HomeMy WebLinkAboutCordova Biomass Feasibility Study (Native Village of Eyak) - Feb 2013 - REF Grant 7040054Cordova Biomass Feasibility Study
Prepared by
Casey Pape
Alternative Energy Coordinator
Native Village of Eyak
For
The Native Village of Eyak
City of Cordova
Funded by
The Alaska Energy Authority
February 27, 2013
The Native Village of Eyak
110 Nicholoff Way Cordova AK 99574
Cordova Biomass Feasibility Study
Table of Contents
ExecutiveSummary........................................................................................................... 3
I. Introduction................................................................................................................ 3
II. Methods......................................................................................................................4
A. Project Scope (Area)..................................................................................................
4
B. Community Information............................................................................................ S
C. Fuel Use and Proximity.............................................................................................
6
D. Community Energy Audit..........................................................................................
8
E. Cordova Forest Inventory..........................................................................................9
F. Other Thermal Sources...........................................................................................
10
1. Cardboard from City Bailer..................................................................................
11
2. Community Burn Pile...........................................................................................
11
III. Results......................................................................................................................12
A. Existing Building Systems.......................................................................................
12
B. Home Fuel Questionnaire........................................................................................
15
C. Thermal Loads (Commercial Buildings)................................................................
16
D. Thermal (Potential) Sources...................................................................................
19
1. Forest Inventory...................................................................................................
19
2. Alder Resources....................................................................................................
20
3. Eyak Log Decks.....................................................................................................
21
4. Cordova Community Burn Pile............................................................................
23
5. City Bailer Cardboard Waste Stream..................................................................
24
IV. Discussion.................................................................................................................24
V. Economic Analysis...................................................................................................
26
VI. Recommended Actions............................................................................................
27
VII. Cited Literature........................................................................................................
28
1
Cordova Biomass Feasibility Study
List of Figures
Figure 1. The City of Cordova and harbor (defined project area) ................................. 5
Figure 2. Fuel user data, provided by Shoreside Petroleum .......................................... 7
Figure 3. City overview with 0.2-mile proximity buffer ................................................ 8
Figure 4. Survey tally results from the Home Fuel Questionnaire .............................. 15
Figure 5. Heating loads of buildings within central downtown of Cordova...............17
Figure 6. EUI and energy use between surveyed buildings ......................................... 18
Figure 7. Eyak Corporation timber types 0-15% slope ................................................ 19
Figure 8. Accessible Timberland Strata Distribution by Area ..................................... 20
Figure 9. Available acreage of alder overgrowth on former timber cutting roads.... 21
Figure 10. Log decks at the 15-mile sort yard.............................................................. 22
Figure 11. Log decks on Cabin lake road....................................................................... 22
List of Tables
Table 1. Cordova City Property Parcel Count.................................................................. 5
Table 2. City of Cordova Population Statistics................................................................
6
Table 3. Caloric Values of Waste....................................................................................
12
Table 4. Annual Wood Fuel Use Summary....................................................................
16
Table S. Energy Efficiency of Buildings based on EUI..................................................
17
Table 6. Log Deck Lab Test results.................................................................................
22
Table 7. Cordova Burn Pile Survey Assessment data ..................................................
23
Table 8. Thermal Resource Summary...........................................................................
24
Table 9. Equalized Fuel Costs to$/MMBTU..................................................................
27
List of Equations
Equation 1. Energy Utilization Index for a particular building ..................................... 9
Equation 2. Modified Energy Utilization Index for thermal use in buildings ............... 9
Equation 3. Calculated heating value of cordwood on the Copper R. Delta ............... 26
Appendices
Appendix A Forestry Products for Small -Scale Commercial Harvest ........................ 30
Appendix B Wood Pellet and Biomass Product Resources ......................................... 36
Appendix C Cordova Burn Pile Assessment Report (by Simeon Haynes) .................. 41
2
Cordova Biomass Feasibility Study
Executive Summary
For the past several years, community interest in has been expressed in converting
woody organic material (biomass) waste streams into usable forms of energy in
Cordova, Alaska. Studies to date have demonstrated these resources are inadequate
to recover the capital required to extract and utilize burnable waste for district
heating purposes or creating useable products. The Native Village of Eyak, in
partnership with the Alaska Energy Authority and the Alaska Department of Natural
Resources Division of Forestry, recently assessed timber stands on the Copper River
Delta. Forest productivity on Eyak Corporation (EC) lands near the airport
measured an annual net growth of 4,593 cords per year. This amount of biomass is
the equivalent of nearly 500,000 gallons of diesel. An additional 1,632 cords are
estimated to be available from Alder overgrowth on old logging roads (cut in the
early 1990's) on EC land. These resources approximate an additional 179,000
gallons of diesel equivalent. At a delivered cost of $225/cord (for trees in areas with
<15% slope), net growth harvest could offset diesel usage at a rate of $2.07 per
gallon equivalent, presenting an attractive argument for a local sustainable harvest
program in Cordova, into which the community's biomass waste stream could be
incorporated.
I. Introduction and Objectives
The objective of this report is to provide reliable resource and fuel data in order to
determine the feasibility of developing biomass -heating projects in the City of
Cordova, Alaska. Approximately 670,000 gallons of diesel are used annually for
heating fuel in the Cordova area (Biomass Heating Project, 2009). At present costs,
fuel sales amount to roughly $3 million per year. In coastal Alaska, the high cost of
fuel remains a continual burden on families and often impedes economic
development. Although outright energy demand in Alaska is low compared to the
national average, Alaskan per capita energy consumption ranks highest in the
country - "more than three times the U.S. average" (EIA, 2012). In Cordova, finding
stable and low cost sources of energy is of great interest as it could have a
prodigious effect on improving the local economy and boosting community
resilience. The scope of this analysis is to provide accurate fuel use and resource
data so that projects have enough information to proceed to investment grade
studies, system design and subsequent implementation.
Studies performed in the past evaluating existing biomass waste streams have found
the resource is too small to be commercially viable on its own. To develop these
resources in a cost effective manner, additional harvest of standing biomass
(timber) would also need to be evaluated (Deerfield, et. al., 2009). For this reason, a
forest inventory assessment has been generated along with this report. Doug
Hanson of the Alaska Department of Natural Resources Division of Forestry (DOF)
provided the assessment of standing green tree biomass resources. The
methodology used to quantify available forest resources are detailed in the
3
Cordova Biomass Feasibility Study
"Cordova Forest Inventory Final Report"; they are summarized briefly in Section
II.E and findings are addressed in Section IV.C.1-2 results.
In order for a biomass heating system to be evaluated, an increase in the amount of
locally harvested timber will be needed. Major land owners and managers of timber
resources in the area are the Eyak Corporation (EC), the United States Forest Service
(USFS) and the State of Alaska. For the purposes of this study, only the holdings on
EC land are considered to be available for harvest in the near -term, as USFS lands
are managed for wildlife habitat (as opposed to timber extraction) and appropriate
state land has been set aside for community firewood gathering. For this reason, all
discussion regarding timber harvest, including equipment required for extraction
will focus on appropriate technology for EC land (Appendix A).
II. Methods
Information obtained for this report includes both quantitative and qualitative data
from various sources. Fuel use and building information was gathered from
individual interviews and building visits performed in Cordova from January 2012
until February 2013. The information was integrated into a Geographic Information
System (GIS) database for characterization and summary of geospatial data.
Satellite imagery (resolution: 0.6 m) was collected by the USFS during summer 2010
and made available to the Native Village of Eyak (NVE), and provides detail
necessary to view individual buildings and tree stands. Buildings constructed since
2010, are not displayed in this imagery and may not be expressed by building
polygons in the GIS dataset. Relevant cases where building information is known
but not illustrated in the dataset are rare and addressed individually.
A. Project Area (Scope)
For the purposes of this study, the project area is defined as the immediate
downtown and central district area of the City of Cordova (Figure 1). Fuel use and
building data are only discussed within the immediate downtown area (from the
harbor to just east of the Cordova Community Medical Center as this area contains
the highest concentration of thermal loads. The downtown area is therefore most
likely to be suitable for biomass district heat, should it be developed in the future.
4
Cordova Biomass Feasibility Study
■ ■ 'doms.r
Figure 1. The City of Cordova and harbor (defined project area).
B. Community Information
Information on city -owned buildings was obtained through public records.
Privately owned and single-family home information were voluntarily submitted
and approved for use in this study. Community breakdown by parcel count is
provided below (Table 1).
Table 1. Cordova City Property Parcel Count
Real Property Type
2010
2011 2012
Residential
540
579
Vacant
841
715
Farm
0
0
Commercial
181
258
Industrial
0
0
Apartment
21
22
Condos
0
0
Mobile Home Parks
11
11
Mobile Homes
148
152
Other
2
36
Total Real Property Count 1,744 1,773 N/A
W
Cordova Biomass Feasibility Study
Table 2. City of Cordova Population Statistics
Year
Population *Census data
1910
1152
1920
955
1930
980
1940
938
1950
1165
1960
1128
1970
1164
1980
1879
1990
2110
2000
2454
2001
2512
2002
2434
2003
2372
2004
2298
2005
2288
2006
2211
Community information was obtained
through a variety of public
information sources, personal
correspondence and interviews, and
recent census data (Table 2).
C. Fuel Use and Proximity Data
Fuel records were obtained from
several sources. To calculate thermal
loads and heating loads, volumetric
delivery and use records are more
relevant than annual fuel budget
records and were therefore, more
desirable to the study. In cases where
volumetric data was not available,
budget records were used to
approximate annual fuel usage.
Local fuel supply business, Shoreside
2007
2194
Petroleum, maintains a three-year
2008
2161
record of fuel and delivery sales on a
2009
2126
per customer basis; however, this
2010
2239
information is proprietary and
2011
2289
therefore only available at the request
2012
Unknown
of individual users. In most cases,
records had to be first requested by a
customer who then provided the information
directly to the Native Village of Eyak
for use in this study (Figure 2).
Cordova Biomass Feasibility Study
K .
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�r
Op
_
•#
I •
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Y
Yf
F
i
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t e
t
r
t
a
M
-■-�
ri
n��1�
*
{
I.rid7M.M_
r
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A
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rrr tir
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Figure 2. Fuel user data, provided by Shoreside Petroleum.
Cord, chip and pellet wood equivalents were calculated using linear equations
provided by CTA engineers (Salmon, N., and Ratz, N., 2012). BTU conversions were
performed taking into account relative differences in moisture content (MC).
Approximate cordwood, wood chip, and pellet MC are 20%, 30%, and 7%
respectively, and these values were used in our analysis.
Fuel use records were analyzed using ArcMap 10, GIS to determine the magnitude
and concentration of thermal loads in town. Heat load values were set as attributes
of the building polygon layer and relative magnitude was expressed in gallons per
year (Gal/yr). Radii of 0.1mi and 0.2mi were drawn to clearly illustrate thermal
load proximity using the newly constructed Cordova Center as the center (Figure 3).
7
Cordova Biomass Feasibility Study
N
ton -J] o tco+.ta.:
Figure 3. City overview with 0.2-mile proximity buffer.
It is important to note that the fuel oil deliveries provided in this study reflect the
quantities of oil delivered to consumer fuel tanks. Though adequate for reporting
overall yearly consumption, this method does not reflect fully accurate daily or
monthly fuel usage. In order to quantify daily or monthly totals, tank volumes
would have to be recorded by volumetric gauge line. Annual fuel sales and delivery
records are sufficient for use in this study and provide accurate records of overall
heat loads.
D. Community Energy Audit
Community information was obtained utilizing a variety of methods in order to
provide a profile of heating fuel use among both commercial and residential
buildings in Cordova. The information consists of visual and count estimates of
energy waste streams, community questionnaire survey(s), and data gathered on
individual buildings. For buildings with detailed energy audits performed within
the last five years, information was incorporated into this study.
In the summer of 2011, NVE Department of Environment and Natural Resources
intern Simeon Haynes conducted an in-depth assessment of the community burn
pile (Appendix C). In addition to monitoring the burn pile, Haynes conducted a mail
survey of home fuel and energy use among residents of Cordova to solicit
rk
Cordova Biomass Feasibility Study
information regarding seasonal heating use, home condition, wood stove use and
square footage.
Information was then used to approximate relative building efficiencies by
determining energy use per unit area. Annual fuel use along with building square
footage was collected and used to calculate a Thermal Energy Utilization Index
(EUITherm). The value of the EUI is that it can be used to compare energy
consumption to similar building types or to track consumption from year to year in
the same building. Normally expressed in kBTU/ftz (Equation 1), EUITherm units
have been simplified for the purposes of this study and are reported in Gallons per
Square Foot per Year (gal/sf*yr-1) (Equation 2).
EUI is typically a good indicator of the relative potential for energy savings.
Comparatively high EUI indicates reduced efficiency, as the building requires more
energy per unit area compared to other buildings of the same use -type. For each
building and facility used in the study, building architectural, mechanical and
electrical drawings were utilized to calculate and verify the gross area of each
facility. The gross area was confirmed by building owners/managers.
Equation 1. Energy Utilization Index for a particular building.
Building Site EUI =
kBT UElectric + kBT UFuel Oil
Building Area
Equation 2. Modified Energy Utilization Index for thermal use in buildings.
EUIThermal =
Gallons Fuel Oil
Building Area
It should be noted that information gathered pertained primarily to heating fuel
usage and space heating requirements of buildings. Research efforts focused on
accurate volumetric fuel consumption and primary method of heating. Additional
energy used in the form of electric loads and building use (i.e. foot traffic, set
temperature, etc.) data were not studied in depth.
E. Cordova Forest Inventory
The Forest Inventory was conducted to provide reliable growth data of timber
stands on the Copper River Delta. A Cooperative Agreement was negotiated
between the NVE and the State DOF to conduct a forest inventory assessment of
standing timber resources near Cordova. Field visits were conducted in the first
week of October 2012. State Foresters Doug Hanson and Mark Eliot, along with
Casey Pape, Energy Coordinator for the Native Village of Eyak, measured timber
stand plots on EC, State of Alaska, and US Forest Service land on the Copper River
Delta.
G
Cordova Biomass Feasibility Study
For this assessment, a variable plot radius sampling method was used to collect data
on poletimber and sawtimber size trees. Using a basal area factor of 40 square feet,
ten plots were spaced uniformly on a traverse located systematically through the
stand area. Plot traverses were chosen in such a manner to attempt to capture
variation within each stand. On five of the ten plots, information on species, tree
vigor, crown ratio, defect type and defect percentage, were recorded and tree
diameter, total tree height, bark thickness, and ten-year growth were measured
(measure plots). Tree diameter was measured at 4.5 feet above ground, commonly
referred to as diameter at breast height (DBH). Dominant and Co -dominant trees
were cored at DBH in order to determine the average age and growth rate of the
stand (referred to as `site index'). At the remaining five plots, relascope
measurements were made, enumerating the number of trees by species and size
class (count plots). Count plots are used to reduce sample error by increasing the
overall plot numbers and economize time spent in the field. Trees with a DBH's of 5
inches or greater were sampled using this method.
Additionally, a fixed plot sampling method was used to count trees with less than
five inches DBH. These measurements took place at every other measure plot.
Seedling and sapling trees, noting species and quality, were measured along with
tree diameter and total tree height. Fixed plot radius was set at 7.45 feet, for a
1/250th acre plot.
Forest timber volume estimates were then generated using the timber inventory
software TCruise. For further detail on the methods used to perform the forest
inventory, see "Cordova Forest Inventory Report".
Fuel equivalence values were then calculated using published heating values of
individual tree species expressed in millions of British thermal units (BTU) per cord
(MMBTU/cord). Sitka spruce releases 16 MMBTU/cord, Hemlock 15.9
MMBTU/cord and Black Cottonwood 13.5 MMBTU/cord (Jenkins, B., 1993, Jenkins,
et. al., 1998, Tillman, 1978). The relative proportions of each species stratum were
used to assign a general heating value of all wood resources on the delta. The
heating value of diesel fuel is estimated at 138,000 BTU/gal (Engineering Toolbox,
2013).
F. Other Thermal Sources
Though the main objectives of this study were to examine energy use of buildings
and the quantity/quality of forest resources, community interest remains high for
developing biomass waste resources in town. If these resources are to be pursued
for development, volume and quality estimates will need to be made. Using data
from the current study and past assessments of biomass waste streams, these
volumes are addressed.
10
Cordova Biomass Feasibility Study
1. Alder Resources on Eyak Corporation Lands
Numerous access roads exist on EC land from logging operations conducted in 1995.
Located north of the Cordova airport, these roads are presently overgrown with
dense coverage of alder sapling and shrub material. Though sufficient funds were
not available to measure this resource, an estimate of biomass potential has been
generated for this report using GIS and data from similar studies.
Former logging roads were mapped from base imagery color photos and plotted in
the GIS dataset. Area volumes were calculated by applying a geoanalytical buffer to
the logging road map layer. The buffer offset was set at 50ft and run for all
connecting road segments, summarizing the available area in acres. Density and
volume estimates were then given to the available acreage layer.
A recent study of biomass resources in Tok performed by the DOF, measured Alder
stands of similar size and quality to those present on Eyak Corporation land and
determined an average tree weight of 3 pounds with a stocking rate of roughly
5,000 stems per acre, which was used to approximate alder available gross green
weight tonnage. Fuel equivalence values were calculated using an alder heating
value of 8.56 MBTU/ton at 50% MC (Hanson and Mullen, 2010). Therefore, 1 green
ton of alder resource was considered to be the equivalent to 62 gallons of #2 diesel
oil.
2. Cardboard from City Bailer
Cardboard is a common material used for packaging in Cordova. To date, most of
this material is discarded as waste at the city landfill as the City bailer does not sort
trash. Observations made by staff at the City bailer estimate the cardboard resource
at roughly 50-80 bales in a given year at 400 pounds per bale (Deerfield, et. al.,
2009). The heat content of cardboard was assigned between 7,428 -7,939 BTU/lb
(Dry) (Jenkins, 1993).
3. Community Burn Pile
NVE performed a detailed observational survey of the Community burn pile in
summers of 2008 and 2011. Materials were observed over twenty days during mid-
day, when use of the burn pile was expected to be greatest. 61.7% of waste
material at the community burn pile is allowable burnable waste. Daily volumes of
burned material are estimated at 5001b per day, therefore the allowable burnable
material was approximated at 308lbs per day (Haynes, 2011). Heating value was
assigned by multiplying burn pile proportions by their respective heat values (Table
3).
11
Cordova Biomass Feasibility Study
Table 3. Caloric Values of Waste (Engineering ToolBox, 2011)
Type of Material
Calorific Values
(BTUs/lb)
Dry wood
7,000
Newspaper
71540
Cardboard
7,700
Kraft
6,897
Beverage & Meal Boxes
6,855
Tissue
6,518
Colored Office Paper
6,348
White Office Paper
6,234
Envelopes
6,160
Treated Paper (NCR)
5,983
Glossy Paper
6,370
Mixed Paper
6,477
Solid Municipal Waste (dry)
5,050
Wet wood
4,000
III. Results
A. Existing Building Systems
AC Value Center Approx. 28,000 square feet. Heating provided by (2) independent
oil -fired boiler units. Both are Johnson&Church Flexaire Furnaces in fair condition
(1) 250,000 BTU/hr (Model# SDF-45-017H) and (2) 188,000 BTU/hr (Model# SDF-
15-017M). Hot water provided by Bock C-glass 173,000 BTU/hr (1.25gal/hr) hot
water tank with 62-gallon capacity. Annual fuel consumption: 6,450 gallons, with
EUITherm of 0.23.
Alaska Housing Finance Corporation owns and operates several multi -housing
projects in Cordova, AK.
Eyak Manor: Four-plex, (4) separate units (16 separate living units total). Each
building is approx. 4400 square feet and has an annual consumption of 1500 gal/yr.
EUITherm of 0.34.
Sunset Apartments: is a 22-unit apartment building. The building is 20,450 square
feet, with an annual consumption of 5,200 gallons. EUITnerm of 0.25.
Cordova Community Medical Center constructed in 1986. The building area is
approx. 50,000 square feet (26,545 sq. ft 1st floor, 23,803 sq. ft 2nd). Annual fuel
consumption: 28,800 gallons. EUITnerm of 0.573.
12
Cordova Biomass Feasibility Study
Cordova Telephone Cooperative office building (4,000 square feet) and separated
warehouse (2,500 square feet). Average fuel consumption of 6,963 gallons.
EUITherm of 1.07.
Cordova Electric Cooperative constructed in 1955. The building area is approx.
20,000 square feet, which includes the recently moved Ilanka Community Health
Center (formerly located in the Cordova Community Medical Center Building).
Annual fuel consumption of 8,717 gallons with a EUITherm of 0.441.
Cordova School District is responsible for multiple buildings: [2] schools (the
Cordova Jr./Sr. High School, and Mt. Eccles Elementary), and School Administration
building, and separate and adjacent maintenance building(s). Last year, the district
administrative offices were relocated to the newly constructed Mt. Eccles School.
Mt. Eccles Elementary School is a new building, constructed in 2011. The 51,860
square foot building has an annual fuel consumption of 17,220 gallons, EUITherm of
0.332.
Cordova Jr./Sr. High School is a 52,956 square foot building, originally constructed
in 1966. EUITherm of 0.442. Boiler #1 is too large, and has not been fired in over 5
years; however, the heating loop was not closed through this boiler until recently,
reducing system wide efficiency by an unknown value.
Boiler 1
Fuel Type: #2 Oil
Input Rating: 3,588,000 BTU/hr
Rated Efficiency: 80%
Idle Loss: 1.5%
Heat Distribution Type: Glycol
Boiler Operation: Not in the last [5] years
Boiler 2
Fuel Type:
#2 Oil
Input Rating:
1,959,600 BTU/hr
Rated Efficiency:
80%
Idle Loss:
1.5%
Heat Distribution Type:
Glycol
Boiler Operation:
Sep -Jun
Boiler 3
Fuel Type:
#2 Oil
Input Rating:
351,900 BTU/hr
Rated Efficiency:
84%
Idle Loss:
1.5%
Heat Distribution Type:
Glycol
Boiler Operation:
All Year
13
Cordova Biomass Feasibility Study
Boiler 4
Fuel Type:
Waste Oil
Input Rating:
300,000 BTU/hr
Rated Efficiency:
80%
Idle Loss:
1.5%
Heat Distribution Type:
Glycol
Boiler Operation:
When available
US Post Office was constructed in 1987. It is an 11,879 square foot building heated
by a single oil -fired Weil McLain (Model# 480) boiler (491,000 BTU/hr, 3.55 gal/hr
respectively), in good condition, with forced -air heating system. Annual fuel
consumption: 3,676.4 gallons, with EUITnerm of 0.31.
Native Village of Eyak was originally built in 1980, with renovations and an
additional level being added in 2007. The building area is 9,740 square feet with a
EUITnerm of 0.405. Annual fuel oil consumption of 3,946 gallons.
Domestic hot water is currently being stored at 125°F.
USFS Cordova Ranger District Headquarters is a three-story 8,925 sq. foot building
originally constructed in the 1920's. The building was upgraded in the 1990's.
Reported upgrades include roof upgrades, new windows, and increased insulation
in walls and attic spaces.
Hot water radiators along the building perimeter heat the building. Building heat
and domestic hot water is supplied by a single oil -fired Well McLain (Model# 678)
boiler with a rated output of 559,000 BTU/hr. The water temperature is maintained
around 165°F, and there is an opportunity to reduce energy consumption through
hot water reset or boiler cycling controls (USFS Audit, 2010). The radiators are
controlled by wall -mounted pneumatic controls. During the summer, thermostats
are turned down to 50°F.
Annual heating fuel consumption for the main office is 4,417 gallons. EUITherm is
0.495.
14
Cordova Biomass Feasibility Study
B. Home Fuel Questionnaire
During the summer of 2011, a total of 1,500 surveys were mailed to residents, of
those, NVE received 39 responses to the Home Fuel Questionnaire, for a yield of
2.6%. Given that there are only 579 residences (Table 1) in Cordova and none of the
responses were redundant (multiple members of a household reporting information
on the same building), survey responses yield a 6.7% sample, which is assumed to
be a representative sample of year-round residents in Cordova.
Summer Fuel Consumption
— Propane (lbs/month) — Heating Oil (Gallons/month) Wood (cords/month)
20
0 -A ` No. W6 ■ —
25-10 11-20 21-30 31-40 41-50 51-100 101-200
Amount Used per Month
Winter Heating Fuel Consumption
- Propane (lbs/month) — Heating Oil (Gallons/month) Wood (cords/month)
40
35
.� 30
25
W
h
c 20
w 15
0
10
5
0 0 0
25-10 11-20 21-30 31-40 41-50 51-100 101-200
Amount Used per Month
Figure 4. Survey tally results from the Home Fuel Questionnaire.
15
Cordova Biomass Feasibility Study
C. Thermal Loads (Commercial Buildings)
Annual building fuel consumption data was gathered from a variety of buildings
determined to be representative of the major thermal loads in town (Table 4). Fuel
matrix conversions were then applied to estimate biomass -heating loads for
various fuel types.
Table 4. Annual Wood Fuel Use Summar
Building
Cord Wood
Wood Pellets
Wood Chips
Fuel Oil (gal)
(cords)
(tons)
(tons)
AC Value Center
6,450
56.4
51.4
70.9
AHFC Eyak Manor
6,000
52.4
47.8
66.0
AHFC Sunset Apts.
5,200
45.4
41.4
57.2
CCMC
28,800
251.7
229.5
316.6
CTC
6,963
60.8
55.5
76.6
CEC
8,717
76.2
69.5
95.8
CSD Mt. Eccles Elem.
17,220
150.5
137.2
189.3
CSD Jr./High School
23,400
204.5
186.4
257.3
US Post Office
3,676
32.1
29.3
40.4
Native Village of Eyak
3,946
34.5
31.4
43.4
USFS
4,417
38.6
35.2
48.6
City - City Center*
12,500
109.2
99.6
137.4
Bidarki*
3,300
28.8
26.3
36.3
Pool*
20,000
174.8
159.4
219.9
Harbor Master*
2,200
19.2
17.5
24.2
City Hall & Fire EMS*
14,000
122.3
111.5
153.9
Total
166,789
1,457
1,329
1,834
Assumed: Wood fuel use assumes offsetting 85% of the current energy use.
*Estimated from budget actuals. Unit price assumed at $4.31/gallon.
The information was then plotted on base imagery maps to illustrate scale and
relative proximity to one another (Figure 5). Radii were then drawn at 0.1 miles
and 0.2 miles in order to illustrate proximity to the Cordova Center, set as the circle
center, a possible location of a future biomass heating facility. Major loads are
represented by the magnitude of the 'Thermal Load' radius.
16
Cordova Biomass Feasibility Study
.pN.
yl`'1 1 ..,I.a
•mx a iooM., = •
E N � it
Figure 5. Heating loads of buildings within central downtown of Cordova.
EUI were assigned by comparing annual fuel consumption to building gross area
(Table 5). When compared across different building types, relative efficiencies
based on loads can be compared to identify possible energy savings (Figure 6).
Table S. Energy Efficiency of Buildings based on EUI
Building
Cord Wood
Area (SF)
EUI (gal/sf*yr)
Fuel Oil (gal)
(cords)
AC Value Center
6,450
56.4
28,000
0.23
AHFC Eyak Manor
6,000
52.4
17,600
0.34
AHFC Sunset Apts.
5,200
45.4
20,450
0.25
CCMC
28,800
251.7
50,000
0.573
CTC
6,963
60.8
6,500
1.07
CEC
8,717
76.2
20,000
0.441
CSD Mt. Eccles Elem.
17,220
150.5
51,860
0.294
CSD Jr./High School
23,400
204.5
52,956
0.442
US Post Office
3,676
32.1
11,879
0.31
Native Village of Eyak
3,946
34.5
9,740
0.405
USFS
4,417
38.6
8,925
0.495
City - City Center
12,500*
109.2
36,000
0.35
Total
127,289
1,112
313,910
N/A
*Estimated Fuel Usage (Source: Alaska Energy Engineering, LLC.)
17
Cordova Biomass Feasibility Study
r
o.
ft
Cordova Biomass Feasibility Study
D. Thermal (Potential) Sources
1. Forest Inventory
The forest inventory focused primarily on EC Land located north of the Cordova
airport. The project area at this site is approximately 21,726 acres. This area was
assessed primarily because it is thought to be the most likely suited for commercial
harvest. The total area of harvestable timber was determined at 3,539 acres.
Translated into volume, the acreage amounts to a total volume inventory of roughly
162,335 cords or 294,254 tons respectively (Figure 7).
Sustainable volume availability was determined by multiplying the forest inventory
net growth rate percentages with the accessible area volume. When the amount of
cutting is performed at or below the forest growth rate, the harvest is considered
sustainable. Annual growth on EC land near the airport was determined to be
roughly 4,963 cords within areas of <15% slope. This amount translates to nearly
8,150 tons of annual potential biomass harvest at or below the forest
stocking/replenish rate.
Digital elevation models were also incorporated into the GIS dataset to determine
ease of access to timber stands on the Copper River Delta and used to rate delivered
cost of wood. For stands situated in an area with <15% slope, tree volumes could be
delivered at about $225.00 per cord or $147.00 per ton (Hanson, 2012).
Eyak Corporation Timber Types 0.15% Slope
}` t
0 05 1
150,000
A— Ca.d. Ta �
' ss). Ia7.73S 294.154
Cn.e. Tons �
Black conon.-aoo
t
s,w soma
— spCiCa • cdonv000
_ __.. 'n.aam Hamlocic
Figure 7. Eyak Corporation timber types 0-15% slope.
m
Cordova Biomass Feasibility Study
Accessible timber proportions were calculated for each of the different timberland
strata as described in the Cordova Forest Inventory Report. The area distribution
was used to determine forest strata percentages and assign a general heating value
for forest resources on the Copper River Delta (Figure 8). Timberland strata were
assumed to be consistent with timber stands existing within the EC project area. Of
the 4,593 cords annually available in accessible areas, 26% are of Sitka Spruce
(1,195 cords), 35% are Western Hemlock (1,608 cords), and 37% are Black
Cottonwood (1,790 cords). The remaining 2% Spruce -Cottonwood volume was
added to the stratum with lowest heating value (i.e. Cottonwood at 13.5
MBTU/cord) to provide a more conservative estimate.
AccessibleTimberland Strata
Sitka Spruce
26%
37%
—Western Hemlock
2%
Sitka Spruce - Black
35% Cottonwood
Black Cottonwood
Figure 8. Accessible Timberland Strata Distribution by Area
Fuel equivalence values were calculated by multiplying the available annual
volumes) by specific heating value for each tree species then converting total BTU's
into gallons of diesel. An assumed heating value of 138,000 BTU/gal was used for
the diesel conversion calculation. Total forest resources available for sustainable
harvest on EC land was determined at 68,852.2 MMBTU/yr or 498,928 gallons fuel
oil diesel equivalent.
2. Alder Resources
Applying a 50-foot buffer to the original roads layer, logging roads provide an
additional harvest area of 386 acres (Figure 9). Based on available data for similar
alder stands, a weight of 15,000 pounds per acre or 7.5 tons per acre of material are
estimated to be present. Alder stocking rates appeared to be consistent on
overgrown roads and uniform across all roads. Multiplied by overall acreage, the
value equates to a rough estimate of 2,895 green tons in total alder material on EC
timber roads. Assuming a MC of 50%, these resources have a heating value of
24,769 MBTU's or approximately 179,490 gallons of #2 diesel equivalent.
T1]
Cordova Biomass Feasibility Study
r
x;
10
Figure 9. Available acreage of alder overgrowth on former timber cutting roads.
3. Eyak Log Decks
There are [two] sort yards located on EC land, designated after logging efforts took
place in 1995. In 2009, the sort yard at Mile 15 contained roughly 1,863 cords
(Figure 10), the sort yard at Cabin Lake Road contained approx. 1,358 cords (Figure
11), and the log pile near the airport contains 200 cords (Biomass Heating Project,
2009). The decks consist of Western Hemlock saw and pole timber and are mostly
untouched since the logging efforts ceased in the area. Though some of the sort yard
logs have been processed into firewood since 2009, the vast majority remains in
place, unprocessed. Considerable decomposition has been noted on most logs.
Samples were cut from protected logs inside an old log deck on Eyak Corporation
Land near the airport, in July 2009, and sent for analysis to a certified lab (Deerfield,
et. al., 2009). Table 6 shows the logs containing moisture content of 57%. When
dried, the material demonstrates a heating value of 8,571 BTU/lb (Table 6).
21
Cordova Biomass Feasibility Study
Due to the high moisture
content of these logs,
almost all of the present
material would be expected
to be consumed by drying
efforts as approximately
1% of raw material will be
consumed in order to dry
the other 99% of the
feedstock by 1% moisture
content assuming no other
heating inputs are used
(Apted, D., 2011).
Figure 10. Log decks at the 15-mile sort yard.
If the feedstock contains a moisture content of 57% and
has a target (dried) MC of 12% (0 = 45%), then roughly
90% of all the material will be consumed in order to
convert the feedstock into a more desirable (burnable)
product.
As a result, the material contained at each of the
specified sort yards on EC Land is regarded to be of
extreme poor quality, with little to no value for heating
use.
Figure 11. Log decks on Cabin lake road.
Table 6. Log Deck Lab Test results
Ash Volatile Matter Heat Value
Species MC (%) Content
(/) (%) (BTU/Ib)
Hemlock 57 0.08 34.68 (wet) 3,620 (wet)
82.09 (dry) 8,571 (dry)
KK
Cordova Biomass Feasibility Study
4. Cordova Community Burn Pile
61.7% of waste material at the community burn pile is allowable burnable waste
(Table 7). Daily estimates of burned material are estimated to be 5001b per day
therefore the allowable burnable waste is 308lbs per day. When burned, this
accounts for 1,846,176 BTU's released to the atmosphere. This amount of material
is equivalent to 13.3 gallons of diesel per day, 4,872 gallons annually (Haynes,
2011).
Table 7. Cordova Burn Pile Survey Assessment data
# of days % of days frequency (# of days observed /
Item observed observed total # of observations)
Burnable Items
Brush/Trees
19
79.17%
20.21%
Cardboard Boxes
9
37.50%
9.57%
Ciggerette Cartons
1
4.17%
1.06%
Lumber
2
8.33%
2.13%
Pallets
8
33.33%
8.51%
Paper
1
4.17%
1.06%
Plywood
2
8.33%
2.13%
Scrap Wood
12
50.00%
12.77%
Wooden fishing spool
1
4.17%
1.06%
Wooden furniture
3
12.50%
3.19%
Unburnable Items
Air Tank
1
4.17%
1.06%
An old fishing net
1
4.17%
1.06%
Beer Cans
1
4.17%
1.06%
Foundation
1
4.17%
1.06%
Garbage
3
12.50%
3.19%
Garbage Bags
6
25.00%
6.38%
Glass Bottles
2
8.33%
2.13%
Nails
1
4.17%
1.06%
Plant Pot
1
4.17%
1.06%
Plastic Bags
8
33.33%
8.51%
Plastic shrink wrap
1
4.17%
1.06%
Plastic Wire Spool
1
4.17%
1.06%
Shovel
1
4.17%
1.06%
Tin Cans
3
12.50%
3.19%
Tin Roofing
2
8.33%
2.13%
Tires
2
8.33%
2.13%
Wire Spool
1
4.17%
1.06%
61.70%
38.30%
23
Cordova Biomass Feasibility Study
5. City Bailer Cardboard Waste
Operators at the City bailer estimate a cardboard waste stream of 50-80 bales per
year (Deerfield, 2009). At 4001b of cardboard per bale (NVE Biomass Heating
Project, 2009), this amounts to 10 tons to 16 tons of annual cardboard waste. With
a heating value of 7,428 -7,939 BTU/lb (Dry) (Jenkins, 1993), this resource is rated
at roughly 1,080 - 1,840 gallons diesel equivalent.
IV. Discussion
Data suggest that biomass availability on EC land can appropriately match loads and
target markets in town. Several large users are located within close proximity and
could be linked in a small heating loop (<0.1mile) (Figure 5). Unfortunately, the
largest loads in town are located outside of this radius circle (i.e. the Cordova High
School and Cordova Community Medical Center, etc.).
Additional heat losses and capital cost required for added piping may be feasible for
heated water systems, but typically steam is used at distances over 0.25 miles due to
higher heating capacity. District heating of this type is probably not available at a
scale appropriate for Cordova.
Based on obtained information of buildings in town, resources on the Copper River
Delta appear to be adequate for supplying fuel wood for space heating (Table 8).
Based on the magnitude of customer thermal needs, and capital cost of processing
equipment and operation and handling requirements needed to develop biomass
products, the study confirms the need to further develop (standing) tree timber
resources if biomass thermal energy is to be utilized. Waste stream resources
simply do not have yearly potential to support development efforts alone. Of the
major landowners in the project area, the Eyak Corporation appears to be the only
owner with the ability to harvest timber in areas with substantial acreage. For this
reason, EC land has been examined most thoroughly for the purposes of this study
and is reasoned that EC would be the only likely developer of biomass in the near
term.
Table 8. Thermal Resource Summa
Thermal Source Heating Value (gallon diesel equivalent)
Net Growth (EC) 498,000
Alder Overgrowth 179,000
Cordova Burn Pile 4,500
City Bailer (Cardboard) 1,080-1,800
/"
Cordova Biomass Feasibility Study
The most common fuel wood product in Cordova is cordwood. Cut and split wood is
prevalent in the community and, though no commercial suppliers currently exist,
commercial -grade equipment already exists in town to process cut logs into
cordwood. Should a land holder such as the Eyak Corporation chose to further
develop and sell timber for fuel wood in town, little would be needed to increase the
amount of firewood production in the community; however, with the amount of
annual rainfall and seasonal weather that cut wood would be exposed to, adequate
storage and drying facilities will need to be secured in addition to increasing cutting
efforts.
Should cordwood be available on a consistent basis, biomass heating could be
implemented for individual and multiple -adjacent building/offices with relatively
little capital cost compared to other biomass fuel types. Garn boilers and individual
building cord wood boilers are relatively inexpensive compared to more complex
mechanically fed systems. Garn is owned by Dectra Corporation, located in St.
Anthony, Minnesota. Garn boilers have already been installed and demonstrated
effective at several sites in Alaska (Alaska Energy Authority, 2012).
If multiple buildings are to be selected for biomass heating, building re-
commissioning and programing of current boiler systems will be of major
importance. To reduce cost, materials such as flexible plastic piping systems,
manufactured by Rehau, which uses PEX carrier pipe could be used as substitutes
for more expensive insulated piping.
Waste materials, those that do not cut easily into firewood, are currently
underutilized and sufficient mechanical equipment is not available locally to extract,
process and burn the material. The simplest form of processing would be that of
mechanical chipping wood and woody debris and storing/drying it in bulk. Of the
potential chipped resource, alder sapling and shrub land areas are considered to be
of highest interest for development. Operations are presently underway by NVE
and USFS to cut alder growth as part of a strategy to supplement winter browse for
Moose. These operations could easily be incorporated into a fuel wood product if, at
the same time, chipping and collection took place by way of an industrial chipper
with attached covered trailer. Such a method of extraction and collection is ideal as
it greatly reduces the amount of dirt and debris material that needs to be sorted
prior to burning.
Of all biomass fuel types, pellets are by far the most efficient and fitting crossover
material compared to fuel oil burners. Pellet stoves are relatively simple to operate,
programmable by thermostat, and can heat large spaces with a single unit. At
present, pellet products are not commercially available in Cordova and shipping
costs has not been demonstrated to be cost competitive with diesel due to barging
costs. A few hobbyists exist in town and bio-briquette products are beginning to
appear in minute amounts, though heating value has not been tested thoroughly yet
(Chris Grimwood, Kiwi Mechanical, pers. comm.) (Appendix B).
W
Cordova Biomass Feasibility Study
At this point in time, community support for a biomass -heating loop is low (likely
due to low public awareness). Efforts to develop and demonstrate viability of a
sustainable harvest protocol will likely need to increase before biomass heating is
adopted for larger projects. More public awareness and support would have to be
obtained before a district -heating loop is pursued.
V. Economic Analysis
Forest resources in easily accessible areas (i.e. <15% slope, over alluvial outwash)
are estimated to be available at $225.00/cord or $147/ton (Hanson, 2012). For this
assessment, chips are also projected to be available at a rate of $147/ton, although
this has not been directly measured. Based on the relative proportions of each of
the stratum available on the Copper River Delta (Figure 8), an equation can be used
to assign a general heating value per cord (Equation 3).
Heat Value !MMBTUI JJ = 0.39x + 0.26y + 0.35z
l\ cord
Where x is the heating value of Black Cottonwood (13.5 MMBTUI
cord J
y is the heating value of Sitka Spruce (16 cord MMBTUI and
J
z is the heating value of Hemlock (15.9 MMBTU
d) cor
Equation 3. Calculated heating value of cordwood on the Copper R. Delta.
From the equation provided above, a generic cord of firewood cut on EC land is
thought to have a heating value of 14.99 MMBTU/cord. At a delivered rate of
$225/cord, forest timber products can be estimated at approximately 66,622
BTU/$. With a heating content for fuel oil of 138,000 BTU/gal, fuel wood resources
are estimated to be deliverable at a rate of $2.07/gallon diesel equivalent. It should
be mentioned that this estimate does not take into account the relative efficiencies
of the different technologies and is therefore somewhat misleading. To more
accurately compare fuel -type efficiency and price point, equalized costs should be
examined.
For engineering purposes, equalized cost estimates are perhaps the more useful
form of measure for determining fuel option viability as cost estimate take into
account process efficiencies (Salmon, N. and Ratz, N., 2012). Table 9 illustrates the
equalized costs of fuel wood types compared to diesel, with projected unit prices
factored in.
I•.
Cordova Biomass Feasibility Study
Table 9. Equalized Fuel Costs to $/MMBTU
Gross System
Net System
Delivered
Gross
Fuel Type
Units
BTU/unit Efficiency
BTU/unit
$/unit
$/MMBTU
$/MMBTU
Fuel Oil
gal
138,000 0.8
110,400
$4.00
$36.23
$28.99
$4.25
$38.50
$30.80
$4.50
$40.76
$32.61
Cord Wood
cords
14,990,000 0.65
9,743,500
$200
$20.53
$13.34
*
$225
$23.09
$15.01
$250
$25.66
$16.68
Pellets
tons
16,400,000 0.7
11,480,000
No Local Supplier
**
$279
$24.30
$17.01
Chips
tons
11,925,000 0.65
7,750,800
$100
$12.90
$8.39
*
$147
$18.97
$12.33
$200
$25.80
$16.77
* Estimated delivered cost for Cordova, Alaska (Hanson, 2012)
** Price of pellets from known suppliers in Anchorage, Alaska (Source: Home Depot)
Using the information provided in Table 9, biomass resources are considered a
favorable heat fuel resource compared to diesel at present rates ($4.69/gal #1,
$4.67/gal #2, assumed at $4.31 for bulk fuel deliveries). Due to the comparatively
low price of biomass products from local resource, it is determined that sufficient
margins exist for developers to realize profit and demonstrate business viability.
Considering a biomass thermal heating project could have a capital investment on
the order of $1.5 - 4 million for a small district -heating loop, project buy back
analysis is necessary to determine feasibility. In order to demonstrate the long-term
viability and pay back of the project, a Cash Flow Analysis (CFA) will need to be
generated. Due to the lack of information on project construction costs, a cash flow
analysis was not produced for this report; however, sufficient information exists to
perform this estimate if building costs are known.
VI. Recommended Actions
The data presented indicate that there is sufficient source and market for biomass
heating development. At present, EC is the only reasonable supplier of feedstock
fuel and milled wood in the area. If a sustainable harvest program is to be
developed in the Cordova area, it is likely that the Eyak Corporation will be
responsible for supplying fuel wood until other lands can be opened up/ leased/
secured from the State and US Forest Service, which is not currently part of their
Forest Management Plan. Harvesting at or below the net annual growth rate
documented in this report, Eyak Corporation has the opportunity to improve the
health and quality of its forests through selective harvests while generating sales
from use of its biomass waste and timber. Wood processors can easily absorb waste
27
Cordova Biomass Feasibility Study
stream materials once forest resources are utilized to increase overall market
volume and market share supply.
"A healthy forest often requires some active management. An enlightened manager
may wish to remove small numbers of logs from the forest without damaging what
is left behind." (Schroeder, 2012). Thinning practices are thusly encouraged for tree
stands on Eyak Corporation Lands (Hanson, 2012). Large-scale and clear-cut
harvest is discouraged as large equipment operators are "inclined to remove the
largest and best trees, which is frequently inadvisable for the continued propriety of
the forest." There are many advantages in using smaller and less expensive log -
moving equipment, but much of the equipment needed for these efforts are just now
becoming available in this country (Schroeder, 2012).
A list of available small-scale harvesting products is provided in Appendix A.
If further development is to be pursued towards implementation, funding sources
will need to be identified and secured first. Most granting agencies will likely
require a full feasibility assessment, which funds were not available to perform at
the time of this project. A full assessment would be able to provide detail on air
quality concerns, sustainable harvest protocols, business models and supply rate
agreements, pipe routing schematics and construction conflicts, and system design
of boiler units as well as current system integration. A full assessment will also help
obtain more accurate cost estimates. As various projects may be viable at this time,
more research is encouraged to identify and demonstrate the best project to
proceed with for development.
VII. Cited Literature
Apted, Daniel. 2011. How to Make Wood or Biomass Pellets. Apted Technologies Inc.,
Anchorage, AK. 1515 E Tudor Road, Suite 7.907-277-6969 ext. 2,
<http://www.alaskapelletmill.com/>
Cain, Bruce. 2009. The Native Village of Eyak Biomass Heating Project. Dept. of Energy,
Golden Field Office. Renewable Energy and Efficiency Deployment in Indian Country.
DE-PS36-09G099014. Cordova, Alaska
Deerfield, T., Deerfield, L., Miles, T., Sharpe, D., 2009. The Native Village of Eyak Feasibility
Assessment for Biomass Heating: Cordova Biomass Energy. Prepared by Dalson
Energy, Anchorage, Alaska. September 2009.
EIA Analysis, 2013. Alaska State Profile and Energy Estimates. U.S. States Energy
Information Administration. (Accessed: February 27, 2013)
<http://www.eia.gov/beta/state/analysis.cfm?sid=AK>
Engineering Toolbox, 2013. Fuel Oil and Combustion Values.
<http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/fuel-oil-combustion-values-d_509.html>
W.
Cordova Biomass Feasibility Study
Jenkins, B., 1993. Properties of Biomass, Appendix to Biomass Energy Fundamentals, EPRI
Report TR-102107
Jenkins, B., Baxter, L., Miles, T. Jr., and Miles, T.,1998. Combustion Properties of Biomass,
Fuel Processing Technology 54, pg. 17-46
Tillman, David.,1978. Wood as an Energy Resource, Academic Press, New York
Bushnell, D., 1989. Biomass Fuel Characterization: Testing and Evaluating the Combustion
Characteristics of Selected Biomass Fuels, BPA report.
Hanson, D., 2010. Forest resources on State forest lands in the Copper River Basin: A preliminary
estimate. Fairbanks, AK: State of Alaska, Department of Natural Resources, Division of
Forestry. 39 p. ftp://ftp.aidea.org/BiomassEnergy/Glennallenlnventory(2).pdf. (15 May
2012)
Hanson and Mullen, 2010. Supply Issues for Copper River Basin Applications. Ahtna, Inc.
<http://www.ahtna-inc.com/pdf/005%20Supply%20Issues%20-
%20Hansen%20and%2OMullen%20of%2ODNR.pdf>
Hanson, D., 2011. Availability of Biomass Fuels on Ahtna Lands Gakona, Gulkana and
Tazlina Villages. Fairbanks, AK: State of Alaska, Department of Natural Resources,
Division of Forestry. 23 p. (Sourced AEA, April 2012)
Hanson, D., 2012. Assessment of Woody Biomass Energy Resources in the Cordova Area.
Fairbanks, AK: State of Alaska, Department of Natural Resources, Division of Forestry.
Cordova, AK, December 21, 2012.
Salmon, Nick, and Ratz, Nathan., 2012. Pre -Feasibility Assessment for Integration of Wood -
Fired Heating Systems Final Report. Alaska Energy Authority: Nenana City School
District. CTA Architects Engineers, Project: FED C_FAIRBANKS_NENANA, Missoula, MT.
Schroeder, T., 2012. Forest Info: Logging Equipment Appropriate to Backyard Logging.
Forest information for the San Juan Islands. Accessed: 11/14/2012.
<http://www.rockisland.com/—tom/tools.html>
i�7
Cordova Biomass Feasibility Study
Appendix A
Forestry Products for Small -Scale Commercial Harvest
cut
Cordova Biomass Feasibility Study
Forestry Products:
1. Nova Jack- http//www.novajack.com/en/0101_01.htm#
(Photo Source: www.novajack.com)
31
Cordova Biomass Feasibility Study
2. Forestry Future Products - http://www.futureforestry.com/log_arches.php
32
Cordova Biomass Feasibility Study
(Photo Source: www.lumbermenonline.com)
3. Comprehensive review of large-scale timber harvesting (Virginia Tech) -
http://web 1.cnre.vt.edu/harvestingsystems/
4. Small-scale harvesting - http://www.rockisland.com/—tom/tools.html
S. OXTRAC harvester by Tremzac, Quebec, CA -
http://www.tremzac.com/OXTRAC/Debusqueuse-OXTRAC/Debusqueuse-
OXTRAC.aspx
(Photo Source: www.fordaq.com)
33
Cordova Biomass Feasibility Study
(Photo Source: Agroforteka Company)
7. Farmi Products -
http://www.farmiforest.fi/en/index.php?option=com_tuotekatalogi&view=tuotekat
alogi&Itemid=4&page=tuote&tuote=89
Tractor Power Take Off (PTO) Log Winches
(Photo Source: www.farmiforest.fi)
(Photo Source: Redalderranch.com)
CR
Cordova Biomass Feasibility Study
Appendix B
Wood Pellet and Biomass Product Resources
M
Cordova Biomass Feasibility Study
1. Chris Grimwood - Kiwi Mechanical (Cordova, Alaska)
(Photo Credit: Casey Pape)
2. Rictec - http: //www.rictec.com.sg/grinder/pallet-grinder/
PALLET GRINDING SYSTEM
Ir.ArNr p.M•4...•Flm rwl•I4. i����..r. ...I.I��e..v �nM ly►►yN rrrW
.•..� r.r.�
� • ••.! •� W
YYr�rW�
11.. YrMw. w.1. �
• arrurr
• a
rr •.r.rwarrw �... wn .- .
�'•'.::«:+L;,•..+. +►ram �..
M..�e.er �WN..A• .«. � o.n.d.
37
Cordova Biomass Feasibility Study
(Photo Source: www.rictec.com)
Schutte Buffalo Hammer mills - http://www.hammermills.com/size-reduction-
product-categories-schutte-buffalo-hammermill/wood-grinders-1
4. Bio Briquettes Weima - http://www.weimaamerica.com/pages/briquetting-
press /briquetting/briquetting.htm
(Photo Source: directindustry.com)
S. Alaska Pellet Mills (Apted Technologies Inc.) - http://alaskapelletmill.com/
(Photo Source: www.alaskapelletmill.com)
CS
Cordova Biomass Feasibility Study
Biomass Boilers
1. Garn Boilers - http://garn.com/
(Photo Source: garn.com)
2. PelHeat Biomass boilers - http://www.pelheat.com/Products.html#.ULfvPoWmCS0
3. Wiseway Pellet Stoves - http://zephyrgreenhousesystems.com/
37
Cordova Biomass Feasibility Study
Appendix C
Cordova Burn Pile Assessment Report (by Simeon Haynes)
40
Cordova Biomass Feasibility Study
(Available Upon Request)
41