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Susitna-Watana Hydroelectric Project Document
ARLIS Uniform Cover Page
Title:
Vegetation and wildlife habitat mapping study plan - 2012
SuWa 108
Author(s) – Personal:
Author(s) – Corporate:
Alaska Energy Authority
AEA-identified category, if specified:
2012 Environmental Study Plans
AEA-identified series, if specified:
Series (ARLIS-assigned report number):
Susitna-Watana Hydroelectric Project document number 108
Existing numbers on document:
Published by:
[Anchorage, Alaska] : Alaska Energy Authority, [2012]
Date published:
May 15, 2012
Published for:
Date or date range of report:
Volume and/or Part numbers:
Final or Draft status, as indicated:
Document type:
Pagination:
9 p.
Related work(s):
Pages added/changed by ARLIS:
Notes:
All reports in the Susitna-Watana Hydroelectric Project Document series include an ARLIS-
produced cover page and an ARLIS-assigned number for uniformity and citability. All reports
are posted online at http://www.arlis.org/resources/susitna-watana/
Susitna-Watana Hydroelectric Project
(FERC No. 14241)
Vegetation and Wildlife Habitat Mappping
Study Plan - 2012
Alaska Energy Authority
May 2012
Susitna-Watana Hydroelectric Project FERC #14241 Alaska Energy Authority
2012 Vegetation and Wildlife Habitat Mapping Study—May 15, 2012 1
VEGETATION AND WILDLIFE HABITAT MAPPING
STUDY PLAN—2012
INTRODUCTION
The Alaska Energy Authority (AEA) is preparing a License Application that will be submitted to the
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) for the Susitna-Watana Hydroelectric Project (Project)
using the Integrated Licensing Process (ILP). The Project is located on the Susitna River in the south-
central region of Alaska. The Susitna River drains the Talkeetna Mountains and portions of the Alaska
Range (Clearwater Mountains) and flows for approximately 300 miles before emptying into upper Cook
Inlet. The Project’s dam site would be located at River Mile (RM) 184, and a reservoir would be created
upstream of the dam. One or two power transmission lines and an access road also would be constructed.
The results of the Vegetation and Wildlife Habitat Mapping Study will provide baseline information
needed to support the FERC’s National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) analysis for the Project
license.
Construction and operation of the Project as described in the Pre-application Document (PAD; AEA
2011) will affect vegetation and wildlife habitats both upstream and downstream of the proposed dam
site, and along the proposed access and transmission line routes. This study plan outlines the objectives
and methods for characterizing the existing vegetation and wildlife habitats in the Project area. This study
efforts in 2012 will be the first year of a multi-year study, which will include field data collection
activities and mapping in 2012, 2013, and 2014.
Thematic maps of vegetation and wildlife habitats are important tools that can be used to define baseline
conditions and help predict impacts to both botanical and wildlife resources from proposed energy
projects like the proposed Project. For botanical and wildlife resources, the goal is to identify and map
vegetation and wildlife habitats in the project area to quantify potential impacts from project construction,
long-term changes from project operations, and to plan mitigation and post-construction monitoring
measures. The mapping of vegetation and wildlife habitats is a critical study component for the Project
because the wildlife habitats delineated in this effort will be used to quantitatively assess the impacts of
habitat loss and alteration for all bird and mammal species evaluated during the FERC licensing process.
These assessments of habitat loss often are the primary basis for evaluating impacts to wildlife species,
and especially for the more uncommon species of birds and mammals, for which there typically are few
observations to determine specific areas of use in the Project area. Moreover, these uncommon wildlife
species often are of most concern to management agencies specifically because they are uncommon
(naturally or because of population declines), and hence are more susceptible to population-level impacts
from proposed developments.
STUDY OBJECTIVES
The overall (multi-year) objectives of the Vegetation and Wildlife Habitat Mapping Study are to:
Identify and map vegetation and wildlife habitat types in the Project area using the vegetation
map prepared for the original Susitna Hydroelectric Project (SHP) by Kreig and Associates
(1987) as a starting point, and updating to reflect current conditions as indicated on recent aerial
imagery for the Project area;
Quantify the potential direct, indirect, and cumulative impacts to vegetation and wildlife habitats
from Project construction as well as maintenance and operations activities;
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2012 Vegetation and Wildlife Habitat Mapping Study—May 15, 2012 2
Develop potential protection, mitigation and enhancement (PME) measures to address Project-
related impacts to vegetation and wildlife habitats; and
Develop and implement the 2013–2014 Vegetation and Wildlife Habitat Mapping Study Plan.
The interim study objective for 2012 is to begin work on a current vegetation map for the Project area
using the 1987 vegetation mapping (Kreig and Associates 1987) and re-working, as needed, based upon
the field verification (ground-truth) data to be collected in summer 2012. The mapping work in 2012 will
be limited to those areas for which there is current high-resolution aerial imagery.
STUDY AREA
The study area for the mapping of vegetation and wildlife habitats will be formally defined in consultation
with management agency personnel over the course of developing the 2013–2014 study plan, but a
working study area for the 2012 season includes a 5-mile buffer surrounding the areas would be directly
altered or disturbed by Project construction and operations (Figure 1). These affected areas include the
proposed reservoir impoundment zone, areas for infrastructure of the dam and powerhouse and supporting
facilities, the proposed access route and transmission-line corridors, and materials sites.
The alteration of successional vegetation and wildlife habitats downstream of the dam (due to changes in
hydrologic flow and ice processes in the Susitna River) will be specifically addressed in the Riparian
Study. In that study, we will collaborate with other researchers conducting several different studies of
riverine physical processes, most notably instream flow and ice processes, to map and predict the changes
in riparian vegetation and wildlife habitats from construction of the proposed dam (see Riparian Study
Plan—2012).
EXISTING INFORMATION
Several different groups of researchers contributed to vegetation mapping for the Alaska Power
Authority’s SHP in the 1980s (AEA 2011). In all cases, maps were based on field data and vegetation
types were delineated by aerial photo interpretation; vegetation boundaries were hand-drawn on mylar or
acetate over aerial photos and topographic maps. The University of Alaska Agricultural Experiment
Station (UAAES) mapped vegetation types to the Level III of the first version of the Alaska Vegetation
Classification (AVC; Viereck and Dyrness 1980) during 1980–1982, based on field work conducted in
1980 (McKendrick et al. 1982).
The UAAES mapping covered a narrow corridor confined to the Susitna floodplain upstream from
Talkeetna, expanded outward to the basin level at Devils Canyon, and continued upstream from there
(AEA 2011). Map scales were 1:24,000 for the areas that would have been impacted directly and
1:250,000 for the remainder of the basin. In addition, the area extending 16 km (10 mi) in all directions
from the upper Susitna River between Gold Creek and the mouth of the Maclaren River was mapped at a
scale of 1:63,360. A 1:24,000-scale map of “apparent wetlands” also was produced, as well as two other
1:63,360-scale maps for the proposed SHP northern (Healy to Fairbanks) and SHP southern (Willow to
Cook Inlet) transmission-line corridors. Both of these transmission corridors are outside of the current
Project area. The 1:63,360-scale map area includes the SHP central transmission-line corridor which ran
along both sides of the Susitna River between the originally proposed Watana Dam site to Gold Creek.
The mapping completed by Kreig and Associates (1987) covered parts of the upper and middle Susitna
basin, from near the mouth of the Oshetna River (upstream of the Watana Dam site) to just downstream of
the Devils Canyon Dam site. That mapping effort focused on habitats important for moose forage.
Mapping was performed at the 1:63,360 scale and incorporated previous mapping results (McKendrick et
al. 1982). Existing ground data and photography provided by Alaska Department of Fish & Game
(ADF&G), Bureau of Land Management, and the U.S. Forest Service, as well as newly obtained ground
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2012 Vegetation and Wildlife Habitat Mapping Study—May 15, 2012 3
and aerial data was also included. Vegetation types with high forage values (mainly shrub and forest types)
were mapped to AVC Level IV (vegetation combined community-scale classification). Each map polygon
was assigned values for understory cover of willows, dwarf birch, and alder, and a limited ground-truthing
survey was conducted. A relational database of attributes for every polygon was developed and exported in
digital format to floppy disk, and those data were provided to ADF&G.
Current, high-resolution orthophoto imagery is available for some portions of the mapping study area, but
not all. To support field studies in 2012, AEA plans to purchase additional moderate-resolution imagery,
which will cover the entire mapping study area. New high-resolution aerial photography or satellite
imagery for the Project area is expected to be acquired in summer 2012; that imagery (needed to support
fine-scale, on-screen mapping work) likely will be available in late 2012.
METHODS
We propose an integrated approach to the mapping of vegetation and wildlife habitats based on methods
developed for Ecological Land Surveys (ELS) studies conducted in tundra, boreal forest, and coastal
regions in Alaska (see Jorgenson et. al. 2002 for an example study in south-central Alaska). This
integrated mapping approach involves mapping terrain units such as vegetation type, physiography,
surface form, and disturbance type, and then combining them into units with ecological importance (in
this case wildlife habitats). The integrated terrain unit (ITU) mapping methods are flexible and well suited
to the use of existing GIS data layers for terrain units (when available).
The method of combining various ITUs allows for the preparation of a number of thematic maps
depending on the specific needs of the proposed project. For the SWHP, a vegetation map at Level IV of
the Alaska Vegetation Classification (Viereck et al. 1992), and a wildlife habitat map based on the best
combination of ITUs will be produced to yield a habitat map that accurately reflects use by wildlife. A
concerted effort will be made to incorporate data from existing vegetation maps prepared for the original
SHP (McKendrick et. Al. 1982, but especially Kreig and Associates 1987).
TASK 1: COMPILE AND REVIEW EXISTING INFORMATION TO DEVELOP MAPPING
MATERIALS
All historical and current geographic project layers will be managed using an ArcGIS geodatabase
managed by GIS specialists at ABR. Much of the required data have already been compiled by ABR in
the terrestrial gap-analysis studies conducted for the Project in 2011, including existing high -quality aerial
photography, National Wetland Inventory (NWI) mapping, existing (1987) vegetation mapping, and rare
or invasive plant species documented in broad regions encompassing the Project area. The existing
vegetation data-layer produced by Kreig and Associates in 1987 has been obtained and updated to current
ArcGIS 10 format for viewing and editing with other Project data layers. Additional, fine-scale, recent
imagery will be needed to complete the mapping in this multi-year study, and it is expected that imagery
will be available in late 2012.
TASK 2: COMPLETE PRELIMINARY MAPPING
The existing vegetation map data (Kreig and Associates 1987) will be assessed for accuracy within the
mapping study areas for which there is recent, high-resolution digital imagery, and map polygons will be
updated to reflect Level III or IV vegetation types as defined by Viereck et al. (1992). The assignment of
Level III (largely reflecting vegetation structure) or Level IV (vegetation structure plus dominant species)
vegetation types will depend on how accurate the 1987 mapping is when compared to recent imagery.
The accuracy assessment will focus on the extent of registration errors, match-line errors between
adjoining mapping blocks, and on accuracy of map polygon vegetation codes in comparison to recent
imagery. As much as possible, the 1987 vegetation mapping will be used initially during the 2012 field
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2012 Vegetation and Wildlife Habitat Mapping Study—May 15, 2012 4
studies as a planning tool to develop a list of target vegetation types to document during the field work
(see below). The 1987 mapping, if not highly accurate at the Level IV of Viereck et al. (1992), may be
modified (aggregated) into broader-scale vegetation types (Level III). These broad-scale vegetation map
polygons would then serve as the basis from which finer-scale map polygons would be developed.
When modifying the 1987 vegetation map layer, we will use a minimum mapping size of 1.0 acre for
vegetated areas and 0.25 acres for waterbodies. Each vegetation map polygon will be updated and coded
with Level III or IV vegetation types (Viereck et al. 1992), as well as preliminary physiography, surface
form, and disturbance types.
TASK 3: COMPLETE GROUND VERIFICATION
Ground-verification plots to be surveyed during summer 2012 will be selected to cover the range of
mapped types identified during the preliminary mapping (above). If the 1987 vegetation mapping proves
to be accurate only at the Level III of Viereck et al. (1992), we will select ground-verification plots based
first upon the Level III map polygons and then will select finer-scale photosignatures to sample within the
Level III polygons, so as to acquire the field data necessary to map vegetation to the Level IV of Viereck
et al. (1992).
Since fine-scale imagery for the entire mapping study area will not be available for either the preliminary
mapping phase or the 2012 field season, we will focus the field sampling in the footprint areas that are
currently covered by 1-ft pixel resolution imagery (obtained by the Mat-Su LiDAR mapping project and
publicly on AlaskaMapped.org). Areas not covered by preliminary mapping or high-quality digital
imagery also will be sampled during summer 2012, but on a more limited basis. In such areas, we will
focus the plot sampling on large, easily identifiable landcover types (these surrounding areas will be more
heavily sampled in 2013 and 2014).
To maximize efficiency in data collection, at each ground-verification plot we will collect data necessary
for vegetation and wildlife habitat mapping as well as wetlands mapping. Wetlands data collection efforts
will be consistent with U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) requirements for wetland delineations
(USACE 1987, USACE 2007; see Wetlands Mapping Study Plan—2012). Data will be recorded digitally
in the field using a standardized data entry form designed to link directly to a standardized relational
database. At each ground-verification sampling location, visual cover estimates will be made for all
vascular plant species present. Site characteristics to be recorded will include: plant community structure
(for vascular and nonvascular plants), physiography, surface form, site disturbances, and plant
phenological observations. During field visits, the locations of all incidental observations of rare plants,
invasive plants, wildlife species, or significant wildlife habitat features (e.g., raptor nests) will be
documented and communicated to the Botanical and Wildlife Resources Program leads. A small soil pit
will be dug to evaluate soil characteristics. The USACE wetlands determination methodology requires a
standard 10-m radius plot size in which visual cover estimates are made for individual plant species, and
this plot size is suitable as well for the vegetation and wildlife habitat sampling.
TASK 4: POST-FIELD MAPPING AND DERIVATION OF WILDLIFE HABITAT TYPES
After the field season, we will begin revising the preliminary mapping so that it accurately reflects the
field-verified occurrences of Level IV vegetation types, physiography, surface form, and disturbance
types. This on-screen mapping in GIS will be an on-going process that likely will not be completed for
the full mapping study area until 2014. Once substantial progress has been made on the ITU mapping for
2012, however, we will prepare a preliminary set of wildlife habitat types for a review by ABR wildlife
biologists working on the Project. To derive wildlife habitat types, the ITU attributes assigned to each
polygon (vegetation, physiography, surface form, and disturbance type) will be combined to produce a
large number of basic habitat types. These basic habitats then will be aggregated into a smaller set of
derived habitat types that share similar characteristics considered important to the wildlife species that
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2012 Vegetation and Wildlife Habitat Mapping Study—May 15, 2012 5
occur in the Project area, such as the expected levels of available (plant) food sources and cover for
escape and/or shelter. These factors can be directly related to the quantity and quality of vegetation, soils,
hydrology, microtopography, and/or microclimates present. After incorporation of recommendations from
ABR wildlife biologists and any necessary alterations to the development of wildlife habitats, a number of
summary statistics will be generated using standard ArcGIS geoprocessing techniques. The summary
statistics will include total acreages of vegetation and wildlife habitats within the study area and
comparisons with the 1987 vegetation map prepared by Kreig and Associates (1987). This information
will be included in the Technical Memorandum describing the results of the 2012 mapping study (see
below).
REPORTING
The primary deliverables to be prepared in 2012 include (1) this study plan describing the work to be
performed in 2012, (2) the Proposed and Revised Study Plans for work in 2013–2014, (3) copies of field
data and GIS map products, and (4) a Technical Memorandum describing the progress and results of the
2012 Vegetation and Wildlife Habitat Mapping Study (see Products below).
In the Technical Memorandum, we will summarize the results of the 2012 Vegetation and Wildlife
Habitat Mapping Study. The report will include descriptions of the vegetation and habitat types identified;
a summary table (acreages) of the vegetation and habitat types represented in the 2012 mapping effort;
field plot photos including site, ground, and soil photographs; and recommendations for the 2013 field
survey effort.
A digital copy of the preliminary vegetation and habitat mapping will be provided as a separate
deliverable in ArcGIS format, and will include supporting metadata documentation.
LOGISTICAL SUPPORT AND HEALTH AND SAFETY
The field survey will be coordinated with the Wetlands Mapping Study using the following schedule,
transportation, and personnel:
Two (2-person) field crews will perform each field survey;
Two 12-day field surveys (24 days total, including travel time) will be conducted starting
approximately 15 June 2012 and ending 15 August 2012; and
Field logistics will require a 4-passenger helicopter with approximately 4 hours of flight time
required each day.
A Health, Safety, and Environmental Plan will be prepared prior to the field effort that will include:
Project Safety Risk Assessment and Plan: This consists of a matrix that describes specific
potential hazard/risk categories; the methods to be used to minimize risks; and responses to
hazards.
Field Communication Plan: This plan identifies the field personnel, the physical location of the
field party, and contact information (telephone, fax, email, satellite phone, cell phone, or radio).
Emergency Contact form and Emergency Medical form: All field personnel complete (or update)
these forms prior to beginning field work.
All field personnel will have, at a minimum, CPR and Basic First Aid training prior to commencing
fieldwork. Discussions regarding safety concerns raised by field personnel will be documented on a
Safety Concerns or Minor Safety Incident Report. Should a minor safety incident occur, an ABR Safety
Concerns or Minor Safety Incident Report will be filled out by the staff member(s) involved in the
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2012 Vegetation and Wildlife Habitat Mapping Study—May 15, 2012 6
incident and reviewed by the Field Project Leader (FPL) and Project Manager (PM). After returning from
the field, all forms will be submitted to the ABR Safety Group for review and a copy will be stored in the
project’s safety folder. A post-field safety review will be conducted to review all safety concerns or minor
incidents, identify any problems areas where safety training or planning can be improved, and those
resolutions will be communicated to the PI/FPL and the staff involved in the incident.
A major safety incident (defined as an accident that required removal of the staff member from the field,
hospitalization, or other responses that would initiate an OSHA or Workman’s Compensation report) will
be reported immediately to their PM/FPL and Tom DeLong, ABR’s Office/Contracts Manager. A
detailed report on the safety incident, the response, and any actions required will be prepared by the PM
and submitted to the ABR Safety Group for review. As with the minor incident reports, this report will be
reviewed during the post-field audit and any appropriate changes in planning, training, or response will be
undertaken and documented with a follow-up addendum to the original report.
NEXUS BETWEEN PROJECT AND RESOURCE TO BE STUDIED AND HOW THE RESULTS
WILL BE USED
Project construction, facilities, and operation and maintenance will affect vegetation and wildlife habitats
both upstream and downstream of the proposed dam, as well as along access and transmission line routes.
Project effects will include direct, indirect, and cumulative effects to vegetation and wildlife habitats.
Through this study, ABR biologists will characterize and quantify the direct loss of vegetation and
wildlife habitat types within the Project footprint, and evaluate potential direct and indirect effects of
Project maintenance and operations on vegetation and wildlife habitat types. As noted above, this is a
multi-year study that will begin in 2012, and upon completion of the mapping for the full study area,
PME measures will be developed in an effort to minimize adverse Project-induced impacts. The PME
measures will be developed after careful consideration of the vegetation and habitat types expected to be
affected.
This study addresses the following issues identified in the PAD (AEA 2011):
Losses of vegetation and wetland communities and productivity from reservoir inundation and the
development of other Project facilities (direct effects).
Changes to vegetation and wetland communities along access roads, transmission corridors, and
reservoir edges due to alteration of solar radiation, temperature moderation, erosion and dust
deposition, reservoir fluctuation, pathogen dispersal and abundance.
Potential introduction of invasive plants due to Project construction.
Potential changes in rare plant populations related to the development of the reservoir, access and
transmission facilities, and construction and operation activities including erosion and dust
deposition.
The results of this study will provide a quantification of the number of acres and distribution of vegetation
and habitat types to provide a basis for vegetation and wildlife habitat impact analyses and development
of PME measures. The wildlife habitat types mapped in this study also will provide the basis for an
evaluation of habitat use by wildlife in the Project area, which then will be used to evaluate impacts to
wildlife habitats for the specific bird and mammal species of concern in the Project area. Additionally, the
results of this study will be used to help facilitate the Rare Plant Study and Invasive Plant Study (e.g.,
vegetation and habitat types where rare or invasive plants are likely to be found will be identified to help
to focus future field efforts). As noted above, the alteration of successional vegetation and wildlife
habitats in riparian areas downstream of the proposed dam (due to changes in hydrologic flow and ice
processes in the Susitna River) will be addressed in the Riparian Study (see Riparian Study Plan—2012).
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2012 Vegetation and Wildlife Habitat Mapping Study—May 15, 2012 7
PRODUCTS
Study products to be delivered in 2012 will include:
Development of final 2012 Vegetation and Wildlife Habitat Mapping Study Plan. The study plan for
work in 2012 will be finalized through consultation with AEA, the Botanical Resources Program Lead,
the Wildlife Resources Program Lead, resource management agencies, and other licensing participants.
The Study Project Manager for the Vegetation and Wildlife Habitat Mapping Study will participate in the
Technical Work Group meetings as the technical lead for this study and will prepare materials and revise
the study plan accordingly.
2013–2014 Vegetation and Wildlife Habitat Mapping Study Plan. The 2013–2014 study plan will be
developed with input received during the Technical Work Group Meetings through the formal FERC ILP
study plan process. The Study Project Manager for the Vegetation and Wildlife Habitat Mapping Study
will participate in the Technical Working Group meetings and assist the Botanical Resources Program
Lead in developing the draft and final Proposed Study Plans and draft and final Revised Study Plans.
Draft Technical Memorandum. A draft technical memorandum will be prepared in mid-summer 2012
summarizing the progress of the 2012 field studies and mapping work.
Geospatially-referenced ground-verification data. A geospatially-referenced relational database of
historic data and data collected during the 2012 field season, including representative photographs of
vegetation and habitat types will be prepared. This database will form the basis for additional data
collection efforts in 2013 and 2014. Naming conventions of files and data fields, spatial resolution, map
projections, and metadata descriptions will meet the data standards to be established for the Project.
Vegetation and habitat maps in ArcGIS software. Draft vegetation and habitat maps will be developed
and delivered according to the schedule indicated below. The vegetation and habitat maps will continue to
be developed during 2013 and 2014 so as to cover the full mapping study area. Naming conventions of
files and data fields, spatial resolution, map projections, and metadata descriptions will meet the data
standards to be established for the Project.
Final Technical Memorandum. A final technical memorandum summarizing all of the 2012 study
results will be prepared in winter 2012. In the memorandum, the status of the study will be assessed and
any technical problems that have occurred will be identified, thereby allowing for refinement of the study
methods in 2013–2014.
SCHEDULE
This is a multi-year study. The following schedule is for the 2012 scope of work. The schedule for the
2013–2014 work will be developed during the 2013–2014 study planning process.
Final 2012 Vegetation and Wildlife Habitat Mapping Study Plan — May 15, 2012
Draft 2013–2014 Vegetation and Wildlife Habitat Mapping Proposed Study Plan — May 18, 2012
Final 2013–2014 Vegetation and Wildlife Habitat Mapping Proposed Study Plan — June 30, 2012
Draft Technical Memorandum – July 31, 2012
Draft 2013–2014 Vegetation and Wildlife Habitat Mapping Revised Study Plan — September 15,
2012
Final 2013–2014 Vegetation and Wildlife Habitat Mapping Revised Study Plan — October 31,
2012
Geospatially-referenced relational database of field data — November 30, 2012
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2012 Vegetation and Wildlife Habitat Mapping Study—May 15, 2012 8
Draft vegetation and wildlife habitat maps in ArcGIS software — November 30, 2012
Final Technical Memorandum — November 30, 2012
Draft 2013–2014 Vegetation and Wildlife Habitat Mapping Study Plan (based on FERC
approval) — December 2012
REFERENCES
Alaska Energy Authority (AEA). 2011. Pre-Application Document: Susitna-Watana Hydroelectric Project
FERC Project No. 14241. December 2011. Prepared for the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
by the Alaska Energy Authority, Anchorage, Alaska.
Jorgenson, M. T., J. E. Roth, S. F. Schlentner, E. R. Pullman, and M. Macander. 2002. An Ecological
Land Survey for Fort Richardson, Alaska. Prepared for U.S. Army Alaska, Directorate of Public
Works, Fort Richardson, AK, by ABR, Inc., Fairbanks, AK. 142 pp.
Kreig and Associates. 1987. Susitna Hydroelectric Project, vegetation mapping final report and user
guide. Report prepared by Ray A. Kreig and Associates, Inc., Anchorage, for Harza–Ebasco Susitna
Joint Venture, Anchorage. 92 pp. [APA Doc. No. 3509]
McKendrick, J. D., W. Collins, D. Helm, J. McMullen, and J. Koranda. 1982. Susitna Hydroelectric
Project environmental studies, Phase I final report, Subtask 7.12—Plant ecology studies. Report
prepared by University of Alaska, Agricultural Experiment Station, Palmer, for Alaska Power
Authority, Anchorage. 124 pp. + appendix. [APA Doc. No. 1321]
Environmental Laboratory. 1987. Corps of Engineers Wetlands Delineation Manual. Technical Report Y-
87-1, U.S. Army Engineer Waterway Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS. 90 pp + appendices.
U.S. Corps of Engineers (USACE). 2007. Supplement to the Corps of Engineers Wetland Delineation
Manual: Alaska Region Version 2.0. Wetlands Regulatory Assistance Program, U.S. Army Engineer
Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS. 72 pp. + appendices.
Viereck, L. A., and C. T. Dyrness. 1980. A preliminary classification for the vegetation of Alaska.
General Technical Report PNW-106, Portland, OR. U.S. Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and
Range Experiment Station, 38 pp.
Viereck, L. A.; Dyrness, C. T.; Batten, A. R.; Wenzlick, K. J. 1992. The Alaska vegetation classification.
Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-286. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,
Pacific Northwest Research Station. 278 pp.
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