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False Pass Wind Conceptual Design Report - Aug 2013 - REF Grant 7040051
Ǧ August2013 MarshCreek,LLC 2000E.88thAve. Anchorage,Alaska99507 False Pass Wind-Diesel Power System Conceptual Design Report Page|2 Contents MarshCreek,LLC...........................................................................................................................................1 2000E.88thAve............................................................................................................................................1 Anchorage,Alaska99507..............................................................................................................................1 ExecutiveSummary.......................................................................................................................................6 WindPowerStudyBackground................................................................................................................6 ProjectGoals.............................................................................................................................................7 PROJECTCONTACTS..................................................................................................................................7 Entity.............................................................................................................................................................7 Contact..........................................................................................................................................................7 Position.........................................................................................................................................................7 Email..............................................................................................................................................................7 Phone............................................................................................................................................................7 CityofFalsePass...........................................................................................................................................8 Access........................................................................................................................................................9 Economy....................................................................................................................................................9 Climate......................................................................................................................................................9 LocalInfrastructure.................................................................................................................................10 ExistingPowerPlantInfrastructure............................................................................................................10 PowerPlant.............................................................................................................................................10 DieselGeneratorSets.............................................................................................................................12 DayTank..................................................................................................................................................12 CoolingSystem........................................................................................................................................12 ControlsandSwitchGear........................................................................................................................14 HeatRecovery.........................................................................................................................................15 False Pass Wind-Diesel Power System Conceptual Design Report Page|3 TankFarm...............................................................................................................................................16 DistributionSystem.................................................................................................................................16 OperatingSchedule.............................................................................................................................16 ElectricalDistributionSystem.............................................................................................................16 NewLoads...........................................................................................................................................17 WindResourceSummary............................................................................................................................17 WindResource........................................................................................................................................17 MetTowerdataSynopsis........................................................................................................................17 TestSiteLocation....................................................................................................................................17 TopographicMap....................................................................................................................................18 WindSpeed.............................................................................................................................................18 Anemometerdatasummary...............................................................................................................18 WindSpeedseries...............................................................................................................................19 VillageSite...........................................................................................................................................19 ExtremeWinds........................................................................................................................................19 Extremewindprobabilitytable,30mAdata.....................................................................................20 WindDirection........................................................................................................................................20 Development...........................................................................................................................................21 InitialPermittingReview.............................................................................................................................21 AlaskaPollutionDischargeEliminationSystem......................................................................................21 FederalAviationAdministration.............................................................................................................22 AlaskaDepartmentofNaturalResources...............................................................................................22 AlaskaCoastalManagementProgramConsistencyReview...................................................................22 StateHistoricPreservationOffice(SHPO)consultation.........................................................................22 USArmyCorpsofEngineers...................................................................................................................22 False Pass Wind-Diesel Power System Conceptual Design Report Page|4 WetlandsandWaterways.......................................................................................................................22 Vegetation...............................................................................................................................................23 USFishandWildlifeService....................................................................................................................23 WindͲDieselHybridSystemOverview........................................................................................................23 WindͲDieselHybridSystem.....................................................................................................................23 LowPenetrationConfiguration...............................................................................................................24 MediumPenetrationConfiguration........................................................................................................25 HighPenetrationConfiguration..............................................................................................................25 WindͲDieselSystemComponents...........................................................................................................27 WindTurbine(s)..................................................................................................................................27 SupervisoryControlSystem................................................................................................................27 SynchronousCondenser.....................................................................................................................27 SecondaryLoad...................................................................................................................................28 DeferrableLoad..................................................................................................................................28 InterruptibleLoad...............................................................................................................................29 StorageOptions..................................................................................................................................29 WindSystemOperationsandMaintenance...........................................................................................30 WindSystemOperatorResponsibility................................................................................................30 Training...............................................................................................................................................30 FinancialResponsibilities....................................................................................................................31 OperationsandMaintenanceGuidelines...........................................................................................31 Lifecycle...............................................................................................................................................32 WindTurbines.........................................................................................................................................33 KelsoAAͲVAWT.......................................................................................................................................33 HomerSoftwareWindͲDieselModel..............................................................................................................33 False Pass Wind-Diesel Power System Conceptual Design Report Page|5 WindTurbines.........................................................................................................................................34 ElectricLoad............................................................................................................................................34 DieselGenerators...................................................................................................................................35 EconomicAnalysis.......................................................................................................................................37 WindTurbineCosts.................................................................................................................................37 FuelCost..................................................................................................................................................37 ModelingAssumptions...........................................................................................................................37 EconomicValuation................................................................................................................................38 AppendixA:FalsePassWindResourceReport..........................................................................................40 AppendixB:SiteGeotechnicalReport........................................................................................................41 AppendixC:CommunityEnergyUse..........................................................................................................42 AppendixD:FalsePassDistributionSurvey................................................................................................45 AppendixE:AlaskaEnergyAuthorityVillagePowerSystemAssessment..................................................46 False Pass Wind-Diesel Power System Conceptual Design Report Page|6 ExecutiveSummary TheCityofFalsePassbegancollectingdatatoassesstheirwindresourceinMay2005.Datawas collectedthroughSeptember2007Ͳminusa3monthperiodduringwhichthewiringtothedatalogger awaitedrepairfromabearattack.AcursorylookatthedatabyAEAin2007showedexcessive turbulence,sotheprojectwasputonhold.SubsequentrisingfuelpricesspurredtheCityofFalsePass torequestamorethoroughlookatthepotentialtointegratewindwiththeirdieselplant. AnalysisbyMarshCreekLLCconfirmsthat,despitetheampleClass4windresource,aClass3S designationismostappropriate.Turbulencefromcomplexterrainsurroundingtheareaprecludesa typicalRuralAlaskanwindproject,butmaysustainaprojectwithalternativeturbinedesign. VerticalAxisWindTurbines(VAWTs)aredesignedtooperateinwindscomingfromanydirection.They arenotaffectedbyturbulenceandcanproducepowerinawiderrangeofwindspeedsthanhorizontal axiswindturbines. Windenergycanbeusedtoproduceelectricityforthegrid,orhotwatertoaddtoaheatrecovery system.TheUnitedStatesFishandWildlifeService(USFWS)inColdBayandKingSalmonarecurrently completingapilotprojectwithMarshCreekLLCtoprovideheattostaffhousingthatutilizesenergy fromKelsoVAWTstoaddhotwatertoanexistingboiler,thusreducingthedieselneededtoprovide heat.Althoughthesewindturbinesdonothave“thirdpartyapproval”intheUStheyareundergoing thisapprovalprocessinCanada,wheretheyweredesignedandmanufactured. WindPowerStudyBackground In2010theAlaskaEnergyAuthority(AEA)fundedagranttotheAleutiansEastBorough(AEB)to performanassessmentofrenewableenergyresources(wind,wasteheatrecovery,hydro,tidal,solar). TheassessmentwasconductedbyYourCleanEnergy,LLC(YCE)ofAnchorage,andincorporated researchofthecommunityandpreexistingstudies,inͲpersonsitevisitstoassessviabilityandpotential locationsforrenewableenergy,andaneconomicalevaluationofeachrenewableenergyproject.Amet towerhadbeeninstalledinFalsePassinMay2005inpartnershipwiththeAlaskaEnergyAuthority (AEA),theAleutianPribilofIslandsAssociationandtheCityofFalsePass.Apreliminarylookatthedata byAEA,priortolossoffundingforthewindstudyprogram,showedarobustwindresourcewith significantturbulence.Asaresult,theprojectwasputonhold.Morerecently,however,risingfuel costsandcommercializationofnewtechnologyhaveinspiredlocalleadershiptorevisittheideaofusing windenergytosavefuel. MarshCreekLLCcompletedthefullassessmentofdatafromthemettowerinDecemberof2012.The mettowerisstillstanding,butisnolongercollectingdata.Aswasanticipatedinthecursoryreview, thereissignificantturbulenceatthesite.Areviewbyahydrologistconfirmedthatahorizontalaxis windturbineofthesizetypicallydeployedinruralAlaskawouldbebadlyabusedunderthewindregime. Butovertheyearsnewwindturbineshavebecomeavailablethatarecapableofoperatingsuccessfully inturbulentwinds.Onesuchturbineisthe5kWKelsoverticalaxiswindturbine. False Pass Wind-Diesel Power System Conceptual Design Report Page|7 ProjectGoals Alaskapayssomeofthehighestpricesforgasandelectricityinthenation,despitebeingthesecond largestproducerofoilintheUnitedStates.Thiscostismagnifiedinoutlyingvillagesandincorporated citiessuchasFalsePass,whoserelativegeographicisolationandlackofconnectedroadsandother infrastructuremakeelectricalgenerationandtransmissionusingimportedfuelanexpensive proposition. Therelianceondieselfuelandheatingoil,andtherisingcostandunpredictablepriceofboth,isthe primarymotivatingfactorinestablishingalternativeandsustainableenergysources.Forinstance,in 2008theCitypurchased40,000gallonsofdiesel#2at$4.10/gal.Oneyearlater,thesameamountof Dieselwaspurchasedfor$2.29/gal.ThecurrentpriceofDiesel#2is$3.452. TheHighcostofenergynegativelyimpactscommunitymembers,localgovernment,andentities providingservicestothearea.ManyoftheBorough’sdisadvantagedresidentsareforcedtochoose betweenheatingtheirhomesandbuyinggroceries. TheproposedwindgenerationinfrastructureinFalsePasswillhelpstabilizeenergycosts,providing longͲtermsocioͲeconomicbenefitstothecity.TheAEBisconfrontedbyarealitythatplaguesmuchof ruralAlaska:extremelylimitedeconomicopportunitycombinedwithanalmostastronomicalcostof living.Facedwiththechallengesofhighcosts,limitedlocalemploymentoptions,andtheneedto supporttheirfamilies,ruralAlaskansstrugglewiththechoiceofstayinginthecommunityorleaving villagelifebehindtorelocatetolargercitiesinsearchofemploymentandaffordableliving.Insmall communitiessuchasFalsePass,eachhouseholdisimportanttothewellͲbeingoftheentirecommunity. Withmoreaffordableenergyavailableinthevillages,moreoftheregion’shouseholdswillbeableto affordtostayintheircommunities,promotingcommunitystabilityandwellnessandhelpingtostemthe tideofruraloutmigration. ThegoalsoftheproposedprojectaretocreateasustainablecommunityinFalsePass.Andtodevelop appropriatewindͲdieselengineeringplanscapableofmeetingasignificantportionofFalsePassthermal and/orelectricalneeds. PROJECTCONTACTS ErnieWeissBorough Contact eweiss@aeboro.org907Ͳ274Ͳ 7557 Chris Emrich CityClerkcityofflasepass@ak.net907Ͳ548Ͳ 2319 ǡ Maggie McKay Project Coordinator maggie.mckay@marshcreekllc.com907Ͳ343Ͳ 0407 False Pass Wind-Diesel Power System Conceptual Design Report Page|8 ǡ JohnLyonsProject Manager John.lyons@marshcreekllc.com907Ͳ343Ͳ 0408 ͵ǡ Doug Vaught WindResource Specialist dvaught@v3energy.com907Ͳ350Ͳ 5047 ǡ Connie Fredenberg Community Liaison Connie.fredenberg@marshcreekllc.c om 907Ͳ444Ͳ 6220 Alaska Energy JoshCraftWindProgramjcraft@aidea.org907Ͳ771Ͳ 3000 CityofFalsePass ThecityofFalsePass,partoftheAleutiansEastBorough(AEB),islocatedapproximately646miles southwestofAnchorageontheIsanotskiStrait.FalsePasswasoriginallyhomesteadedbyWilliam Gardnerintheearly1900’s,growinginpopulationin1917whenP.E.Harrisestablishedthefirstseafood cannerythere.SeveraloftheoriginalbuildingsinFalsePasscamefromanabandonedcannery30miles awayinMorzhovoiBay.Apostofficewasbuiltin1921withthename“FalsePass”,givingthe communityamoreofficialstatus.ThecannerywaseventuallypurchasedbyPeterPanSeafoods,and operatedalmostcontinuouslyuntilmostoftheplantwasdestroyedinafirein1981.Despitenolonger processingfish,PeterPanSeafoodsstillplaysanimportantroleinthecommunitywiththesaleof propane,lubeoilandbunkhousespace.Reportedly,PeterPanSeafoodswillceasethesesalesatthe endoftheyear.Whotakesthisoverhasyettobedetermined.. OnefederallyrecognizedtribeͲtheNativeVillageofFalsePassͲresideswithinthecommunity.Itis primarilyanUnangancommunity.Fishing,fishprocessingandothersubsistenceactivitiesareindicative ofthelifestyle.The2010FalsePasscensusrecordedapopulationof35people,adecreaseof45%from the2000census.ThefollowingmapindicatesthelocationofFalsePassontheAleutianIslandChain: False Pass Wind-Diesel Power System Conceptual Design Report Page|9 Access AccesstoFalsePassisavailableviawaterandaironly.Regularlyscheduledpassengerairtravelis providedbyPenAirfromAnchoragetoColdBay.ACEAirCargoprovidespassengerchartersfrom AnchoragetoColdBay.TravelfromColdBaytoFalsePassisavailablethroughPenAirorbychartering oneofanextensivenumberofbushpilots.BothPenAirandACEallowforcargo.A state-owned 2,100' long by 75' wide gravel airstrip is available. FerrytravelisavailableontheAlaskaMarineHighwayFerry,thoughitisintendedforpassengersand vehiclesonly,notcargo.Potentially,aUͲHaultruckcouldbeloadedwithcargoandtakenontheferry. BargetravelforlargecargoisavailablethoughAlaskanCoastalFreightandCrowleyͲAlaska. Economy Thelocaleconomyisdrivenbycommercialsalmonfishingandfishingservices.FalsePassisan importantrefuelingstopforBristolBayandBeringSeafishingfleets.BeringPacificSeafoodsprocesses thecommercialcatch.In2010,6residentsheldcommercialfishingpermits.Cashincomeis supplementedbysubsistencehuntingandfishing.Salmon,halibut,geese,caribouandsealsareutilized. (AlaskaCommunityDatabase) Climate FalsePassliesinthemaritimeclimatezone.Temperaturesrangefrom11to55°F.Annualsnowfall averages56inches,withtotalannualprecipitationof33inches.Prevailingsoutheastwindsareconstant andoftenstrongduringwinter.Fogiscommonduringsummermonths.(AlaskaCommunityDatabase) False Pass Wind-Diesel Power System Conceptual Design Report Page|10 LocalInfrastructure Waterisderivedfromanearbyspringandreservoir,andistreatedandstoredina60,000Ͳgallontank. Mosthomesareconnectedtothepipedwatersystem.Almost80%ofhomesarefullyplumbed.Many residentshaveindividualseptictanks;wastewaterfromseafoodprocessingflowsdirectlyintoanoutfall line.TheCitycollectsrefusetwiceaweek.Therearenorecyclingprogramsavailable.(Alaska CommunityDatabase) ExistingPowerPlantInfrastructure FalsePassdependsondieselpoweredgeneratorstoprovidetheirhomesandbusinesseswith electricity,andfueloiltogenerateheat.FuelispurchasedonceayearandisbroughtintoFalsePassby bargeinthespring.DieselisstoredinacityͲownedandoperatedtankfarmwithacapacityof60,000 gallons.Onceaweek,fuelistransferredfromthetankfarmtoanothercityͲowned5,000gallontank locatedatthecitypowerplantviaan850gallonfueltruck. TheCityofFalsePassownsandoperatesthecommunity’spowerutility,generatingallelectricitywith threedieselgeneratingsets(genͲsets)locatedintheFalsePassGeneratorBuilding.Thefollowingmap andpicturesprovideagenerallocationandcondition: PowerPlant Themodulepowerplantincludsadistributionfeederswitcharrangementthatisoperatedthrougha secondarybreakerattheoldpowerplantthatsitsadjacenttothenewmodularplant.Thesecondary mainbreakerattheoldplantistiedtotheexistingbusbarintheoldplantswitchgear.Thereisan arrangementofmanuallyoperatedcircuitbreakersthatfeedtothedistributiontransformers.A transformerisswitchedoutofthecircuitbyopeningitsprimarymainbreakerorbyopeningasecondary breakertodeͲenergizethetransformerandisolatethetransformerfromitsiselectricalsupplysource.It isunclearthattheratingofthebreakersisadequatetoprotectfeederconductorsandtransformers. Furtheritisunclearifthebreakerswillproperlyopenonafaultcurrentcondition.Aninterimelectrical orkeyinterlockschemeshouldbeaddedtoenforcetheproperoperatingmodesofthistypeofsystem, especiallyinlightofthefactthattheswitchingiscarriedoutoverseveralpiecesofequipmentthatare indifferentlocationsfromoneanother.Thisisofparticularimportancebecauseofthepotentialsafety concernstoplantoperatorsandotherpersonnelasitpertainstoarcfaultcurrent.Unlesscircuit breakersandotherprotectivedeviceshavebeenselectedandinstalledtohandlethearcfaultcondition, theywillnottripandthefullforceofanarcflashwilloccur.Transitionfromarcfaulttoarcflashtakesa finitetime,increasinginintensityasthepressurewavedevelopsincreasingthechancesofaserious injurytotheworker. Anapplicationreviewwithcorrectiverecommendationsshouldbeconductedtoremedytheswitching arrangementofthedistrictionfeedercircuit. False Pass Wind-Diesel Power System Conceptual Design Report Page|11 OldPowerPlant–distributionservicefrom OldPowerPlant–VillageFeederSwitch newpowerplant OldPowerPlant–Villagefeederandmetering DistributionTransformers–ThreephasefromOld PowerPlantfeeders FalsePassPowerPlantwith5,000gal.fueltank. False Pass Wind-Diesel Power System Conceptual Design Report Page|12 DieselGeneratorSets ThepowerplantisoperatedandmaintainedbyMontyChitty.Thepowerplantisverycleanandwell maintained.ThepowerplanthasthreedieselGenͲSetsconsistingofoneJohnDeere6068TFgenerator setratedat75kW,a6081TFgeneratorsetratedat125kWanda6081AFgeneratorsetratedat175kW. PowerPlant–Layoutoverview DayTank Thedaytankcontrolshaveprovedtobedifficultinthepastandwillneedtoberepaired.Themotor operatedvaleforthebulktankwasnotworkingproperlyandcausedintermittentfillissues.Thefuelfill safetiesarebelievedtobebypassed.Thetankisastandard100gallondaytank. PowerPlantDayTankandControls CoolingSystem Thecoolingsystemiscomprisedof3”copperpipingand2remoteradiators.Thecoolingsystemglycol ispipedintothelowercoolantmanifoldontheenginesandthehotcoolantisroutedoutthroughthe uppercoolantmanifoldthroughtheheatexchanger,transferringheattothecityshopheatrecovery loop.Theglycolloopcontinuesonthroughathermostaticallycontrolledmixingvalvethatautomatically mixescoolandwarmcoolanttokeepthelooptemperaturestable.Atthisjuncture,theglycoliseither pipedbacktotheenginesorcontinuesontotheradiators.Theradiatorsblowawayexcessheatoutside False Pass Wind-Diesel Power System Conceptual Design Report Page|13 andtheloopcontinuesbacktothegeneratorsets.Priortothegeneratorsets,theloopintersectsthe returnfromthethermostaticmixingvalve. Note–reportedinthefullAEAassessment,itwasstatedthattheswitchgearwasmanuallyparalleling. Thisisnotcorrect;theswitchgearissemiautomatic. False Pass Wind-Diesel Power System Conceptual Design Report Page|14 ControlsandSwitchGear ThecontrolswereprovidedbyThompsonTechandconsistofwoodwardloadsharingandsynchronizing moduleswithThompsonTechMEC20controllersonthedoors. GenͲSetControlswithLoadShare PowerPlantGenͲSetSwitchGear–Closeup PowerPlantSwitchGearͲOverview False Pass Wind-Diesel Power System Conceptual Design Report Page|15 HeatRecovery Atubeandshellheatexchangerlocatedinthegeneratorbuildingtransfersheatfromthegeneratorsvia aburiedglycolpipinglooptotwoModineunitheatersintheCityShop.Anyheatthatcannotbeutilized bytheCityShopisdumpedfromthegeneratorbuildingbytworadiators.Theradiatorsarenotrunbya VariableFrequencyDrive(VFD)andconsequentlywhenactuatingplaceaninstantaneousloadonthe system. RemoteRadiatorsRadiatorcontrols AnoldheatrecoverysystemexiststhatrunsfromtheOldGeneratorBuildingtoFalsePassSchoolviaa 3inHPDEpipingloopnestedina2ftdeeptrench.Thepiperunsthroughtheschool’scrawlspace,butis nolongerconnectedtotheheatingsystem.Residentsclaimthatthesystemneversentanadequate amountofheattotheschool,likelyduetothelengthofthepipingrunandthelackofproperpiping insulation. YCE’srenewableresourcesassessmentdeterminedthatthereissufficientwasteheatfromthepower planttoheatalargepercentage,orevenall,ofFalsePassSchool.Properinsulatingandjacketingofthe heatdistributionpipewouldbecriticalforsuccessinthisendeavor.Aneconomicevaluationwas completedatthetimeoftheassessment,withtheassumptionthatthewasteheatsystemwould displacealloftheheatingoilconsumedbytheschool.Thatassessmentisreflectedinthefollowing table: FalsePassHeatRecovery BuildingreceivingheatFalsePassSchool DistancefromPowerPlant600ft Estimatedprojectcost$300,190 Annualheatingoilsavings(gal)5,162 Annualheatingoilsavings@$3.45/gal$17,809 AnnualO&Mcosts$1,500 30yrnetpresentworth$775,223 Payback(yrs)14 False Pass Wind-Diesel Power System Conceptual Design Report Page|16 TankFarm WiththeimpendingshutdownofthePeterPanSeafood’stankfarm,thereiscurrentlyonlyonebulkfuel storagefacilityinFalsePass.TheCityofFalsePassownsandoperatesthefacilityoutlinedinthe followingtable: FromAEABulkFuelFacilityMonitoringPlanͲ2008 DistributionSystem OperatingSchedule ElectricalDistributionSystem Theutility’spowerdistributionsystemisallunderground3Ͳphasewireoperatingat12,470volts groundedY.FalsePassPowerPlantismaintainedbyMontyChittyforCityofFalsePassElectric(CFPE). CFPEalsomaintainsthevillagedistributionsystem.ThereiscurrentlyaplantoupgradeGenset#1with abiggerunit.TheProcessPlantisplanninganewadditionwhichwillincreasetheelectricalloadonthe distributionsystem.Thebiggestelectricityusersarecurrently:GCI,theschool,thefishplant,the bunkhouse,andthePeterPanfacility.SeasonalloadincreasescomefromPeterPanandtheBPSPlant. Currentlythedistributionsystemphasesarebalancedassuch: 1) 130AMPS 2) 120AMPS 3) 150AMPS ThereisaheatrecoverysystemalreadyinplacethatfeedsonelocationinFalsePass:theCityShop.The systemcurrentlyusesjacketwaterheatrecoveryonly,andloses38degreesintothesystem. False Pass Wind-Diesel Power System Conceptual Design Report Page|17 NewLoads WindResourceSummary WindResource ThewindresourceastheFalsePassmettowersiteisgenerallygoodwithmeasuredwindpowerclass4 bymeasurementofwindpowerdensity(Class3ifconsideringonlymeanannualwindspeed).Giventhe moderatelycooltemperaturesofFalsePasstestsite,airdensityismoderatelyhigherthanstandard conditions.Byothermeasuresimportantforwindpoweranalysis,thesitehasalow50Ͳyearreturn periodextremewindprobabilitybuthighturbulence;thelatterapparentlyduetothehighmountains thatborderIsantoskiStraitandthatareverynearthemettowertothenorth,westandsouth. Turbulenceintensitycalculatedfromthemettowerdataindicatesmuchhigherthandesirable turbulenceconditions.Thiswouldrequirespecialcarewithturbineselectionandoperations. Itisnotimmediatelyclearifanalternatewindsitethathasgoodwindexposureandlessturbulence existsinthenearproximityofthevillageofFalsePass.Sitingrestrictionsincludetheobviousconstraints ofgeography–mountainsandIsantoskiStrait–andthelocationandorientationoftheFalsePass airstrip.Computationfluiddynamics(CFD)modelingmaylendinsightintowindflowpatternsatFalse Passandwouldbeausefultooltoinvestigateotherwindturbinesitingoptions.SiteSelection MetTowerdataSynopsis DatadatesMay7,2005toAugust19,2005andNovember30,2005to September4,2007(24months);status:operational WindpowerclassClass3to4(fairtogood) Windpowerdensitymean,30m338W/m2 Windspeedmean,30m6.11m/s Max.10Ͳminwindspeedaverage26.5m/s Maximum2Ͳsec.windgust39.0m/s(January,2007) Weibulldistributionparametersk=1.62,c=6.76m/s Windshearpowerlawexponent0.291(high) Roughnessclass3.80(suburban) IEC61400Ͳ1,3rded.classificationClassIIIͲS Turbulenceintensity,mean0.173(at15m/s) Calmwindfrequency(at30m)35%(winds<4m/s TestSiteLocation Windmeasurementinstrumentation(anemometers,windvane,temperaturesensor)wasinstalledona 30metertall,sixͲinchdiameterNRGSystemsInc.tubularmeteorological(met)testtowerinanopen areanearthecoast,approximately2.4km(1.5miles)northofthevillageofFalsePass.Thetower(still standingandoperationalagaininOctober2011)islocatedonagrassyoutwashplainimmediatelynorth ofamoderatelyͲsizedstreamthatdrainsfromtheextensivemountainrangeimmediatelywestofthe site.Thislocationhadbeenthevillage’spreferredsiteforwindturbines,butmorerecentthoughtsare tolocatewindturbinesclosertothevillage. False Pass Wind-Diesel Power System Conceptual Design Report Page|18 TopographicMap WindSpeed Anemometerdataobtainedfromthemettower,fromtheperspectivesofbothmeanwindspeedand meanwindpowerdensity,indicateaverygoodwindresource.Meanwindspeedsaregreaterathigher elevationsonthemettower,asonewouldexpect.Notethatrelativelycoldtemperaturescontributed tohigherwindpowerdensitythanotherwisemighthavebeenexpectedforthemeanwindspeeds Anemometerdatasummary VariableSpeed30mASpeed30mBSpeed20m Measurementheight(m)303020 Meanwindspeed(m/s)6.016.065.34 MMMwindspeed(m/s)6.066.115.38 Max10Ͳminavgwindspeed(m/s)26.226.522.4 Maxgustwindspeed(m/s)39.038.637.1 Weibullk1.591.621.55 Weibullc(m/s)6.546.765.93 Meanpowerdensity(W/m²)329333237 MMMpowerdensity(W/m²)333338239 Meanenergycontent(kWh/m²/yr)2,8822,9202,073 MMMenergycontent(kWh/m²/yr)2,9172,9612,094 Energypatternfactor2.402.382.46 Frequencyofcalms(%)34.534.239.3 1Ͳhrautocorrelationcoefficient0.8630.8640.859 Diurnalpatternstrength0.1050.1040.112 Hourofpeakwindspeed161616 MMM=meanofmonthlymeans False Pass Wind-Diesel Power System Conceptual Design Report Page|19 WindSpeedseries VillageSite ThemettowerwasoriginallyinstalledinMayof2005withmonitoringequipmentandleadinstallers contributedbyAEAandthelocallaborpartiallycoveredunderaDOETribalEnergyGrant.Thecity managerandvillagecorporationCEOchosethesitewithguidancefromtheEndangeredSpecies departmentattheUSFWSandFederalAviationAdministration(FAA).Thefavoredlocationbythe airportwasnotapprovedbyFAA.Theoriginalplanwastobuildaroadouttoanewdumpsite,which wouldpassdirectlybythesecondchoicewindsite.Therewereplanstobuildapowerlinetothenew dump.Thereisacreektocrossthatwasscheduledtogetabridge,butcouldbecrossedwithheavy equipmentundercertainconditions.Theroadhassincebeenbuilt,butthepowerlinehasyetto materializeandhasbeendroppedfromtheCity’splans.A3phaselinewillberequiredfromthe communitytothissite–adistanceofapproximatelyoneandonehalfmiles. ExtremeWinds AmodifiedGumbeldistributionanalysis,basedonmonthlymaximumwindsviceannualmaximum winds,wasusedtopredictextremewindsattheFalsePassmettowersite.Notebelowthattheextreme windanalysisshowsrelativelylowextremewinds.Industrystandardreferenceofextremewindisthe50 yearprobable(50yearreturnperiod)tenͲminuteaveragewindspeed,referredtoasVref.ForFalsePass thiscalculatesto29.1m/s(at30meters),whichmeetsInternationalElectrotechnicalCommission(IEC) 61400Ͳ1,3rdeditionClassIIIcriteria.AllwindturbinesaredesignedforIECClassIIIextremewinds. False Pass Wind-Diesel Power System Conceptual Design Report Page|20 Extremewindprobabilitytable,30mAdata VrefGustIEC61400Ͳ1,3rded. Period(years)(m/s)(m/s)ClassVref,m/s 323.935.4I50.0 1026.138.7II42.5 2027.440.6III37.5 3028.141.7SdesignerͲspecified 5029.143.1 10030.445.0 averagegustfactor:1.48 WindDirection WindfrequencyrosedataindicatesthatwindsatFalsePassareprimarilynorthwestandsouthwitha lessercomponentofnorthwinds.Themeanvalueroseindicatesthattheprimaryandsecondary frequencywindsoccurinstrengthproportionaltotheiroccurrence,butinterestingly,wheninfrequenct eastͲsoutheastwindsoccur,theyareverystrong.Combiningtheserosesintoawindenergyrose,one canseethatthepowerͲproducingwindsattheFalsePassmettowersitearepredominatelynorthwest andsouth,withalesserdegreeofnortherlywinds.Calmfrequency(percentoftimethatwindsatthe30 meterlevelarelessthan4m/s)wasamoderatelyhigh35percentduringthetestperiod. Observingwindsonamonthlybasisindicatesthatnorthwesterlywindsmostlyoccurduringthespring andsummermonthswhilenortherlyandsoutherlywindsmostlyoccurduringthewintermonths. WindfrequencyroseMeanvaluerose(30mBanem.) False Pass Wind-Diesel Power System Conceptual Design Report Page|21 Windenergyrose(30mBanem.)Scatterplotroseof30mBwindpowerdensity Development Theroadtothesiteisgravelandisadequatefortransportingequipmenttothesite.Amileandahalfof 3phasetransmissionlinewillbenecessarytoconnectanygenerationinstalledatthemettowersite. Thiswilladdsignificantcoststoaninstallationatthissite. IfVerticalAxisWindTurbines(VAWTs)areselected,awiderrangeofsitescouldbeutilized.Asiteby therunwaywouldbethepreferredsiteforleastturbulence.WithVAWTsthissitenowbecomesa possibilitythatcouldnothavebeenconsideredwithhorizontalwindturbines. InitialPermittingReview TheenvironmentalpermittingstepsbelowarebasedonthepublicationAlaskaWindEnergy Development:BestPracticesGuidetoEnvironmentalPermittingandConsultations,astudywrittenin 2009byURSCorporation,fortheAEA. AlaskaPollutionDischargeEliminationSystem Stateregulations(18AAC83APDES)requirethatalldischarges,includingstormwaterrunoff,tosurface watersbepermittedundertheAlaskaPollutantDischargeEliminationSystem(APDES)permitprogram, whichaimstoreduceoreliminatestormwaterrunoffthatmightcontainpollutantsorsedimentsfroma projectsiteduringconstruction.Theconstructionofoneormorewindturbinesandtheconnecting accessroadandpowerline,inFalsePasswouldlikelynotdisturboneacreormoreofsoil,andthuswill notneedtobepermittedundertheStateofAlaska’sConstructionGeneralPermit(CGP)andhavea StormWaterPollutionPreventionPlan(SWPPP).Duringtheconstructionphaseoftheprojectasurvey willconfirm. False Pass Wind-Diesel Power System Conceptual Design Report Page|22 FederalAviationAdministration SubmissionofFederalAviationAdministration(FAA)Form7460Ͳ1,NoticeofProposedConstructionor Alteration,isrequiredObstructionlightingonthewindturbine(s)islikelyrequiredandwouldbe installedinallcircumstances. AlaskaDepartmentofNaturalResources AlaskaCoastalManagementProgramConsistencyReview TheAlaskaDepartmentofNaturalResourcesDivisionofCoastandOceanManagement(DCOM) administerstheAlaskaCoastalManagementProgram(ACMP).TheACMPisdesignedtoevaluate projectswithintheCoastalZone. TheAlaskaCoastalManagementProgram(ACMP)sunsetat12:01AM,AlaskaStandardTime,onJuly1, 2011perAS44.66.030.TheLegislatureadjournedthespeciallegislativesessionMay14,2011without passinglegislationrequiredtoextendtheAlaskaCoastalManagementProgram(ACMP).IftheACMPis revived,FalsePasswillapplyforapprovaloftheirwindproject. StateHistoricPreservationOffice(SHPO)consultation TheStateHistoricalPreservationOffice(SHPO)wasconsultedtoascertainiftheareawouldbelikelyto containsensitivehistoricalsites.Theprojectdesignconsultantwillcompleteaconsultationunder Section106oftheHistoricPreservationActwiththeStateHistoricPreservationOffice(SHPO),to receivealetterconcurringthatawindprojectwouldaffectnohistoricproperties.Iftheprojectsitingis moved,FalsePasswillcontactSHPOregardingthenewsite,butnoissuesareexpected. USArmyCorpsofEngineers TheUSArmyCorpsofEngineers(USACE)requirestheplacementoffillin“watersoftheUnitedStates”, includingwetlandsandstreams,underSection404oftheCleanWaterAct(CWA).Wedonotforesee anyissueswiththis,evenifthesitechangesfromthecurrentmettowersite. WetlandsandWaterways Theprojectareahasbeenreviewedforthepresenceanddistributionofwetlandsandaquaticresources usingtheUSFishandWildlifeService(USFWS)NationalWetlandInventoryWetlandMapper(2012). CurrentdataisnotavailableontheWetlandMapperforFalsePass,Alaska.However,thereisdigital informationavailableonwebsitefornearbyandsimilarlandscapes. TheNWIWetlandMapperindicatescompletecoverageoftheproposedprojectareabyfreshwater emergent,freshwaterpond,lakes,andriverinefeatures.Allofthesefeaturesandresourcesare regulatedbytheUSArmyCorpsofEngineers(USACOE).Fillplacementandotherdischargesof constructionmaterialsintothesefeaturesrequiresasection404permitfromtheArmyCorpsandmay requiremitigationand/orrestorationofimpactedhabitats.Itisimportanttonote,however,thatin windenergydevelopmentprojects;wetlandlossislargelyduetoroadconstructionandfoundationsfor windturbines,issuesfarlessatissuewhennotbuildingaroadtothesite.Neitherthecurrentmet towersitenortheproposedsitenearthelandingstripforVAWTswillrequirearoad. False Pass Wind-Diesel Power System Conceptual Design Report Page|23 Vegetation ThevegetationintheUnimakareaisclassifiedasmarinetundracomposedofarcticͲalpinespecies, dominatedbyheath,grassandcompositefamilies.Ingeneral,threeplantcommunitiescanbe distinguished:beachcommunities,lowlandanduplandtundra. USFishandWildlifeService FalsePassislocatedinanareaknownashabitatforStellersEiders.Eidersspendmostoftheirtimein andnearthecoast,sometimesflyingoverlandtoreachanothercoastbuttheyarenotknownforflying inlandforanyotherreason.Theygenerallyflyatanaltitudeof30’orless. ConsultationswithUSFWSpriortoinstallingthemettowerledtoplacementofthemettowerinland fromthebeachbyjustoveronemile.Asthereweremountainsonall3sidesbehindthetower,the expectationisthatnoEiderswillflyinthatdirection.Monitoringofthemettowerfollowinginstallation confirmedthisexpectation. USFWSisofthebeliefthatVAWTswillnotposeaproblemforbirdsinthewaythathorizontalwind turbinesdoastheVAWTspresentasolidobjectthatbirdscanseeandavoid. WindǦDieselHybridSystemOverview MarshCreekmodeledalowtomediumpenetrationwithcoincidentthermalenergygenerationwindͲ dieseldesignfortheFalsePassfacility,duetothelocation’samplebutturbulentwindresource. Astheutilityalreadyconvertsengineheatforspaceheatingquiteefficiently,theFalsePasshybrid approachoptimizestheheatrecoverysystembywindpowerintheformofelectricalthermalatthissite fortheschoolorcommunitybuilding. TofacilitateaneffectiveandreliablewindͲdieselhybridsystem,MarshCreekproposestoinstallten(10) 5kWVAWTsinanopenareaneartheairport.ThefirstuseofpowerwillbetoaddkWhstothegridfor customeruse.Additionalpowerwillbedivertedtotheheatingloop. WindǦDieselHybridSystem WindͲdieselpowersystemsarecategorizedbasedontheiraveragepenetrationlevels,ortheoverall proportionofwindͲgeneratedelectricitycomparedtothetotalamountofelectricalenergygenerated. CommonlyusedcategoriesofwindͲdieselpenetrationlevelsarelowpenetration,mediumpenetration, andhighpenetration.Thewindpenetrationlevelisroughlyequivalenttotheamountofdieselfuel displacedbywindpower.Notehoweverthatthehigherthelevelofwindpenetration,themore complexandexpensiveacontrolsystemanddemandͲmanagementstrategyisrequired. CategoriesofwindǦdieselpenetrationlevels PenetrationPenetrationLevelOperatingcharacteristicsandsystemrequirements InstantaneousAverage Low0%to50%Lessthan 20% Dieselgenerator(s)runfulltimeatgreaterthanminimum loadinglevel.Requiresminimalchangestoexistingdiesel False Pass Wind-Diesel Power System Conceptual Design Report Page|24 PenetrationPenetrationLevelOperatingcharacteristicsandsystemrequirements InstantaneousAverage controlsystem.Allwindenergygeneratedsuppliesthe villageelectricload;windturbinesfunctionas“negative load”withrespecttodieselgeneratorgovernorresponse. Medium0%to100+%20%to 50% Dieselgenerator(s)runfulltimeatgreaterthanminimum loadinglevel.Requirescontrolsystemcapableof automaticgeneratorstart,stopandparalleling.Tocontrol systemfrequencyduringperiodsofhighwindpowerinput, systemrequiresfastactingsecondaryloadcontroller matchedtoasecondaryloadsuchasanelectricboiler augmentingageneratorheatrecoveryloop.Athighwind powerlevels,secondary(thermal)loadsaredispatchedto absorbenergynotusedbytheprimary(electric)load. Withoutsecondaryloads,windturbinesmustbecurtailed tocontrolfrequency. High (DieselsͲoff Capable) 0%to150+%Greater than50% Dieselgenerator(s)canbeturnedoffduringperiodsof highwindpowerlevels.Requiressophisticatednew controlsystem,significantwindturbinecapacity,secondary (thermal)load,energystoragesuchasbatteriesoraflywheel, andpossiblyadditionalcomponentssuchasdemandͲ manageddevices. LowPenetrationConfiguration EstablishingalowͲpenetrationwindͲdieselsystemrequiresthefewestmodificationstotraditional powersystemsbecausemaximumwindpenetrationisneversufficienttopresentpotentialelectrical stabilityproblems.However,lowpenetrationwindsystemstendtobelesseconomicalthanhigher penetrationsystemsduetothelimitedannualfuelsavingscomparedtorelativelyhightotalwind systeminstallationcosts.Thislatterpointisbecauseallofthefixedcostsofawindpowerproject– equipmentmobilizationanddemobilization,distributionconnection,newroadaccess,permitting,land acquisition,etc.–arespreadacrossfewerturbines,resultinginrelativelyhighperkWinstalledcosts. False Pass Wind-Diesel Power System Conceptual Design Report Page|25 MediumPenetrationConfiguration Mediumpenetrationsystemsareverysimilartohighpenetrationsystemsexceptthatnoelectrical storageisemployedandwindcapacityisplannedsuchthatamoderateandusableamountofexcess windenergymustbedivertedtothermalloads. HighPenetrationConfiguration Othercommunitiesareevenmoreaggressivelyseekingtooffsetdieselusedforthermalandelectrical energy.Thesecommunitiesareusingconfigurationswhichwillallowforthegeneratorsetstobe turnedoff,andwilluseasignificantportionofthewindenergyforvariousheatingloads.Whilethe potentialbenefitofthesesystemsisthehighest,commissioningcantakelongerduetoincreased systemcomplexity. False Pass Wind-Diesel Power System Conceptual Design Report Page|26 False Pass Wind-Diesel Power System Conceptual Design Report Page|27 WindǦDieselSystemComponents ListedbelowarethemaincomponentsofamediumtohighͲpenetrationwindͲdieselsystem: x Windturbine,plustowerandfoundation x Supervisorycontrolsystem x Synchronouscondenser x Secondaryload x Deferrableload x Interruptibleload x Storage WindTurbine(s) VerticalAxisWindTurbineshaveyettobeusedtopoweranAlaskanvillage,although7wererecently installedtoprovideheatforColdBay’sUSFWSoffice,housingandshop. TheKelsoVAWTisa5kWmachinewhich,whileundergoingcertificationinCanada,hasproducedas muchas8kW. AfterseveralmonthsofoperationinColdBay’swindregimethemachinesareprovingrobustand productive. SupervisoryControlSystem MediumͲandhighͲpenetrationwindͲdieselsystemsrequirefastͲactingrealandreactivepower managementtocompensateforrapidvariationinvillageloadandwindturbinepoweroutput.AwindͲ dieselsystemmastercontroller,alsocalledasupervisorycontroller,wouldbeinstalledinsidethe existingpowerplant.Thesupervisorycontrollerwouldselecttheoptimumsystemconfigurationbased onvillageloaddemandandavailablewindpower. SynchronousCondenser Asynchronouscondenser,sometimescalledasynchronouscompensator,isaspecializedsynchronous electricmotorwithanoutputshaftthatspinsfreely.Itsexcitationfieldiscontrolledbyavoltage regulatortoeithergenerateorabsorbreactivepowerasneededtosupportthegridvoltageorto maintainthegridpowerfactorataspecifiedlevel.ThisisnecessaryfordieselsͲoffwindturbine operations,butgenerallynotrequiredforwindsystemsthatmaintainarelativelylargeoutputdiesel generatoronlineatalltimes. False Pass Wind-Diesel Power System Conceptual Design Report Page|28 Synchronouscondenser SecondaryLoad Toavoidcurtailingwindturbinesduringperiodsofhighwind/lowloaddemand,asecondaryor“dump” loadisinstalledtoabsorbexcesssystem(principallywind)powerbeyondthatrequiredtomeetthe electricalload.Thesecondaryloadconvertsexcesswindenergyintoheatviaanelectricboilertypically installedinthedieselgeneratorheatrecoveryloop.Thisheatcanbeforuseinspaceandwaterheating throughtheextremelyrapid(subͲcycle)switchingofheatingelements,suchasanelectricboiler imbeddedinthedieselgeneratorjacketwaterheatrecoveryloop.AsseeninFigure16,asecondary loadcontrollerservestostabilizesystemfrequencybyprovidingafastrespondingloadwhengusting windcreatessysteminstability. AnelectricboilerisacommonsecondaryloaddeviceusedinwindͲdieselpowersystems.Anelectric boilercoupledwithaboilergridinterfacecontrolsystemwillberequiredtoabsorbupto50kWof instantaneousenergy(fulloutputofthewindturbinesThegridinterfacemonitorsandmaintainsthe temperatureoftheelectrichotwatertankandestablishesapowersetpoint.ThewindͲdieselsystem mastercontrollerassignsthesetpointbasedontheamountofunusedwindpoweravailableinthe system.Frequencystabilizationisanotheradvantagethatcanbecontrolledwithanelectricboilerload. Theboilergridinterfacewillautomaticallyadjusttheamountofpoweritisdrawingtomaintainsystem frequencywithinacceptablelimits.Duetospaceconstraints,anewmodulewouldbenecessaryoutside theexistingKoliganekpowerplantortheboilercouldbeincorporatedintothenewRPSUpowerplant. DeferrableLoad Adeferrableloadiselectricloadthatmustbemetwithinsometimeperiod,butexacttimingisnot important.Loadsarenormallyclassifiedasdeferrablebecausetheyhavesomestorageassociatedwith them.WaterpumpingisacommonexampleͲthereissomeflexibilityastowhenthepumpactually operates,providedthewatertankdoesnotrundry.Otherexamplesincludeicemakingandbattery charging.Adeferrableloadoperatessecondinprioritytotheprimaryload. False Pass Wind-Diesel Power System Conceptual Design Report Page|29 InterruptibleLoad Electricheatingeitherintheformofelectricspaceheatersorelectricwaterboilersshouldbeexplored asameansofdisplacingstoveoilwithwindͲgeneratedelectricity.Itmustbeemphasizedthatelectric heatingisonlyeconomicallyviablewithexcesselectricitygeneratedbyarenewableenergysourcesuch aswindandnotfromdieselͲgeneratedpower.Itistypicallyassumedthat41kWhofelectricheatis equivalenttoonegallonofheatingfueloil. StorageOptions Electricalenergystorageprovidesameansofstoringwindgeneratedpowerduringperiodsofhigh windsandthenreleasingthepoweraswindssubside.Energystoragehasasimilarfunctiontoa secondaryloadbutthestored,excesswindenergycanbeconvertedbacktoelectricpoweratalater time.Thereisanefficiencylosswiththeconversionofpowertostorageandoutofstorage.The descriptionsbelowareinformativebutarenotcurrentlypartoftheoverallsystemdesign. Flywheels AflywheelenergysystemhasthecapabilityofshortͲtermenergystoragetofurthersmoothoutshortͲ termvariabilityofwindpower,andhastheadditionaladvantageoffrequencyregulation.However,the flywheelsystemisdesignedformuchlargerloadsystemsandwouldnotbecostͲeffectiveforKoliganek. Batteries BatterystorageisagenerallywellͲproventechnologyandhasbeenusedinAlaskanpowersystems includingFairbanks(GoldenValleyElectricAssociation),Wales,andKokhanok;however,ithasmetwith mixedresultsinthesmallercommunities.BatteriesaremostappropriateforprovidingmediumͲterm energystoragetoallowatransition,orbridge,betweenthevariableoutputofwindturbinesanddiesel generation.This“bridging”periodistypically5to15minuteslong.Storageforseveralhoursordaysis alsopossiblewithbatteries,butthisrequireshighercapacityandcost.Ingeneral,thedisadvantagesof batteriesforutilityͲscaleenergystorage,evenforsmallutilitysystems,arehighcapitalandmaintenance costsandlimitedlifetime.AnadditionalconcernforruralAlaskancommunitiesisthatbatteriesare heavy,expensiveship,andmostcontainhazardoussubstancesthatrequirespecialremovalfromthe villageatendofservicelifeanddisposalinspeciallyͲequippedrecyclingcenters. Thereareawidevarietyofbatterytypeswithdifferentoperatingcharacteristics.Advancedleadacid andzincͲbromideflowbatterieswereidentifiedas“technologicallysimple”energystorageoptions appropriateforruralAlaskainanAlaskaCenterforEnergyandPower(ACEP)July,2009reporton energystorage.NickelͲcadmium(NiCad)batterieshavebeenusedinruralAlaskaapplicationssuchas theWaleswindͲdieselsystem.AdvantagesofNiCadbatteriescomparedtoleadͲacidbatteriesincludea deeperdischargecapability,lighterweight,higherenergydensity,aconstantoutputvoltage,andmuch betterperformanceduringcoldtemperatures.However,NiCadsareconsiderablymoreexpensivethan leadͲacidbatteriesandonemustnotethattheWaleswindͲdieselsystemhadapooroperationalhistory andhasnotbeenfunctionalforovertenyears. Becausebatteriesoperateondirectcurrent(DC),aconverterisrequiredtochargeordischargewhen connectedtoanalternatingcurrent(AC)system.Atypicalbatterystoragesystemwouldincludeabank ofbatteriesandapowerconversiondevice.Thebatterieswouldbewiredforanominalvoltageof False Pass Wind-Diesel Power System Conceptual Design Report Page|30 roughly300volts.Individualbatteryvoltagesonalargescalesystemaretypically1.2voltsDC.Recent advancesinpowerelectronicshavemadesolidstateinverter/convertersystemscosteffectiveand preferableapowerconversiondevice.TheKokhanokwindͲdieselsystemisdesignedwitha300voltsDC batterybankcoupledtoagridͲformingpowerconverterforproductionofutilityͲgraderealandreactive power.Followingsomedesignandcommissioningdelays,thesolidstateconvertersysteminKokhanok shouldbeoperationalbylate2013andwillbemonitoredcloselyforreliabilityandeffectiveness. WindSystemOperationsandMaintenance TheNewKoliganekVillageCouncilwillberesponsiblefortheoperationandmaintenancethenewly installedwindturbinefacilityandtoensureitsongoingreliability.Forthenewfacility,theO&Mplan includesminimumestimatesofoperationandmaintenanceneedsandcosts,renewalandreplacement needsandcosts. WindSystemOperatorResponsibility Uponconstruction,thefacilitywillbeturnedovertothemanagementoftheCouncil(the“Primary Operator”)afterthesatisfactorycompletion,asdeterminedbytheAlaskaEnergyAuthorityofa14Ͳday testperiod.Afterthistestperiod,AlaskaEnergyAuthority,willprovidewrittennotice(Certificateof SubstantialCompletion)thatthefacilityisreadyforregularproductionandoperation.Uponreceiptof thisCertificate,theCouncilwillbecomethePrimaryOperatorandwillassumeresponsibilityfortheuse, dayͲtoͲdayoperations,andlongͲtermmaintenanceofallfacilitycomponents. TheNewKoliganekVillageCouncilwilldesignateanindividual(s)tomaintainthenewwindsystem facility.TheVillageCouncilwillmanagetheWindSystemsOperator’senterprisesandwillbegiven completeresponsibilityforoperatingthefacility. Training Itisrecognizedthattherewillbe,fromtimetotime,turnoverinvariousoperational,maintenanceand administrativepositions.Becauseallfunctionsareessentialtothesuccessfuloperationofthenew WindEnergyFacility,replacementswillberecruitedandtrainedasnecessary.TheVillageCouncilwill beresponsibleformaintainingadequatestaffingandtrainingatalltimes.TheVillageCouncilandthe WindSystemOperatorwillutilizetrainingprogramsofferedbyAEA,theAlaskaVocationalTechnical Center(AVTEC)inSeward,MarshCreekandothertrainingprograms.MarshCreekwillinvestintraining personnelinthecareandpreventativemaintenanceforthefacility.Thecombinationoftheexisting utilitypersonnelwillbesufficienttomanageandoperatetheutilityinanasefficientaspossibleway whileatthesametimekeepingexpensesaslowaspossible. ThroughpreviousexperienceatotherremoteelectricutilityoffͲgridsites,thenewwindfarmoperators willrequirebetweenoneandtwoyearsofsteadysupportonthewindpowersideoftheutility,whichin mostcasescanbeprovidedbytelephone.Suchongoingcontactincreasesoperatorconfidence, improvessystemperformanceandpayslongtermdividendsinlowercostsandlessunscheduled downtime.Ideally,allplantoperatorswillberesponsiblefortheentirehybridplant,includingits thermalcomponent. False Pass Wind-Diesel Power System Conceptual Design Report Page|31 FinancialResponsibilities TherearetwocostcategoriesthatwillbeincurredintheongoingoperationandupkeepoftheWind EnergyFacility–O&MandR&R.NewKoliganekVillageCouncilwillincuranumberofexpensesrelating totheO&MoftheFacility.O&Mitemsaredefinedasexpensesthatareincurredonaregularbasisand maintenanceexpensesthatareincurredonanannualbasis,aswellasreplacementcostsofitemsunder $1,000.R&Rcostsarethoseexpensesdefinedasitemscostinggreaterthan$1,000and/orthatarenot replacedonanannualbasis.Theanticipateditems,thefrequencyoftheirreplacementarefurther definedbyinmanufacturer’sliteratureandwillbeoutlinedindetailintheOperationsandMaintenance manual. ThePrimaryOperatorshouldestablishseparateO&MandR&Raccountsandmaintainasufficient accountbalancetomeettheO&MandR&Rfinancialgoals.Everyyear,thePrimaryOperatorshould developabudgetfortheupcomingfiscalyear,January1throughDecember31,forbothO&MandR&R. Thiswillincludeanupdateofactualexpensesandprojectionsandassumptions.O&Mspecifictothe windgenerationsystem,createsanewandcriticalcategoryofoperationalresponsibilityandexpense. Keepingasystematicpreventativemaintenanceregimeforthewindgenerators,performedby knowledgeableandconscientioustechnicians,isessentialtothelongtermviabilityofsuchaprojectin Koliganek.Onekeycomponentofasuccessfulmaintenanceprogramwillbethepowerplantoperator OperationsandMaintenanceGuidelines Itisexpectedthatreductionofengineruntimewillhavegenerallycommensurateandproportional effectondieselpowerhousemaintenanceexpense.Ataminimum,theruntimereductioncausedbythe contributionofthewindenergycomponentwillextendtheotherwiseexpectedintervalsfordiesel gensetschedules,preventativeandpredictableinspectionsandmaintenance. ItisrecommendedaninventoryofsparepartsbemaintainedinKoliganek.Equipmentmanufacturers publishrigidserviceintervalrecommendations,andstrictobservanceisthekeytoreliability.Onsite sparesarevital,andtheinventorycontributestotheoperator’sunderstandingofhowequipmentis actuallybeingused. ThetypeandquantityofsparesonͲhandshouldtargetequipmentthatiseithersubjecttohighstress cyclesorequipmentthatsignificantlycontributestothesystem’speakperformanceandreliability. Thesetargetareasincludecriticalengineandcontrolsystemspares,enginecontrolandmastercontrol cellspares,windturbineandancillarycontrolsystemsparesandthermalstoragesystemspares EquipmentfailureismostlikelytooccurduringinitialstartͲupthroughapproximatelythefirstyears’ operation.Repairandmostpartswillbecoveredbymanufacturer’swarrantiesinthistimeframeand thesparesinventoryshouldbeadjustedbasedonevents,experienceandtrends. Operationsthroughthesecondandthirdyeartypicallyinvolvescheduledcomponentchange,which shouldfollowtherecommendedprotocolspecifiedbythemanufacturers.Typicalinnewpowerplants, themostcriticaltimeisthefourthandfifthyearofoperation.DuringthisproneͲtoͲfailureperiod,the partsinventoryshouldbeadjustedtoaddressgenerallocalexperienceandhistoricalfailuretrends. False Pass Wind-Diesel Power System Conceptual Design Report Page|32 Lifecycle Somewindturbinecomponentsaremoresubjecttowearandtearthanothers.Thisisparticularlytrue forrotorbladesandgearboxes.Windturbineownerswhoseethattheirturbineareclosetotheendof theirtechnicaldesignlifetimemayfinditadvantageoustoincreasethelifetimeoftheturbinebydoinga majoroverhauloftheturbine,e.g.byreplacingtherotorbladesandoverhaulingthegearbox.Theprice ofanewsetofrotorblades,agearbox,orageneratorisusually15Ͳ20percentofthepriceofthe turbine. Whendeterminingthelifecyclecostofawindsystem,oneimportantitemthatisoftenoverlookedis thesystemoperationandmaintenance.Byaccountingfortheseexpensesduringthedesignand feasibilityphaseoftheturbine,thewindsystemoperatorwillavoidunexpectedfuturesurprises. Itisunrealistictobelievethatsomethingascomplicatedasawindelectricsystemwilloperate unattendedanduntouchedforthe20ͲyearͲpluslifeexpectancyofthesystem.Windturbinetechnology hasmadegreatstridesinthepast10yearsintermsofreliabilityespeciallyintheareaofspecialized lubricants,equipmentandreplacementparts.Mostoftheseimprovementshavenotcomefromnew designs.Indeed,thetechnologyhasevolvedfromsystemusersandtheiroperationsstrategies attemptingtogainmaximizereliability. However,thingsdowearout,orjustplainwear.Alternatorbearingscannotbeexpectedtospinfor yearswithoutperiodicserviceandadherencetolubricationserviceintervals.Thesameholdstruefor yawbearingswiththeirsignificantloading.Dust,debris,andeveninsectsinthewindwilleventually erodethemostdurablebladematerials,leadingedgetapes,andpaintcoatings. Paintcoatings,subjectedtosunlight,moisture,andtemperatureextremeswilleventuallydeteriorate. Gearboxlubricantwilldegradeovertime,justastheoilinthedieselgensetdoes. If,afterfiveyears,thealternatorbearingsarebeginningtorumble,itwouldbeprudenttoreplacethem ratherthanwaituntiltherotatingalternatorcomponentsbeganscrapingagainsteachother.Thiswould resultinsignificantlygreaterexpense. Itiswellknowninthesmallwindturbineindustrythatthelifeexpectancyofawindsystemisdirectly proportionaltotheowner'sinvolvementwiththesystem.Itisanticipatedthecommunitywillallocate adequatefundingforoperationandmaintenance,payingstrictattentiontotheguidelinesnotedbythe manufacturer. Maintainingthewindturbinerevolution In an informal survey of 75 wind farm operators in the United States conducted by Frontier Pro Services, many respondents indicated they had fallen behind on scheduled preventive maintenance such as oil changes and gearbox lubrication because of a shortage of qualified technicians. According to Frontier, the survey found many wind farm operations and maintenance teams are so resource-constrained that they can barely keep up with unscheduled breakdown repairs to wind turbines. ..."Damage caused by worn out or compromised gear oil can be irreparable," said Frontier Pro Services lead technical advisor False Pass Wind-Diesel Power System Conceptual Design Report Page|33 Jack Wallace, who has been servicing wind turbines for more than 20 years. "You can really see that it makes no sense to put off needed oil changes." August 20, 2008 by George Gill in Lube Report WindTurbines Thisprojectproposesten(10)5kWKelsoVAWTs. ThesewindturbineshaveyettobeusedinAlaska,exceptforUSFWSdemonstrationprojectsinColdBay andKingSalmon.Todatetheturbineshaveperformedtroublefreeandproducedpowerbeyond expectations.Whilenothirdpartycertificationexistsyet,testingiscurrentlyongoinginCanada.Word isthewindturbinesarecapableofconsistentlyproducingasmuchas8kW. USFWSbelievestheVAWTsareacceptableforuseinareaswithendangeredspecies,suchastheStellers EidersthatfrequenttheFalsePassarea. KelsoAAǦVAWT Northwind100turbinesinToksookBayandUnalakleet HomerSoftwareWindǦDieselModel HOMERenergymodelingsoftwarewasusedtoanalyzetheFalsePasspowerSystem.HOMERwas designedtoanalyzehybridpowersystemsthatcontainamixofconventionalandrenewableenergy sources,suchasdieselgenerators,windturbines,solarpanels,batteries,etc.andiswidelyusedtoaid developmentofAlaskavillagewindpowerprojects.HOMERusesastaticenergybalancemodel, however,andisnotdesignedtomodelthedynamicstabilityofawindͲdieselpowersystem(althoughit False Pass Wind-Diesel Power System Conceptual Design Report Page|34 willprovideawarningicontoindicatethatrenewableenergyispotentialsufficienttoresultin instability). WindTurbines DuetotheextremeturbulenceoftheFalsePassarea,thisCDRwillevaluateonlytheinstallationoften (10)5kWVAWTs. NorthernPowerNPS100Ǧ24VestasV17PowerCurve ElectricLoad FalsePasselectricloadwassynthesizedusingtheAlaskaVillageElectricLoadCalculatorforExcelwhich wasdevelopedseveralyearsagobytheAEA.Thisprogramenablesthemanufactureofanannual profileofhourlyload,evenforvillageswherehourlyorsubͲhourlyaverageelectricloadhasnotbeen collectedorrecorded.TheElectricLoadCalculatorisdesignedtoevaluateanumberoffactorsunique toavillagethataffecttheelectricload,suchaspopulation,numberofsmallandlargebusinesses, numberofcommunitybuildings,sophisticationofcommunicationsandwaterutilities,typeofmedical clinic,presenceofstreetlighting,etc.Withinputteddata,thevillageelectricloadcalculatorsynthesizes aload. Synthesizedloaddatacanbecomparedtothemostrecentpowercostequalizationreportsubmittedto theAlaskaRegulatoryControlAgencytoverifythatthesynthesizedloadmatchesthatreported. MonthlyloaddatasubmittedbyNewKoliganekVillageCounciltotheRegulatoryCommissionofAlaska (RCA)forthePowerCostEqualization(PCE)Programispresentedbelow.ComparedtoFalsePass’skWh energygeneratedin2011and2012andsubmittedtoRCA,theAlaskavillageloadcalculatorsynthesized anannualelectricloadofkWh;anearperfectmatch. False Pass Wind-Diesel Power System Conceptual Design Report Page|35 KoliganekpowerplantdatasubmittedtoRCAforPowerCostEqualization,2012 Month Diesel Hydro/ Wind Total kWh Sold Fuel (gal) January 2012 75,600 - 75,600 65,389 5,924 February 2012 62,580 - 62,580 56,459 5,547 March 2012 68,280 - 68,280 58,815 9,740 April 2012 53,760 - 53,760 53,666 4,942 May 2012 54,088 - 54,088 48,331 4,780 June 2012 36,990 - 36,990 34,420 3,668 July 2012 42,600 - 42,600 34,350 4,023 August 2012 50,127 - 50,127 45,690 4,924 September 2012 53,760 - 53,760 48,780 4,856 October 2012 58,920 - 58,920 57,319 5,516 November 2012 56,940 - 56,940 56,624 5,424 December 2012 67,980 - 67,980 59,191 5,573 TOTAL 681,625 681,625 619,034 64,917 kWh Generated ElectricloadsynthesizedwithAlaskaVillageElectricLoadCalculator DieselGenerators TheHOMERmodelwasconstructedwithKoliganek’stwodieselgenerators.Otherdieselgenerator informationpertinenttotheHOMERmodelisshownbelow,includingindividualgeneratorfuelcurves. Basedonthefuelcurveinformationbelow,HOMERsoftwareestimatesapowerplantfuelefficiencyof 9.95kWh/gal.Thiscomparestoa9.96kWh/galefficiencyreportedtoAEAforthepowercost equalizationprogram(reportingperiod:7/1/2011to6/30/2012). False Pass Wind-Diesel Power System Conceptual Design Report Page|36 DieselgeneratorHOMERmodelinginformation DieselgeneratorJohnDeere 6081AF JohnDeere 6068HF Poweroutput(kW)220200 Interceptcoeff.(L/hr/kW rated) 0.020.08 Slope(L/hr/kWoutput)0.2320.24 Minimumelectric load(%) 11.3% (25kW) 12.5% (25kW) Heatrecoveryratio(%of wasteheatthatcanserve thethermalload) N/AN/A Interceptcoefficient–thenoͲloadfuelconsumptionofthegeneratordividedbyitscapacity Slope–themarginalfuelconsumptionofthegenerator JD6081fuelcurveJD6068fuelcurve Intercept:0.08L/hr/kWrated Slope:0.24L/hr/kWrated JD6081efficiencycurveJD6068efficiencycurve False Pass Wind-Diesel Power System Conceptual Design Report Page|37 EconomicAnalysis InstallationoftwoNorthernPowerSystemsNPS100Ͳ24windturbinesortworemanufacturedVestas V20windturbinesinmediumͲtoͲhighpenetrationmodewithoutelectricalstorageisevaluatedto demonstratetheeconomicbenefitoftheprojectoptions.Notethatintheanalysesturbinesare connectedtotheelectricaldistributionsystemwithfirstprioritytoservetheelectricalloadandsecond prioritytoservethethermalloadviaasecondaryloadcontrollerandelectricboiler.ForthisCDR, HOMERmodelingisusedtodeterminesystemperformanceandenergybalance,buteconomic valuationisaccomplishedwithuseoftheRenewableEnergyFundRound7economicvaluation spreadsheetdevelopedbyUniversityofAlaska’sInstituteforSocialandEconomicResearch(ISER)for usebytheAEA. WindTurbineCosts Projectcostestimates FuelCost Afuelpriceof$6.63/gallon($1.40/Liter)waschosenfortheinitialHOMERanalysisbyreferenceto AlaskaFuelPriceProjections2013Ͳ2035,preparedforAEAbyISER,datedJune30,2013andthe 2013_06_R7Prototype_final_07012013Excelspreadsheet,alsowrittenbyISER.The$6.63/gallonprice reflectstheaveragevalueofallfuelpricesbetweenthe2015(theassumedprojectstartyear)fuelprice of$5.63/gallonandthe2034(20yearprojectendyear)fuelpriceof$7.83/gallonusingthemedium priceprojectionanalysiswithanaveragesocialcostofcarbon(SCC)of$0.61/gallonincluded. Bycomparison,thefuelpriceforKoliganek(withouttheSCC)reportedtoRCAforthe2012PCEreport was$4.72/gallon($1.25/Liter).ApplyinganSCCof$0.40/gallon(ISERPrototypespreadsheet,2013 value),the2012Koliganekfuelpricewas$5.12/gallon($1.35/Liter). Fuelcosttable(SCCincluded) CostScenario2015(/gal)2034(/gal) Average (/gallon) Average (/Liter) Medium$5.63 $7.83 $6.63$1.75 ModelingAssumptions Asnotedpreviously,HOMERenergymodelingsoftwarewasusedtoanalyzeaKoliganekwindͲdiesel hybridpowerplant.HOMERisdesignedtoanalyzehybridpowersystemsthatcontainamixof conventionalandrenewableenergysources,suchasdieselgenerators,windturbines,solarpanels, batteries,etc.andiswidelyusedtoaiddevelopmentofAlaskavillagewindpowerprojects. Modelingassumptionsaredetailedinthetablebelow.Assumptionssuchasprojectlife,discountrate, operationsandmaintenance(O&M)costs,etc.areAEAdefaultvaluesandcontainedintheISER spreadsheetmodel. False Pass Wind-Diesel Power System Conceptual Design Report Page|38 Homermodelingassumptions EconomicValuation InanefforttoaligntheeconomicvaluationofprojectalternativeswiththeAEAmethods,HOMER softwarewasusedinthisfeasibilityanalysistomodelthewindresource,windturbineenergy production,effectonthedieselengines,andexcesswindenergythatcouldservethermalloads. AlthoughHOMERsoftwareisdesignedtoevaluateeconomicvaluationbyrankingalternatives,including abaseor“donothing”alternativebynetpresentcost,AEAeconomicvaluationmethodologydiffers somewhatinitsassumptionsofO&Mcosts,fuelcostseachyearoftheprojectlife,anddispositionof excessenergy. GiventhatAEAevaluatesprojectsforRenewableEnergyFundawardbasedontheirmethodology,this analysisusestheAEAevaluationmethod.AlthoughAEAsettheassumptionsandmethodsoftheir economicevaluationmodel,themodelitselfwaswrittenbyISER.ThemodelisupdatedeveryJulyin preparationforthenextroundofRenewableEnergyFundrequestsforproposalsintheformofan explanationreportandanExcelspreadsheet.Thelatestversionofthespreadsheethasafilenameof 2013_06ͲR7Prototype_final_07012013andisavailableonISER’swebsite. ProjectEconomicValuation AdditionalInformation False Pass Wind Project 40 AppendixA:FalsePassWindResourceReport False Pass Wind Project 41 AppendixB:SiteGeotechnicalReport False Pass Wind Project 42 AppendixC:CommunityEnergyUse TheFollowingtableshowsDiesel#2usageinFalsePassfrom2009Ͳ2012: MONTHAND YEAR KWH GENERATED KWH SOLD GALLONS CONSUMED CURRENTPRICEOF FUEL/GAL DIESELEFFICIENCY (kWh/gal) JulͲ094044737796 3419 $2.7311.83 AugͲ094013837295 3470 $2.7311.57 SepͲ094109638364 3476 $2.7311.82 OctͲ094314340735 3590 $2.7312.02 NovͲ094242940351 3625 $2.7311.70 DecͲ094135039165 3518 $2.7311.75 JanͲ104373641628 3803 $2.7311.50 FebͲ103990737799 3534 $2.7311.29 MarͲ104952047181 4264 $2.7311.61 AprͲ104534142939 4020 $2.7311.28 MayͲ104251340104 3707 $2.7311.47 JunͲ104193739322 3675 $3.0411.41 TestPeriod Total 511557482679 44101 JulͲ105590647278 3675 $3.0415.21 AugͲ102977226529 4097 $3.047.27 SepͲ103500434656 3679 $3.049.51 OctͲ103445121545 3854 $3.048.94 NovͲ102801026266 3427 $3.048.17 DecͲ103506132354 3449 $3.0410.17 JanͲ112770324791 2850 $3.049.72 FebͲ113851235988 3065 $3.0412.57 MarͲ114072737569 3700 $3.0411.01 AprͲ114685743564 4042 $3.0411.59 MayͲ114665343238 4150 $3.5311.24 JunͲ112995926464 3223 $3.539.30 TestPeriod Total 448615400242 43211 JulͲ114296219688 4200 $3.4210.23 AugͲ113915727725 4600 $3.428.51 SepͲ113734227351 3564 $3.4210.48 OctͲ113986931499 4500 $3.428.86 NovͲ114244027911 3713 $3.4211.43 DecͲ114363331679 3595 $3.4212.14 False Pass Wind Project 43 JanͲ125018135422 4450 $3.4211.28 FebͲ124430135215 2900 $3.4215.28 MarͲ125473342217 3865 $3.4214.16 AprͲ124287139610 3750 $3.4911.43 MayͲ125062841137 4458 $3.4911.36 JunͲ124401038531 3301 $3.4913.33 TestPeriod Total 532127397985 46896 FromtheRegulatoryCommissionofAlaska,annualPCEreports Datafrom2006&2007wasnotreported.Datafrom2008wasonlyreportedfromJul7thͲOct7, thereforehasbeenaveragedfromallavailableyearsbeforeandafter2008.Datawasobtainedfromthe AEAStatisticalReportofthePowerCostEqualizationProgram. Datafrom2006&2007wasnotreported.Datafrom2008wasonlyreportedfromJul7thͲOct7, thereforehasbeenaveragedfromallavailableyearsbeforeandafter2008.Datawasobtainedfromthe AEAStatisticalReportofthePowerCostEqualizationProgram. False Pass Wind Project 44 Datafrom2006&2007wasnotreported.Datafrom2008wasonlyreportedfromJul7thͲOct7, thereforehasbeenaveragedfromallavailableyearsbeforeandafter2008.Datawasobtainedfromthe AEAStatisticalReportofthePowerCostEqualizationProgram. False Pass Wind Project 45 AppendixD:FalsePassDistributionSurvey False Pass Wind Project 46 AppendixE:AlaskaEnergyAuthorityVillagePowerSystemAssessment