HomeMy WebLinkAboutSUS486SUSITNA HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT
SURVEY OF EXPERIENCE
IN OPERATING HYDROELECTRIC PROJECTS
IN COLD REGIONS
VOLUME 1 -MAIN TEXT
APPENDIX A &APPENDIX B
Prepa red by
Harza-Ebasco Sus itna Joint Venture
Prepared for
Alaska Power Authority
Draft Report
Apri 1 1985
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SECTION/TITLE PAGE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
SCOPE OF WORK
SUMMARY
LITERATURE REVIEW
MAIL SURVEY
4.1 Questionnaires
4.2 Compilation of Responses
VISIT TO BRITISH COLUMBIA HYDRO AND PEACE RIVER TOWN
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
1
2
5
9
10
12
19
20
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A-1
A-2
A-3
A-4
B-1
B-2
B-3
c
LIST OF APPENDICES
Mail Survey Questionnaire
Compilation of Responses, Canada
Compilation of Responses, United States
Compilation of Responses, Europe and Other Countries
Organizations Contacted, Canada
Organizations Contacted, United States
Organizations Contacted, Europe and Japan
Responses to Mai 1 Survey Questionnaire
D Supplementary Material Included in Responses
E Field Memorandum of Visit by H.W. Coleman to British Columbia Hydro
(Vancouver) and Peace River Town, and Supporting Material
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1.SCOPE OF WORK
The Susitna Hydroelectric Project will be located in a reglon where winters
are moderately severe and river and reservoir ice must be accommodated.The
design and operation must consider ice effects both for the associated
project structures and environmental effects on the aquatic,terrestrial,
and human habitat .In particular,any changes to the natural condition of
the river as regards ice must be addressed .
In an attempt to develop background on experience for existing installations
in cold regions,we have made the following investigations:
A.Review of pertinent literature,
B.Mail survey,and
C.Visit to British Columbia Hydro (Vancouver)and Pea ce River Town.
This report contains the results of that study including recommendations for
the Susitna Hydroelectric Project .
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2.SUMMARY
A literature review,mailed survey and site visit have been made to evaluate
the procedures adopted by operators of hydroelectric projects in cold
regions similar to the Susitna Hydroelectric Project site,in response to
environmental concerns .Four specific areas were addressed :
1.Reservoir and powerhouse operating procedures to mitigate ice jam
related flooding,
2 .The effects of reservoir ice cover and bank ice on animal crossing,
3.Management of reservoir ice cover to control cracking and the
associated danger to animals,and
4.Bank eros Lon resulting from reservoir and river ice cover and its
effect on suspended sediment and t ur b i d i t y levels,including
ermissible turbidity levels.
The results of the study indicate that :
1.There are a few documented proDlems within reservoir impoundment zones.
These are generally caused by deer and elk fa 11 ing through a thin
reservoir ice cover or by animals losing their footing on the ice
cover.An operation constraint is being used at Lucky Peak Dam to
minimize drownings.The reservoir water level is held constant during
cover formation to prevent weak spots resulting from unsupported i ce or
cracking which apparently occurs when the reservoir is drawn down
during cover formation.
2.There are a few cases reported in Canada where ice jam flooding of
towns has been attributed to upstream hydroelectric power operations.
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3.Where operational procedures are in effect,they are generally directed
toward protecting human life and property rather than aquatic or
terrestrial habitat.
4.Operat ional restri ctions such as those for British Col umb ia Hydro's
Peace River project include the following:
a.During freeze-up ice cover progression through sensitive areas on
the river,flows are controlled at a high level until the cover
develops sufficient strength to withstand flow fluctuations.
b.After freeze-up,the plant can be operated freely without
endangering the cover except in the frontal zone.
c.During break-up and melt-out,flows are again maintained at high
levels in the sensitive areas to erode the cover "as quickly as
possible.If tributary break-up appears imminent,B.C.Hydro
releases are decreased in order to minimize the effect of the
tributary ice surge on water levels in sensitive areas on the
Peace Ri ver.
5.In other cases operational constraints are employed to prevent the
formation of hanging dams in the river downstream of a hydro facility
or to reduce water levels upstream of a hanging dam after it has
formed.These hanging dams may result in high water levels
which can reduce the plant generat ing c apacity ,endange r the
powerhouse,or resul t in flooding of areas adjacent to the river.
These types of constraints include:
a.Inducing an early ice cover on the river upstream of known sites
of hanging dams ,by artificial means such as ice booms or other
obstructions.When an ice cover forms,frazil ice production
stops and the hanging dams,which result from frazil accumulation,
are minimized.
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b.Inducing an early ice cover on the river by keeping powerhouse
discharges low while the ice cover forms.This may result in more
rapid i ce cover advance ,preventing further f r az i 1 production.
After the ice cover is formed,powerhouse discharges c an be
increased .
c.Preventing ice cover formation in sensitive areas by fluctuating
discharges,continually breaking up the ice cover and keeping it
downstream.This may result in higher water levels further
downstream,but lower water levels in sensitive areas.
d.Reducing discharges after a hanging dam forms in order to reduce
water levels upstream of the hanging dam.
6.The Canadian Electrical Association and many plant operators indicated
that powerhouse operations during the winter to maintain a s t ab l e
cover would be site specific and requi re operat ing experience over a
number of years.Reservoir discharge,climatic conditions,channel
morphology,and water temperature are all variables which must be
considered.
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3. LITERATURE REVIEW
Several organizations have published general information and guidelines f o r
ice considerations in the design and operation of hydroelectric and other
projects. These sources were reviewed:
1. Evaluation of Ice Problems Associated with Hydroelectric Power
Generation in Alaska, Final Report to the State of Alaska Department of
Commerce and Economic Development by J.P. Gosink and T.E. Osterkamp, of
the University of Alaska Geophysical Institute.
The problems dealt with in this study pertained more to energy
generation than to environmental concerns. There was discussion of
problems related to hanging dams and ice jams which is of interest.
Various methods for determining the open water reach downstream of a
reservoir were discussed. A survey of hydropower plants was conducted
to determine potential ice-related problems and possible solutions.
2. Course Notes for Ice Engineering on Rivers and Lakes by the University
of Wisconsin, Madison in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers, Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory and the
University of Wisconsin Sea Grant Institute.
The course notes include articles by leading authorities in the field
of ice engineering , dealing with
a. formation and breakup of a river Lee cover a nd methods for
analyzing and solving associated problems,
b. ice problems at hydroelectric structures, and
c. mechanical properties of ice and Lee forces on structures.
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The notes provide a good compendium of potential ice problems and
engineering solut ions.However,they do not dea I wi th envi ronmenta I
effects other than effects of flooding on human habitation.
3.Design and Operation of Shallow River Diversions in Cold Regions by the
U.S.Department of the Interior,Bureau of Reclamation REC-ERC-74-19.
This report contains information on potential ice problems and design
guidel ines.Although the report is written for shallow river
diversions,many of the design guidelines are applicable to
hydroelectric projects as well.The report does not deal with
environmental problems.
4.Winter Ice Jams on the Gunnison River,by the U.S.Department of the
Interior,Bureau of Reclamation REC-ERC-79-4.
The report details ice jam flooding problems associated with operating
projects and methods used in an attempt to alleviate the problem.The
flooding affected residents along the reach of the Gunnison River
between Blue Mesa and Taylor Park Reservoirs.Relationships were
developed between ice jam location,weather conditions and level of
Blue Mesa Reservoir water surface.
5.Ice Management Manual,by Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources.
This report includes guidelines for dealing with chronic ice problems
including procedures for monitoring,predicting and acting on freeze-up
and break-up ice jallll1ling related flooding.It includes information on
conditions causing ice jallll1ling,explains causes and predictive methods
for break-up,lists the data which should be collected in a monitoring
program,and assesses the success rate of various remedial measures.
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6.Ice Engineering by the U.S.Army Corps of Engi neer s ,EM lLLO-2-1612.
This is a very comprehensive report summarizing potential problems at
all types of civil works structures including hydroelectric projects.
The report provides guidance for the planni ng,design,const ruc t ion,
operation and maintenance of ice control and ice suppression measures
and is used by the Corps of Engineers for their projects.The manual
discusses ice formation processes,physical properties 'and potential
solutions.
7.Behavior of Ice Covers
Fluctuataions by Acres
Electrical Association.
Subject
Consulting
to Large
Servi c es ,
Daily
Ltd.
Flow and Level
for the Canadian
This report contains much valuable information on the types of problems
encountered relative to river ice covers downstream of hydroelectric
projects.An attempt was made to establish the state-of-the-art in
predicting the stability of a river ice cover subject to flow and level
fluctuations.Theoretical computations were made to establish
stability criteria for the ice cover and to provide a means for
developing guidelines for flow and level fluctuations to prevent ice
cover break-up.The study concludes that:
"...generalized criteria do not exist at present,and designs
cannot be prepared for many cases of ice structure,or shoreline,
interaction."
The report concludes that extensive laboratory and field studies are
necessary before a generally applicable model can be formulated and
that the guidelines presented in the manual can be used to establish
that field program.Site specific studies would also be required.
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8.Reservoir Bank Erosion Caused and Affected by Ice Cover by Lawrence
Gatto for the u.s.Army Corps of Engineers Cold Regions Research and
Engineering Laboratory.
This report describes a survey of r es er vo r r bank erosion problems at
various places throughout the world and provides a reference list.
Many photographs of existing installations are presented.Criteria for
various types of erosion are presented.
Additionally,many articles available in the general literature were
consulted.Some of these were provided by participants in the mail survey
described later.
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4. MAIL SURVEY
A mai 1 survey was conducted to determine the experience of operators of
hydroelectric projects in cold regions. The survey was carried out by:
l. Compiling a list of operators of hydroelectric projects in cold
regions,
2. Developing a concise set of questions about environmental concerns
with ice,
3. Mailing the questionnaires to the operators,
4. Reviewing responses for additional contacts,
5. Mailing questionnaires to suggested additional contacts,
6. Following up by an additional mailing to non-respondents,
7. Compiling of responses, and
8. Summarizing responses.
Consulate offices representing each of the countries which experience
severe northern climate conditions were contacted. Lists of names of
organizations were obtained. Discussions were conducted with various
consulate officials on ice management for possible leads which could be used
for making contacts. In order to obtain better assurance that the
questionnaire would reach the addressed person and also to obtain a faster
delivery time to foreign countries, telexes or cablegrams were used. First
class mai 1 was used in the U.S. and Canada. For a 1 ist of organizations
contacted refer to Appendices B-1 to B-3.
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In order to obtain a full spectrum of comments, the questionnaires were sent
to hydropower utilities, water supply utilities, federal and state agencies
for the environment, fish, wildlife, natural resources, energy and inland
waterways. In addition, questionnaires were sent to universities, research
organizations (National Research Council of Canada, CRREL of the US, etc.)
engineering companies located in each of the Canadian provinces and northern
states in the United States involved in ice engineering, and selected
concerned citizen groups. After a reasonable time lapse, follow-up letters
were sent to some non-respondents. During the process of compiling the
replies, telephone contacts were made in an attempt to clarify certain
points.
4.1 questionnaires
The questions asked concerned ice management policies 1n use or being
adopted by the various organizations or agencies for environmental purposes.
A copy of the questionnaire is included as Appendix A-1. A surmnary of the
questions is given below.
question No. 1. Reservoir Operating Procedures to Mitigate Ice Jam Related
Flooding:
The question asked for information on winter operating policies with respect
to water surface fluctuations to control ice formation in lakes and rivers
upstream and downstream of dams and hydropower plants. The general purpose
of operations is to form a stable ice condition which would prevent the
formation of ice jams that would lead to undesirable flooding. The water
level changes could be caused by the variation of flow releases resulting
from:
1. hydro-power generation,
2. domestic and industrical water supplies,
3. aquatic and fishery requirements,
4. wildlife protection,
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5. water temperature control,
6. dissolved oxygen and dissolved nitrogen control,
7. flash snow melt, and
8. ice jams (backwater effect)
Question No. 2. Ice on Reservoir Banks:
The question asked for information on environmental impact on animals such
as caribou, elk, bear, moose, etc. due to the formation of Lee on reservoir
banks due to drawdown or due to reservoir surface ice which was broken up at
the banks. This ice when stepped upon by animals, may cause them to lose
their footing resulting in injuries or drownings. What procedures, if any,
have been taken to minimize this hazard?
Question No. 3. Reservoir Management for Ice Crack Control:
The question asked for information on the method of reservo1r water level
fluctuation management or precautions used to control the width of opening
and pattern of crack development in the ice sheet such that after s nowfall
with cracks covered, the traversing animals would not stumble into and be
trapped in the cracks.
Question No. 4. Bank Erosion and Turbidity due to Ice Movement:
The question asked for information on problems of bank erosion caused by
break-up and movement of ice floes along banks resulting in an increase of
sediment in the reservoir and in the river downstream. What is the
permissible degree of turbidity in parts per million or its equivalent that
is acceptable for aquatic life such as salmon, trout, etc.?
Over 160 letters and telexes or cables were sent to various organizations
throughout the world, of which 78 replies were received -49%. This is
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considered a good response. The 1 ist of organizations contacted LS in
Appendix B and correspondence received is Ln Appendix c.
4.2 Compilation of Responses
The replies were carefully reviewed. Only the replies which addressed the
quest ions( s) were tabulated, the rest of the respondents normally stated
that nothing is known about the queried subject. The compilation was
extracted, verbatim, from the replies. Technical information in the replies
suggested names of persons and is quite sparse. Many respondents
organizations to contact. In general, these suggestions were followed
through. The summary compilation of responses is enclosed as Appendix A-1,
Canada, Appendix A-2, United States, and Appendix A-3, Other Countries.
Most respondents answered questions No. 2 and No. 3 together and this format
was adopted in the compilation.
were separated as far as possible.
In the summary, however, these questions
Question No 1. -Reservoir Operating Procedures to Mitigate Ice Jam Related
Flooding:
1. During freeze-up it LS important that discharges remaLn relatively
high until a stable ice cover is formed at a high enough stage and
of sufficient thickness and strength to allow full flexibility of
discharge throughout the winter. Thereafter, the out flow may be
reduced as required. This action permits the water to flow freely
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under the ice cover. When short term increased discharge is
necessary, it should not exceed the discharge at Lee cover
formation until the ice cover has had a chance to strenthen as a
result of heat loss and consolidation of ice blocks forming the
initial cover. The consequences of increasing discharge over that
at cover formation are the lifting of the ice cover, and a
tendency to cause ice build-up. The ice build-up or hanging ice
12
could result in increased backwater and ice jams during the break-
up period.
2. During ice cover formation, the rate of freezing is monitored, and
daily discharge is kept as constant as possible to reduce ice
shoves at the leading edge of the ice cover and minimize flooding.
If shoving should occur and water stage should increase, the
discharge is moderated to reduce the hazards.
3. British Columbia Hydro attempts to coordinate i ce break-up of the
Peace River with the various tributaries on its river system.
However, the timing and rate of break-up depend primarily on
prevailing weather conditions and spring freshet flood peaks from
~he tributaries, and can not be controlled at the dam. Therefore,
extensive field observation posts at various stat ions have been
established to monitor ice conditions. Where necessary and
feasible, operations were modified in order to minimize hazards.
4. Each plant in the. ·Manitoba Hydro system 1s associated with a
unique set of operating policies.
established out of concern for the
These policies are usually
environment, but also with
recognition of a preferred mode of operation for power production
purposes. Attempts to mi.tigate effects of flooding, etc. are
made. If damage should occur, however, compensation procedures
are adopted.
5. Ontario Hydro states th~t operational procedures at dams and
hydroplants are still based on operator's experience because the
necessary understanding of ice jams is still not available.
6. Most respondents state that no attempts have been made to control
ice levels to affect ice ja111111ing or flooding.
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7. Some respondents state that they have no written operating policy.
Water levels are not regulated with effects on wildlife in mind,
but only with the intent of maximum economic benefit from the
power generation or the adequate water supplies for the users.
8. In other cases operational constraints are employed to prevent the
formation of hanging dams downstream of a hydro project or to
reduce water levels upstream of the hanging dam after it forms.
Hanging dams may result in high water levels which can reduce the
plant generating capacity, endanger the powerhouse, or result tn
flooding of areas adjacent to the river. These types of
constraints include:
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o Inducing an early ice cover on the river upstream of known
sites of hanging dams, by artificial means such as ice booms
or other obstructions. ·When an ice cover forms, frazil ice
production stops and the handing dams, which result from
frazil accumulation, are minimized.
o Inducing an early tee cover on the river by keeping
powerhouse discharges low while the ice cover forms. This
may result tn more rapid tee cover advance, preventing
further frazil production. After the ice cover is formed,
powerhouse discharges can be increased.
o Preventing ice cover formation in sensitive areas by
fluctuating discharges, continually breaking up the ice cove r
and keeping it downstream.
levels further downstream,
sensitive areas.
This may result in higher water
but lower water levels in
o Reducing discharges after a hanging dam forms in order to
reduce water levels upstream of the hanging dam.
14
9. The Canadian Electrical Association and many plant operators
indicated that powerhouse operations during the winter to maintain
a stable cover would be site specific and require operating
experience over a number of years. Reservoir discharge , climate
conditions, channel morphology, and water temperature are all
variables which must be considered.
10. The state of Michigan set maximum water surface fluctuations for:
o cold water rivers (salmon, char, trout, etc.) at 8"-10" per
day
o warm water rivers (bass, walleyes , etc.) at 12"-18" per day.
Question No . 2. -Ice on Reservoir Banks:
In general, all organizations take no specific actions on their reservotrs
to alter the state of ice on reservoir banks for wildlife safety reasons.
Two organizations indicated sporadic cases ·of deer drowning within ice
covered drawdown zone but have no quantitative or documented information.
Others reported no known problems with animal injuries or drowning as a
result of reservoir drawdown.
Dr. Lennart Billfalk, Director, Vattenfall (Power Board), Sweden reports
some potential problems related to the need for reindeers to pass regulated
rivers have been discussed when planning for new hydro power stations and in
some cases the Power Board has constructed special reindeer bridges wh e re
"natural crossings" can not be used anymore.
Mr. William M. Grove of the Union Water Power Company reports, "The nature
of reservoir freezing during drawdown does not allow wet reservoir banks to
exist. The drawdown is gradual thus allowing solid freezing of the water.
There are no exposed areas where an animal would become entrapped in a
combination of wet mire and reservoir ice.
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At the time of freezing, the
reservoir ice has formed sufficiently to support the weight of animals. Our
experience of over 100 years of operation is that we do not have migratory
animals in the true sense of the word. Never have my people reported seeing
moose or deer on the reservoir surface of their own accord. The deer
especially are at far greater hazard from packs of predator coy-dogs that
drive them on to the ice where they lose their footing and become easy prey.
Bears hibernate in the winter."
Wendel J. O'Conroy of the United States Fish and Wildlife Service reports
"There is the potential, if reservoirs freeze, for terrestial animals to
become stranded on ice and become easy prey to predators. Animal loss can
be prevented by predator control, fencing of reservoirs and providing access
to winter feeding areas away from iced surfaces."
Question No. 3. -Reservoir Management for Ice Crack Control :
All respondents except one state that no procedures are used to control
cracks in reservoir ice that might be a hazard to animals. Also most stated
that no known problems with animals falling in cracks or openings along
reservoirs have been documented. Many routes for migratory species do not
cross existing reservoirs.
of design because many of
Apparently, this is accidental and not by choice
the reservoirs were in place prior to public
awareness of environmental problems.
Kennebec Water Power Co., Maine states "In Maine, most large animals stay
off the ice as they are unable to maintain mobility -especially the hooved
animals."
At the Lucky Peak Dam, an irrigation and flood control structure in Idaho ,
many deer drownings occurred between its construction in 1956 and the
institution of measures to minimize the problem. The reservoir is in a
major migration path and, up until about 10 years ago, as many as 150-175
deer per year would drown in the reservoir. This was apparently caused by
the anima 1 s eros sing the reservoir when the 1ce cover was s t i 11
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thin. Pockets of unsupported ice or cracks apparently formed in the ice
cover as the reservoir was being drawn down. Deer stepping on these areas.
would fall through the cover. Later, when the ice cover thickened, the
problem ceased. The reservoir is now maintained at a stable level during
cover formation to prevent the formation of these cracks or pockets.
Deer drownings have reportedly been reduced to 5-10 animals per year.
At the Blue Mesa Reservoir in Colorado there have been incidents of elk
drowning. The exact cause is not known. However it appears, from the
location where the elk were found, that they may have fallen through thin
ice at the edge of the reservoir when the cover was first forming. It also
appears that the elk do not normally travel on the reservoir and were there
because of any of a number of reasons including a harsh winter and poaching
hunters. The elk had apparently travelled at least a mile on the ice. The
Blue Mesa Reservoir normally draws down continually through the winter by 40
to 100 feet. No measures have been instituted to control ice cover
formation. Isolated instances of animals being trapped on the ice do occur
and rescues have been made.
Question No. 4 -Bank Erosion Due to Ice Movement:
Permissible levels of turbidity are difficult to define and vary from
province to province in Canada and from state to state in the U.S. Usually
the levels are set for drinking water standards or human recreation
standards and seldom for aquatic life. Manitoba has attempted stream
classification applicable to fish as follows:
Class 2A -warm and cold water sport and commercial fish -
limit ~ 10 JTU. (Jackson Turbidity Unit)
Class 2B -warm and cold water sport and commercial tish -
limit = 25 JTU.
Class 2C -rough fish -
limit = 25 JTU.
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The province of Ontario, for instance, does not permit Secchi disc readings
(a turbidity indicator) to change by mor~ than 10%. Alberta's objectives
suggest changes be less than 25 JTU' s over seasonal natural background
level. These are drinking water standards.
The existing practice in British Columbia is to enhance and manage fisheries
in reservoirs which have suitable basic characteristics and minimal
fluctuation in water levels, e.g. run-of-the-river reservoirs such as Peace
Canyon development. Both BC Hydro and the resource agencies accept that
reservoirs with erodible banks, large draw-down zones and high sediment
levels have limitations for fisheries management.
The United States Government agencies contacted did not report turbidity
standards for fish. Most agencies stated that increased turbidity during
spring floods and ice movements is not within design control. In both cases
the flow is relatively high. The increase in sediment gives an apparent
large increase 1n turbidity, because of greater degree of turbulence
associated with higher flow. However, turbidity changes due to project
construction or due to high velocity sluice releases etc, are more critical.
Some agencies stated a rule of thumb practice is to restrict a turbidity
change, for cold water rivers, to no greater than 10% beyond average
seasonal turbidity level for protection of aquatic life. Operational
experiences gained each season, monit-ored by specialists, should be used to
guide future operations.
No respondents report using the nephelometric method (NTU) but a few
respondents stated turbidity, in the Jackson turbidity unit (JTU) using the
candle turbidimeter a visual method from
Examination of Water and Wastewater."
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"The Standard Methods for the
5. VISIT TO BRITISH COLUMBIA HYDRO
AND PEACE RIVER TOWN
Mr. H.W. Coleman and Mr. Wayne Dyok visited with officials of Brit i sh
Columbia Hydro in Vancouver and Alberta Environment in Peace River Town.
They obtained information on operating policies of the W.A.C. Bennett and
Peace Canyon Project and records of the flooding of Peace River Town which
was related to wintertime operations of B.C. Hydro's upstream projects. A
record of their visit is contained in Appendix E.
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6. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The conclusions and recommendations of this study are based on the
literature review, mailed survey and site visit. They are:
1. Re.;ervoir operating procedures to mitigate downstream ice jam related
flooding include:
a) Establishment of a stable ice cover on the downstream r~ver early
in the season during freeze-up. The ice cover should be high
enough and strong enough to allow full flexibility of discharges
throughout winter.
b) Operational procedures may also be employed to prevent hanging
dams. These include inducing an early ice cover on the river
upstream of known sites by artificial means, or by keeping
powerhouse discharges low while the cover forms. Hanging dams may
also be prevented 1n sensitive areas by fluctuating discharge to
keep the ice cover broken up and downstream of the area.
c) Most utilities have no operating policies to control ice levels to
affect ice jamming or flooding. A few utilities may have
operating policies out of concern for aquatic life and wildlife in
mind but operate with the intent of maximu m economic benefit from
power generation or adequate water supplies for the users. Where
operating procedures are in effect they are generally directed
toward protecting human life and property. If damage should
occur, compensation procedures are adopted.
The proposed policy for operating the Susitna Hydroelectric Project
contained in the report by the Alaska Power Authority "Case E-VI
Environmental Flow Requirements" contains constraints on variations 1n
releases. These are:
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a. Flows shall not vary more than ±10% from the average weekly flow at
Gold Creek.
b. The maximum rate of flow change will be 10 % of the average weekly flow
when Watana is operating alone and 350 cfs per hour when Devi 1 Canyon
comes on line.
The former constraint generally means that water levels will not vary more
than 0.4 feet throughout the week. The second constraint means that the
maximum rate of water level change will be approximately 0.4 ft/hour when
Watana is operating alone and 0.1 ft per hour when Devil Canyon is on line.
These are based on steady state conditions. Water level fluctuations of
this amount would probably be acceptable and provide ice cover stability.
Constraints such as these should be adopted. It is not believed that other
requirements would be necessary to provide a stable ice cover. A study of
attenuation of water level a~d discharge variations resulting from
powerhouse load following may indicate that powerhouse discharges can be
fluctuated more than indicated and still result in much smaller water level
fluctuations at sensitive habitat areas. Additionally, experience in
operating the project will allow a better estimate of feasible powerhouse
discharge fluctuations.
2. All respondents except two state that their organizations take no
specific actions on their reservoirs to alter the state of ice on
reservoir banks for wildlife safety reasons. The Power Board in
Sweden has provided reindeer bridges where "natura 1 crossings" cannot
be used.
There will be ice on the banks of the Watana reservoir to between 40 and 90
feet below the maximum operating level from the preceeding year. Devil
Canyon reservoir water levels would be constant during winter and bank ice
will be minimized. The ice on the shore at Watana could cause some danger
to animals crossing the banks. However, it is believed the greatest danger
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to animals would be during the short ice cover freeze-up and melt out
periods in November and May, when the ice would not support animals.There
is nothing that can be done to prevent th is other than attempting to rescue
the animals.The freeze-up and break-up periods are also dangerous time s to
cross the nat ural river.
3.All respondents except one state that their organizations take no
actions to control cracks in reservoir ice cover that might be a hazard
to animals.
A policy has been instituted at Lucky Peak Dam to minimize drownings of
deer.This includes keeping the reservo ir water level stable during the
initial ice cover formation period ,to prevent cracks or pockets of
unsupported ice.Reservoir drawdown to required spring levels for f lood
control is accomplished either before initial i ce cover formation ,or after
the cover has th ickened suff iciently that the unsupported areas would be
less of a haza rd.It would be impractical to institute a similar policy at
Watana since this would require that releases for power be curtailed for _
.ar ~',;,.i ~1 1 ·t"\"'f ~-i"I1~~..m-~..Ii~period in November when energy demands are high.
4.The permissible level of turbidity in water varies from state to state
in the US and province to province in Canada.Our survey ind icates
these levels are for drinking water standards and human recreation and
not for aquatic life.Manitoba attempts to set levels applicable to
fish as follows :
Class 2A - warm and cold water sport and commercia l f ish -
limit =10 JTU.(Jackson Turbidity Unit)
Class 28 - warm and cold water sport and commerical fish -
limit =25 JTU.
Class 2C -rough fish
limit =25 JTU.
42188183
850405
22
Other agencies use a rule of thumb practice to restrict a turbidity
change,for cold water rivers,to no greater than 10%beyond average
seasonal turbidity level for protection of aquatic life and,
therea fter,apply operat iona 1 experiences,ga ined each season,
monitored by specialists,to be used to guide future operations.
The report by L.Gatto indicates that local bank erOSion can be expected at
Watana during the ice cover melt out period when winds may blow the ice
cover against the exposed banks.This would result in local increases in
suspended sediments but would not affect the sediment load of the out flow
significantly.
The large amounts of bank erosion experienced at Southern Indian Lake (see
papers by Newbury,Hecky,McCullough)were a result of wave action on an
exposed permafrost shoreline.This is not expected at Watana or Devi 1
Canyon because of differences in operation.The Southern Indian Lake water
level is nearly constant all year and the shoreline at one level is
continually exposed to erosive forces.The Watana Reservoir will be drawn
down continually during the winter and soil at one time exposed to waves and
above freezing water will be covered with ice and allowed to refreeze.
Thermal niches,as occurred at Southern Indian Lake,are not expected to
occur.Some erosion of bank material and vegetation removal will occur at
Devi 1 Canyon because of thermal expansion and wind force induced "ice push"
of the stable ice cover.Additionally,the Devil Canyon and Watana
Reservoirs are much deeper than Southern Indian Lake.The ratio of
shoreline length to volume at Southern Indian Lake is over six times that at
Watana and twice that at Devil Canyon .Thus,the shoreline erosion which
would occur would have a much smaller effect on suspended sediment
concentrations than at Southern Indian Lake.
Area
(km2 )
Volume
009 m3 )
Mean
Shoreline Depth
(km)(m)
Residence Time
(y r )
Southern Indian Lake
Watana
Devil Canyon
42188183
850405
2391
154
32
23.38
11.7
1.35
23
3788
295
123
9.8
76
42
0.72
1.65
0.16
The soils at Souther n Ind ian Lake are predominately s ilty cl ay,wi th wide
spread permafrost at a depth of up to 10 m.In Watana and Devil Cany on the
bank soil is generally silty sands,and permafrost is d iscontinuous.So ils
e roded from the banks of Southern Ind ian Lake tend to stay in suspens ion
and contribute to high t urbid ity levels because of the ir small s ize and low
settl ing veloc ity.Soi Is eroded from the banks at Watana or Devi 1 Canyon
would settle quick~y and not materially affect turbidity.
42188183
850405
24
SUSITHA HYDIlOELECTIlIC PIlOJECf
SURVEY OF EXPERIENCE
III OPERATING HYDROELEcrRIC PROJECTS
III COLD 1lECI01lS
APPENDIX A-I
MAIL SURVEY QLESTIONNAIRE
Prepared By
Harza-Ebasco Susitna Joint Venture
For the Alaska Power Au thad ty
Draft Report
April 1985
WAR..ZA ENGINEERING COMPANY
Gentlemen:
CONSU LT ING E NGINEE RS
October 16,1984
We are conducting a literature search and writing to various agencies
and specialists to survey the state-of-~he-art in ice control engineering
which affects the environment.We would appreciate any information you
and/or your organization could offer or suggest names of persons and
organizations which we might contact on the following:
1.Procedures or operating policies used in the control of ice levels
in rivers downstream and upstream of dams and hydropower plants
caused by environmental water releases and po~er generating flow
fluctuations in order to minimize the formation of ice jams and
more importantly to minimize the associated flooding.
2.Environmental impact on terrestrial animals such as caribou,
elk,bear,moose,etc.,due to the formation of ice on wet
reservoir banks exposed by reservoir drawdown or due to reservoir
surface ice which has broken up at the banks.This ice may cause
the animals to lose their footing and slip into the reservoir,
resulting in injuries or drownings.What procedures,if any,have
been taken to minimize this hazard ?
3. The method of reservoir fluctuation management or precautions
used in order to control the width of opening and pattern of
crack development in the ice sheet such that after snowfall
with cracks covered,the traversing animals auld not fall into
and be trapped in the cracks.
4.Problems of bank erosion caused by break-up and movement f
ice resulting in increase of sediment in the reservoir and in
the river downstream.What is the permissible degree of
turbidity in parts per million or its equivalent that is
acceptable for aquatic life such as salmon,trout,et c.?
Please send reply to the attention of:Dr .Dav id S. Lou ie
Harza Engineering Co mpany
150 South Wa c ker Dr ive
Chicago,Ill inois 6060 6 U.S.A.
or,i f you wish,send collect to one of our telex numbers:25-444 4
25-3540
25-3527
or to our cable address :RARZENG CGO.
The telephone number is 312/855-3325.
Thank you in advance for your interest and effort.
Ver y truly yours ,
,-/:\.::IV.!I ;,/.:.i/s:,r/-j ..·~v~
David S .ILouie
Chief Hydraulic Engineer
-2-
SUSITJIA RmROELECTIlIC PJIOJECT
SURVEY OF EXPERIENCE
IN OPEUTIBG BYDJIOELECl'RIC PROJECl'S
III OOLD REGIONS
APPENDIX A-2
COMPILATION OF RESPONSES
CANADA
Prepared By
Harza-Ebasco Susitna Joint Venture
For the Alaska Power Authority
Draft Report
April 1985
,
ALBERTA :(Question No. 1 -Page 1)
Univer si ty of Alberta ;Edmonton,Al ber t a ,Canada
Professor R.Gerard,Dept.of Civ il Enginee r ing .
(Handwritten note)
I believe the releases from the Bighorn and Brazeem Dams on the North
Saskatchewan are restrained to avo id downstream ice problems .
Certa inly t hose from the W.A.C.Bennet Dam of Brit ish Columb ia Hydro
on the Peace River are.
(Editor's note -See responses from Br itish Columbia Hydro and Trans
Alta Utilit ies)
Trans Alta Utilities ,Calgary Alberta,Canada
Mr .R.W.Wa y ,Manager,Generat ion Scheduling .
RE:CO NTRO L OF ICE LEVELS IN RI VERS DO WNSTREAM OF OUR DAMS.We
do monit or i ce levels at certa i n po i nts and ad j u st plant operat ions
t o a de gree to try to ma i nta in i c e/wat er levels below c r it ic al
elevations.This is particularly true at our Bighorn operat ion on
the North Saskatchewan River where p roblems ar ise as the ice pac k
i s building p ast sens itive reaches of the river downstream o f our
development.The adjustments to plant operat ions are to the total
dail y f l owby and the variat ion of the flow du r ing the day .
ALBERTA:(Qu es t i on No.2 -Page 1)
Al berta Energy a nd Natural Resources,Fish and Wild l ife Division,
Denn is C.Surrendi,Assistant Deputy Minister.
In the Province of Alberta there has been limited documentation of
problems between reservoirs/reservoir operations and ungulates.
Most of the documentation deals with habitat loss and management
following reservoir construction.The existing reservoirs i n
Alberta are not in the path of any major ungulate migrations wh ich
min imize the likelihood for problems although some local problems
may exist which are not documented.
-2-
ALBERTA:(Question No.4 -Page 1)
Edmonton Power,Edmonton,Alberta T5J 3P4;
L.M.Johnston,P.E.,Environmental Manager.
Regarding sediment levels in water flowing from hydro reservoirs,
neither the Alberta nor Canadian Federal Governments have defini-
tive levels and rely on motherhood clauses based on possible im-
pacts.Water quality from mine drainage settling impoundments are
required to meet a 50 mg/l or 10 mg/l above natural background
(whichever is greater)requirement for suspended solids in both
Alberta and British Columbia.
Alberta,Energy and Natural Resources,Fish and Wildlife ·Division,
Dennis C.Surrendi,Assistant Deputy Minister.
The Fish and Wildlife Division is presently developing water qual-
ity criteria for the protection of fish and other aquatic life.
Suspended sediment will be one parameter for which criteria will
be develo~ed.All potential man related sources of sediment will
be expected to comply with the criteria.However,until we devel-
op our own criteria we intend to use criteria establsihed by the
Inland Waters Directorate of Environment Canada which is 25 mg/l.
Alberta Environment,Environmental Evaluation Services,Environ-
mental Assessment Division,11th Floor,Oxbridge Place,9820-106
Street,Edmonton,Alberta,Canada,T5K 2J6,
R.L.Stone,MCIP,Head,EIA Review Branch.
Concerning bank erosion caused by breakup of ice and its movement,
any of the contacts for Point 1 would be of assistance for this
topic as well.These contacts may not be able to address of the
particular aspect of allowable turbidity,however,they should be
-3-
ALBERTA:(Question No . 4 -Page 2)
aspects as related to fish may be able to be addressed by th e two
Hydro companies,B .C.Hydro and Trans Alta,and additional infor-
mation may be obtainable from personnel of Fish and Wildlife Divi-
sion of Alberta Energy and Natural Resources.A further source of
i nf ormat i on along this specific line may be Mr.Chris Katopodis,
P.Eng.of the Federal Freshwater Institute in Winnipeg (located
on the Un iversity of Manitoba campus).
-4-
ALBERTA:(Question No. 4 -Page 3)
Trans Alta Utilities ;Calgary ,Alberta,Canada
Mr. R.W.Wa y ,Manage r,Generation Scheduling
RE:BANK EROSION -Gradual ice eros ion ra ther than b reak-up occurs,
so this is not a problem either.
1
BRITISH COLUMBIA:(Question No.1 -Page 1)
B .C.Hydro,Vancouver B.C.V6B 4T6.
W. M.Walker,Vice President &Chief Engineer.
Procedures and Operating Policies Used in the Control of Ice
Levels
At present,winter operation procedures for the control of ice/
water levels are required only on the Peace River downstream of
B.C.Hydro's two hydroelectric developments:Portage Mountain and
Peace Canyon .The upstream Portage Mountain project consists of
the W.A.C.Bennett Dam,Williston Lake reservoir and G.M.Shrun
generating station.The installed generation capacity is 2416 MW.
At normal full pool level (el.672 m)the reservoir surface area
is 1740 sq.km and the Li ve storage is approximately 24 x 10
9 m3
with a drawdown of 17 m.Flow releases from the Portage Mountain
project d ischarge into the Peace Canyon reservoir.The installed
generation capac ity at Peace Canyon is 700 MW,and the reservo ir
surface area is 94 sq.km.Drawdown of the Peace Canyon reservoir
is usually l es s than 2 m to provide pondage for the daily or week-
ly regulation of releases from Portage Mountain.
No special winter operation procedures for either the Portage
Mounta in or the Peace Canyon reservoirs have been required for ice
control upstream of the dams.However,downstream of the Peace
Canyon project high river stages during the winter have been ex-
perienced and are the caU Je of concern at flood prone areas.Two
areas where the winter flood hazard is of particular concern are
at the Town of Peace River,Alberta,approximately 370 km down-
stream of Peace Canyon,and just upstream of Taylor,B.C.approxi-
mately 100 km downstream of Peace Canyon.As a result,a j o i nt
-5-
BRITISH COLUMBIA: (Question No. 1 -Page 2)
B.C.-Alberta Peace River Ice Task Force was formed in 1975 to mon-
itor ice conditions and to recommend and co-ordinate operating
procedures to minimize the flood hazard.
Winter operating procedures for Peace River projects, in general,
emphasize power operation over ice-control, especially during De-
cember-February when the energy demand is relatively great.
Nevertheless, we have bee_n, in the past, able to provide an ade-
quate degree of ice-related flood control, at critical times.
During freeze-up, when the ice front is progressing upstream
through the river reach at the Town of Peace River, relatively
high, relatively constant turbine discharges at Peace Canyon are
maintained, subject to limitations imposed on B.C. Hydro's inte-
grated system by energy demands, are maintained. Because of the
distance downstream from the Peace Canyon project (approximately
2 days flow travel time), hourly load/discharge fluctuations are
almost completely attenuated at Town of Peace river, but daily
average turbine flows are kept as constant as possible to reduce
ice shoves at the leading edge of the ice cover and thereby mini-
mize stage increase and backwater associated with ice cover for-
mation. Relatively constant discharges are maintained from the
time backwater from the advancing ice cover affects river stage at
Town of Peace River, until the ice front moves upstream of the
area of concern. Depending on the river discharge and the sever-
ity of the weather, the time required for an ice cover to form on
the 50 krn long reach could vary from a few days to 2 or 3 weeks.
During this period it is important that discharges remain rela-
tively high so the ice cover is formed at a high enough stage and
of sufficient thickness and strength to allow full flexibility of
turbine discharge throughout the winter. Discharges should not
-6-
BRITISH COLUMBIA:(Question No.1 -Page 3)
exceed the formation discharge until the ice cover has had a
chance to strengthen as a result of thermal penetration and con-
solidation of the ice blocks forming the initial cover.
The same procedure is adopted if the ice front approaches the up-
stream flood hazard area near Taylor.Usually,the maximum up-
stream advance of the ice front is downstream of Taylor,and only
during severe winters is the open water reach downstream of Peace
Canyon less than 100 km in length.If the ice front does reach
Taylor,the hourly discharge fluctuations are not completely at-
tenuated at this point on the river,and turbine operation may be
varied to moderate shoving and stage increase at the leading edge
of the ice cover.
Prior to break-up at the Town of Peace River,turbine discharges
are maintained relatively high to erode and weaken the ice as much
as possible.Ideally,break-up of the Peace River ice at Town of
Peace River should occur before break-up of the Smoky River,a
major tributary which joints the Peach River just upstream of the
town.However,the time and rate of break-up depend primarily on
prevailing weather conditions and spring freshet floods peaks from
downstream tributaries,and cannot be controlled by increased tur-
bine discharges.When break-up of the Smoky River appears immi-
nent,turbine releases at Peace Canyon (as permitted by system
energy demands)are reduced to maintain peak river discharges
downstream of the Smoky/Peace River confluence below flood hazard
levels.
-7-
BRITISH COLUMBIA:(Question No.2 -Page 1)
B.C.Hydro,
W. M.Walker,Vice President and Chief Engineer.
B.C.Hydro presently takes no specific actions on its reservoirs
to alter the state of the ice cover for wildlife safety reasons.
Sporadic cases of deer drowning within ice-covered drawdown zones
occur but we have no quantitative information on them.Routes for
migratory species such as caribou do not cross any of B.C.Hydro's
existing reservoirs.
-8-
BRITISH COLUMBIA: (Question No. 4 -Page 1)
B.C. Hydro, Vancouver, B.C. V6B 4T6,
W. M. Walker, Vice President and Chief Engineer.
Problems of Bank Erosion. The existing practice in B.C. is to
enhance and manage fisheries in reservoirs which have suitable
basic characteristics and minimal fluctuation in water levels,
e.g. run of the river reservoirs such as Peace Canyon. Both B.C.
Hydro and the resource agencies accept that reservoirs with erod-
ible banks, large draw-down zones and high sediment levels have
limitations for fisheries management.
-9-
MANITOBA:(Question No.1 -Page 1)
Manitoba Department of Natural Resources,Winnipeg,Manitoba R3E
3J5,
N.Mudry,Chief of Water Management.
This Branch operates three major flood control works:two of them
have a reservoir.The reservoirs are operated for flood control
during the spring and for water supply and recreation during the
other seasons.
Portage Reservoir and Divers ion:
When not needed for flood control,the Portage Reservoir is main-
tained near its full supply elevation of 869 feet.In October,
the reservoir is drawn down to its winter level of about 853 feet.
This ·takes about three weeks.The changes in water levels during
the winter are very minimal and therefore the ice cover is quite
stable.We are not aware of any problems with terrestrial ani-
mals.
During the spring break up period,the flows downstream in the
river are controlled between 2500 and 5000 cfs.If the inflow
exceeds these figures,the remainder is put into storage or is
diverted out of the reservoir into Lake Manitoba via the Portage
Diversion.A flow of 5000 cfs before ice in the channel has
cleared out can result in ice jams.Thus to prevent ice jams
which could cause overbank flows to occur,flows through the
spillway control structure are limited to 5000 cfs.Under open
water conditions,the minimum channel capacity of the river in
this reach is about 10,000 cfs.
-10-
MANITOBA:(Question No.1 -Page 2)
Shellmouth Reservoir:
During the summer,the reservoir is operated to maintain a level
of between 1400.0 to 1402.5 feet.From October to April,the
reservoir is gradually drawn to elevation 1391+3 feet depending
on the estimated i nf l ow during the spring period.The ice cover
is stable and we are not aware of any problems with terrestrial
anima ls.
During the runoff period in the spring,most of the inflow goes
into storage .The release downstream in the case of ordinary
floods is not great enough to cause ice jams or flood problems.
However,if and when the reservoir rises above the spillway crest,
discharges from the reservoir exceed the channel capacity down-
stream,the extent of which will depend on the magnitude of the
flood.
Red River Flo6dway:
The Red River Floodway is an excavated channel which diverts flood
waters of the Red River around the City of Winnipeg.At the point
of diversion the river bed elevation is about 728 feet.The
Floodway Inlet elevation is 750 feet.The amount of water to be
diverted is controlled by the Inlet Control Structure located in
the river downstream of the Floodway Inlet.During the break up
period,the water level in the river is allowed to rise naturally
to elevation 750 feet.At this point,if the ice is moving in the
river then the water level is raised to at least elevation
751 feet.This is to prevent erosion at the entrance of the
Floodway Inlet.However,if the ice in the river is stationary,
-11-
MANITOBA:(Question No.1 -Page 3)
we would delay rising the water level upstream of the Inl et Con -
trol Structure until the ice begins to move freely in the river.
The objective here is to prevent ice flowing into the Floodway
which could form ice jams at bridges across the Floodway and thus
reduce the carrying capacity of the Floodway.Our experience to
date has shown that as long as the ice is moving in the river it
will not flow into the Floodway.
In addition to the above works,we also operate numerous in-chan-
nel water supply dams.During freeze up,we increase the outflow
from all water supply dams until a solid ice cover forms in the
river.Then the outflow is reduced as required.This action
permits the water to flow freely under the ice cover.Increasing
outflows beyond the original release rate at freeze-up tends to
lift the ice cover which causes ice build-up resulting in in-
creased backwater over the rest of the winter and ice jams dur ing
break up.
-12-
------------
MANITOBA:(Question No. 1 -Page 4)
Manitoba Hydro;Winnipeg,Manitoba,Canada
K.J.Fallis,Executive Engineer,Corporate Plann ing
Each of our plants has associated with it a unique set of restrictions
or operating policies .These restrictions are usually established
by licence constraints which restrict such things as range of
fluctuation,maximum draw down,maximum rate of discharge,etc .These
are usually established out of concern for the environment,but also
with recognition of a preferred mode of operation for power production
purposes.In one instance these restricitons are related to the
formation of slush ice on a lake immediately downstream which is
traveled in winter by local inhabitants.
We attempt to mitigate the effects of flooding during the initial
creation of reservoirs and compensate for damage when this occurs .
-----
MANITOBA:(Question No. 2 -Page 1)
Manitoba Hydro;Winnipeg,Manitoba,Canada
K.J .Fall is ,Executive Engineer,Corporate Planning
We have no regulation constraints established particularl y for the
protection of terrestrial animals.Furthermore,we are unaware of ·
any significant impact that has occurred as the result of reservoir
or river flow fluctuations.Most reservoir banks are gradual in
slope and rates of change are slow.Because losses are minimal,
it is our policy to compensate for such damages if and when they
are shown to have occurred.
MA NITOBA: (Ques tion No.3 -Page 1 )
Ma ni t o ba Hydro ;Win ni peg ,Ma ni t o ba,Canada
K.J.Fall i s ,Ex ecut ive Engineer ,Corpor ate Plann ing
We have no operating restrictions designed to control the width or
patte rn of crack development in reservoirs .On occas ion,we ut il i zed
ice booms to accelerate the formation of i ce cover s wher e veloc ities
are cr it ical in the formation of natural ice covers.In one locat ion
spec ial operative t ech ni ques (cont rolled v e l o ci ties ) a r e ut il ized
dur ing t he f a ll fr eeze up per iod to enhance t he orderly format ion
of an i ce cover.The p r ime consideration is to minim ize the f orma tion
of hanging dams ,etc.i n order to maxim ize wi nt er d ischarge capac ity .
We have no knowl edge o f te rrestria l a nima l s be ing i nj ured o r drown ing
due to crack patterns created b y reservo ir operat ions.
MANITOBA:(Question No.4 -Page 1)
Government of Canada,Fisheries and Oceans,Freshwater Institute,
Winnipeg,Manitoba,R3T 2N6,
R.W.Newbury,Hydrologic Studies.
Please find enclosed several reprints and titles of recent arti-
cles dealing with the erosion of permafrost shorelines in large
northern reservoirs.
Received one article:Shoreline Erosion and Restabilization in a
Permafrost-affected Impoundment.R.W.Newbury and G. K.
McCullough reprinted from Permafrost:Fourth International Con-
ference,Proceedings,ISBN 0-309-03435-3 National Academy Press,
Washington,D.C.1983.Also received 1 page listing of content s
of Canad ian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences,Vol.41,
No.4,April 1984.All articles in this issue are of Southern
Indian Lake,Manitoba,Canada.
-13-
MANITOBA:(Question No.4 -Page 2)
Manitoba Hydro;Winnipeg,Manitoba,Canada
K.J.Fallis,Executive Engineer,Corporate Planning
Bank erosion problems created by ice movement associated with
development work are not considered to be particularly serious.Many
of our northern rivers experience considerable erosion due to ice
formation created in their natural state.Most bank erosion problems
result from the inundation of new land with newly created reservoirs.
In one instance this is further aggravated by the presence of
permafrost which recedes,in time,after inundation.
-----
NEW BRUNSWICK:(Question No.1 -Page 1)
New Brunswick Electric Power Co.,Fredericton,NB E3B 4Xl,
Glen McCrea,Assistant Manager Plant Operations (Hydro).
I will try t o answer each of your points as directly as I can
although in some cases they do not directly apply to N.B.Power
operation of our reservoirs along the Saint John,Tobique and
Saint Croix Rivers.
The three major hydro developments in our system are located on
the mainstem of the Saint John River.Storage capacities of the
headponds are very small and water level fluctuation in them is
insignificant.These conditions allow for the establishment of
stable solid ice covers over most of the length of the headponds.
However peaking operating schemes of the plants could have some
effects on the formation of the ice cover in areas immediately
downstream of the tailraces.In order to discourge frequent
breakup during the initial freeze up process,discharges from the
hydro plants are held constant,whe never possible,during this
period until stable ice cover is "formed.
During break-up season,efforts are made not to accelerate the
break-up process and let the ice covers disintegrate i n place
whenever possible.This will normally reduce the poss ibility of
ice jam formation in the upper end of the headponds.However,if
flow and weather conditions cause the ice covers to break prema-
turely,ice jams could form causing some flooding to the extreme
low lying areas in the upper reach of the headpond.
The effects of the water level at the dam on the formation and
releases of ice jams in these areas had been stud ied by "Acres
Consulting Services Ltd.",of Niagara Falls,using the "ICESI M"
-14-
NEW BRUNSWICK:(Question No.1 -Page 2)
mathematical model.Results of these studies has been used t o
formulate our operation strategy when an ice jam is formed in the
headpond.For further information about the "ICESIM"model you
may contact Mr.S.T.Lavender of Acres1 telephone no.(416)354-
3831.
Analysis of ice and flow records show that the construction and
the operation of our reservoirs system on the Saint John River has
resulted in significant reduction in ice related floods downstream
of the hydro plants.It is of interest to note that since the
construction of the Mactaquac dam in 1966,ice jams and ice
related floods have been eliminated completely in the downstream
reach1 an area subjected to frequent ice jam flooding before the
construction of the Mactaquac development.
-15-
NEW BRUNSWICK:(Question No.2 -Page 1)
The New Brunswick Electric Power Commission,
Glen McCrea,Assistant Manager Plant Operations (Hydro).
We have generally very small reservoir draw-down in all of our
reservoirs and most of them are in areas where wild animals do not
seem to travel;therefore we have no known problems with animal
injuries or drowning as a result of drawdown.Similarly we have
no known problems with animals falling in cracks or openings .along
our reservoirs.
-16-
NEW BRUNSWICK:(Question No.4 -Page 1)
The New Brunswick Electric Power Commission,Fredericton,N.B.,
E3B 4Xl,
Glen McCrea,Assistant Manager Plant Operations (Hydro).
We have some bank erosion along ou r reservoirs:however,sediment
in o ur reservoirs and river downstream is not identified as a
problem.There is no known permissible degree of turbidity in the
Saint John,Tobique,or Saint Croix River systems.
-17-
NOVA SCOTIA:(Question No.1 -Page l)
Nova Scotia Power Corporation,Halifax Nova Scotia,
L.R.Feetham,Manager,Hydro Power Department.
The Nova Scotia Power Corporation does not have a written operat-
ing policy for the control of ice levels in rivers where Hydro
installations exist.The problem has never been a serious one due
mainly to the fact that we have a maritime climate greatly af-
fected by the close proximity of the North Atlantic.Ice covers
in moving water such as canals and forebays have caused us very
little problem.Anchor ice from spring backup does retard flow to
one of our installations but a bypass sluice permits us to dispose
of this ice in quick fashion.
Probably of more concern in Nova Scotia is a phenomenon which
occurs when turbulent waters reach the freezing point;millions of
ice needles form,which are referred to as Frazil Ice.This ice
has,on occasion,plugged intakes and scroll cases and has to be
dislodged by maintenance crews and flushed through the turbines.
It does shut several of our units down for short periods of time.
To my knowledge,no one has come up with a sure and fast solution
to preventing it.
Bubblers are used to a fair extent I~stream of spillways to keep
areas clear of thick ice which might interfere with spilling or
bypassing water.
I would suggest a contact with the Canadian Electric Association,
who presently have a research project proposal under consideration
entitled "Hydro-Power Station Operations under Conditions of
Supercooled Water Supply Anchor Ice".A copy of the proposal is
enclosed for your consideration.
-18-
NOVA SCOTIA:(Question No.1 -Page 2)
Water fluctuations in reservoirs and headponds are the standard
for operation practice and do not cause us problems.
Nova Scotia Department of the Environment,Halifax,Nova Scotia
B3J 3B7,
H.T.Doane,Environmental Engineer,Water Resources Planning.
In Nova Scotia we have very few rivers that would pose a drowning
threat to large mammals.Most of our rivers can be waded by a man
by choosing a site within a mile of where he finds himself.These
shallow rivers do not form smooth continuous ice covers such as
you seem to have in mind.We do have several hydroelectric power
reservoirs,but these are modified lakes,not drowned river val-
leys.Water levels are not regulated with effects on wildlife in
mind,but only with the intent of maximum economic benefit from
the ·power generation,or adequate water supplies for the users.
In response to your questions:
No attempts,that I know of,have been made to control ice levels
to affect ice jamming or flooding.Reservoirs generally do not
discharge ice and this,to some degree,reduces ice jams down-
stream.
There is co~siderable ban k erosion,due in part to ice movement
and freezing and thawing.It is a concern to landowners,and a
lesser concern to fisheries managers,in the federal Department of
Fisheries and Oceans.The principal concern by Fisheries with
turbidity is the blanketing effect of silt on spawning beds.Ero-
sion of stream banks is controlled to some extent by placement of
large quarried rocks or boulders,on stream banks.Proposals to
-19-
NOVA SCOTIA:(Question No.1 -Page 3)
bulldoze gravel bars out of mid stream in rive rs are viewed with
disfavour by Fisheries and Environmental departments staff.Re-
moval of such bars is seen by others as an answer to ice jam prob-
lems,since the bars apparently initiate ice jams.
A brief conversation with the Manager,Wildlife Resources in Nova
Scotia Lands and Forests Department,Mr.Arthur Patton,failed to
elicit concern about the effects of ice on wildlife,or at least
any concern about reservoir management and its effects on large
animals.You might wish to contact Mr.Patton or his supervisor,
Merril Prime at P.O.Box 516,Kentville,N.S.,B4N 3X3.
To summarize then,it appears we do not have any practices in res-
ervoir operation that are affected by environmental protection
concerns.Even this rather negative response may be of some help
to you in your project I suppose.
-20-
NOVA SCOTIA:(Question No.2 -Page 1)
Nova Scotia Department of the Environment,Wat er Resources Plan-
ning,
H.T.Doane,Environmental Engineer.
No procedures,that we know of,have been taken to protect large
animals from ice hazards.The hazards are not perceived to be
significant.No procedures are used to control cracks in reser-
voir ice that might be a hazard to animals.
Nova Scotia Power Corporation,
L. R.Feetham,Manager,Hydro Production Department.
I can only recall one instance where a moose went through a thin
cover of flowage ice but we managed to rescue the animal.
-21-
NOVA SCOTIA :(Question No.4 -Page 1)
Nova Scotia Power Corporation,
L. R.Feetham,Manager,Hydro Production Department.
Bank eros ion has to be watched and rock rip-rap repaired or re-
placed on occasion.This is not a serious problem and can be
classed as normal maintenance.
Nova Scotia,Department of the Environment,Water Resources Plan-
ning,Halifax,Nova Scotia,B3J 3B7,
H.T.Doane,P.Eng.,Environmental Engineer,
There is considerable bank erosion,due in part to i ce movement
and freezing and thawing.It is a concern to landowners,and a
lesser concern to fisheries managers,in the Federal Department of
Fisheries and Oceans.The principal concern by Fisheries with
turbidity is the blanketing effect of silt on spawning beds.Ero-
sion of stream banks is controlled to some extent by placement of
large quarried rocks or boulders,on stream banks.Proposals to
bulldoze gravel bars out of midstream i n rivers are viewed with
disfavour by Fisheries and Environment departments staff.Removal
of such bars is seen by others as an answer to ice jam problems,
since the bars apparently initiate ice jams.
A call to Mr.Don Cox,of Canada Fisheries and OCeans,P.O.Box
550,Halifax,N.S.,B3J 257,indicates they consider turbidity
above 10 mg/L may be detrimental.Effluents regulations for the
mining industry specify not more than 25 mg/L in effluent.Hatch-
ery experience indicates 15 mgjL causes some mortaility among
small fry.You could contact Mr. Cox or his colleague Mr.David
Morantz for further discussion on turbidity effects on salmon and
trout.
-22-
ONTARIO:(Question No.I -Page 1)
National Water Research Institute,Canada Centre fer Inland Wa-
ters,Burlington,Ontario L7R 4A6.
The Hydraulics Division,National Water Research Institute,has
been conducting research on the mechanics of ice jams for a number
of years.Dr.Spyros Beltaos is the primary researcher in this
area and I am enclosing several of his reports on ice j~n theory
wh i c h you may find useful.
Because of the complexity of the phenomenon,a complete under-
standing of ice jam behaviour is still not available.Therefore,
many of the operational procedures at dams and hydro-power plants
are still based on operatos'experience.The engineers at Ontario
Hydro and Hydro-Quebec may be able to provide you with some of
this operating information.They may also be able to help you
with information concerning animal control.
Water Planning and Management Branch,Ottawa,Ontario KIA OE?,
J.Bathurst,Chief,Engineering and Development Division.
1.Private and public utilities would be useful sources to in-
vestigate for information of this type.We are not aware of
any specific "environmental water releases"that cause ice
problems and therefore require appropriate operating poli-
cies.However there are certainly control dams and power
plants in this country which have op er a t Liq procedures de-
signed to discourage the formation of ice jams and minimize
flooding.For example,generating flows through power plants
on the St.Lawrence River,at times of ice formation,take
into account the need to establish,as quickly as possible,a
firm and smooth ice cover that will permit winter discharges
-23-
ONTARIO: (Question No. 1 -Page 2)
sufficient to regulate the level of Lake Ontario as pre-
scribed by the International Joint Commission. Hydro-Quebec!
Ontario Hydro and the New York State Power Authority would be
the agencies to contact for information on this practice. It
is also believed that the New Brunswick Electric Power Com-
mission has well defined operating policies on some plants
related to control of ice conditions.
Ontario Hydro, Toronto, Ontario MSG 1X6,
w. G. Morison, Vice President, Design & Construction Branch.
The objective of ice control is to maintain the capability of
channels to carry the prescribed releases fran reservoirs. Ontar-
io Hydro utilizes a number of strategies to handle ice conditions
on a site specific basis.
Two types of river systems are generally encountered. They are
described as follows:
1. The river velocity creates a situation not conducive to ice
cover formation either through structural or procedural
means.
2. River velocity creates a marginal s i tuation for ice cover
formation and where structural and procedural efforts can
contribute significantly to the establishment of a smooth
stable ice cover.
In the first case all effort is focused toward keeping the ice
moving past critical intake areas. This asumes that there is
infinite storage capability downstream whe r e the ice can b e
-24-
ONTARIO: (Question No. 1 -Page 3)
flushed, such as a large deep lake that does not freeze over in
the winter season. Excavations, channels, control works, special
design intakes have been constructed to facilitate this. Ice
breaking boats have been commissioned. Procedures have been es-
tablished to c o ver:
1. Fundamental principles which must be applied to circumstances
as they occur in each unique combination.
2. Detailed procedures and step-by-step methods of handling a
particular circumstance.
Great effort is spent in programs for observing, recording and
reporting ice conditions so that:
1. Operational decisions are based on current data.
2. Management can be kept up-to-date.
3. Government agencies can be supplied with required infor-
mation.
4. Future operations may be improved.
In the second case, all efforts (physical and procedural) are di-
rected towards forming an ice cover (eg, St. Lawrence Riv e r).
Velocities are controlled to encourage the formation of a smooth
stable ice cover. Depending on climatic conditions, once the
cover has formed, higher flows can be scheduled. Generally,
short-termed power needs are sacrificed in order to ensure g reater
-25-
ONTARIO: (Question No. 1 -Page 4)
long-term production. During the ice breakup period, flows can be
further adjusted to assist in wearing away the ice cover in a con-
trolled fashion.
-26-
ONTARIO: (Question No. 2 -Page 1)
Ontario Hydro,
w. G. Morison, Vice President, Design and Construction Branch.
With respect to question 2 (ice and wildlife problems), we do not
have major concerns with caribou at our facilities in Ontario.
-27-
ONTARIO: (Question No. 4 -Page 1)
Environment Canada, Water Planning and Management Branch, Ottawa,
Ontario, KlA OE7,
J. Bathurst, Chief, Engineering and Development Division.
A suggested source for information is Vo l. 41, number 4, Canadian
Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Services . The authors -Newburg,
Hecky and others -could be contacted personally at the Freshwater
Institute in Winnipeg, Manitoba. Another person to contact would
be Dr. R . Baxter at the National Water Research Institute in Bur-
lington, Ontario. Power agencies may also have information on the
subject.
Permissible levels of turbidity are difficult to define and vary
in this country from province to province. They can either be
absolute or defined as a permissible degree of change. Usually
they are given for drinking water standards and seldom for aquatic
life. The province of Manitoba, however, has attempted stream
classifications applicable to fish, i.e.;
Class 2A -warm and cold water sport and commercial fish -
limit = 10 JTU.
Class 2B -warm and cold water sport and commercial f i sh -
limit = 25 JTU.
Class 2C -rough fish -limit = 25 JTU •
•
The province of Ontario, for instance does not permit Secchi disc
readings to change by more than 10%. Alberta's objectives suggest
changes be less than 25 JTU's over natural turbidity. Saskatch-
ewan also suggest l e ss than 25 JTU's over natural.
-28-
ONTARIO: (Question No. 4 -Page 2)
The problem of erosion is much more complex than just turbidity;
for example, the raising of South Indian Lake in Manitoba elevated
natural mercury levels. The nature or cause of the turbidity is
also important. Large colloidal particles causing the turbidity
may also cause an abrasive effect on fish gills, etc.
For specific limits for particular fish, it is best to contact
provincial environmental departments and federal and provincial
fisheries agencies.
Ontario Hydro, Toronto, Ontario, MSG 1X6,
w. G. Morison, Vice President, Design and Construction Branch.
With respect to problems of such erosion caused by the breakup and
movement of ice, little information is available. While some
evidence of earth breaking away from the shore as the ice breaks
up has been noticed there is no formal documentation.
In respect to turbidity changes as result of bank erosion, etc., a
rough rule of thumb is to restrict a change of no greater than 10%
beyond existing conditions for protection of aquatic life.
-29-
QUEBEC: (Question No. 1 -Page 1)
Universite Laval, Department of Civil Engineering, University
City, Quebec GIK 7P4,
Dr. Bernard Michel, Professor.
It is extremely difficult to get information in this field. Here
are some comments.
Hydro power operations. No firm would admit it is causing any jam
or modifying the ice cover. Example; (New Brunswick Power Commis-
sion -Case in court -flooding by ice jams in the Mattakwac
reservoir -B. c. Hydro -flooding downsteam of Peace River).
-30-
QUEBEC: (Question No. 2 -Page 1)
Universite Laval, Department of Civil Engineering, University
City, Quebec GlK 7P4,
Dr. Bernard Michel, Professor.
Environment Canada has given many contracts to study the effects
of ice on animal crossings in ship's tracks.
-31-
QUEBEC: (Question No. 4 -Page 1)
Universite Laval, Department of Civil Engineering, City Univer-
sity, Quebec GlK 7P4 Canada,
Dr. Bernard Michel, Professor.
J. C. Dionne, one of my colleagues at Laval is studying very seri-
ously this question. Included is a copy of one of his recent
papers to set you on the way.
Included with this letter, is a publication for reference:
Dionne, J. c. 1984. An estimate of ice-drifted sediments based on
the mud content of ice cover at Montmagny, Middle St. Lawrence
Estuary. Mar. Geol., 57:149-166.
-32-
SASKATCHEWAN: (Question No. 1 -Page 1)
Saskatchewan Power Corporation, Regina, Saskatchewan S4P OSl
R. J. Stedwill, Manager, Environmental Studies.
Procedures or operating policies used in control of ice upstream
and downstearn of hydroelectric facilities is normally facility
specific: and in the case of Saskatchewan Power Corporation opera-
tions, these are worked out on an annual basis with the
Saskatchewan Water Corporation. These pro~edures are also
dependent on existing water conditions and forecasts.
A contact person within the Saskatchewan Water Corporation is:
D. Richards,
Saskatchewan Water Corporation,
3rd Floor,
2121 Saskatchewan Drive,
Regina, Saskatchewan.
s~ Q7
Saskatchewan Parks & Renewable Resources, Box 3003, Prince Albert
SK S6V 6Gl,
B. L. Christensen, Fish Habitat Protection, Coordinator.
Saskatchewan currently has only two major hydro-electric gener-
ating stations: a third is scheduled to come on stream toward the
the end of 1985. Although both the existing hydro-electric reser-
voirs are subject to winter drawdowns, we are not aware of any
adverse environmental effects caused by fluctuating ice levels or
formation of ice jams downstream.
-33-
SASKATCHEWAN: (Quest ion No. 2 -Page 1)
Saskatchewan Power Corporation,
R. J. Stedwill, Manager, Environmental Studies.
At this point in time, injuries or drownings of animals due to
poor ice conditions has never been a problem to my knowledge.
-34-
SASKATCHEWAN: (Question No. 4 -Page 1)
Saskatchewan Parks and Renewable Resources, Fisheries Branch,
Prince Albert, SK, S6V 6Gl, Canada,
B. L. Christensen, Fish Habitat Protection Coordinator.
"Saskatchewan currently has only two major hydro-electric gener-
ating stations: a third is scheduled to come on stream toward the
end of 1985. Although both the existing hydro-electric resevoirs
are subject to winter drawdowns, we are not aware of any adverse
environmental effects caused by fluctuating ice levels or forma-
tion ice jams downstream."
Saskatchewan Power Corporation, Regina, Saskatchewan, S4P OSl,
R. J. Stedwill, Manager, Environmental Studies.
"Point No. 4"
In response to this particular question, I believe the actual im-
pact of turbidity in the water on fish "directly is not as severe
as the impact which affects the fish indirectly. Silting of fish
rearing grounds and feeding areas are far more significant than
direct exposure.
Cole (1941), Van Oosten (1945), and Wallen (1951) suggest that
fish could be harmed in exceptionally turbid waters under very
unusual conditions: however, Pentelow (1949) has noted that sea
trout regularly pass up a river through china clay with no ap-
parent harm.
··35-
SASKATCHEWAN: (Question No. 4 -Page 2)
It should also be noted that scouring of river edges and increased
turbidity is a natural phenomenon and reservoirs upstream of dams
do, in fact, reduce turbidity levels during the spring run-off as
well as at other times of the year.
Should you require any further elaboration on these points, feel
free to contact this office.
Saskatchewan Environment, Regina, Canada S45 OBl,
H. s. Maliepaard, Executive Director, Environmental Information.
A review of the limited number of environmental impact assessments
which have been carried out for reservoir development in
Saskatchewan revealed that duration of ice cover and timing and
amount of winter drawdown were the major concerns. These concerns
related more to the fisheries resource than to terrestrial ani-
mals. Bank erosion was a recognized problem not only with ice
break-up and movement in the spring, but also with wave action
during the summer months. Some studies suggested that sediment
levels downstream of the dam might even be reduced from that which
naturally occurs.
-36-
SOSITIIA BmROELECTHC PIO.JECT
SURVEY OF EIPEUENCE
Ill OPDATIBG HYDROELECTRIC PROJECTS
Ill OOLD REGIORS
APPENDIX A-3
COMPILATION OF RESPONSES
UNITED STATES
Prepared By
Harza-Ebasco Susitna Joint Venture
For the Alaska Power Authority
Draft Report
Apri 1 1985
MAINE: (Question No. 1 -Page 1)
Kennebec Water Power Co., Waterville, Maine 04901,
Allen J. Carson, River Engineer.
We control only the headwaters of the Kennebec River: therefore
the operating policies of Central Maine Power Company on down-
stream plants might shed same light on your request.
-38-
MAINE: (Question No. 1 -Page 2)
Union Water Power Company ; Lewiston, Maine
William M. Grove, Agent and Engineer
The winter operating procedure on the Androscoggin
run-of-river at all hydro power stations . This
formation of ice both above and below the station.
of course , the slowed velocity of water freezes
to a greater depth than below the station where
inherently greater. We have a greater problem of
River is one of
allqws a steady
Above the station
more quickly and
the velocity is
ice jamming that
is created more from natural causes than from power station operation .
This river has several natural constrict i ons in the form of 'dou bling
bends' that restrict river flows and act as gathering areas for
tributary ice discharges created b y unseasonable freshets. Power
stations on this river are well separated from these problem areas
and cannot be considered to be a contributing factor to flooding .
MAINE: (Question No. 2 -Page 1)
Maine Department of Inland Fisheries and Wildlife,
Frederick B. Hurley, Jr., Director, Bureau of Resource Management.
We apparently experience few problems with animals slipping into
reservoirs or through cracks in the ice. At least to the best of
my knowledge at this time it has not been identified as a problem
so no policies or measures have been developed to deal with it.
-39-
MAINE: (Question No. 2 -Page 2)
Union Water Power Company ; Lewiston, Maine
William M. Grove , Agent and Engineer
In response to your questionnaire regarding state-of-the-art in ice
control, please accept my apology for not responding more promptly .
In general we find little natural peril for terrestrial animals and
in fact can find some benefit from reservoir drawdown. More on this
later. Specifically I will answer the survey in order of presentation .
The nature of reservoir freezing during drawdown does not allow wet
reservoir banks to exist. The drawdown is gradual thus allowing
solid freezing of the water. There are no exposed areas where an
animal would become entrapped in a combination of wet mire and
reservoir ice. At the time of freezing, the reservoir ice has formed
sufficiently to support the weight of animals. Our experience of
over 100 years of operation is that we do not have migratory animals
in the true sense of the word . Never have my people reported seeing
moose or deer on the reservoir surface of their own accord. The
deer expecially are at far greater hazard from packs of predator
coy-dogs that drive them on to the ice where they lose their footing
and become easy prey. Bears hibernate in the winter.
In addition to the above there are advantages to reservoir shore
ice formation. It shields the reservoir surface from freezing
temperatures thus allowing open water to the many wildlife who depend
upon water for their very existence. We have otter and muskrat and
mink who could not exist without the formation of ice shelves for
access . These shelves provide protection against their natural enemies
and the harsh New England weather that is their habitat.
This reservoir system has been in operation continuously for over
100 years and we have not observed any calamity to wildlife that
has not occurred in non reservoir conditions.
In the case of migrating caribou where thousands of animals
constituting tons of hoof striking force on any questonably frozen
surface, it is a lot to expect that the ice surface will always support
them under all conditions or that some interruption in the ice surface
will not create some hazard. Wind blown ice gives little if any
traction to cloven hooved animals. Similarly hazardous conditions
exist in drifted snow fields and concealed brooks and streams.
Having observed winter conditions first hand, it seems somewhat
facetious consider that any manipulation of reservoir levels could
or would affect formation or ridges or cracks that would be any more
or less hazardous than naturally frozen lakes.
MAINE: (Question No. 3 -Page 1)
Kennebeck Water Power Co., Waterville, Maine, 04901,
Allen J. Carson, River Engineer.
I am not aware of any environmental impacts as a result of reser-
voir drawdowns.
In Maine, most large animals stay off the ice as they are unable
to maintain mobility -especially the hooved animals.
-40-
MAINE : (Question No . 3 Page 2)
Union Water Power Company; Lewiston, Maine
William M. Grove , Agent and Engineer
The formation of ice cracks/ridges is far more severe on natural
lakes where the .only relief for ice pressure i s the formation of
ridges . The very nature of reservoir operation relieves these
pressures as the reservoir is drawn . The formation of these ridges
is practically non existent on our reservoirs. Our reservoirs do
not fluctuate as such. The draw is continually downward and does
not reverse itself until the spr ing fill period has started . Reservoir
fluctuation is annual in that the reservoirs are filled once in the
spring and drawn over the rest of the year reaching their lowest
level on the last day of March (average).
MAINE: (Question No. 4 -Page 1)
State of Maine, Department of Environmental Protection, Bureau of
Land Quality Control, Augusta, Maine,
Dana Paul Murch, Hydropower Coordinator.
In response to your question on turbidity, I am enclosing a copy
of the State Laws classifying inland and tidal waters. Basically,
there are five classifications of inland waters: A, B-1, B-2, C
and D. Class A standards specify that "there shall be no disposal
of any matter or substance in these waters which would impart •••
turbidity ••• other than that which naturally occurs in said wa-
ters." The standards for all other classifications specify that
"there shall be no dis~osal of any matter or substance in these
waters which imparts ••• turbidy ••• which would impair the usages
ascribed to these classifications.
State of Maine, Department of Inland Fisheries and Wildlife,
Augusta, Maine 04333,
Frederick B. Hurley, Jr., Director, Bureau of Resource Management
"Item No. 4 regarding turbidity is also best answered by the
Department of Environmental Protection pursuant to their overall
jurisdiction under State Water Quality Classification. Again, our
Department has no established accepted or "permissable" degree of
turbidity for waters containing salmonids."
Kennebec Water Power Co., Waterville, Maine 04901. Allen J.
Carson, River Engineer.
-41-
MAINE: (Question No . 4 -Page 2)
Union Water Power Company; Lewiston, Maine
William M. Grove, Agent and Engineer
The reverse is true at so called break-up time. This peroid is marked
by a closing of the reservoir discharge gates thereby stilling the
reservoir waters from any flow . As the reservoir rises, the ice
that was formed during the drawdown period and which is still in
place along the shore, merely falls into place with the rising water
level. This prevents movement from wind and restricts any subsequent
shore line damage. While there are years that late melting ice fields
can create problems when the wind blows, this is not different from
natural lakes that have problems annually and can create severe shore
line damage . Therefore, there is virtually no problem beyond what
occurs naturally in the way of turbidity. My biologists tell me
that this is a non problem and therefore has not been worthy of study .
Downstream of the reservoir is much the same as above. Since the
gates have been closed excep-t for minimum flow requirements, there
is insufficient flow to create river bank erosion. Any shore ice
melts rather uneventfully as nature takes its course .
MAINE: (Question No. 4 -Page 2)
We have had erosion of embankments due to spring break-up, but
attempt to keep reservoir levels below full pond at break-up to
minimize impacts. The Maine Department of Environmental Protec-
tion maintains standards for water quality classifications.
-42-
MONTANA: (Question No. 1 -Page 1)
Montana Environmental Quality Council, State Capitol, Helena,
Montana 59620,
Howard Johnson, Environmental Scientist.
Thank you for your letter requesting information on ice-control
engineering and related environmental problems in Montana. Al-
though ice jams and flooding are concerns in the lower Yellowstone
River basin, I am not aware of specific concerns or work related
to impacts on terrestrial animals.
-43-
NEBRASKA: (Question No. 1 -Page 1)
Nebraska Public Power District, Environmental Affairs, Columbus,
Nebraska 68601,
Eric N. Sloth, Division Manager.
At Gentleman Station, a 1300 MW total coal fired steam electric
generating station on the south shore of Sutherland Reservoir,
warm water recirculation to the water intake structure occurs
during the winter months to minimize icing conditions. Other than
that we have no procedures or operating policies used in the
control of ice levels in rivers downstream and upstream of dams
and hydro-plants in our system.
-44-
NEBRASKA: (Question No. 4 -Page 1)
Nebraska Public Power District, Environmental Affairs, Columbus,
Nebraska 68601,
Eric N. Sloth, Division Manager.
The Nebraska Water Quality Standards state that turbidity caused
by human activity shall not impart more than a 10 percent ·increase
in turbidity, as measured in Jackson Turbidity Units, to the re-
ceiving water.
-45-
OREGON: (Quest ion No. 1 -Page 1)
Pacific Power & Light Co., Portland, Oregon 97204,
S. A. deSousa, Manager, Civil Engineering.
Pacific does not operate any project at which ice formation in the
river is of any conseqence. There is one small reservoir within
Pacific's system that periodically freezes over, but no special
procedures are required for operation during such occasions.
-46-
U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS: (Question No. 1 -Page 1)
Department of the Army, Detroit District, Corps of Engineers,
Carl Argiroff, Chief, Planning Division.
Concerning the control of ice in rivers downstream and upstream of
dams and power plants, we have both studies and practical ex-
perience in stabilizing ice covers to allow passage of vessels and
still maintain a stable flow of water for hydropower and prevent
the formation of ice jams, through the use of floating log ice
booms. Work in this area has been done primarily on the St. Marys
River at Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan, on the Niagara River at Buf-
falo, New York, and along the St. Lawrence River. Activities on
the St. Marys River included a model study followed by a demon-
stration program to test an ice boom's effectiveness at the head
of the Little Rapids Cut just downstream of the Soo Locks a~d
Government and private hydropower facilities at Sault Ste. Marie,
Michigan. This work was done during the Congressionally autho-
rized Great Lakes -St. Lawrence Seaway Navigation Season Exten-
sion Program which was concluded in September of 1979. A photo-
copy of the Little Rapids Cut model study is available at a cost
of $52.00. The boom proved so successful that it is now part of
our normal operations activities. However, the effects of the
boom on water levels, flows, and ice cover continue to be analyzed
and a report is released annually by our Great Lakes Hydraulics
and Hydrology Branch. Should you desire specific details on oper-
ating procedures or policies associated with the ice boom, please
contact Mr. Jim Bray, Soo Area Engineer, U. s. Army Corps of Engi-
neers, St. Marys Falls Canal, Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan 44783;
telephone number (906) 632-3311.
-47-
U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS: (Quest ion No. 1 -Page 2)
In an effort to control ice problems on the St. Marys River, the
present Lake Superior regulation plan, Plan 1977, contains a re-
quirement limiting the discharge through the Lake Superior control
structures (three power plants, navigation locks, and compensating
works) into the St. Marys River to 85,000 cfs from December
through April. This limitation was set as a •safe• maximum as a
result of past experiences with flooding due to ice jamming in the
Soo Harbor and the lower St. Marys River, caused in part when
higher flows are discharged.
There is also an ice boom placed annually at the head of the Ni-
agara River by permission of the Intenational Joint Commission.
The ice boom accelerates the formation of, and stabilizes the
natural ice arch that forms near the head of the Niagara River
every winter. The boom reduces the severity and duration of ice
runs from Lake Erie into the Niagara River, and lessens the prob-
ability of large-scale ice blockages i n the river which can cause
reductions in hydropower generation and flooding of shoreline
property along the Niagara River. Additional information on this
ice boom can be obtained from Colonel Robert R. Hardiman, Buffalo
District Engineer and Chairman of the International Niagara Work-
ing Committee of the International Niagara Board of Control.
Colonel Hardiman can be reached at this address:
u.s. Army Engineer District, Buffalo
1776 Niagara Street
Buffalo, New York 14207
-48-
U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS: (Question No. 2 -Page 1)
Department of the Army, Detroit District, Corps of Engineers,
Carl Argiroff, Chief, Planning Division.
The Detroit District is involved in the operation of only one
reservoir; the Lake Winnebago Pool on the Fox River in Wiscon-
sin ••• Under the plan of operatic~, the pool is not drawn down
until a substantial ice cover has been established. Thus the
banks are not exposed when the pool level is drawn down. With
this method of operation, we do not experience adverse effects on
wildlife using the pool for watering; not are we aware of problems
for wildlife relating to cracks in the ice cover.
-49-
U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS: (Question No. 4 -Page 1)
Department of the Army, Detroit District, Corps of Engineers,
Carl Argiroff, Chief, Planning Division.
The Detriot District does not have any studies on the problems of
bank erosion caused by break-up and movement of ice and increased
sediment in reservoirs. However, during the Great Lakes and st.
Lawrence Seaway Navigation Season Extension Program, a study on
•shoreline Cond.itions and Bank Recession along the u. s. Shoreline
of the St. Marys, St. Clair, Detroit and St. Lawrence Rivers" was
conducted as part of an investigation of the effects of ice caused
erosion on these rivers. The Environmental Protection Agency has
also funded some research of sedimentation in the Winnebago Pool
in Wisconsin. For information on turbidity effects on aquatic
life, you may wish to contact the u. s. Fish and Wildlife Service
and Region 5 of the Environmental Protection Agency.
-so-
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR: (Question No. 2 -Page 1)
u.s. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Wash-
ington, D.C.
w. O'Connor, Associate Director.
There is the potential, if reservoirs freeze, for terrestrial
animals to become stranded on ice and become easy prey to
predators. Animal loss can be prevented by predator control,
fencing of reservoirs and providing access to winter feeding areas
away from iced surfaces.
-51-
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR: (Question No. 4 -Page 1)
u.s. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Wash-
ington, D.C. 20240,
w. O'Connor, Associate Director.
Problem of bank erosion caused by the break-up and movement of ice
resulting in an increase in sediment.
Biologically, salmon and trout are very sensitive to stream
turbidity. Sensitivity varies with life stage, time of year,
water temperature and other factors.
-52-
SOSITM BmllOELECl'RIC PROJECT
SUIYIY OF !IP!RIENCE
IN OPDATING BYDROEL!C'ft.IC PROJECfS
IN COLD REGIONS
APPENDIX A-4
OOHPILATION OF RESPONSES
EUROPE AND OTIIER COUNTRIES
Prepared By
Harza-Eba sco Susi tna Joint Venture
For the Alaska Power Authority
Draft Report
April 1985
EUROPE: (Question No. 1 -Page 1)
IVO Consulting Engineers; Helsinki, Finland
Sune Norrback, Executive Vice President
Operating policies
We have successfully tested the maintaining of steady discharge in
a river in Northern Finland to obtain early ice formation. The early
ice formation is essential to minimize the formation of frazil ice.
The steady discharge was obtained with a hydro power plant which
has a large reservoir. This method is promising, but its application
in practice is rather difficult. The electricity production
requirements are often opposite to the ice formation operating policy.
EUROPE: (Question No. 2 -Page 1)
Republic Osterreich, Bundesministerium fur Land -and Forstwirt-
schaft,
F. Schmidt (AUSTRIA).
(From a translation by H. A. Wagner). The water levels do not
fluctuate noteworthy, so that the reservoir banks will not be
covered unduly with ice. Also, extreme periods of frost do not
occur in Austria. However, the reservoirs in the high mountains
are regularly covered with ice and the river banks are partly
covered with heavy ice, due to often changing water levels. No
problems, as mentioned in your letter, are known in Austria, due
to the fact that few animals live in the high mountains especially
during the winter. Besides, migrations don't occur.
Vattenfall, Vallingby, Sweden,
Dr. Lennart Billfalk, Director.
I have contacted the Environment and Concession Department within
our company. As far as they know there are no injuries or drow-
nings of animals reported as a result of icing of banks or shore
cracks in the ice covers. Some potential problems related to the
need for reindeers to pass regulated rivers have been discussed
when planning for new hydro power stations and in some cases the
Power Board has constructed special reindeer Bridges where "natu-
ral crossings" cannot be used any more.
-54-
EUROPE : (Question No. 3 -Page 1)
IVO Consulting Engineers, Helsinki; Finland
Sune Norrback, Executive Vice President
Reservoir fluctuation management
The crack development is not a problem in our country. Warm water
flowing from a reservoir has weakened the ice cover in Northern
Finland.
EUROPE: (Question No. 4 -Page 1)
v. S. T., Ltd, Consulting Engineers, Reykjavik, Iceland,
Sigmundur Freysteinsson.
Problems with turbidity due to erosion by ice are irrelevant com-
pared to other sediment problems.
Republick OSterreich, Bundesministerium Fur Land-und Forstwirt-
schaft, F. Schmidt (English translation of Schmidt's letter by
H. A. Wagner) •
Subject: Preventive measures to avoid harmful influences on the
environment by formation of ice in rivers and reservoirs.
A sudden drift of ice, which collects on the reservoir does not
occur. Measures to avoid bank erosion will be taken only in ex-
treme flooding situations. The continuous natural exit of the ice
does not cause bed or bank erosion and does not influence the liv-
ing conditions of the animals. Possible local damages of the
banks after periods of frost have to be repaired.
Repairs which will cause noteworthy water pollution will be per-
formed during favorable high downstream water levels (above middle
water). The upper limit for insoluble matter in water is 30 mg /L
or a minimum visibility of 1 m.
The Swedish State Power Board, Alvkarleby Laboratory, S-810 71
Alvkarleby, Sweden,
Dr. Lennart Billfalk, Director.
-55-
EUROPE: (Question No. 4 -Page 2)
••• Bank erosion in connection with the movement of ice is a common
phenomenon in North Swedish rivers. Normally the load of sus-
pended particles is far below the amount causing damage to fish.
The kind of soil, dominating in northern Scandinavia, consists of
comparatively coarse particles, and problems only arise in connec-
tion with construction work.
I have not been able to trace any publications on the Swedish ex-
periences in the above fields. The work most frequently referred
to with respect to the 1st topic (i.e. question 4) is a report by
the European Inland Fisheries Advisory Commission (EIFC). The
English title is unknown to me, but the Swedish translation indi-
cates that it is an interim report dealing with fine particulate
solids and fishery."
Swiss National Committee on Large Dams, c/o Ingenieurburo fur
bauliche Analgen, der Stadt Zurich, Postfach 6936, CH-8033 Zurich,
Tel (01) 435-2603,
R. Bischof, Secretary,
Also your questions Nr. 4 seems to make no important problems in
our country, since we have had a three day symposium on reservoir
sedimentation in October 1981 at the Swiss Federal Institute of
Technology in Zurich and nobody reported on increase of sedimenta-
tion in the reservoir due to ice action.
-56-
SOSITIIA II'!DROEL!C'I'I.IC PIO.J!CT
SURVEY OF UP!IIDCE
IR OPDATIII(; BYDROEL!CTHC PllO.J!CTS
IR <X>LD UGIORS
APPENDIX B
ORGANIZATIONS CONTACTED
Prepared By
Harza-Ebasco Susitna Joint Venture
For the Alaska Power Authority
Draft Report
Apri 1 1985
SUSITM B'fDROELECTUC PID.JECT
SURVEY OF EXPERIENCE
IB OPUATIIIG BYDROELECDIC PRO.JECTS
IM a>LD REGIOMS
APPENDIX B-1
ORGANIZATIONS CONI'ACTED
CANADA
Prepared By
Harza-Ebasco Susitna Joint Venture
For the Alaska Power Authority
Draft Report
Apri 1 198~··
ALBERTA
o ALBERTA ENERGY AND NATURAL RESOURCES
Petroleum Plaza, South Tower
9915 -108th Street
Edmonton, Alberta T5K 2C9, Canada
Attention: Mr. D.C. Surrendi
Asst. Deputy Minister Fish & Wildlife
o ALBERTA ENERGY AND NATURAL RESOURCES
Petroleum Plaza, South Tower
9915 -lOBth Street
Edmonton, Alberta T5K 2C9, Canada
Attention: Mr. R.D. McDonald, Exec. Dir.
Scientific & Engineering Services
o ALBERTA ENVIRONMENT
Oxbridge Plaza
9820 -106th Street
Edmonton, Alberta T5K 2J6, Canada
o TRANSALTA UTILITIES CORPORATION
Box 1900
Calgary, Alberta T2P 2Ml, Canada
Attention: Mr. w. Nieboer
•
Vice President of Engineering
o EDMONTON POWER
10250 -lOlst Street
Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
Attention: Chief Engineer
o Prof. R. Gerard (Chairman)
Department of Civil Engineering
University of Alberta
Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G7
o Response received see Appendix A-1
-1-
ALBERTA
NORTHWEST HYDRAULIC CONSULTANTS
4823-99 Street
Edmonton, Alberta, T6E 4Yl
Attention: R. J. Cooper, President
-2-
BRITISH COLUMBIA
MINISTRY OF ENERGY, MINES & PETROLEUM RESOURCES
Parliament Buildings
Victoria BC, V8V, lX4, Canada
Attention: Mr. Bill Bachop, Director
Information Services
o MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT
Parliament Buildings
Victoria BC V8V 1X4, Canada
Attention: Mr. R. Cameron, Director
Information Services
MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT
Environmental Management Division
Parliament Buildings
Victoria, BC V8V 1X4, Canada
Attention: Mr. A. Murray
Asst . Deputy Minister
MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT
Environmental Management Division
Parliament Buildings
Victoria, BC V8V 1X4, Canada
Attention: Mr. D.J. Robinson
Director of Fish & Wildlife
o B.C. HYDRO
970 Burrard Street
Vancouver, BC V6Z lY3, Canada
Attention: Mr. W.M. Walker
Vice President and Chief Engineer
o B.C. HYDRO
c/o 970 Burrard Street
Vancouver, BC V6Z lY3, Canada
Attention: Mr. u. Sporns
Hydrologist
-3-
MANITOBA
o MANITOBA ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
Box 7, 139 Tuxedo Avenue
Winnipeg, Manitoba R3N OH6, Canada
Attention: Director
o MANITOBA DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY AND MINES
Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
Attention: Mr. R.B. Chenier
Administrative Services
o MANITOBA HYDRO
Box a15
Winnipeg, Manitoba R3C 2P4, Canada
Attention: Mr. D.S. Duncan, Vice President
Engineering and Construction
DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESO URCES
Legislative Building
Winnipeg, Manitoba R3C OVa, Canada
Attention: Mr. Hayden
Director of Fisheries Management
DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES
Legislative Building
~innipeg, Manitoba R3C Ova, Canada
Attention: Mr. R.C. Goulden
Director of Wildlife
THE MANITOBA HYDROELECTRIC BOARD
Box a15
Winnipeg, Manitoba R3C 2P4, Canada
Attention: Mr. K.J. Fallis
Executive Engineer
-4-
MANITOBA
o WESTERN REGION FISHWATER INSTITUTE
Department of Fisheries and Oceans
501 University Cresent
Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N6, Canada
Attention: Mr. R.E. Hecky
MANITOBA HYDRO
Reservoir & Energy Resources Engineer
P.O. Box 815
Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3C 2P4, Canada
Attention: Mr. Peter M. Abel
o FRESHWATER INSTITUTE
Department of Fisheries and Oceans
501 University Crescent
Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N6, Canada
Attention: Dr. R.w. Newbury
MANITOBA HYDRO
Environmental Services Department, Corporate Planning
820 Taylor Avenue
Winnipeg, Manitoba R3M 3T1, Canada
Attention: Mr. Lynn Poyser
Manager
o DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES
1495 St. James Street
Room 200
Winnipeg, Manitoba R3C OV8, Canada
Attention: Mr. Gene Bossenmaier
Director, Resource Allocation
-5-
NEW BRUNSWICK
o DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES
Post Office Box 6000
Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B SHl, Canada
Attention: Mr. H. Haswell
Director of Fish & Wildlife
o NEW BRUNSWICK DEPARTMENT OF THE ENVIRONMENT
Box 6000
Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B SHl, Canada
Attention: Mr. G. N. Hill
Coordination of Information
o NEW BRUNSWICK ELECTRIC POWER COMMISSION
Box 2000
Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B SHl, Canada
Attention: Mr. A. J. O'Connor
General Manager
o NEW BRUNSWICK DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES
Kings Place
Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B SHl, Canada
Attention: Director
UNIVERSITY OF NEW BRUNSWICK
Dept. of Civil Engineering
P.O. Box 4400
Fredericton, N.B., E3B 5A3
Attention: Prof. K. Davar
-6-
NEWFOUNDLAND & LABRADOR
o NEWFOUNDLAND & LABRADOR HYDRO
Philip Place
Box 9100
St. John, Newfoundland AlA 2X8, Canada
Attention: Mr. L. J. Cole, Vice President
Engineering and Construction
o DEPARTMENT OF CULTURE, RECREATION & YOUTH
Wildlife Division
Building 810 Pleasantville
Post Office Box 4750
St. John's Newfoundland AlC ST7, Canada
Attention: Mr. D. G. Pike
Director
o DEER LAKE POWER COMPANY LTD.
Post Office Box 2000
Deer Lake, Newfoundland AOK 2EO, Canada
Attention: Mr. C. s. Stratton
Chief Engineer
-7-
NOVA SCOTIA
o DEPARTMENT OF THE ENVIRONMENT
Box 2107
Halifax, Nova Scotia B3J 3B7, Canada
Attention: Director
DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES
Box 2223
Halifax, Nova Scotia B3J 3C4, Canada
Attention: Mr. George R. Richard
Director
o NOVA SCOTIA POWER CORPORATION
Scotia Square
Box 910
Halifax, Nova Scotia B3J 2WS, Canada
Attention: Mr. L. R. Comeau
President & Chief Executive Officer
DEPARTMENT OF LANDS & FORESTS
Box 516
Kentville, Nova Scotia, Canada
Attention: Mr. M. H. Prime ·
Director of Wildlife
-8-
ONTARIO
o MINISTERY OF ENERGY
56 Wellesley Street
w. Toronto, Ontario M7A 287, Canada
Attention: Ms. Olga Carmen
Manager of Information Service
o ONTARIO HYDRO
700 University Avenue
Toronto, Ontario MSG 1X6, Canada
Attention: Mr. s. G. Horton, Vice President
Design and Construction
o ONTARIO HYDRO
700 University Avenue
Toronto, Ontario MSG 1X6, Canada
Attention: Chief Engineer
MINISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT
135 St. Clair Avenue
w. Toronto, Ontario M4V IPS, Canada
Attention: Mr. R. J. Frewin, Director
MINISTRY OF FISH AND WILDLIFE
135 St. Clair Avenue
w. Toronto, Ontario M4V IPS, Canada
Attention: Director
MINISTRY OF NATURAL RESOURCES
Toronto, Ontario M7A 1W3, Canada
Attention: Mr. w. T. Foster, Deputy Minister
o ONTARIO HYDRO
700 University Avenue
Toronto, Ontario, MSG lZS
Attention: Mr. Steckley
Manager, Civil Worl:s
-9-
ONTARIO
GREAT LAKES FISH RESEARCH BRANCH
1219 Queen St. East
Sault Saint Marie, Ontario P6A 5M7
Canada
Attention: Dr. John R. M. Kelso
o ONTARIO MINISTRY OF NATURAL RESOURCES
Bancroft, Ontario, Canada
Attention: Director
o CANADA CENTER FOR INLAND WATERS
ENVIRONMENT CANADA
P.O. Box 5050
867 Lakeshore Road
Burlington, Ontario, L7R 4A6
Attention: Mr. Doug Cuthbert and Mr. G. Tsang
GREAT LAKES-ST. LAWRENCE STUDY OFFICE
ENVIRONMENT CANADA
Suite 235, New Federal Building
lll Water Street East
Cornwall, Ontario K6H 6S2
Attention: Mr. David Witherspoon
ACRES CONSULTING SERVICES LTD.
5259 Dorchester Rd.
Niagara Falls, Ontario LE2 6Wl
Attention: C. H. Atkinson
-10-
PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND
o PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND ENERGY CORPORATI ON
73 Rockford Street
Box 2000
Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island ClA 7N8, Canada
Attention: Mr. Arthur Hiscock, General Manager
PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY & FORESTRY
73 Rockford Street
Box 2000
Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island ClA 7N8, Canada
Attention: Mr. John DeGrace
Director, Energy Branch
DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES & INDUSTRIES
73 Rockford Street
Box 2000
Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island ClA 7N 8 , Canada
Attention: Administrator of Fisheries Branch
PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND
DEPARTMENT OF THE ENVIRONMENT
Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
Attention: Director
o MARITIME ELECTRIC CO. LTD.
P.O. Box 1328
Charlottetowr., Prince Edward Island, ClA 7N2, Canada
Attention: Mr. Paul Newcombe
-11-
QUEBEC
WILDLIFE COUNCIL
6255 -13e Avenue
Montreal, Quebec HlX 3E7, Canada
Attention: Mr. Ragnald Gagen, President
o MINISTRY OF TOURISM, FISH AND GAME
Place de la Capitale
150 East St. Cyrille Boulevard
Quebec City, Quebec GlR 4Yl, Canada
Attention: Armand Leblond
Director of Fish & Game
0 HYDRO-QUEBEC
75 Dorchester Boulevard w. Montreal, Quebec H2Z 1A4, Canada
Attention: Chief Engineer
o ST. LAWRENCE SEAWAY AUTHORITY
Post Office Box 97
St. Lambert, Quebec J4P 3N7, Canada
Attention: Mr. Harry L. Ferguson
Chief Engineer
o FACULTE DES SCIENCES
UNIVERSITE LAVAL
Quebec (Quebec), GlK 7P4, Canada
Attention: Prof. B. Michel
HYDRO QU~BEC
855 Ste Catherine East
Montreal (Quebec), H2L 4P7, Canada
Attention: Mr. J-G. Dusseault
Chef de Service Hydraulique
-12-
QUEBEC
CANADIAN ELECTRICAL ASSOCIATION
Suite 580
1 Westmount Square
Montreal, Quebec H3Z 2P9, Canada
Attention: Dr. E. Ezer, Director,
Research and Development
DIRECTION EQUIPEMENT DE PRODUCTION
Place Dupuis, lle etage
855 rue Ste-Catherin est
Montreal, Quebec H2L 4P5, Canada
Attention: M. Roger Lariviere,
Administrateur d'ingenierie,
Avant Projet Archipel
MONTREAL ENGINEERING CO. LTD.
P.O. Box 6068, Station "A"
Montreal, Quebec H3C 3Z9, Canada
Attention: Mr. A. E. Richard, President
SOCIETE D'ENERGIE DE LA BAIE JAMES
Direction de l'Ingenierie
et de !'Environment
800, boul. de Maisonneuve est
Montreal, Quebec H2L 4N8, Canada
Attention: Mr. Marcel Laperle
HYDRO-QUEBEC
Direction de l'Environnement
Les Atriums
870, boul. de Maisonneuve est
Montreal, Quebec H2L 4S8, Canada
Attention: Mrs. Denise Therrien
-13-
SASKATCHEWAN
o DEPARTMENT OF THE ENVIRONMENT
1855 Victoria Avenue
Regina, Saskatchewan S4P 3V5, Canada
Attention: Mr. H. s. Maliepaard, Executive Director
o SASKATCHEWAN POWER CORPORATION
2025 Victoria Avenue
Regina, Saskatchewan S4P 051, Canada
Attention: Mr. E. R. Smith, Chief Engineer
o DEPARTMENT OF TOURISM & RENEWABLE RESOURCES
3211 Albert Street
Regina, Saskatchewan S4S 5W6, Canada
Attention: Mr. R. R. MacLennan
Director of Wildlife
o SASKATCHEWAN PARKS AND RENEWABLE RESOURCES
Wildlife Branch
3211 Albert Street
Regina, Saskatchewan S4S 5W6, Canada
Attention: G. w. Pepper
Acting Director ·
SASKATCHEWAN WATER CORPORATION
3rd Floor, 2121 Saskatchewan Drive
Regina, Saskatchewan S4P 4A7, Canada
Attention: Ray B. Richards
President, Corporate Affairs
o SASKATCHEWAN POWER CORPORATION
2025 Victoria Avenue
Regina, Saskatchewan S4P OSl, Canada
Attention: R. J. Stedwill
Manager, Environmental Studies
-14-
SASKATCHEWAN
o SASKATCHEWAN PARKS AND RENEWABLE RESOURCES
Fisher i es Branch
3211 Albert Street
Regina, Saskatchewan S4S SW6, Canada
Attention: Paul Naftel
Chief of Fisheries Operations
SASKATCHEWAN WATER CORPORATION
3rd Floor
2121 Saskatchewan Drive
Regina, Saskatchewan S4P 4A7, Canada
Attention: D. Richards
-15-
CANADIAN FEDERAL GOVERNMENT
o MINISTRY OF ENERGY, MINES AND RESOURCES
460 O'Connor Street
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Attention: Mr. A. R. Scott, Director General
Electrical Energy Branch
o ENVIRONMENT CANADA
Canada Centre for Inland Waters
Environmental Protection Service
Burlington, Ontario L7R 4A6, Canada
o CANADIAN WILDLIFE SERVICE
Place Vincent Massey
351 St. Joseph Boulevard
Hull, Quebec KlA OE7, Canada
Attention: Mr. B. Tetreault
Director General
CANADIAN WILDLIFE SERVICE
1725 Woodward Drive
Ottawa, Ontario KlG 3Z7, Canada
Attention: Mr. J. A. Keith, Director
o INLAND WATER DIRECTORATE
Place Vincent Massey
351 St. Joseph Boulevard
Hull, Quebec KlA 0E7, Canada
Attention: Mr. Bathurst, Chief
Engineering & Development Division
FISHERIES OPERATIONS DIRECTORATE
Arctic and Native Affairs Branch
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Attention: Dr. G. L. Robins, Director
-16-
CANADIAN FEDERAL GOVERNMENT
o INTERNATIONAL JOINT COMMISSION
18th Floor, Berger Build i ng
100 Metcalf Street
Ottawa, Ontario KlP 5Ml, Canada
Attention: Chief Engineer
o NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL
Montreal Road
Ottawa, Ontario, KlA OR6, Canada
Attention: Dr. L. w. Gold, Deputy Director
CANADA CENTRE FOR INLAND WATERS
Burlington, Ontario, Canada
Attention: Chief Engineer
o DIVISION OF WATER PLANNING
Department of Water Conservation
Hull, Quebec, Canada
Attention: Mr. Ralph Pentland
o HYDRAULICS LABORATORY
NATIONAL WATER RESEARCH INSTITUTE
Canada Centre for Inland Waters
P.O. Box 5050
Burlington, Ontario L7R 4A6 Canada
Att e ntion: Dr. G. Tsang
o CANADIAN COAST GUARD
6th Floor, Tower "A" Place de Ville
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada KlA ON7
Attention: Mr. Charles Lawrie
-17-
SUSITIIA HYDROELECTRIC PIO.JECT
SURVEY OF EXPEIUENCE
Ill OPEtiTIHG IIYDROELECTRIC PI.O.JECTS
Ill OOLD REGIONS
APPENDIX B-2
0 RGANI ZA TIO NS CONTACTED
UNITED STATES
Pre pared By
Harza-Ebasco Susitna Joint Ve nture
For the Alaska Power Authority
Draft Report
April 1985
IDAHO
IDAHO POWER COMPANY
1220 w. Idaho Street
P.o. Box 70
Boise, ID 83707
Attention: Mr. L. G. Leply
Vice President, Engineering
-1-
MAINE
UNIVERSITY OF MAINE
Department of Zoology
Orono, ME 04469
Attention: Dr. Terry A. Haines
Field Research Unit
o MAINE DEPARTMENT OF INLAND FISH & GAME
Augusta, ME 04330
Attention: Director
o CENTRAL MAINE POWER CO.
Edison Drive
Augusta, ME 04336
Attention:. John Arnold, Environmental Effects Coordinator
o UNION WATER POWER CO.
150 Main Street
Lewiston, ME 04240
Attention: William Grove, Agent and Engineer
o KENNEBEC WATER POWER CO.
8 Water Street
Waterville, ME 04901
Attention: Alan Corson, Chief Engineer
GREAT NORTHERN PAPER CO.
Millinocket, ME 04462
Attention: Paul Firlotte, Power Systems Manager
BANGOR HYDRO-ELECTRIC CO.
33 State Street
Bangor, ME 04401
Attention: Doug Morrell, Hydraulic Engineer
o Response received see Appendix A-2
-2-
MAINE
GEORGIA-PACIFIC CORP.
Woodland, ME 04694
Attention: Kennett Gordon
o DEPT. OF ENVIRONMENTL PROTECTION
State of Maine
State House Station 17
Augusta, ME 04333
-3-
MASSACHUSETTS
o COOPERATIVE FISH RESEARCH UNIT
University of Massachusetts
Amherst, MA 0 003
Attention: Dr. Boyd Kynard
-4-
MICHIGAN
o U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS
Detroit District
477 Michigan Avenue
Detroit, MI 48226
Attention: Mr. Carl Argiroff
Chief Planning Division
o MICHIGAN DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES
Lansing, MI 48924
Attention: Director
-5-
MINNESOTA
NORTHERN STATES POWER COMPANY (MINN.)
414 Nicollet Mall
Minneapolis, MN 55401
Attention: Chief Engineer
MINNESOTA DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION
St. Paul, MN 55101
Attention: Director
-6-
MONTANA
o STATE OF MONTANA ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY COUNCIL
Capital Station
Helena, MT 59620
Attention: Dr. Howard E. Johnson
DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES & CONSERVATION
Engineering Bureau
Helena, MT 59620
Attention: Richard Bondy, Chief
o DEPARTMENT OF FISH, WILDLIFE & PARKS
Resource Assessment Unit
Helena, MT 59620
Attention: James A. Posewitz, Leader
MONTANA POWER COMPANY
40 East Broadway
Butte, MT 59701
Attention: Mr. Robert Periman
Manager, Hydro-Engineering
o DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH & ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
Environmental Sciences Division
Helena, MT 59620
Attention: Mr. Don Willems
MONTANA POWER COMPANY
40 East Broadway
Butte, MT 59701
Attention: Mr. R. J. Labrie
Senior Vice President, Engineering
-7-
NEBRASKA
o NEBRASKA PUBLIC POWER DISTRICT
P.o. Box 499
Columbus, NE 68601
Attention: Steve McCluse
Larry Kuncl
-8-
NEW HAMPSHIRE
o COLD ·REGION RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LABORATORY
U.S. Army Engineers
P.o . Box 282
Hanover, NH 03755
Attention: Mr. Guenther E. Frankenstein
Chief, Ice Research
NEW HAMPSHIRE FISH & GAME DEPARTMENT
Concord, NH 03301
Attention: Director
PUBLIC SERVICE COMPANY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE
1000 Elm Street
P.O. Box 330
Manchester, NH 03105
Attention: Mr. D. N. Merrill
Executive Vice President
-9-
NEW YORK
ST. LAWRENCE SEAWAY DEVELOPMENT CORPORATIO N
Department of Transportation
Seaway Circle
P.O. Box 520
Massena, NY 13662
Attention: Mr. John B. Adams III
Chief Engineer
NIAGARA MOHAWK POWER CORPORATION
300 Erie Boulevard West
Syracuse, NY 13202
Attention: Mr. R. J. Levett
CONSOLIDATE EDISON COMPANY OF NEW YORK, INC.
4 Irving Place
New York, NY 10003
Attention: Mr. G. w. Groscup
Vice President Engineering
-10-
OREGON
o PACIFIC POWER & LIGHT COMPANY
Public Service Building
920 s.w. 6th Avenue
Portland, OR 97204
Attention: Chief Engineer
PORTLAND GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY
121 s.w. Salmon Street
Portland, OR 97204
Attention: Chief Engineer
-11-
VERMONT
VERMONT FISH & GAME SERVICE
Montpelier, VT 05602
Attention: Director
-12-
WASHINGTON
UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON
Fish Research Institute
Seattle, WA 98195
Attention: Dr. Ernest D. Sale
o WASHINGTON STATE GAME DEPARTMENT
Olympia, WA 98501
Attention: Director
o WASHINGTON STATE DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES
Olympia, WA 98501
Attention: Director
-13-
WYOMING
WYOMING GAME & FISH DEPARTMENT
Cheyenne, WY 82001
Attention: Director
-14-
UNITED STATES FEDERAL GOVERNMENT
o U.S. FISH & WILDLIFE SERVICE
Washington, D.C. 20013
Attention: Director
o NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE
Washington, D.C. 20013
Attention: Director
AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY
5410 Grosvenor Lane
Bethesda, MD 20814
Attention: Executive Director
o U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS
Waterways Experiment Station
P.O. Box 631
Vicksburg, MS 39180
Attention: Mr. Fred R. Brown
Technical Director
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SUSITIIA HYDROELECTRIC PIO.JECT
SUDEY OP UPEiliEHCE
IN OPEIAniiG HYDROELECTRIC PRO.JECTS
IN OOLD REGIONS
APPENDIX B-3
ORGANIZATIONS CONI'ACTED
EUROPE AND JAPAN
Pre pare d By
Har z a -Ebasco Sus itna Joint Ventur e
Fo r th e Ala s ka Pow e r Au thority
Draft Report
Apri 1 1985
EUROPE & JAPAN
o INSTITUTE OF FRESHWATER FISHERIES
Reykjavik, Iceland
Attention: Thor Gudjonsson, Director
NORDURLAX HATCHERY
Laxamyri
Hugav ik, Iceland
Attention: Dr. Tumi Tomasson
o SWEDISH STATE POWER BOARD
Aivkarleby Laboratory
S-810 71 Aivkarleby, Sweden
Attention: Dr. L. Billfalk
WATER RESOURCES AND ELECTRICITY BOARD
Middlettrani Gt. 29
Oslo 3, Norway
Attention: Dr. E. V. Kanavin
o INSTITUTE OF HYDRO ENGINEERING
Ul Cystersow 11, 80-953
Gdansk Oliwa, Poland
Attention: Dr. P. Wilde
o THORODDSEN AND PARTNERS
Armuli 4
Reykjavik, Iceland
Attention: s. Freysteinsson
o VERSUCHSANSTALT FUR WASSERBAU UNO KULTURTECHNIK
AND DES THEODOR-REHBOCK-Fi.:USSBAULAB
Kaiserstrasse 12
07507 Karlsruhe
Federal Republic of Germany
Attention: Dr. Peter Larsen, Director
o Response received see Appendix A-3
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EUROPE & JAPAN
NATIONAL INSTITUT E FOR ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
Yatabe, Ibarak 300-21
Japan
Attention: Dr. K. Muraoka
CENTRAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF ELECTRIC POWER INDUSTRY
1229 Iwato, Komae-Cho, Kitatama-Gun
Tokyo, Japan
Attention: Dr. T. Sagawa
NORSK POLARINSTITUTT
Rolfstanga 12
1330 Oslo, Lufthavn
Norway
Attention: Director
DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY AND INDUSTRIES
Dublin 2, Ireland
Attention: Director
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRIC SUPPLIES
Lower Fitzwilliam Street
Dublin 2, Ireland
Attention: Director
VATTENFALL
Jamtlandsgatan 99
S-16287 Vallingby, Sweden
STATENS NATURVARDSVERK
Box 1302
S-17125 Solna, Sweden
Attention: Industrial Department
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EUROPE & JAPAN
CENTRE SCIENTIFIQUE ET TECHNI QU E DU BATIME NT
4 Avenue du Recteur Poincarre
76782 Paris Cedex 16
Paris, France
Attention: Chief Engineer
E.D.F. ELECTRICITE DE FRANCE
Direction Generale
2 Rue Louis Murat
75008 Paris
Attention: William Varoquaux, Chef
Adjoint du Service des Etudes Economiques Generales
A.N.C.E.
Associazione Nazionale Costruttori Edili
Via Guattani, 16 /18
00161 Roma, Italy
Attention: Director
o GERMAN ASSOC. FOR WATER DEVELOP. AND ADVANCEMENT OF CULTURE
Deutscher Verband fur Wasserwirtschaft und Kulturbau E.V.
(DVKW)
Gluckstr. 2,5300 Bonn 1, Federal Republic of Germany
Attention: GF: Dr.-Ing. W. Dirksen
STATE ASSOC. OF GERMAN WATER POWER WORK
Bundesverband Deutscher Wasserkraftwerke BWD E.V.
Brunnenwiesenweg ~9-21, 8501 Kalchreuth, Federal Republic of
Germany
Attention: GF: Dipl.-Ing. (FH), Dipl.-KFM. Paul Muller
FEDERAL INTERIOR MINISTRY
Graurheindorfer Str. 198
5300 Bonn 1 Federal Republic of Germany
Attention: Director of Hydropower
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FEDERAL ENVIRONMENT OFFICE
Bismarckplatz 1
1000 Berlin 33 Federal Republic of Germany
Attention: Director
o IVO CONSULTING ENGINEERS LTD.
Ruoholahdenkatu 8
SF-00180 Helsinki
Finland
ROAD & WATERWAYS ADMINISTRATION
Opastinsilta 12
SF-00520 Helsinki
Finland
CENTRAL BOARD OF NAVIGATION
Vuorimiehenkatu 1
SF-00140 Helsinki
Finland
o INSTITUTE OF WATER RESOURCES & HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING
Kvassay Jenop UT 1, Budapest
Hungary
Attention: Prof. Dr. Odon Starosolszky
Vizgazddlkoddsi Tudomdnyos Kutato Kozpont
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