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Susitna-Watana Hydroelectric Project Document
ARLIS Uniform Cover Page
Title:
SuWa 248
Baseline water quality study (Study 5.5) and water quality modeling study
(Study 5.6), water quality and lower river modeling, technical memorandum
Author(s) – Personal:
Author(s) – Corporate:
Tetra Tech
AEA-identified category, if specified:
September 30, 2014 technical memorandum filings
AEA-identified series, if specified:
Series (ARLIS-assigned report number): Existing numbers on document:
Susitna-Watana Hydroelectric Project document number 248
Published by: Date published:
[Anchorage, Alaska] : Alaska Energy Authority, [2014] September 2014
Published for: Date or date range of report: Alaska Energy Authority
Volume and/or Part numbers:
Final or Draft status, as indicated:
Attachment A
Document type: Pagination:
Technical memorandum iii, 31 p.
Related work(s): Pages added/changed by ARLIS:
Cover letter to this report: Susitna-Watana Hydroelectric Project,
FERC Project no. 14241-000; Third set of 2014 technical
memoranda for Initial Study Plan meeting. (SuWa 247)
Attachments B-F (SuWa 249-253)
Added cover letter (3 pages)
Notes:
All reports in the Susitna-Watana Hydroelectric Project Document series include an ARLIS-
produced cover page and an ARLIS-assigned number for uniformity and citability. All reports
are posted online at http://www.arlis.org/resources/susitna-watana/
September 30, 2014
Ms. Kimberly D. Bose
Secretary
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
888 First Street, N.E.
Washington, D.C. 20426
Re: Susitna-Watana Hydroelectric Project, Project No. 14241-000
Third Set of 2014 Technical Memoranda for Initial Study Plan Meetings
Dear Secretary Bose:
As the Alaska Energy Authority (AEA) explained in its September 17, 2014 filing
with the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (Commission or FERC) for the
proposed Susitna-Watana Hydroelectric Project, FERC Project No. 14241 (Project), the
June 3, 2014 Initial Study Report (ISR) provided for AEA to prepare certain technical
memoranda and other information based on 2014 work. In accordance with Commission
Staff direction, on September 17 and September 26, AEA filed and distributed the first
and second sets of technical memoranda and other information generated during the 2014
study season.
With this letter, AEA is filing and distributing the third set of technical
memoranda generated during the 2014 study season, as described below.
This third set of technical memoranda includes:
• Attachment A: Baseline Water Quality Study (Study 5.5) and Water Quality
Modeling Study (Study 5.6), Water Quality and Lower River Modeling
Technical Memorandum. This technical memorandum evaluates water quality
data collected during 2013 and 2014 for adequacy in representation of current
riverine conditions. This Technical Memorandum further includes an
assessment of whether to extend the Water Quality Modeling Study’s riverine
model below PRM 29.9.
• Attachment B: Mercury Assessment and Potential for Bioaccumulation Study
(Study 5.7), Evaluation of Continued Mercury Monitoring Beyond 2014
Technical Memorandum. This technical memorandum evaluates the need for
continued monitoring of mercury data beyond 2014 and whether the existing
data collection efforts are sufficient to satisfy objectives for characterizing
baseline mercury conditions in the Susitna River and tributaries (Revised
Study Plan (RSP) Section 5.7.1).
2
• Attachment C: Groundwater Study (Study 7.5), Preliminary Groundwater and
Surface-Water Relationships in Lateral Aquatic Habitats within Focus Areas
FA-128 (Slough 8A) and FA-138 (Gold Creek) in the Middle Susitna River
Technical Memorandum. This technical memorandum provides an overview
of the types of data and information that are being collected to support the
Task 6 activities of the Groundwater Study, and describes the methods and
techniques that are being applied in analyzing the data leading to development
of response functions to be used for evaluating Project operational
effects. The TM centers on the analysis for FA-128 (Slough 8A) and to a
lesser extent FA-138 (Gold Creek) and represents an expansion of the
presentation materials provided during the Proof of Concept meetings held on
April 15-17, 2014.
• Attachment D: Groundwater Study (Study 7.5), Groundwater and Surface-
Water Relationships in Support of Riparian Vegetation Modeling Technical
Memorandum. This technical memorandum provides an overview of the
types of data and information that are being collected to support the Task 5
activities within the Groundwater Study, and describes the methods and
techniques that are being applied in analyzing the data leading to development
of response functions for evaluating Project operational effects. The TM
provides analysis objectives for FA-115 (Slough 6A) as a primary example of
upland versus riverine dominated groundwater conditions. Additional
examples are shown for FA-128 (Slough 8A) and FA-138 (Gold Creek).
• Attachment E: Salmon Escapement Study (Study 9.7), 2014 Implementation
and Preliminary Results Technical Memorandum. This technical
memorandum describes 2014 implementation (including methods and
variances) of and preliminary results from the Salmon Escapement Study.
• Attachment F: Cook Inlet Beluga Whale Study Plan (Study 9.17), 2015
Implementation Plan Technical Memorandum. This implementation plan
describes the methods for study activities proposed for 2015 that would
implement the Cook Inlet Beluga Whale Study (instead of those described in
RSP Section 9.17.1).
AEA appreciates the opportunity to provide this additional information to the
Commission and licensing participants, which it believes will be helpful in determining
the appropriate development of the 2015 study plan as set forth in the ISR. If you have
questions concerning this submission please contact me at wdyok@aidea.org or (907)
771-3955.
3
Sincerely,
Wayne Dyok
Project Manager
Alaska Energy Authority
Attachments
cc: Distribution List (w/o Attachments)
Attachment A
Baseline Water Quality Study (Study 5.5) and Water Quality Modeling Study (Study 5.6),
Water Quality and Lower River Modeling Technical Memorandum
Susitna-Watana Hydroelectric Project
(FERC No. 14241)
Baseline Water Quality Study (Study 5.5) and
Water Quality Modeling Study (Study 5.6)
Water Quality and Lower River Modeling
Technical Memorandum
Prepared for
Alaska Energy Authority
Prepared by
Tetra Tech
September 2014
TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM WATER QUALITY AND LOWER RIVER MODELING
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 1
2. STUDY OBJECTIVES ......................................................................................................... 1
2.1 Baseline Water Quality Study .......................................................................................... 1
2.2 Water Quality Modeling Study ........................................................................................ 2
3. STUDY AREA ....................................................................................................................... 2
4. THE WATER QUALITY STUDY PLAN Components .................................................... 2
4.1 Planned Baseline Water Quality Monitoring Study Components .................................... 3
4.1.1 Water Temperature Data Collection ......................................................................... 3
4.1.2 Meteorological Data Collection ................................................................................ 3
4.1.3 Baseline Water Quality Monitoring .......................................................................... 3
4.1.4 Focus Area Water Quality ........................................................................................ 3
4.1.5 Sediment and Porewater Sampling ........................................................................... 3
4.2 Lower River Modeling Study Components ..................................................................... 4
5. MONITORING RESULTS AND MODEL DEVELOPMENT FOR STUDY
COMPLETION ............................................................................................................................. 4
5.1 Results of Baseline Water Quality Monitoring Study ...................................................... 4
5.1.1 Water Temperature Data Collection ......................................................................... 4
5.1.2 Meteorological Data Collection ................................................................................ 5
5.1.3 Water Quality and Sediment Sampling..................................................................... 6
5.2 Results of the Lower River Modeling Study .................................................................... 6
6. CONCLUSIONS .................................................................................................................... 8
6.1 Proposed Modification for Water Temperature Data Collection ..................................... 8
6.2 Lower River Modeling Study Components ..................................................................... 8
7. REFERENCES ...................................................................................................................... 9
8. FIGURES ............................................................................................................................. 10
9. TABLES ............................................................................................................................... 27
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 5.1-1. Example of QA/QC Baseline Water Quality Data Collected in 2013. .................. 10
Figure 5.1-2. Example of QA/QC Focus Area Water Quality Data Collected in 2013. .............. 11
Figure 5.1-3. Example of QA/QC Sediment Data Collected in 2013. ......................................... 12
Figure 6.1-4. Winter 2012 and 2013 Continuous Temperature Monitoring Data at Susitna River
PRM 87.8, Susitna at Parks Highway. .................................................................................. 16
Figure 6.1-5. Winter 2012 and 2013 Continuous Temperature Monitoring Data at Susitna River
PRM 118.6, Chulitna River. ................................................................................................. 17
Susitna-Watana Hydroelectric Project Alaska Energy Authority
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TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM WATER QUALITY AND LOWER RIVER MODELING
Figure 6-1.6. Precipitation Data Collected at the Talkeetna Road @ Parks Highway MET Station
during June 2013, Downloaded from RWIS. ........................................................................ 18
Figure 6-1.7. Precipitation Data Collected at the Talkeetna Road @ Parks Highway MET Station
during July 2013, Downloaded from RWIS. ........................................................................ 19
Figure 6-1.8. Precipitation Data Collected at the Talkeetna Road @ Parks Highway MET Station
during August 2013, Downloaded from RWIS. ................................................................... 20
Figure 6-1.9. Precipitation Data Collected at the Talkeetna Road @ Parks Highway MET Station
during September 2013, Downloaded from RWIS. .............................................................. 21
Figure 6.2-1. Comparison of Pre-Project (1974-1976) and Post-Project (Maximum Load
Following Scenario) River Temperature along the Susitna River at the dam site, PRM 125,
PRM 60 and PRM 29.9. ........................................................................................................ 22
Figure 6.2-2. Comparison of Pre-Project (1979-1981) and Post-Project (Maximum Load
Following Scenario) River Temperature along the Susitna River at the dam site, PRM 125,
PRM 60 and PRM 29.9. ........................................................................................................ 23
Figure 6.2-3. Daily Variation in Temperature at PRM 29.9 for Pre-Project (1974-1976) and
Post-Project Maximum Load Following Conditions. ........................................................... 24
Figure 6.2-4. Daily Variation in Temperature at PRM 29.9 for Pre-Project (1979-1981) and
Post-Project Maximum Load Following Conditions. ........................................................... 25
Figure 6.2-5. August 2013 Temperature (top) and Dissolved Oxygen (bottom) Observations. . 26
LIST OF TABLES
Table 6.1-1. Range of In situ Temperature and Dissolved Oxygen Results Collected from a
Current Time Period (June 1 to September 30) and for a Historic (1970s and 1980s) and
Current (2013) Time Period. ................................................................................................. 28
Table 6.1-2. 2013 Water Quality Study Sampling Parameters and Schedule. ............................ 29
Table 6.1-3. Winter 2014 Water Quality Study Sampling Parameters. ....................................... 30
Table 6.1-4. Winter 2014 Focus Area Groundwater Well Monitoring Locations. ...................... 31
Table 6.1-5. 2014 Water Quality Study Sampling Parameters. ................................................... 31
Susitna-Watana Hydroelectric Project Alaska Energy Authority
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TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM WATER QUALITY AND LOWER RIVER MODELING
LIST OF ACRONYMS AND SCIENTIFIC LABELS
Abbreviation Definition
ADEC Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation
AEA Alaska Energy Authority
EFDC Environmental Fluid Dynamic Code
FA(s) Focus Area(s)
FERC Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
ILP Integrated Licensing Process
NTU Nephelometric turbidity unit
PRM Project River Mile
Project Susitna-Watana Hydroelectric Project
RWIS Road Weather Information Systems
RSP Revised Study Plan
TIR thermal infrared
TSS total suspended solids
USACE U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
USGS U.S. Geological Survey
Susitna-Watana Hydroelectric Project Alaska Energy Authority
FERC Project No. 14241 Page iii September 2014
TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM WATER QUALITY AND LOWER RIVER MODELING
1. INTRODUCTION
The Alaska Energy Authority (AEA) is preparing a License Application that will be submitted to
the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) for the Susitna-Watana Hydroelectric
Project (Project) using the Integrated Licensing Process (ILP). The Project is located on the
Susitna River, an approximately 320-mile-long river in Southcentral Alaska. The Project’s dam
site would be located at Project River Mile (PRM) 187.1.
AEA began monitoring water temperature in the Susitna River in 2012 (AEA 2013). The
Baseline Water Quality Study (Study 5.5 of the Revised Study Plan [RSP]; AEA 2012) was
initiated in 2013 to collect information to support an assessment of the effects of the proposed
Project operations on water quality in the Susitna River basin. This Technical Memorandum
evaluates QA/QC water quality data (including continuous water temperature monitoring)
collected 2012 through 2014 for adequacy in representation of current riverine conditions. The
need for continued monitoring of surface water temperature and for meteorological data beyond
2014 is evaluated at the spatial and temporal scale.
Predicting the potential impacts of the dam and its proposed operations on water quality will
require the development of a water quality model. The Water Quality Modeling Study (Study
5.6 of the RSP; AEA 2012) will incorporate the extensive information collected from the
Baseline Water Quality Study to develop a model(s) to evaluate the potential impacts of the
proposed Project and operations on various physical parameters within the Susitna River
watershed. The riverine model currently extends from the dam site downstream to PRM 29.9.
Study 5.6, Part C of the Initial Study Report (ISR) explained that AEA would assess in 2014
whether to extend the water quality modeling downstream of PRM 29.9 (AEA 2014). This
Technical Memorandum provides an assessment as to whether the riverine model should be
extended below PRM 29.9.
2. STUDY OBJECTIVES
2.1 Baseline Water Quality Study
The goal of the Baseline Water Quality Study is to gather baseline data and assess the effects of
the proposed Project and its operations on water quality in the Susitna River basin, which
informs development of any appropriate conditions for inclusion in the Project license. The
Project is expected to change some of the water quality characteristics of the drainage as well as
the inundated area that will become the reservoir (RSP Section 5.5.1; AEA 2012).
The objectives of the Baseline Water Quality Study are as follows:
• Document historical water quality data and combine with data generated from this study.
The combined dataset will be used in the Water Quality Modeling Study to predict
Project impacts under various operations.
• Add current stream temperature and meteorological data to the existing data.
Susitna-Watana Hydroelectric Project Alaska Energy Authority
FERC Project No. 14241 Page 1 September 2014
TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM WATER QUALITY AND LOWER RIVER MODELING
• Develop a monitoring program to adequately characterize surface water physical,
chemical, and bacterial conditions in the Susitna River within and downstream of the
proposed Project area.
• Measure baseline metals concentrations in sediment and fish tissue for comparison to
state criteria.
• Perform Thermal Infrared Remote (TIR) sensing of the Susitna River from Susitna
Station (Project River Mile [PRM] 29.9) to Deadman Creek (PRM 235.6), and use this
data to map the groundwater discharge and possible extent of thermal refugia.
2.2 Water Quality Modeling Study
The collective goal of the Water Quality Modeling Study is to assess the impacts of the proposed
Project operations on water quality in the Susitna River basin with particular reference to state
water quality standards (RSP Section 5.6.1; AEA 2012). Further, the Water Quality Modeling
Study will incorporate the extensive information collected from the Baseline Water Quality
Study to develop a model(s) to evaluate the potential impacts of the proposed Project and
operations on various physical parameters within the Susitna River watershed.
The objectives of the Water Quality Modeling Study are as follows:
• With input from licensing participants, implement an appropriate reservoir and river
water temperature model for use with past and current monitoring data.
• Using the data developed in Sections 5.5 (Baseline Water Quality Study) model water
quality conditions in the proposed Susitna-Watana Reservoir, including (but not
necessarily limited to), temperature, DO, suspended sediment and turbidity, chlorophyll-
a, nutrients, ice, and metals.
• Model water quality conditions in the Susitna River from the proposed site of the Susitna-
Watana Dam downstream, including (but not necessarily limited to) temperature,
suspended sediment and turbidity, and ice processes (in coordination with the Ice
Processes Study).
3. STUDY AREA
As described in RSP Section 5.5.3, the study area for water quality monitoring includes the
Susitna River from PRM 29.9 to PRM 235.2 (Oshetna River), and selected tributaries within the
proposed transmission lines and access corridors. Water temperature monitoring began at PRM
19.9 and other water quality monitoring started at PRM 29.9.
4. THE WATER QUALITY STUDY PLAN COMPONENTS
As previously mentioned, AEA initiated the Baseline Water Quality Monitoring Study in 2013
and will apply results from this study as well as water temperature monitoring (begun in 2012) to
complete the Water Quality Modeling Study. To meet study goals, AEA completed numerous
study components in 2013 which are summarized in ISR Study 5.5 Section 4. The following
sections describe study components completed in 2014.
Susitna-Watana Hydroelectric Project Alaska Energy Authority
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TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM WATER QUALITY AND LOWER RIVER MODELING
4.1 Planned Baseline Water Quality Monitoring Study Components
AEA summarized its plans for completing the Baseline Water Quality Monitoring Study in ISR
Study 5.5, Part C, Section 7.2. In 2014, AEA implemented the methods for the following study
components as described in the Study Plan with the exception of the modifications described in
ISR Study 5.5, Part C, Section 7.1.2, or as noted below.
4.1.1 Water Temperature Data Collection
Continuous temperature loggers were deployed at 38 sites (June 2014 to September 2014) set to
15 minute logging intervals with monthly data downloads. Temperature loggers were removed
and downloaded September 2014 and not re-deployed (see Section 6.1).
4.1.2 Meteorological Data Collection
Data from the MET stations established between PRM 142.2 to PRM 235.2 (EMS-1, EMS-2,
and EMS-3), as well from the three existing MET stations located between Willow Creek and the
Talkeetna Airport was continually downloaded. These stations are scheduled for maintenance
and winter preparation October 2014.
4.1.3 Baseline Water Quality Monitoring
All baseline water quality samples collected in 2013 as part of Study 5.5 have undergone QA/QC
review per the QAPP (example provided in Figure 5.1-1). Baseline water quality monitoring
samples were collected at five sites during winter 2014 and 17 sites from PRM 29.9 to PRM
235.2 each month from June 2014 through September 2014. In-situ field measurements were
collected at each location using a Hydrolab® datasonde (MS5). A single grab sample was
collected monthly at each location and analyzed for all total metals (except Ca and Mg) and
dissolved Al, TP, TKN, and nitrate+nitrite-nitrogen.
4.1.4 Focus Area Water Quality
All water quality samples collected in 2013 in Focus Areas as part of Study 5.5 have undergone
QA/QC review per the QAPP (see Section A.7.1; example provided in Figure 5.1-2). In-situ field
measurements were collected with a Hydrolab® datasonde (MS5) at each point sample location,
at the center of each transect within the main channel, and at locations along the transects in
selected side channels where the flow differs from the main channel. Single grab samples were
collected once in July and once in August at each point sample location, at the center of each
transect, and at locations along the transects in selected side channels where the flow differs from
the main channel. The grab samples were analyzed for all total metals (except Ca and Mg) and
dissolved Al, TP, TKN, & nitrate+nitrite-nitrogen.
4.1.5 Sediment and Porewater Sampling
All sediment and porewater samples collected in 2013 as part of Study 5.5 have undergone
QA/QC review per the QAPP (example provided in Figure 5.1-3). Sediment and porewater
samples were collected once in August 2014 at the six sampling sites that were not visited in
2013 (Susitna Above Watana Dam, Susitna Below Watana Dam, Fog, Deadman, Watana, and
Tsusena).
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TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM WATER QUALITY AND LOWER RIVER MODELING
4.2 Lower River Modeling Study Components
AEA summarized a decision point for extending the Water Quality Modeling Study into the
lower river in ISR Study 5.6, Part C, Section 7. The primary reason to consider extending the
water quality modeling below PRM 29.9 was to assist in describing the relationship between
river flows, water surface elevation, and Cook Inlet Beluga Whale (CIBW) foraging habitat in
the Susitna River, consistent with Objective 3 of CIBW Modified Revised Study Plan (MRSP
Section 9.17.1) (see ISR 9.17, Appendix E). This decision was made in coordination with the
Fluvial Geomorphology Modeling (FGM) Study (Study 6.6), which has a coincident decision
point as described in ISR Study 6.6, Section 7.1.1.1.2 and Tetra Tech 2014.
The approach used to determine the need for extending the EFDC model downstream of PRM
29.9 compares water quality parameters from pre-Project conditions with water quality
parameters from post-Project conditions based on the maximum load-following scenario in the
areas modeled upstream of PRM 29.9. If there is little difference between the water quality
parameters between the two simulations, then change in water quality conditions from Project
operations will be determined to be negligible and the model will not be extended. The water
quality comparisons use three year modeling run periods ending with the wet year and dry year.
These results will be provided to the CIBW Study (Study 9.17) as well as information on the
natural variability of these parameters. The water quality parameters considered for CIBW
habitat include water temperature, total suspended sediment, and dissolved oxygen during the
period of interest.
5. MONITORING RESULTS AND MODEL DEVELOPMENT FOR STUDY
COMPLETION
5.1 Results of Baseline Water Quality Monitoring Study
Planned baseline water quality monitoring study elements in 2014 focused on completing
collection of data that could not be obtained in 2013 and in assuring an adequate data record was
collected that characterized more than one monitoring year. Some of the data sets, such as
continuous water temperature and meteorological data, captured inter-annual variations in
surface water and climate conditions at select sites in the Susitna Basin. Constructing data sets
that capture conditions over longer time periods in order to describe extreme conditions (e.g.,
climate or water temperature), benefits calibration of the reservoir and riverine models by
accounting for the influence of temporal climate patterns directly correlated with water quality
conditions (e.g., warm years versus cold years). The following sections describe the QA/QC
reviewed baseline water quality data collection effort (including continuous temperature
monitoring) from 2012 through 2014.
5.1.1 Water Temperature Data Collection
Water temperature characterization has been on-going throughout the Susitna Basin during three
seasons as outlined in the RSP Section 5.5.4.1. The 2012 through 2014 data sets are complete
and have been used to calibrate the reservoir and riverine models. Examples of 2013 and 2014
continuous temperature data can be found in Figure 6.1-1 through Figure 6.1-3. Multiple years
of data collection demonstrates variation in river water temperatures that are covariant with
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TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM WATER QUALITY AND LOWER RIVER MODELING
climatological patterns. The June through September 2013 sampling season was characterized
by warmer ambient air temperatures earlier in the year compared to the same period in 2014.
Average daily mean temperature at the Watana Dam MET Station (ESM1) in 2013 was 14.81oC
in June and 5.36 oCelsius (oC) in September (Table 5.2-1 from the ISR Study 5.5). In contrast,
average daily mean temperature at the Watana Dam MET Station (ESM1) in 2014 was 8.7 oC in
June and 6.2 oC in September. Surface water temperatures followed a similar pattern with
warmer conditions during June 2013 than were recorded during June 2014 (Figure 6.1-1 through
Figure 6.1-3). Temporal variations between years is evident with 2013 having higher
temperatures on average, however profile variations throughout the water column within a given
year are within 1o C.
Temperature ranges shown in Figure 6.1-1 through Figure 6.1-3 are similar to those described
from monitoring completed in 1985. Results from those studies were generated by Alaska
Power Authority (predecessor to AEA) and the Alaska Department of Fish and Game and
reported in URS (2011). The comparison of current conditions against historic riverine
temperature ranges was used to verify that an adequate period of temperature data collection was
completed (Table 6.1-1). In addition, this comparison was intended to verify overlapping range
of conditions between the two time periods for the purpose of expanding the data record (as
stated by the first objective for Study 5.5 (Section 2.1 in this Technical Memorandum).
Temperature ranges were compared between historic (1970s and 1980s available data) and
current (2013) conditions. Maximum temperatures at select sites on the Susitna River were
similar and minimum temperature ranges from the historic data set expanded the data set for
colder months. Once temperature data has been validated and verified from winter monitoring
(2013/2014) and for ice-free conditions in 2014, additional range expansion for minimum
temperatures is expected. The model calibration will benefit from combination of historic and
current data making prediction of a broader range of conditions with greater accuracy possible.
Continuous temperature monitoring over the winters of 2012 (September 2012 – May 2013) and
2013 (September 2013 – May 2014) at PRM 87.8 and PRM 118.6 (Figures 6.1-4 and 6.1-5,
respectively) indicate similar patterns. Temperatures in both years fell to or near zero within
days of one another mid-October to early November.
5.1.2 Meteorological Data Collection
Climate conditions have an effect on surface water temperatures in the Susitna River basin.
Response of river water temperature demonstrated this relationship and was captured with multi-
year data collection. Similarly, MET station data have been collected continuously from 2012-
2014 as outlined in RSP Section 5.5.4.2. The 2012 and 2013 data includes wind speeds, air
temperature, relative humidity, dew point, atmospheric pressure, and solar radiation. Additional
data collected during 2014 includes snow level reports and precipitation. Supplemental
precipitation data was downloaded from the Talkeetna MET station at Parks Highway and was
collected by Road Weather Information Systems (RWIS). Monthly precipitation data
corresponding with sample collection in 2013 is shown in Figures 6-1.6 to Figure 6-1.9. MET
station data from 2012-2013 can be found on the GINA website using the following link
ftp://ftp.gina.alaska.edu/isr/5/5.5/. QA/QC’d MET station data for 2014 will be available at a
later date.
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TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM WATER QUALITY AND LOWER RIVER MODELING
MET Station data collection began following a heavy snowfall winter (2012/2013) and
transitioned to a very warm summer during 2013. Isolated rain events resulted in flooding along
points of the Susitna River during the latter part of 2013 water quality sampling. Meteorological
conditions during 2014 were less severe than those during winter 2012/2013 and had a more
moderate weather pattern during summer 2014 monitoring. Precipitation gage and snow depth
sensors could not be installed at ESM-1 (Susitna River at Watana Dam Camp), but are currently
being installed to measure 2014 conditions for use in improving calibration of the reservoir and
riverine models.
5.1.3 Water Quality and Sediment Sampling
Baseline water quality data were collected during 2014 to supplement 2013 analytical results
requiring re-analysis of select parameters (e.g., phosphorus and metals) for samples not meeting
data validation/verification thresholds (ISR Study 5.5 Section 7.1.2). With the additional data
collected in 2014, water quality sampling has been completed and will be used to generate
modeling results for several seasons of the year. Water quality parameters collected in 2013,
winter 2014 and summer 2014 are presented in Table 6.1-2, Tables 6.1-3 and 6.1-4, and Table
6.1-5, respectively. Data collected during 2014 are currently being evaluated for quality and
usability prior to use for water quality model calibration and use for predicting post-Project
conditions. The full data set will be available after the last data are received from the laboratory
in November 2014; however, preliminary results thus far indicate that data from all parameters
will be complete and useable in reference to data validation standards outlined in the Baseline
Water Quality Study 5.5 ISR Part B- Attachment 1, Quality Assurance Project Plan for Water
Quality and Mercury Assessment.
Sediment and porewater data from samples collected in 2014 (ISR Study 5.5 Section 7.1.2) will
be available from the laboratory in November 2014 and will be validated and reviewed at that
time.
5.2 Results of the Lower River Modeling Study
The EFDC hydrodynamic and water quality models simulated two, three-year periods, 1974-
1976 and 1979-1981 under historic pre-Project conditions and post-Project conditions based on
the maximum load following scenario. Model runs for the extreme conditions, wet year and dry
year, include multiple years to account for the effect of interannual variation in climate. Each of
the model run periods end in either the wet year (1981) or dry year (1976) with predicted results
that demonstrate how climate record used for these time periods influence predicted water
temperature for both pre- and post-Project conditions. The maximum load following scenario is
based on operational flow data records from the years 1950-2010. Calibration of the temperature
model is based on 2012-2014 records collected as part of Study 5.5. Temperature data collected
from 2012-2014 will be used to synthesize data where existing gaps occur between the years
1950-2010. The model domain extended from the proposed dam site downstream to PRM 29.9.
For pre-Project conditions the upstream river temperature boundary was based on a three-year
synthesized temperature record which correlated recent observed temperatures with time of year
and river flow. For post-Project conditions, the pre-Project river flow and temperature were used
as upstream boundary conditions for the EFDC reservoir model. Flow and water temperature
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TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM WATER QUALITY AND LOWER RIVER MODELING
from the reservoir model provided upstream boundary conditions for the post-Project river
model.
Temperature, turbidity, total suspended solids (TSS), and dissolved oxygen were the primary
variables used for evaluating the downstream extent of potential impacts the proposed dam
would have on the river. In this Technical Memorandum, temperature was used to demonstrate
potential downstream impacts from Project operations. The temperature data represented one of
the primary water quality parameters that could have an impact on the prey species captured by
the Cook Inlet Beluga Whale (CIBW) and the foraging success of this whale population. Since
the temperature data set is the most detailed with largest number of results, it has been used for
model calibration. Figure 6.2-1 shows plots of model predictions of temperatures along the river
for 1974 through 1976 period at the dam site, PRM 125, PRM 60, and PRM 29.9. Similar plots
for the 1979 through 1981 period are shown in Figure 6.2-2. The top panels of the two figures
show differences between the pre and post-Project river temperatures at the dam site under the
worst case scenario, drawing water from the surface of the reservoir. Post-Project temperatures
are higher in the summer and fall. The outflow elevation in the reservoir is based on movable
vertical shutters which result in water being discharged from the warmer reservoir surface where
solar radiation is absorbed during summer and early fall. This water withdrawal strategy is worst
case scenario as the current dam design includes movable vertical shutters to allow water
withdrawals at multiple reservoir water depths, allowing cooler water to be drawn at lower
depths and that actual operations (i.e. appropriate reservoir water outflow depth) would occur to
minimize Project effects on water temperatures below the dam.
Further down the river at PRM 125, the difference between pre- and post-Project (e.g.,
Maximum Load-following scenario with reservoir outflow from reservoir surface)temperature
decreases with post-Project temperatures being 2 to 3 °C higher in late summer and fall. At
PRM 60 the difference between pre- and post-Project (e.g., Maximum Load-following scenario
with reservoir outflow from reservoir surface) temperatures decreases further with post- Project
temperature being approximately 1 to 2 °C higher in the early fall but diminishing or declining to
less than 1 °C higher toward the end of the three-year model run. Pre- and post-Project
temperature falls to 0 °C during period of ice cover showing no difference between the two
conditions. Model predicted pre-Project and post-Project (e.g., Maximum Load-following
scenario with reservoir outflow from reservoir surface) temperatures at PRM 29.9, which include
the effects of the Yentna River inflow immediately upstream, differs by less than 1 °C. Figures
6.2-3 and 6.2-4 show plots of differences between pre-Project and post-Project conditions at
PRM 29.9, supporting the small difference and indicating a random mode of differences rather
than consistent higher or lower differences between pre- and post-Project scenarios. It is noted
that the difference between pre-Project and post-Project (e.g., Maximum Load-following
scenario with reservoir outflow from reservoir surface) temperatures on a specific day are
typically similar to or less than the diurnal temperature variation of a given day. These figures
also show correlation plots and regression results indicating on average, post-Project (e.g.,
Maximum Load-following scenario with reservoir outflow from reservoir surface) temperatures
at PRM 29.9 exceed pre-Project temperatures by approximately one percent.
Dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations along the Susitna River, as seen in Figure 6.2-5, show
that DO levels in the mainstem tend to be near saturation, particularly in the lower 90 miles of
the river. DO saturation concentration is primarily a function of water temperature (Figure 6.2-
Susitna-Watana Hydroelectric Project Alaska Energy Authority
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TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM WATER QUALITY AND LOWER RIVER MODELING
5) and saturation concentrations are not expected to change significantly in the lower river post-
Project. The observed saturation conditions are expected to show no significant change between
pre- and post-Project conditions at PRM 29.9.
Preliminary simulations of the silt and clay fraction of sediment transport through the reservoir
have been made. The extreme depth of the reservoir and the current proposed surface outflow
makes the reservoir a highly efficient settling basin. Using a single bulk settling velocity for this
material, the results indicate that the reservoir passes less than 1 percent of the silt and clay. It
has been estimated that the dam site load of silt and clay contributes approximately 12 percent of
the total silt and clay load estimated at Susitna Station. Thus a conservative estimate is that the
silt and clay load would be reduced by 1 percent below Susitna Station (PRM 29.9) when
assuming a 90 percent trap efficiency. The lower silt and clay based TSS and corresponding
turbidity change upstream of this site will be generated with model predictions and be further
refined for determining implications to fisheries resources evaluated in other study components.
Partitioning the silt and clay material into multiple size classes is one strategy that will increase
the accuracy in the estimate of silt and clay discharged from the reservoir.
6. CONCLUSIONS
6.1 Proposed Modification for Water Temperature Data Collection
AEA has successfully completed the tasks listed within the Study Plan Section 5.5. An
evaluation of continuous monitoring data for temperature indicates that adequate data collection
for water quality modeling has been achieved. Meteorological monitoring locations will be
maintained through June 2015 in order to capture an adequate set of winter data for use in the
water quality model. Thermistors were removed from the river in September 2014 and not re-
deployed as examination of temperature data records from winter 2012 (PRM 87.8 Susitna River
at Parks Highway and PRM 118.6 Chulitna River) and winter 2013 show no difference in data
results between these two periods (Figure 6.1-4 and Figure 6.1-5).
The intent for continuous temperature monitoring for two years has been completed with winter
data sets from 2012/2013 and 2013/2014. Continuous monitoring of water temperature was
discontinued during September 2014.
6.2 Lower River Modeling Study Components
Based on the model predictions shown in Figures 6.2-1 and 6.2-2, water temperature at PRM
29.9 shows little or no change in temperature patterns over the year. Since effects from Project
operations on temperature are minimal at PRM 29.9, temperature is expected to be unchanged
further downstream by Project operations.
As stated above, based upon the small difference between pre and post-Project temperatures at
PRM 29.9 and similar small changes in DO based on observed saturation, AEA is not proposing
to extend the water quality modeling downstream from PRM 29.9.
Susitna-Watana Hydroelectric Project Alaska Energy Authority
FERC Project No. 14241 Page 8 September 2014
TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM WATER QUALITY AND LOWER RIVER MODELING
7. REFERENCES
AEA (Alaska Energy Authority). 2012. Revised Study Plan: Susitna-Watana Hydroelectric
Project FERC Project No. 14241. December 2012. Prepared for the Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission by the Alaska Energy Authority, Anchorage, Alaska.
http://www.susitna-watanahydro.org/study-plan/
AEA (Alaska Energy Authority). 2013. 2012 Susitna River Water Temperature and
Meteorological Field Study: Susitna-Watana Hydroelectric Project FERC Project No.
14241. February 2013. Prepared for the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission by the
Alaska Energy Authority, Anchorage, Alaska. http://www.susitna-watanahydro.org/wp-
content/uploads/2013/03/2012_WaterQuality_TM.pdf
AEA (Alaska Energy Authority). 2014. Water Quality Modeling Study, Study Plan Section 5.6
(Part C): Susitna-Watana Hydroelectric Project FERC Project No. 14241.. June 2014.
Prepared for the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission by the Alaska Energy
Authority, Anchorage, Alaska. http://www.susitna-watanahydro.org/wp-
content/uploads/2014/06/05.6_WQMOD_ISR_PartC.pdf
Tetra Tech, Inc. 2014. Fluvial Geomorphology Modeling below Watana Dam Study (Study 6.6)
Decision Point on Fluvial Geomorphology Modeling of the Susitna River below PRM
29.9. Technical Memorandum. Susitna-Watana Hydroelectric Project FERC No. 14241.
Prepared for Alaska Energy Authority. September 2014.
URS. 2011. AEA Susitna Water Quality and Sediment Transport Data Gap Analysis Report.
Prepared by URS, Tetra Tech, Inc., and Arctic Hydrology. RFP #2011-006. 87 p.
USGS (U.S. Geological Survey). 2012. Streamflow Record Extension for Selected Streams in
the Susitna River Basin, Alaska, Scientific Investigations Report 2012–5210. 46 p.
Susitna-Watana Hydroelectric Project Alaska Energy Authority
FERC Project No. 14241 Page 9 September 2014
TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM WATER QUALITY AND LOWER RIVER MODELING
8. FIGURES
Figure 5.1-1. Example of QA/QC Baseline Water Quality Data Collected in 2013.
Susitna-Watana Hydroelectric Project Alaska Energy Authority
FERC Project No. 14241 Page 10 September 2014
TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM WATER QUALITY AND LOWER RIVER MODELING
Figure 5.1-2. Example of QA/QC Focus Area Water Quality Data Collected in 2013.
Susitna-Watana Hydroelectric Project Alaska Energy Authority
FERC Project No. 14241 Page 11 September 2014
TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM WATER QUALITY AND LOWER RIVER MODELING
Figure 5.1-3. Example of QA/QC Sediment Data Collected in 2013.
Susitna-Watana Hydroelectric Project Alaska Energy Authority
FERC Project No. 14241 Page 12 September 2014
TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM WATER QUALITY AND LOWER RIVER MODELING
Figure 6.1-2. 2013 and 2014 Continuous Temperature Monitoring Data in the Deshka River at Deshka RM 1.1. The confluence of the Deshka River occurs at Susitna River PRM 45.1.
Susitna-Watana Hydroelectric Project Alaska Energy Authority
FERC Project No. 14241 Page 13 September 2014
TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM WATER QUALITY AND LOWER RIVER MODELING
Figure 6.1-2. 2013 and 2014 Continuous Temperature Monitoring Data at Susitna River PRM 124.2, Curry Fishwheel Camp.
Susitna-Watana Hydroelectric Project Alaska Energy Authority
FERC Project No. 14241 Page 14 September 2014
TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM WATER QUALITY AND LOWER RIVER MODELING
Figure 6.1-3. 2013 and 2014 Continuous Temperature Monitoring Data at Susitna River PRM 142.3, Susitna above Indian River.
Susitna-Watana Hydroelectric Project Alaska Energy Authority
FERC Project No. 14241 Page 15 September 2014
TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM WATER QUALITY AND LOWER RIVER MODELING
Figure 6.1-4. Winter 2012 and 2013 Continuous Temperature Monitoring Data at Susitna River PRM 87.8, Susitna at Parks Highway.
Susitna-Watana Hydroelectric Project Alaska Energy Authority
FERC Project No. 14241 Page 16 September 2014
TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM WATER QUALITY AND LOWER RIVER MODELING
Figure 6.1-5. Winter 2012 and 2013 Continuous Temperature Monitoring Data at Susitna River PRM 118.6, Chulitna River.
Susitna-Watana Hydroelectric Project Alaska Energy Authority
FERC Project No. 14241 Page 17 September 2014
TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM WATER QUALITY AND LOWER RIVER MODELING
Figure 6-1.6. Precipitation Data Collected at the Talkeetna Road @ Parks Highway MET Station during June 2013,
Downloaded from RWIS.
Susitna-Watana Hydroelectric Project Alaska Energy Authority
FERC Project No. 14241 Page 18 September 2014
TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM WATER QUALITY AND LOWER RIVER MODELING
Figure 6-1.7. Precipitation Data Collected at the Talkeetna Road @ Parks Highway MET Station during July 2013,
Downloaded from RWIS.
Susitna-Watana Hydroelectric Project Alaska Energy Authority
FERC Project No. 14241 Page 19 September 2014
TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM WATER QUALITY AND LOWER RIVER MODELING
Figure 6-1.8. Precipitation Data Collected at the Talkeetna Road @ Parks Highway MET Station during August 2013,
Downloaded from RWIS.
Susitna-Watana Hydroelectric Project Alaska Energy Authority
FERC Project No. 14241 Page 20 September 2014
TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM WATER QUALITY AND LOWER RIVER MODELING
Figure 6-1.9. Precipitation Data Collected at the Talkeetna Road @ Parks Highway MET Station during September 2013,
Downloaded from RWIS.
Susitna-Watana Hydroelectric Project Alaska Energy Authority
FERC Project No. 14241 Page 21 September 2014
TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM WATER QUALITY AND LOWER RIVER MODELING
Figure 6.2-1. Comparison of Pre-Project (1974-1976) and Post-Project (Maximum Load Following Scenario) River
Temperature along the Susitna River at the dam site, PRM 125, PRM 60 and PRM 29.9.
Susitna-Watana Hydroelectric Project Alaska Energy Authority
FERC Project No. 14241 Page 22 September 2014
TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM WATER QUALITY AND LOWER RIVER MODELING
Figure 6.2-2. Comparison of Pre-Project (1979-1981) and Post-Project (Maximum Load Following Scenario) River
Temperature along the Susitna River at the dam site, PRM 125, PRM 60 and PRM 29.9.
Susitna-Watana Hydroelectric Project Alaska Energy Authority
FERC Project No. 14241 Page 23 September 2014
TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM WATER QUALITY AND LOWER RIVER MODELING
Figure 6.2-3. Daily Variation in Temperature at PRM 29.9 for Pre-Project (1974-1976) and Post-Project Maximum Load
Following Conditions.
Susitna-Watana Hydroelectric Project Alaska Energy Authority
FERC Project No. 14241 Page 24 September 2014
TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM WATER QUALITY AND LOWER RIVER MODELING
Figure 6.2-4. Daily Variation in Temperature at PRM 29.9 for Pre-Project (1979-1981) and Post-Project Maximum Load
Following Conditions.
Susitna-Watana Hydroelectric Project Alaska Energy Authority
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TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM WATER QUALITY AND LOWER RIVER MODELING
Figure 6.2-5. August 2013 Temperature (top) and Dissolved Oxygen (bottom) Observations.
Susitna-Watana Hydroelectric Project Alaska Energy Authority
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TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM WATER QUALITY AND LOWER RIVER MODELING
9. TABLES
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TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM WATER QUALITY AND LOWER RIVER MODELING
Table 6.1-1. Range of In situ Temperature and Dissolved Oxygen Results Collected from a Current Time Period (June 1 to September 30) and for a Historic (1970s and 1980s) and Current (2013) Time Period.
Location RM PRM Source for
Historic Data
Water
Temperature (0C) Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L)
Historic Current1 Historic Current1
Susitna
River 25.8 29.9
USGS 15294350
(July-September:
1975, 1986, 2003)
2.5 to 14.8 7.1 to 15.6 9.0 to 12.3 10.9 to 12.5
Talkeetna
River 97.0 107
USGS 15292700
(July-September:
Temp.1966, 1995,
2000;
DO 1972-75, 1977-
90, 1992-1995)
3.5 to 13.5 5.3 to 17.8 9.9 to 13.8 10.2 to 11.7
Curry
Fishwheel
Camp
120.7 124.2
APA and ADF&G
(July-September:
1985)
2.7 to 15.3
5.2 to 16.7 10.1 o 13.9
10.0 to 12.5
Gold
Greek 136.8 140.1
USGS 15292000
(July-Sept. &
October-Dec.:
Temp. 1949,
1957,1962, 1974-
1977, 1979-1986)
DO 1977, 1980-86)
0.3 to 14.1 5.9 to 16.3 8.5 to 13.3 10.5 to 12.5
Susitna
River at
Watana
Dam Site
184.2 187.2
APA and ADF&G
(July-September:
1985)
1.9 to 14.4 2.6 to 11.9** N/A 10.5 to 12.5
1 Reflects data collected August through September only
*one-time sample event only
** current water temperature based on field one-time grab sample from a Hydrolab (all other current temperature data based on continuously monitored sites using thermistors).
N/A = not available
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TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM WATER QUALITY AND LOWER RIVER MODELING
Table 6.1-2. 2013 Water Quality Study Sampling Parameters and Schedule.
Parameter
Baseline
Water Quality (collected monthly)
Focus Areas (collected every 2 weeks; 3
events)
Mercury Assessment
(one-time survey)2
Surface Water Ground Water Sediment (Total) Porewater (Dissolved) Tissue (Total)
In Situ Water Quality Parameters
Water Temperature X X X X
Dissolved Oxygen (DO) X X X
pH X X X X
Specific Conductance X X X
Turbidity X X X
Redox Potential X X X
Color X X
Residues X1
Other Water Quality Parameters (grab samples for laboratory analysis)
Hardness X X X X
Alkalinity X X
Nitrate/Nitrite X X X
Ammonia as N X
Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen X X X
Total Phosphorus X X X
Ortho-phosphate X X X
Chlorophyll-a X X X
Total Dissolved Solids X
Total Suspended Solids X
TOC X1 X X X
DOC X X X
Fecal Coliform X1
Petroleum Hydrocarbons X1
Radioactivity X1
Metals
Aluminum X1 X X X
Arsenic X X X X
Barium X
Beryllium X
Cadmium X X X X
Calcium X X
Chromium (Total) X1
Cobalt X
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TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM WATER QUALITY AND LOWER RIVER MODELING
Parameter
Baseline
Water Quality
(collected monthly)
Focus Areas (collected every 2 weeks; 3 events) Mercury Assessment (one-time survey)2
Surface
Water
Ground
Water
Sediment
(Total)
Porewater
(Dissolved)
Tissue
(Total)
Copper X X X
Iron X X X X X
Lead X X X
Manganese X
Magnesium X X X
Mercury X X (total) X (total) X X X
Methyl mercury X (dissolved) X (dissolved) X
Molybdenum X
Nickel X X X
Selenium X1 X X X
Thallium X
Vanadium X
Zinc X X X
Sediment Size X
Notes:
1 One-time survey
2 Refer to ISR Section 5.7 for details
Metals in surface water were analyzed for dissolved and total.
Table 6.1-3. Winter 2014 Water Quality Study Sampling Parameters.
Winter Baseline Water Quality Monitoring
Sampling Date Susitna River PRM Lab Parameters Field Parameters
1/28/2014 29.9, 87.8
TP, SRP, Ammonia, NO3+NO2, TKN,
MeHg, Alkalinity, Hardness, TDS, TSS,
TOC, DOC, Turbidity, Chlorophyll
Dissolved and Total Al, As, Fe, Ba, Be,
Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Pb, Mo, Ni, Se, Tl, V, Zn,
Mn, Ca, Mg, Hg
Color, Temperature, DO, pH,
Specific conductance, ORP,
Turbidity
1/29/2014 185, 225
1/30/2014 140
3/10/2014 29.9, 87.8
3/11/2014 185, 225
3/12/2014 140
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TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM WATER QUALITY AND LOWER RIVER MODELING
Table 6.1-4. Winter 2014 Focus Area Groundwater Well Monitoring Locations.
Winter Focus Area Groundwater Well Monitoring
Sampling Date Focus Area Lab Parameters Field Parameters
2/6/2014 FA-104 (Whiskers Slough)
TP, SRP, Ammonia, NO3+NO2,
TKN, Dissolved and Total Al, Fe
Temperature, pH, Specific
conductance, ORP, DO
2/12/2014 FA-138 (Gold Creek)
2/17/2014 FA-128 (Slough 8A)
3/6/2014 FA-104 (Whiskers Slough)
3/12/2014 FA-138 (Gold Creek)
3/16/2014 FA-128 (Slough 8A)
4/2/2014 FA-104 (Whiskers Slough)
4/9/2014 FA-138 (Gold Creek)
4/13/2014 FA-128 (Slough 8A)
Table 6.1-5. 2014 Water Quality Study Sampling Parameters.
Parameter Baseline Water Quality
(collected monthly) Focus Areas
Water Temperature X X
Dissolved Oxygen (DO) X X
pH X X
Specific Conductance X X
Turbidity X X
Redox Potential X X
Nitrate/Nitrite X X
Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen X X
Total Phosphorus X X
Ortho-phosphate X X
Aluminum (total and dissolved) X X
Arsenic (total) X X
Barium (total) X X
Iron (total) X X
Manganese (total) X X
Mercury (total) X X
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