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""'" I -I .... - LIST OF TABLES E.3.1 E.3.2 E.3.3 E.3.4 E.3.5 E.3.6 E.3.7 E.3.8 Mitigation Options Analysis ~tructure Recommended by Susitna Hydroelectric Project, Alaska Department of Fish and Game and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Common and Scientific Names of Fish Species Recorded from the Susitna Basin Commercial Catch of Upper Cook Inlet Salmon in Numbers of Fish by Species, 1954-1982 Commercial Catch of Lower Cook Inlet Salmon in Number of Fish By Species, 1954-1982 Side-Scan Sonar Counts of Salmon Migrating Past Yentna Station, and Peterson Population Estimates and Corresponding 95% Confidence Intervals of Salmon Migrating to Sunshine, Talkeetna and Curry Stations, 1981-1982 Susitna Basin Sport Fish Harvest and Effort by Fishery and Species -1978, 1979, 1980, 1981 Chinook Salmon Escapement Counts of Susitna River Basin Streams from 1976 to 1982, Adult Anadromous Investigations, Susitna Hydro Studies, 1982 1982 Chinook Salmon Escapement Surveys of Susitna River Basin Streams Adult Anadromous Investigations, Susitna Hydro Studies, 1982 E.3.9 Preliminary Results of 1982 Smolt Trap Catches at Talkeetna Station E.3.10 Adult Salmon Migration Rates (in miles per day) E.3.11 Analysis of Sockeye Salmon Age Data by Percent From fscapement Samples Collected at Susitna, Yentna, Sunshine, Talkeetna and Curry Stations, Adult Anadromous Investigations, Susitna Hydro Studies, 1981 E.3.12 Estimated Number of Slough Spawning Sockeye, Chum and Pink Salmon in Sloughs Between Devil Canyon and Talkeetna, 1981 to 1982 LIST OF TABLES E.3.13 Mainstem Susitna River Salmon Spawning Locations Identified in 1981-1982 E.3.14 Coho Salmon Juveniles, Percent Incident at Habitat Location Sites on the Mainstem Susitna River and Its Tributary Mouths Between Cook Inlet and Devil Canyon -November 1980 to May 1981 E.3.15 Coho Salmon Juveniles, Percent Incident at Habitat Location Sites on the Mainstem Susitna River and Its Tributary Mouths Between Cook Inlet and Talkeetna -June to September 1981 E.3.16 Arctic Grayling Hook and Line Total Catch by Tributary Between the Mouth and Proposed Impoundment Elevations (PIE) and Mouth in the Impoundment Study Area -1981 E.3.17 Arctic Grayling Population Estimates for the Reach of Major Tributaries in the Watana and Devil Canyon Impoundment Areas E.3.18 Peterson Population Estimate for Arctic Grayli~g by Age Group in the Watana Impoundment Area, Summer 1982 E.3.19 Streams Crossed by Denali Highway (Cantwell to Watana Access Junction) E.3. 20 Streams to be Crossed by Watana Access Road (Denali Highway to Watana Dam) E.3.21 Streams to be Crossed by Devil Canyon Access Road and Transmission Line Between Watana and Devil Canyon, and Railroad Spur from Gold Creek to Devi 1 Canyon E.3.22 Waterbodies to be Crossed by the Susitna Transmission Line (Anchorage to Willow) E.3.23 Waterbodies to be Crossed by the Susitna Transmission Line (Healy to Fairbanks) E.3.24 Effects of Surfacing and Earthwork on Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Aquatic Habitat E.3.25 Increase in Water Surface Elevation During Initial Fi 11 of Watana Reservoir i i - - - - - ~ ! ,. ... .- ..... -' l LIST OF TABLES E.3.26 Comparison of Average Monthly Streamflows at Gold Creek During Initial Filling of Watana Reservoir E.3.27 Major Impact Issues During Filling of Watana Reserv~ir Regarding Salmonids in the Talkeetna-to-Devil Canyon Reach E.3.28 Major Tributaries to be Inundated E.3.29 Comparison of Average Monthly Streamflows at Sunshine During Initial Filling of Watana Reservoir E.3.30 Comparison of Average Monthly Streamflows at Susitna Station During Initial Filling of Watana Reservoir E.3.31 Major Impact Issues During Operation of Watana Reservoir Regarding Salmonids in the Talkeetna-to-Devil Canyon Reach E.3.32 Comparison of Average Monthly Streamflows at Gold Creek Station Under Operation of Watana Dam £.3.33 Comparison of Average Monthly Streamflows at Sunshine Station Under Operation of Watana Dam E.3.34 Comparison of Average Monthly Streamflows at Susitna Station Under Operation of Watana Dam £.3.35 Comparison of Average Monthly Streamflows at Gold Creek of the Two Operational Watana and Devil Canyon Dams E.3.36 Comparison of Average Monthly Streamflows at Sun~hine of the Two Operational Watana and Devil Canyon Dams E.3.37 Comparison of Average Monthly Streamflows at Susitna of the Two Operational Watana and Devil Canyon Dams ; i i LIST OF TABLES E.3.38 Impact Issues and Proposed Mitigation Features for Anticipated Filling and Operational Impacts to Aquatic Habitats Susitna Hydroelectric Project E.3.39 Proposed Fisheries Mitigations with Estimated Capital and Annual Operating and Maintenance Costs E.3.40 Schedule for Implementing Fisheries Mitigation Program E.3.41 Construction Costs for Water Quality _and Fisheries Monitoring in 1982 Dollars from 1985 to 2002 E.3.42 Alaska Department of Fish and Game Standards for Passing Arctic Grayling to be Used on Susitna Hydroelectric Project Stream Crossings E.3.43 Alaska Department of Fish and Game Temporary Stream Diversion Standards E.3.44 Alaska Department of Fish and Game Standards for Blasting Near an Anadromous Fish Stream E.3.45 Cost Assumptions Used in Developing Estimated Costs for Fisheries Mitigation E.3.46 Estimated Square Feet of Salmon Spawning Habitat Made Available by Mitigation Procedures E.3.47 Annual Operating Costs of Fisheries Monitoring Program in 1982 Dollars E.3.48 Vascular Plant Species in the Watana and Gold Creek Watersheds and Downstream Floodplain Which Are Outside Their Range E.3.49 Candidate Endangered and Threatened Plant Taxa Sought in the Watana and Gold Creek Watershed Surveys with Notes on Their Habitats and Known Localities E.3.50 Vegetation Types (and sample location numbers) Sampled in Watana and Gold Creek Watersheds iv - - - - - - - - - - - - - r - - LIST OF TABLES E.3.51 Hectares and Percentage of Total Area Covered by Vegetation Types in the Watana and Gold Creek Watersheds E.3.52 Hectares and Percentage of Total Area Covered by Vegetation Types for the Area 16 km on Either Side of the Susitna River From Gold Creek to the Maclaren River E.3.53 Cover Percentages for Total Vegetation, Vertical Strata, and Plant Species in Open Conifer Vegetation Type in Watana and Gold Creek Watersheds E.3.54 Cover Percentages for Total Vegetation, Vertical Strata, and Plant Species in Open White Spruce Vegetation Type in Watana and Gold Creek Watersheds E.3.55 Cover Percentages for Total Vegetation, Vertical Strata, and Plant Species in Open Black Spruce Vegetation Type in Watana and Gold Creek Watersheds E.3.56 Cover Percentages for Total Vegetation, Vertical Strata, and Plant Species in Woodland Conifer Vegetation Type in Watana and Gold Creek Watersheds E.3.57 Cover Percentages for Total Vegetation, Vertical Strata, and Plant Species in Closed Balsam Poplar Forest Vegetation Type in Watana and Gold Creek Watersheds E.3.58 Cover Percentages for Total Vegetation, Vertical Strata, and Plant Species in Closed Birch Deciduous Forest Vegetation Type in Watana and Gold Creek Watersheds E.3.59 Cover Percentages for Total Vegetation, Vertical Strata, and Plant Species in Closed Aspen Deciduous Vegetation Type in Watana and Gold Creek Watersheds E.3.60 Cover Percentages for Total Vegetation, Vertical Strata, and Plant Species in Open Mixed Conifer-Deciduous Forest Vegetation Type in Watana and Gold Creek Watersheds v LIST OF TABLES E.3.61 Cover Percentages for Total Vegetation, Vertical Strata, and Plant Species in Closed Mixed Conifer-Deciduous Forest Vegetation Type in Watana and Gold Creek E.3.62 Cover Percentages for Total Vegetation, Vertical Strata, and Plant Species in Wet Sedge-Grass Tundra Vegetation Type in Watana and Gold Creek Watersheds E.3.63 Cover Percentages for Total Vegetation, Vertical Strata, and Plant Species in Mesic Sedge-Grass Tundra Vegetation Type in Watana and Gold Creek Watersheds E.3.64 Plant Species List of One Herbaceous Alpine Tundra Stand in Watana and Gold Creek Watersheds E.3.65 Cover Percentages for Total Vegetation, Vertical Strata, and Plant Species in Closed Mat and Cushion Tundra Vegetation Type in Watana and Gold Creek Watersheds E.3.66 Cover Percentages for Total Vegetation, Vertical Strata, and Plant Species in Closed Tall Alder Vegetation Type in Watana and Gold Creek Watersheds E.3.67 Cover Percentages for Total Vegetation, Vertical Strata, and Plant Species in Open Tall Alder Vegetation Type in Watana and Gold Creek Watersheds E.3.68 Cover Percentages for Total Vegetation, Vertical Strata, and Plant Species in Closed Low Shrub Vegetation Type in Watana and Gold Creek Watersheds E.3.69 Cover Percentages for Total Vegetation, Vertical Strata, and Plant Species in Open Low Shrub Vegetation Type in Watana and Gold Creek Watersheds E.3.70 Aquatic Plant Survey, Susitna Hydroelectric Project, August 1980 vi - - - - - - -! - - - ,.... I "'"~ LIST OF TABLES E.3.71 Hectares and Percentage of Total Area Covered by Vegetative Community Types in the Watana Watershed E.3.72 Hectares and Percentage of Total Area Covered by Vegetative Community Types in the Gold Creek Watershed · E.3.73 Percent Cover in Early Successional Stands on Downstream Foodplain of Susitna River E.3.74 Percent Cover in Alder Stands on Downstream Floodplain of Susitna River E.3.75 Percent Cover in Immature Balsam Poplar Stands on Downstream Floodplain E.3.76 Percent Cover in Birch-Spruce Stands on Downstream Floodplain, Summer 1981 E.3.77 Hectares and Percent of Total Area Covered By Vegetation Types Within the Healy To Fairbanks Study Corridor E.3.78 Hectares and Percent of Total Area Covered by Vegetation Types Within the Willow To Cook Inlet Study Corri dar E.3.79 Areas of Different Vegetation Types To Be Crossed by Willow-To-Healy Transmission Corridor E.3.80 Areas of Each Vegetation Type to Be Crossed by Watana-To-Gold Creek Transmission Corridors and Percent Total for Watana and Gold Creek Watersheds E.3.81 Vegetation and Wetland Classes Found in the Proposed Susitna Impoundment and Borrow Areas E.3.82 Hectares of Different Wetland Types by Project Component E.3.83 Hectares of Different Vegetation Types to be Affected by the Watana Facility Compared with Total Hectares of That Type Upstream of Go 1 d Creek in the Susitna Watershed and in the Area Within 16 km of the Susitna River vii LIST OF TABLES E.3.84 Hectares of Different Vegetation Types to be Affected by the Devil Canyon Facility Compared With Total Hectares of That Type in the Watana and Gold Creek Watersheds and in the Area Within 16 km of the Susitna River E.3.85 Areas of Each Vegetation Type to be Cleared for Access and Percent Total for Watana and Gold Creek Watersheds E.3.86 Areas of Different Vegetation Types to be Crossed by Transmission Corridors E.3.87 Comparison Between Aerial Habitat Classifications and Those of Viereck and Dyrness (1980) Used to Classify Observations of Radio-Collared Moose in the Nelchina and Susitna River Basins of South-Central Alaska from 1977 Through Mid-August E.3.88 Monthly Use of Habitat Types by Radio-Collared Moose of Both Sexes and All Ages as Determined From Fixed-Wing Aircraft from October 1976 Through Mid-August 1981 in the Middle and Upper Susitna and Nelchina River Basins E.3.89 Summary of Elevationa1 Use by Approximately 200 Radio Collared Moose (Both Sexes and All Age Classes) From October 1976 Through Mid-August 1981 in the Middle and Upper Susitna and Nelchina River · E.3.90 Occurrence and Mean Percent of Canopy Coverage for Species of Riparian and Non-Riparian Vegetation and Habitat Types Observed at Relocation Sites for 6 Male Moose Captured and Radio-Collared Along the Susitna River South of Talkeetna, Alaska, and Monitored During Calving, Summer, Breeding, and Transitional Periods from March 16 to October 15, 1981 E.3.91 Occurrence and Mean Percent of Canopy Coverage for Species of Riparian and Non-Riparian Vegetation and Habitat Types Observed at Relocation Sites for 19 Female Moose Captured and Radio-Collared Along the Susitna River South of Talkeetna, Alaska, and Monitored During Calving, Summer, Breeding, and Transftional Periods from March 16 to October 15, 1981 E.3.92 Winter Carrying Capacity of the Watana Impoundment Zone (Including Adjacent Project Facilities) and Susitna Watershed Upstream of Gold Creek for Moose Based on the Biomass of Twigs Available in Winter viii - - - - - - - - - - - ,.... LIST OF TABLES E.3.93 Dates Indicating Chronology of Departure From Susitna River Wintering Areas for Male and Female Moose Radio-Collared on the Susitna River Downstream From Talkeetna, March 10-12, 1981 E.3.94 Min·imum, Maximum and Mean Distance to the Susitna River from Geometrical Centers of the Calving Range, Summer Range, and Breeding Range for Male and Female Moose Radio-Collared in Several Locations Along the Susitna River Between Devil Canyon and the .Delta Islands, Alaska 1980-81 E.3.95 Proximity to the Susitna River of Relocations of 9 Male and 29 Female Moose Radio-Collared Along The Susitna River Between Devil Canyon and the Delta Islands, Alaska, 1980-81 E.3.96 Summary of Moose Sex and Age Composition Data Collected Annually in Count Area 6 in Game Management Unit 13 of Southcentral Alaska E.3.97 Summary of Moose Sex and Age Composition Data Collected Annually in Count Area 7 in Game Management Unit 13 of Southcentral Alaska E.3.98 Summary of Moose Sex and Age Composition Data Collected Annually in Count Area 14 in Game Management Unit 13 of Southcentral Alaska E. 3. 99 Summary of Moose Census Data and Subsequent Population Estimates for Count Areas 7 and 14 Derived from Surveys Conducted Along the Susitna River From November 5 through November 8, 1980 E.3.100 Density (Moose/km of River) Of Moose Observed on 10 Aerial Censuses in 4 Zones of Riparian Habitat Along the Susitna River from Devil Canyon to Cook Inlet, Alaska, 1981-82 E.3.101 Summary of Moose Sex and Age Composition Data Obtained During Surveys of Riparian Communities Along the Lower Susitna River E.3.102 Proportion of Radio-Collared Caribou Sightings In Each Vegetation Type ix LIST OF TABLES E.3.103 Nelchina Caribou Herd Population Estimates E.3.104 Reported Hunter Harvest of the Nelchina Caribou Herd, 1972-1981 E.3.105 Compilation of Highest Yearly Counts Completed in Watana Hills Sheep Trend Count Area E.3.106 Number and Age-Sex Classification of Sheep Observed at Jay Creek Mineral Licks From May 6 Through June 24, 1981 E.3.107 Number of Aerial Brown Bear Observations By Month in Each of 5 Major Habitat Categories E.3.108 Comparison of Reported Home Range Sizes of Brown/Grizzly Bears in North America E.3.109 Densities of Selected North American Brown Bear Populations E.3.110 Averge Age and Sex Ratios of Brown Bear Populations in the Middle and Upper Susitna and Nelchina River Basins E.3.111 Litter Sizes of Various North American Brown Bear Populations E.3.112 Reproductive Rates of North American Brown Bear Populations E.3.113 Summary of Brown Bear Harvest from Alaska•s Game Management Unit 13, 1973-1980 E.3.114 Nmber of Aerial Black Bear Observations by Month in Each of 5 Habitat Categories E.3.115 Summary of Reported Black Bear Harvests From Alaska's Game Management Unit 13, 1973-1980 E.3.116 Comparisons of Food Remains in Wolf Scats Collected At Den and Rendezvous Sites in 1980 and 1981 from the Eastern Susitna Basin and Adjacent Areas E.3.117 Estimate of Numbers of Wolves by Individual Pack Inhabiting the Susitna. Hydroelectric Study Area in Spring and Fall 1980 and 1981 X - ~I ' ... , - - LIST OF TABLES E.3.118 Number of Sample Units Containin·g Indicated Level of Beaver Activity During Summer 1982 Downstream Survey E.3.119 1982 Aerial Counts of Beaver Structures Along 15.2 Km (9.4 Mi) of Lower Deadman Creek Immediately Downstream from Deadman Lake, and A l"ia rshy Section of Upper Deadman Creek From Its Mouth at Deadman Lake 3.2 Km (2.0 Mi) Upstream From The Lake E.3.120 Results of Surveys For Muskrat Pushups Upstream From Gold Creek During Spring 1980 E.3.121 Numbers of Furbearer Tracks Seen During Aerial Transects in the Middle Susitna Basin, November 1980 E.3.122 Tabulation of November 1980 Aerial Transect Data, Species by Vegetation Type E.3.123 Number of Tracks of Otter and Mink Observed At North and South Sides of 37 Susitna River Check Points, November 10-12, 1980 E.3.124 Results of Marten Scat Analyses by Season, Based Upon Percent Frequency of Occurrence E.3.125 Tracks of Red Foxes Encountered During November 1980 Aerial Transect Surveys E.3.126 Red Fox Den Classification System E.3.127 Location and Status of Raptor and Raven Nest Sites in the Middle Susitna Basin, Alaska E.3.127b Location of Raptor Nests in the Middle Susitna Basin E.3.128 Breeding Phenologies of Eagles, Gyrfalcon, and Common Raven in Interior Alaska E.3.129 Data on Bald Eagle Nests Along the Susitna River Between Devil Canyon and Cook Inlet E.3.130 Summary of Total Numbers and Species Composition of Waterbirds Seen on Lakes Surveyed in Summer 1981 in the 1'11iddle Susitna Basin xi LIST OF TABLES E.3.131 Summary of Total Numbers and Species Composition of Waterbirds Seen on Surveyed Waterbodies During Aerial Surveys of the Upper Susitna River Basin, Fall 1980 E. 3.132 Summary of Total Numbers and Species Composition of Waterbirds Seen on Surveyed Waterbodies During Aerial Surveys of the Upper Susitna River Basin, Fall 1981 E.3.133 Summary of Total Numbers and Species Composition of Waterbirds Senn on Surveyed Waterbodies During Aerial Surveys of the Upper Susitna River Basin, Spring 1981 E.3.134 Seasonal Population Statistics for the More Important of Surveyed Waterbodies of the Middle Susitna River Basin, 1980-81 E.3.135 Summary of Total Numbers and Species Composition of Waterbirds Seen During Spring Aerial Surveys of the Lower susitna River, 1981 and 1982 E.3.136 Number of Territories of Each Species on Each 10- Hectare Census Plot, Upper Susitna River Basin, Alaska, 1981 E.3.137 Number of Territories of Each Bird Species on Each 10- Hectare Census Plot, Upper Susitna River Basin, Alaska 1981 E.3.138 Comparison of Breeding Bird Densities, 1981 and 1982, Middle Susitna River in Alaska E.3.139 Habitat Descriptions of 10 Ha Avian Census Plots E.3.140 Major Avian Habitats of the Middle Susitna Basin and Their Most common Avian Species E.3.141 Relative Abundance of Birds by Habitat and Vegetation Succession Stage, Lower Susitna River Floodplain, June 10-21, 1982. Figures Are the Number of Birds Recorded Per 100 Minutes in Each Habitat E.3.142 Number of Small Mammels Captured Per 100 Trap Nights During Four Sampling Periods Between August 1980 and August 1982, Middle Susitna River Basin xii .... - - - -! - - -I - - ,.. .. - ..... LIST OF TABLES E.3.143 Standardized Habitat Niche Breadth Values For Ten Small Mammal Species Sampled by Snap and Pitfall Trapping at 43 Sites, Middle Susitna River Basin, Fall 1981 E.3.144 Time Schedule of Anticipated Impacts to Terrestrial Vertebrates Resulting From Susitna Hydro Project E.3.145 Anticipated and Hypothesized Impacts to Moose. E.3.146 Loss of Cover Types Commonly Used By Moose, In Relation To Their Availability E.3.147 Anticipated and Hypothesized Impacts to Caribou E.3.148 Anticipated and Hypothesized Impacts to Dall Sheep E.3.149 Anticipated and Hypothesized Impacts to Brown Bears E.3.150 Anticipated and Hypothesized Impacts to Black Bear E.3.151 Anticipated and Hypothesized Impacts to Wolves E.3.152 Anticipated and Hypothesized Impacts to Wolverine E.3.153 Anticipated and Hypothesized Impacts to Aquatic Furbearers (Beaver and Muskrat) E.3.154 Number of Lakes With Muskrat'Pushups in Spring 1980 Occurring Within Borrow Areas and Impoundments E.3.155 Anticipated and Hypothesized Impacts to Semi- Aquatic Furbearers E.3.156 Anticipated and Hypothesized Impacts on Fox E.3.157 Anticipated and Hypothesized Impacts to Marten, Wease 1, and Lynx E.3.158 General Types of Impacts to Raptors E. 3.159 Anticipated and Hypothesi zed Impacts to Raptors and Ravens xiii LIST OF TABLES E.3.160 Number of Known Raptor or Raven Nest Sites in the Middle Susitna River Basin, Alaska, That Would Be Inundated by the Watana and Devil Canyon Reservoirs or That May Be Affected by Development of Associated Access Routes and Transmission Routes E.3.161 Raptor and Raven Nesting Locations in the Middle Susitna Basin, Alaska, That May Be Affected By The Susitna Hydroelectric Project Development E.3.162 Nest Number and Status of Raptor Nesting Locations Which Will Be Affected by the Susitna Hydro Project and the Source of Impacts E.3.163 Factors That Affect the Sensitivity of Raptors to Disturbances E.3.164 Influence of Timing of Disturbance on the Possible Effects on Raptors E.3.165 Approximate Losses of Avian Habitats Studied in the Middle Susitna Basin as a Result of the Susitna Hydroelectric Project E.3.166 Estimated Number of Small and Medium-Sized Birds That Would Be Eliminated Through Habitat Destruction As a Result of the Susitna Hydroelectric Project E.3.167 Total Average Daily Traffic on Access Road and Denali Highway During Peak Construction Year and Season E.3.168 State of Alaska Temporal and Spatial Protection Criteria For Nesting Raptors E.3.169 Estimated Mitigation Costs for Compensation for Moose, Brown Bear and Black Bear Foraging Habitat Loss E.3.170 Estimated Mitigation Costs for Aerial Photography of Vegetation in the Downstream Floodplain E.3.171 Estimated Mitigation Costs for Bald Eagle Habitat Modification E.3.172 Estimated Mitigation Costs for Design, Construction, and Placement of 10 Nest Platforms with Artificial Nests for Golden Eagles xiv - - - - - 111"1 ' - - ~ ' ,.... i - - ..... ..... LIST OF TABLES E.3.173 Estimated Mitigation Costs for Design, Construction, and P1acement of 10 Nest Boxes for Cavity-Nesting Raptors, E.3.174 Estimated Mitigation Costs for Modification of C1iff Locations to Provide Go1den Eag1e Nesting Habitat £.3.175 Estimated Mitigation Costs for Creating New Nesting C1iffs for Go1den Eag1es £.3.176 The Success of Artificia1 Nesting Structures Insta11ed On Power Po1es and Transmission Towers £.3.177 Botanica1 Resources Mitigation Summary £.3.178 Wi1d1ife Mitigation Summary XV -; -' - - I'""' LIST OF FIGURES E.3.1 E.3.2 E.3.3 E.3.4 E.3.5 E.3.6 E. 3. 7 E.3.8 Option Analysis Relationship of Field Studies and Monitoring to Impact Assessment and Mitigation Planning Susitna River Drainage Basin Susitna River and Major Tributaries From Mouth to Little Will ow Creek Susitna River and Major Tributaries From Montana Creek to Devil Canyon Susitna River and Major Tributaries From Devil Canyon to Denali Highway Upper Cook Inlet Commercial Salmon Management Area Population Estimates of Adult Salmon in Susitna River E.3.9 Percentage of Salmon Migrating Past Sunshine ' E.3.10 Timing of Life Stages of Salmon in the Susitna Rivr From Talkeetna to Devil Canyon E.3.11 Daily Sonar Counts of Sockeye Salmon At Susitna, Yentna, Sunshine and Talkeetna Stations E.3.12 Slough and Tributary Index Area Peak Spawning Counts E.3.13 Slough and Tributary Index Area Peak Spawning Counts E.3.14 Slough and Tributary Index Area Peak Spawning Counts E.3.15 Slough and Tributary Index Area Peak Spawning Counts E. 3.16 Slough and Tributary Index Area Peak Spawning Counts E.3.17 Slough and Tributary Index Area Peak Spawning Counts E.3.18 Daily Sonar Counts of Chum Salmon at Susitna, Yentna, Sunshine and Talkeetna Stations E.3.19 Daily Sonar Counts of Coho Salmon at Susitna, Yentna, Sunshine and Talkeetna Stations xvi LIST OF FIGURES E.3.20 Daily Sonar Counts of Pink Salmon at Susitna, Yentna, Sunshine and Talkeetna Stations E.3.21 Waterbodies To Be Inundated By Watana Reservoir E.3.22 Fish Spawning Times Vs. Watana Surface Elevation E.3.23 Waterbodies To be Inundated By Devil Canyon Reservoir E.3.24 Diagram of Fish Stream Crossing E.3.25 Rehabilitated Tsusena Creek Borrow Site E.3.26 Berm Design to Prevent Overtopping of Sloughs E.3.27 Slough Mouth Restructured Plan E.3.28 Design Drawing of Lowered and Restructured Slough E.3.29 Susitna River Fishery Mitigation Induced Upwelling Using Tributary Water Supply E.3.30 Susitna River Fishery Mitigation Main Stream Spawning Bed E.3.31 Schematic Grayling Hatchery E.3.32 Study Area for Botanical Resources and Wildlife E.3.33 Vegetation Mapping Areas of the Susitna River Basin E.3.34 Locations of Stands Sampled on Downstream Floodplain of the Susitna River, 1981 E.3.35 Vegetation Mapping Areas for Transmission Corridors E.3.36 The Watana and Gold Creek Watersheds With Major Water Bodies E.3.37 Location of Project Facilities E.3.38 Vegetation Map of Upper Susitna River Basin E.3.39 Vegetation Map of Susitna Project Impact Areas xvii - - - - - - '~ ,-. I - - ,.... - - LIST OF FIGURES E.3.40 Vegetation Map of Susitna Project Impact Areas E.3.41 Vegetation Map of Susitna Project Impact Areas E.3.42 Vegetation Map of Proposed Susitna Hydroelectric Access Corridors E.3.43 Vegetation Map of Proposed Susitna Hydroelectric Access Corridors E.3.44 Vegetation Map of Proposed Susitna Hydroelectric Access Corridors E.3.45 Wetland Map of Susitna Hydroelectric Project Access Corridors E.3.46 Wetland Map of Susitna Hydroelectric Project Access Corridors E.3.47 Wetland Map of Susitna Hydroelectric Project Access Corridors E.3.48 Vegetation Map of Proposed Healy-Fairbanks Transmission Corridor E.3.49 Vegetation Map of Proposed Healy-Fairbanks Transmission Corridor E.3.50 Vegetation Map of Proposed Healy-Fairbanks Transmission Corridor E.3.51 Vegetation Map of Proposed Willow- Cook Inlet Transmission Corridor E.3.52 Vegetation Map of Proposed Willow- Cook Inlet Transmission Corridor E.3.53 Vegetation Map of Susitna Project Impact Areas E.3.54 Vegetation Map of Susitna Project Impact Areas E.3.55 Vegetation Map of Susitna Project Impact Areas E.3.56 Vegetation Map of Susitna Project Impact Areas E.3.57 Vegetation Map of Susitna Project Impact Areas xviii LIST OF FIGURES E.3.58 Vegetation Map of Susitna Project Impact Areas E.3.59 Vegetation Map of Susitna Project Impact Areas E.3.60 Vegetation Map of Susitna Project Impact Areas E.3.61 Vegetation Map of Susitna Project Impact Areas / E.3.62 Vegetation Map of Susitna Project Impact Areas E.3.63 Vegetation Map of Susitna Project Impact Areas E.3.64 Vegetation Map of Susitna Project Impact Areas E.3.65 Vegetation Map of Susitna Project Impact Areas E.3.66 Wetland Map of Susitna Hydroelectric Project Impoundment Area and Borrow Sites E.3.67 Wetland Map of Susitna Hydroelectric Project Impoundment Area and Borrow Sites E.3.68 Wetland Map of Susitna Hydroelectric Project Impoundment Area and Borrow Sites E.3.69 Wetland Map of Susitna Hydroelectric Project Impoundment Area and Borrow Sites E.3.70 Wetland Map of Susitna Hydroelectric Project Impoundment Area and Borrow Sites E.3.71 Wetland Map of Susitna Hydroelectric Project Impoundment Area and Borrow Sites E.3.72 Wetland Map of Susitna Hydroelectric Project Impoundment Area and Borrow Sites E.3.73 Wetland Map of Susitna Hydroelectric Project Impoundment Area and Borrow Sites E.3.74 Vegetation Sample Locations in Susitna River Basin, 1980 E.3.75 Locations of Lakes and Ponds Surveyed for Vascular Aquatic Plants in August 1980 E.3.76 A Schematic Representation of the Dominant Vegetation Associated With Many of the Lakes and Ponds of the Susitna Basin xix -! - - .., ' ' - - - - -' r ! r· I LIST OF FIGURES E.3.77 Patterns of Forest Succession Following Fire In Alaska E.3.78 Primary Succession on the Susitna Floodplain E.3.79 Adjustments to Road/Railroad Alignments Index Map E. 3. 80 Adjustments to Road A 1 i gnment E.3.81 Adjustments to Road Alignment E.3.82 Adjustments to Road and Railroad Alignments E.3.83 Comparison of Road Construction Techniques E.3.84 Typical Hillside Cut of Railroad Cross Section E.3.85 Typical Transmission Right-of-Way Cross Section E.3.86 Locations of Radio-Collared Cow Moose During Parturition (May 15-Juna 15) From 1977 Through 1981 E.3.87 Locations of Radio-Collared Moose During The Rut (September 20-0ctober 20) From 1977 Through Fall 1980 E.3.88 General Movement and Migration Patterns of Radio- Collared Moose From October 1976 Through Mid-August 1981 E.3.89 Boundaries of Established Moose Count Areas E.3.90 Zones Employed To Estimate Moose Densities Within Riparian Communities Along the Susitna River E.3.91 Dates of Mortalities of Collared and Uncollared Moose Calves During 1977, 1978 and 1980 In The Nelchina and Upper Susitna Basin, Alaska E.3.92 Historical Range of the Nelchina Caribou Herd E.3.93 Distribution of Nelchina Radio-Collared Caribou During Calving Period, May 15 Through June 10, 1980 and 1981 E.3.94 Location of Radio-Collared Caribou In Subherds, May 9, 1980, Through September 22, 1981 E.3.95 Seasonal Elevation Use By Caribou From Nelchina Head XX LIST OF FIGURES E.3.96 Calf Survival Compared to Wolf Numbers And Total Caribou E.3.97 Location of Dall Sheep Study and Aerial Survey Areas E.3.98 Suspected Locations and Territorial Boundaries Of Wolf Packs Inhabiting The Susitna Hydroelectric Project Area during 1980 and 1981 E.3.99 General Location and Year of Use of Observed Wolf Den and Rendezvous Sites Discovered in the Susitna Hydroelectric Project Area From 1975 Through 1981 E.3.100 Observed Home Ranges of Wolverines In The Middle Susitna Basin Based on Location of Radio-Collared Animals E.3.101 Aerial Transects for Furbearers and Checkpoints For Otter and Mink Sign E.3.102 Locations and Classification of Fox Dens E.3.103 Locations of 12 Bird Census Plots in the Middle Susitna River Basin E.3.104 Locations of Important Lakes and Lake Groups Surveyed for Waterfowl in the Middle Sus itna Basin E.3.105 Importance Values of Waterbodies for Migrant Waterfowl in the Middle Susitna Basin, Upper Tanana River Valley, and Scottie Creek Area Fall 1980 E.3.106 Importance Values of Waterbodies for Migrant Waterfowl in the Middle Susitna Basin, Upper Tanana River Valley, and Scottie Creek Area Spring 1981 E.3.107 Clustering of 42 Small Mammal Trapline Sites Into Similar Vegetative Groupings, Based on an Analysis of Frequency Counts of 81 Plant Taxa In the Ground Cover E.3.108 Abundance Patterns of Eight Small Mammal Species Relative To Vegetation Types at 42 Sites in the Susitna River Basin, Alaska, July 29-August 30, 1981 xxi ""'1 ! - - - - - - - -· ..... ..... - LIST OF FIGURES E.3.109 Probable Factors Regulating Moose Populations in the Susitna Basin and Actions That Might Affect These Populations E.3.110 Probable Factors Regulating Brown Bear Populations in the Susitna Basin and Actions That Might Affect These Populations E.3.111 Probable Factors Regulating Black Bear Populations in the Susitna Basin and Actions That Might Affect These Populations E.3.112 Probable Factors Regulating Wolf Populations in the Susitna Basin and Actions That Might Affect These Populations E.3.113 Probable Factors Regulating Beaver Populations in the Susitna Basin and Actions That Might Affect These Populations E.3.114 Probable Factors Regulating Marten Populations in the Susitna Basin and Actions That Might Affect These Populations E.3.115 Elevations of Raptor and Raven Nests in the Vicinity of the Watana Impoundment Area in Relation to Filling and Operation Water Levels E.3.116 Changes in Elevation of the Devil Canyon Reservoir During Operation and Elevations of Raptor and Raven Nests in the Proximity of the Impoundment Zone E.3.117 Relative Amounts of Moose Browse Available Compared With The Time Since Fire or Other Disturbance in Interior Alaska E.3.118 Eagle Nesting Platforms to be Provided on Transmission towers E.3.119 Ground Wire Gapping Designed to Protect Raptors From Electrocution E.3.120 Armless Configurations Designed to Protect Raptors From Electrocutions E.3.121 Installation of Transformer Equipment to Provide for Raptor Perching xxii LIST OF FIGURES E.3.122 Perch Guards Designed to Protect Raptors From Electrocution E.3.123 Elevated Perch Construction Designed to Protect Raptors from Electrocution xxiii ., - ~I - - - OPTION AVOIDANCE MINIMIZATION RECTIFICATION RESTRICTION COMPENSATION 1 • 1 TABLE E.3.1: MITIGATION OPTIONS ANALYSIS STRUCTURE RECOMMENDED BY SUSITNA HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT, ALASKA DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME (ADF&Gl AND THE U.~. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE (USFWSl. DESIRABILITY OF OPTIONS DECREASES FROM TOP TO BOTTOM. EXPLANATIONS OR EXAMPLES OF EACH OPTION AS DESCRIBED BY AGENCIES ARE SHOWN. ALASKA DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME Avoid Impact by Not Taking a Certain Action -Keep as much existing natural habitat as possible. -Maintain fish and game populations and critical habitats. Minimize Impacts by Limiting Magnitude of Action -Maintain habitat diversity and the capacity of each system to restore itself naturally. Rectify Impacts by Rehabilitating Environment -Repair, rehabi I itate or restore abused aquatic or terrestrial systems. -Restore the same functions or structure of habitats. Reduce <or Eliminate) Impact Over Time by Maintenance -Operate and maintain mitigation measures to reduce impacts over time. Compensate for Impact by Substitute Resources -Create or restore fish, wildlife and habitat values, and resource use opportunities that were unavoidably lost. -Compensation by providing substitute resources or environments Is least desirable; the preferred mode Is onsite mitigation. DEFINITION U.S. FISH & WILDLIFE SERVICE Modify ProJect Design to Avoid Impact -No-project alternative is one mode. -Design modifications in action type, magnitude, timing and locations are options. Modify Project Design to Minimize Impacts -Design modifications in action type, magnitude, timing and location are options. Restore Damaged Environments -Reclaim disturbed sites by seeding, etc. -Restock lost fish and wildlife. Maintain Mitigation Effort to Reduce Impact -Monitor and maintain mitigation measures. -Train mitigation personnel. Restore Lost Resources by Management or Replacement -Intensify production through management. -Initiate hatcheries; restocking programs. -Lease or buy new lands for enhanced management. TABLE E.3.2: CCMMON AND SCIENTIFIC NAMES (F FISH SPECIES RECORDED FROM THE SUSITNA BASIN SCIENTIFIC NAME Petranyzontidae Lampetra japonlca Salmon idae Coregonus laurettae Coregonus pidschian Oncorhynchus gorbuscha Oncorhynchus keta Oncorhynchus kisutch Oncorhynchus nerka Oncorhynchus tshawytscha Prosopium cylindraceum Salmo gairdneri Sal vel inus.malma Satvelinus namaycush Thymal Ius arcticus Osmer idae Thaleichthys pacificus Esocidae Esox lucius Ca tostan 1 dae Catostomus catostomus Gad ldae Lota Iota Gasteroste idae Gasterosteus aculeatus Cott i dae Cottus sp. COMMON NAME Arctic Lamprey Ber I nq Cisco Humpback Whitefish Pink Salmon Ch urn Sa Iron Coho Salmon Sockeye Salron Chi nook Sa I mon Round Whitefish Rainbow Trout Dolly Varden Lake Trout Arctic Graylinq Eulachon Northern PIke Longnose Sucker Bur bot Threespine Stickleback Scu I pin - - - - - - r ..... TABLE E.3.4: COMMERCIAL CATCH OF LOWER COOK INLET SALMON IN NUMBERS OF FISH BY SPECIES! 1954-1982 1 Year Chinook Socke:r:e Coho Pink 1954 1,545 39,626 15,159 270,744 1955 573 36,600 9,675 1,184,328 1956 333 36,306 9,345 207,920 1957 419 26,917 1,765 285,613 1958 120 19,450 1,796 949,766 1959 132 21 ,637 6,352 124,748 1960 27 24,726 2,692 611,647 1961 41 22,776 1,619 303,377 1962 60 25,286 7, 727 2,248,341 1963 96 15,121 6,736 203,616 1964 91 20,654 9,460 1,055,417 1965 10 14,002 862 115,598 1966 62 15,333 5,411 579,240 1967 176 29,044 2, 726 375,488 1968 64 95,242 4,883 585,441 1969 64 122,796 623 202,444 1970 107 22,312 4,860 574,284 1971 73 22,234 4,561 392,871 1972 88 57,897 2,234 28,663 1973 145 29,_209 2,101 307,403 1974 183 27,428 6,514 50,601 1975 143 28,142 6,211 1,063,432 1976 450 58,159 3,216 136,445 1977 217 100,058 2,872 1,292,153 1978 1,747 156,404 6,529 352,561 1979 1,238 64,417 12,250 2,986,534 19802 401 66,360 11,411 894,819 19812 347 110,365 10,146 3,300,805 19822 I ,506 131,688 46,398 552,028 29 Yr Avg 345 49,662 7,108 732,287 1oata Source: ADF&G Final IBM Computer Runs, 1954-1981, and Processor Catch Reports. 2ADF&G Preliminary Data. Chum 265,591 68,710 88,218 206,450 124,482 110,833 116,082 55,593 179,259 138,510 323,335 28,076 129,062 85,445 75,134 61 ,203 224,158 148,602 75,543 115,513 19,210 21,646 50,822 145,778 73,518 223,028 74,851 321,619 198,202 129,252 - -' I Tota I ~ 592,665 1,299,886 342,122 """' 521,164 1,095,614 263,707 755,174 383,406 2,460,673 364,079 -1,408,957 158,548 729,108 -492,879 760,764 387,130 825,721 568,341 164,425 554,371 103,936 1,119,574 249,092 -· 1,541,078 590,759 3,287,467 1,047,842 3,743,281 929,192 918,653 ~ I l I ---.. B 1 -l TABLE E.3.5: SIDE-SCAN SONAR COUNTS OF SALMON MIGRATING PAST YENTNA STATION AND PETERSON POPULATION ESTIMATES AND CORRESPONDING 95% CONFIDENCE INTERVALS OF SALMON MIGRATING TO SUNSHINE, TALKEETNA AND CURRY STATIONS, 1981 -1982 Station Yentna Station Sunshine Station No. 95% Confidence Interval Talkeetna Station No. 95% Confidence Interval Curry Station No. 95% Conf I dance Interval Source: ADF&G (1981a) ADF&G (1983) ChI nook 1981 1982 49,600 45,000 55, I 00 10,900 8,300 12,500 II ,300 8,300 16,000 1981 Sockeye 1982 139,000 114,000 133,000 151 ,ooo 120,000 139,000 150,000 167,000 I 4,800 3,100 4,300 2,800 5,400 . 3,500 2,800 1,300 2,600 1, I 00 3,100 I ,500 Coho Chum 1981 1982 1981 1982 17,000 34,100 19,800 27,800 19,800 45,700 263,000 430,000 18,000 42,000 235,000 408,000 22,000 50,300 298,000 456,000 3,300 5,100 20,800 49,100 2,800 4,300 18,400 45,200 6,200 6,200 22,800 53,800 1,100 2,400 13,100 29,400 7,090 1,800 11,800 26,700 2,500 3,800 14,600 32,700 Pink 1981 1982 36,100 447,000 49,500 443,000 46,400 407,000 53,100 487,000 2,300 73,000 I ,900 70,500 2,943 75,800 I ,000 59,000 700 53,600 2,100 65,300 Locations Wi I low Creek Caswe II Creek Montana Creek Sunshine Creek Clear (Chuni Ina) Creek Sheep Creek Little Wi I low Creek Deshka River Lake Creek A I exander Creek Talachul itna River Lake Louise, Lake Sus itna, Tyone River Others 1978 Total KS =chinook salmon SS = coho salmon RS =sockeye salmon PS = pink salmon C S = churn sa I mon *Chinook less than 20 inches Source: Mills (1979-1982) .I TABLE E.3.6: SUSITNA BASIN SPORT FISH HARVEST AND EFFORT BY FISHERY AND SPECIES -1978, 1979, 1980 and 1981 Days Fished KS ss 22,682 47 ?05 -- 25,762 408 2,451 -- 5,040 12 2,200 11,869 256 478 5,687 0 151 9, 111 850* 1, 798 8,767 326* 2,212 6,914 769* 2,401 732 12* 88 13, 161 0 0 14 970 163 2,388 124,695 2,843 15,072 RT =rainbow trout DV = Dolly Varden LT =lake trout GR = arctic grayling BB = burbot 1978 RS PS cs RT 56 18,901 2,458 913 85 15,619 4,429 1, 193 28 2,074 1, 912 1,501 14 6,981 1,697 470 28 3,142 1,015 334 0 697 0 3,634 254 2,833 1,015 2,721 183 1,146 215 2,640 141 31 234 0 0 0 0 0 56 3,994 2,692 1J519 845 55 418 15,66 7 14,925 _) DV LT GR BB 280 0 208 9 633 0 958 9 1 ,817 0 859 27 108 0 461 18 63 0 334 0 0 0 579 0 154 36 2, 115 45 136 0 1 ,871 0 235 0 99 0 0 2,522 2,278 2,947 2 739 877 3 770 208 6_, 165 3,435 13,532 3,263 .J .I J -~ TABLE E.3.6 (Cont 1 d} Locations W i I low Creek Caswe I I Creek Montana Creek Sunshine Creek Clear (Chuni Ina> Creek Sheep Creek Little Wi I low Creek Deshka River Lake Creek Alexander Creek Talachul itna River Lake Louise, Lake Sus itna, Tyone Rivet Others 1979 Tota I KS =chinook salmon 55 = coho salmon RS = sockeye salmon PS = pink salmon CS =chum salmon *Chinook less than 20 inches Source: Mil Is (1979-1982} Days Fished KS 55 18,911 459 462 3,710 156 624 22,621 312 1, 735 3,317 10* 774 5, 125 312 I ,248 6, 728 10 462 5, 171 0 262 13,236 2, 811 973 13,881 1, 796 2,671 8,284 712 1, 560 2, 185 293 125 12,199 0 0 12,639 39 1,997 128,007 6,910 12,893 RT =rainbow trout DV =Dolly Varden L T = lake trout GR = a ret i c gray I i ng BB = burbot l RS 94 0 346 157 31 31 141 0 440 79 47 0 220 1, 586 -! --J 1 1979 PS cs RT DV LT GR BB 3,445 582 1,500 618 0 1,654 18 100 9 282 91 0 354 0 2,472 745 I ,536 527 0 791 9 700 55 382 264 0 0 45 645 355 1,373 827 0 1,045 9 2,418 682 573 127 0 645 64 745 118 345 336 0 1,091 0 109 0 3,182 0 0 1,463 82 882 136 4,527 164 9 1, 963 109 236 45 1,182 182 0 745 145 100 55 0 155 0 664 45 0 0 0 0 2,618 2,936 2,363 664 1,245 3,472 909 472 4 918 282 12,516 4,072 18,354 4 200 3,099 13,342 3,171 TABLE E.3.6 (Cont'dl Locations W i I I ow Creek Caswe II Creek Montana Creek Sunshine Creek Clear (Chuni Ina) Creek Sheep Creek L i tt I e W i I I ow Creek Deshka River Lake Creek A I exander Creek Talachul itna River Lake Louise, Lake Sus i tna, Tyone River Others 1980 Tot a I KS =chinook salmon SS = coho sa I mon RS = sockeye salmon PS = pink sa I mon CS = chum sa I mon *Chinook less than 20 inches Source: Mi lis (1979-1982) Days Fished KS ss 29,011 289 1,207 4,963 215 1,124 19,287 559 2,684 5,208 132 1,534 4,388 172 661 8,041 45* 430 8,190 32* 494 19,364 3,685 2,290 8,325 775 2,351 6,812 1,438 999 2,542 121 491 1 0,539 0 0 12,216 45* 2,234 138,886 7,389 16,499 RT = rain bow trout DV =Dolly Varden L T = I ake trout GR =arctic gray I ing BB = burbot ) RS PS 83 23,638 77 1,663 257 8,230 116 2,408 6 622 9 6,362 77 6,420 0 689 267 2,101 52 809 112 276 0 0 257 3.403 1,304 56,621 -] 1980 cs RT DV LT GR BB 989 1,168 636 0 1,868 0 19 154 83 0 353 26 571 854 167 0 655 13 225 193 39 0 0 39 385 950 751 0 1,348 32 648 385 83 0 725 45 270 353 122 0 1, 156 0 0 4,305 0 0 1 ,817 224 69 2,144 121 9 1,972 0 121 1, 945 353 0 1, 145 0 17 379 982 0 1, 713 0 0 0 0 2,609 4,477 6,612 1 445 2,658 790 267 4, 854 212 4 759 15,488 4,127 2L876 22,083 7,203 J __ I J _j J ] TABLE E.3.6 (Cont 1d) Locations Willow Creek Caswell Creek Montana Creek Sunshine Creek Clear (Chuni Ina> Creek Sheep Creek Little Wi I low Creek Desh ka River Lake Creek Alexander Creek Talachul itna River Lake Louise, Lake Sus itna, Tyone River Others 1981 Tota I KS = chinook salmon SS = coho sa I mon RS = sockeye salmon PS = pink salmon CS = chum salmon *Chinook less than 20 inches Source: Mi lis (1979-1982> Days Fished KS"' 14,060 144 3,860 77 16,657 239 3,062 57 3,584 86 6,936 0 3,845 0 13,248 738 6,471 163 6,892 278 1,378 57 14,397 115 ·7,850 277 102,240 2,748 RT = rainbow trout DV = Dolly Varden L T = lake trout GR =arctic grayling BB = burbot I KS ss RS 441 747 77 172 901 38 422 2,261 182 0 968 220 287 422 29 0 326 105 0 29 67 2,031 632 0 632 1,035 211 843 891 67 0 240 172 0 0 0 0 939 115 4,828 9,391 1,283 1981 PS cs RT DV LT GR BB 2, 797 1,533 1 ,4 75 249 0 1,188 48 335 0 326 38 0 144 0 1, 782 805 1 , 111 240 0 891 0 958 125 249 10 0 57 115 19 57 1,226 1,418 0 996 0 1,236 987 201 57 0 872 0 604 192 374 48 0 623 0 19 0 3,631 10 0 1,255 96 412 48 2,874 67 19 1,600 29 57 10 2,290 287 0 1,130 29 29 0 0 0 0 479 0 0 0 0 0 4,093 4,892 5,292 412 450 3,851 814 287 7 089 57 8,660 4,207 13 757 3,238 4,399 21,216 5,666 - TABLE E. 3. 7: CHINOOK SALMON ESCAPEMENT COUNTS <F SUSITNA RIVER BASIN STREAMS FROM 1982 1 1976 to 1982, ADULT ANADROMOUS INVESTIGATIONS, SUSITNA HYDRO STUDIES, YEAR Stream 1976 1977 j 978 1979 198<l 1981 1982 A I ex and er Creek 5, 412 9, 246 5, 854 6, 215 a a 2, 546 Desh ka River 21,693 39,642 24,639 27,385 a a 16,000e Willow Creek 1, 660 1, 065 1, 661 1, 086 a 1, 357 592d Little Wit low Creek 833 598 436 324c a 459 316d Kashwitna River (North Fork) 203 336 362 457 a 557 156d Sheep Creek 455 630 1,209 778 a 1, 013 527d Goose Creek 160 133 283 b a 262 140d Montana Creek 1,44 5 1,443 881 1, 094c a 814 887d Lane Creek b b b b b 40 47 -Indian River 537 393 114 285 a 422 1,053 Portage Creek 702 374 140 190 a 659 1, 111 Prairie Creek 6, 513 5, 790 5, 154 a a 1, 900 3, 844 Clear Creek 1, 237 769 997 B64c a a 982 -Chulitna River (East Fork) 112 168 59 a a a 119d Chulitna River (MF l 1, 870 1, 7 82 000 a a a 644d Chulitna River 124 229 62 a a a 100d -1-bnol u I u Creek 24 36 13 37 a a 27d Byers Creek 53 69 a 28 a a 7d Troublesome Creek 92 95 a a a a 36d Bunco Creek 112 136 a 58 a a 198 Peters Creek 2,280 4,102 1 ,335 a a a a Lake Creek 3, 735 7l.. 391 B, 931 4, 196 a a 3, 577 T a I ach u I 1 tn a River 1, 319 1, 856 1, 375 1,648 a a 3, 101 Canyon River 44 135 b b b 2, 129 b Quartz Creek b B b b b B b -Red Creek b 1, 511 385 b b 749 b -1 1976-1980 counts -Kubik, s.w. a No total count due to high turbid water b Not counted ""'1 c Poor counting conditions d Counts conducted after peak spawn i nq e Estimated peak spawning count (ADF&G/Del aney, K. l - - - - I""" - - .... - r""' I"'"' r'""' - ~ - ~- ..... ! TABLE E.3.8: 1982 CHINOOK SALMON ESCAPEMENT SURVEYS OF SUSITNA RIVER BASIN STREAMS ADULT ANADROMOUS INVESTIGATIONS, SUSITNA HYDRO STUDIES, 1982 Survey Chinook Salmon Counted Stream Surveyed Date Method Condit ion Live Dead Tota I A I exander Creek !Mount to Lake) 7/31 He I. Good 1,687 0 1,687 Wolverine Creek !Alexander Creek Drainage) 7/28 He I. Good 537 0 537 Sucker Creek (Alexander Creek Drainage) 7/28 He 1. Good 322 0 322 Bunco Creek 8/7 He I. Fair 168 30 198 Byers Creek 8/12 He I. Exce II ent 7 0 7 Chase Creek 8/11 Foot Good 8 7 15 Cheechako Creek (Devi I Canyon) 8/6 He I. Good 16 0 16 Ch i nook Creek (Dev i I Canyon) 8/6 He I. Good 5 0 5 Chu I ftna River 8/12 He I. Excel lent 49 51 100 Chu I itna River !East Fork) 8/12 He I. Excellent 67 52 119 Chulitna River !Middle Fork) 8/12 He I. Excel lent 385 259 644 C I ear Creek 7/21 He I. Fair 978 4 982 1 Deshka River 8/5-9 He I. Fair 10,471 200 10,671 Geld Creek 8/3 He I. Good 122 20 142 Goose Creek 8/7 He 1. Good 98 42 140 Hone I u I u Creek 8/12 He I. Excel lent 11 16 27 I nd ian R i ver 7/21 He 1. Good 1,049 4 1,053 Jack Long Creek 8/4 Foot Excel lent 2 0 2 4th of J u I y Creek 9/29 Foot Good 55 1 56 Ka1 ~w i tn a R i VIr orth Fork 8/10 He I. Excellent 128 28 156 Lake Creek 8/2 He I. Good 2,267 50 2,317 came creek ( ake reek Drainage) 8/2 He I. Excel I ent 517 0 517 Su~ f 1 ~wee Cree~ La e reek rainagel 8/2 He I. Excel lent 743 0 743 Lane Creek 7/1~ Foot Excellent 16 0 ii 7/2 Foot Exce lent 1 TABLE E.3.8 CCont 1 dl Survey Chinook Salmon Stream Surveyed Date Method Condition Live Dead Little Wi I low Creek an He I. Good 190 126 Montana Creek 8/5 Foot Good 829 58 Portage Creek 7/21 He I. Excellent 955 0 BIB He I. Excellent 1 '081 30 Pra i rl e Creek 7/31 He I. Excellent 3, 782 62 Sheep Creek 8/7 He I. Good 316 211 Spink Creek 8/7 He I. Excel lent 12 0 Troublesome Creek 8/12 Her. Excellent 34 2 Talachuiitna River 8/1 He I. Excellent 3,101 0 WI I low Creek 8/6 Foot Fair 506 86 Deception Creek (Wi I low Creek Drainage) 8/6 Foot Fair 212 17 1Partlal count; Malnstem Deshka from Trapper Creek to Forks; Trapper Creek not surveyable, estimated peak spawning count was 16,000 (see Table E.3.7l. ' 2survey conditions on Deshka River and tributaries ranged from good to poor. Source: ADF&G 1982d Counted Total 316 887 955 -1' 111 3,844 527 - 12 36 - 3,101 592 - 229 - - - - - -· I""'' !!""' ""' !""'" """~ -I ,... - -' , .... Pl .. I TABLE E.3.9: PRELIMINARY RESULTS. OF No. of Date Same 1 es Chi nook 6/18-6/24 7 0.53 6/25-7/1 4 0.57 7/2-7/8 6 0.41 7/9-7/15 7 0.55 7/16-7/22 7 o. 14 7/23-7/29 7 0.46 7/30-8/5 7 0.14 8/6-8/12 7 o.o8 8/13-8/19 7 0.02 8/20-8/26 7 0.03 8/27-9/2 3 0.04 9/3-9/9 5 0 9/10-9/16 7 0.01 9/17-9/23 6 o. 11 9/24-9/30 7 0 10/1-10/7 5 0.01 10/8-10/12 5 0 Source: ADF&G (1982fl 1982 SMOLT TRAP CATCHES AT TALKEETNA STATION Mean Catch ~er Hour Sockeye Coho Chum Pink 1.40 3.86 4.97 0 1.32 1.10 2.31 0 7.52 0.47 0.92 0.06 2.37 0.33 o. 71 0.02 1.63 0.53 0.39 0 2.43 0.63 0.12 0 1.02 0.49 o.os 0 0.84 0.53 0.02 0 0.35 0.36 0.01 0 0.23 0.20 0 0 0.12 0.15 0 0 0.07 0.22 0 0 0.03 0.21 0 0 o. 14 0.48 0 0 o. 10 0.48 ·o 0 0.09 0.20 0 0 0.03 0.29 0 0 - TABLE E.3.10: ADULT SALMON MIGRATION RATES (IN MILES PER DAY) Sunshine to Sunsh lne to Talkeetna Talkeetna Curry to Curry (23 miles) <40 m i I esl ( 17 m i I es J Species 1981 1982 1981 1982 1981 1982 ....., Chinook Mean Rate 2. 1 3. 1 2.2 Maximum Rate 7.7 6.7 17.0 Sockeye ~ Mean Rate 4. 6 2. 7 3.0 3.4 3.5 Maximum Rate 7. 7 1 1. 5 8.0 1 o. 0 17.0 17.0 Coho Mean Rate 4. 0 5. 3 11.3 1 o. 0 Maximum Rate 8. 5 Chum Mean Rate 4. 6 7. 4 6. 3 3.8 6. 5 Max I mum Rate 1 1. 5 23.0 20.0 17.0 17.0 Pink - Mean Rate 2. 6 7.4 7. 1 6. 0 1 o. 0 Maximum Rate 11.5 23.0 20.0 17.0 17.0 -1 Source: ADF&G (1981a) ADF&G ( 1983) - - -11 ' ) J 1 c ...•.. 1 ~ CJ ccc-j ---] l -J " } 1 -, 1 TABLE E.3.11: ANALYSIS OF SOCKEYE SALMON AGE DATA BY PERCENT FROM ESCAPEMENT SAMPLES COLLECTED AT SUSITNA, YENTNA, SUNSHINE, TALKEETNA AND CURRY STATIONS, ADULT_AN~DROMOUS INVESTIGATIONS, SUSITNA HYDRO STUDIESJ 1981 Collection Site Sus itna Station Yentna Station Sunshine Station Talkeetna Station Curry Stat ion n 1709 1193 976 110 270 1/ Gilbert-Rich Notation Source: ADF&G 1981a 31 o.o o. 1 o.o o.o o.o 32 0.6 0.7 1 • 1 o.o 0.7 41 o.o 0.7 0.6 1 .s 1 • 1 42 8.4 7.5 21.0 22.8 27.4 AGE _g,ASS JL 43 o.o 0.4 0.6 o.o o.o 51 o.o 1.9 o.o (}.0 o.o 52 83.9 80.8 70.2 70.2 65.9 53 2.7 3.5 2.6 1.8 3.4 62 o. 1 2.4 0.2 1 .8 o.o 63 4.3 2.0 3.7 1 .a 1.5 BROO!rYEAR 1975 I 1976 I 1977 4.4 86.6 8.4 4.4 86.2 8.6 3.9 72.8 22.2 3.6 71.8 24.6 1.5 69.3 28.5 1978 0.6 0.8 1 • 1 o.o 0.7 c 1 J .... ...., TABLE E.3.12: ESTIMATED NLMBER CF SLOUGH SPAWNING SCCKEYE, CHLM AND PINK SALMON IN SLOUGiS BETWEEN DE VI 'J-CANYON AND TALKEETNA, -1981 TO 1982 iver ...., Slough Mi I e Sockeye Chum Pink 1981 1982 1981 1982 1981 1982 1 99.6 0 0 6 0 0 0 -2 100.4 0 0 30 0 0 0 38 101.4 2 0 0 0 0 0 ?A 1 01.9 9 0 0 0 1 0 5 107.2 0 0 0 2a 0 0 -6A 112.3 1 0 11 2 0 35a 8 113.2 0 0 480 0 25 0 ro 121. 8 0 0 0 23a 0 0 a:: 121.9 0 2 0 75 0 0 83 122.2 0 5 1 80a 0 0 -Mo9se 123. 5 0 8 167a 65 0 9 A 124.6 0 0 140a 0 0 0 A 124.7 0 0 60 0 2 0 811 125. 1 191 133 620a 748 0 28 -B 126.3 0 9 0 73 0 3za 9 128.3 14 6 260a 420 0 32 93 129.3 203 1 190 5 0 0 9A 133.3 3 I 207 173 0 0 10 133.8 0 0 0 2 0 0 11 135.3 1762 1131 765 732 0 276 13 13 5. 7 0 0 5 0 0 0 1 5 137.2 0 0 1 I 0 135 16 137.3 10 0 3 0 0 0 17 138.2 49 0 94 21a 0 0 19 139.7 2a 0 3 1 0 1 20 140. 1 64 106 16 3oB 0 133 21 141.0 0 0 457 1222 0 64a 21A 14 5. 5 0 0 10 2 0 0 - Estimated Total 2315 1402 3526 3674 28 735 ~ 1981 Est !mated Total: 5869 slough spawning salrron. 1982 Estimated Total: 5811 s Iough spawning sa I mon. Total numbers estimated by calculating the area under the curve formed from plotting number of I ive sa lrron in sloughs versus the date and d1v1ding by the average estimated stream lite (as in Bel I, 1980). The estimated stream 11 fe -was 12 days for sockeye, 10 days for chum and 7 days for pinks (Bechtel Civil and Minerals, Inc., 1983). In some cases the peak live count exceeded the cal cui ated total count. These are indicated by "a" and the peak I ive count is used. - - r-I TABLE E.3.13: MAINSTEM SUSITNA RIVER SALMON SPAWNING LOCATIONS IDENTIFIED IN 1981-1982 - River Date Seecies Caught or Observed Mile 1 ~S1 1~S2 Sockeye Pink Chum Coho Other 68.3 9-21 0 0 6 0 76.6 9-21 0 0 1 2 -9-27 0 0 16 0 83.3 9-5 0 0 17 0 -· 92.2 10-9 0 0 11 0 96.8 9-2 0 0 0 97.0 9-17 0 0 20 0 1""' 100.5 9-24 0 0 0 0 eggs pumped from redds 114.4 9-2 0 0 18 -· 117.6 9-23 0 0 0 6 117.7 8-13 0 12 15 0 9-2 0 0 0 8 128.6 9-5 0 0 10 0 9-7 0 0 7 0 ~ 129.2 9-8 0 0 2 129.8 9-12 0 0 5 0 130.5 9-8 0 0 3 0 -131. 1 9-7 0 0 3 0 131.3 8-19 0 0 3 0 9-4 0 0 12 0 I"'• 135.2 9-6 0 0 6 0 136.0 8-12 0 20 14 4 9-4 0 0 50 0 /"""' 137.4 8-19 0 0 25 0 138.2 9-27 0 0 0 0 eggs pumped from redds 138.9 9-4 0 0 16 0 143.3 9-4 0 0 22 0 r- 148.2 8-18 0 0 400 0 9-5 1 0 4 1 F Source: ADF&G ( 1981 a> ADF&G (1982el i""· TABLE E.3.14: COHO SALMON JUVENILES, PERCENT INCIDENT AT HABITAT LOCATION SITES ON THE MAINSTEM SUSITNA RIVER AND ITS TRIBUTARY MOUTHS BETWEEN COOK INLET AND DEVIL CANYON -NOVEMBER 1980 TO MAY 1981 Percent Incidence Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Cook Inlet to T a I keetna 83.3 o.o a 42.9 60.0 63.6 o.B Tributary r.buth Sites 100.0 o.o 66.7 66.7 66.7 o.o Ma i nstem and Slough Sites 50.0 o.o 25.0 50.0 50.0 o.o Talkeetna to Dev i I Canyon o.o 42.9 50.0 42.9 Tributary Mouth Sites o.o o.o 25.0 o.o Mainstem and S Iough Sites o.o 75.0 66.7 50.0 a Extrme cold (-25° to -40°F) hampered sampling efforts during December 1980. b Hazardous ice conditions prior to spring breakup limited sampling efforts to three habitat location sites in Apri I 1981. Source: ADF&G 1981f 57.7 83.3 50.0 - - -, I - - - - ..... - r ' - ~"""' i - ,.. .. r TABLE E.3. 15: COHO SALMON JUVENILES, PERCENT INCIDENT AT HABITAT LOCATION SITES ON THE MAINSTEM SUSITNA RIVER AND ITS TRIBUTARY MOUTHS BETWEEN COOK INLET AND TALKEETNA, JUNE TO SEPTEMBER 1981 Percent Incidence June June July July Aug. Aug. Sept. Sept. 1-15 16-30 1-15 16-31 1-15 16-30 1-15 16-31 Tributary (Mouth) 8o.o 66.7 8o.o 81.3 93.8 100.0 100.0 91.7 Habitat Sites Mains tern 40.0 11. 1 55.6 20.0 18.2 22.2 50.0 62.5 Combined 60.0 42.9 70.8 57.7 63.0 72.0 83.3 8o.o Habitat Sites Source: AOF&G 1981t TABLE E.3.16: ARCTIC GRAYLING HOOK AND LINE TOTAL CATCH BY TRIBUTARY BETWEEN THE MOUTH AND PROPOSED IMPOUNDMENT ELEVATIONS (PIE*) AND MOUTH IN THE IMPOUNDMENT STUDY AREA, 1981 CATCH Tributary ~ June ~ August Seetember Total Fog Creek 22 17 23 5 5 72 Tsusena Creek 23 19 74 18 135 Deadman Creek 53 86 42 6 3 190 Watana Creek 49 16 172 28 266 Kosina Creek 136 246 143 67 187 779 Jay Creek 3 178 70 16 50 317 Goose Creek 121 136 82 37 6 382 Oshetna River 19 92 155 73 167 506 TOTAL CATCH 378 823 605 394 447 2,647 * PIE for Fog and Tsusena Creeks 1455 tt; a II other tributaries 2185 ft. Source: ADF&G 1981t -\ ""'"' - - ..... ..... - - ..... """ - TABLE E.3.17: ARCTIC GRAYLING POPULATION ESTIMATES FOR THE REACH OF MAJOR TRIBUTARIES IN THE WATANA AND-DEVIL CANYON IMPOUNDMENT AREAS Petersen 1 Population Estimate 1982 1982 Number Stream Reservoir 1981 Number per mile Fog Creek Devi I Canyon 176 Tsusena Creek Devi I Canyon 1,000 Deadman Creek Watana 979 734 1,835 Watana Creek Watana 3,903 323 Kos ina Creek Watana 2,787 5,544 1,232 Jay Creek Watana 1,089 1 ,592 455 Goose Creek Watana 1, 327 949 791 Oshetna River Watana 2,017 2,426 1,103 1981 Estimate based on Arctic grayling greater than 8 inches (200 mml long. 1982 Estimate based on alI ages, but underestimates ages 1 and 2. Source: ADF &G 1981f ADF&G 1982e - -I TABLE E.3. 18: PETERSEN RJPULATION ESTIMATE FOR ARCTIC <RAYLING BY ACE ffiOUP IN THE WATANA IMPOUNDMENT AREA, SUMMER 1982 - Number Number Number Est !mated Number Age Marked Recaptured Caught In Age Group - 1 & 2 91 3 84 1955 3 226 1 0 222 4602 -4 263 23 263 2904 5 321 44 342 2454 6 204 48 270 1134 7 81 16 1 07 521 7 and -i above 27 7 41 180 I Totals 1281 153 1337 13,750 '""1 I - - - !!""'' - ..... - ..... ..... ""' r - .... TABLE E.3.19: STREAMS CROSSED BY DENALI HIGHWAY (CANTWELL TO WATANA ACCESS JUNCTION) Stream Tri b. to Jack R. Tr ib. to Jack R. Unnamed Creek (Jack R. System) Edmonds Creek Nenana R. Oxbow Nenana R. Oxbow Trib. to Nenana R. Tr i b. to Nenana R. Trib. to Nenana R. Unnamed Creek <Nenana System) Mi Jes from Richardson Highway 132.5 132 128 121 119.75 119.5 118 117.8 116.8 114.5 1can be reasonably expected, but not verified • Species Present gray I ing grayling gray I i ng 1 Various species from the Nenana River, including gray I i ng., northern pike, burbot, whitefish, and sculpin. " " " " " " TABLE E. 3. 20: SlREAMS TO BE CROSSED BY WATANA ACCESS ROAD (DENALI HIGHWAY TO WATANA DAM) Stream Unnamed Creek (Nenana System) Tributary to Li I y Creek Lily Creek Seattle Creek Unnamed Creek (Seattle System) Unnamed Creek (Seattle System) Trib. to Brushkana Creek Trib. to Brushkana Creek Brushkana Creek Trib. to Brushkana Creek Unnamed Creek (Brushkana System) Unnamed Creek (Brushkana System) i:eadman Creek Trib. to Deadman Creek Trib. to Deadman Creek Trib. to Deadman Creek Trib. to Deadman Creek Trib. to Deadman Creek Trib. to Deadman Creek Trib. to Deadman Creek Trib. to Deadman Creek Trlb. to Deadman Creek Mi I es from Dena I i Highway o. 3 2. 0 3.2 6. 0 7.8 8.8 11.0 11.6 12.0 14.0 17.0 18. 5 2 o. 1 23.2 24.3 25. 1 28.0 29. 1 29.8 31.8 37.8 38.5 Can be reasonably expected, but not verified. Species Present (gray I i ng ) 1 (gray I ing, cottlds) 1 (qrayl ing, cottids) 1 (grayling, cottlds) 1 (gray I ing, cottidsl 1 (gray! ing, cottidsl 1 (qrayllnq, cottidsl 1 (gray I inq, cottids) 1 (gray I ing, cottids) 1 (grayling, cottidsl 1 (qrayl ing, cottids) 1 (gray I in g, cott Ids) 1 grayling, (whitefis9, suckers, & cottidsl (gray I i ng, cott ids) 1 2 probab I y none 2 probably none (gray I ing, cottidsl 1 2 probably none 2 probab I y none 2 probably none (grayling, cottids) 1 (qrayl ing, cottids) 1 2 Steep contours on downstream side of road probably preclude fish fran this reach. - - 1 .... -I - r - ..... TABLE E.3.21: STREAMS TO BE CROSSED BY DEVIL CANYON ACCESS ROAD AND TRANSMISSION LINE BETWEEN WATANA AND DEVIL CAN'ION, AND RAILROAD SPUR FROM GOLD CREEK TO DEVIL CANYON Stream Tsusena Creek Unnamed Creek Unnamed Creek Unnamed Creek Unnamed Creek Unnamed Creek Trib. to Devil Creek Dev i I Creek Trib. to Devil Creek Tr lb. to Dev II Creek Trib. to Devil Creek Susltna Rlver Unnamed Creek Stream Gold Creek Susltna River Encroachment Unnamed Creek Unnamed Creek Jack Long Creek Tr lb. Jack Long Creek Encroachment Miles from Watana Road 8.0 8.6 12.2 13.9 15.9 18.8 22.0 24.4 24.6 26.3 3 5.1 36.0 Miles from Gold Creek Station 0.4 2.5 3.6 4.8 9.5 9-12 Can be reasonably expected, but not verified. Species Present grayling, whitefish, I ongnose sucker, Dolly Varden, and sculpin 1 (gray I I ng) (gray I i ng) 1 1 (qray I i ng) 1 (gray I i ng) 1 (gray I i ng l 1 (gray I i ng l (graylingl 1 I (gray I 1 nq l 1 (gray 1 i ng) 1 (gray I i ng) grayling; chinook, coho, oink and chum salmon; whitefish; sucker; burbot; sculpin; and Dolly Varden (gray I i ng) 1 S pee i es Present chinook, coho, pink salmon chinook, coho, chum, pink and sockeye salmon; gray I i ng; rainbow trout; whl tefl sh; sucker; burbot; Dolly Varden; and sculpin~ (grayll~q, Dolly Varden) (gray I l~g, Dolly Varden) (gray I I ~g, Dol I y Varden) chinook, coho, chum, and pink salmon TABLE E. 3. 22: WATER BODIES TO BE CROSSED BY THE .SUS ITNA TRANSMISSION Ll NE (ANCHORAGE TO WILLOW) Stream Ship Creek Foss I I Creek Otter Creek Kn ik Arm Unnamed Creek (T, R'W, Sec. 18) Little Susltna River Tributary to Fish Creek (T 17N, R 3>1, Sec. 18, 19) Fish Creek Unnamed Creek (T 18N, R3>1, Sec. 8) Unnamed Creek (T 18N R':W, Sec. 5) Unnamed Creek (T 19N, R ':W, Sec. l Wl I I ow Creek Fish Species Present pink, chinook, coho, chum, and sockeye salmon; Dolly Varden; rainbow trout. none rainbow trout pink, chinook, coho, chum, and sockeye salmon unknown coho, pink, chI nook, chum, and sockeye sa I mon; raInbow trout; Dol I y Varden; grayling (rainbow trout; coho, chinook salmonl 1 chinook, sockeye, pink, and coho salmon; raInbow trout (coho l 1 1 (coho l unknown coho, chum, pink, and chinook salmon; grayling; rainbow trout; Dolly Varden; whitefish Can be reasonab I y expected, but not verI fled. - .., - - - - - _, ' - - ,.... - - TABLE E.3.23: WATER BODIES TO BE CROSSED BY THE SUSITNA TRANSMISSION LINE (HEALY TO FAIRBANKS> Stream Nenana RIver #I Dry Creek Pangu I nge Creek Little Panguinge Creek Slate Creek Tributary to Slate Creek Rock Creek Unnamed Creek T9S, R9W, 536, FM June Creek Bear Creek Nenana River #2 Unnamed Creek TBS, R8W, 531, FM WIndy Creek Tributary to Windy Creek Unnamed Creek T82, R9W, 51, FM Unnamed Creek T7S, RBW, 518, FM Unnamed Creek T72, R7W, 58, FM Unnamed Creek T7S, R7W, 55, FM Unnamed Creek T6S, R7W, 532, FM Tributary to FIsh Creek T6S, R7W, 521, FM Tributary to Fish Creek T6S, R7W, 522, FM Fish Creek Fish Species Present coho salmon, grayling, round whitefish, longnose sucker, slimy sculpin, burbot, Dolly Varden unknown coho salmon, longnose sucker, round whitefish, Dolly Varden, grayling, slimy sculpin coho sa I mon, gray I In g, round whItefIsh, slimy sculpin, Dolly Varden, longnose sucker unknown unknown unknown unknown unknown unknown grayling; northern pike; slimy sculpin;1 chum, chinook and coho salmon; lnconnu; whitefish; burbot unknown unknown unknown unknown unknown unknown unknown unknown <grayling an2 other species found in Fish Creek) <gray I ing an2 other species found In Fish Creek) gray I ing, round whitefish, sl lmy sculpln3 Dolly Varden, longnose sucker TABLE E.3.23 (Cont'dl Stream Unnamed Creek (2 crossings) T 6S, R 7W, S 1 O, FM Unnamed Creek (2 crossings) T6S, R111, 53, FM Unnamed Creek T4S, R7W, 534, FM Unnamed Creek T4S, R7W, 528, FM Tanana River canp I ex Tanana Tributary canplex Little Goldstream Creek Little Goldstream Tributary T3S, Rtw, 54, FM Little Goldstream Tributary R3S, R~, 53 FM Little Goldstream Tributary T3S, REW, 52, FM Little Goldstream Tributary T3S, R&l, S 1, FM Ll ttle Goldstream Tr lbutary T2S, R511', 532, FM <2 crossings) Bonanza Creek Tributary T2S, R 511, 533, 34, 36, FM (3 cross I ngsl Ohio Creek Tributary T2S, R511', 57, FM Ohio Creek Tributary T2S, R4W, 55, FM (2 crossings) Ohio Creek Tributary T 15, R4W, 533, FM Ohio Creek Tributary T1S, R4W, 527, FM Fish Species Present unknown unknown unknown unknown chum, coho and chinook salmon;.inconnu; northern pike; grayling; whitefish; burbot unknown 4 gray! lnq, round whitefish, blackflsh , longnose sucker, slimy sculpin (gray! ing and other specl2s found In Little Goldstream Creek) (gray I i ng and other spec 12s found in Little Goldstream Creek) (grayling and other speci~s found in Little Goldstream Creek) (gray I ing and other speci2s found in Little Goldstream Creek) (gray I ing and other speci~s found in Little Goldstream Creek) unknown unknowr1 unknown unknown unknown - - - - - - I""" ! .... ..... I TABLE E. 3. 23 CCont 1 d) Stream Ohio Creek Complex Ohio Creek Complex A I der Creek Camp I ex Emma Creek Alder Creek Tributary TIS, R3W, S13, FM 1 2 lnconnu = Stenodus leucichthys Not verified but can rea so nab I y 3 be expected 4 S I I my scu I pin = Cottus cognatus Blackfish =Dalila pectoralis Sources: ADF&G (19-82q) Tarbox etaf. (1978) Fish Species Present unknown unknown unknown unknown unknown ] TABLE E.3.24: EFFECTS OF SURFACING AND EARTHWORK ON PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF AQUATIC HABITAT Constrtjdion Activity/ Rock Subgrade Aggregate Equipment Borrow Pits Physical·and Chemical Effects Clearinq Earthwork Excavation Stabi I ization Production Areas & Landt Ills Increased Surface Runoff X X X X X X ' J Lower Wa'ter Table X X - Leaching' of So i I M i ner a I X X Fluctuation of Streamflow X X X X X Fluctuation In Water Level X X X X X Downstream Flooding X X X X Increased Sedimentation X X X X X X Reduced Habitat Diversity X X X X X Increased Turbidity X X X X X X X Changes in Water Temperature X X X X X Changes in pH X X X X X Change in Chemical Compos it I or X X X X X X Addition of Hydrocarbons X X Increased Oxygen Demand X X X X Source: Darnell etal. 1978. .J J I ] _J ] --j Long-term Effects X X X X X X X X J - ,_ -I - I""'' F"" - I"'• I""' ~" ' I"'" ,..~ r"' -i TABLE E.3.25: I !\CREASE IN WATER SlRFACE ELEVATION (WSEL) DURING INITIAL FILL OF WATANA RESERVOIR* 1ST YEAR End of Month Increase In Month Rate (ft/day) WSEL (ftJ WSEL ( ft) APR 1460 MAY 5. 4 1626 166 JUN 2.4 1699 73 JUL 4. 0 1823 124 AUG o. 9 1851 28 SEPT 0.6 1869 18 OCT o. 2 1875 6 NOV 1875 DEC 1875 Total increase In water surface elevation for the year Is 41 5 ft. 2ND YEAR End of Month Increase in Month Rate (ft/dayJ WSEL (ft) WSEL (ft) JAN 1875 FEB 1875 MAR 1875 Affi <0. I 1875 MAY '· 0 1908 33 JUN 2. 5 1984 76 JUL '· 7 2036 52 AUG o.a 2062 26 SEPT o. 3 2070 8 OCT 0.3 2080 10 NOV o. 1 2080 DEC <0. 1 2080 Total Increase In water surface elevation for the year Is 208 ft. 3RD YEAR End of Month Increase in Month Rate (ft/day) WSEL (ft) (WSEL ( ft) JAN 2080 FEB 2080 MAR 2080 APR <0.1 2080 MAY o. 5 2197 17 JUN 1.3 2139 42 JUL 1. 0 2171 32 AUG 0.4 2185 14 Total increase in water surface elevation for the year Is 102 ft. * Onder median flow conditions. ALASKA RESOURCES J,TP."f! ARY U.S. DEPT. OF INTK~WR TABLE E.3.26: Ca.1PARISON OF AVERAGe: MONTHLY STREAMFLOWS AT OOLD CREEK DURING INITIAL FILLING OF WATANA RESERVOIR* Month Pre-Project Proposed Minimum Forecast S treamf I ows (cfs) 1st yr % Change 2nd yr % Chanqe (cfs) (cfs) (cfs) OCT 5800 2000 4300 -26 NOV 2600 1000 2600 0 DEC 1800 1000 1800 0 JAN 1500 1000 1500 0 FEB 1200 1000 1200 0 MAR 1100 1000 1100 0 APR 1400 1000 1200 -14 MAY 13200 6000 9800 -26 6000 -55 JUN 27800 6000 22200 -20 6000 -78 JUL 24400 6500 7300 -70 6500 -73 AUG 22200 12000 16800 -24 12000 -46 SEPT 13300 9300 9300 -30 9300 -30 AVERAGe ANNUAL 9700 4000 6900 -29 4500 -54 *Under med I an flow conditions. j J J J ·-· 3rd yr 'f. Chanqe (cfs) 2000 -66 2600 0 1800 0 1500 0 1200 0 1100 0 1400 0 6000 -55 6800 -76 6500 -73 14100 -36 13300 0 4900 -49 J ••• l l TABLE E.3.27: MAJOR IMPACT ISSUES DURING FILLING OF WATANA RESERVOIR REGARDING SALMONIDS IN THE TALKEETNA-TO-DEVIL CANYON REACH Passage Passage Into Into Species SlouQhs Tributaries Chum -Adult -0 -Embryo -Juvenile Sockeye -Adult - -Embryo -Juvenile - ChI nook -Adult 0 -Juvenile 0 '0 Coho -Adult 0 -Juvenile 0 0 - Pink -Adu It -0 -Embryo -Juvenile RaInbow Trout -Adult -0 -Juvenile 0 0 Note: o = no Impact + = beneficial Impact - = ad verse Impact Reduced Slough+ Reduced Malnstem Ground Spawn lng Water Habitat Upwelling -- 0 -- 0 0 - 0 - - 0 0 0 0 Blank= not present In the habitat considered. Increased Decreased Rear lng Winter Summer Decreased Decreased In Water Water Malnstem Mainstem Malnstem Temp. Temp. Turbid lty_ Scouring_ -. -+ -0 --+ 0 -+ -+ + -+ + -+ + -+ + --+ -0 + + -+ + + + -+ + Downstream Downstream Passage In Passage Malnstem from S louahs 0 - 0 0 - 0 0 0 0 0 - 0 0 0 0 TABLE E.3.28: MAJOR TRIBUTARIES TO BE INUNDATED 1 TRIBUTARIES INUNDATED BY THE WATANA RESERVOIR Length Exposed Length Total Length During Annual Re-in undated Tributary Deadman Creek Watana Creek Kosina Creek Jay Creek Goose Creek Oshetna River Inundated 2.3 m lies 10.0 4.2 3. 2 1.2 2.0 Drawdown During May-June o.a 0.4 o. 7 o. 5 o.a 0.4 o. 8 o. 4 o.a 0.3 I. 6 0.6 TRIBUTARIES INUNDATED BY THE DEVIL CANYON RESERVOIR Tributary Tsusena Creek Fog Creek Tota I Length Inundated 0.2 miles 1. 0 Devil Creek 1.4 Chinook Creek (RM 157) 1.3 Cheechako Creek (RM 152.4) 1.6 2 See Tables E.2.10 and E.2.11 for complete list of tributaries to be Inundated, and Figures E.3.21 and E.3.23 for locations. May-June =Arctic grayling spawning and incubation period. - - - 2 - - - - Month OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEPT AVERAGE ANNUAL ] TABLE E.3.29: COMPARISON OF AVERAGE MONTHLY SlREAMFLOWS AT SUNSHINE DURING INITIAL FILLING OF WATANA RESERVOIR* Pre-ProJect P reposed M I n i mum Forecast S 1:reamf I ow ( cfs) (cfs l 1st yr %Change 2nd yr %Change (cfs J (cfs J 13700 10100 12400 -9 5800 4400 5800 0 4200 3400 4200 0 3500 3000 3500 0 3000 2700 3000 0 2600 2500 2600 0 3200 2800 3000 -6 27700 20400 24200 -13 20400 -26 64200 42300 58200 -9 42300 -34 63200 45800 46600 -26 45800 -28 55900 46400 51200 -8 46400 -17 32300 28400 28400 -12 28400 -12 23300 17700 20400 -12 18200 -22 *Under median flow conditions. 1 1 3rd · yr %Change (cfs l 10100 -26 5800 0 4200 0 3500 0 3000 0 2600 0 3200 0 20400 -26 43100 -33 45800 -28 45800 -13 32300 0 18300 -21 Month OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR Affi MAY JUN JUL AUG SEPT AVERA9:: ANNUAL TABlE E.3.30: COMPARISON OF AVERA9:: MONTHLY SlREAMFLOWS AT SUSITWI STATION DURING INITIAL FILLING OF WATANA RESERVOIR* Pre-Project Proposed Minimum Forecast S treamf I ow (cfs) (cfs) 1st yr %Change 2nd yr % Change 3rd yr (cfs l (cfs) (cfs) 30100 26400 30100 0 28700 -5 26400 12700 11200 12700 0 12700 0 12700 8200 7400 8200 0 8200 0 8200 7900 7500 7900 0 7900 0 7900 7000 6800 7000 0 7000 0 7000 6300 6200 6300 0 6300 0 6300 7000 6600 7000 0 6800 -3 7000 60500 53100 56900 --6 53100 -12 53100 123700 101800 118000 -5 101800 -18 102600 131900 114600 115400 -13 114600 -13 114600 110800 101400 106200 -4 101400 -8 103500 66000 62100 62100 -6 62100 -6 66000 47700 42100 44800 -6 42600 -11 42900 *Under median flow conditions. 1 J % Chanqe -12 0 0 0 0 0 0 -12 -17 -13 -7 0 -10 l 1 l l TABLE E.3.31: MAJOR IMPACT ISSUES DURING OPERATION OF WATANA RESERVOIR REGARDING SALMONIDS IN THE TALKEETNA-TO-DEVIL CANYON REACH Passage Passage Into Into Species Sloughs Tributaries Chum -Adult -0 -Embryo -Juvenile Sockeye -Adult - -Embryo -Juvenile - Chinook -Adult 0 -Juvenile 0 0 Coho -Adu It 0 -Juvenile 0 0 Pink -Adu It -0 -Embryo -Juvenile Rainbow Trout -Adu It -0 -Juvenile 0 0 Note: o = no impact + = beneficial impact - = ad verse impact Reduced Reduced Slough Ground Spawning water Habitat Upwel I inq --- --- 0 0 -0 0 0 0 0 0 blank= not present in the habitat oonsidered. Increased Rearing Over-Winter Decreased Decreased in wintering Water Mainstem Ma instem Ma i nstem Habitat Temp. Turbidity Scouring_ --+ 0 I - 0 -+ + + + + 0 + + + + 0 -+ -0 + + + 0 + + + + 0 Downstream Downstream Passage in Passage Ma instem from Slouqhs 0 - 0 - 0 0 0 0 -- 0 0 0 0 - TABLE E.3.32: COMPARISON OF AVERAGE MONTHLY STREAMFLOW$ AT GOLD CREEK STATION UNDER OPERATION OF WATANA DAM Month Pre-Project Post-Project % Change (cfs) (cfsl - OCT 5700 8000 +40 NOV 2500 9200 +268 DEC 1800 10700 +494 JAN 1500 9700 +547 FEB 1200 9000 +650 MAR 1100 8300 +655 APR 1400 7700 +450 MAY 13200 10400 -22 -JUN 27800 11400 -59 JUL 23900 9200 -62 AUG 21700 13400 -38 ~ SEPT 13300 9800 -26 - - - - r' .. TABLE E.3.33: COMPARISON Of AVERAGE MONTHLY STREAMFLOWS AT SUNSHINE STATION UNDER OPERATION OF WATANA DAM """ Month Pre-Project Post-Project 'f, Change (cfs) (cfsl OCT 13700 16000 +17 NOV 5800 12400 +114 ,....,. DEC 4200 13000 +210 JAN 3500 11700 +234 !""" I FEB 10600 +266 MAR 2600 9800 +277 APR 2900 9500 +206 MAY 27700 24900 -10 JUN 64500 47900 -26 JUL 63300 48300 -24 AUG 56500 47400 -16 I""" ' SEPT 32700 29000 -11 - -TABLE E.3.34: COMPARISON OF AVERAGE MONTHLY STREAMFLOWS AT SUSITNA STATION UNDER OPERATION OF WATANA DAM ..... Month Pre-Proiect (cfs Post-Project (cfs l % Change OCT 30400 32400 +7 NOV 12800 19200 +50 DEC 8300 17000 +105 JAN 8000 16100 +101 FEB 7100 14700 +107 """1 MAR 6300 13500 +114 APR 7000 13300 +90 - MAY 60800 57600 -5 JUN 124500 107400 -14 ~ JUL 132400 117000 -12 AUG 1 12000 102300 -9 """'1 SEPT 66800 62600 -6 """'' i - - ~""'" TABLE E.3.35: C().1PAR I SON OF AVERAG:: MONTHLY STREAM FLOWS AT 00 LD CREEK OF THE TWO OPERATIONAL WATANA AND DEVIL CANYON DAMS """' % Chan~e Compared to: r Pre-Watana/ Pre- I Month ProJect Watana Alone Devil Canyon Pro,ject Watana Alone (cfs) (cf S) (cfsl ~ OCT 5, 700 8,000 7, 800 + 37 - 3 NOV 2, 500 9, 200 9, 600 +2B4 + 4 DEC 1, BOO 10,700 11,300 +528 + 6 JAN 1, 500 9, 700 10, 600 -+607 + 9 FEB 1,200 9,000 1 0,200 +750 +13 MAR 1, 100 B, 300 9, 300 +745 +12 AFR 1,400 7, 700 B, 100 +479 + 5 MAY 13, 200 1 o, 400 8, 700 -34 -16 JUN 27,800 11,400 9,900 -54 -13 JUL 23,900 9, 200 B, 400 -65 - 9 AUG 21,700 13,400 12,600 -42 - 6 SEPT 13, 300 9, BOO 10, 500 -21 + 7 ~ ~"""! ! i TABLE E.3.36: COMPARISON OF AVERAG: MONTHLY SlREAMFLOWS AT SUNSHINE OF THE TWO OPERATIONAL WATANA AND DEVIL CANYON DAMS % Chan~e Compared to: Pre-Watana/ Pre- Month ProJect Watana Alone Devi I Canyon Pro.Ject Watana Alone (cfs) (cfsl (cfsl OCT 1 3, 700 16,000 15,800 + 15 - 1 NOV 5, 800 12,400 12, 900 +122 + 4 DEC 4,200 13,000 13,600 +223 + 5 JAN 3, 500 11,700 12, 600 +260 + 8 FEB 2, 900 10,600 11,800 +301 +11 MAR 2,600 9, 800 1 o, 700 +307 + 9 APR 3,100 9,500 9,800 +216 + 3 MAY 27, 700 24,900 23,200 -16 - 7 J\JII 64,500 4 7, 900 46,200 -28 - 4 JUL 63, 300 48,300 47,600 -25 - 1 AUG 56,500 4 7,400 46,800 -17 - 1 SEPT 32, 700 29,000 29,600 -9 + 2 ,...,, - -- ~ -; - - - - - - """ TABLE E. 3. 37: C0\1PARISON OF AVERA~ MONTHLY STREAMFLOW$ AT SUS ITNA OF THE TWO OPERATIONAL WATANA AND DEVIL CANYON DAMS - % Chanqe Compared to: -I Pre-Watana/ Pre- Month Pro,!ect Watana Alone Dev1 I Canyon ProJect Watana Alone (cf s) (cfs) (cfs} OCT 30,400 32,400 32,200 + 6 < 1 NOV 12, 800 19, 200 19, 800 + 55 + 3 DEC 8,300 17,000 17,600 +112 + 4 JAN 8, 000 16, 100 17, 000 +113 + 6 n FEB 7,100 1 4, 700 1 5, 900 +124 + 8 MAR 6, 300 13,500 14, 400 +129 + 7 -AFR 7,000 1 3, 300 13,600 +94 + 2 r , MAY 60,800 57, 600 55,900 -8 - 3 """' JUN 124, 500 107,400 105,700 -15 ...; 2 JUL 132, 400 117. 000 116,300 -·12 + 1 AUG 112,000 102,300 101,700 -9 + 1 """' SEPT 66,800 62,600 63,300 -5 + 1 l""i' : - ..... '' IMPACT ISSUE Passage of Adult Salmon Adverse Impacts to S I ough Habitat Loss of Side-Channel and Malnstem Salmon Spawn lng Areas A I tered Therma I Regime Gas Supersaturation Inundation of Tributary Habitat Out-migration of Ju ven I I e An ad romous Fish 1 TABLE E.3.38: IMPACT ISSUES AND ffiOPOSED MITIGATION FEATLRES Fffi ANTICIPATED FILLING AND OPERATIONAL IMPACTS TO AQUATIC HABITATS, SUSITNA HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT OCCL RRENCE MITIGATION FEATURE Watana Devil Canyon Watana Dev II Canyon Development Deve lopment Development Development FIlling Operation t-iII ing Operation F i Ill ng Operation Filling Operation X X X -Downstream -Downstream -Downstream release release release X X X -Downstream -Downstream -Downstream ret ease rei ease rei ease - S I ouqh mod 1--Stough modi--Stough modi- flcatlon f I cation fication -Rep I acement -Rep I acement -Rep I acement habitat habitat habitat through through through mod I fication mod I flcation mod If !cation of side of side of side channels channels channels X X X -Rep I acement -Rep I acement -Rep I acement habitat habitat habitat through through through mod If i cation mod I flcation mod I fl cation of side of side of side channels channels channels X X X Multiple level Multiple level outlet outlet X X Fixed cone Fixed cone valves valves X X Gray llnq Gray I ing propagation propagation and restock-and restock- inq program i nq proqram X X X Downstream Downstream Downstream release release release _j .J ) ] .J ! l --~ ---l l '1 '! 1 J 1 l -l ~=J TABLE E.3.39: PROPOSED FISHERIES MITIGATIONS WITH ESTIMATED CAPITAL AND ANNUAL OPERATING AND MAINTENANCE COSTS Mitigation Feature Downstream Mitlgation 1 Protective Stough Berms Restructured Slough Mouth Lowered and Restructured S I ough Prof i I e Augmented Upwelling System Side-Ghannel Scarifying Stough Gravel Cleaning Mainstem Spawning Bed Impoundment Mitigation 2 Gray! lng Propagat~n Research Grayling Hatchery 3 Rainbow Trout Production Dam Structures 4 Multiple Level Intakes Cone Valves -Watana Cone Va I ves -Dev i I Canyon Number Proposed 10 8 8 4 4 3 2 1 6 7 Capital Costs (X 1000Dollars) Labor 1, 100 96 1, 152 444 240 350 636 143 450 225 18,400 4 7,100 14, 600 Materials 400 64 768 296 160 250 424 Total 1, 500 160 1, 920 740 400 600 1,060 Total $ 6, 380 47 300 150 190 750 357 Total $ 1,315 18,400 47,100 14,600 Total $80,100 Total for Fisheries Mitigation $87,795 Costing details are in Table E.3.45 2 Assumes 3-year study, costing details are In Table E.3.45 3 4 Addition to an existing facility, costing details are In Table E.3.45 Costing details are In Exhibit D Annual Operating and Maintenance Costs (x 1000 dol Iars) Total Total 75 8 96 37 20 600 80 916 NA 110 38 148 NA NA NA Annual 0 & M 1,064 --. J 11 TABLE E.3.40: SCHEDULE FOR IMPLEMENTING FISHERIES MITIGATION PROGRAM Mitigation Measure Construction Mitigation Preconstruction Design and Planning Construction Monitoring Operational Mitigation Downstream Mitigation Protective Slough Berms Slough Mouth Excavation Lowered and Restructured Sloughs Induced Upwel I ing Slde-Ghannel Scarifying Slough Gravel Cleaning Mainstream Spawning Beds Impoundment Mitigation Grayling Propagation Research Gray I in g Hatchery Rainbow Trout Introductions Multiple Level Intakes Cone Valves Operational Monitoring Project Phase for Imp I ementat ion Final Design Watana Construction Watana F i I I i ng Watan a F i I I i ng Watana F iII ing Wat ana F i I I i ng Watana Fi ll.i ng Watana Fi II ing Wata n a F i I I i ng Final Design Watana Construction Devil Canyon Operation Watana F i I I i ng Watana 0 per at ion Watana F i I I i ng Year of Implementation Design or Construction Planning or Starting 1983 1984 1985 1985 1985 1985 1985 1985 1985 1983 1986 2000 1984 1984 1985 (NA) 1985 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 1991 1984 1989 2002 1993 1994 1991 (on-I ine) (on-1 i ne) - - - -I - - - - -i -I - lilfoll! •. I""" r I""" ,.. .. r I I""" I , ,,.,. ""'" ! I """' ! ! I"'F' i I Year 1985 1 1986 1987 19882 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 19953 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 TABLE E.3.41: CONS1RLCTION COSTS Fffi WATER QJALITY AND FISHERIES MON ITffiiNG IN 1982 DOLLARS FRQ.1 1985 TO 2002 Management FJeld Labor Field Travel ( $70/hrl ( $50/hrl Equipment ( $200/hr) 140,000 240,000 1 5, 000 9, 600 140,000 240,000 5,000 9,600 140,000 240,000 5, 000 9, 600 140,000 240,000 5,000 9,600 21 o. 000 720,000 40,000 19,200 227,500 960,000 1 5, 000 28,800 227, 500 960,000 5, 000 28,800 227,500 960,000 5,000 28, BOO 175,000 720,000 5, 000 19,200 140,000 240,000 5,000 9,600 140,000 240,000 5, 000 9, 600 175,000 480,000 25,000 19,200 175,000 480,000 5,000 1 9,200 175,000 480,000 5, 000 19, 200 175,000 480,000 5,000 19,200 175, 000 480,000 5, 000 19,200 140,000 240,000 5,000 9,600 140,000 240,000 5, 000 9, 600 Total <x 1000) 404.6 394.6 394.6 394.6 989.2 1,231.3 1,221.3 1,221.3 919.2 394.6 394.6 699.2 67 9. 2 679.2 67 9.2 679.2 394.6 394.6 Total $12, 165.1 1 Construction of access road and facilities. 2 construction of Watana Dam and facillties plus transmission I ine. 3 Construction of Devi I Canyon Dam and faci I I ties plus postconstruction monitoring of Watana facl11tles. 2 TABLE E.3.42: ALASKA DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME STANDARDS FOR PASSING ARCTIC GRAYLING TO BE USED ON SUSITNA HY9ROELECTRIC PROJECT STREAM CROSSINGS Length of CuI vert (feet) Average Cross-Section~! Velocities at Outlet (ft/secl 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 150 200 200 4.6 3.8 3.2 2.8 2.6 2.3 2.1 2.0 1.8 1 .8 1.8 Each culvert must be installed so that at least 20 percent of the diameter of each round culvert or at least 6 inches of the height of each elliptical or arch type culvert are set below the streambed at both the inlet and outlet of the culvert except when using bottomless arch culverts or to avoid solid rock excavation. Average cross-sectional velocities at the outlet of the culvert may not exceed the velocities in the table except for a period not exceeding 48 hours during the mean annual flood. Source: Edfelt 1981 - - -, .! - - - .... - - ~~"""· I ! TABLE E.3.43: ALASKA DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME TEMPORARY STREAM DIVERSION STANDARDS Temporary diversion channels in alI streams frequented by fish must be constructed and control led in the tot lowing manner: (1) The width and depth of the temporary diversion channel must equal or exceed 75 percent of the width and the depth, respectively, of that portion of the streambed which is covered by ordinary high water at the diversion site, un I ess a I esser width or depth is specified by the department on the permit for activities undertaken during periods of tower flow; (2) During excavation or construction, the temporary diversion channel must be isolated from water of the stream to be diverted by natural plugs (unaltered streambankl left in place at the upstream and dc~tmstream ends of the diversion channel; (3) The.diversion channel must be constructed so that the bed and banks will not significantly erode at expected flows; (4) Diversion of water flow into the temporary diversion channel must be conducted by first removing the downstream plug, then removing the upstream plug, then closing the upstream end and the downstream end, respectively, of the natural channel of the diverted stream; (5) Rediversion of flow into the natural stream must be conducted by removing the downstream plug from the natural channel and then the upstream plug, then closing the upstream and the downstream end, respectively, of the diversion channel; (6) After use, the diversion channel and the natural stream must be stabilized and rehabi I itated as may be specified by permit conditions. Source: Edfelt (1981) TABLE E .3.44: ALASKA DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME STANDARDS FOR BLASTING NEAR AN ANADROMOUS FISH'STREAM DISTANCE TO ANADROMOUS FISH STREAM MEASURED IN FEET 1 Explosive Charge Weight in Pounds Substrate 2 5 10 25 100 500 1000 Rock 50 80 120 170 270 530 1180 1670 Frozen Material 50 70 110 160 250 500 1120 1580 Stiff Clay, Gravel, Ice 40 60 100 140 220 440 990 1400 C I ayey S i It, Dense Sand 40 50 80 120 180 370 820 1160 Medium to Dense Sand 30 50 70 100 160 320 720 1020 Medium Organic Clay 20 30 50 70 100 210 460 660 Soft Organic Clay 20 30 40 60 100 190 440 620 Required distances for charge weights not set forth in this table must be computed by linear intropolation between the charge weights bracketing the desired charge if the charge weight is between one and 1000 pounds; example: for 15 pounds 'elf explosive in rock substrate-required distance= 170 feet+ 15 lbs-10 lbs 25 lbs-lO lbs (270 feet-170 feet) = 203 feet; tor charge weights greater than 1000 pounds, the required distance may be determined by I inear extrapolation. Source: Edfelt 1981 - - ~''\ .~ II""', - - - r - TABLE E.3.45: COST ASSIJviPriONS LSED IN Il:VELOPING ESTIMATED COSTS FOR FISHERIES MITIGATIONS Mitigation Feature Cost 1. Protective Berm: Assumes construct! ng a 5, 000-cubic yard berm with an impermeable core at $30 per yard. Construction Labor 1 Materials Maintenance2 2. Restructured Slough Mouth: Total $110,000 40,000 $150,000 $ 7, 500/year Assumes excavatl ng a 6-foot wide channel tor a d 1 stance of 500 teet to a depth of 3 feet with stab ill zat ion all owl ng an effectIve depth of 2 teet at $30 per yard. Construction Labor $ 12, 000 Mater! al s 8,000 Total $ 20, 000 MaIntenance 2 $ 1, 000/year 3. Lowered and Restructured S I ough: r-• Assumes lowering a 30-toot wide channel for a distance of 1,200 teet to a depth of 1.5 feet at $30 per yard. I""' i. Construction Labor Mater! al s Malntenance2 4. Augmented Up we I I I ng System: Total $ 72,000 48,000 $120,000 $ 6, 000/year Assumes cross pi pes for upwelling every 5 feet for two 20G-toot sections at a width of 30 feet located 300 feet from a water source. Construct I on Labor Mater! al s Cross Pipes Distribution and Control Material Processing 2 Maintenance Total $ 33,000 22,000 1 o, 000 20,000 110,000 $185,000 $ 9, 250 TABLE E.3.45 (Cont'd) Mitigation Feature Cost 5. Side-channel Scarifying: Assumes scarifying a 30-foot wide channel for a distance of 1,000 feet at $30 per yard. Construction Labor Materials Malntenance2 6. Slough Gravel Cleaning: Total $ 60,000 40,000 $100,000 $ 5, 000 Assumes cleaning a 30-foot wide channel for a distance of 1,200 feet to a depth of 3 feet at $50 per yard. Construct I on Labor Materials 7. Malnstem Spawning Bed: Total $120,000 80,000 $200,000 Creation of a submerged bed to 60 feet wide and 1,000 feet long with 3 feet of f i II at $80 per yard. Construct I on Labor Materials Maintenance2 8. Grayling Propagation Research: Total Assumes 2 research personnel 6 months/year for 3 years. Labor Materials 9. Grayling Hatchery: Total $318,000 212,000 $530,000 $26,500 $143,000 47,000 $190,000 Assumes it Is appended to an existing facility; costs are based on square footage, Including the cost of one additional housing unit. Construct I on Labor Materials Total $450,000 300,000 $750,0003 - - - ..... """' 1""1 ,... - - !""!" TABLE E.3.45 (Cont 1 d) Mitigation Feature Operation and Maintenance Labor Materials PI ant I ng Costs 10. Rainbow Trout Introductions: Cost $ 78,000 32,000 Total $ 110,000 per year $ I 0,000 per year Assumes the need to provide production facilities with half the capacity of the gray I I ng hatchery. Construction Labor Materials Total Oeeratlon and Maintenance Labor Materials Total 11. Aquatic Studies Program: Continue aquatic studies during project construction. Construction Labor Materia Is Operation Labor Materials Includes equipment rental. Total Total $ 225,000 1501000 $ 375,000 $ 35,000 31000 $ 38,000 $5,000,000 110001000 $6,000,000 $ 394,800 1161600 $ 511,400 2 Average Annual Operating Cost. Yearly .maintenance Is not anticipated; mainTenance may be needed on a 3-5 year cycle. 3 Residence = $150,000 Hatchery = $600,000 TABLE E.3.46: ESTIMATED SQUARE FEET CF SALMON SPAWNING HABITAT MADE A VAl LAB LE BY M ITI GAT ION PROCEDURES Mitigation Feature Protective slough bern Restructured slough mouth Lowered and restructured slough Augmented upwelling Side-channel scarifying Slough gravel cleaning Ma 1 nstem spawning bed Total habitat reclaimed Est !mated Habitat Area (square feet) 2 144,000 48,240 120,060 __ 3 12 0, 01 5 432,315 ~Protects slough from mainstem flow during winter. 3 AIIows access to slough habitats. Maintains quality of slough spawning gravels. - - ~~ ~\ ..... TABLE E.3.47: ANNUAL OPERATING COSTS Cf FISHERIE~ MONITORING PROGRAM IN 1982 DOLLARS Task Management and Analysis Adult and Smolt 2 Enumeration Tal k.eetna to Dev I I Canyon Production Monitoring Resident Fish Stocking Program Total Personnel Cost Contractual Services Materials Administration and Support Costs Average Annual Fisheries Monitoring Costs Total Personnel Months Per Year 12 39 30 15 Personnel Cost (1982 Dollars) 48,000 116, 500 92, 100 45,900 302,500 56,900 59,700 92,300 511,400 1 Costs are based on 1982 Sus i tna Hydro Aquatic StudIes costs and the estimated level of effort required to perform the rronltorlng studies. 2 Assumes fish wheels at Sunshine and Curry and a smolt trap at Curry • TABLE E.3.48: VASCULAR PLANT SPECIES IN THE WATANA AND GOLD CREEK WATERSHEDS AND DOWNSTREAM FLOODPLAIN WHICH ARE OUTSIDE THEIR RANGE AS REPORTED BY HULTEN (1968)(FROM MCKENDRICK ET AL~ 1982) Middle and Upper Basin Extensions: Equlsetum fluviatile Lycopodium selago ssp. selago Lycopodium complanatum Picea mariana* Car ex f i I I fo I i a ~onia intermedia Luzula wahlenbergli Veratrum vlride Llstera cordata** Platanthera convallariaefolla Platanthera hyperborea Platanthera dilatata Echinopanax horridum Senecio sheldonensis Myrica gate* Ranunculus occidental is Potentilla biflora Rubus idaeus* Rubus pedatus Pedicularis kane! kanei Pedicularis parvif~ Potamogeton robbinsii Downstream Extensions: Echlnopanax horridum Rubus idaeus*** ~us mlcrocarpus Galium triflorum Alnus tenuifolla Circaea alpina Actaea rubra Ribes hudsonianum*** ArniCa chamissonis Swamp horseta i I Fir clubmoss Ground cedar Black spruce Thread-leaf sedge Timber oatgrass Wahlenberg woodrush Helebore Heart-leaved twinblade Northern bog-orchis Northern bog-orchis White bog-orchis Devil 1 s club Sheldon groundsel Sweet gale Western buttercup Two-flower cinquefoil Raspberry Five-leaf bramble Kane lousewort Lousewort Robbins pondweed Devi l's club Raspberry Smal 1-frult bul I rush Sweet-scented bedstraw Thinleaf alder Enchanter's nightshade Baneberry Northern black currant Arn lea * Viereck and Little (1972) include the upper Susitna River basin in the range ot this species. **This species was recorded by the bird and small mammal survey group from the University of Alaska Museum. ***Viereck and Little (1972) include the downstream area in the range of this species. - - - ""'' I - - - - - ,9illi&1 i ..... TABLE E.3.49: CANDIDATE ENDANGERED AND THREATENED PLANT TAXA* SOUGHT IN THE WATANA AND GOLD CREEK WATERSHED SURVEYS WITH NOTES ON THEIR HABITATS AND KNOWN LOCALITIES (FROM MCKENDRICK ET AL. 1982) Species and Habitat Smelowskia pyriformis Drury & Rol I Ins North American endemic calcareous scree, talus, in upper Kuskokwim R. drainage Unofficial Status** Threatened species Aster yukonensis Cronq. Endangered species North American endemic river banks, dry streambeds, river delta sands and gravels Kluane Lake, Koyukuk River Montia bostockii CA. E. Porsild) s. L. Welsh North American endemic wet, alpine meadows, St. El las Mtns., Wrangell Mtns • Endangered species Papaver alboroseum Hult. Endangered species Amphi-Berlnglan well-drained alpine tundra, Wrangell Mtns., St. El las Mtns. Cook Inlet lowlands, Alaska Range Podistera yukonensis Math & Const. North American endemic s.-faclng rocky slopes, grasslands at low elevations, Eagle area, Yukon border Endangered species Smelowskla borealis (Greene) Drury & Rollins Endangered species var. villosa North American endemic alpine calcareous scree, Mt. McKinley Park, Alaska Range Taraxacum carneocoloratum Nels. North American endemic alpine rocky slopes, Alaska Range, Yukon Ogilvie Mtns. Other Endangered Species Possibilities Cryptantha shackietteana Eriogonum flavum var. aguf I inurn Erysimum asperum var. angustatum * Information and status from Murray (1980). Endangered species Upper Yukon River Eagle, Alaska Upper Yukon River **All species are under review by the u.s. Fish & Wildlife Service for inclusion in the Endangered Species Act of 1973. TABLE E.3.50: VEGETATION TYPES <AND SAMPLE LOCATION NUMBERS) SAMPLED IN WATANA AND GOLD CREEK WATERSHEDS (FROM MCKENDRICK ET AL. 1982 Vegetation Type Sample Location Number* Mat and cushion tundra Sedge-grass tundra Herbaceous tundra Wet sedge-grass tundra Open black spruce Woodland black spruce Open white spruce Woodland white spruce Closed birch forest Open birch forest Closed balsam poplar Open balsam poplar Closed aspen Closed mixed conifer-deciduous forest Open mixed conifer-deciduous forest Closed tall shrub Open ta II shrub Mixed low shrub Willow shrub * Sample locations are given in Figure E.3.74 1-8 9-10 11 12-14 15-17 18-22 23-27 28 29-32 33-34 35-36 37 38 39-41 42-49 50-52 53 54-62 63-64 - - - - ~~ - - """' ~ r- :-~ """\ -~ r- .- !"""' ~ - ,.,.. I I TABLE E.3.51: HECTARES AND PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL AREA COVERED BY VEGETATION TYPES IN THE WATANA AND GOLD CREEK WATERSHEDS* (FROM MCKENDRICK ET AL. 1982) Percent of Vegetation Type Hectares** Total Area Total Vegetation 1,387 ,607*** 85.08 Forest 348,232 21.35 Conifer 307,586 18.86 Woodland spruce 188,391 11.55 Open spruce 118,873 7.29 Closed spruce 323 o.o2 Deciduous 1,290 o.o8 Open birch 968 0.06 Closed birch 323 o.o2 Mixed 39,355 2.41 Open 23,387 1.43 Closed 15,968 0.98 Tundra 394,685 24.20 Wet sedge-grass 4,839 0.30 (Mesic) sedge-grass 184,358 11.30 Herbaceous alpine 807 o.o5 Mat and cushion 65,001 3.99 Mat and cushion/sedge-grass 139,680 8.56 Shrub land 644.690 39.53 Ta II shrub 129,035 7.91 Low shrub 515,655 31.62 Birch 33,549 2.06 Wi I tow 10,645 0.65 Mixed 471,461 28.91 Unvegetated 243,392 14.92 Water 39,840 2.44 Lakes 25,162 1.54 Rivers 14,678 0.90 Rock 113,712 6.97 Snow and ice 89t841 5.51 Total Area 1,630,999 1 oo.oo * Based on maps produced at a scale of 1:250,000. ** Differences in resolution as a result of differences In scale may result in some discrepancies for common areas between these figures and those presented in Table E.3.52. *** 1 hectare= 2.471 acres. TABLE E.3.52: HECTARES AND PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL AREA COVERED BY VEGETATION TYPES FOR THE AREA 16 km ON EITHER SIDE OF THE SUSITNA RIVER FROM GOLD CREEK TO THE MACLAREN RIVER* (FROM MCKENDRICK ET AL. 1982) Vegetation Type Forest Con I fer Woodland spruce-black Woodland spruce-white Open spruce-black Open spruce-white Deciduous Open birch Closed birch Closed balsam poplar Mixed Tundra Open conifer deciduous Closed conifer deciduous Wet sedge grass Sedge grass Sedge shrub Mat and cushion Shrub land Open ta I I shrub Closed tal I shrub Birch shrub Wi I low shrub Mixed low shrub Herbaceous Grassland Disturbed Unvegetated Rock Snow and ice Water River Lake Total Area Hectares** 142,306*** 115,048 62,993 13,291 28,304 10,460 4,393 1,498 2,324 571 22,865 9,639 13,226 114,728 3,517 27,505 20,073 63,633 177,264 15,524 15,767 42,880 8,230 94,863 18 24 26,979 16,603 249 4,236 5,891 462,398 * Based on maps produced at a scale of 1:63,360. Percent of Total Area 30.75 24.87 13.62 2.87 6.12 2.26 .94 0.32 0.50 0.12 4.94 2.08 2.86 24.81 0.76 5.95 4.34 13.76 38.34 3.36 3.41 9.27 1.78 20.52 o.o1 0.23 0.01 5.83 3.59 o.os 0.92 ~ ** Differences In resolution as a result of differences In map scale may result In some discrepancies for common areas between these figures and those presented In Table E.3.51. *** 1 hectare = 2.471 acres. -! - - ~I - - - .... ,..,. - ""'" TABLE E.3.53: COVER PERCENTAGES FOR TOTAL VEGETATION, VERTICAL STRATA, AND PLANT SPECIES IN OPEN CONIFER VEGETATION TYPE* IN WATANA AND GOLD CREEK WATERSHEDS CFROM MCKENDRICK ET AL. 1982) Average Category Cover** Total vegetation Overstory (>10 an dbh) Plcea glauca P!cea mariana Understory (2.5 -10 em dbh) Picea glauca Plcea mariana Shrub layer (>0.5 m tall, <2.5 an dbh) Picea glauca Picea mariana Ground layer (<0.5 m tall) Mosses, unidentified Feather mosses Pt i I i urn spp. Empetrum nigrum Ledum decumbens ~nium uliginosum Vacclnium vit!s-idaea Eguisetum arvense Eguisetum silvaticum L i nnaea borea I is Picea mariana ~agrostis canadensis Number of areas sampled was 9. White spruce Black spruce White spruce Black spruce Wh lte spruce Black spruce Feather moss Crowberry Northern Labrador tea Bog blueberry Mountain cranberry Meadow horseta I I Woodland horsetail Twinflower Black spruce Bl uejoint (percent) 98 24 24 2 10 3 2 5 1 3 94 11 29 13 6 5 7 6 6 8 8 1 14 * ** Includes only those species with at least 5 percent cover in any one area sampled. TABLE E.3.54: COVER PERCENTAGES FOR TOTAL VEGETATION, VERTICAL STRATA, AND PLANT SPECIES IN OPEN WHITE SPRUCE VEGETATION TYPE* IN WATANA AND GOLD CREEK WATERSHEDS (FROM MCKENDRICK ET AL. 1982) Category Total vegetation Overstory (>10 em dbh) Pica glauca Understory (2.5 -10 em dbh) Picea glaucf 'itrii'Us s1nu a a Shrub layer (>0.5 m tall, <2.5 em dbh) Picea glauca '1\TriUs c nspa "'RCi'Sa"""" aCI'C'lii'ar is Ground layer (<0.5 m tall) Feather mosses Ptilium spp. Equ1setum arvense Egu1setum s1lvat1cum l1nnaea boreal1s Betula 9Iandulosa Rosa ac1cular 1s t:alamagrost1s canadensis * Number of areas sampled was 5. White spruce White spruce Sitka alder White spruce American green alder Prickly rose Feather moss Meadow horsetail Woodland horsetail Twin flower Resin birch Prickly rose Bluejoint Average Cover** (percent) 100 35 35 11 3 6 4 1 4 3 94 30 24 11 6 15 6 5 23 **Includes only those species with at least 5 percent cover in any one area sampled. ~I - - ~ I - - - - - ,.... - ,_ ,..., ,.. .. f"• TABLE E.3.55: COVER PERCENTAGES FOR TOTAL VEGETATION, VERTICAL STRATA, AND PLANT SPECIES IN OPEN BLACK SPRUCE VEGETATION TYPE* IN WATANA AND GOLD CREEK WATERSHEDS (FROM McKENDRICK ET AL. 1982) Average Category Cover** (percent) Total vegetation 96 Overstory (>10 em dbh) 14 Picea glauca White spruce 13 P~cea mar~ana Black spruce 5 Understory (2.5 -10 em dbh) 10 Picea glauca · White spruce 4 P~cea mar~ana Black spruce 5 Shrub layer (>0.5 m tall, <2.5 em dbh) 7 Picea mariana Black spruce 8 Sahx spp. Willow 2 Ground layer (<0.5 m tall) 93 Mosses, unidentified 34 Feather mosses Feather moss 30 Cladonia spp. 7 Em~etrum niSrum Crowberry 14 Le urn decum ens Northern Labrador tea 14 Vacc~n~um ul~g~nosum Bog blueberry 10 Vacc~n~um v~t~s-~daea Mountain cranberry 15 Equ~setum s~lvat~cum Woodland horsetail 12 Sahx spp. Willow 7 P~cea mariana Black spruce 4 * Number of areas sampled was 3. **Includes only those species with at least 5 percent cover in any one area sampled. TABLE E.3.56: COVER PERCENTAGES FOR TOTAL VEGETATION, VERTICAL STRATA, AND PLANT SPECIES IN WOODLAND CONIFER VEGETATION TYPE * IN WATANA AND GOLD CREEK WATERSHEDS (FROM MCKENDRICK ET AL. 1982) Category Total vegetation Overstory (>10 ern dbh) Pica glauca Understory (2.5 -10 em dbh) White spruce Picea mariana Black spruce Shrub layer (>0.5 rn tall, <2.5 ern dbh) Picea mariana Black spruce Ground layer (<0.5 m tall) Feather mosses Sphatnum spp. Emae rum niSrum Le urn decum ens reaum groenlandicum vaccln1um ul1g1nosum Equ1setum s1lvat1cum Rubus archeus ~ chamaemorus P1cea mar1ana Carex b1gelowii Carex spp. * Number of areas sampled was 6. Feather moss Sphagnum moss Crowberry Northern Labrador tea Labrador tea Bog blueberry Woodland horsetail Nagoonberry Cloudberry Black spruce Bigelow sedge Sedge Average Cover** (percent) 99 12 11 17 15 93 5 62 8 5 5 23 10 15 5 3 7 6 **Includes only those species with at least 5 percent cover in any one area sampled. - - - ~I - .... !':""' I' i I"''" , . ., .. TABLE E.3.57: COVER PERCENTAGES FOR TOTAL VEGETATION, VERTICAL STRATA, AND PLANT SPECIES IN CLOSED BALSAM POPLAR FOREST VEGETATION TYPE* IN WATANA AND GOLD CREEK WATERSHEDS (FROM MCKENDRICK ET AL. 1982) Category Total vegetation Overstory (>10 em dbh) Pica glaf)cj ~Ius a samifera Understory (2.5 -10 em dbh) White spruce Balsam poplar Populus balsamifera Balsam poplar Shrub layer (>0.5 m tall, <2.5 em dbh) Populus balsamifera Balsam poplar Ground layer (<0.5 m tall) Ptiliurrr spp. Polytnchum spp. Em§etrum m,Srum Le urn decum ens vaccrn1um ul1~1nosum Vacc1n1um v1t1s-1daea Cornus canadens1s PQPUTUs balsam1tera Sp1raea beauverd1ana * Number of areas sampled was 1. Crowberry Northern Labrador tea Bog blueberry Mountain cranberry Bunchberry Balsam poplar Beauverd spiraea **Includes only those species with at least 5 percent cover. Average Cover** (percent) 99 80 1 75 5 5 10 5 85 20 5 30 40 40 20 40 1 5 TABLE E.3.58: COVER PERCENTAGES FOR TOTAL VEGETATION, VERTICAL STRATA, AND PLANT SPECIES IN CLOSED BIRCH DECIDUOUS FOREST VEGETATION TYPE* IN WATANA AND GOLD CREEK WATERSHEDS (FROM MCKENDRICK ET AL. 1982) Category Total vegetation Overstory (>10 em dbh) Pica glauca Betul~rifera Understory (2.5 -10 em dbh) Picea glauca Betula~i fer a Shrub layer (>0.5 m tall, <2.5 em dbh) Picea glauca Betular)apyr'ifera Ground layer (<0.5 m tall) Ptilium spp. Polytnchum spp. Vacc1n1um uliginosum Vacc1n1um v1t1s-1daea Equ1setum s1lvat1cum Cornus canadens1s ~grost1s canadensis Gymnocarp1um dryopter1s Mertens1a pan1culata * Number of areas sampled was 2. White spruce Paper birch White spruce Paper birch rr t spruce Paper birch Bog blueberry Mountain cranberry Woodland horsetail Bunchberry Bluejoint Oak-fern Tall bluebell Average Cover** (percent) 99 73 8 68 9 5 3 3 1 3 95 15 5 15 5 10 16 38 20 10 **Includes only those species with at least 5 percent cover in any one area sampled. - ~I - - - - """'· I - -I i' - - - ,""':" TABLE E.3.59: COVER PERCENTAGES FOR TOTAL VEGETATION, VERTICAL STRATA, AND PLANT SPECIES IN CLOSED ASPEN DECIDUOUS VEGETATION TYPE* IN WATANA AND GOLD CREEK WATERSHEDS (FROM MCKENDRICK ET AL. 19B2) Category Total vegetation Overstory (>10 em dbh) Betula papyrifera ~s tremulo1des Understory (2.5-10 em dbh) Betula papyrifera POpUlUs tremulo1des Shrub layer (>0.5 m tall, Picea glauca ~a papyrifera ~ 2Iandulosa Rosa ac1cular1s 'SBITx spp. ~us tremuloides Ground layer (<0.5 m tall) Ptilium spp. Polytr1chum spp. Ledum decumbens vaccin1um ul1l1nosum l1nnaea borea 1s Cornus canadens1s ~s1a pan1culata Ep1lob1um angust1folium Geocaulon l1v1dum Sp1raea beauverd1ana Vacc1n1um v1t1s-1daea Betula nana "ViD'iJITi'uiiie'd" ul is Lycopod1um-annDtinum Lycopod1um clavatum <2.5 em dbh) * Number of areas sampled was 1. Paper birch Trembling aspen Paper birch Trembling aspen White spruce Paper birch Resin birch Prickly rose Willow Trembling aspen Northern Labrador tea Bog blueberry Twin flower Bunchberry Tall bluebell Fire weed Sandalwood Beauverd spiraea Mountain cranberry Dwarf arctic birch Highbush cranberry Stiff clubmoss Running clubmoss **Includes only those species with at least 5 percent cover. Average Cover•• (percent) 99 80 5 80 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 85 5 5 20 10 5 80 5 5 5 5 10 5 5 5 5 TABLE E.3.60: COVER PERCENTAGES FOR TOTAL VEGETATION, VERTICAL STRATA, AND PLANT SPECIES IN OPEN MIXED CONIFER-DECIDUOUS FOREST VEGETATION TYPE* IN WATANA AND GOLD CREEK WATERSHEDS (FROM MCKENDRICK ET AL. 1982) Category Total vegetation Overstory (>10 em dbh) Picea glauca Betula papyrifera Understory (2.5 -10 em dbh) Picea glauca Betula papyrifera Shrub layer (>0.5 m tall, <2.5 em dbh) Picea glauca tretUT a --pa:pyri fer a Sal1x novae-angl1ae Ground layer (<0.5 m tall) Feather mosses Ptilium spp. Emaetrum nigrum Le urn decum ens vaccin1um ul1g1nosum Vacc1n1um v1t1s-1daea Equ1setum s1lvat1cum Cornus canadensis P1cea glauta !BI8magros 1s canadensis Gymnocarp1um dryopter1s * Number of areas sampled was 8. White spruce Paper birch White spruce Paper birch White spruce Paper birch Tall blueberry willow Feather moss Crowberry Northern Labrador tea Bog blueberry Mountain cranberry Woodland horsetail Bunchberry White spruce Bluejoint Oak-fern Average Cover** (percent) 100 38 20 12 7 5 1 17 2 2 11 79 18 34 6 6 16 9 3 13 2 11 8 **Includes only those species with at least 5 percent cover in any one area sampled. ~I - - - - - TABLE E.3.61: COVER PERCENTAGES FOR TOTAL VEGETATION, VERTICAL STRATA, AND PLANT SPECIES IN CLOSED MIXED tONIFER-.DECIDUOUS fOREST VEGETATION TYPE* IN WATANA AND GOLD CREEK WATERSHEDS (FROM }!Cf<ENDRICK ET Al. 1982) Category Total vegetation Overstory (>10 em dbh) Picea glauca Betula papyrifera Understory (2. 5 -10 em dbh) Picea glauca Betula papyri fer a Shrub layer (>0.5 m tall, <2.5 em dbh} Picea glauca Ground layer (<0.5 m tall) Ptilium spp. Empetrum nigtum . Vacc1n1um v1 1s-1daea Egu1setum sllvat1cum Cornus canadensis Rubus archeus ~agrost1s canadensis * Number of areas sampled was 3. White spruce Paper birch White spruce Paper birch White spruce Crowberry Mountain cranberry Woodland horsetail Bunchberry Nagoonberry Bluejoint Average Cover** (percent) 98 60 33 35 8 3 4 4 3 88 40 3 8 24 n 7 30 **Includes only those species with at least 5 JJercent cover in any one a.rea sampled. TABLE E.3.62: COVER PERCENTAGES FOR TOTAL VEGETATION, VERTICAL STRATA,. AND PLANT SPECIES IN WET SEDGE-GRASS TUNDRA VEGETATION TYPE* IN WATANA AND GOLD CREEK WATERSHEDS (FROM MCKENDRICK ET AL. 1982) Category Total vegetation Shrub layer (>0.5 m tall, <2.5 em dbh) Salix planifolia ssp. pulchra Diamondleaf willow Sahx spp. Willow Ground layer (<0.5 m tall) Mosses, unidentified Sphagnum spp. Sal1x fuscescens ~agrost1s canadensis Carex aquablis Carex b1gelowu * Number of areas sampled was 3. Sphagnum moss Alaska bog willow Bluejoint Water sedge Bigelow sedge Average Cover** (percent) 99 13 a 5 86 20 22 5 14 38 23 **Includes only those species with at least 5 percent cover in any one area sampled. - - - - - - -~ I'"" .... TABLE E. 3.63: COVER PERCENTAGES FOR TOTAL VEGETATION, VERTICAL STRATA, AND PLANT SPECIES IN MESIC SEDGE-GRASS TUNDRA VEGETATION TYPE* IN WATANA AND GOLD CREEK WATERSHEDS (MCKENDRICK ET AL. 1982) Category Total vegetation Ground layer (<0.5 m tall) Polytrichum spp. . a~ bigelowii ~spp. * Number of areas sampled was 2. Hairy-cap moss Willow Bigelow sedge Sedge Average Cover.c** (percent) 65 65 5 13 30 4 **Includes only those species with at !.east 5 percent cover in any one area sampled. TABLE E.3.64: PLANT SPECIES LIST OF ONE HERBACEOUS ALPINE TUNDRA ·sTAND IN WATANA AND GOLD CREEK WATERSHEDS (MCKENDRICK ET AL. 1982) Category Lycopodium alpinum Lycopod~um annot1num Lycopod1um selago Equ1setum spp. Carex b1~elowii Carex f1 1fol1a rrrophorum angustifolium Calamagrost1s purpurascens Deschamps1a caesp1tosa F estuca rubra Phleum c~atum "JUn'CUs' spp • Luzula confusa Luzula tundncola ~is alpestr1s Campanula las1ocarpa Aster s1bincus ~is1a arct1ca Petas1tes fr1g1dus Senec1o atropurpureus Sedum rosea 'S'i'T'eii' e --acBi:i"l is ~s1a lapponica Cass1ope tetrafona Ep1lob1um lat1 ol1um Polemon1um acut1florum Polygonum b1storta Rumex arct1cus ~tum delphinifolium Anemone narc1Ss1flora Caltha lettosepala ~sor a st1pulata S1b ald1a procumbens Sal1x phlebophylla m polans '5iiTiX rehculata ~ rotundlfolia B0YK1n1a rlchardsonii Sax1fraga tr1cusp1data Veron1ca wormskJold11 Valenana cap1tata Polytr1chum spp. Common Names Alpine clubmoss Stiff clubmoss Fir clubmoss Horsetail Bigelow sedge Thread-leaf sedge Tall cottongrass Purple reedgrass Tufted hairgrass Red fescue Timothy Rush Northern woodrush Tundra woodrush Forget-me-not Mountain harebell Siberian aster Wormwood Arctic sweet coltsfoot Ragwort Roseroot Moss campion Diapensia Four-angle mountain-heather Dwarf fireweed Jacob's ladder Meadow bistort Arctic dock Monkshood AOemone Mountain marsh-marigold Sitka burnet Sibbaldia Skeletonleaf willow Polar willow Netleaf willow Least willow Richardson boykinia Three-tooth saxifrage Alpine speedwell Capitate valerian Hairy-cap moss - .... - I"""' !""" ! - r· ,...., TABLE E.3.65: COVER PERCENTAGES FOR TOTAL VEGETATION, VERTICAL STRATA, AND PLANT SPECIES IN CLOSED MAT AND CUSHION TUNDRA VEGETATION TYPE* IN WATANA AND GOLD CREEK WATERSHEDS (FROM MCKENDRICK ET AL. 1982) Category Total vegetation Ground layer (<0.5 m tall) Lichens, unidentified Cladonia spp. Em~etrum nigrum Le urn decum ens vaccrn~um ul~g~nosum Arctosta~hylos spp. Betula g andulosa 'BeUila nana * Number of areas sampled was 8. Crowberry Northern Labrador tea Bog blueberry Bearberry Resin birch Dwarf arctic birch Average Cover** (percent) 78 78 14 8 8 7 8 7 6 10 **Includes only those species with at least 5 percent cover in any one area sampled. TABLE E.3.66: COVER PERCENTAGES FOR TOTAL VEGETATION, VERTICAL STRATA, AND PLANT SPECIES IN CLOSED TALL ALDER VEGETATION TYPE* IN WATANA AND GOLD CREEK WATERSHEDS (FROM MCKENDRICK ET AL. 1982) Average Category Cover** Total vegetation Understory (2. 5 -10 em db h) Alnus sinuata Alnus cuspa Shrub layer (>0.5 m tall, Alnus sinuata 1ii'miS cr 1spa R1bes spp. Ground layer (<O.S m tall) E9uisetum silvaticum R1bes spp. 'Alii'Us sinuata t:alimagrost1s canadensis <2.5 em dbh) * Number of areas sampled was 3. Sitka alder American green alder Sitka alder American green alder Currant Woodland horsetail Currant Sitka alder Bluejoint (percent) 96 57 25 32 38 28 10 8 62 31 8 7 35 **Includes only those species with at least 5 percent cover in any one area sampled. - - - - ..... !""• ..... i .... - TABLE E.3.67: COVER PERCENTAGES FOR TOTAL VEGETATION, VERTICAL STRATA, AND PLANT SPECIES IN OPEN TALL ALDER VEGETATION TYPE* IN WATANA AND GOLD CREEK WATERSHEDS (FROM MCKENDRICK ET AL. 1982) Average Category Cover** (percent) Total Vegetation 85 Overstory (>10 em dbhl 10 Picea glauca White Spruce 10 Understory (2.5 -10 em dbhl 45 Plcea glauca White Spruce 5 Alnus slnuata Sitka alder 40 Ground layer (<0.5 m tall 25 Llnnaea borealis Twin flower 5 A I nus S lnuata Sitka alder 5 Calamagrostls canadensis Bluejolnt 10 * Number of areas sampled was 1. **Includes only those species with at least 5 percent cover In any one area sampled • TABLE E.3.68: COVER PERCENTAGES FOR TOTAL VEGETATION, VERTICAL STRATA, AND PLANT SPECIES IN CLOSED LOW SHRUB VEGETATION TYPE* IN WATANA AND GOLD CREEK WATERSHEDS (fROM MCKENDRICK ET AL. 1982) AVi3rage Category Cover** Total vegetation Shrub layer (>0.5 m tall, <2.5 em dbh) Betula tlandulosa Sal1x p an1fol1a ssp. pulchra Ground layer (<0.5 m tall) Mosses, unidentified Feather mosses Em!jetrum nt.;rum Le urn decu ens ~ groenlandicum V8CCin1um ul191nosum Vacc1n1um v1t1s-1daea Arctostalhylos rubra Betula g andulo~ 'BetiiT8 nana * Number of areas sampled was 10. Resin birch Diamondleaf willow Feather moss Crol<tberry Northern Labrador tea Labrador tea Bog blueberry Mountain cranberry Red-fruit bearberry Resin birch Dwarf arctic birch (percent) 93 42 10 8 52 17 6 7 18 4 8 8 6 34 9 **Includes only those species with at least 5 percent cover in any one area sampled. - - - - - - - - ..... TABLE E.3.69: COVER PERCENTAGES FOR TOTAL VEGETATION, VERTICAL STRATA, AND PLANT SPECIES IN OPEN LOW SHRUB VEGETATION TYPE* IN WATANA AND GOLD CREEK WATERSHEDS (FROM MCKENDRICK ET AL. 1982) Category Total vegetation Shrub layer (>0.5 m tall, <2.5 em dbh) Betula glandulosa Ground layer (<0.5 m tall) Feather mosses Ledum sroenlandicum vaccrn~um u1~1~nosum Betula glandu osa Carex aquahhs * Number of areas sampled was 2. Resin birch Feather moss Labrador tea Bog blueberry Resin .birch Water sedge Average Cover** (percent) 100 17 5 83 13 5 15 15 43 **Includes only those species with at least 5 percent cover in any one area sampled • TABLE E.3.70: AQUATIC PLANT SURVEY, SUSITNA HYDROELECTRIC PR~JECT, AUGUST 1980 CFROM MCKENDRICK ET AL. 1982) SPECIES Pond or Lake Cl> 11TRUE 11 AQUATICS 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Cllmaclum 5Po --Moss d(*) c lsoetes murlcata --Quillwort s Equlsetum fluviatile--Horsetal I d d d c d s s Sparganlum angu5tlfo11um --Bur reed c d d d d d d c d c c d s 5 c c c Potamogeton sp. --Pondweed (narrow-leaved) c c s Potamogeton sp. --Pondweed (broad-leaved) s s c d Potamogeton robblnsll --Pondweed d Potamogeton flllforml5 --Pondweed s s Erlophorum spp. --Cotton grass s Carex aguatllls --Sedge d d c c d d c d Nuphar polysepalum --Yellow pond Illy c d d d d d c d d d d c d d d d d Ranunculus contervoldes --Buttercup c d d s s s s Potent! I Ia palustrls --Marsh tlvetlnger s Callltrlche verna--Water starwort d Hlppurls vulgaris--Mare's tall c c s d c c s s s Menyanthes trlfollata --Buckbean s Utricular Ia vulgaris --Bladderwort c d c c d d 5 s d * d = dominant, c = common, s sparse J ) . -.J .. -~ ) l -1 J I TABLE E.J.70 (Contd.) SPECIES Pond or Lake (#) "BANK" SPECIES 2 J 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1J 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Sphagnum spp. --Sphagnum moss c(*)d d Equisetum fluviatile --Horsetail d d d s Woodsia sp. --Wbodsia s Calamagrostis canadensis --Reed bent grass d d d c c s I Eriophorum spp. --Cotton grass d d c d d d c s d c ~ sp. --Sedge d d d ~ aquatilis --Sedge d d d d d d d d d d s d d d d d d d d d Carex rh~ncoph~sa --Sedge s s Iris setosa --Iris s ----- Salix sp. --Willow c s s Potentilla palustris --Marsh fivefinger c d c c d c c d c s s c d c Andromeda polifolia --Andromeda c Menyanthes trifoliate --Buckbean s c c d s c * d = dominant, c = common, s = sparse TABLE E.3.70 (Contd) Pond or Lake II 2 3 4 5 6 7 a 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 2J 24 Total (*) Cover (Ill) <1 <5 0-1 10-20 <5 0-5 0-1 1-5 1-2 80-90 80-100 50-60 1-5 0-1 5-10 40-50 15 20-30 20-35 10-20 Surrounding Wetland Width (Meters) 0 2-3 3-6 6-9 3-6 3-6 2-9 15-30 0-3 15-25 3-5 15-30 15-25 30-45 3-15 1-2 2-3 0 6-9 12-15 3-6 2-3 Elevation (feet) 1950 1700 2300 2300 2180 2180 2800 1950 1950 1975 2300 2280 2410 2340 1850 2300 2060 2750 1800 3000 2250 2560 2575 2560 * data not recorded 1 J j .J ,..... !""" - I""" I""" !"""' - - TABLE E.3.71: HECTARES AND PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL AREA COVERED BY VEGETATIVE COMMUNITY TYPES IN THE WATANA WATERSHED (MODIFIED FROM MCKENDRICK ET AT. 19B2, BASED ON MAPS AT A SCALE OF 1:250,000) Vegetative Community Hectares Acres Percent of Total Forest 310,155 766,393 21.29 conifer 300,931 743,600 20.66 woodland spruce 185,608 458,637 12.74 open spruce 115,001 284,167 7.89 closed, spruce 323 798 0.02 deciduous 1,290 3,188 0.09 open birch 968 2,392 0.07 closed birch 323 798 0.02 Mixed 7,933 19,602 0.54 open 7,817 19,316 0.54 closed 134 331 o.,ot Tundra 323,612 799,645 22.21 wet sedge 4,839 11~,9>1 0.33 mesic sedge 183,834 454,254 12.62 heraaceous alpine 807 1,194 0.06 mat and cushion 51,690 127,726 3.55 mat and cushion/sedge 82,442 203,714 5.66 Shrub land 595,519 1,471,527 40.88 tall shrub 93,379 230,74() 6.75 low shrub 497,140, 1,228,433 34.13 birch 20,520 50,705 1'.41 willow 10,645 26,304 0'.73 mixed 465,975 1,151,424 31.99 Unvegetated 227,497 562,145 15.62 water 34,715 85,781 2.38 rock 103,063 254,669 7.07 snow and ice 891720 221,698 6.16 Total· vegetated area 1,229,286 3,037,566 84.38 Total area 1,456,783 3,599,711 100.00 Area TABLE E.3.72: HECTARES AND PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL AREA COVERED BY VEGETATIVE COMMUNITY TYPES IN THE GOLD CREEK WATERSHED (MODIFIED FROM MCKENDRICK ET AT. 1982, BASED ON MAPS AT A SCALE OF 1:250,000) Vegetative Community Hectares Acres Percent of Total Forest 38,077 94,088 21.86 conifer 6,655 16,445 3.82 woodland spruce 2,783 6,877 1. 60 open spruce 3,872 9,568 2.22 closed spruce deciduous open birch closed birch Mixed 31,422 77,644 18.04 open 15,570 38,474 8.94 closed 15,852 39,170 9.10 Tundra 71,073 175,621 40.80 wet sedge mesic sedge 524 1,295 0.30 herbaceous alpine mat and cushion 13,311 32,891 7.64 mat and cushion/sedge 57,238 141,435 32.85 Shrubland 49,171 121,501 28.22 tall shrub 30,656 75,751 17.60 low shrub 18,515 45,751 10.63 birch 13,029 32,195 7.48 willow mixed 5,486 13,556 3.15 Unvegetated 15,895 39,277 9.12 water 5,125 12,664 2.94 rock 10,649 26,314 6.11 snow and ice 121 299 0.07 Total vegetated area 158,321 391,211 90.88 Total area 174,216 430,488 100.00 - Area - ~~ - ., - - - ~ - - - - - ,...... ,... .. TABLE E.3.73: PERCENT COVER IN EARLY SUCCESSIONAL STANDS* ON DOWNSTREAM FLOOD- PLAIN OF SUSITNA RIVER (FROM MCKENDRICK ET AL. 1982) Mean Category Percent Cover Physical Features Water + Bare ground 53 Gravel, cobbles 2 Vegetation Categories Litter 13 Standing dead + Perennial grasses 1 Peren·n i a I forbs 25 Mosses + Lichens + Low shrubs 4 Ta II shrubs + Trees 8 Total vegetation 38 Vegetation by Seecies or Genus Equlsetum varlegatum Variegated horsetail 25 Poeulus balsamifera Balsam poplar 8 Sa I ix a laxens is Feltleaf willow 4 Salix novae-angl iae Tall blueberry willow 1 SailX arbuscu I o l des Little tree wi I low + Salix sp. WI I low + Astragalus sp. Mi I k-vetch + Hedysarum sp. Sweet-vetch + Calamagrostis canadensis · Bluejoint + Erlophorum sp. Cotton grass + Scireus sp. Builrush + Alnus tenuifolia Thin leaf alder + Alnus sinuata SItka aIder + Artemisia telesl i Wori!Jiriood + Neehroma sp. Nephroma + *Early successional stands were numbers 1, 5, 6, 8, 9, 13, 14, 15, 20, 21, 22, and 25 shown in Figure E.3.34. Number of transects sampled was 42. TABLE Eo3o74: PERCENT COVER IN ALDER STANDS* ON DOWNSTREAM FLOODPLAIN OF SUSITNA RIVER CFROM MCKENDRICK ET ALo 1982) Category Physical Features Bare ground LITter VegetatIon Categor les Standing dead Perennial grasses Perennial forbs Mosses Lichens Low shrubs Ta II shrubs Trees Total vegetation Vegetation by STeeles or Genus Ca I amagrost.:·s canadensis Alnus tenulfol i.a A I nus sl nuata Vfbij"j='"n um ed u I e Ep I I obI um--aii'Q'iJs t I to I I um Populus baolsamlfera .;e.rtemlsla tllesll Sa1;~,x a I axens Is Sallx novae-angllae Sa llx. spo ste!T"ar I a sp o Epllobium latlfollum Rosa acicularls R I bes SPPo HeifYSarum sp o Rubus arcticus Rubus ldaeus Tr'"i'eii"ta II s europaea Ga llum sp. Poa sp. Bl ueJolnt Thlnfeaf alder Sitka alder Hlghbush cranberry Flreweed Balsam poplar Wormwood .feltleaf w r I low Ta II blueberry wi I low Willow Starwort Dwarf flreweed Prickly rose Currant Sweet-vetch Nagoonberry Raspberry Arctic starflower Bedstraw Bluegr.ass * Alder stands were numbers 2, 19, 23, and 27 shown In Figure E.3.34. Number of 'transects samp.led was 20. Mean Percent Cover 1 99 + 38 11 + + 6 60 13 87 38 59 3 1 3 13 3 5 + + + + + + + + + + + + ""'' I - - - - - - - II"'• - - ..... - - TABLE E.J. 75: PERCENT COYER IN ~MMATURE BALSAM POPLAR STANDS* ON DOWNSTREAM fLOODPLAIN (fROM t-CKENORICK ET AL. 1982) Category Physical Features Vegetation Categories Litter Standing dead Perennial grasses Perennial forbs Mosses Low shrubs Ta II shrubs Trees Total vegetation Vegetation by Species or Genus Populus balsamifera A I nus tenu I folta Alnus slnuata CaraiilagrostT s canadens I. s V I burnum edu I e Artemlsla tiles i I Heradeum lanatum Mertensla panlculata Rosa ac leu Jar Is "'Pl"Ce'"a :g I au ca SciTi'X .novae-ang I i ae ""P"Yr'OTa secunda Pyrola sp. Rubus ldaeus ~isorba stipulata Ga I tum sp. Matteuccla struttllepteris Streptopus amp I ex I caulls Ba I sam poplar Thlnleaf alder Sitka alder Bluejolnt Hlghbush cranberry Wormwood Cow parsnip Tal f bluebell Prickly rose White spruce Ta I I blueberry w II low One-sided wintergreen Wintergreen Raspberry Sitka burnet Bedstraw Ostrich fern Cucumber-root *Immature 'balsam poplar stands were numbers 10, 12, and 26 shown In Figure E.3.34. Number of transects sampled was 18. Mean Percent Cover 95 + 23 9 + 6 48 62 91 62 40 8 23 3 3 1 1 3 + + + + + + + + + TABLE E.3. 76: PERCENT COVER IN BIRCH-SPRI.X:E STANDS* ON DOWNSTREAM FLOODPLAIN, SUMMER 1981 (FROM I>CKENDRICK ET AL. 1982) Category Vegetation Categories Litter Standing dead Perennial grasses Perennial forbs Mosses Low shrubs Ta II shrubs Trees Total vegetation Vegetation by Species or Genus Betula papyrlfera Plcea glauca Alnus tenulfolla Alnus slnuata Vfi)'ij'i='" n um ed u I e Ribes spp. Rosa aclcularls CaTamagrostl s canadensis Dryopteris dllatata Gymnocarplum sp. Echinopanax horrldum Cornus canadensis Mertensla paniculata Rubus ldaeus EpTTO"b'lum angustlfollum Epi loblum latlfoltum Sa I I x novae-ang I I ae Rubus sp. Rubus arcticus TrlEirltalls europaea Paper birch White spruce Thlnleaf alder Sitka alder Hlghbush cranberry Currant Prickly rose Bluejolnt Splnulose shield-fern Oak-fern Devil 's club Bunch berry Tall bluebell Raspberry Fireweed Dwarf f1reweed Ta I I blueberry wi I low Bramble Nagoonberry Arctic starflower *Birch-spruce stands were numbers 4, 1 1, and 29 shown In Figure E.3.34. Number of transects sampled was 20. Mean Percent Cover 100 + 18 44 1 40 14 52 93 42 12 10 5 19 5 20 18 7 4 4 1 1 3 1 + + + + + ..... - - - - - - - - ,... !"""' - .... f""' TABLE E.3.77: HECTARES AND PERCENT Of TOTAL AREA COVERED BY VEGETATION TYPES WITHIN THE HEALY TO FAIRBANKS STUDY CORRIDOR (FROM MCKENDRICK ET AL. 1982) Vegetation Type* Hectares Acres Percent forest 86,830 214,557 Woodland spruce 1,812 4,477 Open spruce 31,739 78,427 Closed spruce 1,347 3,328 Woodland deciduous 993 2,454 ~en deciduous 12,553 31 '018 Closed deciduous 10,384 25,659 Woodland conifer-deciduous 961 2,375 Open conifer-deciduous 12,502 30,892 Closed conifer-deciduous 4,125 10,193 Open spruce/open deciduous 948 2,343 ~en spruce/wet sedge-grass/ 1,993 4,925 open deciduous Open spruce/low shrub/wet 7,008 17,317 sedge-grass/open deciduous Open spruce/low shrub 465 1' 149 Tundra 4,407 1 o, 890 Wet sedge-grass 2,268 5,604 Sedge grass 277 684 Sedge shrub 566 1,39'7 Sedge-grass/mat and cushion 1,296 3,202 Shrub land 17' 199 42,499 Low mixed shrub 15,405 38,066 Willow shrub 58 143 Low shrub/wet sedge-grass 1 '736 4,290 Agricultural land 175 432 Disturbed 431 1,065 Unvegetated 2,467 6,096 Lakes 196 484 River 2,143 5,295 Gravel 128 316 Total Area 111,509 275,539 *The Tanana Flats portion of the transmission corridor is an area of extremely eomplex mosaics of various vegetation types. As a result, various complexes were recognized. of Total 77.9 1.6 28.5 1.2 .9 11.3 9.3 0.9 11.2 3.7 0.9 . 1.8 6.3 0.4 3.9 2.0 0.2 .5 1.2 15.4 13.8 .05 1.6 .2 .4 2.2 .2 1. 9 .1 100.0 Area TABLE E.3.78: HECTARES AND PERCENT OF TOTAL AREA COVERED BY VEGETATION TYPES WITHIN THE WILLOW TO COOK INLET STUDY CORRIDOR (FROM MCKENDRICK ET AL. 1982) Vegetation Type Hectares Acres Percent Forest 25,8.51 63,878 Woodlamd :spruce 2,4.57 6,071 Open sprt~ce 3,402 8,406 Closed spruce 3,226 7,971 Open birch 16 40 Closed birch 3,638 8,989 Open balsam poplar 100 247 Closed balsam poplar 172 42.5 Open conifer-deciduous 1, 697 4,193 Closed conifer-deciduous 11 '143 27,.534 Wet sedge-grass 9,123 22,543 Shrub land 2,213 .5,468 Closed tall shrub 92 227 low mixed shrub 2,121 5,240 Lakes 1' 011 2,498 Disturbed 381 941 of Total 67.0 6.3 8.8 8.4 .04 9.4 .3 • .5 4.4 28.9 23.7 .5.7 .2 5 • .5 2.6 1.0 Total Area 38,.579 95,328 100.0 Area - ·- II"'\ - - - - - - 1"""1 .... - I"'"' TABLE E.3.79: AREAS OF DIFFERENT VEGETATION TYPES TO BE CROSSED BY WILLOW-TO-HEALY TRANSMISSION CORRIDOR* Proportion of Total Area Cover Type Hectares Acres Cleared Moist tundra 37.5 92.8 1.5 Wet tundra 77.6 191.6 3.1 Alpine tundra 17.5 43.3 0.7 Bottomland spruce- poplar forest 215.2 531.8 8.6 Upland spruce- hardwood forest 1168.7 2888.0 46.7 Lowland spruce- hardwood forest 608.1 1502.7 24.3 Shrub lands 290.3 717.3 11.6 Low brush, muskeg bog 87.6 216.4 3.5 --- Total: 2502.6 6183.8 100.0% *Calculated from data in Table 22 from Commonwealth Associates (1982). The values here represent the additional clearing of the corridor to 91 m (300ft) from the 33m (110ft) given by Commonwealth Associates (1982). TABLE E.3.80: AREAS OF EACH VEGETATION TYPE TO BE CROSSED BY WATANA-TO-GOLD CREEK TRANSMISSION CORRIDORS, AND PERCENT TOTAL* FOR WATANA AND GOLD CREEK WATERSHEDS Watana to Devil Canyon Dev I I Canyon** to Gold Creek*** Vegetation Ty~e ha acres ~· ha acres ~· Forest 48.3 119.4 o.o 120.5 297.6 o.o Woodland white spruce 27.8 68.7 o.o Open white spruce Open black spruce 5.6 13.8 o.o Open birch 0.8 2.0 0.1 2.8 6.9 0.3 Closed birch 3.3 8.2 2.5 Closed balsam poplar Open mixed Closed mixed 16.4 40.5 0.1 112.1 276.9 0.7 Shrub land 184.8 456.5 o.o Closed tall 51.9 128.2 o.o low (birch) 32.3 79.8 0.1 low (willow) 88.3 218.1 0.8 low (mixed) 12.3 30.4 o.o Tundra 146.7 362.4 o.o 11.2 27.7 o.o Wet sedge-grass 11.2 27.7 0.2 Sedge-grass 47.4 117.1 o.o Sedge shrub 48.2 119.1 **** Mat and cushIon 51.1 126.2 0.1 Total 379.8 938.3 131.7 325.3 * Percent of total area of each vegetation type In entire Watana and Gold Creek watersheds, based on 1:2.50, 000-sca le mappIng (McKendrIck et a 1. 1982). ** Based on clearing width of 300ft. *** Based on clearing width of 510ft. **** Data not ava II ab I e tor entIre Watana and Go I d Creek watersheds. - - ,..., """\ """i - - ~ - - - - r TABLE E.3.B1: VEGETATION AND WETLAND CLASSES FOUND IN THE PROPOSED SUSITNA IMPOUNDMENT AND BORROW AREAS Mapping Unit (Viereck & Dyrness 1980) Lakes, ponds Rivers, streams Wet sedge-grass Low shrub Birch shrtb Willow shrub Open black spruce Wbodland black spruce Open white spruce Closed white spruce Open balsam poplar Closed balsam poplar FWS Wetland Class (Cowardin et al. 1979) Lacustrine unconsolidated bottom, aquaticbed, · unconsolidated shore Riverine Upper Perennial rock bottom, unconsolidated bottom, rocky shore, unconsolidated shore Palustrine or Lacustrine emergent Palustrine scrub-shrub Palustrine scrub-shrub Palustrine scrub-shrub Palustrine forested Palustrine forested Palustrine forested Palustrine forested Palustrine forested Palustrine forested TASLE E.3.82: HECTARES OF DIFFERENT WETLAND TYPES• BY PROJECT COMPONENT (FROM MCKENDRICK ET AL. 1982) Wetland Type Palustrine forested Palustrine scrub-shrub Pa 1 ustr lne emergent Lacustrl ne emergent LacustrIne Riverine Total Wetland Type Palustrine forested Palustrine shrub-scrub Pa I ustrl ne emergent Lacustrl ne emergent Lacustr lne Riverine Total Impoundment, Dam and Spit lways 7,408 1, 126 139 4 54 2,182 1 o, 913 Impoundment, Dam and SpIll ways · 800 43 12 1 810 1,666 WATANA FACILITY Camp, VIllage and Airstrip 142 8 150 A 252 62 8 322 DEVIL CANYON FACILITY Camp and VIllage -0- *Wetland types according to Cowardln et at. (1979). J J J -_] ·~·····_] D 16 212 8 236 BORROW AREAS E F 133 80 . 199 133 279 Borrow Area K J 11 29 40 H 345 38 383 J 15 15 -l Jl l 1 TABL~ E.3.83: HECTARES OF DIFFEREN1" VEGETATION TYPES TO BE IMPACTED aY THE WATANA FACILITY COMPARED WITH TOTAL HECTARES OF THAT TYPE UPSTREAM OF GOLD CREEK IN THE SUSITNA WATERSHED AND IN THE AREA WITHIN 16 km OF THE SUSITNA RIVER* (MODIFIED FROM MCKENDRICK ET AL. 1982) Borrow Areas 1 Vegetation Type Forest Woodland spruce- black Woodland spruce- wli I te Open spruce-black Open spruce-white Open birch C I osed b I rch Closed balsam poplar Open con I fer'" deciduous Closed conifer- deciduous Tundra Wet sedge-grass Sedge-grass Sedge shrub Mat and cushion Shrub land Open ta II shrub Closed tal I shrub Birch shrub Willow shrub Mixed low shrub Herbaceous Grassland Disturbed Unvegetated Rock Snow and Ice River Lake Dam and Spillways .34**** 8 1 13 46 6 17 1 22 13 1 12 5 7 Impoundment Camp 10784 3870 397 2864 769 325 460 3 1337 759 84 84 1674 227 287 443 66 651 45 2104 59 2007 38 63 34 29 Village Airstrip A D E F H 62 17 35 13 27 4 8 8 181 53 180 179 16 71 2 62 5 32 70 8 8 70 81 224 I 1 12 4 88 75 124 2 2 47 81 451 224 69 121 11 106 199 38 195 4 17 21 34 15 19 Total 11798 4297 537 3000 844 326 478 3 1480 833 162 92 70 2449 234 317 813 87 953 45 2128 62 2019 47 Tota I 93 14736 63 70 17 333 287 180 280 489 34 16582 Area given is above maximum Impoundment fl I I level. Percent of Watershed Total For That Type 3. I 4.0 4.0 33.7 148.0** *** 0.1 0.4 0.4 *** 2.4 0.8 0.2 *** o.8 0.1 13.7 0.2 1.0 An area 16 km (10 ml) on either side of the Susltna River from Gold Creek to the mouth of the Maclaren River. Percent of 16 km* Area For That Type 4.0 10.6 s.o 21.8 20.5 o.s 15.4 6.3 0.1** 2.6 0. I** 1.4 1. 5 2.0 I. 9 1.0 1.0 250.0** 47.7 0.8 * ** Hectares are apparently greater in the Impact areas than for the entire basin, because the basin was mapped at a much smaller scale, and many of the stands did not appear at that scale. *** **•* Areas of this type were too smal I to be mapped at the scale at which the watershed was mapped. I hectare = 2.471 acres. } J TABLE E.3.84: HECTARES OF DIFFERENT VEGETATION TYPES TO BE AFFECTED BY THE DEVIL CANYON FACILITY COMPARED WITH TOTAL HECTARES OF THAT TYPE IN THE WATANA AND GOLD CREEK WATERSHEDS AND IN THE AREA WITHIN 16 km OF THE SUSITNA RIVER* (MODIFIED FROM THE MCKENDRICK ET AL. 1982) Vegetation Type Forest Woodland spruce-black Woodland spruce-white Open spruce-black Open spruce-white Open birch Closed birch Open balsam poplar Closed balsam poplar Open conifer- deciduous Closed conifer- deciduous Tundra Wet sedge-grass Sedge-grass Sedge shrub Mat and cushion Shrub land Open ta I I shrub C I osed ta II shrub Birch shrub Willow shrub Mixed low shrub Herbaceous Grassland Dl sturbed Unvegetated Rock Snow and Ice River Lake Total Dam and Spillways 16**U 4 3 7 2 2 18 Impoundment 2289 133 20 300 329 57 430 6 8 279 727 11 11 70 2 1 49 14 4 826 15 810 1 3 196 Camp VIllage 36 39 36 39 36 39 Borrow***** Area K Total 119 11 108 18 18 11 11 148 2 499 133 20 315 329 57 433 6 8 286 912 11 11 88 2 1 67 14 4 839 15 811 13 3 437 Percent of Watershed Total For That Type 0.7 0.3 0.3 1.3 1.3 5.9 133. 7** *** *** 1.2 5.7 o.o 0.2 o.o o.o o.o 0.2 o.1 o.o 0.3 o.o 5.6 o.1 0.2 Percent of 16 km* Area For That Type 1.8 0.2 0.2 1.1 3.2 3.8 18.6 1.4 3.0 6.9 o.o 0.3 0.1 o.o o.o 0.1 0.2 o.o 3.1 0.1 19.2 0.2 0.7 * An area 16 km (10 mf) on either side of the Susltna River from Gold Creek to the mouth of the Maclaren River. ** Hectares of closed birch are apparently greater In the Impact areas than for the entire basin. because the bas In was mapped at ·a much sma II er sea I e. and many of the c I osed bIrch stands dId not appear at that scale. *** Balsam poplar stands were to **** 1 hectare = 2.471 acres. *****Borrow area G (not included) spruce. closed mixed forest. _I sma I I to be mapped at the sca.l ~ at whIch the watershed was mapped. wit 1 consist of approximately 22 ha with stands of woodland and open black and open tall shrub. .J J _j J r- I TABLE E.3.85: AREAS OF EACH VEGETATION TYPE TO BE CLEARED FOR ACCESS, AND PERCENT TOTAL* FOR WATANA AND GOLD CREEK WATERSHEDS Dena I I Highway Watana to to Watana Dev I I Canyon <Road) ** <Road) ** Vegetation T:t:~e ha acres % ha acres %* Forest o.3 0.9 o.o 37.4 92.4 o.o Woodland white spruce 14.1 34.8 o.o Open white spruce 0.3 0.9 o.o 3.7 9.1 o.o Open black spruce Open birch Closed birch 0.7 1. 7 o.8 Closed balsam poplar Open mixed 4.2 10.4 o.o Closed mixed 14.7 36.3 0.1 Shrub land 138.8 342.8 0.1 90.8 224.3 o.o Closed tall 24.8 61.3 o.o Low (birch) 50.6 125.0 0.2 12.4 30.6 o.o Low Cwll.low> 73.5 181.6 0.7 48.4 119.6 o.s Low (mixed) 14.7 36.3 o.o 5.2 12.8 o.o Tundra 53.4 131.9 o.o 61.1 150.9 o.o Wet sedge-grass 10.2 25.2 0.2 Sedge-grass 1 s. 1 37.3 o.o 10.4 25.7 o.o Sedge shrub 16.7 41.3 **** Mat and cushion 28.1 69.4 o.o 34.0 84.0 0.1 TOTAL 192.5 476.5 189.3 467.6 Dev II Canyon to Gold Creek (Ra II road)*** ha acres %* 28.3 70.0 o.o 1.5 3.7 o.o 0.6 1.5 0.1 0.3 0.7 **** 5.7 14.1 o.o 20.2 so.o 0.3 o.8 2.0 o.o o.8 2.0 o.o 29.1 72.0 * Percent of total area of each vegetation type In entire Watana and Gold Creek watersheds, based on 1:250,000-scale mapping (McKendrick et al. 1982). ** Based on clearing width of 120 ft. *** Based on clearing width of 50 ft. **** Data not aval lable for entire Watana and Gold Creek watersheds. ~ TABLE E.3.86: AREAS OF DIFFERENT VEGETATION TYPES TO BE CROSSED BY TRANSMISSION CORRIDORS* .... Healy to Willow to Cook Vegetation/Habitat Fairbanks Inlet Total Type ha ha acres ha -acres acres Forest 1150.7 2843.4 535.3 1322.9 1686.0 4166.3 Woodland spruce-black 33.3 82.2 15.5 38.2 48.8 120.4 Woodland spruce-white Open spruce-black -514.1 1270.2 73.5 181.6 587.6 1451.8 Open spruce-white Closed spruce 55.9 138.2 46.3 113.9 102.2 252.1 Open deciduous 112.4 277.6 112.4 277.6 Closed deciduous 55.9 141.5 55.9 141.5 -Open brich Closed birch 86.1 212.8 86.1 212.8 Woodland conifer- deciduous 21.6 53.4 21.6 53.4 ~ Open conifer-deciduous 188.3 465.2 83.9 207.3 272.2 672.5 Closed conifer- deciduous 45.2 111.6 228.9 568.3 274.1 679.9 Open spruce/open deciduous 23.1 57.0 23.1 57.0 Open spruce/wet sedge-grass/ open deciduous 32.2 79.6 32.2 79.6 Open spruce/low shrub/ -wet sedge-grass/ ' open deciduous 52.5 129.8 52.5 129.8 Open spruce/low shrub 14.7 36.4 14.7 36.4 Tundra 37.2 91.8 75.5 186.6 112.7 278.4 Wet sedge-grass 23.3 55.2 75.5 186.6 98.8 241.8 -· Sedge-grass 7.5 18.4 7.5 18.4 I Sedge shrub 7.4 18.2 7.4 18.2 Shrub land 231.7 572.4 37.7 93.2 269.4 665.6 Open tall shrub -Closed tall shrub I Birch shrub Low mixed shrub 220.6 54S.1 37.7 93.2 258.3 638.3 Low shrub/wet sedge-grass 11.1 27.3 11.1 27.3 ~ Disturbed 9.3 22.9 9.3 22.9 Unvegetated 13.8 34.1 0.9 2.3 14.7 36.4 Lakes 2.7 6.7 0.9 2.3 3.6 9.0 Rivers 11.1 27.3 11.1 27.3 ------ Totals: 2875.7 7105.7 1299.0 3209.3 4174.7 10315.7 *Calculated from values in Table 53 in McKendrick et al. ( 1982). (300 ft) along the entire transmission corridor. Right-of-way width was adjusted to 91 m ~ -· """ TABLE E.3.B7: COMPARISON BETWEEN AERIAL HABITAT CLASSIFICATIONS AND THOSE OF VIERECK AND DYRNESS (1980) USED TO CLASSIFY OBSERVATIONS OF RADIO-cOLLARED MOOSE IN THE NELCHINA Ar-ll SUSt rNA RIVER BAS INS OF SOUTH-cENTRAL ALASKA FROM 1977 THROUGH MID-AUGUST Aer Ia I Habitat Classifications Dense ta II spruce (white or unknown) Medium density, tall height spruce (white or unknown) Sparsely dense tall spruce (wh lte or unknown) Dense medium height spruce (white, black or unknown) Medium density, medium height spruce (white, black or unknown) Sparsely dense, medium height spruce (white, black or unknown) Medium density, short spruce (black or unknown) Sparsely dense short spruce Riparian willow Up land willow & brush Aspen Riparian hardwood or unidentified Alder Rock/Ice (from ADF&G 1982a) 'Eq;U,ivalent Classification fran Viereck and Dyrness (1980) Open white spruce Open white spruce, open mixed forest, closed mixed forest Woodland white spruce, open mixed forest, c~ osed mixed forest Open black spruce Open black spruce, open mixed forest, closed mixed forest Woodland white spruce, open mixed forest, closed mixed forest Open bla~k spruce, open mixed forest, closed mixed forest Wood land black spruce, open mixed forest, closed mixed forest WIt low shrub, wet sedge-grass tundra Willow shrub, sedge shrub tundra, mixed low s'hrub Closed balsam poplar Open birch forest, closed birch forest Closed ta II shrub, Qpen ta II shrub, willow shrub Rock/Ice TABLE E.3.aa: MONTHLY USE OF HABITAT TYPES BY RADIO-cOLLARED MOOSE OF BOTH SEXES AND ALL AGES AS DETERMINED FROM FIXED-WING AIRCRAFT FROM OCTOBER 1976 THROUGH MID-AUGUST 19a1 IN THE MIDDLE AND UPPER SUSITNA AND NELCHINA RIVER BASINS (from ADF&G 1982a) VegetatIon 1 -Jan. Feb. Classification # % ~ Mar. # % April # % May # % June # % July II % Aug. Sept. II % II % Oct. II % Birch 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 .7 1 .3 1 .6 0 0 0 0 0 Unidentified hardwood 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 .3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Dense mad I urn height black spruce 2 4.a 2 3.3 0 0 a 6.7 12 4.4 21 6.a 10 5.9 10 7.4 9 7.a 4 Dense med I urn height wh Ita spruce 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 2.5 2 .7 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 1 .9 2 Dense short black spruce 2 4.a 1 1. 7 1 .5 2 1.7 6 2.2 5 1.6 0 0 1 .7 5 4.3 1 Dense ta II black spruce 0 0 0 0 1 .5 1 .a 0 0 0 0 4 2.4 0 0 0 0 0 Dense ta II white spruce 1 2.4 6 10.0 7 3.4 4 3.4 9 3.3 a 2.6 2 1.2 0 0 2 1.7 2 Alder 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1.2 2 1.5 0 0 0 Dense medium height black spruce 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1.5 0 0 0 Medium dense 0 0 3.0 1.5 .7 0 1 .. 5 0 0 medium height black spruce 4 9.5 17 28.3 57 27.a 3a 31.9 a4 31.0 59 19.1 36 21.3 23 16.9 27 23.3 1a 13.3 Medium dense short spruce 6 14.3 2 3.3 21 10.2 7 5.9 15 5.5 29 9.4 9 5.3 11 a. 1 a 6.9 2 1.5 I ~ ~J ~--··-) 1 ·- _] _] J .J _J J Nov. Dec. Total II % II % II % 0 0 0 0 4 .2 1 1 0 1 1 1.1 3 .2 2 2.2 1 1 0 1 a1 4.6 1 1. 1 0 0 9 .5 2 2.2 1 1. 1 27 1.5 0 0 1 1.1 7 .4 2 2.2 4 4.3 47 2.7 0 0 0 0 4 .2 0 0 0 0 2 • 1 13 14.1 17 1a.3 393 22.5 2 2.2 2 2.2 114 6.5 1 J I .J J TABLE E.3.88 (Page 2) Vegetatlon 1 Jan. Feb. Classification # J I J Medium dense ta II spruce 0 0 0 0 MedIum dense ta II white spruce 2 4.8 5 8.3 Up I and brush and willow 14 33.3 18 30.0 Sparse dense medium spruce 8 19.0 6 10.0 Sparse short spruce 2 4.8 1 1.7 Sparse ta II spruce 1 2.4 0 0 Sparse ta II white spruce 0 0 2 3.3 Co I umn Tota I 42 2.4 60 3.4 1 Mar. # J 1 .5 5 2.4 34 16.6 58 28.3 13 6.3 1 .5 6 2.9 205 11.7 April II J 3 2.5 9 7.6 12 10. 1 24 20.2 3 2.5 0 0 5 4.2 119 6.8 May II j 3 1 • 1 14 15.2 44 16.2 56 20.7 14 5.2 4 1.5 6 2.2 271 15.5 l June II j 2 .6 18 5.8 72 23.3 57 18.4 22 7.1 0 0 14 4.5 309 17.7 July li J 5 3.0 4 2.4 53 31.4 21 12.4 17 10.1 5 3.0 0 0 167 9.7 Aug. Sept. II J I J Oct. # J 4 2.9 0 0 0 0 11 8.1 7 6.0 10 7.4 32 23.5 29 25.0 58 43.0 17 12.5 14 12.1 24 11 .a 6 4.4 9 7.8 2 1.5 4 2.9 1 .9 0 0 13 9.6 4 3.4 12 8.9 136 7.8 116 6.6 135 7.7 1 Aerial habitat classifications and the approximate Viereck & Dyrness equivalents are given In Table E.3.87. 1 Nov. Dec. li J li J 0 0 1 1.1 3 3.3 4 4.3 35 38.0 40 43.0 19 20.7 1 1 11.8 7 7.6 8 8.6 2 2.2 0 0 3 3.3 2 2.2 92 5.3 93 5.3 Total II j 19 92 441 1.1 5.3 25.2 315 18.0 104 6.0 18 1.0 67 3.8 1747 100. 0 J TABLE E.3.89: SUMMARY OF ELEVATIONAL USE BY APPROXIMATELY 200 RADIO-cOLLARED MOOSE (BOTH SEXES AND ALL AGE CLASSES) FROM OCTOBER 1976 THROUGH MID-AUGUST 1981 IN THE MIDDLE AND UPPER SUSITNA AND NELCHINA RIVER · (from ADF&G 198Za> Month Jan. Feb. March Apr I I May June July Auq. Sept. · Oct. Nov. Dec. Total Mean. elev{ltiqn 2800 2736 2686 2577 2641 2690 2755 2790 2745 2997 2953 2955 2749 Standard deviation 461.8 468 .• 0 442.4 461.9 449.0 426.6 531.2 509.6 451.8 488.6 480.4 475.7 Sample !>l:ze 66 98 285 204 341 424 218 174 130 193 168 116 2417 ~ange of elexations Minimum 1800 1400 1700 1500 1400 1300 1800 1800 1400 1450 1600 Maximvrri 3900 3900 4600 4100 38QO 4400 4200 4800 4000 4200 4400 4600 '··-·· J 1 l TABLE E.3.90: OCCURRENCE AND MEAN PERCENT OF CANOPY COVERAGE FOR SP:ECIES OF RIPARIAN CR) AND NON-RIPARIAN (NR) VEGETATION AND HABITAT TYPES OBSERVED AT RELOCATION SITES FOR 6MALE MOOSE CAPTURED AND RADIO-cOLLARED ALONG THE SUSITNA RIVER SOUTH OF TALKEETNA. ALASKA, AND MONITORED DURING CALVING, SUMMER, BREEDING, AND TRANSITIONAL PERIODS FROM MARCH 16 TO OCTOBER 15, 1981 (from ADF&G l9BZbl Seasonal Period 1 Summer Breedino All Transitions Vegetative type Calvin~ % (N=O) m % R % CN=3) NR % R % CN=4) I'R % R % CN=38) (N =21) (N=58) CN=6) Total %of relocations Alder Birch Spruce Cottonwood Sedge Grass Sedge and/or qrass Wi I low Fern Davit's Club Horsetai I Muskeg Aspen Wafer 10 22 24 7 5 0 7 0 2 0 0 100% 20 52 28 40 30 37 0 26 30 T 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0% 25 29 30 2 2 4 15 2 2 18 0 2 0 0 93% 24 45 19 31 20 23 35 35 10 21 15 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7% 30 37 23 T 20 10 17 12 20 3 0 0 13 0 2 0 4 0 0 84% 34 33 21 13 32 10 20 50 2 3 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 16% Calving =May 14 -June 17; Summer = July 1 to August 31; BreedIng =September 14 -October 31; 80 23 25 T 10 50 50 15 43 53 5 2 5 6 6 0 3 3 0 91% At 1 Transitions= remainder of time from April 16 to October 15, excluding calving, summer, and breeding periods. NR =non-riparian and R =riparian, within the outmost banks of the Susitna River; Percent = average for percents of canopy coverage at sites where present; T =trace, less than 10 percent per observation; and 2 N =number of moose relocations Chiqher In every season in non-riparian vegetation types). 21 47 35 22 50 55 55 23 10 23 47 38 3 2 5 4 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 31 30 16 73 15 Vegetative Type TABLE E.3.91: CX:ClRRENCE AND MEAN PERCENT OF CANC,J>Y COVERAGE FOR SPECIES OF RIPARIAN (Rl AND NON-RIPARIAN (1'-Rl VEGETATION AND HABITAT TYPES OBSERVED AT RELOCATION SITES FOR 19 FEMALE MOOSE CAPTURED AND RADIO-cOLLARED ALOI'<G THE SUSITNA RIVER SOUTH Calving IIR % rt OF TALKEETNA, ALASKA, AND MON ITffiED DURI 00 CALVI t<G, SUMr.£R, ERE ED I t<G, AND TRANSITIONAL PERIODS FROM MARCH 16 TO OCTOBER 15, 1981 <from ADF&G 1982bl Seasonal Period 1 Summer Breeding % NR % R % IIR % R % All IIR Transitions t R % CN 2 =78 CN=15l CN=11 Ol CN=16l CN=68 l (N=17 l (N=153l CN=55) Total % of relocations 63% 16% 82% 13% 80% 20% 73~ 26~ Alder 12 27 9 34 64 28 12 41 51 27 14 34 37 27 16 31 Birch 50 56 7 34 107 40 11 36 57 41 8 38 137 48 18 41 Spruce 71 31 10 9 104 20 3 7 66 24 13 15 148 33 40 28 Cottonwood 60 10 55 2 10 12 35 2 10 9 43 12 31 40 63 Sedge 13 33 2 15 30 0 0 0 2 10 2 T Grass 7 20 2 35 14 25 3 20 0 0 4 20 0 Sedge and/or grass 0 0 28 40 3 13 43 21 10 24 13 25 3 25 Willow 13 33 6 35 2 15 5 26 0 0 11 16 21 32 Fern 0 0 6 13 0 4 15 0 3 13 0 Devil •s Club 10 0 57 19 10 5 12 0 15 21 3 13 Horsetail 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 T 0 Muskeg 14 50 0 4 43 0 9 52 50 2 45 0 Aspen 40 0 50 10 0 8 28 0 Water 0 0 0 0 0 50 0 0 Calving= May 14-June 17; Summer= July 1 to August 31; Breeding= September 14-October 31; AI I Transitions= remainder of time from April 16 to October 15, excluding calving, summer, and NR =non-riparian and R =riparian, within the outmost banks of the Susltna River; breeding periods. Percent = average for percents of canopy coverage at sites where' present; T = trace, less than 10 percent per observation; and 2 N = number of moose relocations (higher In every season In non-riparian habitats). -_I __ ] ] Vegetation Type (Level 3) Open coniferous forest Woodland coniferous forest Open deciduous forest Open mixed forest Low mixed shrubland TOTALS TABLE E.3.92: WINTER CARRYING CAPACITY OF THE WATANA IMPOUNDMENT ZONE (INCLUDING ADJACENT PROJECT FACILITIES) AND SUSITNA WATERSHED UPSTREAM OF OOLD CREEK FCR Po()OSE BASED ON THE BIOMASS OF TWIGS AVAILABLE IN WINTER <SEE TEXT AND APPENDIX EH FOR DETAILED EXPLANATION OF METHODS USED). l ) Area (ha) Twl q B i~mass <kgx10 >~ Moose Days Winter Residents Available Impoundment Browse Impoundment Impoundment Impoundment Zone Basin (kg/ha) n Zone Basin Zone Basin Zone Basin 3,844 96, 100 29.9 240 114.9 2,873.4 22,980 574,680 127.7 3, 192.7 4,834 156, 513 10.0 45 48.3 1, 565. 1 9,660 313,020 53.7 1,739.0 326 968 5. 5 15 1.8 5.3 360 1, 060 2.0 5.9 1,480 23,125 34.0 15 50.3 786.3 10,060 157,260 55.9 873.7 1,853 520,250 29.8 363 55.2 15,503.5 11,040 3, 1 oo. 700 61.3 17,226.1 678 270.5 20,733.6 54, 100 4, 146,720 301 23,037 - - TABLE E.3.93: DATES INDICATING CHRONOLOGY OF DEPARTURE FROM SUSTINA RIVER WINTERit-.G AREAS FOR MALE AND FEMALE MOOSE RADIO-coLLARED ON THE SUSITNA RIVER DOWNSTREAM FROM TALKEETNA! MARCH 10-12 2 1981 (from ADF&G 1982b) - Date 1 Females Males ~ Riparian Non-riparian R I par fan Non-riparian ! March 10-12 16 0 4 0 -March 16 9 7 4 0 March 23 8 8 3 -Apr I I 3 7 5 0 2 April 6 7 9 0 4 -Aprl I 14 3 7 0 Apr I I 20 6 11 3 April 22-23 4 13 0 4 - Apri I 28 3 14 0 4 - All individuals not relocated on each date. 2 Riparian = individuals relocated within the outmost banks of the ~ Susltna River; Non-rrparlan = Individuals reI ocated outs I de the outmost banks of the Susftna River. - - -, I TABLE E. 3. 95: PROXIMITY TO THE SUSITNA RIVER OF RELOCATIONS OF 9 MALE (M) AND 29 FEMALE (F) MOOSE RADIO-QOLLARED ALONG THE SUSITNA RIVER BETWEEN DEVIL CAN~ AND THE DELTA ISLANDS, ALASKA, 1980-81 (from Alli=&G !9S2b> Number Distance of Relocations from River Location 1 Upstream Downstream Wests Ide Eastside Upstream Downstream Westside Eastside Sex Individuals ReI ocat ions M 22 74 F 10 222 M 63 162 F 15 403 M 14 45 F 45 166 -moose captured north of Ta I ke.etna. -moose captured south of Talkeetna. -captured moose that spent the breed I nq -captured moose that spent the breeding 2 One individual studied 1-1/2 years. 3 One individual studied 1-1/2 years. 4 One individual studied for 1-1/2 years. 5 Three individuals studied for 1-1/2 years. _] ... J 0-1.6km l.o-4.6km 4.8-S.lkm River (0-1 ml) (1-3mi) (3-5 mi) 3 36 29 6 21 82 90 22 13 10 55 21 101 41 67 14 0 0 2 5 4 17 32 season to the west of the Susitna River. season to the east of the Susitna River. .J a. t-16.1km 16.1-24.2km 24.2-32.3km :52.:5+km (5-1 0 mi) (10-15mi) ( 15-20 ml) (20+ ml > 6 0 43 0 19 87 74 19 0 9 11 22 77 22 9 J J l 1 -~ TABLE E.3.94: MINIMUM, MAXIMUM AND MEAN DISTANCE (kml TO THE SUSITNA RIVER FROM GEOMETRICAL CENTERS OF THE CALVING RANGE, SUMMER RANGE, AND BREEDI~ RANGE FOR MALE AND FEMALE MOOSE RADIO-QOLLARED IN SEVERAL LOCATIONS ALONG THE SUSITNA RIVER BETWEEN DEVIL CANYON AND THE DELTA ISLANDS, ALASKA 1980-81 (from AOF&G 1982bl Ca I vi ng range Summer range BreedIng range Sex Ma~ 14 to June 17 Jul~ 1 to August 31 Se~tember 14 to October 31 1 2 3 Location N Min Max Mean SD N Min Max Mean SD N Min Max Mean SD Females Upstream 8 o.o 5.0 2.25 2.25 8 0.7 4.3 2.60 2.24 8 1.2 4.9 3.09 1.42 Downstream Westside 14 o.o 19.9 9.22 7.86 14 0 24.0 10.37 8.68 13 0 25.0 10.74 9.56 Eastside 4 2.1 4.6 5.33 2.63 7 2.2 1 o. 1 6.67 3.54 7 32.2 16.9 8.91 6.28 Males Upstream 2 3.0 3.4 3.2 0.28 3 1.7 3.0 2.37 0.65 3 1.6 2.0 1.8 0.2 Downstream Wests Ide 30.6 30.6 2 26.7 36.2 31.5 2 26.4 35.3 30.9 Eastside 5 1. 5 30.9 9.80 12.06 6 3.2 29.2 10.48 9.96 6 2.0 28.8 10.28 9.49 Upstream = moose radio-co I I ared north of Ta I keetna; downstream = moose radIo-co I I a red south of Ta I keetna; westside= moose spending the breeding season on the west side of the Susltna River; and eastside= moose spending the breeding season on the east side of the Susltna River. 2 N = moose seasons of data: 2 moose each studied 1 season = 1 moose studied for 2 seasons and each equals N=2. 3 Min = minimum, Max = maximum and SD = standard deviation for dl?tance values In each category. 1 TABLE E. 3. 95: PROXIMITY TO THE SUSITNA RIVER OF RELOCATIONS OF 9 MALE (M) AND 29 FEMALE (F) MOOSE RADIO-QOLLARED ALONG THE SUSITNA RIVER BETWEEN DEVIL CAN~ AND THE DELTA ISLANDS, ALASKA, 1980-81 (from Alli=&G !9S2b> Number Distance of Relocations from River Location 1 Upstream Downstream Wests Ide Eastside Upstream Downstream Westside Eastside Sex Individuals ReI ocat ions M 22 74 F 10 222 M 63 162 F 15 403 M 14 45 F 45 166 -moose captured north of Ta I ke.etna. -moose captured south of Talkeetna. -captured moose that spent the breed I nq -captured moose that spent the breeding 2 One individual studied 1-1/2 years. 3 One individual studied 1-1/2 years. 4 One individual studied for 1-1/2 years. 5 Three individuals studied for 1-1/2 years. _] ... J 0-1.6km l.o-4.6km 4.8-S.lkm River (0-1 ml) (1-3mi) (3-5 mi) 3 36 29 6 21 82 90 22 13 10 55 21 101 41 67 14 0 0 2 5 4 17 32 season to the west of the Susitna River. season to the east of the Susitna River. .J a. t-16.1km 16.1-24.2km 24.2-32.3km :52.:5+km (5-1 0 mi) (10-15mi) ( 15-20 ml) (20+ ml > 6 0 43 0 19 87 74 19 0 9 11 22 77 22 9 J J I'"'" ~I - ,.... - - ""'' I I""~ , ..... - - TABLE E.3.96: SUMMARY OF MOOSE SEX AND AGE COMPOSITION DATA COLLECTED ANNUALLY IN COUNT AREA 6 IN GAME MANAGEMENT UNIT 13 OF SOUTHCENTRAL ALASKA (modified from ADF&G 1982a) Incidence of Twins Total Small Calves Per 100 Males Per Moose % per 100 Females Calf % Total Date 100 Females In Herd Females With Calf in Herd Sample 1955a 84. I 11.0 43.2 5.6 19.0 400 1956a 61.6 7.7 28. I o.o 14.8 351 1957a 43.3 3. 5 38.3 10.2 21.1 256 195a<' 44.9 6.4 40.2 6.9 21.7 957 1959 N 0 D A T A 196o" 57.2 9.0 46.4 4.0 22.4 343 1961 70.1 12.5 48.4 16.0 22.2 424 1962 44.2 28.3 4.6 16.4 414 1963a 35.6 6. 5 46.6 7.4 25.6 798 1964a 33.3 3. 1 44.4 20.0 25.0 96 196~ 30.4 6.3 25.8 1. 5 16.5 806 1966a 27.7 3.2 28.0 3. 5 17.9 658 1967 29.7 3.4 28.8 0.8 18. 1 681 1968 29.7 ·3.2 26.3 2.4 16.9 504 1969 35.7 7.8 33.5 2.8 19.3 384 1970 26.6 6.2 14.2 6.9 1 o. 1 308 1971 30.0 2.8 22.8 3.9 14.9 362 1972 10. 1 2.9 23.1 o.o 11.3 277 1973 20.7 5.2 19.0 2.3 13.6 324 1974 16.0 5.2 34.4 9.0 22.9 328 1975 17.6 5.7 18.5 5.6 13.6 279 1976 20.6 5.8 24.3 4.6 16.8 274 1977 16.7 3.1 33.8 13.2 22.4 352 1978 24.1 6.0 28.6 11.7 18.8 368 1979 14.6 2.2 25.3 9.3 18. 1 326 1980 15. 1 5.2 29.7 a. 1 20.5 423 1981 26.5 9.6 38.6 5.1 23.4 530 Remarks: a Area boundary chanqe-see ADF&G (1982a). TABLE E.3.97: SUMMARY OF MOOSE SEX AND AGE COMPOSITION DATA COLLECTED ANNUALLY IN COUNT AREA 7 IN GAME MANAGEMENT UNIT 13 OF SOUTHCENTRAL ALASKA (modified from ADF&G 1982a) lnci dance of Twl ns Total Smar 1 Calves Per 100 Males Per Moose % per 100 Females Calf % Total Date 100 Females fn Herd Females With Calf fn Herd Sample 1957 N 0 D AT A 1958 N 0 D AT A 1959 N 0 DATA 1960 N 0 D A T A 1961 N 0 DATA 1962 N 0 D A T A 1963~ 47.7 3.3 38.5 o.o 20.7 121 1964 39.7 6.3 31.4 2.8 18.4 207 196~ 59.8 7.8 16.2 o.o 9.2 412 1966 48.3 3.8 20.1 o.o 11.9 293 1967 41.0 4.4 20.6 2.5 12.8 642 1968 N 0 D A T A 1969 N 0 0 AT A 1970 34.7 5.0 42.1 8.6 23.6 864 1971 26.3 5.3 33.2 7.1 20.8 624 1972 20.6 2.0 17.5 3.7 12.6 665 1973 21.9 6.0 16.3 2.9 11.8 890 1974 12.6 3.0 28.3 6.3 20.1 672 1975 1 o.o 3.4 15.9 4.8 12.7 695 1976 12.3 3.2 21.6 7.1 16.1 865 1977 10.8 3.0 28.7 6.0 20.6 954 1978 14.8 5.9 20.2 4.1 15.0 1030 1979 8.8 1.8 23.3 5.8 17.7 838 1980 13.3 5.6 25.1 1. 1 17.9 946 1981 14.2 3.4 31.6 o.o 21.7 1284 Remarks: ~Area boundary change -see ADF&G (1982a). Early 1965data used for 1964. -"~. I - '"""· ., - - ~ - - - F- ""'' r r- - !""'"' I"'" -! TABLE E. 3. 98: SUMMABY OF MOOSE SfX AND AGE COMPOSITION DATA COLLECTED ANNUALLY 1 N COUNT AREA 14 IN GAME MANAGEMENT UN IT 13 OF SOUTHCENTRAL ALASKA (modified from ADF&G 1982a) ncldence of Twins Total Smat I Calves Per 100 Males Per Moose % per 100 Females Calf % Total Date 100 Females In Herd Females WHh Calf In Herd Sam~le 1955a 105.6 I o. 5 73.2 I 0. 6 26.0 200 1956 N 0 D A T A 1957 72.5 5. 2 50.3 4. 9 22.6 381 1958a 86.8 5.0 37.0 7.4 16.6 441 1959 N 0 D A T A 196rP 71. I 8.6 56.7 21.4 24.5 139 1961a 62.0 12.2 55.7 7.6 25.6 555 1962 56.3 1 o. 1 23.8 1.8 13.2 416 1963 N 0 DATA 1964 NO D A T A 1965 28.6 7.2 21.6 o.o 14.4 278 1966a 20.0 5.9 33.5 o.o 21.8 238 1967 39.0 3.9 34.1 2.9 19.7 355 1968a 9.4 2.8 36.5 3.8 25.0 108 1969 17.5 4.0 40.1 2.0 25.4 405 1970 19.4 2.2 44.4 2. 1 25.9 185 1971 27.1 5.7 20.7 s.o 14.0 300 1972 21.4 6.2 25.5 o.o 17.4 288 1973 22.0 5. I 17.3 2.0 12.4 4 t 1 1974 15.4 3.4 35.2 3.7 23.4 500 1975 9.9 3.3 21.7 1.9 16.5 333 1976 9.2 3.6 19.9 3.0 15.4 447 1977 N 0 D A T A 1978 20.5 6.6 18.3 2.0 13.2 379 1979 N 0 0 AT A 1980 13.7 7.4 16.2 3.8 12.5 447 1981 N 0 DATA Remarks: a Area boundary chanqe-see AOF&G (1982a). TABLE E.3.99: SUMW.RY OF MOOSE CENSUS DATA AND SUBSEQUENT POPULATION ESTIMATES F<R CO~T AREAS 1 ANO 14 DERIVED FROM SLRVEYS CONDOCTEO ALONG THE SUS ITNA Rl VER FROM NOVEMBER 5 THROUGH NOVEMBER B, 1960 (modified from AOF&~ 19B2al Moose Density Stratum Low Medium High Number of sample areas 11 9 6 censused Total number of sample 26 27 18 areas In each stratum 2 Area of each stratum (km ) 864 920 663 Moose density per stratum 1.125 . 1. 847 3.726 Population estimate per 375 656 954 stratum Total population estimate 90% C I = 1986 .!. 371 Slghtablllty correction factor = 1.03 ·corrected popu I at I on estimate = 2046 + 382 - - - - - - - """' I ~- - !""" r ..... TABLE E. 3. 1 00: l:ENSITY (MOOSE/KM OF RIVER) OF MOOSE OOSERVED ON 10 AERIAL CENSUSES IN 4 ZONES OF RIPARIAN HABITAT ALONG THE SUSITNA RIVER FROM DEVIL CANYON TO COOK INLET! ALASKA 2 1981-82 (adapted from ADF&G 1982b, ADF&G unpubl. data) Aerial Census Numberb River Zonea 2 3 4 5 6 7 2 moose/mi 2 3.27 1.64 0.73 0.64 2.27 0.64 1.64 moose/km 1.26 0.63 0.28 0.25 o.88 0.25 0.63 II 2 1. 78 2.11 0.56 1.89 2.78 2.00 0.44 moose/ml 2 moose/km 0.69 o.81 0.21 0.73 1.07 0.77 0.17 Ill moose/m1~ 3.67 4.78 3.35 5.95 4. 15 1.43 1.50 moose/km 1.42 1.84 1.29 2.30 1.60 0.55 0.58 moose/ml~ IV 4.92 3.84 3.68 4.28 1.64 3.56 moose/km 1.90 1.48 1.42 1.65 0.63 1.37 All 2 3. 79 3.81 2.81 4.34 3.02 1.37 2.01 moose/m1 2 zones moose/km 1.46 1.47 1.08 1.68 1. 17 0.53 0.78 a =Area within each census zone (land area only; water not Included) =Devil Canyon to Talkeetna, 29 km 2 ( 11 ml 2 ) II= Talkeetna to Montana Creek, 23 km2 (9ml2) I II =Montana Creek to Yentna River, 104 km2 (40 ml2) IV = Yentna River to Cook Inlet, 65 km2 (25 ml 2 ) A II Zones = 220 km2 (85 ml 2 ) b 1 =December9-10, 1981 2 = December 28, 1981 and January 4, 1982 3 = February 2 and 6, 1982 4 = March 1 -2, 1982 5 = March 23-24, 1982 6 = Apr II 1 2, 1982 7 = October 29 and November 6, 1982 8 =November 10 and 18, 1982 9 = December 1, 2, and 6, 1982 10 = December 20-22, 1982 8 5. 18 2.00 3.11 1.20 5.8o 2.24 6.36 2.46 5.60 2.16 9 6.91 2.67 5. 11 1.97 7.30 2.82 16.48 6.36 9. 72 3. 75 10 6. 91 2.67 9.56 3.69 n.5o 4.44 12.48 4.82 10.99 4.24 TABLE .E.3.101: SUt+1ARY OF MOOSE SEX AND AGE COMPOSITION DATA OOTAINED DLRING SURVEYS OF RIPARIAN COMMUNITIES ALONG THE LOWER SUSITNA RIVER (derived from ADF&G 1982b and ADF&G unpubl. datal lnci dence Twins Total Males Calves Per 100 Calf Per 100 Per 100 Females % in Total River Zonea Females Females With Calf Herd Sample 1981 1982 1981 1982 1981 1982 1981 1982 1981 1982 40.0 16.7 40.0 24.1 o.o 8.3 22.2 17. 1 36 76 II 37.5 40.0 62.5 44.0 25.0 o.o 31.3 23.9 16 46 Ill 10.9 12.3 45.7 50.8 13.5 14.1 30.6 31.2 147 292 IV 33.3 18.1 53.0 25.4 12.9 9.0 28.5 17.7 123 412 TOTAL 23.1 17.1 48.4 34.5 12.5 1 o.s 28.9 22.8 322 826 a I = Dev i I Canyon to T a I keetna. II =Talkeetna to Montana Creek. Ill =Montana Creek to Yentna River. IV = Yentna River to Cook Inlet. - - - - - P""' I ..... - "'"' Habitat Spruce forest Tundra-herbaceous Shrub land Bare substrate Total slghtlngs TABLE E. 3. 102: PROPORTION OF RAD I O...COLLARED CARIBOU SIGHTINGS IN EACH VEGETATION TYPE (data from ADF&G 1982c) Calvlnq, Calvlnq, Spring, Spring, Summer Summer Autumn Rut, Winter, Rut, Winter Cows Bulls Cows Bulls Cows Bu Its o.o 23.3 36.4 25.0 58.5 77.7 72.5 36.7 29.1 20.8 11.6 9.3 26.7 36.7 16.4 41.7 24.3 9.3 0.8 3.3 18.2 12.5 5. 5 3.7 120 30 55 24 164 54 Total Cows Bulls 34.2 50.9 36.0 19.4 23.9 24. 1 5. 9 5.6 339 108 Year 1955 1962 1967 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1980 1981 TABLE E.3.103: NELCHINA CARIBOU HERD POPULATION ESTIMATES (Fa I I estimates for years after 1962) Total Estimate 40,000~ 71,000 61,000c 7,842 7, 693 8,081 13,936 18,981 18,713 20,694 (from ADf&G 1982c> Female Estimate 4,800 4, 646 4,979 7,509 9,866 9,164 10,154 Male Estimate 1,622 1, 268 1,663 2,868 4,429 5,673 6,184 Calf Estimate 1,420 1, 779 1,439 3, 559 4,686 3,876 4,356 - - - - - - TABLE E.3.104: REPORTED HUNTER HARVEST OF THE NELCHINA CARIBOU HERD! 1972-1981 (derived from ADF&G 1982c, unpubl. data) Females I of Total Males I of Total I of Total Year Total Harvest lilo. ll> Females lilo. lJ> Males Herd. 1972 555 153 (28) 3% 338 (72) 21% 7% 1973 629 203 (33) 4% 411 (67) 32% 8% 1974 1,036 343 (34) 656 (66) 1975 669 201 (31) 441 (69) 1976 776 201 (26) 4% 560 (74) 34% 10% 1977 360. 77 (22) 1% 275 (78) 10% 3% 1978 539 111 (21) 1% 416 (79) 9% 3% 1979 630 90 ( 14) 509 (81) 1980 621 117 (21) 1% 453 (79) 8% 3% 1981 901 164 ( 18) 2% 737 (82) 12% 4% - - - TABLE E. 3. 105: COMPILATION OF HIGHEST YEARLY COUNTS COMPLETED IN WATANA HILLS SHEEP TREND COUNT AREA (from AI5F&G 1~~d) Legal % Leg.al % Year Rams* Lambs Total Rams Lambs Surveyor 1950 0 Scott 1967 230 Nichols 1968 183 26.6 Nichols, August 1973 10 40 176 5.6 22.7 Mcilroy, August 1974 6 18 76 7.9 23.7 Harkness, Apr I I 1976 4 30 130 3.1 23.0 E I de, Auqust 1977 4 33 152 2.6 21.7 Spraker, July 11 1978 5 34 189 2.6 18.0 E!de, July 23 1980 9 42 174 5. 1 24.1 Tobey, July 22 1981 2 43 209 > 1.0 20.6 Westlund, July 28 *A legal ram Is defined as having a 3/4 curl or greater horn. Beginning ln 1979 a legal ram is defined as having a 7/8 curl or greater horn. ~ """': - - - - TABLE E. 3.1 06: NUMBER AND AGE-SEX CLASSIFICATION OF SHEEP OOSERVED AT JAY CREEK MINERAL LICKS FROM MAY 6 THROUGH JUNE 24, 1981 (from ADF&G 1982d) Date Time Location Shee~ Ewes Yearlings Lambs Rams f""' West sldea 5/06 5 5/08 West sIde 15 2 2 5/09 a.m. West side 4 5/13 1645 West side 2 ..... 5/14 0900 West side 4 5/18 1355 West side 4 6 5/21 West side 8 5/22 1700 West side 8 1 1 6 ~~ 5/23 1145 East side 9 2 1 6 5/24 1840 West s I deb 9 1 2 6-7 5/25 1152 East side 14 1 1 12 5/26 1808 0 5/27 2225 0 -5/30 East side 5 6/02 0 6/03 1405 Upstream E.c 1 1 6/03 1408 Upstream w. 9 9 ,.... 6/04 1926 0 0 6/05 1900 East side 9 9 6/06 2146 West side 9 6/07 2025 East sfde 9 6/08 2115 East side 10 ,~-. 6/09 West side 7 7 6/10 0955 West side 4 2 2 6/11 West side 4 3 6/12 1939 Upstream 10 6/13 1154 East side 1 1 6/13 1154 Upstream w. 7 4 3 6/14 0933 0 6/15 1509 West side 4 4 6/15 1509 Upstream 3 2 6/16 1102 Upstream w. 4 3 6/17 1155 Upstream E. 1 1 6/19 1000 Upstream 1 4 6/19 1000 West side 1 1 6/21 1545 West sIde 14 6/24 0847 West side 7 7 a Bluff on western bank of lower Jay Creek. b Directly across Jay Creek from above site. c Two miles upstream from above site. TABLE E.3. 107: NUMBER OF AERIAL BROWN BEAR OBSERVATIONS BY MONTH IN EACH OF 5 MAJOR HABITAT CATEGORIES (from ADF&G 1982e> All October/ Months Habitat May June July August September April (~) Spruce 1 44 50 17 16 9 5 141 % of Months 2 31.2 35.5 12. 1 11.3 6.4 3.5 (25.0) % of Hab !tats 31.0 29.6 19.3 17.6 25.0 13.2 Riparian 16 26 22 20 4 1 89 % of Months 18.0 29.2 24.7 22.5 4.5 1. 1 (15.8) ~ of Habitats 11.3 15.4 25.0 22.0 11. I 2.6 Shrub land 39 75 46 52 21 5 238 ~ of Months 16.4 31.5 19.3 21.8 8.8 2. I (42.2) ~of Habitats 27.5 44.4 52.3 57. 1 58.3 13.2 Tundra 12 14 I 0 0 28 ~of Months 42.9 50.0 3.6 3.6 0 0 ( 5.0) ~ of Habitats 8.5 8.3 I. 1 I. 1 0 0 Other 31 4 2 2 2 27 68 % of Months 45.6 5.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 39.7 ( 12. 1 ) ~ of Habitats 21.8 2.4 2.3 2.2 5.6 71.1 All Habitats 142 169 88 91 36 38 564 ( %> (25.2) (30.0) ( 1 5.6) ( 16., 1) ( 6.4) ( 6. 7) (100.0) The proportion of slghtlngs of bears In spruce habitat that occurred In each month (e.q., 31.2% of the bear slqhtlngs In spruce occurred In May). 2 For each month, the proportion of slghtlngs that were In that particular habitat type. - - - """"1 ~ - - - - TABLE E.3.108: COM PAR I SON OF REPORTED HOME RANGE SIZES OF BROWN/GRIZZLY BEARS IN NORTH AMERICA (adapted from Reynolds 1980> ean Sample H2""e Ran~! Area Sex Size km ml Source Kodiak Island, AK M 7 24 9.3 Berns et al. 1977 F 23 12 4.6 - Yellowstone M 6 161 62.2 Cralqhead 1976 Nat !on a I Park F 14 73 28.2 ..... Southwestern M 5 287 110.8 Pearson 1975 Yukon F 8 86 33.2 ,_. ! Northern Yukon M 9 414 159.8 Pearson 1976 F 12 73 28.2 Western Montana M 3 513 198.1 Rockwell et al. F 1 104 40.2 1978 Upper Susltna and M 14 790 305.0 ThIs study ( 1978 and Nel china bas Ins F 19 316 122.0 1980 results only) '~ Northwestern M 8 1350 521.2 Reynolds 1980 Alaska F 18 744 132.8 ..... ..... - J 12 m (Bear 0.6 TABLE E.3.109: DENSITIES OF S;LECTED NORTH AMERICAN BROWN BEAR POPULATIONS (from ADF&G 1982el 2 km /Bear Location Source 1.6 Kodiak Is land, AK Troyer and Hensel 1964 6.oa 15.5 Alaska Peninsula, AK Glenn, unpub I. data 8.2 21.2 Glacier National Park, Montana Martinka 1974b 11.0 28.5 Glacier National Park, 8C Mundy and F I oak 1973b 9-11 23-27 SW Yukon Territory Pearson 1975 16-24 41-52 Upper Susitna River, AK Miller and Ballard 88 (16-300) c 288 (42-780)c Western Brooks Ranqe (NPR-Al, AK Reyno! ds 100 250 Eastern Brooks Range, AK Reyno! ds a Da+a refer to a 4,552 km 2 (1,800 mi 2 l intensively studied area of the central Alaska Peninsula. b Taken from Pearson 1975. 1980 1976 c Mean is tor the entire National Petroleum Reserve, Alaska; the ranqe represents values tor different habitat types in this reserve. The hiqhest density occurred in an Intensively studied experimental area. J 1980 l Average l l 1 TABLE E.3.110: AVERAGE AGE AND SEX RATIOS OF BROWN BEAR POPOULATIONS IN THE MIDDLE AND UPPER SUSITNA AND NELCHINA RIVER BASINS (from ADF&G 1982e> M a I e s Females Avera9e Averaqe Sex Sprin9 A9e Spring Age Both Sexes Ratio Subpopulatlons (Years) (Range> n (Years) (Range) n (Years> GMU 13 fall harvests, 1970-1980 8.o (3.5-23.5) 208 7. 7 (3.5-28.5) 191 7.9 1979 Up per Sus I tna studIes (MIller & Bal lard 1980) 7.4 (3. 5-21. 5) 17 7.4 (3.5-16.5) 15 7.4 Middle Susltna Basin ( 1980-1981 ) : all captures 7. 7 (3.5-14.5) 14 7.9 (3. 5-13.5) 15 7.8 Radio-collared bears (1980-1981) with ~5 captures 6.0 (3. 5-1 o. 5) 4 8.6 (3.5-13.5) 13 8.o a Because adult male bears lost their collars rrore easily than adult females, this ratio underestimated the percentage of males. Males 52 53 48 24a -l ] % TABLE E.3.111: LITTER SIZES OF VARIOUS NORTH AMERICAN BROWN BEAR POPULATIONS <from AOF&G 1982e) Avera!l9 I I tter sIze (no. of II tters observed> Source Pearson 1975 Martinka 1974 This Study Reynolds 1976' Reyno Ids 1980* Mundy 1963 Klein 1958 Glenn et al. 1976 Glenn 1976 & updated Hensel et al. 1969 Area Southwestern Yukon Territory Glacier National Park. Montana Nelchlna Basin. Alaska Eastern Brooks Ranqe. Alaska Western Brooks Ranqe. Alaska Glacier National Park. B.c. Southeastern Alaska McNeil R-Iver. Alaska Black Lake. Alaska Peninsula Kodiak Island. Alaska Craiqhead et al. 1976 Yellowstone National Park *Calculations from data presented In Table 3 of Reynolds (1980) J J _ _] age of I I tter o.5 t.5 o.5-t.5 1.7(11) 1.7(35) 2.3(Q) 1.8(13) 2.0(33) 1.9(81) 2.2(25) 2.5(41) 2.1(19) 2.2(98) 2.2(68) 1.5( 11) 1.8(30) 1.6(16) 2.0(7) 1.9(21) 1.8(45) 1.9(35) 1.8( 69) 2.1(51) 2.0< 103) 1.6(22) 1.7(65) 1.7(10) 1.9(20) 2.0( 54) 1.9( 126) 2.0(60) 2. 1 ( 11 0) 2. 1 (70) 2. 1( 201 ) J __ _j .J __ _] TABLE E.3.112: REPRODUCTIVE RATES OF NORTH AMERICAN BROWN BEAR POPULATIONS (from ADF&G 1982~) Mean Age at 1st Potential Production to Reproduction Potential Maxi mum A98 LIfe t-ReproductIve Litter Product Jon Area of Breeding Interval Size of Cubs Yellowstone Park 6.3 -24.8 18.5 rars X 2.24 :: 12.2 (Cralqhead et al. 1976) 3. 0 Alaska Peninsula 6.3 -24.8 18.5 years X 2.50 = 12.3 (Glenn et al. 1976)** 3. 77 Eastern Brooks Range 0.1-24.8 14.7 years X 1.78 6.2 (Reynolds 1976)** 4.24 Western Brooks Ranqe 8.4 -24.8 16.4 years X 2.03 = 8.3 (Reynolds 1980) 4.03 Nelchlna Basin 5.2 -24.8 19.6 years X 2.3 = 13.7 <This study) 3.3 Nelchlna Basin 5.2 -14.4*** 9.2 years X 2.3 6.4 <This study) 3.3 x Reproductl ve Rate <No. cubs/adu It female/year) 0.66 0.66 0.42 0.50 0.70 0.70 * This potential may be close to actual In llqhtly hunted populations In Yellowsmne and the Brooks Range, It probably over estimates productivity of heavily hunted population (Alaska Peninsula). ** Reyno! d's ( 1980> analysIs of data presented by others. **'Maximum aqe based on age of 30 females (~12 years) In the sport harvest 197Q-1980. - .... - - - r"' ,.... - "''" .... Habitat SPRUCE 1 % by Months 2 % by Habitat RIPARIAN % by Months % by Habitat SHRUB LAND %by Months % by Habitat TUN!:RA %by Months % by Habitat OTHER % by Months % by Habitat TOTALS TABLE E.3.114: NUMBER OF AERIAL BLACK BEAR OBSERVATIONS BY MONTH IN EACH OF ~HABITAT CATEGORIES (from ADF&G l982e) May June July August September October-Apr I I 82 95 54 68 44 15 22.9 26.5 15. 1 19.0 12.3 4.2 50.3 46.3 35.8 31.8 30.8 46.9 23 33 23 18 23 19.0 27.3 19.0 14.9 19.0 .8 14.1 16. 1 15.2 8.4 16. 1 3. 1 50 70 69 119 71 9 12.9 18.0 17.8 30.7 18.3 2.3 .30. 7 34.1 45.7 55.6 49.7 28. 1 3 3 3 6 2 0 17.6 17.6 17.6 35.3 11 ~8 0 1.8 1.5 2.0 2.8 1.4 0 5 4 2 3 3 7 20.8 16.7 8.3 12.5 12.5 29.2 3.1 2.0 1.3 1.4 2. 1 21.9 163 205 151 214 143 32 (18. 0) (22.6) ( 16.6) (23.6) (15. 7) (3. 5) The proportion of sightings of bears .in spruce habitat that occurred in each mnth of the· bear slghtlngs In spruce occurred In May>. A II Months 358 (39.4) 121 ( 13. 3) 388 (42.7) 17 ( 1. 9) 24 (2.6) 908 ( 1 00.0) (eq., 22.9% 2 For each month, the proportion of sightinqs that were In that particular habitat type. TABLE E.3.115: SUMMARY OF REPORTED BLACK BEAR HARVESTS FROM ALASKA'S GAME MANAGEMENT UNIT 13, 1973-1980 (from ADF&G 1982e> Total I Total Harvest Sport Average Age (n)a % Males Taken In Fall Year Take Males Females Both S~rlng Fa II Both Males Females 1973 70 5.9(.39) 5.2(20) 5.6 NA 63 63 100 100 1974 48 5. 7(26) 7.8(14) 6.4 86 64 67 81 93 1975 67 75 75 75 67 67 1976 63 5.2(5) 6.3 70 67 6.3 55 1977b 58 5.1 (26) 4.8<12) 5.0 81 64 69 66 82 1978c 70 5.4<13) 80 63 68 64 81 1979c 70 68 50 55 64 79 1980 85 77 74 75 67 71 7.3-80 5.31 5.6< 121) 5.9(58) S.7 74 65 68 71 79 Fall only -5. 5(88) 5.9(49) 5.6 Spring only -5.7(3.3) 6 • .3(9) 5.8 a Mean age given only when n ~ 5. b Only fall bears aged. c Only spring bears aged. d A % of total take by non-residents. B Number taken by hunters reporting aircraft as C %of total where meat was salvaged for food. primary source of transportation. J J Both Ad Bd cd 100 49 14 85 21 25 67 19 .36 62 21 26 55 71 19 26 52 69 20 7 64 70 11 18 7.3 69 24 .32 67 74 2.3 184 6.3 j J ... ~ r """ r - r I""" I""" ! ~-- ..... ,. .. i TABLE E.3. 116: Food Items Adult moose Calf moose Moose. age unknown Adu It caribou Calf caribou CarIbou. age unknown Moose or caribou Beaver Muskrat Snowshoe hare Microt I ne Un IdentIfIed small mammal Bird Fish Vegetation Wolf Unknown Total COMPARISONS OF FOOD REMAINS IN WOLF SCATS COLLECT AT LEN AND RENDEZVOUS SITES IN 1980 AND 1981 FRG1 THE EASTERN SUSITNA BASIN AND ADJACENT AREAS (from ADF&G l982f) 1980 1981 727 Scats 290 Scats No. Items ~ Occurrences No. Items ~ Occurrences 105 12.00 24 6. 15 369 42. 17 87 22.31 22 2. 51 21 5.38 30 3.43 31 7.95 13 1.49 19 4.87 8 o. 91 5 1.28 31 3.54 9 2.31 48 5.49 37 9.49 26 2.97 24 6.15 55 6.29 21 5.38 40 4. 57 37 9.49 15 1. 71 20 5.13 16 1.83 8 2.05 o. 11 2 0.51 22 2.51 5 1.28 4 0.46 0.26 70 8.oo 39 10.00 875 100.00 390 100.00 TABLE E.3.117: ESTIMATE OF NUMBERS OF WOLVES BY INDIVIDUAL PACK INHABITING THE SUSITNA HYDROELECTRIC STUDY AREA IN SPRING AND FALL 1980 AND 1981 (from ADF&G 1982t> Pack Area Spring 1980 Fall 1980 Spring Fall <Post-Hunt) (Prehunt) 1981 1981 Butte Lake 3-4 3-4+ 3 5 Fish Lake 7 2 9 12+ Jay Creek 5 7-8 7 10 Keg Creek ? 7 2-3 2-3 Mac I aren -R rver 2 4-5 1 2-3 Portage Creek 7 7 7 5 Stephan Lake 2+ 11 7 1 Susitna 4 10 5 4 Sus I tna-S I nona 4 4-5 2 ? Tolsona 9 15 13 15 Tyone Creek 4 2 0 ? Upper Talkeetna River ? 7 ? 2 w~tana 5 14 8 14 Total 40 77 42-43 12-74 - 1!!!!11!11!!1 ~ - - .... .... TABLE E.3. 118: NUMBER OF SAMPLE UNITS CONTAINING INDICATED LEVEL OF BEAVER ACTIVITY DURING SUt41ER 1982 DOWNSTREAM SURVEY (See text for explanation) (from Gipson, unpub. data) ..... !ilona [ow Mod. High No SIgn Tracks, Darns, Dens, Seen Cuttings Trai Is Lodges Main channel 22 I""' Side channel 22 5 4 UPPER SECTION Slough 2 3 5 n = 38 !"' .. Clearwater 2 2 3 Main channel 4 Side channel 6 3 MIDDLE SECTION S Iough 3 n = 11 Clearwater 4 Main channel Side channe I 3 9 LOWER SECTION S Iough 3 n = 8 Clearwater * *Lower section contained no clearwater habitat In sample units surveyed. - TABLE E.3.119: 1982 AERIAL COUNTS OF BEAVER STRUCTURES ALONG 15.2 KM (9.4 Ml) OF LOWER IEADMAN CREEK IMMED lATELY DOWNSTRE.4M FRCM DEADMAN LAKE, AND A MARSHY SECTION OF UPPER DEADMAN CREEK FROM ITS MOUTH AT DEADMAN LAKE 3.2 KM <2.0 Ml) UPSTREAM FROM THE LAKE (from Gipson, unpub. data) Lodges l:lams Location Caches Active Inactive Active Inactive Lower Deadman Creek 8 91 5 3 4 Upper Deadman Creek 5 5 0 0 0 TOTAL 13 14 5 3 4 1 Two apparently active lodges were observed within 30 meters (33 yards) of each other and only one food cache was noted between the lodges. Possibly both of these lodges had been active durinq summer, but only one would remain active through winter. - - - - - - - TABLE E.3.120: RESULTS OF SURVEYS FOR MUSKRAT PUSHUPS UPSTREAM FROM GOLD CREEK DURING SPRING 1980 !"""' {from Gipson et al. 19B2) location of lakes lake Elevation MSL No. Quarter Number {m) {ft) Pushups Section Section Range Townsh12 001 267 876 2 sw 31 1W 32N ~I SE 31 1W 32N 002 472 1549 4 SE 30 tw 32N sw 29 IW 32N 003 526 1726 14 NE 30 tw 32N NW 29 IW 32N ..... 004 640 2100 0 NE 20 lW 32N NW 21 IW 32N SE 20 tw 32N 005 500 1641 26 SE 15 IW 32N sw 14 IW 32N SE 14 lW 32N NW 23 IW 32N 006 495 1624 0 NW 23 IW 32N NE 23 IW 32N ..... 007 480 1575 0 NW 24 IW 32N sw 24 1W 32N SE 23 1W 32N NE 23 IW 32N 008 463 1519 0 sw 6 1E 3 1N 009 463 1519 0 SE 6 IE 31N 010 442 1450 0 sw 32 IE 32N 011 472 1549 0 SE 32 1E 32N 012 419 1375 0 SE 32 IE 32N 013 542 1778 0 sw 4 IE 32N SE 4 IE 32N 014 724 2375 0 NW 28 lE 32N 015 724 2375 0 NE 21 IE 32N NW 22 1E 32N sw 22 IE 32N NW 27 1E 32N .-:~· SE 21 IE 32N 016 712 2336 0 sw 16 1E 32N I"''" SE 16 IE 32N sw 15 1E 32N NW 22 IE 32N NE 21 1E 32N -017 754 2474 0 NE 22 1E 32N NW 23 1E 32N 018 572 1878 0 NW 35 lE 32N 019 503 1650 0 sw 35 lE 32N NW 2 IE 31N "' .. 020 541 1775 0 SE 35 1E 32N NE 2 1E 31N 021 724 2375 0 NW 36 1E 32N 022 724 2375 0 NW 36 lE 32N -023 686 2250 0 sw 24 1E 32N SE 24 1E 32N sw 19 2E 32N NW 30 2E 32N NE 25 1E 32N NW 25 lE 32N 024 724 2375 0 NE 19 2E 32N NW 20 2E 32N 025 722 2369 0 NW 20 2E 32N NE 20 2E 32N SE 20 2E 32N sw 20 2E 32N I"""' i TABLE E.3.120 (Page 2) Location of Lakes Lake Elevation MSL No. Quarter '-l Number {m) {ft) Pus hues Section Section Range Township 026 709 2326 0 sw 21 2E 32N 027 533 1749 0 NW 27 2E 32N NE 27 2E 32N SE 27 2E 32N sw 27 2E 32N 028 754 2474 0 NE 7 4E 31N 029 716 2349 0 sw 8 4E 31N -030 602 1975 0 NW 17 4E 31N 031 602 1975 0 NE 17 4E 31N 032 693 2274 1 NW 5 5E 31N sw 5 5E 31N 033 693 2274 0 sw 5 5E 31N 034 716 2349 0 sw 4 5E 31N SE 5 5E 31N 035 680 2231 0 sw 9 5E 31N SE 9 5E 31N -NE 16 5E 31N NW 16 5E 31N NE 17 5E 31N NW 17 5E 31N NE 18 5E 31N -SE 7 5E 31N sw 8 5E 31N SE 8 5E 31N 036 678 2225 a sw 10 5E 31N SE 9 5E 31N 037 693 2274 0 SE 3 5E 31N sw 3 5E 31N SE 10 5E 31N sw 10 5E 31N -NE 9 5E 31N 038 643 2110 0 SE 11 5E 31N sw 11 5E 31N NW 14 5E 31N NE 15 5E 31N sw 15 5E 31N NW 15 5E 31N sw 10 5E 31N 039 709 2326 0 NW 3 5E 31N -040 683 2241 0 sw 21 5E 32N 041 678 2225 1 NW 21 5E 32N 042 683 2241 0 NE 21 5E 32N 043 689 2261 1 NE 21 5E 32N NW 22 5E 32N SE 21 5E 32N NE 21 5E 32N 044 693 2274 0 sw 15 5E 32N NW 22 5E 32N 045 683 2241 0 SE 16 5E 32N NE 21 5E 32N 046 693 2274 0 SE 15 5E 32N sw 45 5E 32N -047 683 2241 7 NW 15 5E 32N NE 16 5E 32N 048 739 2425 6 NW 10 5E 32N 049 716 2341> 0 NW 14 5E 32N sw 14 5E 32N ~ 050 716 2349 0 NW 14 5E 32N 051 716 2349 0 NW 14 5E 32N - - TABLE E.3.120 (Page 3) Location of lakes Lali::e· E I eva:t ion· MSl No. Quarter Number (m) (ft) Pushues Sec-tion Sec-tion Range Township 052 716 2349 0 NW 14 5E 32N NE 14 5E 32N 053 716 2349 0 NE 14 5E 32N -054 716 2349 0 SE 14 5E 32N 055 716 2349 (); NE 14 5E 32N SE 14 5E 32N 056 716 2349 0 NE 14 5E 32N -NW 13 5E 32N 057 693 2274 0 sw 35 5E 32N 058 708 2323 0 NE 53 5E 32N 059' 693 2274 32 NE 13 5E 32N NW 18 5E 31N """" sw 18 5E 31N SE 13 5E 31N sw 13 5E 31N SE 14 5E 31N !"""' NE 14 5E 31N NE 13 5E 31N 060 692 2270 0 sw 5 6E 31N SE 5 6E 31N NE 8 6E 31N SE 7 6E 31N sw 7 6E 31N NE 7 6E 31N NW 8 6E 31N 061 678 2225 3 sw 4 6E 31N SE 5 6E 31N 062 678 2225 0 NW 2 6E 31N 063 709 2326 0 SE 19 6E 32N 064 724 2375 0 NW 19 6E 32N -NE 24 6E 32N 065 747 2451 3 sw 18 6E 32N 066 716 2349 0 NE 18 6E 32N NW fa 6E 32N ~lfl. 067 716 2349 24 sw 7 6E 32N SE 7 6E 32N sw 8 6E. 32N SE 8 6E 32N -NE 17 6E 32N NW 17 6E 32N NE 18 6E 32N 068 692 2270 15 SE 17 6E 32N sw 16 6E 32N ... ~ NW 21 6E 32N NE 20 6E' 32N 069 693 2274 14 SE 11 6E 32N 070 709 2326 8 NW 12 6E 32N 071 533 1749 5 SE 24 6E 32!il I"'"'! 072 503 1650 2 NW 31 7E :S2N· fY7} 610 2~01' () sw 29 7E 32N 074 625 2051 2 NW 29' 7E 32N NE 29 7E 32<1 -SE 29 iE 32N 07·5 62"5 2051 ,o SE 29 7E 3'~ NE 32 7E 32N 016, 625 2051 2' Sit 2& 1E 3z.l 077 62.5 2051 0 SE 29 7E 32H ova' .6t5 2051' 0 S£ 29'' 7E' J~2N 079 960 3150 0 st 2:3 7E 31M 080 838 2749 @ S.E 6• 8E YlN - TABLE E.3. 120 (Page 4) Location of Lakes Lake E I evat I on MSL No. Quarter Number (m) (ft) Pushuj!S Section Section Ran~ Township 081 .823 2700 0 SE 6 8E 31N sw 5 8E 31N 082 564 1850 2 sw 8 8E 31N 083 770 2526 0 sw 33 8E 32N NE 33 8E 32N 084 770 2526 0 NW 3 8E 31N 085 808 2651 0 sw 2 8E 31N SE 2 8E 31N 086 808 2651 0 SE 2 8E 31N 087 808 2651 0 SE 2 8E 31N 088 741 2431 1 SE 7 9E 31N 089 866 2841 25 SE 25 11E 30N sw 30 11 E 3CN .., NW 31 11E 30N NE 36 liE 3CN 090 870 2854 2 SE 30 11 E 3CN N\11 31 liE 30N .... 091 869 2851 0 NW 31 liE 3CN 092 777 2549 I sw 5 11E 29N NW 8 11 E 29N 093 777 2549 0 NW 8 11 E 29N NE 8 liE 29N ~ SE 8 liE 29N sw 8 11E 29N 094 780 2559 0 SE 5 liE 29N NE 8 llE 29N -095 777 2549 0 sw 4 11E 29N 096 777 2549 0 NW 9 11E 29N 097 777 2549 0 NW 9 11 E 29N 098 777 2549 0 NW 9 liE 29N sw 9 liE 29N -099 777 2549 0 SE 8 liE 29N sw 9 liE 29N 100 853 2799 1 NE 26 10E 3()l 101 853 2799 0 NE 26 10E 30N -NW 25 Hie: 3CN 102 853 2799 0 sw 24 10E 3CN 103 853 2799 0 sw 23 3E 30N N\11 26 3E 3CN - - - I""' ' I""' - - - !""' ~ """ I r"' I; TABLE E.3.121: NUMBERS OF FURBEARER TRACKS SEEN DURING AERIAL TRANSECTS IN THE MIDDLE SUSITNA BASIN 1 NOVEMBER 1980 (from Gipson et al. 982) Transect Short-tailed Number Marten Fox Weasel Mink Otter Totals 01 41 3 5 2 52 02 80 0 7 6 94 03 91 9 5 3 0 108 04 198 0 20 0 3 221 05 84 0 11 0 96 06 163 0 6 0 170 07 202 23 39 0 2 266 08 86 11 0 2 5 104 09 85 11 2 0 99 10 125 20 95 2 3 245 11 39 30 58 2 130 12 40 38 96 5 180 13 7 60 77 5 3 152 14 112 10 328 6 3 459 Totals 1353 213 746 34 30 2376 a See Figure E.3. 101 for transect locations. TABLE E.3.122: TABULATION OF NOVEMBER 1980 AERIAL TRANSECT DATA, SPECIES BY VEGETATION TYPE (from Gipson et al. 1982) Vegetation Short-ta I I ed T:t~e Marten Fox Weasel Mink Otter Forest, white spruce 35 4 0 0 Forest, birch 3 0 2 0 0 Forest, poplar 0 0 0 0 Forest, black spruce 0 2 0 0 0 Forest, mixed 54 0 0 0 Alpine mat-cushion 3 5 29 0 0 Woodland, white spruce 525 5 88 0 Woodland, black spruce 605 61 401 3 Woodland, mixed 29 0 5 0 0 Shrub, low 12 9 8 0 0 Shrub, medl um 35 108 190 0 0 Shrub, alder 25 2 11 0 0 River Ice 2 2 20 20 Lake Ice 0 4 0 0 0 Creek Ice 6 0 2 4 2 Marsh 3 4 0 3 0 River bar 9 8 3 7 Rock 0 0 0 0 TOTALS 1353 213 746 34 30 Totals 40 5 2 55 37 619 1071 34 29 333 38 45 4 14 10 28 2376 """''I I .... """ - - - - !""" ,- ,..... ..... r ' r - ,.... - TABLE E.3.123: NUMBER OF TRACKS OF OTTER AND MINK OBSERVED AT NCRTH AND SOUTH S liES OF 37 SUS I TNA RIVER CHECK POINTS, NOVEMBER 10-12, 1980a (from Gipson et al. 1982> Checkpoint North South Numbers Otters Mink Otters Mink 01 3 0 0 0 02 0 2 0 0 03 0 0 0 0 04 0 0 3 1 05 0 0 2 0 06 0 0 0 0 07 0 1 0 1 08 0 0 0 2 09 0 0 1 0 10 0 0 0 2 11 4 1 0 1 12 3 1 0 0 13 0 0 0 1 14 2 0 3 1 15 0 0 4 0 16 3 1 0 2 17 0 3 0 4 18 0 0 0 2 19 0 0 1 2 20 2 0 1 0 21 l I 0 0 22 0 0 0 0 23 2 l 0 2 24 0 0 0 0 25 0 0 0 0 26 0 0 0 0 27 0 0 4 0 28 0 0 4 0 29 0 0 0 2 30 0 0 0 0 3T 0 0 0 0 32 0 0 0 3 :n 0 2 0 3 34 0 1 0 2 35 0 I 2 3 36 0 0 2 2 37 0 1 0 2 Totals 20 16 27 38 a See Figure E.3.101 for locations of river check pol nts. """ TABLE E.3.124: RESULTS OF MARTEN SCAT ANALYSES BY SEASON, BASED UPON PERCENT FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE (from Gipson et at. 1982) - Autumn Winter Sprl ng Autumn Unknown 1980 1980-81 1981 1981 Sees on Total Unknown Memmel o.o 0.7 3.9 0.7 o.o '· 2 Mlcrotlne 83.3 85.6 82.7 98.7 85.7 88.8 Shrew 16.7 2.7 2.9 o.o 1.3 2.4 Sclurld 4.2 9.6 15.4 o.o 3.9 6.8 ~ Unqulate 16.7 o.o 1.9 1.4 6.5 2.6 Snowshoe Hare o.o 1.4 o.o o.o 3.9 1.0 Muskrat o.o 3.4 2.9 o.o o.o 1.6 Bird 4.2 17. 1 12.5 3.4 5.2 9.6 Berry 41.7 39.7 29.8 1.4 19.5 23.3 FIsh o.o 0.7 1.0 o.o 1.3 0.6 Human Foods o.o o.o o.o o.o 7.8 1.2 Total Scats 24.0 146.0 104.0 148.0 77.0 499.0 Food Items/Scat 1.7 1.7 1.6 1. 1 1.4 1.5 - - - - .... - - - -i I""' !!""" -( - - - r I"~ I I I TABLE E .3. 125: Elevation (m) 516 -547 548 -581 582 -613 614 -645 646 -677 678 -709 710 -741 742 -774 775 -806 807 -838 839 -870 871 -902 903-935 936 -967 968 -1000 1001 -1032 1033 -1064 1065 -1096 1097 -1129 Total Transects 1 -11 TRACKS OF RED FOXES ENCOUNTERED DURING NOVEMBER 1980 AERIAL TRANSECT SURVEYS (from Gipson et al. 1982) Number of Fox Tra~ks North side S:usitna South side S:usitna 2 4 5 20 2 9 6 10 18 2 12 47 5 38 5 7 2 2 3 11 15 79 151 67 51 Importance Ranking 2 3 4 5 TABLE £.3.126: RED FOX DEN CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM (from Gipson et al. 1982) Den Type Primary Secondary Primary Alternative Tertiary Shelter Description Active or bel leved to have been active In 1979, 1980, or 1981. Natal den. Multiple burrow system. Believed to have traditional use. Large dirt mounds at burrow entrances and wear patterns. Five or more entrances. Not active In 1980 or 1981. Multiple burrow system. Large dirt mounds at entrances. Wear patterns but obscured to various degrees by recent vegetative recolonization. Probably natal den when In use. May be used as a resting site. Five or more entrances. Found near primary or secondary sites. Signs of recent or present use. Two to five en- trances usually. Pro~bly occupied and used primarily by pups. First pup movements .away from nata I den are usua I I y to these sItes. Presence of digging activity. Usua I I y two to fIve entrances. 0 I d food remains and/or scats present. Probably not used In recent years. May be used as a resting site. One burrow. Probably used for shelter only. - - - - - - - - .. l l l J TABLE E.3.127: LOCATION AND STATUS OF RAPTOR AND RAVEN NEST SITES IN THE MIDDLE SUSITNA BASIN, ALASKA Corresponding U of A Museum No. (Kesse I USGS Nesting et a I • 1982e; Statu sa Talkeetna Mountains Location B. Cooper 1974b 15ftx30ft Location Estimated 8 Species No. 1982 pars. comm.> 1980C 1981C 1982d Quad No. 'i'ownshl(! Range Section Elevation m (ftl Golden eagle GE-1 v, c, II X X NC C-1 T30N R11E 7 716-731 <2,350-2,400) GE•2 D, T, gg X X NC D-2 T31N R9E 17 610-655 (2, 000-2, 150) GE-3 E, kk, II X X NC D-2 T31N RBE 715 (2,400>1 GE-4 qq 0 X D-2 T31N R8E 15, 22 564 (1,650) GE-5 F X 0 NC D-2 T31N R8E 9, 10 549 (1,800) GE-6 0 NC D-2 T31N R8E 6, 9 <579 < ( 1, 900) GE-7 R X NC D-3 T31N R7E 14 945 (3, 1 00) f GE-8 G X 0 NC D-3 T32N R6E 26 490-516 ( 1, 600-1, 700) GE-9 ff 0 NC D-3 T32N R6E 29 490-516 (1,60Q-1, 700) GE-10 0 NC D-4 T33N R,., 26 1,189 (3,900) GE-11 dd 0 NC D-4 T32N R4E 25 490-516 (1,600-1, 700) 'GE-12 0 NC D-4 T31N R3E 1 5, 14 <549? < ( 1, 600?) GE-13 z 0 0 NC D-4 T31N R3E 17. 16 427-442 ( 1, 400-1, 450> TABLE E.3-127 (Page 2) Corresponding U of A Museum No. (Kessel USGS Nesting et al. 1982a; Statusa Talkeetna Mountains Location B. Cooper 15 ft X 30 ft Estimatede S ecies No. 1982 ers. comm.) 1974b 1980C 1981c 1982d Q.uad No. Townshl Section Elevation m tt Golden eagle GE-14 0 NC D-4 T31N R3E 12 427-457? (contd) 1,400-1,500?) GE-15 X, y 0 NC D-5 T32N R2E 22, 23 518-579 ( 1 , 7 OQ-1 , 900 GE-16 X X NC D-5 T32N R2E 27 470-485 ( 1 , 540-1 , 590) GE-17 pp 0 NC D-5 T31N R2E 17 610-625 (2,000-2,050) GE-18 M X NC D-5 T32N R1E 32 335 (1,100) Bald eagle BE-1 0 NC C-1 T31N R12E 28, 33 686-694 (2,250-2,275) BE-2 B X X NC C-1 T29N R11E 9, 10 663-671 (2, 175-2,21 0) BE-3 hh X 0 NC C-2 T3()1 R1 OE 16 579 (1,900) BE-4 s X X NC D-2 T31N R8E 11 540-549 ( 1, 775-1, 800) BE-5 A X X 0 NC D-3 T31N R7E 2 497-503 (1,630-1,650) BE-6 K X X NC D-3 T33N R5E 34 760 (2, 500) BE-7 N X NC C-4 T3()1 R3E 564-572 (1,850-1,875) BE-8 L 0 X X NC D-6 T31N R2W 9, 10 230 (750) J _J J l -J ~·.' 1 1 l TABLE E.3.127 (Page 3) Corresponding U of A Museum No. (Kessel USGS Nesting et al. 1982a; Status8 Talkeetna Mountains Location B. Cooper 1974b 1982d 15 ft X 30 ft Location Estimatede S~ecies No. 1982 ~ers. comm.> 1980C 1981c Quad No. i'ownshi~ Range Section Elevation m (ft) Raven R-8 X NC D-3 T32N R7E 33 519 (1,700) R-9 X NC D-3 T32N R6E 25 488 ( 1, 600) R-10 X 0 NC D-3 T32N R6E 28 488 ( 1, 600) R-11 0 NC D-3 T32N R5E 26, 35 564 (1,850) R-12 Q X NC D-3 T32N R5E 23, 26 625 (2, 050) · R-13 P, ee X NC D-4 T32N R5E 20 549 (1 ,800) R.:...14 mm, nn, cc 0 NC D-4 T31N R4E 14 549-580 ( 1, 80Q-1, 900) R-15 o, a a, bb X NC D-4 T31N R4E 15 519-580 (1, 700-1,900) R-16 0 NC D-4 T31N R3E 18 442 (1 ,450) R-17 0 NC D-4 T31N R3E 13 442 ( 1 ,450) R-18 0 .NC D-5 T32N R2E 36 427 (1,400) R-19 J X X NC D-5 T32N R2E 27 458 ( 1, 500) R20 w 0 NC D-5 T32N R2E 33 366 (1,200) TABLE E.3.127 (Page 4) Corresponding U of A Museum No. (Kessel USGS Nesting et a I • 1982a ; Statu sa Talkeetna Mountains Location B. Cooper 15 ft )( 30 tt Location Estlmatede Species No. 1982 pers. comm.l 1974b 1980C 1981c 1982d Quad No. Township Range Section Elevation m (tt) Raven R-8 )( NC D-3 T32N R7E 33 519 (1,700) R-9 )( NC D-3 T32N R6E 25 488 (1,600) R-10 )( 0 NC D-3 T32N R6E 28 488 (1 ,600) R-11 0 NC D-3 T32N R5E 26, 35 564 (1 ,850) R-12 Q )( NC D-3 T32N R5E 23, 26 625 (2, 050) R-13 P, ee )( NC D-4 T32N R5E 20 549 ( 1, 800) R-14 mm, nn, cc 0 NC D-4 T31N R4E 14. 549-580 ( 1 , 800-1 , 900) R-15 0, aa, bb )( NC D-4 T31N R4E 15 519-580 (1, 700-1,900) R-16 0 NC D-4 T31N R3E 18 442 (1 ,450) R-17 0 NC D-4 T31N R3E 13 442 (1,450) R-18 0 NC D-5 T32N R2E 36 427 (1,400) R-19 J )( )( NC D-5 T32N R2E 27 458 ( 1, 500) R20 w 0 NC D-5 T32N R2E 33 366 (1,200) J J J J J J J J ) l TABL.E E.3.127 (Page 5) Statu sa USGS Talkeetna Mountains 15ftx30ft Nesting Location No. Corresponding U of A Museum No. (Kessel et a I • 19828 ; s. Cooper · 1982 pers. comm.l Quad No. Township 198()C 1981C l-:, Raven (Contd) R-21 0 NC D-5 ast~;~tus unknown, x =possibly active, x ., active, 0 = Inactive, -= not reported <1974> or not located (1980-1981) (although suitable habitat was present In most casesl, NC = not checked. boata from Wh lte < 1974). coeta from Kessel et al. <1982a), s. Kessel and s. Cooper (unpubl. data). dOa"ta from Kessel and Cooper (unpubl. dota>. eo I fferences occur between e I evat I on.s gIven here and those reported by Kesse I et a 1. ( 1982>. T32N Orlglnlll estimates were obtained by attempting to locllte nests as accurately as possible on USGS 1:63,36Q maps with contour lntervels of 100' (majority) or 50' <Talkeetna Mtns >,C-1 but It was often difficult to precisely lo,c;ate nests and to locate them relatlvl!l to tightly sp.aced contour Intervals (CQoper 1982 pers. comm.>. All elevations have been reviewed llnd some revisions were made; however, In some cl!ses estimates given here may contain errors of a~ much as +100'. AI I elevations must be considered approximate (unless otherwise noted> until the majority are rechecked with a precision altimeter. fEievatlon checked with helicopter altimeter ~30-foot accuracy, 20-foot Increments) on October II, 1982. Location Range R1E Section 32 -J Estlmatede E levatlon m (ft> 427 (1,400) GE-1 GE-2 TABLE E.3.127b: LOCATION OF RAPTOR NESTS IN THE MIDDLE SUSITNA BASIN 2.4 km (1.5 mi) upriver from Vee Canyon and 0.5 to 0.6 km (0.3 to 0.4 mi) up a narrow canyon on the north side of the Susltna River. Three nests present; 1980 nest 26m (85ft) up a 33m (110ft) cliff, 100m (330ft) back from and 67 m (220 ft) above unnamed creek, 1981 nest 8 m (26 ft) up 12 m (40ft) ci Iff 81 m (265 ft) back from and 67 m (220 ftl above unnamed creek (Kessel et al. 1982a; Kessel, unpubl. data). 4.2 km (2.6 mil up the Susitna River from the mouth of Jay Creek and In a canyon on the north side of the Susltna River. Three nests were present; 1980 nest 5 m ( 1 5 f t) up 13 m (40ft) cliff, 10m (35ft) back from and 18 m (60ft) above unnamed creek, 1981 nest 1m (5 ft) up 5 m <15ft), vege- tated c I Iff, 14 m (45 ftl back from and 33 m ( 110 ft) above unnamed creek (Kessel et al. 1982a; Kessel, unpubl. data>. GE-3 2.4 km 11.5 mr> up Jay Creek from Its confluence with the Susltna River. Three nests were present; 1981 nest 5 m (15ft) up 30m C100 ft) cliff, 150m C490 ft) from west bank and 115m (375ft) above Jay Creek (Kessel et al. 1982a; Kessel, unpubl. data>. GE-4 1.6 km (1.0 ml) up Koslna Creek from Its confluence with the Susitna River and on the east side of Koslna Creek. This nest was IdentIfIed as an InactIve raven nest In 1981 but go I den eag I es nested there In 1982 (B. Cooper 1982 pers. comm.>. GE-5 GE-6 1.0 km C0.6 mr> down the Susitna River from the mouth of KosI na Creek. The nest Is 32 m ( 105 ft) up 38 m ( 125 ft) cliff on north riverbank (Kessel et al. 1982a>. 2.8 km Cl. 7 ml> down the Sus itna Rl ver from the mouth of Koslna Creek on the north bank of the river. White (1974) reported a golden eagle nest at this location In 1974, but his 16catlon may correspond to GE-5 since the area he indi- cated does not contain suitable nesting habitat. GE-7 9.6 km (6.0 mi) down the Sus,Jtna River from the mouth of Kosina Creek and 7 m (25ft) up a 12m (40ft) cliff on a south-facing hillside above the south bank of the river (Kessel et al. 1982a>. GE-8 GE-9 GE-10 GE-11 GE-12 4.0 km (2.5 ml) down the Susitna River from the mouth of Watana Creek and 13 m (45ft) up a 23m (75ft) cliff, 40 m ( 130 ft) back from and 34 m ( 110 ft) above the north bank of the river. This nest was Inactive In 1981 a !though it did have a fresh spruce lining (Kessel et al. 1982a; Kessel, unpub 1. data). 5.4 km (3.4 m I) up the Sus ltna RIver from the mouth of Deadman Creek on a c II ff on the north bank of the rIver (Kessel, unpubl. data). 11.2 km (7.0 mi) north of the proposed Watana damsite, high on the southeast side. of Tsusena Butte (Kessel, unpubl. data>. 1.0 km (0.6 ml) down the Susltna River from the mouth of Tsusena Creek and 0.8 km [0.5 mi) up and on the east bank of a small unnamed drainage (Kessel, unpubl. data>. 10.0 km (6.3 ml) down the Susltna River from the mouth of Fog Creek on the north bank of the. river. White (1974) reported a golden eagle nest at this location .ln 1974, but his loca- tion probably corresponds to GE-13, since the area he Indi- cated does not appear to contain suitable nesting habitar. - - - - - - - - - - - ~ ,.. i"'"' !""'" !!"""· - r - - -I I I -' TABLE E.3.127b (Page 2) GE-13 GE-14 G€-15 GE-16 GE-17 GE-18 BE-1 BE-2 BE-3 BE-4 BE-5 BE-6 BE-7 BE-8 9.4 km (5.9 mi) up the Susltna River from the mouth of Devil Creek on a c II f f on the north bank of the rIver <Kesse I, unpub 1. data). 5.6 km (3.5 mil up the Susltna River from the mouth of Devil Creek. A golden eagle nest was reported at this location on the west side of the river In 1974 (White 1974); but the nearest suitable habitat appears to be 1.4 km (0.9 ml) and 2.0 km (1.3 mil further downstream CB. Cooper 1982 pers. comm.) and one of these I ocations may represent the actua I 1974 location. 2.8km (1.8mi) up Devil Creek from Its confluence with the Sus itna River. Two nests Ca lternates) are present; one on the c I I ffs on the west sIde of Dev II Creek and one on the c II ffs on the north sIde of a sma II, unnamed trIbutary that empties Into Devl I Creek (Kessel, unpubl. data). 0.6 km (0.4 ml) up Devil Creek from Its confluence with the Susltna River and 30m (100ft) up 45m (150ft) vegetated cliff, lOOm (330ft) back from and 120m (395ft) above Devil Creek on the west bank (Kessel et al. 1982a). 6.8 km (4.3 ml> down the Susitna River from the mouth of Devii'Creek and 3.5 km (2.2 m1l up and on the east side of a small drainage that joins the river from the south (Kessel unpubl. data). 3.4 km (2.1 mi) up the Susitna River from the mouth of Portage Creek on .a moderate-s I zed c I Iff on the north bank (Kessel et al. 1982al. 4.2 km (2.6 mil up the Susltna River from the mouth of Tyone River. White (1974) reported two closely associated nests on the east side of the Susitna River in 1974 but they appeared to be gone by 198Q-81 • 3~4 km (2.1 ml) up the Oshetna River from Its confluence with the Sus ltna River and 4 m ( 15 ft) from edge of the west bank in a 22m (70ft) white spruce (Kessel et al. 1982a>. 4.0 km <2.5 mi> down the Susltna River from the midpoint of Vee Canyon on the south bank of the Susltna River, just west of the mouth of a small unnamed tributary (White 1974; Kessel, unpubl. data). 1.8 km (1.1 ml) up the Sus ltna River from the mouth ·of Kos Ina Creek and 25 m (80 ft) up a 33m (110 ft) cliff on the north bank of the river (White 1974; Kessel et al. 1982a>. 8.8 km (5.5 ml) up the Susltna River from the mouth of Watana Creek on a wooded Island in a live white spruce (White 1974, Kessel et al. 1982a). 9.2 km (5.7 ml) up Deadman Creek from Its confluence with the Susltna River on top of a 15m (50ft), broken-topped balsam poplar, 25 m (80 ft> from the north bank of Deadman Creek (Kessel et al. 1982a>. On the south shore of a small pond CWB105), 1.2 km (0.7 mil east of the northeast end of Stephan Lake and on top of a I 3 m (45 ft), broken-topped ba I sam pop I ar <Kessel et a 1. 1982a>. 1.0 km (0.6 mil up the Susltna River from Its confluence with Indian Rl ver and on top of a 23 m (75 ft), broken-topped pop I ar, 4 m (15 ft) from the north rIverbank CWh I te 1974; Kessel et .at. 1982a). TABLE E.3.127b !Page 3) GYR-1 GYR-2 GYR-3 GOS-1 GOS-2 GOS-3 R-1 R-'2 R-3 R-4 R-5 R-6 At midpoint of Vee Canyon and 100 m (330 ft) up a 113 m (370ft) cliff on the south bank of the Susltna River (White 1974, Kessel et al. 1982a>. 6.8 km (4.2 ml> down "the Sus Jtna Rl ver from the mouth of Devil Creek and 2.6 km C 1.6 ml) up a gorge on "tfle south sIde of the river. Nest Is 100m C330 ft) up 105m (345 ft) clIff in the creek canyon (White 1974, Kessel et al. l982a). l.B km (1.1 m I) due south of the proposed De vi I 1 s Canyon dam- site. An active nest was reported in 1974 and White (1974) commented that it was " ••• back fr.om high water limits about 1/2 mile •••• " 0.3 km (0.2 mi) west of the mouth of Koslna Creek on the south bank of the Susltna River CB. Cooper 1982 pers. comm.>. 1.6 km ( 1. 0 ml) up the Sus I tna RIver from the mouth of Fog Creek and on the southeast side of the river. Goshawk nests reported at this loca"tlon Tn l974 CWnlte 1974>. 2.0 km (1.3 mf) southeast of the Devil 's Canyon damsite in paper bIrch on steep s I ope CB. Cooper 1982 pers. comm.; Kessel 1982 pers. commo>. 2.4km (1.5mi) upriver from Vee Canyon and 0.6km C0.4mi) up a narrow canyon on tne north side of the Susltna River .•. A nest was reported on the east side of the narrow canyon about 0.2 km co. 1 ml) from a sma I I stream In 1974 (WhIte 1974). 0.6 km (0.4 ml) up the Susitna River from the midpoint of Vee Canyon. An active nest was reported on the north side of the Susltna Rivet: on a south-facing cliff In 1974 (White 1974). At m!dpolnt of Vee Canyon an active nest was reported on the south-facing slope of the north bank of the Susltna River In 1974 (White 1974>. 5.6 t.o 6.6 km <3.5-4.1 ml) down the Susitna River from the midpoint .of Vee Canyon on the north bank. An active nest was reported at this general location in 1974 (White 1974). It was probably located on one of the two small existing south- facing cliff areas. 1.6 km (1.0 mi) up Jay Creek from Its confluence with the Sus ltna R I ver. An .act -lll'e nest was reported about 0. 1 km (300ft) east of Jay Creek up a small unnamed tributary that joins Jay Creek (White 1974). 1.4 km (0.8 ml) up Koslna Creek from Its confluence with the Susltna River. An active nest was reported about 0.2 km C0.1 mil east of Kosln.a Creek on a northwest-facing hill (White 1974>. R-7 .4.6 km (2. 8 m I) down the Sus ltna RIver from the mouth of Koslna Creek. An active nest was reported on the north bank of the Susltna River In 1974 {White 1974>. R-8 5.0 km (3.1 mil up the Susltna River from the mouth of Watana Creek. An active nest was reported on the north bank of the Susltna River in 1974 (White 1974). R-9 1,.0 km up (0.6 mi) "the Susltna River from the mouttl1 of Watana Creek. An active nest was reported on t.he norfll, J!lan·.Jt o.ff tbs Susltna River In 1974 (White 1974>. - - - - - - ·- ,_ ,-, -' ..... I,... ..... TABLE E.3.127b <Page 4l R-10 R-11 R-12 R-13 R-14 R-15 R-16 R-11 R-IB R-19 R-20 4.6 km (2.8 mi) down the Susltna River from the mouth of Watana Greek. An active nest was reported on the north bank of the Susitna River in 1974 ('White-1974). .The nest was inactive in 1980 (Kessel et al. 1982al. 0.2 km <0.1 mi) down the Sus I tna River from the mouth of Deadman Greek. A .nest was reported on the soutb bank of the Susltna almost opposite the mouth of Deadman Creek (White 1974). 1.4 km <0.9 mi) up Deadman Creek from its oonf luence with the Susltna River and 13 m (45 ft) up a 32 m (105 ft) cliff on the east bank of the creek <Kessel et af. l982a). 4.2 km <2.6 m[) up Tsusena Creek from Its confluence with the Susltna River. Two nests Calteratesl were reported to be on a cliff on the east bank of the creek. <Kessel et ar. 1982al. 3.8 km !2.4 mil up Fof! Creek from its confluence with the Susitna River. Two nests (alternates) were located on the north sIde of the creek and another a I ternate nest was located on the south side. (Kessel et al. 1982a). 2.4 km (1.5 mil up Fog Creek from Its confluence with the Susltna River. lwo nests Ca1'ternates) were located on the north side of the creek and an active nest was located on the south side of the creek (Kessel et al. 1982al. 7.4 km (4.6 mil up the Susltna River from the mouth of Devil Creek. Nests were reported on the north bank of the Sus I tna River In 1974 (White 1974). 7.4 km (4.6 mil up the Susitna River from the mouth of Devil Creek and 0.5 km up a small drainage that flows south Into the Susltna River. A nest was reported at this location In 1974 (White 1974). 2.4 km <1.5 mil up the Susitna River from the mouth of Devil Creek. A nest was reported 01 the north shore of the Susitna River in 1974 (White 1974>. I. 0 km <0.6 m I l up De vi I Creek from its conf I uence with the Susltna River and near the top of a cliff on the west bank of the creek. An actIve nest was reported here in 197 4 CWh I te 1974l and it was active in 1980 (Kessel et al. 1982al. 1.9 km <1.2 mil down the Susitna River from the mouth of Devil Creek on cliffs on the northwest side of the river (Kessel, unpubl. data). R-21 3.6km C2.3mi) up the Susitna River from the toouth of Portage Creek and 0.6 km C0.4 mil downstream from the pro- posed Oev\1 Canyon da:msite 01'1 the north bank of the rl ver. A nest was reported at this location in 1974 (White 1974) • j TABLE E.3.128: BREEDING PHENOLOGIES OF EAGLES, GYRFALCON, AND COMMON RAVEN IN INTERIOR ALASKA (from 1\essel et at. T9-s£a) a Dates of Phases of Breed In g Cyc I e __ _ _ Species Status Arrival/Courtship Egg-Laying Incubation Nestllnqs Fledging/Dispersal Golden eagleb M Mar 5-Apr 30 Apr 1-May 10 Apr 15-June 20 June 1-Sept 1 Auq 1-Sept 25 Bald eagleb M/R Mar 1 o-May 1 Mar 20-May 1 0 Apr 30-June 30 May 2o-Sept 15 Auq 1-Sept 30 Gyrfalcon b R Mar 1-Apr 10 Apr 1-May 20 Apr 5-June 25 May 1 5-Aug 1 5 Ju 1 y 1 o-sept 30 Ravenc R Mar 1-Apr 15 Apr 1-May 5 Apr 5-May 25 Apr 25-June 25 May 25-Juty 15 a b M =migrant, R =resident Data summarized from Roseneau et al. (1981) c Based on calculations from Kessel Cunpubt I shed datal and Brown ( 1974) t ) J _) ,I I -J J I ' ) ] J J J J ) J l --l " TABLE E .3.129: Year and No. Status Chicks 8o 81 82 1982 N A A 1 62"471N 149"381W: N A I 0 62"401N 149"551W: N A A 2 62"201N 150"101W: A 2 62"21'N 150"031W: A 1 62"191N 150"081W: N A A >1 62"131N 150"061W: N -A -62"101N 150"101W: A A -62"01'N 150"061W: N -A -61"491N 150"101W: N -A >1 61"471N 150"101W: N -A -1 61"461N 150"131W: A 2 61"451N 150"151W: N A A >1 61"431N 150"191W: N -I 0 61"431N 150"171W: N -A >1 61"401N 150"191W: N -I -o 61"391N 150"201W: N -I 0 61 "39 1N 150"21'W: A -61"371N 150"231W: A -61"351N 150"251W: A >1 61"281N 150"301W: I -o 61"281N 150"321W: A -61"241N 150"301W: I 0 61"221N 150"361W: I 0 61"221N 150"371W: I 0 61"201N 150"381W: I 0 61"201N 150"281W: I 0 61"251N 150"281W: I 0 61 •2 2 1 N 1 so• 31 1 w: N ---61 "221N 150"01 1W: N ---62"201N 150"051W: N ---62"171N 150"081W: N ---62"161N 150"091W: A --61"591N 150"071W: N ---61"541N 150"071W: N ---61"461N 150"131W: A --61"281N 150"321W: A --61"271N 150"30'W: N ---61"571N 150"06'W: -~, -~ 1 l -~ l J DATA ON BALD EAGLE NESTS ALONG THE SUSITNA RIVER, BETWEEN DEVIL CANYON AND COOK INLET. -·~ I NESTS IN 1980 WERE OBSERVED IN APRIL BY U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICES; 1981 NESTS WERE LOCATED ON 26 JUNE BY TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENTAL SPECIALISTS, INC.; THE 1982 NESTS WERE RESULTS OF UNIVERSITY OF ALASKA M~SEUM SURVEYS. ALL 1982 NESTS WERE LOCATED IN LARGE, OLD COTTONWOOD TREES. (from Kessel et al. 1982bl Nest Tree Broken Tree Height Height Topped dead or Loca I it)! (m) <m> ? a live North bank of Susltna River 1 km upstream from confluence with 23 23 Yes live I n d i an R I ver Island in Susitna River 4 km downstream from Sherman 21 21 Yes dead Confluence of Chulitna and Susltna rivers 25 33 No dead South bank of Talkeetna River 3 km upstream from confluence 27 30 No live wIth Sus itna River West bank of Susitna River opposite Talkeetna 30 33 No I ive East bank of Susltna River 4.5 km upstre~m from Parks 22 33 No I ive Highway Bridge East bank of Susitna River 2 km downstream from Parks -- --Highway Bridge Island in Susitna River near Sheep Creek Slough ----Island In Susltna River west of Kashwitna Lake 12 23 No I ive Island in Susitna River opposite mouth of Willow Creek 23 30 No live Island In Susitna River 2 km west of mouth of Willow Creek 30 34 No dead Northwest corner of Delta Islands 30 30 Yes live West bank of Susltna River .5 km upstream from mouth of 28 28 Yes live Kroto Creek East bank of Susitna River opposite mouth of Kroto Creek 22 30 No I ive East bank of Susitna River opposite Kroto Slough 23 27 Yes I ive Island In Susitna River near Kroto Slough 20 27 No live Island In Susitna River near Kroto Slough 27 30 No I ive Island in Susitna River 5 km upstream from Yentna River mouth 23 ~0 No live Island at confluence of Yentna and Susitna rivers ----East bank of Susitna River east of .Flat Horn Lake 23 27 Yes live West bank of Susitna River east of Flat Horn Lake 23 25 Yes live South end of Bel I Island -.., --Northern end of Big Island 20 34 No I ive West bank of Susitna River west of Big Island 18 23 No. live West side of Big Island 20 23 Yes dead West side of Big Island 20 20 Yes dead East bank of Susltna River near Maid Lake --Yes -Island in the Susitna River west of Beaver Lake --Yes -Confluence of the Chunl Ina and Talkeetna rivers --- -Island 1 km up to Talkeetna River ... -- -Island in Susitna River 3 km downstream from Talkeetna ----West bank of Susltna River 6 km downstream from Talkeetna ----Island In Susltna River near mouth of Sheep Creek ----East bank of Susitna River near mouth of 196 Mile Creek ----North end of Delta Islands ----West bank of Susltna River west of Bell Island --- -Island in Susitna River east of Bel I Island --- -Island in Susitna River 1 km upstream from Caswell Creek mouth ----Key: N =nest, A =active nest, I = inactive next, -=no information ---,~ "11 :II J I stance from river Elevation (m) (m/ft) 4 244 (800) 250 182 (600) 200 107 (350) 3 116 (380) 10 107 (350) 5 91 (300) -91 (300) -76 (2 50) 30 30 <100) 10 30 (100) 90 24 (80) 40 24 (80) 100 30 (100 20 27 (90) 5 30 (100) 100 24 (80) 5 24 (80) 100 20 (60) -17 (50) 5 10 (30) 3 10 (30) -7 (20) 1 3 ( 10) 2 3 (1 0) 20 3 (10) 20 3 <1 0) . 3 ( 10) -3 (1 0) -137 (450) -107 (350) -107 (350) -107 (350) -60 (200) -45 (150) -30 ( 1 00) -7 (20) -7 (20) -55 ( 180) TABLE E.3.130: SUMMARY OF TOTAL NUMBERS AND SPECIES COMPOSTION OF WATERBIRDS SEEN ON LAKES SURVEYED IN SUMMER 1981 IN THE MIDDLE SUSITNA BASIN (based on Kessal et al. 1982a) Species Common loon Arctic loon Red-throated loon Red-necked grebe Horned grebe Trumpeter swan Mallard Pintail Green-winged teal Northern shoveler American wigeon Scaup, greater and lesser Goldeneye, common and Barrow's 01 dsquaw White-winged scoter Surf scoter B I ack scoter Scoter spp. Red-breasted merganser Merganser spp. Mew gu II Bonaparte's gul I Arctic tern Total birds Total wetland area surveyed (km2) Density (birds/km2 of wetlands) Summer 1981 Adu Its Broods 22 2 8 7 5 16 10 7 2 7 8 70 6 47 81 33 26 6 1 1 83 5 48 461 20.5 22.5 3 0 0 1 5 1 1 2 1 1 6 5 1 11 0 2 11 1 1 0 7 0 0 60 20.5 - - - - - -'1 I - "1 S~ecies loon spp. Common loon Red-oecked grebe 1-brned grebe Swan spp. Canada goose ~erican Wigeon Green-winged teal Mallard Pintail Blue-winged teal Northern shoveler Ring-oecked duck Scaup spp. Dldsquaw Black scoter Scoter spp • * surf scoter l'ttlite-winged seater Bufflehead G:lldeneye spp. Merganser spp. TOTAL BIRil5 -·· I TABLE E.3.131: SUMMARY OF TOTAL NUMBERS AND SPECIES COMPOSITION OF WATERBIRDS SEEN ON SURVEYED WATERBODIES DURING AERIAL SURVEYS OF THE UPPER SUSITNA RIVER BASIN, FALL 1980 (from Kessel et a!. 19628) DATE OF SURVEY 7 See£ , S~t u; See£ 2[1 Se~t 211 See£ 4 3 2 3 2 3 4 5 1 4 ' 17 9 2 34 29 9 12 1 20 155 325 97 88 30 83 9 1 10 64 14 116 110 60 60 53 21 3 1 8 20 2 12 165 347 499 370 293 7 4 13 13 16 8 38 25 24 6 56 5 4 2 10 1 6 33 40 95 127 15 36 68 124 95 8 30 36 68 270 803 1241 953 927 2 Total wetland area surveyed (km ) 13.11 22.08 25.76 27.53 29.00 Density (birds/km 2 of wetlands) 20.6 36.4 48.2 34.6 32.0 * Surf or ~ite-winged scoter .. 1 3 Ocf. TOTAL 5 8 3 17 2 35 20 104 21 56 721 2 125 124 438 4 201 1 28 14 180 1854 4 57 10 105 72 134 11 1 18 101 396 133 471 19 161 731 4925 24.25 30.1 * TABLE E.3.132: SUMMARY OF TOTAL NUMBERS AND SPECIES COMPOSITION OF WATERBIRDS SEEN ON SURVEYED WATERBODIES DURING AERIAL SURVEYS OF THE UPPER SUSITNA RIVER BASIN, FALL 1981 C from Kes~e I et a I l982a) DATE OF SURVEY Sj:!ecles I S-1 i> Sef!t 2;5 Se(!t 21> Se(!t-~ Oct 12-1~ 5ct Common loon 2 3 3 Arctic loon Red-throated loon Loon spp. Red-necked grebe 12 3 Horned grebe Whist I lng swan 18 24 Trumpeter swan 6 10 14 Swan spp. 41 25 22 Canada goose 50 Ma liard 41 153 131 142 Pintail 32 Green-winged teal 13 3 Northern shoveler American wigeon 133 14 5 Canvasback Redhead Scaup, greater and lesser 479 166 51 90 Goldeneye, common and Barrow's 18 125 613 36 Bufflehead 17 20 29 52 Oldsquaw 15 31 7 1 Wh lte-winged scoter 69 13 Surf scoter 29 Black scoter 1 6 2 1 Scoter, spp. 69 1 92 Common merganser 1 2 Red-breasted merganser Merganser spp. 77 38 18 TOTAL BIRDS 915 607 436 568 Total wetland area surveyed (km2) 25.68 25.68 21.11 11.57 Km 2 of 1 00% frozen water bodIes surveyed* 0 1.41 3.91 3.76** Density Cblrds/km 2 of wetlands) 35.6 23.6 20.5 49.1 Other waterbodies had at least some open water **An additional 9.22 km 2 of 100% frozen waterbodies were not surve~ed In mld-Dctober because they were known to be frozen. By late October only Step en and Murder Lakes still had some open water • J . I "J ) J J ~~ J _J J _] ] 20-23 Oct TOTAL 9 16 42 30 13 101 50 467 32 16 152 786 247 118 54 82 29 10 162 3 133 13 2539 6.62 2.00 1. 96 J ] .I l 1 l J TABLE E.3.133: SUMMARY OF TOTAL NUMBERS AND SPECIES COMPOSITION OF WATERBIRDS SEEN ON SURVEYED WATERBODIES DURING AERIAL SURVEYS OF THE UPPER SUSITNA RIVER BASIN, SPRING 1981 (from Kessel et at. 1982a) DATE OF SURVEY S!:!ecles 3 Ra~ Hl Ra~ :Zl!i Ra~ Common loon 4 Arctic loon 5 Red-throated loon 2 Loon spp. 3 4 Red-neck~d grebe 4 Horned grebe 1 Whistling swan Trumpeter swan 2 6 Swan spp. 11 10 Canada goose Mallard 97 78 121 Pintail 71 70 116 Green-winged teal 67 47 38 Northern shoveler 12 28 American wigeon 5 94 99 Canvasback 1 Redhead 28 Scaup, gr.eater and lesser 103 513 Goldeneye, common and Barrow's 51 38 Bufflehead 2 10 Oldsquaw 2 84 White-winged scoter 16 Surf scoter 4 35 Black scoter 1 42 Scoter, spp. 12 74 Common merganser 7 Red-breasted merganser 2 Merganser spp. 25 TOTAL BIRDS 242 492 1312 Total wetland area surveyed Ckm2) 25.68 25.68 25.68 Km 2 o t 1 00% frozen water bod I es surveyed* 14.31 1. 97 0 Density Cblrds/km2 of wetlands) 9.4 19.2 51.1 *Other waterbodles had atleast some open water. l TOTAL 4 5 2 7 4 2 8 21 296 257 152 40 198 1 28 616 89 12 86 16 39 43 86 7 2 25 2046 TABLE E.3. 134: SEASONAL POPULATION STATISTICS FOR THE MORE IMPORTANT OF SURVEYED WATERBODIES OF THE MIDDLE SUSITNA RIVER BASIN, 1980-81. INCLUDED ARE WATERBODIES THAT WERE AMONG THOSE HAVING THE SIX HIGHEST IMPORTANCE VALUE RATINGS IN AT LEAST ONE SEASON (from Kessel et al. 1982a) 1980lnf Fa II l98llnf Fa II S ~r I ng 1981 tt Summer 1981 Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Density Size no. density no. no. density no. no. density no. no. of no. no. Waterbod:t (km 2 > birds (no/km 2 > s~ecles birds (no/km 2 > s~ecles birds 2 (no/km ) s~ectes adults adults s~ecles broods Murder Lake -WB107 0.15 39.0 260.0 4.3 38.0 253.3 3.0 51.3 342.2 5.0 23 153.3 5 Stephan Lake -WB106 3.55 156.0 43.9 9.5 168.5 47.5 s.o 99.7 28.1 7.3 87 24.5 9 2 (Tyone R -Oshetna R 0.90 53.5 59.4 5.0 30.5 33.9 2.5 48.3t 53.7t 3.7t 75 83.3 11 4 group -WB140) <MacLaren R-Tyone R 1.04 212.8 204.6 6.5 123.0 118.3 5.0 54. 7t 52.6t 3.7t group -WB 131) (Clarence Lake group- WB145) 1.60 103.8 64.8 7.0 42.5 26.6 4.5 sa. 7 36.7 7.0 35 21.9 8 6 (fog Lakes group 1-1.44 72.8 50.5 6.5 55.0 38.2 3.0 21.3 14.8 4.7 54 37.5 11 5 WB059) Watana Lake -WB148 1.25 95.8 76.6 3.8 34.5 27.6 2.0 21.3t 17.1 t 3.0t 8 6.4 3 0 Pistol Lake (Lower 0.76 19.0* 17.9* 4.0* 4.0t 5.3 1.st 85.0 111.8 6.0 15 19.7 8 5 Deadman Creek group- WB067) (fog Lakes group II- WB032) 0.07 8 114.3 4 6 Swimming Bear Lake-0.57 "· 5 20.2 0.5 4.7t 8.2t 0.7t 33 57.9 5 4 WB150 1 Codes are those used by Kessel et at. ( 1982a) * Combr'nes WB 064-067 **September 11, 16, 20 and 26, 1980; September 15 and 26, 1981 t 100 percent frozen on at least one survey ttMay 3, 10, and 26, 1981 -Not surveyed J ] J J -J J ) l TABLE E.3. 134: SEASONAL POPULATION STATISTICS FOR THE MORE IMPORTANT OF SURVEYED WATERBODIES OF THE MIDDLE SUSITNA RIVER BASIN, 1980-81. INCLUDED ARE WATERBODIES THAT WERE AMONG THOSE HAVING THE SIX HIGHEST IMPORTANCE VALUE RATINGS IN AT LEAST ONE SEASON (from Kessel et al. 1982a) 1980lnf Fa II l98llnf Fa II S ~r I ng 1981 tt Summer 1981 Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Density Size no. density no. no. density no. no. density no. no. of no. no. Waterbod:t (km 2 > birds (no/km 2 > s~ecles birds (no/km 2 > s~ecles birds 2 (no/km ) s~ectes adults adults s~ecles broods Murder Lake -WB107 0.15 39.0 260.0 4.3 38.0 253.3 3.0 51.3 342.2 5.0 23 153.3 5 Stephan Lake -WB106 3.55 156.0 43.9 9.5 168.5 47.5 s.o 99.7 28.1 7.3 87 24.5 9 2 (Tyone R -Oshetna R 0.90 53.5 59.4 5.0 30.5 33.9 2.5 48.3t 53.7t 3.7t 75 83.3 11 4 group -WB140) <MacLaren R-Tyone R 1.04 212.8 204.6 6.5 123.0 118.3 5.0 54. 7t 52.6t 3.7t group -WB 131) (Clarence Lake group- WB145) 1.60 103.8 64.8 7.0 42.5 26.6 4.5 sa. 7 36.7 7.0 35 21.9 8 6 (fog Lakes group 1-1.44 72.8 50.5 6.5 55.0 38.2 3.0 21.3 14.8 4.7 54 37.5 11 5 WB059) Watana Lake -WB148 1.25 95.8 76.6 3.8 34.5 27.6 2.0 21.3t 17.1 t 3.0t 8 6.4 3 0 Pistol Lake (Lower 0.76 19.0* 17.9* 4.0* 4.0t 5.3 1.st 85.0 111.8 6.0 15 19.7 8 5 Deadman Creek group- WB067) (fog Lakes group II- WB032) 0.07 8 114.3 4 6 Swimming Bear Lake-0.57 "· 5 20.2 0.5 4.7t 8.2t 0.7t 33 57.9 5 4 WB150 1 Codes are those used by Kessel et at. ( 1982a) * Combr'nes WB 064-067 **September 11, 16, 20 and 26, 1980; September 15 and 26, 1981 t 100 percent frozen on at least one survey ttMay 3, 10, and 26, 1981 -Not surveyed J ] J J -J J ) l .. J Species Ar'ctlc loon Red-throated Loon spp. loon Red~necked grebe Swan spp. White-fronted goose Brant Canada goose Green-winged teal Ma liard Pintail American wigeon Canvasback Seaup spp. Scoter spp. G61deneye spp. Bufflehead Common merganser Merganser spp. Total no. species Mean no. birds/survey Mean no. blrds/km -, • - l l TABLE E.3.135: SUMMARY OF TOTAL NUMBERS AND SPECIES COMPOSITION OF WATERBIRDS SEEN DURING SPRING AERIAL SURVEYS OF THE LOWER SUSITNA RIVER, 1981 AND 1982 (from Kessel et ~1. 1982b, B. Kessel, unpub. datal I Devil Canyon to Talkeetna <74 kml Ta I keetn~ to Montan~ (33 km) Montana to Kashwltna Lake (29 km) Kashwltna Lake to Mouth Yenta River to mouth of Yenta River Cook Inlet (37 kml <36 kml May May May May May 7/81 10/82 21/82 28/82 7/81 10/82 21/82 28/82 7/81 10/82 21/82 28/82 7/81 10/82 21/82 28/82 7/81 10/82 21/82 28/82 2 8 4 2 2 60 400 20 2 4 1 21 34 5 3 18 8 2 23 12 23 2 7 2 2 3 12 13 3 3 2 14 4 9 5 2 20 2 100 2 11 2 6 2 3 10 2 2 2 14 2 4 6 2 9 70 8 64 119 6 4 6 61 8 102 11 7 9 9 14 29 16 31 12 296 0.4 0.5 1. 1 0.3 a.o .. J Species Ar'ctlc loon Red-throated Loon spp. loon Red~necked grebe Swan spp. White-fronted goose Brant Canada goose Green-winged teal Ma liard Pintail American wigeon Canvasback Seaup spp. Scoter spp. G61deneye spp. Bufflehead Common merganser Merganser spp. Total no. species Mean no. birds/survey Mean no. blrds/km -, • - l l TABLE E.3.135: SUMMARY OF TOTAL NUMBERS AND SPECIES COMPOSITION OF WATERBIRDS SEEN DURING SPRING AERIAL SURVEYS OF THE LOWER SUSITNA RIVER, 1981 AND 1982 (from Kessel et ~1. 1982b, B. Kessel, unpub. datal I Devil Canyon to Talkeetna <74 kml Ta I keetn~ to Montan~ (33 km) Montana to Kashwltna Lake (29 km) Kashwltna Lake to Mouth Yenta River to mouth of Yenta River Cook Inlet (37 kml <36 kml May May May May May 7/81 10/82 21/82 28/82 7/81 10/82 21/82 28/82 7/81 10/82 21/82 28/82 7/81 10/82 21/82 28/82 7/81 10/82 21/82 28/82 2 8 4 2 2 60 400 20 2 4 1 21 34 5 3 18 8 2 23 12 23 2 7 2 2 3 12 13 3 3 2 14 4 9 5 2 20 2 100 2 11 2 6 2 3 10 2 2 2 14 2 4 6 2 9 70 8 64 119 6 4 6 61 8 102 11 7 9 9 14 29 16 31 12 296 0.4 0.5 1. 1 0.3 a.o TABLE E .3. 136: NUMBER OF TERRITORIES OF EACH SPECIES ON EACH 10-HECTARE CENSUS PLOT, UPPER SUSITNA RIVER BASIN, ALASKA, 1981 (+ = SMALL PORTION OF A BREEDING TERRITORY ON CENSUS PLOT, COUNTED AS o.1 IN DENSITY AND DIVERSITY CALCULATIONS: V =VISITOR TO PLOT.> (from Ressel et al. 1~S2a) White Wh te Dwarf-Low Medium Low-Medium Ta II Spruce-Spruce-White Black Birch Birch Willow Alder Cotton-Paper Paper Paper White Spruce Spruce Alpine Shrub Shrub Shrub Shrub wood Birch Birch Birch Spruce Scattered Dwarf S~l!ilcles Tundra Thicket Thicket Thicket Thicket Forest Forest Forest I Forest II Forest Woodland Forest Pinta! I v Goshawk v v Marsh hawk v Spruce grouse v v v 1.0 1.0 v v Ruffed grouse + Willow ptarmigan o. 5 v v Rock ptarmigan 0.7 White-tal led ptarmigan + American golden plover "' v Greater yel lowlegs + Common snipe v v 0.5 1.0 Baird's sandpiper o.8 v Long-tailed Jaeger v Short-eared owl v v Common f II cker v Hairy woodpecker 1.0 1.0 Downy woodpecker 0.5 N. three-toed woodpecker v 0.3 1.0 v v Alder flycatcher 1.0 01 lve-slded flycatcher v v Horned lark 0.3 v ·Tree swa I low v v v Gray Jay 1.0 v 0.5 0.5 J.O + v Black-bll led magpie v Common raven v Black-capped chickadee 1.8 v v v Boreal chickadee v 1.7 1.0 v v 1.0 Brown creeper 2.0 1.0 American robin 0.5 v v 0.5 0.5 Varied thrush 1.5 10.0 3.5 2.5 3.3 2.9 v v Hermit thrush 2.2 v . 6.1 3.8 v Swalnson 1 s thrush 6.9 5.5 5.4 8.0 3.0 v v Gray-cheeked thrush 3.8 v v 3.9 2.5 Arctic warbler 4.8 3.6 2.8 -J 1 J -j J J J ] .J _ _) 1 -l J J TABLE E.3.136 (Paqe 2) White White Dwarf-Low Med lum Low-Med lum Tall Spruce-Spruce-White Black Blrdl Birch Willow Alder Cotton-Paper Paper Paper White Spruce Spruce AI pine Shrub Shrub Shrub Shrub wood Birch B lrch Birch Spruce Scattered Dwarf Species Tundra Thicket Thicket Thicket Thicket Forest Forest Forest Forest II Forest Woodland Forest Ruby -crowned kinglet v v 3.3 1.0 4.2 o.8 4.0 Water pipit 0.5 Bohemian waxwing v Orange-crowned warbler v Yel low-rumped warbler + 7.0 9.8 7. 5 9.5 1.0 o.8 2.5 Blackpoll warbler v 4.4 3.9 1.8 0.5 2.0 '· 5 Northern waterthrush 6. 1 + 2.5 v W II son 1s warbler 8.8 9.2 1.2 4.0 3.8 4.0 9.4 Rusty bl8ckblrd v Comrron redpoll v v '· 5 v 2.5 2.0 2.0 3.0 v o.s 1.0 Pine slskl·n v v White-winged crossbill v v v v v v v Savannah sp8rrow '· 0 5.8 3.0 12.3 v 2.5 o.8 Dark-eyed junco 2.8 1.8 2.5 3.9 4.5 2.5 2.0 2.0 Tree sperrow 2.5 11.8 15.0 '· 5 7.9 2.6 Wh I te.-crowned sparrow 0.3 4.1 3.8 + 3.5 6.5 2.5 Fox sparrow v 1.6 4.6 1.0 1.9 v 3.5 2.9 Lincoln's sparrow v Lapland longspur 1.0 o.8 Snow bunt! ng 0.2 TABLE E .3.137: NUMBER OF TERRITORIES OF EACH BIRD SPECIES ON EACH 10-HECTARE CENSUS PLOT. UPPER SUSITNA RIVER BASIN. ALASKA. 1982 (+=SMALL PORTION OF A BREEDING TERRITORY ON CENSUS PLOT, COUNTED AS 0.1 IN DENSITY AND DIVERSITY CALCULATIONS; V =VISITOR TO PLOT.> (from ~esse!, unpuol. fables) White White Dwarf-Low Medium Low-Medium Tall Spruce- Spruce-.White Black B lrch Birch Willow Alder Cotton-Paper Paper Paper White Spruce Spruce Alpine Shrub Shrub Shrub Shrub wood Birch Birch Birch Spruce Scl!lttered Dwarf S2ecles Tundrl!l Thicket Thicket Thicket Thicket Forest Forest Forest I Forest II Forest Woodland Forest Goshawk v + Marsh hawk v Spruce grouse + 0.5 + Willow pt~rmlgan + + Rock ptarmigan v American golden plover 0.5 Whlmbrel Greater yellowlegs + ·Common snIpe v v + 0.5 Long-bll led dowitcher v Baird's sandpiper 2.0 Great horned owler v Hawk owl v Short-eared owl v Common f I I cker v Hairy woodpecker 1.0 Downy woodpecker 0.5 N. three-toed woodpecker o.s 01 lve-stded flycatcher + Horned lark 0.6 0.3 Tree swallow v v Vlotet~reen swallow v Gray jay v o.s 1.0 0.5 v Black-billed magpie v Common raven v Black-capped chickadee 2.0 Boreal chickadee v 1.0 2.0 v Brown creeper + 1.0 American robin + + + v 0.9 Varied thrush + o.s 3.5 2.0 2.0 1.0 1.0 v Hermit thrush 1.8 4.0 Swalnson 1 s thrush + 2.5 1.0 4. I s.o 4.0 Gray-cheeked thrush 3.0 v 1.3 2.5 Wheatear v J J l J ] l TABLE E.3.137 <Page 2> Dwarf-Low Medium Low-Medium Tall Birch Birch Willow Alder Alpine Shrub Shrub Shrub Shrub seecles Tundra Thicket Thicket Thicket Thicket Arctic warbler 5.0 .3.0 Ruby-crowned kinglet Water pipit 2.0 Orange-crowned warbler o.8 Yel low-rumped warbler o.8 Blackpol I warbler Northern waterthrush Wilson's warbler 2.7 4.0 2.3 Common redpo II v v v v P j ne grosbeak White-winged crossbill Savannah sparrow 1.0 8.3 3.2 6.3 Dark-eyed Junco 2.3 Tree sparrow 3.0 7.8 7.6 White-crowned sparrow + 2.0 3.4 v Golden-crowned sparrow o.8 Fox sparrow v 3.1 Lincoln's sparrow Lapland longspur 1.o 0.5 Snow bunting v 1 Cotton- wood Forest 2.0 2.5 2.3 v v 1.5 4.0 Paper Birch ----l ' White Spruce- Paper Birch Forest Forest 2.8 v 4.0 4.3 3.0 o.8 1.3 2.0 3.5 v 3.3 2.8 2.0 3.0 White Spruce- Paper Birch Forest 3.8 + 5.8 v + 0.3 v v 1.0 5.0 White Black White Spruce Spruce Spruce Scattered Dwarf II Forest Woodland Forest 2.0 4.1 1.5 1.8 v 3.0 1.8 + v o.8 v v 3.7 1.0 o.s v v v + 3.5 v 1.4 3.6 1.s 4.5 2.0 2.0 3.5 v TABLE E.3.138: COMPARISON OF BREEDING BIRD DENSITIES, 1981 AND 1982, MIDDLE SUSITNA RIVER IN ALASKA (based on Kessel et at. 1982a, Kessel unpub. datal enslty No. Breeding Dlverslt:t3 (H') (No. territories/ Seecles 10 hal Avian Census Plots4 1981 1982 1981 1982 1981 1982 Chanse2 (1) Alpine tundra 1 10 7 1. 73 1.66 4.8 6.2 +23.1 (2) Dwarf-low birch shrub 1 7 6 1.29 0.91 11.9 11.6 0 (3) Medium birch shrub 5 5 1.48 1.49 32.5 20.7 -36.3 (4) Low-medium willow shrub 6 9 1.56 1.80 45.4 25.4 -44.1 ( 5) Tall alder shrub 10 9 2.05 2.02 12.5 11.8 -5.6 (6) Cottonwood forest 16 13 2.55 2.30 60.9 25.0 -58.9 (7) Paper birch forest 10 9 2.05 2.02 38.1 21.4 -43.8 (8) White spruce-paper 14 11 2.47 2.26 41.8 26.4 -36.8 birch forest I (9) White spruce-paper 13 13 2.07 2.09 34.6 26.6 -23.1 bIrch forest I I ( 1 0) White spruce forest 8 13 1.83 1.84 15.7 18.1 +15.3 ( 11 ) ,Wh lte spruce wood land 16 9 2.29 1.95 43.8 19.2 -56.2 (12) Black spruce dwarf 13 11 2.43 2.13 24.8 16.8 -32.3 forest 1 Based on 25-ha plot; other plots were 10 ha. ~ Overal I number of territories on 150 ha of censused plots decreased 37.5 percent. Shannon-Weaver diversity Index. 4 Plot numbers from Table E.3.139 given In parentheses. Names from Kessel et at. (1982a). <%> - - -, - ~ ~ - - ~I - - TABLE E.3.139: HABITAT DISCRIPTIONS OF. 10 HA AVIAN CENSUS PLOTS (modified from descriptions In Kessel et al. 1982a) Kessel et al. (1982a) Plot Names (I) (2) (3) (4) ( 5) (6) {7) (8) (9) ( 1 0) (II> ( 12) alpine tundra dwarf-low birch shrub thicket and medium birch shrub thicket low-medium wIll ow shrub thicket ta II alder thicket cottonwood forest paper birch forest white spruce- paper birch forest I and white spruce- paper birch forest I I white spruce forest white spruce scattered woodland black spruce dwarf forest Equivalent Kessel ( 1979) Av 1yn Habitats dwarf shrub mat (<0.4m), dwarf shrub meadow and block field low shrub thicket <0.4-1.1m), and medium shrub thicket (1.2-2.4m) low shrub thicket <0.4-1.1m>, and medium shrub thicket <1.2-2.4m} tall shrub thicket <2.5-4.9m) deciduous forest (90% of canopy) deciduous forest (90% of canopy) coniferous forest (10-90% of canopy) coniferous forest (90% of canopy) scattered woodland (>5m) dwarf forest (<5m, stunted growth 0.2-20% canopy} 1As given by Kessel et al. (1982a). Approximate Viereck and Dyrnes' (1980) Equivalents mat and cushion tundra, mesic sedge-grass tundra low shrubland (<1.5m) and tall shrubland (>1.5m) low shrubland (>1.5m> and tall shrubland (>1.5} tal I shrubland (>1.5m) closed deciduous forest (75% closed canopy cover} closed deciduous forest (75% closed canopy cover) deciduous forest (25-75% closed canopy closed conifer forest (75% closed canopy cover) conifer and deciduous woodland (10-24% closed canopy cover) conifer and deciduous woodland <10-24% closed canopy cover) Equivalent Mappable (1:63,360 Scale) Vegetation Type Units (McKendrick et al. (1982)) 2mat and cushion tundra, dwarf sedge shrub meadow and mesic sedge-grass tundra. low birch shrub 31ow mixed shrub tall shrubland closed balsam poplar forest closed birch forest deciduous forest closed conifer forest 4woodland white spruce 4 woodland black spruce 2Kessel et at. (l982a): "The alpine tundra plot contained 3 distinct avian habitats, ,all typical of and widespread In the high country of the region: dwarf shrub meadow, dwarf shrub mat and block field (rock scree>." "The dwarf shrub meadow was dominated by Carex mlcrochaeta and contained significant quantities of dwarf shrub (up to 50% ground over> ••• " --- ~esse! et al. (1982a) characterized the !ow-medium wl !low shrub thicket plot as heterogeneous with medium height shrub birch and willow over 2/3 of the plot. 4whlte spruce scattered woodland and black spruce dwarf forest are assigned to woodland conifer types rather than the woodland mixed conifer-deciduous types suggested by Kessel et al. (1982a) on the basis of Kessel et al._1 s (1982a) descriptions of plot vegetation. In particular, no deciduous tree component appears to have been present In either plot (see Kessel et al. 1982a:39 and Table 2, page 28>. TABLE E. 3.140: MA.JJR AVIAN' HABITATS (f" THE MIDDlE SUS,ITNA BASIN AND THEIR MOST COMMON AVIAN SPECIES {from Kessel ef' al. 1982a) -Lacustrine Waters and Shorelines: arctic tern, mew gull, greater and lesser scaup, common loon -Fluviatile Waters, Shorelines and Alluvia: spotted sandpiper,, mew gull, violet-green swallow, harlequin duck -lpland Cliffs and Block-fields: gray-crowned rosy finch, common redpoll, horned lark, American golden plover, water pipit -Dwarf Shrub Mat: watel." pipit; American golden plover, horned lark, Lapland lorgspur, rock ptarmigan -low Shrub: savannah sparrow, tree sparrOWt Lapland longspur, v.flite-crowned sparrow -Medium Shrub: tree sparrow, l't!ite-crowned sparrow, savannah sparrow, arctic warbler, Wilson's warbler -Tall Shrub: hermit thrush, Wilson's warbler, fox sparrow, white-crowned sparrow, tree sparrow -Scattered Woodland and Dwarf Forest: lllite-croi\Tled sparrow, 1\nerican robin, bohemian waxwing, tree sparrow, ruby-crowned kinglet -Mixed ~ciduous-Coniferous Forest: hermit thrust, dark~yed, junco, yellow-rumped warbler, Swains:m's thrush,, varied thrush -~ciduous Forest : yellow-rumped warbler, common redp:Jll, Swainson '~s thrush, blackpoll warbler -Coniferous Forest: ruby-croi\Tled kinglet, varied thrush, dark~yed junco, yellow-rumped warbler, Swainson's thrush - -, - - - - - l TABLE E.3.141: RELATIVE ABUNDANCE OF BIRDS BY HABITAT AND VEGETATION SUCCESSION STAGE, LOWER SUSITNA RIVER FLOODPLAIN, JUNE 10-21, 1982. FIGURES ARE THE NUMBER OF BIRDS RECoRDED PER 100 MINUTES IN EACH HABITAT (from Kessel et al. 1982b) Earl~ Successional Stands Mid-Successional Stands Late Successional Stands Mixed Paper Birch-Mixed Dwarf Tall Tall Mixed Tall Alder-Cottonwood-Paper Sirch- & Low Medium Willow Alder Tall lnmature Cottonwood White Spruce -white Spruce S(;!ecles A lluvla Shrub Shrub Shrub Shrub Shrub Cottonwood Forest Forest Forest Goldeneye sp. 0.3 Semipaimated plover --~----2.1-------------- Spotted sandpiper ------13.0-------------- Herring gull * Arctic Tern -------4.2-------------- Downy woodpecker 0.3 Hairy woodpecker 1. 5 0.9 0.6 1.4 0.6 N. three-toed woodpecker 0.6 Alder flycatcher 13.3 9.1 7.0 0.5 2.0 1. 7 2.1 srack•capped chickadee 0.4 2.5 1.7 Brown creeper 0.3 Varied thrush 0.9 0.6 1.0 5.4 1.7 2.1 Gray-checked thrush 4.6 8.2 2.9 7.1 8.3 1.7 Swalnson 1s thrush 0.4 3.7 5.0 1.4 American robin, 3.3 1.4 2.8 3.3 0.6 Ruby-crowned kinglet 1.7 2.4 Bohem 1 an waxw I ng 1. 1 0.3 Orange-crowned warbler 1.9 3.5 Yellow warbler 3.3 1.8 1.9 7.3 0.3 Yellow-rumped warbler 3.2 1.3 3.9 6.2 18.3 13.3 Blaekpoll warbler 6.7 3.2 9.5 2.4 6.5 6.7 5.3 Northern waterthrush 1.5 7.3 12.0 2.9 12.5 1 o.o 3.3 Wilson's warbler 1. 9 o.8 3.3 0.3 Common redpoll 0.9 5.7 0.6 2.1 Fox sparrow 1. 5 3.3 4.1 1.9 4.3 3.3 1.5 White-crowned sparrow 13.8 2.3 1.3 0.5 2.5 1.7 1.2 Dark-eyed junco 0.6 1. 7 1. 7 2.1 Total no. of spe~les 4 + 4 5 14 14 9 19 15 17 Total no. of spetles In stand type 8 17 22 No. minutes of censuses/habitat 121 + 65 30 219 158 206 352 60 358 Total rio. minutes of census per stand type 192 613 750 Relative abundance/hablta+ 19.3 + 18.5 30.0 40.6 54.4 22.8 61.1 71.7 46.5 Total relative abundance ~er stand t~ee 25.5 31.5 51.5 TABLE E. 3.142: 1980 AND Captures per 100 Trap Nights (No. of CBpt.ures) Number of Captures Percent seecies Fall 1980 sering 1981 Fall 1981 fall 1982 All Traeeing ~eriods of Total Sorex cinereus 9.12 061) 0.93 09) 11.36 (847) o. 56 (42) (1289) 34.6 S. monticolus 2.42 (96) 0 0.64 (48) 0.03 (2) (146) 3.9 ~ arcticus 2.98 (118) 0.07 (3) 2. 31 (172) 0.13 (10) ( 303) 8.1 ~ hoyi 0.13 (5) 0 0.07 (5) 0 (10) 0.3 Clethrionom~s rutilus 8.41 (H3) 2. 23 ( 93) 10.95 (816) 2.89 (216) ( 1458) 39. 1 Microtus eennsylvanicus 0.33 (13) 0 0.74(55) 0.47 (35) (103) 2.8 M. oeconomus o. 61 (24) 0.05 (2) 2.12 ( 158) o. 53 (40) (224) 6. 0 ~ miurus 0 0 0.91 (68) 1.07 (80) ( 148) 4.0 Lemmus sibiricus 0 o. 02 (1) 0.23 (17) 0.15 (11) (29) o.8 Synaetomys boreali~;~ 0 0 .0.05 (4) 0.15 (11) (15) • 0. 4 Total captures 24.00 (950) 3.30 (138) 29.38 ( 2, 190) 5.98 (447) (3725) 100.0 Nunber of trap nights 3960 4176 7455 7470 J J J .J ) J ] .J J ) - - r - - TABLE E.3.143: STANDARDIZED HABITAT NICHE BREADTH VALUES FOR TEN SMALL MAMMAL SPECIES SAMPLED BY .SNAP AND PITFALL TRAPPING AT 43 SITES, MIDDLE SUSITNA RIVER BASIN, FALL 1981 (Niche Breadth Measures were Calculated Using Formula Employed by Krebs and Wingate (1976)) (from Kessel ef al. 1982a) Standardized Species ( d1) Habitat Niche Breadth Valuea Masked shrew (464.7} Northern red-backed vole (454.8) 0.60 0.59 0.45 0.38 0.21 0.17 0.09 o.o8 o.o8 0.05 Dusky shrew (28.3) Arctic shrew (96.3) Brown lemming (10.2) Tundra vole (87.7) Northern bog lemming <2.2} Meadow vole (43.8) Pygmy shrew <2.8) Singing vole (42.7) aHigh niche breadth values Indicate that a species habitat Included a wide range of vegetation types whereas low values Indicate that a species occurred In few vegetation types. TABLE E.3.144: TIME SCHEDULE OF ANTICIPATED IMPACTS TO TERRESTRIAL VERTEBRATES RESULTING FROM SUSITNA HYDRO PROJECT 1. Permanent Habitat Loss -I - Watana (alone) Devil Canyon (additional) Time period Dam and sp I I I ways Impoundment -flooding -spo I I sItes -erosion of shore after filling Access corridor (includes borrow sites for access) -Denali Highway to Watana -Watana to Dev II Canyon -Rail, DC to Gold Creek Permanent village Permanent airstrip Area affected over which area ( ha) Increases 131 14,691 14,691 (a I I be I ow f I I I I eve I ) app. 558 192 192 27 47 1985 -1991 1985 -1993 1991 -1993 1985 -1991 1993-? 1985 1985 1987 -1988 1985 2. Habitat Alteration and Temporary Habitat Loss -Impoundment clearing -Temporary village -Temporary camp -Borrow Areas (above Impoundment level> - A - D - E - F - H -I - K -Contractor Work Areas Staging Areas -mid access road -Cantwell -Gold Creek 12, 545 49 58 1,323 333 287 180 280 489 34 300 data not available 1989 -1992 1987 -1988 1985 -1994 1987 -1991 dates not available 1985 -1995 61 1985 -2002 Accessory roads data not available 1985-1 Temporary airstrip data not available (adjacent to dam) ? 1 Transmission corridor -Watana to Devil Canyon 379.8 dates not -Dev I I Canyon to ava I I a I e Gold Creek 77.5 Area (hal 21 3,196 3,196 (a I so be I ow f I I I I eve J) ? 218 189 29 9 I, 942 24 24 t48 148 195 61 1 1 209 additional Time Period 1996 -1999 1996 ;_ 2001 1999 -2001 1996 -1999 2001 -? 1988 -1994 1988 1991 -1994 1994 1999 -2001 1995 -2002 1994 -2002 1996 -1999 ...... - - - dete not aval !able !""'"! 1994 -2002 1994 -2002 1994 -2002 1 I''"" - - - TABLE E.3.144 (Page 2) Watana and Devil Canyon Climatic induced alteration -do1111stream reach -near impoundment Hydrologic induced alteration -downstream reach Area Affected (Total area affected cannot be determined. Exact impact mechaisms hypothesized include: 1) delayed plant phenology due to snow drifting and decreased surnner temperature, 2) increased rainfall in summer, 3) increased winds, and 4) decreased summer temperatures) (Total area affected cannot be determined. Exact impact mechanisms hypothesized include: 1) lowering water t fble, 2) frosting of vegetation, 3) earlier plant phenology due to higher water temperature, and 4) altered frequency and mechanisms of creation of early successional vegetation. 3. Barriers, Impediments or Hazards to Movement Watana -Impoundment -Pccess carr idor -[~mali to Watana -Open water downstream -Transmission corridor Devil Canyon -Impoundment -Pccess corridor -Watana to O:!v il Canyon -Rail, DC to G:!ld Creek -Open water downstream -Increased aufeis downstream -Transmission corridor Date of initiation of impact 1991 1985 1993 1989 -1990 1999 -2001 1991 1991 -1994 2001 2001 1991 -2001 Comments -water and/or ice shleving may act as barrier or hazard to some species. -snow drifting may block or impede movements for some species. -may be a ph:tsical or visual barrier to some species -may block crossings by some species. -"hum" may cause frequent headaches, thereby reducing frequency of intromission and natality for some species. -drifting of snow has been hypothesized by some to present a barrier to move- ments of some species. -as Watana above -as Watana above -will persist further downstream w/D.C. -may be hazard to some species -"hum" will be louder with D.C. -corridor will be wider and snow drifting has been hypothesized by some to present a barrier to movements of some species. TABLE E.3.144 (Page 3) 4. Disturbance Associated with Construction Activities Watana & Devil Canyon Containment Structures Borrow Areas -A - D - E - F - H -I - K Impoundment clearing Access roads -Denali Highway to Watana -Watana to D.C. -rail, D.C. to Gold Creek Temporary camp Permanent vii !age Temporary airstrip Additional airplane and helicopter disturbance Contractor work areas Staging areas -mid access road -Cantwell -Gold Creek Transmission corridor -clearing -maintenance Accessory roads 5. Increased Human Access Hypothesized Impacts of both projects Increased hunting and poaching Increased risk of fire Increased mortality due to collisions with vehicles Increased recreational disturbance Increased human/wild I lfe conflicts (especially bear encounters) Duration for Watana 1985 -1991 1985 -1991 ? ? ? ? ? ? 1989 -1992 1985 1985 -1994 1987 ? 1982 1985 -1995 ? 1985 -2002 1989 -1990 as required ? Date of Initiation of Impact 1982- 1982- 1982- 1982- 1982- Duration for Devil Canyon 1996 -1999 1996 -1999 ? 1999 -2001 1991 1991 -1994 1994 -2002 ? 1982 1994 -2002 1994 -2002 1989 -1990 as required ? - -' ~- - - - - - -I r - - .... - - TABLE E.3.145: ANTICIPATED AND HYPOTHESIZED IMPACTS TO MOOSE (1) Permanent Habitat Loss: -Watana --Impoundment area and perntanent faci ltles --access corridor -Dev II Canyon --Impoundment area and permanent facilities --access corridor (2) Habitat AlTeration and Temporary Habl tat Loss~ -Watana --Impoundment clearing --reclaimed areas --Impoundment shore eros ion --transmission corridor --climatic-Induced habitat alteration • Wintering hab ltat loss will be severe Impact winter carrying capacity 266 moose. • Spring habitat loss, especially calving habitats In lowland riparian areas, will be a major Impact • • Sunmer and tal I habitats are mostly In upland areas, a small number of non-migratory ncose will be displaced • • Small area of non-crlt leal habitat loss. • May affect location of new special-use areas following Impoundment filling. • Wintering habitat loss will affect an estimated 36 moose based on carrying capacity data. • Spring habitat loss will be minor but may dis- place a small number of moose which calve In this area • • ttl significant Joss of sunmer or fal I habitats. • Small area of non-critical habitat toss. • Clearing wl II re:luce winter capacity prior io floodIng • • WInter habItat tor 37 moose will be affected. Revegetat Jon I s I I kel y to res iore these areas as moose hab I tat between 2-2 0 years fo I 1 owl ng d I s- turbance • • Will occur em sTeep slopes of little value io moose • • Nearly alI 30,000 ha of the corridor Is likely io becane winter habl tat of reasonable quality 1o moose. tb existing winter habitat will be made unusable. Corridor will be maintained In early success I on throughout the II fe of the project • • Drifting snow Is unlikely to be a significant factor In the 285-foot carr ldor and wl I I not reduce tor age ava II ab I 11 ty • • Snow drl ftlng from the reservoir surface Is . unlikely fu extend far Into wooded winter habi- taTs. trawdown and Ice-she! v lng wll I catch much windblown snow and further drifting will occur at the edge of open habitat and wooded areas. It Is unlikely that the value of the Fog Lakes area as wl nter range Will be negative! y affected • • Delayed melt-oft of drifts which do occur will reiuce the avallabll Tty of low shrub habitat In sprl ng ln a narrow band on the southwest store of the Impoundment. TABLE E.3.145 (Page 2) --hydrologic-Induced habitat alteration -Devl I Canyon --Impoundment clearing --reclaimed areas --Impoundment shore erosion --transmission corridor --climatic alteration --hydrotoglc-tnduced alteration • Increased summer rainfall, Increased winds and cooler summer temperatures In the basin are unl lkely to measurably reduce carrying capacity. Available data Indicate that any such changes In ralnfal I patterns wll I be lndetectable (R. Skog, unpub. data from Williston Reservoir, B.C.> • • Delayed plant phenology may occur Immediately adjacent to the reservoir due to Its cooling effect • • Decreased flows may lower the water table In downstream reaches. This Is unlikely to affect willow colonization due to the wet climate • • Open water may cause frosting of vegetation as far downstream as Gold Creek. Heavy frosting may make some browse unavailable. Lighter frosting will Increase metabolic demand on moose which consume large quantities of Ice. Altered frequency and mechanism of creation of early successional habitats wl II occur In downstream reaches. Two factors of altered hydrology are responsible: (1) reduced summer flow, and (2) Increased winter flow. The specific Impacts are: (1) reduced frequency of bank-full floods and a decrease In all flood stages wll I decrease creation of early successional habitat; (2) decrease In Ice jamming 1 n sprIng due to I ower f I ood stage w II I decrease creation of early successional habitat; (3) Increased Ice scouring during winter caused by hJgh fall flow and constant high winter flow wll I Increase creation of early successional habitat; and (4) Increased aufels In winter due to high winter flows will Increase creation of early successional habitat. No prediction of areas scoured each year Is possible based on current data. • Clearing will reduce winter carrying capacity prtor to flooding. Borrow area K and the temporary camp and village contain winter browse for I moose based on carrying capacity ~ata. Total winter browse for 340 moose will be lost lf both projects are constructed (permanent plus temporary>. Reclaimed areas will Improve as winter habitat between 2-20 years fo 1 lowIng dIsturbance • • WII I occur on steep slopes of little value to moose. • As for Watana • • Smaller, narrower Impoundment makes detectable changes less ~ikely than for Watana. • In creased water temperatures and open water In winter will occur downstream as far as Talkeetna, otherwise Impacts as described for Watana. - ..... - - .... - ..... - - - - I''''" - - .... TABLE E.3.145 (Page 3) (3) Barriers, Impediments, and Hazards to 1-bvement: -Watana --impoundment --access corridor --do"I'Klstream -Devil Canyon --impoundment --access corridor --downstream (4) Disturbance Related to Construction Activities: --construction activities --impoundment clearing • ~n water a-Jd/or ice shelving may block access to traditional calving and wintering areas. !-bose could be expected to estmlish new areas and alter movement patterns, but some IIIJrtality may occur from attempts to cross the reservoir • Prior to filling, clearcut areas in the impound- ment may inhibit IIIJvements • • Snow drifting has been hypothesized to impede movements south and southwest of the reservoir and to reduce the value of Fog Lakes as winter range • • May inhibit migration between summer and winter range especially in the Watana-Butte Creek areas and the Watana-l:eadman Creek areas. Construct ion activities will be IIIJre severe barrier than sub- sequent traffic except during hunting seaeon wren moose will avoid the corridor. • Increased IIIJrtali ty due to collisions. May be substantial during construction phase during winter due to darkness and poor weather. Train collisions may be substantial between !huston and T all<eetna. • ~n water may restrict IIIJvement s to island calving areas for those cows which use them (as far downstream as Gold Creek) • • Attempted crossings during winter may thermally stress animals, may lead to mortality. • Ice cover and au feis will increase downstream due to increased winter flow and may result in same IIIJrtality from moose falling down (R. Modafferi 1982 pers. comm.). Impacts as for Watana, less severe. fil major movement corridors occur, but movements may increase after building of Watana. Little ice- shelving will occur due to low (1 m) drawdown • • Rail corridor may cause substantial IIIJrtality, especially during winters with heavy snowfall when moose may become trapped in the corridor. • As for Watana, except open water may occur as far downstream as Talkeetna. Winter habitats and calving areas are most sensi- tive to disturbance. Impacts will be affected through avoidance and consequent habitat loss • • rtlisy and unpredictable disturbances such as impoundment clearing are most serious and will probmly cause avoidance of the area at any season. TABLE E. }.145 (Page 4) --access road traffic --eir traffic ( 5) Increased Human Pccess: --hunting and poaching --increased risk of fire --vehicle collisions -~ecreational disturbance • Traffic and other neutral or predictable disturb- ances can be habituated to (borrow area use, village activities, dam construction). Overflights can be a serious impact, especially during calving and in winter. Repeated harass- ment can be detrimental at all times of year • • Habituation is possible to neutraL and predict- able disturbances as near airports if animals are not deliberately harassed. Increased mortality; most serious in easily accessible areas, will also cause avoidance of access corridor during hunting season. Can be regulated • • Impossible to predict. Fires -,ould eventually improve moose habitat in decadent stands. Natural fires are usually considered beneficial to moose but have been suppressed in recent. years • • less serious after construction during operation phase. Impossible to quantify. May become serious problem in time, particularly during winter and calving. - - - - - 1 "1 TABL.£ E. 3.146: LOSS IF COVER TYR:S COMMONLY l.SED BY MOOSE, IN RELATION TO THEIR AVAILABILITY. THE PROPilHIO~TE SEASO~L l.SE IF EACH TYPE BY RADIO-COLLARED MOOSE IS ALSO SHOWN. (data from ADF&G 19828 alld f1CKE!Ildr1ck et at. 1982) WlW~FJA DE:VI[I:!AFJ'i'IJ!il Area Affected {ha) ProJX!rtionate Area Affected ~~a) Proportionate Proportion of Relocations I!!![!ounament forest Cover Ty~e l::onstruchon loss I!!Eounamenf. Construc'E1on Loss S~r 1ng Summer :::F ai I fhn'Eer Woodland spruce 4267 567 0.03 153 0 0.06 o. siP forests [\:len spruce forests 3633 75 0.03 629 15 0.17 D. 29c Birch forests 785 19 0.62 487 3 d <O. 01 - Mixed forests 2099 207 0.29 1506 162 o. 04 d Tall shrub 514 37 <O. 01 3 0 <0.01 Birch shrlb 443 288 o. 04 49 18 <D. 01 0.14e Willow and mixed 717 283 <0.01 18 0 <0.01 low shrlb Tundra 84 78 <O. 01 11 0 <D. 01 a ProJX!rtionate loss is expressed as the anount of the cover type lot (ha) in relation to its total coverage (ha) in the respective watershed. (See Section 3.3 -Botanical Resources for a descript.ion of the watershed and area estimates of the forest cover types.) b Proportion of moose relocations in that habitat during April~ay, June-October, and Nbvember~arch, respectively. c ADf&G (1982a) included mixed forest communities in their spruce forest classifications and therefore moose use in mixed forest cover types cannot be separately estimated. d Vegetation in areas beyond the impoundment and construction zones was mapped at a scale too small to adequate! y assess the availability of this cover type. e At:F&G (1982a) included all shrlb types in a single shrub category and therefore use in various shrlb types cannot be separately estimated. 0.43 0.40 0.28 o. 30 <O. 01 <O. 01 0.29e 0.29e N 791 504 7 44rf TABLE E. 3.147: ANTICIPATED AND HYPOTHESIZED IMPACTS TO CARIBOU (1) Permanent Habitat Loss: -Watana --impoundment area and village and airstrip --access corridor -Devil Canyon --impoundment area and village and airstrip --access corridor (2) Habitat Alteration and Temporary Habitat Loss: -Watana --impoundment clearing --reclaimed areas --shore erosion --transmission corridor --climatic induced alteration -Devil Canyon (3) Barriers, Impediments, and Hazards to Movement: -Watana --impoundment • Total area permanent! y lost represents 0. 3% of total range, low quality grazing habitat. • Total area permanent! y lost an inconsequential proportion of total range. • Little historical use of this p:~rtion of range has been documented. Jlo inconsequential proportion of total range • • N:! impact on caribou through habitat lost. • lbor quality range, inconsequential proportion of range affected • • Borrow sites A, D, and F are in areas frequented by bulls in summer. Total area 900 ha = 0.02% of range. Total loss (including permanent) = 0. 3% of range. Will occur on steep slopes of little value to caribou • • Areas of low use historically, poor quality range. N:! negative impacts • • Snow drifting will not affect critical winter or spring range. • Increased summer precipitation and decreased summer temperatures would occur mainly downwind of reservoir and are unlikely to affect caribou range. • N:! impacts to caribou. Intersects a major caribou migration route. Effects likely: (1) altered movement IBtterns will reduce frequency of crossing with consequent decreases in use of p:~rtions of range reducing carrying capacity; (2) isolate subherds having separate calving grounds; (3) increase accidental mortality associated with ice shelving, drifting ice flows, floating debris, and extensive mud flats • • ~ifting south and southwest of the reservoir may block movements. ..., i - - .... - r""' 1. TABLE E.3.147 (Page 2) --access corridor -Dev II Canyon --all facilities (4) Disturbance Related to Construction Activities: -Watana --Impoundment --borrow areas --access road --air traffic (5) Increased Human Access: --hunting and poaching --vehicle collisions --recreational disturbance --Increased risk of fire • Between the Denali Highway and the Watana damslte traverses on historically Important area of range currently used by a subherd of approximately 2500 animals and portions of main herd. Road Is west of main calving area. Altered movements likely where road berms are high. Accidental mortality will occur. Wolves may use road to their advantage when hunting. • Crossings less hazardous and less frequent. No Impacts to caribou are anticipated. • Females and calves will avoid construction sites. No population-level Impacts • • Areas A, D, and F most likely to disturb but I caribou In summer. Inconsequential loss of summer habitat • • Between Denali Highway and Watana considerable disturbance Is likely from construction traffic. Cows In late pregnancy and cows with newborn calves most sensitive. Altered movements likely where traffic levels are high. High disturbance Jevels may Increase energy and demands • • Intentional harassment could lead to direct mortality, especially for young animals • • Regular overflights may adversely Impact caribou through Increased energy costs. Very high levels of aircraft disturbance may affect productivity. Groups with females and calves most sensitive. • Current permit system controls numbers taken. Increased access will Impact the distribution of hunter take more than actual size of harvest. Should distribute take over larger set of sub- herds than current take • • Traffic volume will be less In postconstructlon period, but recreational use traffic will continue • • Could become a major factor. Particularly sensitive periods Include winter and calving. At worst a change In range use, disruption of migration, and abandonment of traditional calving areas • • Impossible to quantify. Caribou are less likely than moose to benefit from occurrence of fire. Range value would decrease for a prolonged period following fire. TABLE E.3.14B: ANTICIPATED AND HYPOTHESIZED IMPACTS TO DALL SHEEP (1) Permanent Habitat loss: -Watana --impoundment --access corridor -lkvil Canyon --impoundment and access ( 2 ) Habitat Alteration and Temporary l-8bitat Loss: -Watana --impoundment --climatic alteration -ll:!v il Canyon (3) Barriers, Impediments, and Hazards to Movement: -Watana --air traffic --other construction activities --air traffic • Partial inundation of l:ty Creek mineral lick. Inundation will occur over 22% of the lick surface area during months of maximum use. At maximum impoundment level in OCtober, 42% of lick surface will be-floo~. • fob critical or regular! y used habitats affected. • N> critical or regularly used hlt>itats affected. • l:ty Creek mineral lick may have ice shelves in lower sections in early spring. Areas of lick below maximum fill level may suffer some leaching making them less desirable when they are available • • Probably limited to impoundment area. Lhdetectable • • N> other critical or regularly used habitats affected • • N> critical or regularly used habitats affected. • Serious impacts to all IAill sheep in the middle basin may occur if low-flying aircraft are uncontrolled. The l:ty Creek mineral lick is a particularly sensitive area. Frequently disturbed sheep may suffer increased metabolic energy requirements and may abandon areas where severe disturbances occur. Deliberate harassment (including "sight-seeing") constitutes a severe disturbance at the l:ty Creek mineral lick. lambing areas and winter habitats also sensitive to disturbance. • Most will occur some distance from critical and regularly used range and can be habituated to in the absence of deliberate harassment. Spring habitats at low elevations and winter concentra- tions on south slopes may be sensitive to disturbance from reservoir clearing operations. Additional impacts as described for Watana. - - - Jl!l!!!', - - -' - - r _, . ' .... ...... - TABlE E. 3.148 (Page 2) -Devil Canyon --construction activ it.ies (5) Increased Human Access: --hunting and poaching -~ecreational disturbance • N:! other disturbance impacts anticipated. • Size of legal harvest not expected bJ increase as most or all legal rans in area are alrea:ly harvested each year • • Air traffic can severely affect use of the Jay Creek mineral site as described under "disturbance" ::Dave • • Boats on the Watana reservoir are also likely to affect use of the Jay Creek mineral lick. TABLE E.3.149: ANTICIPATED AND HYPOTHESIZED IMPACTS TO BROWN BEARS (1) Permanent Habitat Loss: -Watana --Impoundment --access corridor and vii lage and airstrip -Devl I Canyon --Impoundment --access corridor (2) Habitat Alteration and Temporary Habitat Loss: -Watana --Impoundment clearing --reclaimed areas --Impoundment shore erosion --transmission corridor --climatic-Induced alteration --hydrologic-Induced alteration Den habitat--no dens known below Impoundment level, O% of dennlng habitat lost • • Spring feeding areas (lower elevation spruce habitats) flooded. Three of 12 radio-collared bears without cubs moved to areas to be Impounded by the Watana reservoir In spring 1980 (25%>. Seven of l3 (54%> In 1981 • • Effects on prey populations may Impact brown bears, but the Importance of ungulate prey Is unknown • • Insignificant habitat loss. . • May affect dennlng locations. Number of dens affected not determinable from current maps of den and access road locations. • No Impact on dennlng habitat. • Spring feeding areas. Three of 12 radio-collared bears without cubs (75%> moved to areas to be Impounded by the Devil Canyon Impoundment In spring 1980. One of 13 <B%> In 1981. Total for both Impoundments was 6 of 12 (50%> In 1980 and 8 of l3 (61%> In 1981 • • Prey population reduction may affect brown bears. Importance of ungulate prey Is unknown. • Insignificant habitat loss (see also disturbance section of table> • • No dennlng habitat lost (see also disturbance section of table>. • Spring feeding areas In lower elevation spruce habitats used by 25% of radio-collared bears without cubs In 1980 and 54% In 1981 • • Deleterious effects on prey populations may benefit brown bears temporarily • • Not a significant amount of habitat loss. Revegetation with grasses and forbs wl I I temporarily Improve the value of these areas for spring and early summer habitats (see also disturbance section of this table> • • Possible (unpredictable) Impact on potential dennlng areas • • Both positive and negative Impacts, but net Impact Is minor • • Any changes which may occur are likely to be lndetectable and minor <R. Skog, unpub. data on Wl.lllston Reservol r B.C.) • • Reduction In prey populations (ungulate and sa I mon) If they occur may Impact brown bears In downstream reaches. -, .... - -i ! ) - 1"'" ! - TABLE E.3.149 (Page 2) -Dev II Canyon --Impoundment clearing --reclaimed areas --other areas (3) Barriers, Impediments, and Hazards to Movement: -Watana --Impoundment --access corridor -Dev II Canyon --Impoundment --access corridor (4) Disturbance Re.lated to Construction Activities: --general --Impoundment clearing • Spring feeding ar4las In lower elevation spruce habitats used by 25% of radio-collared bears without cubs In 1980 and 8% In 1981 0 Total for both I mpoundm~nts 50% of radIo-co I I a red bears without cubs In 1980 and 61% In 1981 • • Not significant amount of habitat loss. Revege- tation with grasses and torbs will temporarily Improve the value of these areas as spring and early summer habitats. • As treated above. • Broken Ice and/or Ice-shelving may block or hInder access to ha b I tua I I y used areas tor some Individuals In early sprl'rtg. Crossing of the reservoir In other seasons Is not anticipated to be a major problem tor bears • • (Disturbance treated lri' next section of table.) • Morta lit! es from· co 11:fs Ions un II ke I y. • Altered movements between seasonal use areas possible. Not a si'gnlflcanf impact on producti- vity o~ habitat use. CDi sturbance treated In next section of table.> • No Impact· on IIIOvements anticipated. • Some bears w I I I avoId areas of Intense human activities, others will habituate and some habituated bears will be attracted to such areas. • Feed f ng of bears by emp I oyees or non-proj;ect personnel will endanger the bears and at I humans In the vicinity. Maullngs and destruction of the "offending bear" wl II eventually occur • • Human/bear conflicts have a great potential to cause significant loss of work time for contractors, Injuries to employees, and property damage • • Cubs will habituate rei!!d,i ty to human presence and subsequently become problem an lma l·s as they grow up • • Habituated bears also become more susceptible to hunting • • Mortalities due to human/bear conflicts. Concen- trations In Impoundment areas In spring. TABLE E.3.149 CPage 3) --Impoundment facilities, staging areas, borrow sites --air traffic --access road --transmission corridor (5) Increased Human Access: --huntIng and poachIng --human/bear conflicts --collisions with vehicles --recreational disturbances • Altered movements due to avoidance or attraction • • Mortalities due to human/bear conflicts. • Altered movements due to avoidance or attraction. Bears will be attracted to garbage dumps and to Improperly disposed or Inadequately Incinerated garbage • • Individual bears whose home ranges overlap these sites will be displaced • • Bears are likely to be attracted to revegetated areas. This will Increase their contact with humans and cause problems with habituated bears • • Extremely sensitive to harassment. Also sensi- tive to frequent disturbance In concentration areas. May disrupt normal feeding, resting, and dennlng activities. • Altered movements during periods of high traffic levels are possible due to avoidance. Habituated bears may become attracted to the roads as a food source If fed • • Road construction activities may cause abandonment of some dens during winter, resulting In mortality of those bears • • Use of adjacent forage habitat may be disrupted or eliminated. • Habituated bears are more susceptible to hunting and trapping • • Some dennlng habitat may be made unacceptable by the presence of the road. (Three known den sites may become unsuitable.) However, there Is no evidence to Indicate that den sites are limiting and no population-level effects are anticipated • • Clearing In winter may cause abandonment of some dens with ,direct mortality of those animals affected. • Possibly a serious Impact, depending on manage- ment strategies and priorities. Brown bear may be sacrificed to the benefit of more desirable ungulate species by future management guidelines. This Is obviously beyond the control of the Alaska Power Authority. • Will result In destruction of offending bears. Outside of construction activities (treated above) these Interactions are Inevitable and difficult to control • • Attraction to revegetated areas near villages will result In Increased encounters of bears and humans • • Unlikely to be of any significance. • Possible effect on bears In dens and In concentration areas, particularly salmon runs on Prairie Creek. Recreational development of this area Is likely to greatly Increase the occurrence of bear-human encounters with negative effects on both. ~i - - - - - - - - - ,.. .. ; - TABLE E.3.150: ANTICIPATED AND HYPOTHESIZED IMPACTS TO BLACK BEAR ( 1 ) Permanent Habitat Loss: -Watana --impoundment area and village and airstrip --access corridor -Devil Canyon --impoundment area --access corridor (2) Habitat Alteration and Temporary_ 1-&bitat Loss: -Watana --impoundment clearing --reclaimed areas --impoundment sl-ore erosion --transmission corridor -~limatic-induced alteration --hydrologic-induced alteration • Black bear are highly dependent on spruce forest habitats. 1 O, 016 ha/346, 637 = 3% of coni fer habitat in Devil Canyon and Watana Basin total will be lost. A vimle population is unlikely to remain ltlove Watana Creek after filling. lhe narrow band of spruce forests remaining will leave resident bears susceptible to interactions with brown bears and necessitate altered movement patterns. o O:ln habitats -69% of known black bear dens are in impoundment area (9/13 den sites) • • Black bears do not norntally occLT near the corridor north of O:ladman Lake. • Loss of spruce forest habitats. 1,801/346,637 = 0. 5% of coni fer habitat in Devil Canyon and Watana Basins total will be lost. Little spruce habitat occurs in impoundment areas. O:ln habitats -6% of known black bear dens are in impoundment area (1/16 den sites) • • Most of Watana-Devil Canyon segment is at elevations above accept £Ole black bear habitat o o 10,016 ha of spruce forest habitat for black bears will be eliminated • • 975 ha of spruce forest habitat in the borrow sites for Watana (10,991 total impoundment and borrow areas). Borrow Areas D and F in areas used for berries in late summer. Revegetation likely to improve availooility of early spring forage temporarily. Possible impact to some den habitats. • Likely to improve hooitat for black bear. • Indetectable. • Snow drifts in a small area Sand SW of impoundment may slightly reduce availability of low shrub habitat in spring • • Reduction in prey populations (if they occur) would negatively impact black bears (salmon) • • Alteration of phenology of vegetation may cause greater availability of early spring forage in downstream areas • • Alteration of frequency of mechanism of creation of early successional habitats may alter availa- bility of riparian spring forage. TABLE E.3. 150 {Page 2) -Dev II Canyon --Impoundment clearing --reclaimed areas --other areas {3) Barriers, Impediments, and Hazards to Movement: -Watana --Impoundment --operating facilities --access corridor -Dev I I Canyon --impoundment and facilities --access corridor {4) Disturbance Related to Construction Activities: --Impoundment clearlng --Impoundment facilities, staging areas, and ... borrow s i~es • 1,801 ha of spruce forest habitat. • 194 ha of spruce forest habItat ( 1, 995 ha tot a I Devil Canyon; 12,986 total Watana and Devil Canyon = 3.75% of total In Watana and Devl I Canyon Basins>. Revegetation likely to Improve availability of early spring forage temporarily • • As described above. • Broken Ice floes and/or lee shelving may block or hinder access to habitually used areas tor some Individuals In early spring. Crossings are not anticipated to present any problem for bears at other seasons • • Animals displaced during til ling wi II be suscep- tible to mortality from brown bears they may en- counter on dispersal. Cubs wf II be particularly vulnerable to brown bear predation. Displacement will also Increase intra-specific competition causing decreased productivity.· • May block access or alter movements of downstream animals to late summer foraging areas upstream of Tsusena Creek {see disturbance sectlon) • • Black bears do not normally occur near the cor- ridor north of Deadman Creek. • No Impediment or hazard to movements antici- pated. Most of corridor at elevations above acceptable black bear habitat {see disturbance section>. • Habituation problems treated for brown bear {Table E.3.149) will also occur with black bears. Location of tacll ltles may cause even greater problems with black bears • • Will displace black bears from forested areas. Result In Increased human/bear Interactions, pre- dation by brown bears • • Winter clearing wtl I cause denntng bears to leave their dens, resulting In mortality • • Mortalities due to human/bear conflicts. • Altered movements due to avoidance or attraction. Bears will be attracted to garbage dumps and to Improperly disposed or Inadequately Incinerated garbage. • Individual bears whose home ranges overlap these sites wl I I be displaced • • Bears will avoid dennlng near areas with fre- quent disturbances. ~I - - - - TABLE E.3.150 (Page 3) ,.. .. ---air traffic --access road --transmission carr idor {5) Increased Human Pccess --hunting and poaching --human-bear conflicts - --collisions with vehicles --recreational disturbance - • Bears are likely to be attracted to revegetated areas. This will increase their contact with humans and cause problems with hmituated bears. May disrupt. normal feedirg, restirg and dennirg activities • • Reduce use of adjacent tableland habitats used by bears foraging for berries in late summer • • Habituated bears m)re susceptible to huntirg and poaching • • Clearirg in winter in forested habitats may cause abandonment of some dens with direct mortality of most animals effected. • Intensity of impact dependent on management strategies of ADr&G. Potential for serious im- pact if bears receive low management priorities • • Inevitable result of increased human use. • Attraction to revegetated and improperly dis- posed garbage will increase frequency of en- counters between bears and humans • • lkllikely to be significant. • Impacts greatest in dennirg and concentration areas, particularly salmn runs. TABLE E.3.151: ANTICIPATED AND HYPOTHESIZED IMPACTS TO WOLVES ( 1) Permanent Habitat Loss: -Watana --Impoundment and permanent facilities --access corridor -Devl I Canyon --Impoundment and permanent facilities --access corridor • No known den or rendezvous sites wl II be Inundated. • Watana pack members may be affected as 1/3 of alI radio-locations for pack members were In the Impoundment zone • • Secondary effects of the el lmlnatlon of the Watana pack's range will be upheaval of the historical distribution of packs and associated social strife • • Reductions In moose carrying capacity will reduce wolf carrying capacity, though wolves have not obtained carrying capacity In the basin for sever a I decades due to wo It contro I measures, hunting and trapping. In the absence of specific measures by ADF&G to protect wolves, they wl I I never reach carrying capacity, and prey avallabl tlty will have no limiting effect • • Minor component of habitat loss. • No known den or rendezvous sItes w I I I be Inundated. • Small reduction In moose carrying capacity • • Minor component of total habitat loss. (2) Habitat Alteration and Temporary Habitat Loss: -Watana --Impoundment clearing --other areas -Dev II Canyon --all areas • Displacement of resident and migratory moose from the Impoundment area during clearing may Increase wolf densities In the adjacent areas temporar I I y • • Reduct I on In carryIng capacIty of prey wIll reduce capacity tor wolves. • As described above. (3) Barriers, Impediments, and Hazards to Movement: -Watana --Impoundment and tact lltles --access corridor --downstream reaches -Devil Canyon --a II areas • May reduce access to caribou and moose calving areas tor some packs. • Wblves may use the road to their benefit when hunting ungulate prey. • Open water In winter may be a hazard to wolves attempting to cross, but few wolves occur In downstream reaches. • As described above. - - - -I .... , - - ..... TABLE E. J. 151 (Page 2) (4) Disturbance Related to Construction Activities: -const.ruction activities -air traffic -~:ecess road traffic ( 5) Increased Human Access: -hunting end JllBChing -increased human/wolf conflicts -increased recreational disturbance • Wolves are likely t.o respond similarly to all const.ruct.ion ~:et.ivit.ies. Avoidance will occur initially, but habit.uat.ion to predict.eble disturbances is likely. Den sites are most. sensitive and wolves will abandon dens ~ich are disturbed frequently. Pup nDrt.ality may result. if dens are abardmed during the first. week of life • • Habituated wolves have the pot.ent.ial t.o become nuisance animals, increasing the likelihood of dest.ruction and exposure of workers and t.heir pets to rebies. Den sites are sensit.ive and will be abandoned if frequent. air traffic occurs at low altitudes near dens. Pup nDrtality will result. if dens are abandoned in the first. week of life • • Wolves will habituat to moderate levels of t.raffic. Wolves will probably avoid the corridor during periods of high traffic levels. • M.Jch of the current. harvest. is illegal and the illegal harvest will increase in t.he absence of bett.er control. Current. legal harvest. 1 s also high (ba;~ limit. = 7 wolves) and will increase. The current annual take is 40-4~ of the population. • Habituated animals will bec(Jile pests increasing the likelihood of their destruction and the possibility of exposure of humans to rebies • • Particularly susceptible at den sites. TABLE E.3.152: ANTICIPATED AND HYPOTHESIZED IMPACTS TO WOLVERINE (1) Permanent Habitat Loss: -Watana --Impoundment area and --access corridor -Dev I I Canyon --Impoundment and permanent fact I ities --access corridor • Wintering foraging habitat will be lost with a substantia I decrease In ava I I ab i II ty of smal I mammal and grouse. Increase in ava II abilIty of carrIer In winter habit at, due to nore rap ld turnover In the noose population -the result of development caused sources of increased accidental nortallty and predation, will occur. Changes In prey density will affect movements, densities and productivity. • Smal I area of abundant summer range. • Minor loss of winter foraging habitat. • As above for Watana (2) Temporary Habitat Loss and Habitat Alteration -Watana -Impoundment clearing -reclamined areas -transmission corridor -climatic-Induced alteration -hydrologic-induced alteration -Dev II Canyon -all areas • In winter wll I displace wolverine from Impoundment area • • May Increase aval lability of prey In adjacent areas as other species are also displaced. • Small area relative to wolverine ranges. Likely to Increase avai lab I I lty of small mammal prey after revegetation. • Increased carrying capacity for noose and ptarmigan may benefit wolverine. Likely a small Impact. • No Impact. • No Impact. • Very sma I I Impact over a I 1. (3) Barriers, Impediments, and Hazards to Movement: -Watana -Impoundment -access corrfdor -Dev II Canyon -Impoundment -access corridor • May form home range boundaries for animals In basin. Altered movements and use patterns for Individuals currently residing In basin are expected • • Mortality from vehicle collisions unlikely source of marta llty. • Impediment or hazard to movements not anticipated. Small size of reservoir make altered use pattens and III)Vements less Important. • Mortality due to collisions with vehicles unlikely. - - - ~· - r ,.. .. - - ,.. ... TABLE E. 3.152 (Page 2) ( 4) Disturbance Associated with Construction Activities -all construction areas and impoundment clearing (S) Increased Hllllan Access -hunting a1d poaching -vehicle collisions -recreational disturbance • Wolverine are like! y to avoid all areas of active disturbance. Slnrt term impact for most areas, without JXlpulation level effects. Wolverine may avoid the ;:ccess corridor durirg periods of heavy use for the duraton of construction. Impoundment clearirg will cause dispersal frCIII area. May utilize road kills as a food source -but only durirg periods of low traffic. Could become a serious impact if wolverine are not specifically protected by ADF&G management. Trapping is already the major oource of 100rtalit y • • lhl ikel y to become a major source of mortality. • May become a serious impact. Wolverine are wide-ranging enough that they are like! y to be able to avoid low level recreational disturbance. High levels of motorized vehicle noise and traffic would exclude wolverines from an area. TABLE E.3.153: ANTICIPATED AND HYPOTHESIZED IMPACTS TO AQUATIC FURBEARERS (beaver and muskrat) ( 1) Permanent Habitat Loss: -Watana --Impoundment --access corridor -Dev I I Canyon --1 mpoundment --access corridor • No active beaver lodQeS were found In the Impoundment area • • About 5-10 muskrats occur In the Impoundment and borrow areas D and E. • Upper Deadman Creek provides habitat tor 65 beaver. Reduction In number of beaver .Is anticipated due to road. Additional negative Impacts are anticipated to result from adjacent naterl al sites • • Muskrat likely occur In conjunction with beaver In upper Deadman Creek. • lb beaver are known to occupy the reserve I r area. tbwever, beaver may colonize this reach between completion of Watana and completion of Devil Canyon dams. These animals will be displaced • • Beaver may successfully colonize this Impoundment due to small annual drawdown, particularly during wet years. In other years, drawdown will occur at a critical period when food caches are being made and It Is unlikely that they will be able to overwinter. • No muskrat habitat occurs In Impoundment area • • Muskrat are known to overwinter In several lakes along the corridor between Watana and Devil Canyon. (2) Habitat Alteration and Temporary Habitat Loss -Watana --access corrIdor --borrow areas --hyrolog lc-lnduced alteration • Borrow sItes tor the access corrl dor will remove habitat tor approximately 40 of 65 beaver along Deadman Creek • • 5 of 17 lakes surveyed In areas D and E and the Impoundment zone supported overwl nterlng muskrats • • Increased winter flows are likely to benefit beaver at lowing overwintering In more sites than are currently available • • Stabilized flows will allow beaver greater security In anchoring food caches • • Lack of Ice cover will allow colonization of much shallower reaches. • Muskrat wi II II ke I y benet It from l ncreased number of beaver ponds downstream. ~· - - - - - - - ...... TABLE E. 3.153 (Page 2) -Devil Canyon --borrow areas and campsite --hydrologic-induced alteration • Area K and the campsite support approximately 10 beaver. • ~en water as far do\'Wlstream as Talkeetna will allow colonization of waters currently too shallow • • ether impacts as described for Watana. (3) Barriers, Imp~diments, or Hazards to Movement: -access corridors • May be insignificant murce of mortality due to vehicle collisions. (4) Disturbance Related to Construction Activities: ( 5) Increased Hunan Access -hunting and IXIBChing • Beaver End muskrat are not likely to be significantly affected by disturbance alone. Animals will be displaced as habitats are destroyed by development. • Likely to effect a much larger area than any of the other development impacts. Prime habitat occurs in a::ljacent undisturbed areas ltlich will remain relatively inaccessible. Impacts will depend on fur value fluctuations. TABLE E.3.154: NUMBER OF LAKES WITH MUSKRAT PUSHUPS IN SPRING 1980 OCCURRING WITHIN BORROW AREAS AND IMPOUNDMENTS Watana Borrow Areas D & E Impoundment Devil Canyon Borrow Areas Impoundment (data from Gipson et al. 1982) Lakes Samp I ed 8 9 5 0 fl Lakes Total I of With Pushups Pushups 0 5 0 0 0 13 0 0 - - - - - - -I - - ,.,.. - r - - TABLE E.3.155: ~TICIPATED AND HYPOTHESIZED IMPACTS TO SEMI-AQUATIC FURBEARERS (MINK AND OTTER) (1) (2) Permanent Habitat Loss: -Watana --impoundment area and permanent fact It I es -Dev II Canyon --Impoundment Habitat Alteration and Temporary Habitat Loss: -Watana --Impoundment clearing --reclaimed areas --hydrologic-induced alteration (3) Barriers. Impediments. and Hazards to Movement: (4) Dlsturbace Related to Construction Activities: -Impoundment clearing -construction sites ( 5) Increased Human Access: -Increased hunting and poaching -recreational disturbance • Eliminates a substantial portion of good quality habitat for both species. 65 km of malnstem plus 15.6 km of stream habitat • • Reduce prey availability for both species. • Less severe than Watana. but similar. • Likely to eliminate mink and otter from the Im- poundment area. Decrease cover and prey availa- bility. • Will Increase small mammal prey availability for ml nk. • Downstream flow stabilization and open water will benefit otter and m~nk. Increased number of beaver wilt benefit both. • None. • likely to eliminate mink and otter tram affect~ areas • • May disturb dally activities and force abandonment of aquatic habitats where they occur near construct ton zones. • May become serious Impact. Few animals are currently taken from the area. • Both species are somewhat sensitive to disturbance and may suffer significantly from Increased presence of fishermen and recreational river users In remaining river habitat. TABLE E.3.156: ANTICIPATED AND HYPOTHESIZED IMPACTS ON FOX (1) Permanent Habitat Loss: -Watana --Impoundment and other facilities -Dev II Canyon --Impoundment and other facilities (2) Habitat Alteration and Temporary Habitat Loss: -Watana --Impoundment clearing --reclaimed areas -Dev II Canyon --a! I areas (3) Barriers, Impediments, or Hazards to Movement: -Watana --Impoundment --downstream -Dev 1 I Canyon --all areas (4) Disturbance Related to Construction Activities: --Impoundment clearing --other sites --access road traffic • No known den sites lost. • Higher elevation areas are more heavl ly used • • Loss of some summer prey, probably not limiting. • As above for Watana. • Habitat destruction may Increase avallabll lty of some prey. • WI II enhance availability of small mammal prey. • As above for Watana. • WI I I serve as home range boundary for resident animals, but will not prohibit movements across Impoundment • • Open water In winter may make crossings hazardous or Infrequent. • As above for Watana. • WI I I temporarily displace foxes. • Habituation wl I I occur to most disturbances • • Den sites are sensitive to disturbance, parti- cularly during early dennlng and early post- partum • • Habituated foxes can become pests, leading to Increased probability of exposure to rabies. • Habituation will occur readily In the absence of hunting. - - - - - - - - ,~ TABLE E. 3.156 (Page 2) (5) Increased Human Access: --hunting and poaching - -~ecreational disturbance Pbssible serious impact dependent on market price of fur. • ~ns are particularly sensitive. • 1-Bbituated foxes can becane pests. TABLE E.3. 157: ANTICIPATED AND HYPOTHESIZED IMPACTS TO MARTEN, WEASEL, AND LYNX ( 1) Permanent Habitat loss: -Watana --Impoundment and permanent facilltl es --access corridor -Dev i I Canyon --impoundment and permanent facilities --access corridor (2) Habitat Alteration and Temporary Habitat loss: -Watana --impoundment clearing --reclaimed areas --transmission corridor -Devil Can'{on --,Impoundment clearing --rec lafmed areas • loss of forest habitat will result In consider- able decrease In carrying capacity tor all specIes • • loss of low elevation habitat near tributary mouths will eliminate lynx • • 100 marten (3.5 to 7.5% of basin pop.) wi II be lost. 766 ha of closed conifer-deciduous forest, 5% of total In Gold Creek and Watana watersheds. • Minor habitat loss wil I result 1n redistribution of home ranges of those marten and weasel resident in adjacent forest areas. little forest habitat occurs In Dena I i Highway to Watana section. • Approximately 14 marten wil I be lost to D.C. Impoundment. 729 ha of closed conifer-deciduous forest, 5% of total, 9% of total in Gold Creek and Watana watersheds with both Watana and Devil Canyon Impoundments. 11.5% of Watana and Gold Creek watersheds marten popu I at ion I ost with both projects • • Minor habitat loss, as with Watana with result in redistribution of home ranges of marten and weasel resident In adjacent forest. WII I el lmlnate forest habitat for alI species. Most wIll abandon area • • 67 ha of closed conifer-deciduous, 908 of spruce forests. Revegetation Is unlikely to restore conifer forests In the license period. Total closed conifer-deciduous for Watana Is 833/15,986 ha = 5.2%. Total spruce forest for Watana Js 10,924/346,037 = 3. 1% • • No population level Impacts anticipated due to hab~tat alteration. • Will el imlnate forest habitat for all species • • l83 ha of closed conifer-deciduous, 194 of spruce forests total. Revegetation unlikely to restore conifer forests in license period. Total closed conifer-deciduous for both projects Is 1016/15,986 ha = 6.4%. Total spruce forest for both projects ls 11,118/346,637 = 3.2%. - ~I -i - .... - - - - I ..... - - TABLE E. 3. 157 (Page 2) --transmission corridor (3) Barriers, Impediments ard Hazards to Movement: -Watana --imJXI undment --access corridor --open water -ll:lvil Canyon --impoundment --access corridor --open water (4) Disturbance Related to Oonstruction Activities: --construction sites --access road traffic (S) Increased Human Access: --hunting and trapping --vehicle collisions --recreational disturbance • As described move for Watana. • Will be a barrier to dispersal for marten. Will impede dispersal of 1 ynx and weasel. f'bt a maj:n impact. Animals in impoundment area will re- distribute home ranges along impoundment areas • • Increased mortality from road kills. N:Jt a popu- lation level impact. A barrier to crossing for marten. • Barrier to marten lynx ard weasel. will redistribute smre • • As for Watana. • As far Watana dispersal, perhaps also for Animals in impoundment area h:>me ranges along imJXIUndment • Marten habituate readily to disturbance. Effects on weasel probebl y minimal. Lynx may be more susceptible but are uncommon and will be able to avoid areas wittuut. population level impacts • • Impacts as for other construction activities. Probebly minimal. Most of access road travers:!s higher elevation hebitats. • Will become most significant mortality factor for marten. Weasel are rarely sought by trappers in the area. • Unlikely to be population level impact. • lhlikel y to affect marten or weasel. lynx are uncommon and will be able to avoid impacted areas. Dl sturbance TABLE E.3. 158: GENERAL TYPES OF IMPACTS TO RAPTORS {from Roseneau et al. 1981) Construction and Operation Activities -sudden loud noises (e.g., blasting, gas venting, etc.) can lead to panic t I i ghts and damage to nest contents -noise, human presence, etc., can lead to disruption of daily activities Aircraft Passage -sudden appearance and noise can lead to panic flights and damage to nest contents Human Presence Near Nests -inadvertent-chance occurrence of people {and dogs) near nests; people may be unaware of nest, raptors, or raptor alarm behavior -del I berate-curious passersby, natural lsts, photographers, researchers can have impacts it safeguards are not taken Direct Impacts Intentionally Destructive Acts {a$ a result of Increased public access) -shoot! ng -legal or II legal removal of eggs, young, or adults -ro I II ng of rocks ott c II tt tops -cutting of nest trees Man-Made Structures and Obstructions -raptors may be struck on roads where they may perch or teed -may strike wires, fences, etc. -may be electrocuted on power poI es -raptors sometimes attack aircraft, or may accidentally strike aircraft Environmental Contaminants -deliberate application and accidental release of insecticides, herbicides, petrochemicals, and toxic Industrial materials can affect raptors and prey by affecting hormones, enzymes, shel 1 thickness, bird behavior, egg terti llty and viabl I tty, and survival rates of nestlings, t I edg II ngs, lmmatures and ad u Its Changes 1 n Prey Ava 1 I ab I II ty -decrease in prey abundance or loss of nearby hunting areas may affect territory size, efficiency of hunting, nest occupancy, nesting success, condition of adults and young -changes may result from aircraft overflights, construction and maintenance activities, public access, etc. Habitat Loss Abandonment of area due to destruction of nest, perch or Important hunting habitat - - - - - - - - - - - - r i TABLE E.3.159: ANTICIPATED AND HYPOTHESIZED IMPACTS TO RAPTORS AND RAVENS (J) Permanent Habitat Loss: -Watana --Impoundment --access corridor -Dev I I Canyon --Impoundment --access road (2) Habitat Alteration and Temporary Habitat Loss: -Watana --Impoundment clearing --borrow sites and reclaimed areas • 5 of 16 (31%> golden eagle nesting locations will be lost. Cliff nesting habitat wl II become extremely I iml-ted • • 4 of 8 (50%> bald eagle nesting locations wi II be lost. No known gyrfalcon nesting locations wl II be lost although alI cliff nests of other raptors can be considered potential gyrfalcon nests • • 1 of 3 (33%> known goshawk nesting locations wl I I be lost. Nesting habitat Is very scarce upstream of this nest. • Considerable number of raven nesting locations and potential clff habitat wl II be lost. How- ever, no major Impact to ravens • • Perching habitat on cliffs and large trees wll I be lost. Some hunting habitat wl I I also be lost, although this Is not expected to be a significant Impact on any of the raptor species • • Tree nesting habitat for smaller raptors will be t·ost • • One bald eagle nesting location In Deadman Creek wll I be destroyed. Stand containing nest Is best (possibly the only) bald eagle nesting habitat In Deadman Creek • • Minor amount of ground nesting habitat lost • • No cliff nesting habitat affected. • 2 of 16 {12%> golden eagle nesting locations. Cumulative loss to both projects 44-50% of known nest locations In basin • • No bald eagle nesting locations • • No gyrfalcon nesting locations • • 1 of 3 known goshawk nesting locations. However, nesting habitat Is minimal In both Impoundments • • 4 of 21 (19%> previously used raven nesting locations. A fifth nest will be only a few meters above Impoundment level • • Some ground nesting habitat lost. No cliff nesting habitat affected. • 3 of the 4 bald eagle nests to be lost are tree nests In the Impoundment • • Tree nesting locations for smaller raptors and owls wl I I be lost • • Clearing may make some small ~mmal prey more available • • 1 goshawk nesting location. • A golden eagle nesting location wl I I be destroyed by Borrow Area E • • Revegetation wl II Increase aval lab! I tty of sma11 mammal prey. TABLE E.3.159 (Page 2) --transmission corridor -Devil Canyon --impoundment clearing --borrow sites and reclaimed areas --transmission corridor (3) Barriers, Impediments, and Hazards to Movement: --none (4) Disturbance Related to Construction Activities: -Watana --impoundment clearing --borrow sites --access road --air traffic --transmission corridor -Devil Canyon --impoundment clearing --dam construction Historically used peregrine falcon nest between 1-baly and Fairbanks. Prob!bly will not be destroyed or made musable • • 2 gyrfalcon nests within 0. 6 km of line • • Electrocution of large raptors largest impact. • Tree nesting locations for small raptors and owls will be lost • • 1 goshawk nesting location lost • • 1 gyrfalcon nest may be located in Borrow Site K • • Revegetation will increase wailability of small mammal prey. • As for Wat ana. • 7 golden eagle nests susceptible to disturbance during clearing • • 4 bald eagle nests susceptible • • 1 gyrfalcon nest susceptible • • 1 kno'l«l goshawk nest susceptible • • 12 raven nests susceptible • • lblden eagle nest susceptible at Ebrrow Site E. May be destroyed • • 1 goshawk nest susceptible at Borrow Site I • • Z raven nests susceptible at Borrow Site H. • 1 bald eagle nest susceptible if it remains folloWirlJ construct ion of road in ill adman Creek. GJlden eagles particularly susceptible during nestling period. !l.her raptors susceptible but someWhat less sensitive • • Peregrine falcon nest susceptible if active during constru::tion. • 2 gyrfalcon nests susceptible. • 5 golden eagle nests susceptible to disturbance. • 1 gyrfalcon nest susceptible • • 6 raven nests susceptible. • 1 golden eagle nest. susceptible. • 1 raven nest susceptible. - - - - -I - ,. .... - 1""'1 I r i r ! ..... TABLE E. 3.159 (Page 3) --borrow sites --a::cess road (5) Increased Human, Access: .--hunting and JX>aching --recreational disturbance • 1 gyrfalcon nest susceptible in Borrow Site 1(. • 1 golden eajle nest in Watana-Devil Canyon section • • 1 bald eagle nest in Gold Creek-Devil Canyon section. Poaching mlikel y to be major impact. • May become significant impact, particularly to nests along impoundment shores. TABLE E.3.160: NUMBER OF KNOWN RAPTOR OR RAVEN NEST SITES IN THE MIDDLE SUSITNA RIVER BASIN, ALASKA, THAT WOULD BE INUNDATED BY THE WATANA AND DEVIL CANYON RESERVOIRS, OR THAT MAY BE AFFECTED BY DEVELOPMENT OF ASSOCIATED ACCESS ROUTES AND TRANSMISSION ROUTES C I iff-Nest i nq Locations Tree NestiT Locations Species Golden eaqle Bald eaqle Gyrfalcon Common raven Total cliff nestinq locations I Bald eaale Goshawk Total tree nestino locations Total known nestinq locations Total recently active nestinq locations Total inactive nestinq locations Recent I y active nests to be destroyed by impoundment, borrow areas or camp sites Inactive nests to be destroyed by impoundment, borrow areas or camp sites Total active + inactive Percent of tot a I to be destroyed by impoundment borrow areas or camp sites Recently active nests possibly affected by access and transmission routes Inactive nests possibly affected by access and transmission routes Watana Dev i I Canyon Both Watana Devi I Canyon Both Watana Dev i I Canyon Both Watana Devi I Canyon Both Watana Devil Canyon Both 16 9 7-8 38% 6-12% 44-50% 0 1 1 0 0 0 Total active + inactive both projects Percent of tot a I to be affected by access and transmission routes Total nests affected Total proporton of nests affected Watana 0% Devil Canyon 6% Both 6% Watana 6 Devi I Canyon 2-3 Both 8-9 Watana 38% Devi I Canyon 12-18% Both 50-56'/. 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 100% (fl., 100% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0% at 0% 1 0 1 100'/. 0% 100% 0 0 0 0 1e 0% 33% 33~ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 or. O'f, 0'/. 0% 33% 33'f. 21 7 5 0 5 6 4 10 15 2 5% 5'f. 10% 12 5 17 57% 24% 81% 41 20 21 10 0 10 8 6-7 13-15 23-25 44~ 15-17~ 56-61'/. 1 1 2 0 3 2'1- 5% 7% 19 7-9 26-28 46'f. 17-22'/. 63-68t 7 5 2 0 0 0 3 43~ (fl., 43t 1 ~ 1J 2 0 0 0 2 14'/. 14% 29% 4. 1J 5 57'f. 14'l 71% 3 2 1 0 1 2 33% 33% 66% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 33'/. 33% 66'{. 10 3 4 0 4 0 1 1 5 40% 1Cfl., 50% 1 1 2 0 0 0 2 5 2 7 aDoes not include two nestino locations reported by White (1974), but not relocated in 1980-1981. These two locations (GE-6 and GE-12) may have been mislocated on White's original map, and may represent two of the total seven confirmed inactive qolden eaqle nestinq locations. blncludes one nestinq location (GE-8> that will be inundated and which is also approximately 100m (330 ftl north of Borrow Area J. clncludes one nestinq location (GE-9) that will be inundated and that is also approximately 100m (330ft) north of Borrow Area J, and one location <GE-11) within Borrow Area E (see Table E.3. 161). dlncludes one nesting location (GYR-2) occupied by qyrfalcons in 1974 (White 1974) and by an unknown species (probably qyrfalconJ in 1980. eGYR-3 <recently inactive) may be within Borrow Area K (see Table E.3. 161). flncludes six confirmed active and six unconfirmed active raven nestinq locations reported in 1974 (White 1974). 0This nestinq location (R-21) may be affected by the presence of the access road, transmission corridor, and construction of the dam (see Table E.3.161J. hlncludes one bald eaqle nesting location (BE-2) very near maximum operatinq level of 666 m (2185 ftJ. Assurred lost due to shore! ina erosion. iThis nesting location <BE-6) may be affected by the access corridor in Deadman Creek. jThis nesting location (BE-8) may be affected by the construction of the railroad between Devil Canyon and Gold Creek (see Table E.3.161J. kThis nesting location is only 0.2 km (0.1 mil from Borrow Area I to be affected by Watana, but wil I be inundated at a later date if Devil Canyon development occurs. Total bald eaqle 8 6 2 4 0 4 0 0 0 4 5(Jf, O'f. 5oct 1 1 2 0 0 0 2 12~ 12% 25% 5 1 6 62'f, 12'/. 75'f. --1 t l -----~ JJ .--·----· 1 --.---1 ~-~---1 l 1 ! I -] l TABLE E. J. 161: RA PTOR AND RAVEN NES liNG LOCA liONS IN THE MIDDLE SUS ITNA BASIN, ALASKA, THAT MAY BE AFFECTED BY THE SUSITNA HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT DEVELOPMENT Nesting location Number GE-2 GE-4 GE-5 [GE -6] GE-B GE-9 Estimated 8 Elevation m (ft) 610 -655 ( 2, 000 -z, 150) 564 (1,850) 549 (1, BOO) [<579 (<1,900)] 490 -518 (1,600-1,700) 490 -518 (1,600 -1, 700) Project Action Filling Watana Reservoir Filling Watana Reservoir Filling Watana Reservoir [filling Watana Reservoir] Watana Borrow Site J Filling Watana Reservoir Watana Borrow Site J Filling Watana Reservoir Potential Effects Inundation Inundation Inundation [Inundation; however, GE-6 may correspond to nearby GE-5. The elevation of this nesting location is unclear. White (1974) marked this nesting location at a pla;:e where suitable nesting habitat does not appear to occur.] Watana Borrow Site J is located within 0.2 km (0.1 mi) of GE-B and considerable disturbance may occur during material excavation and construction of the dam. Inundation Watana Borrow Site J is located less than 0. 2 km ( 0. 1 mi) of IL -9 and considerable distur- bance may result from material excavation. Inundation -----1 ~ -J TABLE E. 3.161 (Page 2) Nesting Location Number ll:-10 !.l:-11 [!.l:-12] !.l:-13 J Est.imateda Elevation m (ft) 1,189 (3,900) 490 -518 ( 1 , 600 - 1 , 700) [<549? (<1,800?)] 427 -442 (1,400 -1,450) Project Action Watana Borrow Site f l:enali-Watana Access Road Watana Borrow Site E [filling ~vil Canyon Reservoir] filling Devil Canyon Reservoir 1 Potential Effects Minimal disturbance is anticipated although GE-1 0 lies !bout 1.1-1.3 km (0.7-0.8 mi) from Watana Borrow Site f. The elevation and location of t.he nest on t.he opposite side of Tsusena Butte from the borrow site will probably minimize any direct influence that excavation and/or transport of materials may have. Minimal disturbance is antici- pated since the road lies about. 2. 7-2. 9 km ( 1. 7-1. 8 mi) to t. he sout.heast. Nesting location will be physically destroyed as it. lies within Watana Borrow Site E. [Inundation; however, II-12 may correspond to nearby !.l:-13. White ( 1974) marked t.his nesting location at. a place W"lere suit- able nesting habitat does not. appear to occur.] Inundation ) 1 _) ] l TABLE E. 3.161 (Page 3) Nesting 4Jcation Number IL-14 IL-18 Estimated a Elevation m (ft) 427 -457? ( 1, 400 -1, 500'?) 335 (1, 100) ] Project Action filling Devil Canyon Reservoir Watana-Devil Canyon Access In ad and Bridge Dev i1 Canyon Dam Construction Devil Canyon Dam Substation and Transmission Corridor -] Potential Effects Possible inundation. The elevation of this nest site is unclear. White (1974) marked this nesting location at a place where suitlt>le nesting habitat does not appear to occur. II: -14 may have been located on one of two small cliff areas 1.4-2.1 km (0.9-1.3 mi) further downstream. The access road route is 0. 2 km ( 0. 1 mi) from and near the top of the cliff on l'lhich 11:-18 is located and the ~cess road bridge crosses the river 0. 8 km (0.5 mi) dot.nstream from the nest location. Considerable disturbance may occur during construct ion. The Devil Canyon dansite is 1. 0 km ( 0. 6 mi) upstream from 11:-18 and consider!ble distur- bance may occur during construct ion. The Devil Canyon Substation and transmission corridor is 0. B km (0.5mi) north of IL-18, and some disturbance may occur during construction. J ---] J TABLE E. 3.161 (Page 4) Nesting Location Number BE-2 BE-3 BE-4 BE-5 BE-6 BE-8 1 l Estimated a Elevation m (ft) 663 -671 (2, 175 -2, ZOO) 579 (1,900) 540 -549 (1,775-1,800) 497 -503 ( 1' 630 -1' 650) 760 (2, 500) 230 (750) 1 Project Action filling Watana Reservoir filling Watana Reservoir filling Watana Reservoir Filling Watana Reservoir Denali-Watana Access Rbad Devil Canyon Railroad J Potential Effects Pass ible inundation. BE -Z lies near the limit of the impound- ment flooding and the estimated elevation span of t.his nesting location extends slightly Etlove and below the 666 m (Z, 185-ft) maximum operating level of the Watana. reservoir. Inundation Inundation Inundation This nesting location lies 0.8 km (0.5 mi) east of the access road and considerable disturbance is anticipated. Devil Canyon railroad is 0. 5 km ( 0. 3 mi) from this nesting location and construct ion activities may result in considerable disturbance. ] .... J J l TABLE E. 3.161 (Page 5) Nesting location Number GYR-J GOS-1 GOS-2 Estimated 8 Elevation m (ft) 579 -610? (1, 900 -2, 000?) 518 ( 1' 700) 442 (1,450) .. ] Project Action Devil Canyon Quarry Site K Filling Watana Reservoir Watana Borrow Site I Filling Devil Canyon Reservoir ] J Potential Effects GYR-J may lie within this quarry site and material excavation could result in the destruction of this nesting location. (Presence or absence of this nesting location needs to be rechecked. Inundation This material site is 0. 2 km ( 0.1 mi) to the west of GOS-2 and considerable disturbances may result from excavation and transport. of materials from this site. Inundation (see potential effect of Wat.ana Borrow Site I) ) 1 J J TABLE E. 3.161 (Page 6) Nesting Location Number R-3 R-4 R-5 R-6 R-7 R-8 R-9 Estimated8 Elevation m (ft) 641 ( 2, 100) 610 -778 (2,000 -2,550) 641 ( 2, 100) 610 (2, 000) 534 -549 (1, 750 -1, 800) 519 (1, 700) 488 (1,600) J Project Action Filling Watana Reservoir Filling Watana Reservoir Filling Watena Reservoir Filling Watana Reservoir Filling Watana Reservoir Filling Watana Reservoir Watana Borrow Site J Filling Watana Reservoir J Potential Effects Inundation Possible inundation. The eleva- tion of R-4 is unclear. 'fttlite (1974) marked the general loca- tion of R-4 in the vicinity of two small cliff areas on the north bank of the Susi tna River. The nest was not found in 1980 or 1981 but is thought to be within the indicated elevations and potentially flooded by the 666 m (2185 ft) maximum opera- ting level of the Watana resevoir. Inundation Inundation Inundation Inundation Material excavation from Watana Borrow Site J for dam construc- tion will occur within the river basin as close as 0. 2 km ( 0.1 mi) to R-9. Consider I'Dle dist.urbance may result from these activities prior to the filling of the reservoir and eventual flooding of this nesting location. Inundation (see potential ef feet of Watana Borrow Site J) ) J 1 , -·-'11 -l J J } 1 • TABLE E. 3.161 (Page 7) Nesting Location Number R-10 R-11 R-12 Estimated a Elevation m (ft) 488 (1,600) 564 (1,850) 625 (2,050) -1 J Project Action Watana Borrow Site J Filling Watana Reservoir Watana Borrow Site J Filling Watana Reservoir Watana Camp tenali-Watana Pccess Road Filling Watana Reservoir J --J 1 Potential Effects Watana Borrow Site J is 0. 1 km (330 ft.) from R-1 0 and considerable disturbance may result. from excavation m trans~=Qrt of materials fran this material site prior t.o the filling of the reservoir and eventual flooding of this nesting location. Inundation (see potential effect of Watana Borrow Site J) Watana Borrow Site J is 0. 1 km (:no ft.) from R·11 and con- siderable disturbance may result from excavation and transport of materials fran this material site prior to the filling of Watana reservoir and eventual flooding of this nesting location. Inundation (see potential effect of Watana Borrow Site J) The camp is 1.4km (0.6mi) west of R-12. Minimal disturbance is anticipated as a result of con- struction or use of the camp. The access ro8::1 is 1. 9 km (1.1 mi) west of R-12. little or no disturbance is anticipated as a result of the proximity of the access road. Inundation l ] ----] l J TABLE E. J. 161 (Page 8) Nesting Location Number R-13 R-14 R-15 R-16 R-17 R-18 R-20 Estimated a Elevation m (ft) 549 ( 1, BOO) 549 -580 ( 1 t 800 - 1 , 900) 519 -580 (1,700 -1,900) 442 ( 1 ,450) 442 (1,450) 427 (1,400) 366 (1,200) Project Action Watana Camp ) ) !.enali-Watana ~cess ) Road ) ) Watana Damsi te ) Transmission Corridor Watana Borrow Site H Watana Borrow Site H Filling Devil Canyon Reservoir filling Devil Canyon Reservoir Filling Devil Reservoir Canyon Fillirg Devil Canyon Reservoir ] .J Potential Effects R-13 lies 2.4 km (1.5 mi) west of the recess roa:f and 1 mi northwest of the Watana damsite; and as a result, little distur- bance is anticipated. The transmission line is D. 3-0. 6 km ( 0. 2-0. 4 mi) from R-1 J and some disturbance may occur. This borrow site is 0. 8 km ( 0. 5 mi) from R-14 and minimal disturbance is anticij:Bted. This borrow sit.e is 0. 2 km (0.1 mi) from R-15 and consid- erable disturbance may occur durirg excavation and transpor- tation of materials fran this site. Inundation Inundation Inundation Inundation ) --] l TABlE E •. J.161 (Page 9) Nesting location Number R-21 Estimated 8 Elevation m (ft) 427 (1,400) ] 1 Project Act ion . Devil Canyon Dam Construction Watana-Devil Canyon Access Road Potential Effects The demsite is 0.7km (0.4mi) upstream from R-21 and consid- erable disturbance may result from construction-related activities associated With the dam. This roa:l is 0. 4 km ( 0. 25 mi) from R-21 and lies near U-e top of the next cliff. Consident>le disturbance may result from the construction and/or use of this road. 8 0ifferences occur between elevations given here and those reported by ~ssel et al (19B2a). Original estimates were obtained by attemptirg to locate nests as accurately as possible on LSGS 1:6J J60 maps with contour intervals of 100 ft (majority) or 50ft (Talkeetna t-buntains C-1), but it was often difficult to precisely locate nests and to locate them relative to tightly-spaced contour intervals (Cooper 1982 pers. comm.). All elevations have been reviewed and some revisions were made; however, in some cases, estimates given here may contain errors of as mt.~:h as JO. 5 m (100ft.). AU elevations must be considered approximate (unless otherwise noted) until the majority are rechecked with .a precision altimeter. 1 l GE BE GYR GOS R* WATANA Destroyed by Inundation or Borrow Extraction 28 ' 4a, 58' 8a i 9 ' 11i a 374, 48 58 2 ?, ' 18 ' 2i 3a, a 4 ?, 574a, 774a, 8 74a ' 9 74a 108 , 11 74a' 12 8 ' 158 Disturbed by Access or Transmission Corridor 68 138 TABLE E3.162: f\EST NUMBERS AND STATUS (i =inactive, a= active, 74 =inactive in 74 & unknown more recently, 74a = active in 74 and considered inactive more recently) IF RAPTOR NESTING LOCATIONS WHICH WILL BE AFFECTED BY THE SUSITN.A HYDRO PROJECT AND THE SOURCE OF IMPACTS DEVIL CANYON Destroyed by Inundation or Borrow Extract ion 38? 2i 16 748 ' 17748 , 18 748 ' 20i Disturbed by Access or Transmission Corridor 18 8 8a 21 748 Disturbed During Borrow Extraction Prior to Inundation 8 ~ 9 i 2i 974a ' 108 , 11 748 WATANA Disturbed During Borrow Extraction Not to be Inundated 18 8 i 14 ' 158 Disturbed During Clearing 1~2~3~ 48' 58' 9i 2a, 3 74, 48' 58 .la 18 Di st ur bed Dur ing Borrow Extraction Not to be Inundated 18 8 2 74a' 38' 48 ' 574a' 6 74a, 774a 874a ' ' 974a' 10 8 ' 11 748 ' 128 * R-12 and R-13 are also subject to disturbance from Watana Camp. DEVIL CANYON Disturbed Dur i ng Borrow Extract ion Prior to Inundation Disturbed During Clearing 11' 13! 14; 15i, 168 16 748 , 17748 , 18 748 , 19 8 ' 20i' 21 748 ..... - I"'" .... r TABLE E. 3.163: FACTORS THAT AffECT THE SENSITIVITY OF RAPTORS TO DISTURBANCES (from ROseneau et a! •• 19m) Characteristics of the Disturbance -type of disturbance -severity (speed, loudness, suddenness, persistence, etc.) -frequency of occurrence Characteristics of the Bird -the tndividual (individual differences in response) -sex -age -'llllod' (a factor of recent activities, weather) -territorial status (breeder, territorial non-breeder, or non-territorial floater) -stage of annual 1i fe cycle (winter, migration, courtship, egg-laying, rearing yotmg, etc.) -occurrence of other disturbances or natural stresses at the same time -previous experience with this type of disturbance (habituation may occur) Topography -nearness of disturbance to raptor Ol." nest -relative elevations (is nest or raptor above or below the disturbance? by .t!at distance?) -presence of screening features (trees, intervening hill) -direction faced by nest relative to s~.r~, wincJ, disturbance -type of nest-(exposed ledge, overhung ledge, cave) -distance of nest above foot of cliff' and below lip -of cliff (i.e., 'secur ity• of nest) Time of Day Weather ~-Time, of Oisturbance Potential Predators Nearll}l Type of Prey Utilized by the Bird (speCies, location, mundance) TABLE E. 3.164: IWLI..EM::E (T TIMING (J'" DISTURBANCE ON THE POSSIBLE EFFECTS ON RAPTORS Timing Winter Arrival and courtship Egg-laying Incubation Nestling phase Fledgling phase Night Gmeral ( from ROseneau et al. 1981 ) Possible Effects of Disturbance Raptor may abandon nest, roosting cliff, or hunting area (e.g., gyrfalcon) Migrant raptor may be forced to use alternative nest site (if available), may remain but fail to breed or may abandon nest site Partial clut.ch may be mandoned and remainder (or full clutch) laid at alternative nest; breeding effort may cease or site may be mandoned Eggs may be chilled, overheated, or preyed upon if parents are kept off nest too long; sudden flushing from nest may destroy eggs; male may cease incubating; clutch or site may be abandoned Chilling, overheating, or predation of young may occur if adults are kept off nest; sudden flushing of parent may injure or kill nestlings; malnutrition and death may result from missed feedings; premature flying of nestlings from nest may cause injury or death; adults may abandon nest or site Missed feedings may result in malnutrition or death; fledglings may become lost if disturbed in high winds; increased chance of injury due to extra moving mout; parents may abandon brood or site Panic flight may occur and birds may become lost or suffer injury or death Undue expense of energy; increased risk of injury to alarmed or defending birds; missed hunting opportunities - - - - ~ I - - - - - TABLE E.3.165: APPROXIMATE LOSSES OF AVIAN HABITATS STUDIED IN THE MIDDLE SUSITNA BASIN AS A RESULT OF THE SUSITNA HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT Avian Habitats (plot numbers from Table E.3.139 in parenthesis) alpine tundra (1) Approximate Vegetation Type Equivalents mat and cushion tundra, dwarf sedge shrub meadow and mesic sedge-grass tundra dwarf-low birch low birch shrub (2, 3) low-medium shrub low mixed shrub (4) tal I alder thicket tal I shrubland (5) cottonwood forest closed balsam poplar (6) forest paper birch forest closed birch forest (7) white spruce-paper open mixed conifer- birch forest deciduous forest (8,9) white spruce forest closed conifer forest ( 10) white spruce woodland white spruce scattered woodland ( 11 ) black spruce dwarf woodland black spruce dwarf forest (12) Total ha in GC and Watana Watersheds 249,359 33,549 471,461 124,035 *** 1 323 23,387 323 17,322 138,612 Watana Permanent Faci I ities 0 492 704 537 3 473 1342 0 397 3878 Watana Borrow and Construction Sites 70 321 249 14 0 5 138 0 140 419 Total Watana 70 813 953 551 3 478 1480 0 537 4297 Watana % of Total Watershed O% 2% <1% <1% *** 1 *** 2 6% O% 3% 3% **~iclosed balsam poplar forest stands were too smal I to be measured at the scale of the Gold Creek and Watana watershed maps. Most stands are in river bottomlands and wi I I be inundated. Numerous smaller stands wi I I not be affected. ***2Hectares affected are apparently greater than the tota l i n the basin because of differences in scale between basin and impoundment area maps. Many smal I closed birch stands wi I I not be affected. ***3Data averaged when type represents more than one of Kessel eta I.'s (1982a) census plots, see Table E.3. 139. D.c. Permanent Faci I !ties 0 49 4 3 8 433 286 0 20 133 D.c. Borrow and Construction Sites 0 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total ~ 0 67 4 3 8 433 286 0 20 133 D.c. % of Tota I Watershed O% <1% o.o% o.o% *** 1 *** 2 1% O% <1% <1% Total % Other Projects O% 2% <1% <1% 100% 90-100% 7% O% 3% Avian Density (Number of Territories/ 10 hal 1981 22.2 45.4 12.5 60.9 38.1 38.2 15.7 43.8 24.8 Number of Breeding Species ( 1981) 10 8 6 10 16 10 17 8 16 13 J -, TABLE E.3.166: ESTIMATED NUMBER OF SMALL-AND MEDIUM-SIZED BIRDS THAT WOULD BE ELIMINATED THROUGH HABITAT DESTRUCTION AS A RESULT OF THE SUSITNA HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT (NUMBERS WERE DERIVED FROM THE DENSITIES Spruce grouse Willow ptarmigan Am. golden plover Greater yellowlegs Common sn I pe least sandpiper Baird's sandpiper Hairy woodpecker N. 3-toed woodpecker Gray jay Boreal chickadee Brown creeper American robin Varied thrush Hermit thrush Swalnson 1s thrush Gray-cheeked thrush Arctic warbler Ruby-crowned kinglet Water pipit Ye llow-rumped warb I er Blackpoll warbler Northern waterthrush Wilson's warbler Common redpo I I Savannah sparrow Dark-eyed junco Tree sparrow White-crowned sparrow Fox sparrow Lapland longspur Total Number Breeding Birds (rounded off) OF SPECIES TERRITORIES ON THE RESPECTIVE BIRD CENSUS PLOTS IN 1981, MULTIPLIED BY THE AREA OF CORRESPONDING VEGETATIVE TYPES TO BE ALTERED OR DESTROYED BY THE PROJECT AND PERCENT OF ESTIMATED TOTAL NUMBER OF BREEDING BIRDS WITHIN 16 KM (10 MI.) OF THE SUSITNA RIVER BETWEEN THE N:LAREN RIVER AND GOLD CREEK) (from kessel unpub. tables) Access Road Transmission <Dev II Canyon Line (Between Dev II Canyon to Denali Watana and Watana Faclllt:r: Faclllt:r: Hlghwa:r:> Gold Creek) No. Birds % No. Birds % No. Birds No. Birds 464 9.9 242 5.2 4 26 40 1.8 4 0.2 18 12 10 3.8 1, 550 3.9 496 1.2 6 8 8 232 9.9 122 5.2 2 12 238 8.5 102 3.6 2 4 522 4.8 188 1.7 8 14 2,084 8.5 416 1. 7 6 36 232 9.9 122 5.2 2 12 838 6.2 48 0.4 14 2,560 8.1 1,238 3.9 10 80 2,104 7.7 1,060 3.9 18 58 4,494 1 o. 7 2,360 5.6 28 180 4,068 7.3 240 0.4 12 24 1,440 1.4 56 0.1 140 7,628 8.1 1, 160 1.2 14 64 12 9,428 9.6 3,314 3.4 38 240 3,564 8.7 804 1.9 10 48 596 10.0 312 5.3 4 32 5,308 2.0 988 0.4 356 108 3,304 5.2 900 1.4 54 70 5,550 1.7 184 0.1 416 6,212 7.2 1,616 1.8 38 124 9,142 2.0 420 o.1 550 5,540 3.4 296 0.2 156 5,386 7.0 604 0.8 22 48 20 82,500 17,300 1, 200 -1 Total No. Birds % 736 15.7 62 2.9 12 0.2 10 3.8 2,052 5.1 8 0.4 8 o. 1 368 15.7 346 12.4 732 6.7 2,542 10.3 368 15.7 900 6.6 3,888 12.3 3,240 11.9 7,062 16.9 4,344 7.8 1,636 1.6 8,866 9.4 12 0.1 12,020 13.3 4,426 10.8 944 15.9 6,760 2.5 4,328 6.8 6,150 1.9 7,990 9.3 10,112 2.2 5,992 3.7 6,060 7.8 20 0.1 103,000 TABLE E.3.167~ TOTAL AVERAGE DAILY TRAFFIC ON ACCESS ROAD AND nENALI HIGHWAY DURING PEAK CONSTRUCTION YEAR ANO SEASON (data from Frank Orth & Associates, Inc. 1982) Denali Highway 1 Case A* Case B** Cantwell to Fish Creek: DOT non-project related traffic projections 320 320 Project related passenger vehicles 384 240 Project support materials vehicles 20 20 Project heavy trucks 70 70 Total 794 650 Fish Creek to McClaren River: DOT non-project related traffic projections 130 130 Project related passenger vehicles 384 240 Project support materials vehicles 20 20 Project heavy trucks 70 70 Total 604 460 Access Road Project related passenger vehicles 674 484 Project support materials vehicles 20 20 Project heavy trucks 70 70 Total 508 426 * Assumes each commuting worker uses a private vehicle -one vehicle per worker. **Assumes the application of a 1.72 commuter worker to private vehicle ratio. This ratio represents selected results of a study that examined wo,rker/ vehicle ratios in major eastern U.S. power plants under construction in 1978 and 1979 (Metz, W.C. 1981. Worker/Vehicle Ratios at Major Eastern Power Plant Construction Sites: A Time of Change. Traffic Quarterly 35 (3): 433-443. July 1981. 1 Denali Highway estimates include Alaska Dept. of Transportation projected 1990 Average Daily Traffic independent of the Susitna project. -~ - - - - .., I - - I~ - r TABLE E.3.168: STATE OF ALASKA TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL PROTECTION CRITERIA FOR NESTING RAPTDRS1 Species Peregrine falcon Gyrfalcon 4 Golden eagle 4 Bald eagle Explanatory Notes Sensitive 2 Time Period April 15- August 31 February 15- August 15 March 15- August 31 March 15- August 31 Aerial 3 .Activity 1 mi h or 1500 ft v 1/4 mi h or 1000 ft v 1/2 mi h or 1000 ft v 1/4 mi h or 1000 ft Minor Ground Activity mi 1/4 mi 1/4 mi 1/B mi Major Ground Activity 2 mi 1/4 mi 1/2 mi 1/4 mi Facility Siting 2 mi 1/2 mi 1/2 mi 1/2 mi Habitat Disturbance 2 mi 1/8 mi Raptor nest sites are assumed occupied t.ntil .l.rne 1 each year. After that date, protection measures for a specific nest site can be withdrawn for the remainder of the year if the nest is documented to be non-active. It should be noted that any activity, disturbance, or habitat alteration that may affect historic or currently active peregrine falcon nest sites must be reviewed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Office of Endangered Species, to evaluate the potential for detrimental impacts to the welfare of this endangered species. Restrictions -The restriction columns provide temporal and spatial protection measures necessary to m1n1m12e disturbance to sensitive wildlffe areas from aerial activity, minor ground activity, major ground activity, and the siting and operation of facilities. Aerial activities include the potential disturbance effects from both fixed-wing aircraft and helicopters. The disturbance and "startling" impacts of low-level aircraft activity are of particular concern during raptor nesting. Minor ground activity is characterized by limited, short-term, reconnaissance and exploration-type programs that do not involve significant amot.nts of per9Jnnel, equipment, surface disturbance, or noise. Examples of minor ground activity include foot reconnaissance, field inventories, topographic surveys, resist'ivi'ty surveys, and some boreoole/test pit exploration activities. Major ground activity is characterized by extensive construction-related disturbance involving significant amounts of personnel, equipment, surface disturbance, noise, or vehicular activity. The duratio.n of this disturbance may be either short-term or long-term, but the magnitude of overall activity is such that sensitive wildlife areas could be adversely affected. Typical major ground activities include clearing, pad construction, blasting, ditching, pipe laying, materials site development , and facility construct ion. Facility Sitrng -The concerns of facility siting in proximity to sensitive wildlife areas include the long:term 1111pacts of facility operation during duration of the project and the effects of habitat alteration on the integrity of wildlife use areas. Continuous! y occupied or operating facilities may generate noise or activity disturbance that could preclude wildlife occupation of a sensitive use area for the duration of the project. Alteration of adjacent habitats beyond the boundary of a defined wildlife use area may also diseourage or preclude continued use of a sensitive area by wildlife. TABLE E.3.168 (Page 2) 2 3 4 Derived from "Sensitive Wildlife Areas of the Northwest Alaskan Gas PI pel lne Corridor,'' c. E. Behlke, State Pipeline Coordinator, letter to E. A. Kuhn, NWA, July 15, 1980 (see footnote 4 below>. Protection criteria are accepted guidelines followed by the Alaska Dept. of Fish and Game and the u.s. Fish and Wildlife Service. Sensitive time periods fisted here differ somewhat from broader phenological periods fisted In Table E.3.129, but are specifically designed to encompass the great majority of nesting pairs during what are-considered to be the most critical portions of the breeding season. h =horizontal; v =vertical. Sensitive time period dates were modified to reflect earl ler nesting by some golden eagles that may winter In the Alaska Range In the ml fder years <Roseneau, unpubl. data) to allow for later fledging of some bald eagle nestlings (see Table E.3.129>. - - - -- - - -. : - 1 r I i -TABLE E.3.169: ESTIMATED MITIGATION COSTS FOR COMPENSATION FOR MOOSE, BROWN BEAR AND BLACK BEAR FORAGING HABITAT LOSS Program ~"""' A. Controlled Burning (Compensation for moose and bears) 1. Objective: 2. To Increase browse and berry production on 6400 acres* of forested land Location: VIcinity of Watana Creek 3. Cost Elements -Construction Period: a. Labor for professional planning and fire control, 1987-1993 b. Equipment and logistics I"""' I c. Land lease -1600 acres** I I $80,000 --=---X 8 years yr -· Total Construction Period Costs Cost Elements -Operation Period (average annual costs): a. Repeat burn, 2002-2008 (or as required) b. Land lease -1600 acres** ~ Total Average Annual Operation Costs l 82,000/yr • ..... B. Clearing (compensation for moose) 1. ObjectIve: ,...,, To Increase browse production on 16,000*** of forested land !"'· 2. Location: Either side of the Susltna River floodplain downstream from Devil Canyon Estimated Cost $ 80,000 $ 20,000 $ 640,000 $ $ 740,000 $ 2,000 $ 80,000 $ TABLE E.3.169 (page 2) Program 3. Cost elements -Construction period: a. Labor and equipment 16,000 acres 8 $600/acre Total Construction Period Costs 4. Costs elements-Operation Period (average annual costs): a. Two repeat clearings during I lcense period Total Average Annual Operation Costs *Estimation of areas required presented In Section 4.4.2(b) -Mitigation Plan 6. Est I mated Cost $9,600,000 $9,600,000 $ 384,000 $ 384,000 ** It Is arbitrarl ly assumed tor this analysis that 4800 acres of federal or state land are obtained through Interagency agreement, and that 1600 acres of privately owned land are leased. It 1s further assumed that the land Is leased at 5% purchase value per year, that purchase value Is $l000/acre, and that 8 years of lease payments are during the construction phase and 50 years In the operation phase. *** It Is arbltrarl ly assumed tor this analysis that 16,000 acres of state or federal land are obtained through Interagency agreement. - -· - ..... -' - - - - - -. - - F""" I""'' - - ,.... -· Program TABLE E.3.170: ESTIMATED MITIGATION COSTS FOR AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY OF VEGETATION IN THE DOWNSTREAM FLOODPLAIN A. Aerial Photography 1. Objective: To monitor changes In downstream browse availability for moose In In order to allow complete mitigation. 2. Location: The river floodplain between Devil Canyon and Cook Inlet 3. Cost Elements -Construction Period a. Photography flights, printing, vegetation mapping and analysis, 1988 or 1989 Total Project Construction Costs 4. Cost Elements -Operation Period (average annual cost) a. Photography flights, printing, vegetation mapping and analysis, at 10 year Intervals. $10,000 X 5 $1,000 50 year Total Project Average Annual Operation Costs Estimated Cost <1982 dollars) $10,000 $10,000 $ 1,000/year $ I, 000/year TABLE E.,.171: ESTIMATED MITIGATION COSTS FOR BALD EAGLE HABITAT MODIFICATION* Program Element 1. Program Design 2. Const.ruction a. Materials b. Labor** '· Placement*** a. Labor b. Transportation (Helicopter) $ 500/site x 10 = $ 250/site x 1 0 = $1100/site x 10 = 70/tnur x 80 = 400/hour x JO = Subtotal Subtot.al Project Construction Costs: TOTAL Estimated Cost ( 1982 dollars) $ 5,000 2,500 11,000 $1 ,, 500 5, 600 12,000 $17,600 _$,6, 100 * Construction '8nd placement of artificial nests in trees modified for this purpose, and modification of other trees to allow eagles to build o"" nests (10 artificial nests' assumed). ** Includes artificial nest fabrication. *** Includes time spent locatirg trees suitrmle for modification. Assumes 1 to 'tree modifications and 1 to 2 nest placements at each site. i ,..., !"""' ..... - ,.. .. TABLE E. 3.172: ESTIMATED MITIGATION COSTS FOR OCSI~, CONSTRI.I:TION, AND . PLACEMENT IT 10 r£ST PLATFORMS WITH ARTIFICIAL r£STS FOR GOLDEN EAGLES (on transmissiop towers) Program Element 1. Program ~sign 2. Construction a. Materials -Platforms -Artificial Nests b. Labor -Platforms -Artificial Nests 3. Pla::ement* a. Labor b. · Transportation (Helicopter) $150x10= 50 X 10 : 25/hour x 60 = 25/hour x 60 = 70/hour x 80 = 400/hour x 8 = Subtotal Subtotal Proj~ct Construction Costs: TOTAL Estimated Cost (1982. dpllars) $ 5,000 1, 500 500 1,500 1' 500 $ 5,000 5,600 3,200 $ B, 800 $18.800 * Placement includes supervision by raptor biologist of installation, and assumes use of contractor crew labor during erect on of to trers. Cost per site would increase if fewer sites were chosen, because of fixed logistic requirements. TABLE E. 3.B173: ESTIMATED MITIGATION COSTS fOR OCSI~, CONSTROCTION, AND PLACEMENT Of 10 NEST BOXES fOR CAVITY-NESTING RAPTORS Program Element 1. Program Design 2. Constru::tion a. Materials b. Equipment c. Labor 3. Placement* a. Labor b. Transportation (Helicopter) $30/box x 20 = 25/h:lur x 20 = 70/tour x 40 = 400/hour x 12 = Subtotal Subtotal TOTAL Estimated Cost ( 1982 dollars) $ 1,000 300 1,000 500 2,800 4,800 $ 7, 600 _$, 9,400 * Placement includes locating appropriate habitat and sites within that habitat, plus physical installation, including any final 100difications to create natural settings. - - - - - - -I ..... r r !""' TABLE E.3.174: ESTIMATED ~ITIGATION COSTS fOR MODifiCATION OF CLiff LOCATIONS TO PROVIDE GOLDEN EAGLE NESTING HABITAT* Program Element 1. Program Design** 2. Qmstructinn a. Materials*** b. llt:Jor**** c. Transportation***** (Helicopter) $1,000/site x 10 = $1,000/site x 10 = 70 hour x 280 = 400/hour x 50 = Subtotal Project Construction Costs: TOTAL Estimated Cost (1982 dollars) $1 o,ooo 10, 000 19,600 20~000 $49,600 $59.600 * AssUI!leS 10 cliff locations and 2 to 3 cliff modifications per location. ** Requires prior completion of aerial surveys to establish candidate locations. *** Includes explosives, rock drills, cement, hand tools, climbing gear, etc. **** Costs heavily dependent on site conditions actually encountered. ***** Separate trips required to transport explosives. TABLE E. 3. 175: ESTIMATED MITIGATION COSTS fOR CREATING NEW !'£STING CLiffS fOR GOLDEN EAGLES* Proqram Element Estimated Cost (1982 dollars) 1. Program Design* 2. UJnstruction a. Materials** b • Lltlor*** c. Transportation**** (Helicopter) $3,000/site x 4 = $4 1 000/site x 4 = 70 hour x 600 = 400/h:lur x 32 = Subtotal Project Construction Costs: TOTAL $12,000 16,000 42,600 12,800 $70,800 $82.800 * Involves removal of overburden to expose bedrock cliffs;· a maximum of four locations is assumed. ** Costs will vary with equipment and explosives requirements. *** Costs will vary with professional drilling and blasting requirements. **** Separate trips required to transport explosives. - - - - - - - -· - - ~I - - TABLE E. 3.176: THE SUCCESS IF ARTifiCIAL NESTING STRUCTURES INSTALLED ON POWER POLES AND TRANSMISSION TOWERS Location Illinois East Germany Colorado Idaho Idaho Oregon ~rth Dakota Oreg.:m, Washington, Montana (excerpted· from Olendorff et al. 1981) Type and l'b • of Structures 1 wooden nestbox 30 iron plat forms · on poles 12 \t!Uoden plat forms 1975 25 nestboxes 1976 25 nestboxes 1977 25 nestboxes 6 wooden plat forms ( 2 to 4 years each) 40 steel plat forms on towers 20 \t!Uoden or wire mesh plat (oms 1977 4 \t!Uoden/ fiberglass plat forms 1978 5 wooden/ fiberglass plat forms 1979 5 wooden/ fiberglass plat forms *l'b. !l::cup1ed (and species) 1 (kestrel) Almost all used each year (ospreys) f.bne 12 (kestrel ) 19 (kestrel) 24 (kestrel ) 4 (golden eagle) 1 (red-tailed hawk) 1 (osprey) **1 ·(bald ea.Jle) too early for results too early for results 1 (red-tailed hawk) 1 (osprey) 1 (osprey) 1 (osprey) *Minimum number of times used in time periods specified. **A pair occupied a platform early one season, but did not nest successfully. TABLE E.3.177: BOTANICAL RESOURCES MITIGATION STUDIES PROGRAM SCHEDULE (1) Transmission corridor surveys for candidate threatened or endangered plants: Section 3.2.1 1983 (2) Mapping of wetland, browse, and genera I vegetation types: Section 3.2.1 1983 (3) Moose browse characterization study: Section 3.4.2 1983 or 1984 (4) Alphabet Hills burn study: 1984 and future Section 3.4.2 1984 and future (5) Downstream floodplain 1988 and 10-year photography: Section 3.4.2 I nterva Is * Included In project capital cost for construction. ** Expenditure beyond project capital cost. - -' ESTIMATED COST - $100,000* ~ $350,000* $100,000* $ 75,000* (first year only> - $ 10,000** (flight and analysis) - - - - - - I""" Mitigation Plans Monitoring Study (frequency and location of access road and railroad mortality) Monitoring Study 2 (downstream aerial photography to monitor vegetation changes) Monitoring Study 3 (caribou movements> Monitoring Study 4 (records of Impoundment crossing and related mortality Monitoring Study 5 (seasonal use and distri- bution of use of Jay Creek mineral lick) Monitoring Study 6 (den I ocat I on s) Monitoring Study 7 (woy population data) Monitoring Study 8 (beaver numbers and d I str I but I on) Monitoring Study 9 (raptor nest sites) Monitoring Study 10 (swan nest sites) Monitoring Study 11 (browse productln) Mitigation Plan 1 (Impoundment clearing) TABLE E.3.178: WILDLIFE MITIGATION SUMMARY Target Species moose, caribou moose carl bou moose, caribou, brown bear, black bear dal I sheep, moose brown bear, black bear, woy and fox woy (ungulates) beaver golden eagle, bald eagle, gep falcan, peregrine falcon, goshawk (and other raptors> trumpeter swan moose a I I specIes ( I n particular moose, black ber, furbearers, raptors, waterbirds and smal I birds and mamma Is> Schedule Throughout construction and operation 1988 and 10-year Intervals thereafter Throughout construction and operation Throughout Operation 1983 and .3 years after fIling Throughout construction Throughout construction and 3 y~ars Into operation Throughout construction and operation Throughout construction and Into operation as Indicated In Mitigation Plan 20 Construction phase Estimated Expenditure Beyond Project CapIta I Cost None $10,000 per flight and analysis None None None None None None None Throughout construction None (beglnn~ng In 1983 In AI phabet Hll Is) and operation 2-3 years prior to None f tl I n g, w I th mod I f I ca- tions to avoid sensitive areas TABLE E.3.178 (page 2) Mitigation Plans Mitigation Plan 2 (minimize habitat Joss)· Mitigation Plan 3 (revegat I on) Mitigation Plan 4 (transmission corridor design) Mitigation Plan 5 (maintain river temperature as close to normal as possible Mitigation Plan 6 (enhancement on replace- ment lands) Mitigation Plan 7 (moose model and related studies) Mitigation Plan 8 (controlled moose hunt) Mitigation Plan 9 (Impoundment debris monitoring and removal) Mitigation Plan 10 (protect sensitive areas from disturbance) Mitigation Plan 11 (design changes to access road to avoid caribou calving area) Mitigation Plan 12 (central vehicle traffic) Mitigation Plan 13 (exposure of new sol I at Jay Creek mineral lick) Target Species a I I specIes (In particular forest dwelling species, also aquatic and semi-aquatic fur bearers moose, brown bear, black bear, acclplters, small mammals enhancement for moose and bird and mammal Inhabitants of early sera! communities; will reduce or mini- mize Impacts to forest species moose (other species will also benefit from reduction In winter open water barrier) moose; brown and black bears will also benefit from burning program moose moose moose, caribou, brown and balck bear dal sheep, caribou, wolf, fox, golden eagle, bald eagle, gyrfalcon, trumpeter swan, brown and black bear, moose caribou carl bou da It sheep Schedule Throughout construction After abandonment of temporary sites, Immediately following road construction on shoulder Construction and periodic clearing as needed during operation Operation Construction and periodic enhancement as needed throughout operation Throughout construction and operation Prior to filing Throughout filing and operation Throughout construction Throughout Construction As needed (see monitor- ! ng study 5) Estimated Expenditure Beyond Project Capital Cost None None None None $10,340,000 In construction phase and $82,000 per year In operation phase None None None None None None None - - ,- !""'' ,. .... .... TABLE E.3.178 (page 3) Mitigation Plans Mitigation Plan 14 (avoid overharvest) Mitigation Plan 15 <avoid creation of Mitigation Plan 16 <minimize or compensate for reduction In food availability for bears) Mitigation Plan 17 (minimize habitat loss for aquatic furbearers) Mitigation Pian 18 C beaver mode I > Mitigation Plan 19 Cslaugh enhancement) '""" Mitigation Plan 20 - ,.. .. ,.. .. I I r - <avoid destruction of raptor nesting locations> Mitigation Plan 21 (compensation for un- avoidable loss of raptor nesting Locations> Mitigation Plan 22 Cavold electrocution of raptors) Mitigation Plan 23 (minimize loss of forest habitat> Target Species all game species brown bear, black bear, fox, wolf brown bear and black bear beaver, muskrat, mink and otter beaver beaver, muskrat, mink and otter raptors raptors eagles black bear, marten, sma II bIrds, sma II mammals, red fox Schedule Throughout construction and operation Throughout construction and operation Throughout construction and operation Road construction Throughout construction and operation Throughout operation Construction During construction and Into operation as required for 100% compensation Construction Construction Estimated Expenditure Beyond Project Capital Cost None None None None None None None $206,700 None None ""'"· : "'''" - - - - - PARTIAL AVOIDANCE PARTIAL RECTIFICATION NO COMPENSATION OPTION ANALYSIS TOTAL AVOIDANCE SOME MINIMIZATION TOTAL RECTIFICATION SOME REDUCTION TOTAL COMPENSATION FIGURE E.3.1 --1 FIELD STUDIES 1 DESIGN AND PERMIT CONSTRUCTION APPLICATION . CONSTRUCTION PLANNING AND REVIEW IMPACT MONITORING QUANTIFICATION MITIGATION LONG TERM STRATEGIES MITIGATION MITIGATION PLANNING RELATIONSHIP OF FIELD STUDIES AND MONITORING TO IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND MITIGATION PLANNING l FIGURE E.3.2 I I I ( I \ \ I I I I I I I I I I I I I I __ ...... .,.....,. -- SUSITNA RIVER / DRAINAGE BASIN ------------.. /"' .............. __ .,. ...... ...... ...- / / / / // LOWER DRAINAGE I I I I I / / / / / ( LOWER DRAINAGE BASIN \ ...---, \ / ' ' / ' ' / ' ' / ' ' // ' , __ ...... ' ' ' " '\ \ \ \ / COOK INLE T / / / / I I I ,---... ......... / ........ I ......_ I ', I ,o ', I ~ ' I ' I ' --- /------- / -..... / -..... ___ __ / --- / - / ' / \ MIDDLE 0~~~~10iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiil20 . MILES SCALE '-' UPPER DRAINAGE BASIN I \ \ \ I I I I I I & I I I \ \ \ \ '::::7 \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ I I I -----_ ..... SUSITNA RIVER DRAINAGE BASIN F I GURE E 3 .3 r ,...., ..... r -i 0 5 10 Miles ~ 0 5 10 15 Kilometers I / ~_ ...... _,--; ,~-"ANCHORAGE COOK INLET SUSITNA RIVER AND MAJOR TRIBUTARIES FROM MOUTH TO LITTLE WILLOW CREEK ~ FIGURE E.3.4 - - - - - ..... ..... 0 5 10 Miles ~ 0 5 W 15 Kilometers SUSITNA RIVER AND MAJOR TRIBUTARIES FROM MONTANA CREEK TO DEVIL CANYON FIGURE E.3.5 0 5 10 ...r=_- 0 5 10 15 Kilometers ] J SUSITNA RIVER AND MAJOR TRIBUTARIES FROM DEVIL CANYON TO DENALI HIGHWAY ] 1 FIGURE E.3.6 1 ] l l FISH CREE~. L "MATANUSKA R. SUSITNA R. LITTLE \v.'KNIK •• -..::,: BELUGA R. {: !/ s~.~ITNA R ............ ;_~~ .. ,/ \._.,.., j r( ___ _l .. _ _.(/ CHUITNA R. ,Jv· .. r:;_· '· ·y· ·· t? · . .!.._NC·H •• ORAGE NORTHERN ' CHAKACHATNA R. • .~· ·""TURNAGAIN '-McARTHUR R. : -·• '-' \ •• DISTRICT .,...,.. \ ARM ···-. ···~.~. /. . '-.----. ·. v ./·· ... __,.. . ··~ \... ... , .. KUSTATAN R. I 'Y· .. ""'--"· • \ : .. /' ·~ BIG R. \. \'..-___ ..., .... _.-I DRIFT R. \ .A.\ .. ;J EAST "·· y-··CENT~AL \ FORELAND ·y· DISTRICT ~. ('! : f-... ... ,,< . . ). \ . \~. ./ . 1· ( CRESCENT R • ·) TUXEDNI ,., .•. / BAY...._ ... "\)' -... \ .. ~ ) J KENAI R • KASILOF R • I CENTRAL DISTRICT I .·· CHINITNA ,.,.-... _/ / BAY ,. •.. ._ l~, ---------4.(ANCHOR PT. UPPER COOK INLET COMMERCIAL SALMON MANAGEMENT AREA FIGURE E.3.7 --1 .. I .. ·. l 1 --] 1 1 1 1981 1982 1981 1982 CHINOOK 10,900 DEVIL CANYON CHINOOK 11,300 SOCKEYE 2,800 1,300 SOCKEYE 4,800 3,100 COHO 1,100 2,400 COHO 3,300 5,100 CHUM 13,100 29,400 CHUM 20,800 49,100 PINK 1,000 59,000 PINK 2,300 73,000 1981 1982 1981 1982 CHINOOK 49,600 SOCKEYE 133,000 151,000 CHINOOK COHO 19,800 45,700 SOCKEYE 139,000 114,000 CHUM 263,000 430,000 COHO 17,000 34,100 PINK 49,500 443,000 CHUM 19,800 27,800 PINK 36,100 447,000 YENTNA POPULATION ESTIMATES OF ADULT SALMON IN SUSITNA RIVER FIGURE E.3.8 SOURCE: ADF 8 G 1981 o 1 1982a I -1 CHINOOK SOCKEYE COHO CHUM PINK J J 1 1981 1982 (%PAST SUNSHINE) 22.0 3.6 2.0 16.7 II. I 7.9 11.4 DEVIL CANYON 4.6 16.5 .aoo••• PERCENTAGE OF SALMON MIGRATING PAST SUNSHINE CHINOOK SOCKEYE COHO CHUM PINK CHINOOK SOCKEYE ,COHO CHUM PINK l 1981 1982 (% PAST SUNSHINE) 22.8 2.1 0.9 5.6 5.3 5.0 6.8 2.0 13.3 1981 1982 (%PAST SUNSHINE) 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 FIGURE E.3.9 J l i ---1 ACTIVITY MONTH JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC CHINOOK ADULT PASSAGE Ill IIIII SPAWNING INCUBATION/EMERGENCE 111111111111 ~lUI REARING SMOLTING IIIII Ill PINK ADULT PASSAGE Ill. -II SPAWNING Ill I IIIII INCUBATION /EMERGENCE I 11111111111 Ill OUTMIGRATION 11~11 Ill CHUM ADULT PASSAGE Ill 1111 SPAWNING II II INCUBATION/ EMERGENCE 11111111111 1111 REARING Ill 11111111 OUT MIGRATION 1111 1111 LEGEND• INTENSE ACTIVITY 111111111 MODERATE ACTIVITY Tl MING OF LIFE STAGES OF SALMON IN THE SUSITNA RIVER FROM TALKEETNA TO DEVIL CANYON SHEET I OF 2 (SOURCE' ADF a G 1981a, 1981 b, 1981c ,1981 d, 1981e, 1981 f, 1982 a, 1982e,l982f; AND MORROW 1980 .) FIGURE E .3.10 .. -~ ACTIVITY COHO ADULT PASSAGE SPAWNING INCUBATION/EMERGENCE REAI!tiNG SMOLTING SOCKEYE ADULT PASSAGE SPAWNING INCUBATION/EMERGENCE REARING OUTMIGRATION * --~ .l I 1 MONTH JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC Ill ~---·111 --·--1111 ~------.. ---~--....... 1111111 111111 111111_ ... __ ... ___ .... ___ .... ___ 1114 1111-..---~111111 Ill II II Ill 111111 1-__ ..,. ________ ._ __ lllllljlll.lllllllll 1111 .. --... ---·---..----.----t 111111 II 1111 I IIIII IIIII * JUVENILE SOCKEYE APPEAR TO BE ABSENT FROM THIS REACH LEGEND: INTENSE ACTIVITY 111111111 MODERATE ACTIVITY TIMING OF LIFE STAGES OF SALMON IN THE SUSITNA RIVER FROM TALKEETNA TO DEVIL CANYON SHEET 20F 2 FIGURE E.3.10 . ) . -J 1!5,000 12,000 ~ z 5 9000 (,) ~ ~ 6000 3000 7500 ~ 6000 z :::J 0 (,) 4500 ! 3000 1!500 SUSITNA STATION r- r- - - -~ I .1.. I ll ~ .J.-I I 6/20 6/30 7/10 7/20 7/30 8/10 8/20 8/30 9/10 DATE SUNSHINE STATION - - " -\j - - I I~ I IJ.. I I I 6/20 6/30 7/10 7/20 7/30 8/10 8/20 8/30 9/10 DATE (/) 1-z 5 (,) a: oct z 0 (/) (/) 1-z :::J 0 (,) a:: oct ~ (/) l .. l l ·. ) 22,500 18,000 13,500 9000 4500 300 240 180 120 60 YENTNA STATION - - - - -J,~~ I l I 6/20 6/30 7/10 7/00 7/30 8/10 &'20 8/30 9/10 DATE TALKEETNA STATION 6/20 6/30 7/10 7/20 7/30 8/10 8/20 8/30 9/10 DATE DAILY SONAR COUNTS OF SOCKEYE SALMON AT SUSITNA, YENTNA, SUNSHINE AND TALKEETNA STATIONS, ADULT ANADROMOUS INVESTIGATIONS, SU HYDRO STUDIES, 1982. FIGURE E.3.11 J ~! p;-1 I ,..... ! I ~I ,_1 - 0 River Mile Slough 38 81 82 Sockeye 1 0 Chum Pink Coho Whiskers Creek 81 82 1 0 1 138 70 176 SOURCE: AOF 6 G 1981 a, l982e A MATCHLINE TALKEETNA STATION Slough 3A 81 82 Sockeye 7 0 Pink 1 0 Slough 2 81 82 27 0 SLOUGH AND TRIBUTARY INDEX AREA PEAK SPAWNING COUNTS Slough 1 81 82 Chum 6 0 FIGURE E.3.12 - -- I""'' l !"""! -- 0 0 River Miie Chum Sockeye Pink Coho Slough SA 81 82 11 1 0 0 Slough 5 2 0 35 35 81 82 Chum 0 2 Oxbow 1 Slough 5 Slough 8 81 82 Chum 302 0 Pink 25 0 Lane Creek Chinook --._ _ _. Chum Pink Coho Gash Creek 81 82 40 47 76 11 291 640 3 5 Gash Creek 81 82 ......___ __ ---1 Coho 141 Chase Creek Chinook Chum Pink Coho 81 82 15 79 0 38 108 80 36 -----Chase Creek 74 SOURCE: ADF&G 1981a ,1982e SLOUGH AND TRrBUTARY INDEX AREA PEAK SPAWNING COUNTS FIGURE E.3.13 !"""' - - Slough 80 81 82 Chum 0 23 0 0 River Mile Oxbow 2~~ Slough BC Slough 80 Chum Sockeye Slough 8B 81 82 1 0 Slough 8C 80 5 81 82 Chum 0 48 Sockeye 0 2 Little Portage Creek Chum Pink Coho 81 82 0 31 0 140 0 8 -Little Portage Creek McKenzie Creek 81 82 Pink 0 17 --Me Kenzie Creek Lower McKenzie Creek 81 82 14 0 SLOUGH AND TRIBUTARY INDEX AREA PE'AK SPAWNING COUNTS Chum Pink Coho 1 23 56 133 FIGURE E.3.1~ SOURCE: ADF 8 G 1981a , 1982e F"' I r r- 1 . ..-. I""' I ,..,., ' !""'' Fourth of July Creek ~-' 4th of July Creek Chinook Chum Pink Coho 81 82 56 90 191 29 702 1 4 0 0 RiuerMile Skull Creek 81 82 Chum Pink 10 8 1 12 5th of July Creek Chinook Chum Pink 81 82 0 3 0 1 2 113 Fifth of July Creek / D MATCHLINE --Sherman Creek SOURCE : ADF a G 19111 a, 1982e SLOUGH AND TRIBUTARY INDEX AREA PEAK SPAWNING COUNTS Sherman Creek Chinook Chum Pink 81 82 0 3 9 0 6 24 Slough 98 Chum Sockeye Pink Chum Sockeye Pink Coho 81 82 90 5 81 1 Slough 9 81 260 10 0 Slough SA 81 620 177 0 0 82 300 5 12 82 336 68 28 4 Slo~gh A 81 82 34 0 2 0 Slough A' 81 82 I chum 140 0 Moose Slough Chinook Chum Sockeye Pink 81 82 0 1 167 23 0 8 0 8 fiGURE E.3.15 - - r- I i I""" ,.,... I r -I I""'' I Slough 20 81 82 Slough 19 Chum 14 30 Sockeye 2 0 Pink 0 64 E MATCHLINE 81 82 3 0 23 0 0 1 Indian River Slough 17 81 82 81 82 Chinook 422 1053 38 21 Chum 40 1346 6 0 Pink 2 738 Coho 85 101 Slough 16 Q 81 82 Chum 3 0 Gold Creek 0 River Mile 81 82 Chinook 142 Pink 0 11 Slough 15 Coho 0 1 81 82 -Gold Creek Chum 1 1 Pink 1 132 Coho 0 14 GOLD CREEK STATION -Slough 11 Slough 11 12 81 82 Slough 13 Chum 411 459 81 82 Sockeye 893 456 Chum 4 0 Pink 0 131 Slough 10 81 82 Chum 0 2 Slough 9A 81 82 Chum 182 118 SOURCE: ADF 8 G l981a, 1982e Sockeye 2 1 SLOUGH AND TRIBUTARY INDEX AREA PEAK SPAWNING COUNTS FIGURE E.3.16 -· i P""• ..... !""" I Slough 21A 81 82 Chum 8 0 0 0 River Mrle --Jack long Creek Slough 21 81 82 Chum 274 736 ·sockeye 38 53 Pink 0 64 E MATCHLINE Portage Creek- Portage Creek Chinook Chum Sockeye Pink Coho 81 82 659 1253 0 153 0 4 0 169 22 88 Jack Long Creek Chinook Chum Pink Coho 81 82 0 1 0 2 3 21 1 SLOUGH AND TRIBUTARY INDEX AREA PEAK SPAWNING COUNTS FIGURE E.3./7. SOURCE: ADF a G 1981a, 1982e 1 ... z 3750 3000 § 22~0 a:: 41( z ~ 1~00 7!50 ] J SUSITNA STATION _-6/20 6/30 7/10 7/20 7/30 8/10 8/20 8/30 9/10 DATE 12500 ~ z 10000 § ~ 7~00 z 0 (/) ~000 2~00 SUNSHINE STATlON 6/2o 6/30 1 !to 1120 1!30 a/Jo 8/20 8/:30 9/10 DATE 4000 r- (/) 3200 r- i c:s 2400 - a:: 41( z(/)o 1600 - 800- -1 YENTNA STATION I I 6/20 6/30 7/10 7/20 7/30 8/10 8/20 8/30 9/10 DATE 2500 (/) ... z 2000 5 (.J ~ 1500 z 0 (/) 1000 500 TALKEETNA STATION 6/20 EV30 7/10 7/20 7/30 8/10 8/20 8/30 9/10 DATE DAILY SONAR COUNTS OF CHUM SALMON AT SUSITNA, YENTNA, SUNSHINE AND TALKEETNA STATIONS, ADULT ANADROMOUS INVESTIGATIONS, SU HYDRO STUDIES, 1982. FIGURE E.3.18 U) .... z ] rooo - 4000 - SUSITNA STATION § 3000 - ~ g 2000 - 1000 -v 32~0 2600 ~ z § 19~0 I 1300 650 J l II I~ _..1. I I 6/20 6/30 7/10 7/20 7/'30 8/10 8/20 8/3:> 9/10 DATE SUNSHINE STATION 6/20 6/30 7/10 7/20 7/30 8/10 8/20 8/30 9/10 DATE 6250 5000 ~ ::::> 8 3750 ~ ~ 2500 1250 '375 300 ~ § 225 a:: <( § 150 75 ) YENTNA STATION 6/20 6/30 7/10 7/20 7/30 8/10 8/20 8/30 8/10 DATE TALKEETNA $TATION 6/20 6/30 7/10 7/20 7/30 8/10 8/20 8/30 9/10 DATE DAILY SONAR COUNTS OF COHO SALMON AT SUSITNA, YENTNA, SUNSHINE AND TALKEETNA STATIONS., ADULT ANADROMOUS INVESTIGATIONS, SU HYDRO STUDIES, 1982. FIGURE E.3.19 6~,000 Cl) ~2,000 i § 39,000 ~ ~ 26,000 13,000 50,000 Cl) 40,000 t-z :::::> 8 a:: 30,000 C( ~ Cl) 20,000 10,000 ] SUSITNA STATION 6/20 6/30 7/10 7/20 7/30 8/10 8/20 8/30 9/10 DATE SUNSHINE STATION 6/20 6/30 7/10 7/20 7/30 8/10 8/20 8/~ 9/10 DATE I - -l ] -1 YENTNA STATION ~o.ooo ~ 40,000 z ~ (.) a:: 30,000 cs: ~ Cl) 20,000 10,000 6/20 6/00 7/10 7/20 7/30 8/10 8/20 8/30 9/10 DATE ~ z ~ (.) a:: ~ TALKEETNA STATION 12,000 r-~ 10,000 t- 7500 t-- 5000 t-- 2500 t-- I I I I I 6/20 6/"5) 7/10 7/20 7/"5) 8/10 8/2.0 8/30 9/10 DATE J . DAILY SONAR COUNTS OF PINK SALMON AT SUSITNA, YENTNA, SUNSHINE AND TALKEETNA STATIONS, ADULT ANADROMOUS INVESTIGATIONS, SU HYDRO STUDIES, 1982 . FIGURE E. 3.20 -------NORMAL MAXIMUM OPER.\TING LEVEL EL .21~' ~-2300-COHTOURS ARE IN FEET ABOVE MSL .I Z• Watana Creek ~zM)O Deadman Creek WATER BODIES TO BE INUNDATED BY WATANA RESERVOIR SCALE 0 2 MILES ~~- FIGURE E.3.21 !""'' 2190 2180 2170 2160 -I 2150 r 1-2140 1.1.1 1.1.1 ~· LL. z 0 2130 !i -> 1.1.1 I ...J I 1.1.1 2120 2110 r 2100 r" 2090 2080 MAY JUNE - r -I I SPAWNING f===-========3 INCUBATION WATER SURFACE ELEVATION LEVEL JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FISH SPAWNING TIMES VS. WATANA WATER SURFACE ELEVATION LEVEL FEB MAR APR FIGURE E.3.22. Portage Creek) 7 -------NORMAL MAXIMUM , -OI'EIIAT1NG LEVEL EL. 14!56 --2000----~ou:s~ FEET Devil Creek o~ WATER BODIES TO BE INUNDt.T ED BY DEVIL CANYON RESERVOIR WatanaDam 0 2 MILES SCALE FIGURE E .3 23 """ I - -' F""'· I -· -----PERPENDICULAR TO STREAM ------- ~~ I DIAGRAM OF FISH STREAM CROSSING FIGURE E.3.24 - - -I - - ~ - - - -' I J ~ ~ ~ 'I" "~ c;- ~ REHABILITATED TSUSENA CREEK BORROW SITE FIGURE E .3 .25 - - - r"' i i '· r PLAN VIEW L= LENGTH OF BERM IMPERMEABLE CORE y D ORIGINAL BERM------- CROSS-SECTIONAL VIEW D =DEPTH OF EXCAVATION FOR IMPERMEABLE CORE Y= INCREASED HEIGHT ABOVE ORIGINAL BERM BERM DESIGN TO PREVENT OVERTOPPING OF SLOUGHS GRAVEL FILL ROCK FIGURE E .3.26 r I r - !""'' .... MAXIMUM DEPTH MINIMUM WATER LEVEL ONTROLLED BY SUSITNA VER STAGE EXCAVATION ~I FT.----------' SECTION A-A LEGEND ---BANK LINE .....---....-SUSITNA MAINSTEM WATER LINE AT MINIMUM STAGE --.NATURAL SLOUGH WATER LINE -----RESTRUCTURED SLOUGH MOUTH WATER LINE MAXIMUM DEPTH PRIOR TO EXCAVATION SLOUGH MOUTH RESTRUCTURED PLAN FIGURE E .3.27 J .... LLI LLI lL LLIZ > ~z ...JQ LLJt-o=~ LLI ...J LLI ---WATER LEVEL BEFORE EXCAVATION 40 30 20 10 0 -2+00 -1+00 WATER LEVEL AFTER EXCAVATION SAND GRAVEL a COBBLE BOULDER a COBBLE EXCAVATED MATERIAL o+oo I tOO 2+00 4+00 5+00 6+00 7+00 s+oo 9+00 IO+OO THALWEG STATION IN FEET PLAN VIEW PROFILE / BANK ~ EDGE OF WATER-SUSITNA RIVER REGULATED FLOW ,----EDGE OF WATER-SLOUGH BEFORE EXCAVATION EDGE OF WATER-SLOUGH AFTER EXCAVATION THALWEG LINE AND STATIONING DESIGN DRAWING OF LOWERED AND RESTRUCTURED SLOUGH ', /SLOUGH WATER LEVEL I BEFORE EXCAVATION ---' / ' / ,, / ,_ ------------------?" ..................... _; f 1.5 ft. // L~~u;-;~E-;~~L AFTER EXCAVATION SECTION A-A \ SLOUGH WATER LEVEL BEFORE EXCAVATION ------------~,~,-=~==~~==~----~:/~,~ ' ,., \ "' \- _..__, -----t \llfY-sLOUGH WATER LEVEL -AFTER EXCAVATION SECTION 8-8 ----SLOUGH CROSS SECTION BEFORE EXCAVATION -----SLOUGH CROSS SECTION AFTER EXCAVATION TYPICAL CROSS SECTIONS FIGURE E .3 .28 -"1 J J 1 --] SIDE SLOPE STABILIZATION -----, WATER SUPPLY LINE r I 1 --~ * 20' WIDE BED ~ MIN. WATER oEP H UNPER BED J COARSE (3 PLUS) GRAVEL SECTION A-A RIVER ----1 ,----1 ---1 CLEAN OUT A.J SUSITNA RIVER FISHERY MITIGATION INDUCED UPWELLING USING TRIBUTARY WATER SUPPLY ) --] WATER SUPPLY LINE 0 0 0 4'0.C. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PERF. PIPE FLOW CONTROL WATER SUPPLY LINE . J FIGURE E.3.29 1 BARRIER RIP RAP .... 1 SECTION A-A NO SCALE RIVER SUSITNA RIVER FISHERY MITIGATION MAIN STREAM SPAWNING BED .. l 1 FIGURE . E.3.30 LEGEND : MAPPED AT SCALE 1:24,000 1:63,360 1:250,000 KEY ::: }} :J 1111111111 1--d FROM McKENDRICK et al. 1982 FIG URES E.3 .53-E .3.73 E.3 .39-E .3.4 1 E 3.38 i i DEVIL CANYON DAM SITE WATANA DAMSITE") VEGETATION MAPPING AREAS OF THE SUSITNA RIVER BASIN HIGHWAY - 0 16 32 M I LES SCALE ~~~~~iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii~ FIGURE E .3 .33 D DIRECTION OF FLOW FROM McKENDRICK et ol. 1982 ALASKA RAILROAD * LOCATIONS OF STANDS SAMPLED ON DOWNSTREAM FLOODPLAIN OF THE SUSITNA RIVER, 1981 0 6 12 MILES SCALE ~~~~~~~iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii~ * S TANDS ARE DESCRIBED IN TABLES E .3 .73 THROUGH E .3 .76 FIGURE E . 3 .34 J J J FROM McKENDRICK et al. 1982 ") I I I ANTWELL I ~~t>-\..\.r>-~~ \) t>-\.. __../ ... -(,\0~ __../ ~ ... / / DENALI ~ STATE I: PARK-I I <.,... ~ TALKEETNA ~ ..... I "1- 1 "9' I ~:ILLO)L ! PALMER VALDEZ VEGETATION MAPPING AREAS FOR TRANSMISSION CORRIDORS 0 * 62 124 MILES I NTERTIE CORRIDOR CONNECTS WILLOW AND HEALY THROUGH GOLD CREEK SWITCHING STATION (SEE FIGURE E .3 .37 AND COMMON- WEALTH ASSOCIATES 1982) FIGURE E.3 .35 -] 1 --1 • J l --:11 I 1 * SEE SECTION 3.1 FOR DEFINITION FIGURE E. 3.36 FIGURE E.3.38 Inserted in pocket inside back cover ,..., I""'' I - .... FROM McKENDRICK et al . 1982 TO CANTWELL VEGETATION SAMPLE LOCATIONS IN SUSITNA RIVER BAS IN , 19 80 0 16 32 MILES SCALE ~~~~~~iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii~ FIGURE E .3. 74 l l l J FROM McKENDRICK et a I. 1982 SUSITNA BASIN BOUNDARY LOCATIONS OF LAKES AND PONDS SURVEYED FOR VASCULAR AQUATIC PLANTS IN AUGUST 1980 0 3 6 MILES SCALE~~~-- FIGURE E.3.75 FROM McKENDRICK tt al. 1982' -l OPEN WATER ZONE -USUALLY GREATER THAN 2.1 m IN DEPTH -LITTLE TO NO AQUATIC VEGETATION SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATION 1 1 - -J DEEP WATER ZONE -WATER FROM 0.6 TO 2.1 m IN DEPTH -USUALLY DOMINATED BY YELLOW POND LILY -SIZ~ VARIABLE DEPENDING ON BOTTOM MORPHOLOGY SHALLOW WATER ZONE -WATER0.15 TOO.Sm IN DEPTH -USUALLY DOMINATED BY BUR REED, HORSETAIL, MARE'S TAIL, AND BLADDERWORT -SIZE VARIABLE DEPENDING ON BOTTOM MORPHOLOGY -SPECIES COMPOSITION INFLUENCED BY SUBSTRATE EMERGENT WETLAND PERIPHERY -WATER FROM GROUND SURFACE TO 0.3m IN DEPTH -MAY CONTAIN A FLOATING MAT OF VEGETATION -DOMINANTS INCLUDE SEDGE,COTTON GRASS,REED BENT GRASS, MARSH FIVEFINGER, BUCKBEAN, AND SPHAGNUM MOSS -SIZE INFLUENCED BY BOTTOM MORPHOLOGY AND SURROUNDING TOPOGRAPHY A SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATION OF THE DOMINANT VEGETATION ASSOCIATED WITH MANY OF THE LAKES AND PONDS OF THE SUSITNA BASIN FIGURE E.3.76 --~ ] l -l --J l POPLAR. BIRCH DRY-WARM------------------------------------------------------------WET-COLD FROM VIERECK a SCHANDELMEIER 1980 PATTERNS OF FOREST SUCCESSION FOLLOWING FIRE IN ALASKA l FIGURE E.3.77 l -~l l 1 J 1 l 1 ~····~ J ") J 1 ~ ~l ) I J ] J (/) 0 c :0 () 111 .. ;=; ( SUSITNA RIVER z () r 111 '"'0 < 0 I BARE SURFACE 111 :::0 I 1-1 )> -INITIAL STAGE z ~ 0 < l> Pi :::0 I l BARE SURFACE I=! ;o -< 1"11 1\) SALT CRUST () ,.; ~ CJ) CD c w HORSE TAIL -0 1\) OPEN SHRUB BALSAM POPLAR s I 0 U1 WILLOW fTI ALDER CJ) CJ) U1 WILLOW AND/OR ~ I SHRUB ALDER PLUS ~ l> -G"J 0 BALSAM POPLAR ITI ~ 0 IJJ , , 5 1\) c CJ) 0 ::0 YOUNG BALSAM POPLAR 0 -i c I ITI ~ 0 ::0 ~ 0 AND I OR ALDER "0 ::I: );;! 0 r , l> fTI (") 0 z ITI ::0 CJ) ITI -< CJ) c ~ 00 -I ~ ' ' • MATURE BALSAM POPLAR CJ) 0 , I 5 V YOUNG WHITE SPRUCE ~ -i 0 z 0 ~ /; -ALDER l> "TJ i\5 5 U1 II t w ~ OLD BALSAM POPLAR ~ I 0 ::::; "" _,,:,;~ YOUNG WHITE SPRUCE 0 U1 "tJ r 1\) C3 l> 0 ~Ill~·~~~~~ WHITE ~ -0 , z I G) 1.>1 0 c 0 ::0 ITI rn l.>i :...., Ql R.I4W. T.22S. T.33N. T32N. T31N. T. 30N. T.29N. T.28 N. T.27N . R.4W. ADJUSTMENTS TO ROAD/ RAILROAD ALIGNMENTS INDEX MAP SCALE R.3 E. R.4 E. v R.IOW. 0~~11111111!4--~8 MILES LEGEND: __ FINALIZED ROAD ALIGNMENT .............., FINALIZED RAILROAD ALIGNMENT ---EARLIER ROAD/RAIL- ROAD ALIGNMENTS r.205· TRANSMISSION LINE ---CORR IDO R T.I2N. T.IIN. T.ION. T.9N . T.8N . T.7N . FIGURE E .3 .79 - - - -I - .... - - - I"'" ,.,. ! {)o c:!. .. Ji ~·.~ RED FOX DEN COMPLEX -~ ~~ 0 (.', LEGEND: ~ SUITABLE BORROW MATERIAL • BORROW PIT --EARLIER ROAD ALIGNMENT --FINALIZED ROAD ALIGNMENT MP 32 ROAD MILEPOST ~ -.:lf!J' ® ENVIRONMENTALLY SENSITIVE AREA O~~~~~iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiliiiiii~2 MILES SCALE c:: ADJUSTMENTS TO ROAD ALIGNMENT FIGURE E.3 .80 - - - - r I""" ' """ I ' - - - ..... ® ( l ' ( () "-v-.,.oo : 3000 ·~··· TSUSENA BUTTE v \_ 4 ooor------.5 BALD EAGLE NEST c \;~ WATANA CAMPSITE LEGEND: ~ SUITABLE BORROW MATERIAL • BORROW PIT --EARLIER ROAD ALIGNMENT -FINALIZED ROAD ALIGNMENT MP 32 ROAD MILEPOST ~~~;;~li~~ f6?:A ENVIRONMENTALLY SENSITIVE AREA RIVER '<C)/ O~~~~~iiiiliiiliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii~2 MILES SCALE c ADJUSTMENTS TO ROAD AUGNMENT FIGURE £.3.81 l -l LEGEND: ~ SUITABLE BORROW MATERIAL • BORROW PIT --EARLIER ROAD/ RAILROAD ALIGNMENT -FINALIZED ROAD ALIGNMENT ...... FINALIZED RAILROAD ALIGNMENT MP 32 ROAD MILEPOST RAILROAD MILEPOST EN VI RON MENTALLY SENSITIVE AREA ·. i J l l ·~ ~ DEVIL CANYON CAMPSITE ADJUSTMENTS TO ROAD AND RAILROAD ALIGNMENTS . 1 . ·-1 J 1 0 2 MILES SCALE ~~~~~iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiliii FJ GURE E. 3. 82. SIDE BORROW TRENCHES WILL BE BACKFILLED WITH PREVIOUSLY EXCAVATED OVERBURDEN AND REVEGETATED. FILL SLOPE VARIABLE DEPENDING ON HEIGHT OF FILL . 22' 17' 17' 12' RUNNING SURFACE 4' GRAVEL SURFACE 3/4" MINUS 9" BASE-2'' GRADE "A" N FS SUB BASE THICKNESS VARIABLE TYPICAL 'siDE BORROW' SECTION 44' 12 ' RUNNING SURFACE 4" GRAVEL SURFACE 3/4" MINUS 9"BASE-2"GRADE ''A" NFS SUB BASE THICKNESS VARIABLE TYPICAL 'HILLSIDE CUT' SECTION 5' SHOULDER COMPARISON OF ROAD CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES 5' SHOULDE -CUT SLOPE VARIABLE DEPENDENT ON TYPE OF MATERIAL FIGURE E 3 .83 1 14' 1.5 I~ J -l 1 22' 19' g' 2' BALLAST 2' SUB BALLAST SUBGRADE 1 14' 2 ::::::1 I TYPICAL HILLSIDE CUT OF RAILROAD CROSS SECTION 1 -1 -1 1.5 H: IV IN OVERBURDEN CUT SLOPE VARIABLE DEPENDENT ON TYPE OF MATERIAL FIGURE E.3.84 1 1 . ~··J 105' 55' !. 55' 40' 40' NOTE: TOWER SPACING CENTERLINE TO CENTERLINE DISTANCE 105: TOWER SPACING CENTERLINE TO EDGE OF RIGHT-OF-WAY 95: 1 NUMBER TOWERS I 2 3 4 95' RIGHT-OF-WAY WIDTH 190 FEET 300 FEET 400 FEET 510 FEET TYPICAL TRANSMISSION RIGHT-OF-WAY CROSS SECTION .... 1 ~l FIGURE E.3.85 j ! ~~l 1 ···~ ~~~10iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiliiiil2<0 MILES SCALE ~ SOUR E: ADf' a G lil2 a l l X 0 0 LOCATIONS OF RADIO-COLLAREDCOW MOOSE DURING PARTURITION (MAY 15-JUNE 15) FROM 1977 THROUGH 1981 l -) .. ~ 1 0 oo 0 X 0 + NOTE: SYMBOLS REPRESENT LOCATION BY YEAR. SUFFICIENT INFORMATION WAS NOT PROVIDED BY ADF a G TO MATCH SPECIFIC SYMBOLS WITH SPECIFIC YEARS. X A FIGURE E.3.86 --1 1 -~ . 1 . -1 1 .... -l 1 J - -l ~~~IOiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii~ZO MILES SCALE L__ SOUIIIICE: ADF a G 1982 a X LOCATIONS OF RADIO-COLLARED MOOSE DURING THE RUT (SEPTEMBER 20-0CTOBER 20) FROM 1977 THROUGH FALL 1980 0 l J 1 .. -l .1 \ ) NOTE: SYMBOLS REPRESENT LOCATION BY YEAR. SUFFICIENT INFORMATION WAS NOT PROVIDED BY ADF BG lO MATCH SPECIFIC SYMBOLS WITH SPECIFIC YEARS. FIGURE E. 3 .87 SCALE J 1 ---1 ···--··-~ i ( l . .....,__\ • J? BASIN ·--~ ...r·.../ _,-·-j '--..., ~\ . ") 10 20 MILES GENERAL MOVEMENT AND MIGRATION PATTERNS OF RADIO-COLLARED MOOSE FROM OCTOBER 1976 THROUGH MID AUGUST 1981 \ ~ ·-. ~~ ('--" "\ __ _ \ ____ ) 1 FIGURE E.3. 88· ·· ...... . -, . --~ 10 20 MILES SCALI FROM ADF a G 1982a ,_,.~. COUNT AREA 7 \..._./'\_.. 1 ·--] i ( 'L. ""'"\ \ l 1 ·--. <:::-~ (''-..; "\-.... _r·- ,.-/'.J' ~ \ ') ( L.J'l \._ \ ) (\ SUS/TNA ') l\z: ( . \ ~-/ _.,.,.,.-·---·-·-·-· \ BOUNDARIES OF ESTABLISHED MOOSE COUNT AREAS 1 J LEGEND: DO DENSITY [.: . '.:]LOW DENSITY ~ MEDIUM DENSITY HIGH DENSITY ••••••• COUNT AREA BOUNDARY NOTES: I. RELATIVE DENSITIES OF MOOSE AS DETERMINED fROM STRATIFICATION AND CENSUS FLIGHTS MADE DURING NOVEMBER 1980. 1 FIGURE E.3.89 - -' - - !"""' ' - I""'' ~ :>; ~ Dl 0 10 20 MILES SCALE ~~~~~iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii~ COOK INL~T ZONES EMPLOYED TO ESTIMATE MOOSE DENSITIES WITHIN RIPARIAN COMMUNITIES ALONG THE SUSITNA RIVER FIGURE E.3.90 >-f- :J ~ 0:: 0 :::!: LL. 0 f-z lLJ (.) 0:: lLJ Q. lLJ > ~ ....J ::l ~ ::l (.) 1 --1 1 1 l .. J . -] 60 40 LEGEND X--X CALF OF COLLARED COW-1980 20 t-----+---1---F-------------------1 ----0----0 RADIO-COLLARED CALF -1977-78 26-30 31-4 MAY e e CALF OF RADIO-COLLAREDCOW-1977-78 5-9 I0-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-3 JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT DATES OF MORTALITIES OF COLLARED AND UNCOLLARED MOOSE CALVES DURING 1977, 1978, AND 1980 IN THE NELCHINA AND MIDDLE SUSITNA BASIN, ALASKA SOURCE: ADF A G i982 a FIGURE E.3.91 l 1 J 1 .... l ~· l l 1 L .. -~ ··~ ) HISTORICAL RANGE OF THE NELCHINA CARIBOU HERD SOUIIC£: HEMMING 1971 FIGURE E.3.92 ~1 1 l .~ ... 1 1 ~ ) ·-~ l * 1 ~ . 1 LEGEND• e FEMALES * MALES O~~~lii;;;;;O iiiiiiiiiiiiiii~2:0 MILES SCALE c::::: SOURCE: Al)F 8o G ISII2 c . DISTRIBUTION OF NELCHINA RADIO-COLLARED CARIBOU DURING THE CALVING PERIOD MAY 15 THROUGH JUNE 10 , 1980 AND 1981 j FIGURE E.3.93 ) ~!!!!!!!'!!!'!!!~IO~iiiiiiiiiiiiiii....:l20 MILfS SCALE c:: l . J ---1 J . ] .-l * SOURCE: AOF llQ 1982c LOCATION OF RADIO-COLLARED CARIBOU IN SUBHERDS, MAY 9, 1980 THROUGH SEPTEMBER 22,1981 l -] I LEGEND• *UPPER TALKEETNA RIVER SUBHERD e CHUNILNA HILLS SUBHERD c UPPER SUSITNA-NENANA SUBHERD FIGURE E.3. 94 1 1-.... z 0 ~ > LLI _I LLI SOURCE:ADF8G 1982c ] 1 J -J 7000 ~----~~~~==~----~-r----------~~----------~-----------r----------~ 6000 ~----------4------------+------------~-r--------~~~----~-+-----------1 5000 ~----------~~~-------+--+---------~~--------4-~~----~-+----------~ 4000 3000 2000 1000 ~----------4------------+------------~----------,_----------~-----------4 0 L-----------4-----------~------------~----------~-----------+----------~ WINTER SPRING LEGEND: D SEASONAL ELEVATION USE BY FEMALE CARIBOU •·~/ SEASONAL ELEVATION USE BY MALE CARIBOU CALVING SUMMER HORIZONTAL LINE = MEAN BOX= 95% CONFIDENCE INTERVAL VERTICAL LINE= RANGE SEASONAL ELEVATION USE BY CARIBOU FROM NELCHINA HERD AUTUMN RUT FIGURE E .3.95 - - - """" F""" - ..... -I 70 60 50 ::::) 0 m 40 0::: <( (.) ..J 30 ~ 0 1-20 10 0 400 en ~ ~ 300 0 ~ ..J 200 ~ 0 1-100 0 30 en ~ :i 20 <( (.) ~ 0 10 0 p~ /0 0 / 0 0/ TOTA-L CARIBOU 0/ 0 0/ 0/ , , "' , , , "' , \oo-----0 , , ·" , 49 51 53 55 57 59 61 63 65 67 69 71 73 75 77 YEARS \ WOLF TRENDS lo"-o/ / o-o ...... o 49 51 53 55 57 59 61 63 65 YEARS HARD WINTERS + ! l 0 ·~0ro / • 0 /. • 0 • . +. ~ 0 0 'G)'~ 0/ 0 0~ X- 49 51 53 55 57 59 61 63 65 COHORTS LEGEND: e AUTUMN 0 MARCH X BASED ON MANDIBLES 0 WINTER STARVATION 67 69 71 73 75 77 + ~ ? --------i ·-· . . I ~~rol"'-~t/ -0 67 69 71 73 75 77 NOTE: FOR THE NELCHINA HERD IN ALASKA, WINTER STARVATION IS LISTED FOR THOSE YEARS IN WHICH THE PERCENTAGE OF CALVES IN THE SPRING WAS LOW AND THE PRIOR WINTER WAS SEVERE. HOWEVER, THE LOW CALF PERCENTAGES MA.Y BE DUE TO OTHER MORTALITY FACTORS OR TO SAMPLE ERROR • CALF SURVIVAL COMPARED WITH WOLF NUMBERS AND TOTAL CARIBOU SOURCE : BERGERUO 1980 FIGURE E. 3.96 ·~. SC.IU 0~~~10 iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii-:,2,0 MILES SOURC~: ADF a G 1982cl J ,....-·-......... /. ·.._ . .r·~ J·-· .\ LEGEND: ('/ .i c DALL SHEEP STUDY AREA ~ ' ) ·L._ u~:Ii~I~IIJ AERIAL SURVEY AREAS I ·v-; \ ~. ~ ('-.... ~---\ __ _ \ ) J LOCATION OF DALL SHEEP STUDY AND AERIAL SURVEY AREAS FIGURE E.3.97 1 J ,of' "'-": \ ) GLENN HWY. ··~ ) L ... ~ D FL JC ss s T TC TM w PC ·....____; KNOWN WOLF PACK FISH LAKE PORTAGE CREEK SUSITNA-SINONA SUSITNA TOLSONA TYONE CREEK TYONE-MACLAREN WATANA PORT AGE CREEK SUSPECTED LOCATIONS AND TERRITORIAL BOUNDARIES OF WOLF PACKS INHABITING THE SUSITNA HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT AREA DURING 1980 AND 1981 FIGURE E .3.98 SOURCE: ADF8G 1982 f J 1 ···~. 0~~~~10iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii~2,Q MILES SCALE ~ SOURCE: ADF !o G IH2f GENERAL LOCATION AND YEAR OF USE OF OBSERVED WOLF DEN AND RENDEZVOUS SITES DISCOVERED IN THE SUSITNA HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT AREA FROM 1975 THROUGH 1981 1 FIGURE E.3.99 .... J l ·-~. ~~~10iiiiliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiliiii20 MILES SCALE c::= -·~ l .. J OBSERVED HOME RANGES OF WOLVERINES IN THE MIDDLE SUSITNA SOURCE:AOFaG 1982g,UNPUBL. DATA BASIN BASED ON LOCATION OF RADIO-COLLARED ANIMALS 1 ----) FIGURE E.3.100 ) ;- ct SOURC[: GIPSOf,l et ol. 1982 1 1 ~'t- ,._ i~ I Q) 10 ct I I ot"'f ct N I RI'JER ~ Q 0 I ct fJ N ~ 0'1 N t,'l N • ,-~ I :E ~ :EO ::E 0 0 0 0 AERIAL TRANSECTS FOR FURBEARERS (A) AND CHECKPOINTS FOR OTTER AND MINK SIGN (OM) 1 0~~~5iiiiiiiii-iiiiiiiil0_ MILES SCALE c: FIGURE E.3.101 -~· ) -1 -~ .. 1 0 10 20 MILES SCALE ~~~i;;;;;;;;;iiiiiiiiiiiii~ NOTE: SEE TABLE E.3.89 FOR RED FOX DEN CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM. LOCATION AND CLASSIFICATION OF FOX DENS IOUIItCE: GIPSON et at. li82 1 l LEGEND: ® PRIMARY SITE e SECONDARY SITE 0 PRIMARY ALTERNATE SITE A TERTIARY SITE ~ SHELTER SITE FIGUR E.3.102 J J SOURCE: KESSEL et a I. 1982 a )·'\__. -;;v· . p I -~ LOCATIONS OF 12 BIRD CENSUS PLOTS IN THE MIDDLE SUSITNA RIVER BASIN LEGEND : 1111111111 RAILROAD EXTENSION ---PROPOSED ACCESS ROAD ---PROPOSED TRANSMISSION ----INTERTIE [:)/ : :{:J IMPOUNDMENT AREA 0 4 8 MILES SCALE ~~§iiiiiiiiiiiilii FIGURE E.3.103 -) 1 J J l ] 0~~~10iiiiiliiiiiiiiiiiiii~20 MILES SCALE c::: SOURCE: KESSEL It ol. 1982a LOCATIONS OF IMPORTANT LAKES AND LAKE GROUPS SURVEYED FOR WATERFOWL IN THE MIOOLE SUSITNA BASIN ] -J FIGURE E.3.104 - - - -! -i - I r - 75 -SCOTTIE -DP.SPER CREEK NOS 15,16, 11,1f3 OF 20 70 r -----~r-------------~r----- _____ JL _______ r _____ JL _____ MOON LAKE AREA - 30 -MIDWAY LAKE en WB 131 LLJ 25 r-0 0 III a:: LLJ ~ ~ u ii 20 r-u WB 107 MURDER LLJ LAKE a.. WB 106 STEPHAN LAKE en LL.. 0 en LLJ :J ...J 15 r-WB .145 CLARENCE ~ / LAKE LLJ u z WB 059 FOG LAKES ~ a:: WB 148 WATANA LAKE 0 a.. :::E 10 r-WBI05 WB 130 DEADMAN LAKE WB069 WB 135 WB064-067 PISTOL LAKE GROUP 5 r we 121-128 WBI34 DELUSION ·cREEK WBI04 GROUP WBI03 WB 129 BIG LAKE WBO~ ~~8~~ FOG LAKES 0 WB037 IMPORTANCE VALUES OF WATER BODIES FOR MIGRANT WATERFOWL IN THE MIDDLE SUSITNA BASIN, UPPER TANANA RIVER VALLEY, AND SCOTTIE CREEK AREA-FALL 1980 SOURCE: KESSEL et al. 1982 a FIGURE E.3.105 I""" ! - - - - -· ..... - - """' - - 35 30 CATHEDRAL BLUFF LAKES QUARTZ LAKE SHAW CREEK FLATS MOON LAKE AND VICINITY 25 (/) LL.I 0 0 aJ 0:: WB 107-MURDER LAKES LL.I ~ 3: 20 (.) DRY LAKE u::: u LL.I a.. (/) I.L DOT LAKE-SAM CREEK ARE 0 (/) LL.I ::I 15 ...J ;.; LL.I (.) z ~ WB 067-PISTOL LAKE 0:: 0 a.. BEAR CHIEF CREEK ::::E 10 WB 106-STEPHAN LAKE ROBERTSON RIVER WB 145-CLARENCE LAKE JOHNSON SLOUGH WBI40 5 DEADMAN LAKE WB 130 WB 059 WBI35 WB065 WB 105 W8064 WBOSO WB 132 WB 148-WATANA W8134 WBI04 WB038 LAKE W8036 WBII 5 WBI39 WB023 WBI50 wsg37 WB 25 HIGH LAKE W8015 WBOIS 8138 0 IMPORTANCE VALUES OF WATER BODIES FOR MIGRANT WATERFOWL IN THE MIDDLE SUSITNA BASIN, UPPER TANANA RIVER VALLEY- SPRING 1980 SOURCE: KESSEL at11l. 1982 a FIGURE E. 3 .106. ] ~ g_. >- !::: a: '"' ...J ~ 1ii Ll.l > ~ Ld a: SOURCE: KESSEL If Gl. 1182G J ~ ~ l . l 1 HERBACEOUS-DWARF AND LOW SHRUB CONIFEROUS FOREST I I . i I I I I I !J I I I SEDGE -GRASS/I SEDGE -GRASS/ LOW • gj OPEN WOODLAND I Bl RCH-COTTOt-r TALL TALL I ~HRUB TUNDRA! WILLOW SHRUB ~~ SPRUC~ SPRUCE ---.BOG: SPRUC~WOOD~LDEitGRASS: I I 0::~1 I I TRAPLINE SITE NO. 287221621112211514443222244493343334443311 409 58103267 445676798789 3409651231232 100 .. ,. - - --- r- 50 -T --.-- -I - ,.... 0 CLUSTERING OF 42 SMALL MAMMAL TRAPLlNE SITES INTO SIMILAR VEGETATIVE GROUPINGS, BASED ON AN ANALYSIS OF FREQUENCY COUNTS OF 81 PLANT TAXA IN THE GROUND COVER . J 1 FIGURE E .3.107 l I . rJ) w ~ 60 1-~ 40 u ~ 20 d z 0 rJ) L&J § 60 ~ 40 u IS 20 d z 0 rJ) w ~ 60 1-~ 40 u ~ 20 d z 0 rJ) L&J ~ 60 1-~ 40 u ~ 20 d z 0 SOURCE: KESSEL et al. 1982a l MASKED SHREW I I . r-I I I I I I • • • ,_ I • •• • • • I I • • • I I • • I • •••••• • ,. .. •• • •••• • el • • • I • • •I ARCTIC SHREW I I I I I I I I I I I I I • I I • I ~·. • • I • • • • • • •• ••• I. ••••• • • ... . DUSKY SHREW I I I I I I I I I - I I I I r--I I •••••• I I •• • • ••• •••• • • • • •• NORTHERN RED-BACKED VOLE I I r-I • I I • I I • I •• I • •• I • • I r. • • I • • r • 1 .. I •• 1 • • •• • ~ • •I • • • I ••.• I I MIXED a HERBACEOUS-I CONIFEROUS I DECIDUOUS fOIIEST ~a LOW SHRUB I FOREST I I I -lliLLSfoRJB SEDGe: GMSS SED6l0MSS/LOIII' ~ §1 Df"lN::--+WOOOLA!I~IOG~fiiiiiCH~ ........... -"l_TALL---,;.AlL . I r I I SH!tUBll.lliiiDIIA Wll..l.a. !ti'IUB I ; : SI"MMC!. SPMICE ~ IIPIUCE I'OPl.Ait LDnl ASI 1 rJ) w ~ 60 li: <5 40 IL. 0 20 0 z 0 rJ) LLJ ~ 60 1-a.. ct 40 u J MEADOW VOLE • • • • • • TUNDRA VOLE • • • .... ) 1 I I I I - I I I I I I I I I I I I I I • ·i •• I I I I I I I I I I I• I I • I I I I I ~ 20 0 z 0 ..... •• • • • • • •••• • • rJ) LLJ ~ 60 1- ~ 40 r-u IL. 0 20 1- SINGING VOLE I I d z 0 •••••• I I I I I I I I • •• 1 rJ) LLJ ~ 60 1- ~ 40 u ~ 20 d z 0 BROWN LEMMING : I I I I I -I I I I I I I I • • I I ••• • • .. •• • I I MIXED a HERBACEOUS-I CONIFEROUS I DECIDUOUS FON!ST DWARF a LOW SHRUB I FOREST I I I -lliLL SHIIUB I I" I I SEMI!: GIU.SI SEDGEGIWS/l.O'IY I §!ONN=--+WOODLAIII~IIOGI••..c:H~'"""'TALL~ALL SHitiJI TUNDitA WIUQW SHIIIUII ! -c I S~l!' PMICE ~ S~E !! LDER ASS • ~I I ABUNDANCE PATTERNS OF EIGHT SMALL MAMMAL SPECIES RELATIVE TO VEGETATION TYPES AT 42 SITES IN THE SUSITNA RIVER BASIN, ALASKA JULY 29-AUGUST 30,1981 1 FIGURE E. 3.108 l • POPULATION REGULATING FACTORS FACTORS DETERMINANT ACTIONS CONCEIVABLY AFFECTING POPULATION 1 J -) -j MOOSE AVAILABILITY OF FOOD MOOSE PREDATION BY OTHER PREDATORS MOOSE HARVEST BY MAN DENSITY OF COMPETITORS (INCLUDING OTHER MOOSE) ALTERATIONS OF HABITAT (I.E.INUNDATION VIA IMPOUNDMENT) ALTERATIONS OF ACCESS PROBABLE FACTORS REGULATING MOOSE POPULATIONS IN THE SUSITNA BASIN AND ACTIONS THAT MIGHT AFFECT THESE POPULATIONS l -) FIGURE E .3.109 1 POPULATION REGULATING FACTORS FACTORS DETERMINANT ACTIONS CONCEIVABLY AFFECTING POPULATION l .. ) l l J -· 1 BROWN BEAR AVAILABILITY OF FOOD (VEGETATION AND MEAT) BROWN BEAR HARVEST BY MAN DENSITY OF BERRIES AND OTHER EDIBLE PLANTS ALTERATIONS OF AVAILABLE VEGETATION (I.E. INUNDATION VI A IMPOUNDMENT) ALTERATIONS IN MOOSE ABUNDANCE ACCESS AND HUNTER EFFORT ALTERATIONS OF ACCESS PROBABLE FACTORS REGULATING BROWN BEAR POPULATIONS IN THE SUSITNA BASIN AND ACTIONS THAT MIGHT AFFECT THESE POPULATIONS FIGURE E.3.110 l POPULATION REGULATING FACTORS FACTORS DETERMINANT ACTIONS CONCEIVABLY AFFECTING POPULATION l l I ] l BLACK BEAR AVAILABILITY OF FOOD (VEGETATION AND MEAT) AVAILABILITY OF FOREST AND DEN SITES BLACK BEAR HARVEST BY MAN DENSITY OF BERRIES AND OTHER EDIBLE PLANTS ALTERATIONS OF HABITAT DENSITY OF BEARS AND AMOUNT OF AVAILABLE FOREST (I. E. INUNDATION VIA IMPOUNDMENT) ACCESS AND HUNTER EFFORT ALTERATIONS 0 F ACCESS PROBABLE FACTORS REGULATING BLACK BEAR POPULATIONS IN THE SUSITNA BASIN AND ACTIONS THAT MIGHT AFFECT THESE POPULATIONS FIGURE E .3 .Ill POPULATION REGULATING FACTORS FACTORS DETERMINANT ACTIONS CONCEIVABLY AFFECTING POPULATION 1 J -l --l WOLF AVAILABILITY OF FOOD DENSITY OF MOOSE ALTERATIONS OF HABITAT (I.E.INUNDATION VIA IMPOUNDMENT) LOCATION OF WINTER HERDS -l J WOLF HARVEST BY MAN ACCESS AND FUR PRICE ALTERATIONS OF ACCESS PROBABLE FACTORS REGULATING WOLF POPULATIONS IN THE SUSITNA BASIN AND ACTIONS THAT MIGHT AFFECT THESE POPULATIONS FIGURE E .3 .112 POPULATION REGULATING FACTORS FACTOR DETERMINANT ACTIONS CONCEIVABLY AFFECTING POPULATIONS l AVAILABILITY OF FOOD l BEAVER AVAILABILITY OF SUITABLE HABITAT DENSITY OF COMPETITORS (INCLUDING OTHER BEAVERS) ALTERATIONS OF VELOCITY AND VOLUME OF WATER -l BEAVER HARVEST BY MAN ALTERATIONS OF ACCESS PROBABLE FACTORS REGULATI~ BEAVER POPULATIONS IN THE SUSITNA BASIN AND ACTIONS THAT MIGHT AFFECT THESE POPULATIONS FIGURE E.3.113 l POPULATION REGULATING FACTORS FACTORS DETERMINANT ACTIONS CONCEIVABLY AFFECTING POPULATION -1 AVAILABILITY OF UNDERGOUND BURROWS -l l AVA I LA BILl TY OF FOOD DENSITY OF MICROTINE RODENTS ALTERATIONS OF HABITAT (I.E. CHANGE IN SUCCESSIONAL STAGE OR INUNDATION VIA IMPOUNDMENT) .. ] MARTEN MARTEN HARVEST BY MAN ACCESS AND FUR VALUE ALTERATIONS OF ACCESS PROBABLE FACTORS REGULATING MARTEN POPULATIONS IN THE SUSITNA BASIN AND ACTIONS THAT MIGHT AFFECT THESE POPULATIONS . l FIGURE E.3.114 -l .·-J -, .• .. -) 1 1 3900 I 2500 MAXIMUM FLOOD LEVEL- 2202FT u 2300 NORMAL MAXIMUM OPERATING 1-LEVEL-2185FT ~ ---------------~ ~ 2100 -------_;.---- ~ NORMAL MINIMUM w DRAWDOWN LEVEL- 2095 FT 1900 1700 1500 APR OCT APR OCT APR OCT JAN JUN JAN JUN JAN JUN 1987 1991 1992 1993 WATER LEVEL DURING FILLING -1 ] .· -l GOLDEN BALD GYR-Gos- EAGLE EAGLE FALCON HAWK RAVEN GE-10" 1190 GE-7*• I 946 BE-6 763 R-1 702 BE-l ~ R"2 z 0 R-3, j:; 641 ~ GE-2 R-5 w R-12 ...J R~4* w R-6 eE-3 580 GE-4 R-11 GE-5 BE-4 R-7 GE-6 GOS R-8 519 GE-8, -I GE-9 BE-5 R-9, R-IO 458 *CORRECT ELEVATION FOR R-4 UNCLEAR **NESTING LOCATION NOT WITHIN WATANA IMPOUNDMENT ELEVATIONS OF RAPTOR AND RAVEN NESTS IN THE VICINITY OF THE WATANA IMPOUNDMENT AREA IN RELATION TO FILLING AND OPERATION WATER LEVELS FIGURE E.3.115 1 --1 GOLDEN BALD GYRFALCON GOSHAWK RAVEN EAGLE EAGLE 2000 1800 r-J GE -17 ~GYR-31t - GYR-2 ] GE-15 }BE-7* ~--14 '-1-GOS-3 -13 - R-15 1600 i= u.. z 1400 0 i= ~ JGE-11 MAXIMUM FLOOD LEVEL 146. FT ~ -}GE-16 NORMAL MAXIMUM J~•·c,4.:_:: .............. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. .. . :-.R-:1~ ........ .C?~~~~"!"I.N_G_ -~~~~~ :-.1~~-~i:.· 1------·-----~s:-2--R-16 R-17 r--------·-GE-13 t * 1--Gf=i2l------------~----R-18, R-21 N;.;AL ;;NI~;---y- DRAWDOWN LEVEL 1405 FT w ...J 1200 w r--R-20 - -GE-181t' 1000 r-PRESENT WATER LEVEL - ~·-·-·-·-·-·-·-·-·-·--·-· -·-·-·-~T~~~~E~·-·- BOO r- -BE-8* - 600 r--- . *NESTING LOCATION NOT WITHIN DEVIL CANYON IMPOUNDMENT CHANGES IN ELEVATION OF THE DEVIL CANYON RESERVOIR DURING OPERATION AND ELEVATIONS OF RAPTOR AND RAVEN NESTS IN THE PROXIMITY OF THE IMPOUNDMENT ZONE 610 549 488 ::IE 427 :z 0 ~ > w ..J w 366 305 244 183 FIGURE E.3 .116 - - ·- ,... r-· - ,.... ,....\ I ,.., ,-' I1J ...J m c( d c( ~ I1J en 3: 0 a:: lXI ~ en 1-z ~ 0 ::l c( I1J > ti ...J I1J a:: 0 4 LEGEND: -- ----- ---- -·-·- ' ' \ 8 12 14 YEARS ASPEN, VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION BIRCH, VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION BIRCH, SEED REPRODUCTION WILLOW, SEED REPRODUCTION WILLOW, VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION ' ' ' ' ,, \ 18 22 26 RELATIVE AMOUNTS OF MOOSE BROWSE AVAILABLE COMPARED WITH THE TIME SINCE FiRE OR OTHER DISTURBANCE IN INTERIOR ALASKA 30 SOURCE: WOLFF AND ZASADA 1979 FIGURE E.3.117 - ..... r .... - NESTING PLATFORM (PERSPECTIVE) LOCATION OF NEST DEPENDENT ON SUN ANGLE. I~." 3t2 = 0.09m =08.89 em 7"=0.18m = 17 .78cm a"= 0.20m=20.32 em 12"= 0.30m=30.48 em 14"=0.36m=35.56em 4'= 1.22m 8'=2.44m BASE -CD _____ g_U.I_ --- 1~ ~ ~1 (BASIC DIMENSIONS } ADAPTED FROM NELSON a NELSON 1977. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 FRONT VIEW CUTTING PATTERN EAGLE NESTING PLATFORMS TO BE PROVIDED ON TRANSMISSION TOWERS EXCERPTED I'ROM OU:NOORFF et al. 1981 FIGURE E.3.118 - i - - -! ...... "-PHASE CONOUCTOR ~4"GAP I.,._ ___ GROUND WIRE ABOVE FIRST GAP NOT EFFECTIVE EXCEPT FOR LIGHTNING SPARK OVER 4" GAP---+-~ ... NEUTRAL J CONDUCTOR GROUND WIRE GAPPING DESIGNED TO PROTECT RAPTORS FROM ELECTROCUTION EXCERPTED FROM OLENDORFF et ol. 1981 FIGURE E.3. 119 ..... r r I - ""'' i I I ALTERNATE NEUTRAL POSITION ------1~~~ PREFERRED NEUTRAL POSITION 55" MIN . 48" ARMLESS CONFIGURATIONS 55" DESIGNED TO PROTECT RAPTORS FROM ELECTROCUTION EXCERPTED FROM-OLENDORFF et a I. 1981 FIGURE E.3. 120 - r - - r c ..... i ' ! r - r I r INSULATED OR COVERED JUMPERS THREE-PHASE TRANSFORMER BANK ---~ s" 1 48" l .-LIGHTNING ARRESTER ~FUSED CUTOUT 20'-o" MIN. TO GROUND INSTALLATION OF TRANSFORMER EQUIPMENT TO PROVIDE FOR RAPTOR PERCHING EXCERPTED FROM OLEN DORFF et al. 1981 FIGURE E.3.121 - - .... - r RAPTOR PROTECTOR SEE DETAIL "A" FRAYED GUY WIRE PERCHING GUARD DETAIL "A" PERCH GUARDS ONE OR TWO AS REQUIRED BY CONDUCTOR SPACING T 4011 1 WOODEN OR FIBERGLASS CROSSARM BRACES DESIGNED TO PROTECT RAPTORS FROM ELECTROCUTION EXCERPTED FROM OLENDORFF et ol. 1981 FIGURE E.3.122 r- 1 i -' I""' ! r r r - -I - ;.r-------16" MAXIMUM TO PREVENT PERCHING.. IF GREATER THAN 16': U.SE SOME BARRIER TO PREVENT PERCHING ON CROSSARM, AS SHOWN BELOW. ELEVATED PERCH CONSTRUCTION DESIGNED TO PROTECT RAPTORS FROM ELECTROCUTION EXCERPTED FROM OLEN DORFF et al. 1981 FIGURE E.~.l23 VEGETAT ION KEY ~ROCK r:::-:l MAT and CUSHON ~TUNDRA ~ SEDGE GRASS ~TUNDRA r:::l WET ~ SEDGE GRA3S r:::::l OPEN ~ BLACK SPRUCE ~ WOODLAND ~ BLACK SPRUCE OPEN WHITE SPRUCE WOODLAND WHIT::: SPRUCE CLOSED BIRCH FOREST r:::l OPEN ~ BIRCH FOREST ~ CLOSED ~ BALSAM POPLAR ~ OPEN ~ BALSAM POPLAR ~ CLOSED ~ MIXED FOREST G OPEN MIXED FOREST El CLOSED TALL SHRUB ~ OPEN TALL SHRUB 0 BIRCH SHRUB 0 WILLOW SHRUB 0 LOW SHRUB ~ GRASSLAND DLAKES VEGETATION KEY ~ROCK ~ MAT and CUSHON TUNDRA ~ SEDGE GRASS TUNDRA I WSG I WET SEDGE GRA3S ~ OPEN BLACK SPRUCE I WSB I WOODLAND ~LAC I' SPRUCE 1 osw 1 OPEN WHIH SPRUCE I WSW I WOODLAND WHITE SPRUCE E) CLOSED BIRCH FOREST ~ OPEN BIRCH FOREST 0 CLOSED BALSAM POPLAR 0 OPEN BALSAM POPLAR "' 1' ,_ < ,I ~ CLOSF.D ( . MIXED FOREST .,_ c _r::J_ -, / . ' </ B OPEN t)· ' MIXED FOREST n I ~. 3~ ( ,_ 8 CLOSED ' ':' TALL SHRUB .- ~ . ' OPEN TALL SHIIU6 0 IIRCH ~ 0 WILLOW SHRUB ~ LOW SHRUB I ~ 0 GRASSLAND 0lAKES • I ' " • '!t 24 ,, / ·" .• ~ = f 17 16 -" 15 14 ' ~. 2C 9 \ ' \ I I I ' ... 2 1 ' ' ,') ' i '. \ _,r-..,• .,<!( ' -' 10 \5 ' ) I ' ' " '•\ ... " i ' -· ti,_.--,;;;t~ ----""""'].1 ' •'.i:!J¢~ ---...+-. ' ( ~. 14 -- 2 -~ ll .- '4 ~;;:, ) ) 0 -9 I IO ;---""";:;c._•, ) •-V~o- I I 12 12 ... ' ~·. ,., ) WETLAND KEY P:ALUSTRINE SCRUB-SHRUB PALUSTRINE EMERGENT PALUSTRINE FORESTED LACUSTRINE EMERGENT LAKE