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Susitna-Watana Hydroelectric Project Document
ARLIS Uniform Cover Page
Title:
SuWa 263
Susitna River fish distribution and abundance implementation plan :
Appendix 3, Protocol for site-specific gear type selection; version 5
Author(s) – Personal:
Author(s) – Corporate:
R2 Resource Consultants, Inc.
AEA-identified category, if specified:
November 14, 2014 technical memorandum filings
AEA-identified series, if specified:
Series (ARLIS-assigned report number): Existing numbers on document:
Susitna-Watana Hydroelectric Project document number 263
Published by: Date published:
[Anchorage, Alaska : Alaska Energy Authority, 2014] November 2014
Published for: Date or date range of report: Alaska Energy Authority
Volume and/or Part numbers:
Final or Draft status, as indicated:
Attachment I
Document type: Pagination:
Technical memorandum ii, 19 p.
Related work(s): Pages added/changed by ARLIS:
Cover letter to this report: Susitna-Watana Hydroelectric
Project, FERC Project no. 14241-000; Filing of Initial Study Plan
Meetings transcripts and additional information in response to
October 2014 Initial Study Plan Meetings. (SuWa 254)
Attachments A-H (SuWa 255-262) and J-N (SuWa 264-268)
Added cover letter (4 pages)
Notes:
All reports in the Susitna-Watana Hydroelectric Project Document series include an ARLIS-
produced cover page and an ARLIS-assigned number for uniformity and citability. All reports
are posted online at http://www.arlis.org/resources/susitna-watana/
November 14, 2014
Ms. Kimberly D. Bose
Secretary
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
888 First Street, N.E.
Washington, D.C. 20426
Re: Susitna-Watana Hydroelectric Project, Project No. 14241-000
Filing of Initial Study Plan Meetings Transcripts and Additional Information in
Response to October 2014 Initial Study Plan Meetings
Dear Secretary Bose:
By letter dated January 28, 2014, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
(Commission or FERC) modified the procedural schedule for the preparation and review
of the Initial Study Report (ISR) for the proposed Susitna-Watana Hydroelectric Project,
FERC Project No. 14241 (Project).1 As required by the Commission’s January 28 letter,
the Alaska Energy Authority (AEA) filed the ISR with the Commission on June 3, 2014
and conducted ISR meetings on October 15, 16, 17, 21, 22, and 23, 2014. Attached as
Attachments A-1 through F-2 are the written transcripts (along with the agenda and
PowerPoint presentations) for these ISR meetings.
During the October ISR meetings, AEA and licensing participants identified
certain technical memoranda and other information that AEA would file with the
Commission by November 15, 2014. In accordance, AEA is filing and distributing the
following technical memoranda and other information:
• Attachment G: Glacier and Runoff Changes (Study 7.7) and Fluvial
Geomorphology (Study 6.5) - Assessment of the Potential for Changes in
Sediment Delivery to Watana Reservoir Due to Glacial Surges Technical
Memorandum. This technical memorandum documents AEA’s analysis of the
potential changes to sediment delivery from the upper Susitna watershed into
the Project’s reservoir from glacial surges.
• Attachment H: Riparian Instream Flow (Study 8.6) and Fluvial
Geomorphology (Study 6.6) - Dam Effects on Downstream Channel and
Floodplain Geomorphology and Riparian Plant Communities and Ecosystems
− Literature Review Technical Memorandum. This literature review technical
1 Letter from Jeff Wright, FERC Office of Energy Projects, to Wayne Dyok, Alaska Energy Authority,
Project No. 14241-000 (issued Jan. 28, 2014).
2
memorandum synthesizes historic physical and biologic data for the Susitna
River floodplain vegetation (including 1980s studies), studies of hydro project
impacts on downstream floodplain plant communities, and studies of un-
impacted floodplain plant community successional processes.
• Attachment I: Susitna River Fish Distribution and Abundance Implementation
Plan, Appendix 3. Protocol for Site-Specific Gear Type Selection, Version 5.
In accordance with the fish distribution and abundance studies, as described in
Revised Study Plan (RSP) Sections 9.5 and 9.6 and in the Fish Distribution
and Abundance Implementation Plan, this appendix establishes the protocol
for site-specific gear type selection for fish surveys. Throughout study plan
implementation, AEA has updated this appendix as needed to provide
consistent direction to all field teams. Version 1 of Appendix 3 was originally
filed with the Fish Distribution and Abundance Implementation Plan in March
2013. That version was updated twice (Versions 2 and 3) during the 2013
field season to accommodate protocol changes that related to FERC’s April 1,
2013 Study Plan Determination, field permits, and lessons learned during
study implementation. Version 4 was the protocol used for the 2014 field
season and was updated with respect to the prioritization of gear use and
based on 2013 data collected. This version herein, Version 5, will be followed
during the 2015 field season.
• Attachment J: Fish Distribution and Abundance in the Upper and
Middle/Lower Susitna River (Studies 9.5 and 9.6): Draft Chinook and Coho
Salmon Identification Protocol. This document established a Chinook and
coho salmon identification protocol to support accurate and consistent field
identification across field teams. It will allow for additional quality control
and assurance of field identification calls and for estimation and reporting of
any field identification error that may occur in future sampling efforts.
• Attachment K: Characterization and Mapping of Aquatic Habitats (9.9),
Errata to Initial Study Report Part A - Appendix A, Remote Line Mapping,
2012. This errata provides a corrected version of map book for Remote Line
Mapping, 2012. The version filed with the ISR (June 3, 2014) used a data
query to build the maps in geomorphic reaches MR-1 to UR-5 that mistakenly
did not include side slough habitat, so that no side sloughs were depicted on
the Appendix A maps 1 through 21. This version was corrected by including
side slough habitat in the data query for geomorphic reaches MR-1 to UR-5.
This version now includes side sloughs.
• Attachment L: Characterization and Mapping of Aquatic Habitats Study 9.9,
Revised Map Book for 2012 Remote Line Mapping. This map book represents
an update to the version published on June 3, 2014 with the Study 9.9 Initial
Study Report and the errata provided concurrently with this filing (see
Attachment K). The maps presented include all macrohabitat and mesohabitat
line identifications available in the 2012 Remote Line Mapping ArcGIS
3
shapefile. This map book should be considered a full replacement for
previous versions and represents the final product for the 2012 remote line
habitat mapping effort.
• Attachment M: Study of Fish Passage Barriers in the Middle and Upper
Susitna River and Susitna Tributaries (Study 9.12), Fish Passage Criteria
Technical Memorandum. This technical memorandum presents a proposed
final list of fish species that will be included in the fish barrier analysis as well
as depth, leaping and velocity passage criteria for selected fish species. AEA
previously consulted with the federal agencies and other licensing participants
regarding the information within the technical memorandum during a March
19, 2014 Fisheries Technical Meeting.
In addition to the technical memoranda and other information identified above,
AEA is filing a short errata (Attachment N) to the Mercury Assessment and Potential for
Bioaccumulation Study (Study 5.7), Evaluation of Continued Mercury Monitoring
Beyond 2014 Technical Memorandum. This technical memorandum, which was
originally filed on September 30, 2014, evaluates the need for continued monitoring of
mercury data beyond 2014 and whether the existing data collection efforts are sufficient
to satisfy objectives for characterizing baseline mercury conditions in the Susitna River
and tributaries (RSP Section 5.7.1). Since the filing of this TM and based upon the
ongoing QA/QC of the data reported in that TM, AEA discovered errors in the TM. The
attached TM corrects those errors. Additionally, the errata corrects corresponding errors
in the Mercury Assessment and Potential for Bioaccumulation presentation presented
during the October 16, 2014 ISR meeting.
Finally, AEA notes that data collected during the Study Plan implementation, to the
extent they have been verified through AEA’s quality assurance and quality control (QAQC)
procedures and are publicly available, can be accessed at http://gis.suhydro.org/isr_mtg. On
November 14, 2014, AEA posted the following data to this website:
• Baseline Water Quality Data (Study 5.5), 2013 QAQC water quality data
and DVRs per the Quality Assurance Project Plan.
• Breeding Survey Study of Landbirds and Shorebirds (Study 10.16),
cumulative 2013-2014 data.
• Characterization and Mapping of Aquatic Habitats (Study 9.9), ArcGIS
shapefile “ISR_9_9_AQHAB_RemoteLineMapping_2012.shp” used to
generate the maps in Attachment L.
4
AEA appreciates the opportunity to provide this additional information to the
Commission and licensing participants, which it believes will be helpful in determining
the appropriate development of the 2015 study plan as set forth in the ISR. If you have
questions concerning this submission please contact me at wdyok@aidea.org or (907)
771-3955.
Sincerely,
Wayne Dyok
Project Manager
Alaska Energy Authority
Attachments
cc: Distribution List (w/o Attachments)
Susitna-Watana Hydroelectric Project
(FERC No. 14241)
Susitna River Fish Distribution and Abundance
Implementation Plan:
Appendix 3. Protocol for Site-Specific Gear Type
Selection; Version 5
Prepared for
Alaska Energy Authority
Prepared by
R2 Resource Consultants, Inc.
November 2014
APPENDIX 3: GEAR TYPE SELECTION PROTOCOL FISH DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE IMPLEMENTATION PLAN
Susitna-Watana Hydroelectric Project Alaska Energy Authority
FERC Project No. 14241 Version 5, October 2014
APPENDIX 3. PROTOCOL FOR SITE-SPECIFIC GEAR TYPE
SELECTION - VERSION 5
APPENDIX 3: GEAR TYPE SELECTION PROTOCOL FISH DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE IMPLEMENTATION PLAN
Susitna-Watana Hydroelectric Project Alaska Energy Authority
FERC Project No. 14241 Appendix 3 - Page i Version 5, October 2014
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 1
2. Gear Type Selection Approach ............................................................................................. 1
3. Level of Sampling Effort ....................................................................................................... 2
4. Microhabitat Diversity .......................................................................................................... 3
5. References ............................................................................................................................... 4
6. Tables ...................................................................................................................................... 6
7. Figures .................................................................................................................................. 13
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Tier 1 and Tier 2 Fish Distribution and Abundance Sampling Methods for Use in
Wadeable and Non-Wadeable Survey Areas .................................................................................. 6
Table 2. Recommended Habitat Conditions and Other Sampling Guidelines and/or Limitations
for Individual Gear Types ............................................................................................................... 7
Table 3. A guide to fish distribution and abundance sampling technique selection by habitat type
and ranking...................................................................................................................................... 9
Table 4. Recommended target voltage for standardized backpack electrofishing (constant power
transfer) for juvenile salmonids in cold water at various ambient water conductivities (from
Buckwalter 2012 et al.). ................................................................................................................ 10
Table 5. Method-Specific Levels of Effort for Distribution and Relative Abundance Sampling 11
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Decision tree guide for fish distribution sampling in wadeable habitats. ..................... 14
Figure 2. Decision tree guide for fish distribution sampling in non-wadeable habitats. ............. 15
Figure 3. Decision tree guide for relative abundance sampling in wadeable habitats ................. 16
Figure 4. Decision tree guide for relative abundance sampling in non-wadeable habitats. ......... 17
APPENDIX 3: GEAR TYPE SELECTION PROTOCOL FISH DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE IMPLEMENTATION PLAN
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Figure 5. Schematic example of main channel sampling unit. .................................................... 18
Figure 6. Schematic example of off-channel sampling unit. Snorkeling, electrofishing and
minnow trapping were the techniques selected. ........................................................................... 18
Figure 7. Schematic example of off-channel sampling unit. Because of adult salmon present in
the sampling unit, snorkeling, minnow trapping, and hoop netting were the techniques selected.
....................................................................................................................................................... 19
Figure 8. Schematic example of off channel sampling unit. Because of adult salmon present and
limited visibility, minnow trapping, seining and hoop trapping were the techniques selected. ... 19
APPENDIX 3: GEAR TYPE SELECTION PROTOCOL FISH DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE IMPLEMENTATION PLAN
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FERC Project No. 14241 Appendix 3 - Page 1 Version 5, October 2014
1. INTRODUCTION
During the Susitna-Watana Hydro fish distribution and abundance studies, as described in RSP
Sections 9.5 and 9.6 (AEA 2012) and in the Fish Distribution and Abundance Implementation
Plan (R2 Resource Consultants, Inc. 2013), fish surveys will be conducted by multiple field
crews. Each field crew will be equipped with a variety of gear types for sampling (see Section 8
of the Implementation Plan) and will need to select appropriate gear types to deploy based on
varying habitat conditions. To properly address study objectives that require fish collection
across diverse habitat types and multiple seasons, targeting a wide variety of life stages and
species that inhabit different areas of the water column, a standardized approach for gear type
selection is imperative.
The effectiveness of fish sampling gear is variable both in time and space and is influenced by
physiochemical site parameters (turbidity, velocity, depth, substrate size and conductivity), cover
types (aquatic vegetation, snags and debris), as well as target fish behavior (diet for baited
techniques, activity periods, microhabitat preferences, and migration patterns).
This protocol will be used by field crews when selecting appropriate gear types in order to
facilitate the use of standardized and repeatable sampling methods among different crews, in
varying habitats, and across seasons. In subsequent revisions, gear selection priority and
sampling approach has been updated based on FERC study plan determinations, review of data,
feedback from field crews on logistical constraints, and according to annual ADF&G permit
restrictions. All fish sampling crews will use this document during annual orientation and
training prior to the field season and are expected to carry a copy of this appendix with them in
the field. Decision trees are included for crews to quickly determine the appropriate gear types
to use based on site conditions (Figures 1-4).
This appendix is a living document and updated versions will be produced as needed to provide
consistent direction to all field teams. Version 1 of Appendix 3 was originally filed with the Fish
Distribution and Abundance Implementation Plan in March 2013. That version was updated
twice (Versions 2 and 3) during the 2013 field season to accommodate protocol changes that
related to FERC’s Study Plan Determination, field permits, and lessons learned during
implementation in our first field season. Version 4 was the protocol used for the 2014 field
season and was updated with respect to the prioritization of gear use and based on 2013 data
collected. This version herein, Version 5 will be followed during the 2015 field season.
2. GEAR TYPE SELECTION APPROACH
The sampling techniques presented in Section 8 of the Implementation Plan have been organized
into two tiers for both wadeable and non-wadeable stream conditions (Table 1). Under each
scenario (i.e., wadeable and non-wadeable conditions), the first tier represents a set of methods
APPENDIX 3: GEAR TYPE SELECTION PROTOCOL FISH DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE IMPLEMENTATION PLAN
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that should be employed at each sampling site whenever feasible. Consistent application of the
Tier 1 methods should be used wherever feasible such that fish distribution and abundance
surveys are standardized and repeatable across space and time. However, it is expected that
some Tier 1 methods will not be suitable under a given set of habitat or microhabitat conditions.
Thus, alternative or supplemental gear types may need to be employed. These alternative and
supplemental sampling techniques have been categorized as Tier 2 methods and should be used
when the complexity of the habitat or presence of adult salmon limits the application or Tier 1
methods. Specific habitat and microhabitat conditions conducive for sampling with each of the
Tier 1 and Tier 2 methods are provided in Tables 2 and 3. For each sampling technique,
constraints with respect to depth, velocity, conductivity, visibility, water temperature, substrate
and instream cover characteristics, and adult salmon presence are identified where applicable.
Table 4 provides recommended target voltages for backpack electrofishing. Table 5 also
provides other bulleted notes on requirements and/or limitations (e.g., selectivity for small or
large fish, potential lethality) associated with each gear type.
Whenever feasible (water clarity, depth, and velocity) snorkeling, should be employed
consistently as the first technique because it does not involve fish handling (moved from Tier 2
to Tier 1 in 2014 for emphasis). Techniques that require overnight or 24-hour soak times should
be set last before leaving the site. For example, if snorkeling, electrofishing and minnow
trapping are the techniques selected for a site, they should be done in that order. Snorkeling as
the first method is also advantageous because it will alert field crews to the presence of adult
salmon and trout in the sampling unit (electrofishing is prohibited in the presence of this life
stage) and aid in subsequent gear selection and placement. In instances when two active
sampling techniques are selected, most commonly electrofishing and seining, they should be
employed on separate days whenever possible and electrofishing should follow seining (Poesch
2014).
For relative abundance sampling, block nets should be used whenever site conditions allow
(moderate depths of 1-5 feet and little to no velocity) and should be set with minimal disturbance
of the site prior to any sampling activities. Block netting is only suitable for low gradient
habitats; this generally includes upland sloughs, side sloughs, beaver complexes, and some low
gradient tributaries (e.g., Whiskers Creek and Chase Creek). If block nets are selected for a
sampling unit during event one, efforts should be made to consistently use block nets during
subsequent sampling.
3. LEVEL OF SAMPLING EFFORT
Although catch per unit effort (CPUE) estimates offer a way to standardize capture data across
sampling units and events, field crews are expected to follow additional guidelines that are aimed
at ensuring an appropriate level of effort is being applied for each sampling event. These
guidelines are presented in Table 5. Regardless of the sampling method applied, representative
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length and width measurements will be taken to describe the area surveyed for each method
employed at a given site. Drawings that indicate number and locations of nets and/or traps
deployed throughout the unit will also be prepared for each sample and will aide in gear
retrieval. Additional parameters that will be recorded to gauge the effectiveness of each selected
method and to estimate catch per unit effort (CPUE) are shown on the method-specific field
forms provided in Appendix 10 of the Fish Distribution and Abundance Implementation Plan
(R2 Resource Consultants, Inc. 2013).
For distribution and relative abundance sampling, a minimum of three techniques should be used
at a sampling unit. For example, when a main channel unit contains both wadeable and non-
wadeable areas the non-wadeable area may be sampled with (1) boat electrofishing and the
wadeable area along the channel margins may be sampled with (2) backpack electrofishing, and
(3) minnow traps (Figure 5). The sampling unit length is 500 meters for the non-wadeable main
channel and side channel areas and a subsample of the wadeable nearshore sampling area (e.g.,
200 m). Off-channel and tributary sampling unit lengths are 20 x the channel width or 200 m,
whichever is less. When an off-channel or tributary unit contains a diversity of mesohabitat
types (pool, riffle, glide) ensure that at least two techniques are employed in each available
habitat (i.e., no mesohabitats go un-sampled or sampled with only one technique, Figures 6-8).
Depending on site conditions and limitations or restrictions associated with Tier 1 techniques, it
is also recommended that minnow traps and hoop traps are paired together as they differ in size
and species selectivity. The appropriate level of effort should be determined for each gear type
prior to sampling based on the length and area of mesohabitat available. For example, if a 200 m
site only contains 80 meters of habitat appropriate for minnow trapping, 8-16 traps (1-2 traps per
10 meters) should be fished depending on the channel width and habitat complexity.
4. MICROHABITAT DIVERSITY
Although fish distribution and abundance sampling will be conducted within macrohabitats (e.g.,
side channel, side slough, tributary plume) and mesohabitats (e.g., riffle, run/glide, pool), it is
anticipated that sampling sites will range in their degree of habitat complexity and microhabitat
diversity. For example, some habitats may be relatively uniform throughout the length and width
of the sampling unit, whereas others may be characterized by multiple microhabitat conditions.
Various microhabitat conditions within a sample unit may result from differences in depth, flow,
and the abundance and spatial distribution of instream cover types (e.g., undercut banks, aquatic
vegetation, woody debris, and large boulders). For this reason, it is expected that different gear
types will be needed to survey different microhabitats within a given site.
For example, we will consider a mainstem habitat sampling unit that is composed of largely non-
wadeable and moderately turbid run/glide habitat with an average velocity of 4 feet per second
(fps), has an average thalweg depth of 0.8 meters (m), but also is characterized by wadeable and
sparsely vegetated channel margins, or “edge habitat”, with uniform gravel substrates in some
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areas and large cobbles in other areas. Sampling in this unit would require the use of Tier 1
methods for non-wadeable habitats that meet the microhabitat conditions specified in Table 2
and may include boat electrofishing and drift gillnetting. Additionally, one Tier 2 gear type that
is suited to sampling the mainstem channel would be employed including: minnow traps, beach
seines, or backpack electrofishing along wadeable edge habitat or angling or trotlines in non-
wadeable areas.
5. REFERENCES
AEA (Alaska Energy Authority). 2012. Revised Study Plan: Susitna-Watana Hydroelectric
Project FERC Project No. 14241. December 2012. Prepared for the Federal
EnergyRegulatory Commission by the Alaska Energy Authority, Anchorage,
Alaska.http://www.susitna-watanahydro.org/study-plan.
Buckwalter, J.D, J.M. Kirsch and D.J. Reed. 2012. Fish Inventory and Anadromous Cataloging
in the Upper Koyukuk River and Chandalar River Basins, 2010. Alaska Department of
Fish and Game Fishery Data Series No 12-22, Division of Sport Fish, Anchorage,
Alaska. pp 653.
Dunham, J.B., A.E. Roesenberger, R.F. Thurow, C.A. Dolloff, and P.J. Howell. 2009.
Coldwater Fish in Wadeable Streams. Chapter 8 In: Coldwater fish in wadeable streams.
Standard methods for sampling North American freshwater fishes. American Fisheries
Society, Bethesda, Maryland, 119–138.
O’Neal, J.S. 2007. Snorkel Surveys. In Salmonid Field Protocols Handbook: Techniques for
Assessing Status and Trends in Salmon and Trout Populations. State of the Salmon.
Portland, Oregon. pp 325-339.
Poesch, M.S. 2014. Developing Standardized Methods for Sampling Freshwater Fishes with
Multiple Gears: Effects of Sampling Order versus Sampling Method, Transactions of the
American Fisheries Society, 143:2, 353-362.
R2 Resource Consultants, Inc. 2013. Susitna River Fish Distribution and Abundance
Implementation Plan: Susitna-Watana Hydroelectric Project FERC Project No. 14241.
March 31, 2013 including HDR prepared Appendix 2, Initial Results Aerial Video
Habitat Mapping of Susitna River Tributaries from the Upper Extent of Devils Canyon to
the Oshetna River, January 2013. http://www.susitna-watanahydro.org/wp
content/uploads/2013/09/SuWa-FSP-2013-Section-09.05-FDAUP.pdf
Smith-Root. Undated. Introduction to Electrofishing. Smith-Root, Inc. Vancouver, WA.
APPENDIX 3: GEAR TYPE SELECTION PROTOCOL FISH DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE IMPLEMENTATION PLAN
Susitna-Watana Hydroelectric Project Alaska Energy Authority
FERC Project No. 14241 Appendix 3 - Page 5 Version 5, October 2014
Temple, G.M., and T.N. Pearsons. 2007. Electrofishing: Backpack and Drift Boat. In Salmonid
Field Protocols Handbook: Techniques for Assessing Status and Trends in Salmon and
Trout Populations. State of the Salmon. Portland, OR. pp 95-132.
WSDOT (Washington State Department of Transportation). 2012. WSDOT Fish Exclusion
Protocols and Standards. Dated August 20, 2012. URL:
http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/NR/rdonlyres/70E7E285-ECC6-41BA-A2DF-
87FD0D68128D/0/BA_FishHandling.pdf.
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6. TABLES
Table 1. Tier 1 and Tier 2 Fish Distribution and Abundance Sampling Methods for Use in Wadeable and Non-Wadeable
Survey Areas
Wading
Conditiona Tier 1 Methodsb Tier 2 Methodsb
wadeable
fyke nets (FYK)
snorkeling (SNK) d
beach seines (SEN)
backpack electrofishing (PEF)
hoop traps (HOT)
baited minnow traps (MINB)
set gill nets (GNS) &/or drift gill nets (GNF)
angling (ANG)
baited trotlines (TRLB) &/or set lines (STLB)
non-
wadeable
boat electrofishing (BEF)
fyke nets (FYK), &/or hoop traps (HOT)
set gill nets (GNS) &/or drift gill nets (GNF)
snorkeling (SNK) d
angling (ANG)
baited trotlines (TRLB) &/or set lines (STLB)
baited minnow traps (MINB)c,d
beach seines (SEN) in wadeable edge
microhabitatsd
backpack electrofishing (PEF) in wadeable
edge microhabitatsd
a Habitats and microhabitats can be generally characterized as wadeable or non-wadeable using the “rule of 10”. If the product of
the water depth, expressed in feet, and the average velocity, expressed in feet per second, at a given habitat or microhabitat is less
than 10, then the habitat is likely to be wadeable for most field crew members. Conversely, if the product is 10 or greater, then
the habitat is not likely to be wadeable. Other factors (e.g., mossy and/or boulder substrates) are also likely to affect whether or
not a habitat can be safely waded. Ultimately, safety is the priority concern, and each crew must determine for themselves
whether or not a habitat can be safely waded without posing significant risk to its team members.
b Tier 1 represents the set of methods that should be employed at each sampling site whenever feasible; Tier 2 represents
alternative and supplemental sampling techniques that may be used when habitat conditions preclude the use of and/or limit the
efficacy of the Tier 1 methods.
c The use of minnow traps was stressed in 2013 study efforts, however they are very selective and the same fish species and sizes
can be sampled through more versatile fyke netting and seining. In 2014, the use of minnow traps has been dropped to Tier 2 and
they should generally be used when they are the best option available for example in deep, non-wadeable upland sloughs.
d In habitats that are largely non-wadeable, gear types suited for use in wadeable habitats may be employed to sample wadeable
edge habitats. Generally, gear types appropriate for sampling edge habitats include seining, backpack electrofishing, minnow
trapping, and snorkeling; note that these latter two methods may be used to sample non-wadeable habitats as well.
APPENDIX 3: GEAR TYPE SELECTION PROTOCOL FISH DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE IMPLEMENTATION PLAN Susitna-Watana Hydroelectric Project Alaska Energy Authority FERC Project No. 14241 Appendix 3 - Page 7 Version 5, October 2014 Table 2. Recommended Habitat Conditions and Other Sampling Guidelines and/or Limitations for Individual Gear Types Method Suitable Habitat/Microhabitat Conditions Other Sampling Notes, Requirements, and/or Limitations beach seines (SEN) wadeable habitats depth ≤1.2 m velocity ≤3 fps (low to moderate) homogenous gravel & sand/silt substrates no woody debris or large substrate snags minimal aquatic vegetation minimal undercut banks employ at all sites where feasible, even if only along channel margin can be size selective, depending on mesh size suitable for use with block nets for relative abundance sampling when feasible backpack electrofishing (PEF) wadeable habitats depths ≤1 m velocity ≤5 fps (low to high) conductivity 40-350 µS/cm visibility ≥0.5 m water temperatures ≥4 ºC adult salmon not present employ at all sites with no adult salmonids (salmon, trout, and char >12 inches) if adult salmon or trout are observed, sampling activity must cease suitable for use with block nets for relative abundance sampling when feasible snorkeling (SNK) wadeable & non-wadeable habitats depth ≥0.2 m velocity ≤5 fps (low to high) visibility ≥2 m water temperature ≥5 ºC (preferred), if daytime whenever conditions permit employ as first technique prior to sampling techniques that require fish capture and handling number of divers varies with channel width suitable for use with block nets for relative abundance sampling when feasible fyke nets (FYK) wadeable depth ≥0.5 m velocity ≤3 fps (low to moderate) not suitable for use with block nets minnow traps, baited (MINB) wadeable & non-wadeable habitats depth ≥0.4 m velocity ≤3 fps (low to moderate) should be employed only when best method available selective for smaller fish suitable for use with block nets for relative abundance sampling when feasible Can be paired with hoop traps as they differ in species and size selectivity hoop traps (HOT) wadeable & non-wadeable habitats depth ≥0.5 m velocity ≤3 fps (low to moderate) selective for medium-large fish attracted to bait suitable for use with block nets for relative abundance sampling when feasible Can be paired with minnow traps as they differ in species and size selectivity
APPENDIX 3: GEAR TYPE SELECTION PROTOCOL FISH DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE IMPLEMENTATION PLAN Susitna-Watana Hydroelectric Project Alaska Energy Authority FERC Project No. 14241 Appendix 3 - Page 8 Version 5, October 2014 Method Suitable Habitat/Microhabitat Conditions Other Sampling Notes, Requirements, and/or Limitations angling (ANG) wadeable & non-wadeable habitats selective for medium to large fish non-preferred method for relative abundance sampling due to highly variable efficiency among anglers not suitable for use with block nets trotlines, baited (TRLB) & set lines, baited (STLB) wadeable & non-wadeable habitats velocity ≤4 fps (low to moderately high) selective for medium to large fish not suitable for use with block nets non-preferred method for relative abundance sampling potentially lethal sampling method in higher velocities, bait may be detached from hooks; if this occurs, alternative methods should be used set gill nets (GNS) wadeable & non-wadeable habitats depth ≤2 m velocity ≤1 fps (low) no woody debris or large substrate snags minimal aquatic vegetation size selective no instream wood or boulders low levels of aquatic vegetation not suitable for use with block nets non-preferred method for relative abundance sampling potentially lethal sampling method drift gill nets (GNF) wadeable & non-wadeable habitats depth ≤2 m velocity ≤5 fps (low to high) no woody debris or large substrate snags size selective no instream wood or boulders low levels aquatic vegetation not suitable for use with block nets non-preferred method for relative abundance sampling potentially lethal sampling method boat electrofishing (BEF) non-wadeable habitats depth ≥1 m and ≤3 m velocity ≤5 fps (low to high) conductivity 40-350 µS/cm visibility ≥0.5 m water temperatures ≥3 ºC adult salmon not present employ at all sites with no adult salmonids (salmon, trout, and char) if adult salmon or trout are observed, sampling activity must cease not suitable for use with block nets References: Smith Root, Temple and Pearsons 2007, O’Neal 2007, WSDOT 2012, Dunham et al. 2009.
APPENDIX 3: GEAR TYPE SELECTION PROTOCOL FISH DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE IMPLEMENTATION PLAN Susitna-Watana Hydroelectric Project Alaska Energy Authority FERC Project No. 14241 Appendix 3 - Page 9 Version 5, October 2014 Table 3. A guide to fish distribution and abundance sampling technique selection by habitat type and ranking. Technique Main channel Side channel Upland slough Side slough Beaver complex Backwater Tributary Trib or slough mouth Clear water plume Pool Glide Riffle Boulder Riffle Unit Length 500m or 20 x wcw1 500m or 20 x wcw 200m or 20 x wcw 200m or 20 x wcw 200m or 20 x wcw 200m or 20 x wcw 200m or 20 x wcw 200m or 20 x wcw 200m or 20 x wcw na na na na Backpack Electrofishing Margin-1 Margin-1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Margin-1 Boat Electrofishing 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Seining Margin-2 Margin-2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Margin-2 Snorkeling Margin-3 * 3* 3* 3* 3* 3* 3* 3* 3* 3* 3* 3* 1* Fyke net Margin-4 Margin-4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 Minnow trapping Margin-5 Margin-5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 Pocket water-1 Hoop trap 2 3 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 Pocket water-2 Angling 3 4 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 6 6 4 2 Trotline 4 5 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 7 7 Set gill net 5 6 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 8 Drift gillnet 5 6 9 9 9 9 9 9 8 8 3 *whenever feasible (as site conditions allow) snorkeling should be employed as the first technique before techniques that require fish capture and handling. 1wcw= wetted channel width
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Table 4. Recommended target voltage for standardized backpack electrofishing (constant power transfer) for juvenile
salmonids in cold water at various ambient water conductivities (from Buckwalter 2012 et al.).
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Table 5. Method-Specific Levels of Effort for Distribution and Relative Abundance Sampling
Method Level of Effort for
Distribution Sampling
Level of Effort for
Relative Abundance Sampling
beach seines (SEN) as many seine pulls as needed to cover
the seineable area.
1 pass
as many seine pulls as needed to cover the
seineable area.
1 pass
use block nets when feasible
backpack
electrofishing (PEF)
as much time as needed to cover the
entire area that can be electrofished
recommended pulse duration of >240s for
200m x 1m (200 m2) site, >480s for 200 x
2.5m (500m2) site, >1,020s for 200m x
10m (2000m2) site
1 electrofisher per 5-10 m width of channel
1-pass
as much time as needed to cover the entire
area that can be electrofished
recommended pulse duration of >240s for
200m x 1m (200 m2) site, >480s for 200 x
2.5m (500m2) site, >1,020s for 200m x 10m
(2000m2) site
1 electrofisher per 5-10 m width of channel
1-pass
Use block nets when feasible
snorkeling (SNK) as much time as needed to cover the
entire area that can be snorkeled
1 snorkeler per 5-m width of channel
1-pass
as much time as needed to cover the entire
area that can be snorkeled
1 snorkeler per 5-m width of channel
1 pass
Use block nets where feasible
fyke nets (FYK) 1 net per sample unit
18-24-hour overnight soak
1 net per sample unit
18-24-hour overnight soak
minnow traps,
baited (MINB)
1-2 traps per 10-m of sample unit, 20
traps per 200 meters
divide unit into quadrants and distribute
traps in throughout
24-hour overnight soak
1-pass
1-2 traps per 10-m of sampling unit, 20 traps
per 200 meters
divide unit into quadrants and distribute traps
throughout
24-hour overnight soak
1-pass
Use block nets where feasible
hoop traps (HOT) 1 trap per 50-m of appropriate habitat in
sampling unit
distribute traps evenly throughout
trappable microhabitats
soak overnight but for ≤12 hours
1-pass
1 trap per 50-m of appropriate habitat in
sampling unit
distribute traps evenly throughout trappable
microhabitats
soak overnight but for ≤12 hours
1-pass
Use block nets where feasible
angling (ANG) up to 60 minutes of total angling time
1 pass
up to 60 minutes of total angling time
1 pass
trotlines, baited
(TRLB) & set lines,
baited (STLB)
1 line per 50-m of appropriate habitat in
sampling unit
distribute lines evenly throughout fishable
microhabitats
1 overnight soak
may need to check lines more often at
beginning of set, can rebait hooks after
check
Hook gap ≥3/4”
1 line per 50-m of appropriate habitat in
sampling unit
distribute lines evenly throughout fishable
microhabitats
1 overnight soak
may need to check lines more often at
beginning of set, do not rebait hooks until
daily check
set gill nets (GNS)1 1 net per sample unit
soak overnight but for ≤10 hours
constantly/closely monitor net at
beginning of set (hourly for first 2-3
hours) and check in early morning
1 pass
1 net per sample unit
soak overnight but for ≤10 hours
Constantly/closely monitor net at beginning
of set (hourly for first 2-3 hours) and check in
early morning
1 pass
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Method
Level of Effort for
Distribution Sampling
Level of Effort for
Relative Abundance Sampling
drift gill nets (GNF) 1 net per sample unit
30-minute soak time, or less if net
saturated with fish or sampling area is
limited or completed
1 pass
Monitor net constantly
1 net per sample unit
30-minute soak time, or less if net saturated
with fish
1 pass
Monitor net constantly
boat electrofishing
(BEF)
as much time as needed to cover the
entire area that can be electrofished
1 pass, zigzag to cover variable depths
as much time as needed to cover the entire
area that can be electrofished
1 pass, zigzag to cover variable depths
Notes:
1 Since gillnets are potentially lethal nets, they should be monitored for the first hour of an extended set to prevent excessive
catch and mortality.
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7. FIGURES
APPENDIX 3: GEAR TYPE SELECTION PROTOCOL FISH DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE IMPLEMENTATION PLAN Susitna-Watana Hydroelectric Project Alaska Energy Authority FERC Project No. 14241 Appendix 3 - Page 14 Version 4, October 2014 Figure 1. Decision tree guide for fish distribution sampling in wadeable habitats.
APPENDIX 3: GEAR TYPE SELECTION PROTOCOL FISH DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE IMPLEMENTATION PLAN Susitna-Watana Hydroelectric Project Alaska Energy Authority FERC Project No. 14241 Appendix 3 - Page 15 Version 4, October 2014 Figure 2. Decision tree guide for fish distribution sampling in non-wadeable habitats.
APPENDIX 3: GEAR TYPE SELECTION PROTOCOL FISH DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE IMPLEMENTATION PLAN Susitna-Watana Hydroelectric Project Alaska Energy Authority FERC Project No. 14241 Appendix 3 - Page 16 Version 4, October 2014 Figure 3. Decision tree guide for relative abundance sampling in wadeable habitats
APPENDIX 3: GEAR TYPE SELECTION PROTOCOL FISH DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE IMPLEMENTATION PLAN Susitna-Watana Hydroelectric Project Alaska Energy Authority FERC Project No. 14241 Appendix 3 - Page 17 Version 4, October 2014 Figure 4. Decision tree guide for relative abundance sampling in non-wadeable habitats.
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Figure 5. Schematic example of main channel sampling unit.
Figure 6. Schematic example of off-channel sampling unit. Snorkeling, electrofishing and minnow trapping were the
techniques selected.
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Figure 7. Schematic example of off-channel sampling unit. Because of adult salmon present in the sampling unit,
snorkeling, minnow trapping, and hoop netting were the techniques selected.
Figure 8. Schematic example of off channel sampling unit. Because of adult salmon presence and limited visibility,
minnow trapping, seining and hoop trapping were the techniques selected.