139.30 Uoknown
Slough 20 140.50 730
*Slough 21 -Entrance A6 141.80 747
*Slough 21 142.20 755
Slough 22 144.8 788
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SUSITNA HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT
MAXIMUM SIMULATED WINTER RIVER STAGES 4 TABLE IV
-
NATURAL WATANA ONLY WA '"(ANA AN D D EVIL CANYON WATANA
CON DITIONS ,-200 '2OIl2 2020 FILLING
DEMAND D EMAND DEMAND DEMAND YR ,l YR.2
N ~N lil N ~l:l lil ;ON N lil N ~N lil N N lil N:!.,...,.,:!:!:!~..:!....
~..!N ;:..!N N :e !N N N~!~..~~!~!~!~~~~~..iii~~~~~e
~388 [jiJ ~rmJ ~[ffiJ ffi2llilll 1m]~mn~~~lilll ~381 381............459 457 460 .........461 458 455 ...451 ...457 455 ......457 457 459 482 460 482 482 483 46'48J 48D 458 '58 48D 46'45.451 451
414 412 412 414 I!iil 475 lillIl!ZiIlffiI IillI IillJ 415 414 415
415 [ill]415 413 .,3
I!i!J ...~~~1!!!l1!!!l1!ill!Bl Ii2I m!iI ~~~WZl ~~41'~...412 ......'~m!iI ~Biil ~lID)B§~~~~Iffil ~......
522 520 523 520 528 S2S 527 S2S 523 525 521 522 52'520 520 S2S 523 520 521
552 S46 ...S48 558 554 555 S50 552 55S S50 553 S50 548 J54S-555 5SO ...S48
512 S69 571 570 ImlIilllWi 512 512 ImJ jsM--1mJ 571 Js68 568 Iilll 512 SIB 510
~581 W1~Wlmmmm~Gill ~1 58 '~~sao 581 ~~sao ~
~803 ~~iii:IWl [§gi)["iiii3003-~1803 I!i!!l '602 601 602 ~lo03-602 803
622 8 ' 8 620 621 82'622 620 I 611 817 625 611 620 1 818 816 8'6 621 1 611 816 8'8
632 628 629 630 835 833 831 628 828 ;1=63:l 621 827 827 __~628 625 628
~...~~f§W~~6SO 6SO ~'6S0 6SO 8SO ~6SO 8SO 6SO
~6S4 ~~i@ ~~j'"...~6S8 IlliI OSS OSS 8SS f§W ...(§§§J 855
873 887 870 872 675 612 670 668
...676 1 668 810 881 881 881 ......810 ...
8114 88'883 8114 !l!!!J "'~1i!l3 883 ~883 685 1682 b82 882 8114 ...882 882
~-_--=...J-- - -
711 1715 715 115 115 127 7 15 714 11.714 11.115 115 112 113
- ----~~12'729 729 lml 1729 128 128 128 128 129 729 127 129
----141 141 146 146 145 ~J'46 146 146 ,.5 146 lillJ lmI 145 145
----753 153 153 153 153 ~153 752 152 152 152 753 154 151 lSO
----181 181 181 188 187 I ~-;786 185 185 185 785 181 181 182 182
of Nnur.I Simu ...ions U &unt of let!eow.NOTES:U~Bound.-y
1.0 Inda.kationt .....maximum .....me-equIlh or.--k
•known IIouth thrWtold-...non.
2."-e-C-.....,..ttow requnn-nts _-",*for with puci "lsimu~
3.1 91_1 -72~~1niDn __",":-m.it'C~~AI~wi1h.
prqect ftcw td•••~policy.
4.AU'in '-t..
......'"......................RinrMile E_
-..101.5 361
......e-o.112.0 UM_
SA 112.3 ,_I
8 "4.1 478
MSU 115.5 ...
MS II 11 5.9 ..,
Cuny 120 .0 ---'23.5 --BA .....126 .1 on
SA'"121.1 6112
•'29.3 804
'uI.130 .'UM_
..Itt July 13'"~...133.7 85'
~o ""134.3 857
11 dI.'35.3 UM_
11 138.5 "'"
17 139.3 --20 140.5 730
21 (All 141.8 747
21 142.2 755
22 144 .8 718
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TABLE V
fUSITN&HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT
OCCUUE~ES WllERE WITH-PROJECT HAXDIOII RIVER STAGES
ARE HIGHER TJIA1i NlTlJUL CORDITIONS
Watana Watana and
Slough or River Only Devil Canyon Watana
Side Channel Mile Operating Operating Filling
Whiskers 101.5 6/6 6/6 0/2
Gash Cre~k 112.0 6/6 5/6 0/2
6A 112.3 6/6 5/6 0/2
8 114.1 6/6 6/6 1/2
MSII 115.5 6/6 6/6 0/2
MSII 115.9 6/6 6/6 0/2
Curry 120.0 6/6 3/6 0/2
Moose 123.5 6/6 4/6 0/2
8A West 126.1 5/6 4/6 0/2
8A East 127.1 4/6 2/6 0/2
9 129.3 4/6 2/6 0/2
9 u/s 130.6 3/6 0/6 0/2
4th July 131.8 3/6 2/6 0/2
9A 133.7 3/6 1/6 0/2
10 u/s 134.3 4/6 1/6 0/2
11 dIs 135.3 3/6 0/6 0/2
11 136.5 4/6 2/6 0/2
Notes:
1.For example,4/6 means that 4 of the 6 with-project simulations
resulted in a higher maximum river stage than the natural
conditions for c orresponding winters.
2."Case C"instream flow requirements and "inflow-matching"
reservoir release temperatures are assumed for with-project
simulations.
SUSITNA H YDROELECTRIC PROJECT
EXPECTED PROJECT EFFECTS ON WIN TER SLOUGH OVERTOPPING
_a
An_a--o Mile_on
10 1.5
•"4.1
M511 115.5
M $II 115.9
BAW..126.1
BA"~177 .1
9 129.3
9A 133.7
10 u!.134.3
11 136 .5
WATANAONLY WAYANA AN D D EVil CANYON WAT A'''A
FILLING
,_
2001 2002 20Xl
DEMAND DEM AND DEMAND DEMAND Y R.l V R.2
~
;0
M ~M~~lil ~~~~M Z M ~.,.~..~~..~~.. .. .. .. ..;:l!!!~~l!!;;;~~~!21 ~~21 ~m ~m m~~e ~~~~~~~~
x x 0 0
x x x x x x x
x x 0
x x x x x x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x
x 0 x 0 0 0
x 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
x 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
x 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
x X x
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LE GEND :
X
o
Slough ..0..rr 1 with project,but not und.Mt\nl
ClOfIdnion,fewtM tof,......ocI..w"'_.
Slough II Of.:;1 with NtI.Im condit.....
but not _: , 'with proiert.
NOTES :
1.""e-C'"inIt...-m f low requnments we .aurMd for with-proitct simu'-1iom,
2.1971·72W IimuIMic.n ....~_c ~~All ott.'with-poiect
timue.tiont ...me WI '1nfaow-tch tempeq1wo pol icy .
TABLF.VI
1."Case C"instream flow requirements are assumed for with-project
simulations _
2.1971-72W simulation assumes warm,4°c reservoir releases.All
other with-project simulations assume an "inflow-matching "
temperature policy.
B -Observed natural break-up.
E -Melt-out date is extrapolated from results when occurring beyond
April 30.
N -Ice cover for natural conditions extends upstream of Gold Creek
(River Mile 137)by means of lateral i ce bridging.
I - Computed ice front progression upstream of Gold Creek (River
Mile 137)is approximation only.Observations indicate closure
of river by lateral ice in this reach for natural conditions.
Notes:
TABLE VII
SUSITNA HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT
SIKlJL&TED ICE PRORT PIlOGUSSION
Starting Date Maximum
at Chulitna Melt-Out Upstream
Confluence Date Extent
(River Mile)
Natural Conditions
l37 N1971-72 Nov.5
1976-77 Dec.8 137 N
1981-82 Nov.18 B 137 NMay10B151982-83 Nov.5 May 10 137 N
Watana Only - 1996 Demand
1tE1971-72 Nov.28 May 140
1976-77 Dec.25 May 3 137
1981-82 Dec.28 April 3 137
1982-83W Dec .12 Mar. 20 127
1971-72 Dec. 17 Mar. 27 127
Watana Only
- 2001 Demand E1971-72 Nov. 28 May 15 142
1982-83 Dec.19 March 16 124
Both Dams - 2002 Demand E1971-72 Dec.2 May 3 137
1976-77 Jan.10 April 20 126
1981-82 Dec.30 Mar. 12
124
1982-83 Dec. 22 Mar. 20 123
Both Dams - 2020 Demand
1971-72 Dec. 3 April 15 133
1982-83 Dec.14 Mar. 12 127
Watana Filling
2E 156 11982-83 (YR.1)Dec.23 May
1981-82 (YR.2)Dec.23 May 30E 1621
Legend:
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SUSITNA HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT
TOTAL ICE T HIC KNESS
MAXIMUM SIMULA T ED VALUES 3
WATANADN lY WA TA NA A ND DE VI L CA NYON WA TANA FILLING
NATURAL
COND ITIONS 1996 200 1 2002 20 20 YR .lDEMANDDEMAND D EMAND DEMAND YR .2
•N ~N M N ~N M N N M N ~N M ~M M N
S10uQftOf .,.,.....,".......,.,...,.,.....,........:;;N :e :;;N ;;~:e :;;~~~:;;Side Ctwln nel R iver Mile ~~..~..~..~~~~..m ~~~m m ~~~~~m m ~m ~~
Whidters 101 .5 5 2 4 3 5 2 3 2 ,5 2 5 1 2 2 4 ,2 3
G.sh Creek 11 2 .0 5 4 4 4 5 3 5 5 6 5 7 5 2 2 3 4 ,3 4
6 A 11 2.3 6 5 4 5 5 3 5 4 6 5 7 5 2 3 4 4 ,5 5
•114 .1 5 2 4 4 5 2 4 3 4 5 5 4 2 3 3
4 1 3 3
MSII 11 5.5 5 2 5 5 6 2 5 5 4 5 6 4 3 3 4 4 2 3 5
MSII 1 15 .9 5 3 7 6 7 3 7 6 6 5 •4 6 4 6 5 3 5 B
Cu""120 .0 6 5 7 4 7 •B s 3 5 ,4 3 , ,4 2 4 B
~-
M~..123.5 '0 4 7 5 9 B B 2 4 B 2 7 4 _'J 7 2 5 B
S A West 126 .1 5 2 3 3 5 3 3 1 ,5 r--3 (J 3 ,1 2
SA''''127 .1 5 2 3 3 4 3 2 0 0 4 I 3 3 0 ,2
9 129 .3 B 4 7 6 5 3 3 ,--6 I 3 3 r 2 4
I ,
9 u/s 130 .6 •3 B 7 5 4 2
I
B 3 I 2 ,3 B,_lJ4thJuly131.8 7 ,3 5 5 3 2 7
I
3 I 1 3
9 A 133 .7 7 ,3 3 6 4 2 ,•3 ,3 2
10 u t i 134 .3 11 ,3 4 7 5 2
I
9 4
I
6 2,
"dIs 135.3 6 ,3 5 6 4 2 B
I
3 3 3
11 136 .5 5 ,3 4 3 2 2
,5 ,,3 4
(Upmum Bou ndary
,,---'
17 139.3 2 ,13',4
20 140.5 U ':I
,4of
Natu ral Sim ulations .~Upstream b len t 0 121lA61141.8 ,2
21 142 .2 Ice Covt r Proweuio n ,', ,
~
22 144 .8 ,1
NO TE S:
1."Case C"m srreem f low requirem ents are .....med lor wit h-proJec1 sim u lations.
2 .1971 -72'101 simu lation .uumes war m ,4"C r~ir r eleases.
All o thel"wit h-pf oiect simulat ion.assume an "intlow-malch ing"temperature pol icy .
3 .All ice th ickness in feet .
T ABLE VIII
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SUSITNA H YDROELECTRIC PROJECT
SO LID ICE THICKNESS
MAXIMUM SIMULATED VALUES 3
WATANAONlY WATA NA AN D DEVIL CAN YON WATA NA f iLLING
NATUR AL
COND ITIONS
,_
2001 2002 2020
DEMA ND DEMAN D DUiANO DEMAND Y R.1 YR.2
•N ~N Ii!N ~N M N N M N ~N M N M M N-«.,..,.'9 .,.~'9 '9 .,.:!'9 :!.,.'9 '9 .,.'9 '9 '9
~;;;N ..;;;N ;:N ~;;;N ;:N N i....Chonnoo R.,.M iN ~~m ~~~~m ~~~m ~
~~~e e ~~~~~~~e ~~~~
Wh"~10 1.5 5 2 •3 5 2 3 2
3 5 2 5 1 2 2 •1 2 3
Gooh c...o "2.0 5 2 •3 5 2 3 2 2 5 1 5 1 2 1 •1 2 c
SA 112.3 5 2 •3 5 2
3 2 2 5 1 5 1 2 1 •1 2 3
8 "4..'5 2 •3 5 2 3 2 2 5 I 5 1 2 1 •1 2 3
MSII 115.5 5 2 •3 5 2 3 2 1 5 1 •1 1 1 •1 2 3
MSlI 1 15 .9 5 2 •3 5 2 3 1 1 5 0 •1 1 1 •1 2 3
"""v 120.0 5 2 •3 5 2 2 0 1 5 0 •1 1 0 3 0 2 3-1 l3.5 5 2 •3 •1 2 0 0 •0 •0 _~.r -2 0 2 2,--
BAwtc'126 .1 5 2 3 3 •1 I 0 0 •3 ~1 0 1 2
SA ....127.1 5 2 3 3 3
1 I 0 0 •3 ,1 0 1 2
9 129.3 5 2 3 3 3 1 I 1--•3 1 r--I 2
1
9 U/.130 .6 5 2 3 3 3
1 I •2 0 1 2,
4 th Ju ly 13 1.8 5 1 3 3 2 1 1 ,•2 ,_EJ I 2
9A 133.7 5 1 3 2 2 1 0 •1 1 2
10 u/I 134.3 5 1 3 2 2 0 0 3 ,1 1 2
11 d /.135.3 •1 3 2 2 0 0 ,3 0 1 7,
11 136.5 •1 3 2 1 O~3 -~1 2
17 139.3
(Upmu m Boundary
0[-2 ,0 2
20 140.5 o f 0 ,2 0 2
Nat u ral Sim ulation.~U pm.m Ex ten t o f211A6)141.8 1 0 2
2 1 '42.2 lea eov-Progreuion ---.Q.,0 1
22 '40'.8 0 1
NOTES;
1."Cue C"instr. m flow requ wemeflu ...e I SSUme:l tOf with"9fOied simulations.
2 .1971 _nw simua.tion etalrnnw...m ,4-c r!'W'l'\lOir r elelses.
A ll o ther w ith -poj ect simull tioM auume In "i n f low ~ch i n9'''temper ~ure pol M:y .
3 .A ll ice t h ick Ma in 'MI.
TAB LE IX
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..:-..:-.~~--
MAP COURTEIV Of
ENVIRONMENTAL INfORM ATION AND DA TA C ENT ER
S CALE :1 IN CH EQUALS "M'L ES
~
R&M CON SULTANTS,INC•....,..........Ch.OO....._...__....".•._.
FIG URE 1 -SUSITNA RIVER
OO~lriVJ ·lElfJ&!~~~
--=-~~~- -
,-~=~=
5 -
(COL O)
(WA RM)
(COLD)
(A VE RA G E)
1 971-72
---- 1 97 6 -77
-.-.-1 98 1-8 2
-"-"- 1 98 2-8 3
L EGEND:
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APR.
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MA R.F EB.
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NOV .
-20 ,iii I i I
FIGURE 2 -AVERAGE MONTHLY AIR TEMPERATURES AT TALKEETNA
IfJffilffJU •IEl:Jffil ~~@
-",.,I
.'-'l
----.L .._..~,,_.._
-.-,..-""-"1L--..---.r-_,_
I I ~"_Y 'L.----,L_...=.i----l ~
L-._'---'__._,.L-
~
4 000
3 000
til
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1 0 00
NOV,
'-
LEGEND:
---''---
---''---'.---
DEC,
-
19 71 - 72
197 6-77
19 81-82
1 9 82-83
JAN.FEB .
---.
MAR.
-..,
APR.
-:........"==:l
FIGURE 3 - SU SITNA RIVER NATURAL STREAMFLOWS AT GOLD C REEK -AVERAGE MONTHL Y VALUES
HARlA-EIASCO
rr-
~......-_t.=~
Disch a rges shown a r e ave r a ges a mong t he
1 971- 72 ,1 976- 77 ,1981 -8 2 a nd 1 982- 83
wi nte r wea th er cond i tions s i mu lated.
Discharge
From
Re servoir
Wata na
Wa t a na
Dev i l Canyon
Devil Canyon
1 99 6
2001
2002
2020
Ene r gy
Demand
LEGEN D:
---'---'---
--''- --''---
..-',--+~-,
""_0_0_\
NOTE:
6000
14000
I rr:">.
:\
12000 -.J ,-"/",
/r ~
~
10000 ...\,
Ulr..u-
~
Eo<
;:i
~8000~"//'>.0
..:lr..
./,-,/'-.
NOV.DEC.J AN .F EB.MAR.APR .
~I GuRE 4 -DISCHARG E FROM PROJECT RES ERVO IRS HA RlA-EIASC
~
-I , I ,,
'.".··..~;r ·.
e4
~
e 3~e9~~':::t=::!::;:l:,=:!':::!I:::!':-:2..,..-,......,~....,-,......,......,......,.-..,-,.........
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LEGEND:
e OBSERVATION WELLS
•STAF f GAGES
Q DISCHARGE MEASUREMENT SITES
• CONTINUOUS STAGE RECORDERS
~CONTROLLING BERMS
~CLIMATE STATION
~STREAMBED
-.;~·-.·;·I f·;:~~;-·~:(;·:;......:~:-,.._.~~ ,..-t :
PREPARED BY '
Rill eON SUlTANTS."t e .
FIGURE 5 -TYPICAL SLOUGH mJJ1/flVJ·/E/fJD.\~a:@
I
water
7"-__slush ice
deposit
a.Actual River Cross-Section
solid icewater
...e ";.',(\_... ..,."'-
",..1 ,...,(~~.I ~"\c ~
.' ",l _~ \....o t ":: \ ,·.,"_")., .,
b.Simulated River Cross-Section
I FIGURE 6 -ICE DISTRIBUTION -ACTUAL VS. SIMULATED
EXHIBIT A
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RIVER MILE 101.50
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I 6l£ITNA RIVER
1m ntI_..-.IEIITt£R PERIOD 'I NOV lIZ -15 APR ea ICE SI IIUlATl ON
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I SUSITNA RIVER
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