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Koliganek Wind-Diesel and Heat Recovery Conceptual Design Report - Aug 2013 - REF Grant 7040011
Ǧ August2013 MarshCreek,LLC 2000E.88thAve. Anchorage,Alaska99507 Koliganek Wind-Diesel Power System Conceptual Design Report Page|i Contents MarshCreek,LLC............................................................................................................................................i 2000E.88thAve.............................................................................................................................................i Anchorage,Alaska99507...............................................................................................................................i Introduction..................................................................................................................................................1 ProjectGoals.............................................................................................................................................1 ProjectContacts........................................................................................................................................2 VillageofKoliganek...................................................................................................................................2 Access....................................................................................................................................................3 Economy................................................................................................................................................3 LocalInfrastructure...............................................................................................................................3 KoliganekPowerSystem...............................................................................................................................6 PowerPlant...............................................................................................................................................6 DieselGeneratorSets...........................................................................................................................6 CoolingSystem......................................................................................................................................7 HeatRecoverySystem..........................................................................................................................7 SwitchgearandControls.......................................................................................................................8 DayTank................................................................................................................................................9 FuelStorage............................................................................................................................................10 DistributionSystem.................................................................................................................................12 OperatingSchedule.............................................................................................................................12 ElectricalDistributionSystem.............................................................................................................12 NewLoads...........................................................................................................................................13 UtilityManagement................................................................................................................................15 FuelLoans...........................................................................................................................................15 Sustainability.......................................................................................................................................15 NewPowerPlant.....................................................................................................................................15 WindResource............................................................................................................................................15 Koliganek Wind-Diesel Power System Conceptual Design Report Page|ii Mettowerdatasynopsis........................................................................................................................16 TestSiteLocation....................................................................................................................................16 MeasuredWindSpeeds..........................................................................................................................18 ExtremeWinds........................................................................................................................................19 WindRoses..............................................................................................................................................20 InitialPermittingReview.............................................................................................................................21 AlaskaPollutionDischargeEliminationSystem......................................................................................21 FederalAviationAdministration.............................................................................................................21 AlaskaDepartmentofNaturalResources...............................................................................................22 AlaskaCoastalManagementProgramConsistencyReview...............................................................22 StateHistoricPreservationOffice(SHPO)consultation.....................................................................22 USArmyCorpsofEngineers...................................................................................................................22 WetlandsandWaterways...................................................................................................................22 Vegetation...........................................................................................................................................22 USFishandWildlifeService....................................................................................................................23 Recommendations:.............................................................................................................................23 Mitigation:...........................................................................................................................................23 WindͲDieselHybridSystemOverview........................................................................................................24 LowPenetrationConfiguration...............................................................................................................24 MediumPenetrationConfiguration........................................................................................................25 HighPenetrationConfiguration..............................................................................................................25 WindͲDieselSystemComponents...........................................................................................................27 WindTurbine(s)..................................................................................................................................27 SupervisoryControlSystem................................................................................................................27 SynchronousCondenser.....................................................................................................................27 SecondaryLoad...................................................................................................................................28 DeferrableLoad..................................................................................................................................28 InterruptibleLoad...............................................................................................................................29 StorageOptions..................................................................................................................................29 Koliganek Wind-Diesel Power System Conceptual Design Report Page|iii WindSystemOperationsandMaintenance...........................................................................................30 WindSystemOperatorResponsibility................................................................................................30 Training...............................................................................................................................................30 FinancialResponsibilities....................................................................................................................31 OperationsandMaintenanceGuidelines...........................................................................................31 Lifecycle...............................................................................................................................................32 WindTurbines.........................................................................................................................................33 VestasV20...............................................................................................................................................33 NorthernPowerSystems100Ͳ24............................................................................................................34 HomerSoftwareWindͲDieselModel..............................................................................................................35 WindTurbines.........................................................................................................................................35 ElectricLoad............................................................................................................................................36 ThermalLoad......................................................................................................................................37 DieselGenerators...................................................................................................................................38 EconomicAnalysis.......................................................................................................................................39 WindTurbineCosts.................................................................................................................................39 DesignandEngineering.......................................................................................................................40 WindTurbineEquipment....................................................................................................................40 ElectricalSubStationandT&D...........................................................................................................40 ControlsͲWindandThermal...............................................................................................................41 IntegrationEquipmentConstruction..................................................................................................41 TurbineAssy&FoundationConstruction...........................................................................................41 FreightͲmob/demob..........................................................................................................................42 CrewBilletingandTransportation......................................................................................................42 Toolingandmiscconsumables...........................................................................................................42 FuelCost..................................................................................................................................................43 ModelingAssumptions...........................................................................................................................43 EconomicValuation................................................................................................................................44 ConclusionandRecommendations............................................................................................................46 Koliganek Wind-Diesel Power System Conceptual Design Report Page|iv AppendixA:KoliganekWindResourceReport...........................................................................................47 AppendixB:AvianReport...........................................................................................................................48 AppendixC:SiteGeotechnicalReport........................................................................................................49 AppendixD:CommunityEnergyUse..........................................................................................................50 AppendixE:KoliganekDistributionSurvey.................................................................................................52 AppendixF:ConceptualDesignReportandConstructionCostEstimateForEnergyInfrastructure UpgradeProjectsIntheCommunityofKoliganek......................................................................................53 AppendixG:KoliganekAirportReconstructionDraftEnvironmentalAssessment....................................54 AppendixH:AlaskaEnergyAuthorityVillagePowerSystemAssessment..................................................55 Koliganek Wind-Diesel Power System Conceptual Design Report Page|1 Introduction KoliganekwasawardedagrantfromtheAlaskaEnergyAuthority(AEA)inRenewableEnergyFund RoundIVtocompleteaconceptualdesignforinstallationofwindturbines,withpossibleconstruction beginningin2015.NewKoliganekVillageCouncilownsandoperatestheelectricutilityforthe communityCityofKoliganek. ThemoderatewindresourceatthissitecouldsupportamediumpenetrationwindͲdieselsystem. KoliganekisfirstinlineontheAlaskaEnergyWebsitelistforRuralPowerStationUpgrades.Therecould benobettertimingforplanningahybridsystemthanintheearlydesignphaseforthenewdieselplant. Alotofmoneynowspentretrofittingdieselplantcontrolstointegrateintermittentrenewableenergy canbesavedifthedieselplantisdesignedcorrectlynow. AlthoughtheDraftConceptualDesignReportforthispowerplantdoesnotacknowledgetheprospectof integratingwindenergy,thereisstilltimetofixtheomission. ProjectGoals Alaskapayssomeofthehighestpricesforgasandelectricityinthenation,despitebeingthesecond largestproducerofoilintheUnitedStates.Thiscostismagnifiedinoutlyingvillagesandincorporated villagessuchasKoliganek,whoserelativegeographicisolationandlackofconnectedroadsandother infrastructuremakeelectricalgenerationandtransmissionusingimportedfuelanexpensive proposition. Therelianceondieselfuelandheatingoil,andtherisingcostandunpredictablepriceofboth,isthe primarymotivatingfactorinestablishingalternativeandsustainableenergysources. TheHighcostofenergynegativelyimpactscommunitymembers,localgovernment,andentities providingservicestothearea.Manyofthevillagesdisadvantagedresidentsareforcedtochoose betweenheatingtheirhomesandbuyinggroceries. TheproposedwindgenerationinfrastructureinKoliganekwillhelpstabilizeenergycosts,providing longͲtermsocioͲeconomicbenefitstothecity.Thevillageisconfrontedbyarealitythatplaguesmuchof ruralAlaska:extremelylimitedeconomicopportunitycombinedwithanalmostastronomicalcostof living.Facedwiththechallengesofhighcosts,limitedlocalemploymentoptions,andtheneedto supporttheirfamilies,ruralAlaskansstrugglewiththechoiceofstayinginthecommunityorleaving villagelifebehindtorelocatetolargercitiesinsearchofemploymentandaffordableliving.Insmall communitiessuchasKoliganek,eachhouseholdisimportanttothewellͲbeingoftheentirecommunity. Withmoreaffordableenergyavailableinthevillages,moreoftheregion’shouseholdswillbeableto affordtostayintheircommunities,promotingcommunitystabilityandwellnessandhelpingtostemthe tideofruraloutmigration. Koliganek Wind-Diesel Power System Conceptual Design Report Page|2 Thegoalsoftheproposedprojectare: TocreateasustainablecommunityinFalsePass. TodevelopappropriatewindͲdieselengineeringplanscapableofmeetingasignificantportionof FalsePassthermaland/orelectricalneeds. ProjectContacts EntityContactPositionEmailPhone NewKoliganek VillageCouncil Herman NelsonSr. President NewKoliganek VillageCouncil MaryLou Nelson Tribal Administrator newkgkvc@hotmail.com907Ͳ596Ͳ 3434 MarshCreek, LLC JohnLyonsProject Manager john.lyons@marshcreekllc.com907Ͳ258Ͳ 0050X408 MarshCreek, LLC Connie Fredenberg Community Liaison connie.fredenberg@marshcreekllc.com MarshCreek, LLC Maggie McKay Project Coordinator maggie.mckay@marshcreekllc.com907Ͳ258Ͳ 0050X407 V3Energy,LLCDoug Vaught WindEnergy Consultant dvaught@v3energy.com 907Ͳ350Ͳ 5047 AlaskaEnergy Authority JoshCraftWindProgramjcraft@aidea.org 907Ͳ771Ͳ 3000 VillageofKoliganek Koliganekisanunincorporated,CensusDesignatedPlace(CDP),locatedontheleftbankofthe NushagakRiver65milesnortheastofDillingham.ThoughitcurrentlysharesonewithDillingham,the villagehopestogetitsownzipcode.Theareaisinaclimatictransitionzone;whiletheprimary influenceismaritimeacontinentalclimatealso affectstheweather. KoliganekisanEskimovillagefirstlistedinthe 1880Censusas"Kalignak."Thenameislocal, recordedbytheU.S.GeologicalSurveyin1930. Sincethattime,thevillagehasmovedfourmiles downstreamfromtheoriginalsite,hencethe name“NewKoliganekVillageCouncil”.Thereis nomunicipalorganization,justtheTribalCouncil. TheRussianOrthodoxChurchisanimportant presence.Subsistenceactivitiesareanimportant Koliganek Wind-Diesel Power System Conceptual Design Report Page|3 partofthevillagelifestyle. Accordingtothe2010Census,therewere66housingunitsinthecommunitywith55beingoccupied.Its populationwas95.7percentAmericanIndianorAlaskaNative;3.4percentwhite;1percentofthelocal residentshadmultiͲracialbackgrounds.(AlaskaCommunityDatabase) Access A state-owned 3,000' long by 75' wide runway is available. Boats and ATVs are used in the summer and snow machines in the winter. Locals travel to New Stuyahok frequently. There are no docking facilities; goods are lightered from Dillingham. (AlaskaCommunityDatabase) Economy TheschoolandvillageorganizationprovidemostyearͲroundemployment.In2011,14residentsheld commercialfishingpermits.Manyresidentstrap,andsubsistenceactivitiesareanimportantpartofthe economy.Residentsareemployedinsales,clerical,management,professional,production, transportation,andserviceoccupations.Thetowncentercontainstheschool,healthclinic,twogeneral stores,fuelstorage,powergenerationbuilding,andthevillagecouncilbuilding.TheIGAPprogram operatesarecyclingcenter.(AlaskaCommunityDatabase) LocalInfrastructure Koliganekhasoperatedapipedsystemforover25years.Waterisderivedfromawellandistreated. ThirtyͲthreehomesandfacilitiesareconnectedtothepipedwaterandacommunityseptictank.Eight homeshaveindividualwellsandsepticsystems.Fifteenhomeshaulwaterandhoneybuckets.Electricity isprovidedbyKoliganekVillageCouncilElectric.Thereisoneschoollocatedinthecommunity,attended by59students.LocalhospitalsorhealthclinicsincludeKoliganekClinic.Koliganekisanisolatedlocation itispartoftheSouthernEMSRegion.EmergencyServiceshaveriverandairaccess.Emergencyserviceis providedbyahealthaide.AuxiliaryhealthcareisprovidedbyKoliganekFirstResponders.(Alaska CommunityDatabase) Koliganek Wind-Diesel Power System Conceptual Design Report Page|4 DCRACommunityProfile Koliganek Wind-Diesel Power System Conceptual Design Report Page|5 TopographicmapofKoliganekandregion Koliganek Koliganek Wind-Diesel Power System Conceptual Design Report Page|6 KoliganekPowerSystem TheelectricpowersysteminKoliganekisownedandmanagedbyNewKoliganekVillageCouncil,an independentelectricutility.Theschoolhasitsowntankandbackupgeneratorbutdonotselfgenerate. TheplantoperatorofrecordisMr.HermanNelson,Jr.Thepresentpowerplantisamodularunit installedin1987byAlaskaPowerSystems,Inc.Themodulewasdesignedforthreegeneratorsetspaces andisverycramped. PowerPlant Powerplant–frontviewPowerplant–backview DieselGeneratorSets TheexistingKoliganekpowerplantisequippedwithtwodieselgenerators:aJohnDeere6081AF generatorsetratedat180kWwitha220kWgeneratorend,andaJohnDeere6068HF485generatorset ratedat160kWwitha200kWgeneratorend.Thethirdbayiscurrentlyempty,butthereareplansto installanidenticalsettogeneratoroneinpositionnumber3in2013.Thisisarefurbishedgeneratorset fromthepowerplantinEkwok.ThisgeneratorwasdecommissionedwhenEkwokjoinedAlaskaVillage ElectricCoͲOperative(AVEC).Allthreegeneratorsarelargeenoughtooperateindividuallywith sufficientexcessspinningreservetohandlepeakloads. InMay2012GenͲSet#1wasrenovated(@7000hrs),withmaintenancedonetorings,head,pistons, cylinderwalls,andthecrankshaft.AnupgradetoGenͲSet#2isplanned(newpistons,rings,head,and turbocharger). Koliganek Wind-Diesel Power System Conceptual Design Report Page|7 PowerplantͲinside CoolingSystem Thecoolingsystemisconstructedof3”sweatcopperpipingwithaboosterpump.Uponenteringthe radiatorroom,thepipeisneckeddownto2”pipe.TheradiatorsareoriginalUtilityMasterradiators thathavebeenreconfiguredtoalljacketwatercooling(vs.jacketwaterandshellandtubeaftercooler combination). Powerplantcoolantmanifold HeatRecoverySystem Koliganek’spowerplantisdesignedtocaptureheatoffthegeneratorsinthepowerplant.Currently,the clinicistheonlyrecipientoftherecoveredheat.Theclinicreportsusinganestimated100gallonsof fuelforheatingpurposesoverthelast3to4yearsandhasrealizedsubstantialfuelsavings.Thesystem wasdesignedtoproviderecoveredheattotheschoolandteacherhousingaswell,buthasnotbeen operationalforsometime(estimated7Ͳ8years).Heatlossinthesystemincludes170Ͳ180degreesin theexchangerand140Ͳ160degreesintheclinicregisters.Heatrecoverypercentageofthediesel generatorsis25Ͳ30%.Theheatrecoverysystemiscomprisedof3”pipeatthepowerplantandis Koliganek Wind-Diesel Power System Conceptual Design Report Page|8 neckeddownattheheatexchangerto1”pipetotheclinicTheoriginalheatexchangerinthepower planthasbeenreplaced ExistingSchoolheatexchanger–sideviewExistingSchoolheatexchanger–frontview ExistingSchoolbackupgenerator SwitchgearandControls ThecontrolscurrentlyinuseareBarberColemanPOWͲRͲCON’s.Thisparticularcontrollerhassuffered fromdegradingfrequencycontrolovertimewhichisonlyresettablewithacompletepoweroutageand restart.Woodward/BarberColemannolongersupportsthisproduct.Thereisnoloadsharing capabilitiesatthistime.ThePOWͲRͲCON’shavebeenbypassedandtheplantiscompletelymanual.It isourunderstandingthatthevillagehaspurchasedcompletenewswitchgearfromDenisJohnsonat AppliedPower,butthisswitchgearhasyettobeinstalled.WithnewsoftheRPSUproject,theutility maynotspendthemoneytodothisinstallation. Koliganek Wind-Diesel Power System Conceptual Design Report Page|9 NewControls DayTank DayTankControlsandDayTank Koliganek Wind-Diesel Power System Conceptual Design Report Page|10 FuelStorage Insummer2011anewbulkfuelstorage,transferanddispensingfacilitywasconstructedunderthe AlaskaEnergyAuthority’sBulkFuelUpgradeprogram.Theschoolmaintainsaseparatetankfarmand Koliganek Wind-Diesel Power System Conceptual Design Report Page|11 wasnotupgradedunderthisprogram.Thenewfacilityconsistsof7tanksatthemainfacilitywiththe abilitytohold146,000gallonsofdieselfueland41,000gallonsofgasoline.Aneighthtankislocatedat thepowerplantwiththeabilitytostore6,000gallonsofdieselfuel. DieselFuelTankadjacenttoPowerPlantBulkFuelStorage,transferanddispensingstation FuelDispensingStation Koliganek Wind-Diesel Power System Conceptual Design Report Page|12 BulkFuelStorage,transferanddispensingstationlayout DistributionSystem OperatingSchedule Theaverageloadinthesummerisbetween30–50kWandthepeakloadis140–150kWwhenschool isinsessionduringthewinter.Withthecurrentgeneratormakeupofarated160kWanda180kW, thereisnoappropriategeneratoroptionavailableduringsummermonths. ElectricalDistributionSystem ThevillagedistributionsystemIsmaintainedbyHermanNelsonJr.,andlocallinemanElaIshnikJr. HermanNelson,Jr.alsomaintainsthevillagepowerplantandisthekeycontactforenergyrelated issuesinthevillage.Anewschoolisbeingconstructed,whichmayloweroverallelectricalloadsinthe village,thoughtheDepartmentofTransportationisaddinganewbuildingforairportrunwayequipment whichwilllikelyaddtotheload. Customerswiththebiggestneedforelectricityareorderedasfollows:1)Localhomes2)Theschool3) Theairport4)FAA5)Satellitedishes. Koliganek Wind-Diesel Power System Conceptual Design Report Page|13 Powerpolesinthecommunityareonly10yearsoldandmadeoftreatedwood.Theyareinacceptable condition,thoughfourofthemareleaning.Theyarenotnumbered.Transformersinthevillagearein goodconditionandthevillagehastwospares.Noredoramberlightswereobservedduringarecent sitevisitandnoneareleakingoil.Thetransformersarelabeled. Thedistributionlinesinthecommunityareingoodshape,thoughtheprimariesneedtobetightened andsomeofthelinestohomesneedtobereplacedortightened.Somedistributionlinesarecutoffup thepole. ThreeͲphasepowerisprovidedtothevillage.PhasesIandIIIarebalancedbutphaseIIishighand shouldbebalancedassoonaspossible.Thisiscausedbyheavydrawfromthewatersupplypumps whicharewiredtothisphase.SeasonalloadincreasesrunfromNovͲApril. NewLoads Currentlyallelectricalloadsarebeingmet.Groundwasbrokenonanewschoolfacilitythatisplanned tobecompletedsummer2014.Thenewschoolwillbebuiltnexttotheexistingschool,whichwillbe demolished.Newteacherhousingwillbeconstructedonthesiteoftheformerschoolandprevious teacherhousingwillbemovedtotheoldrunwayfordonationtothecommunity.Thebackupgenerator setfortheschoolhasbeensizedat250kW.ThereareplansforanewDOTbuildingtohouseairport equipment. Koliganek Wind-Diesel Power System Conceptual Design Report Page|14 Newschoolproposedlayout NewSchoolproposedbackuppowergenerationplan Koliganek Wind-Diesel Power System Conceptual Design Report Page|15 UtilityManagement .ThelocalutilitymanagerisMaryLouNelson.MaryLou’sfamilyhasnoplanstorelocateoutsideof Koliganekatthistimewhichwillkeeptheknowledgebaselocal.Additionally,MaryLou’shusband, HermanNelsonJr.isthepowerplantoperator.BetweenMaryLouandHermanNelsonJr.,theutility operationsarestablefortheforeseeablefuture. FuelLoans TheStateofAlaskahasstabledtwobulkfuelrevolvingloanprograms.TheBulkFuelRevolvingLoan FundisadministeredbyAEA.TheBulkFuelBridgeLoanprogramisadministeredbytheDivisionof CommunityandRegionalAffairs.Bothprogramswereestablishedtoassistcommunities,utilities providingpowerincommunities,andfuelretailersincommunitiesinpurchasingbulkfueltogenerate powerorsupplythepublicwithfuelforuseincommunities.TheVillageofKoliganekdoesnothavea bridgeloananddoeshaveaBulkfuelrevolvingloan.Therevolvingfuelloaniscurrentasof6/29/2013. Sustainability Inorderfortheprojecttobenefitthecommunityasawholeandtobesustainableintheyearstocome, keyelementsmustbeinplace. TheVillageofKoliganekmustcontinuetobeaparticipantintheStateofAlaska’sPCEProgram,maintain anearperfectcollectionratefromcustomers,continuetomaintaintheirdieselplantingoodworking orderanddevelopamaintenancecontract/arrangementwithanappropriatefirmtotraintheiroperator tosafelyclimbandmaintaintheirproposedwindturbine(s)andwindͲdieselsystem. NewPowerPlant AnewpowerplantisplannedforKoliganek.ThisisdocumentedinJune2009reportbyAlaskaEnergy andEngineering,Inc.(nowGrayStasselEngineering)entitled“ConceptDesignReportandConstruction CostEstimateforEnergyInfrastructureUpgradeProjectsintheCommunityofKoliganek.”Thisreport detailsarecommendedcombinedbulkfuelandpowersystemupgradeproject.Forthepowersystem,a newmodularpowerplant,agenerationheatrecoverysystem,andsupportingmiscellaneouspower distributionupgradesareaddressed. OnepointofconcernwiththeCDR,completedinJuneof2009,istheobviouslackofcurrent informationaboutthewindresourcestudycompletedin2007. WindResource ThewindresourceinKoliganekisgoodwithmeasuredwindpowerclass4bymeasurementofwind powerdensityandclass3bymeasurementofwindspeed.GiventhecooltemperaturesofKoliganek, airdensityishigherthanstandardconditions,leadingtorelativelyhighwindpowerdensities.Byother Koliganek Wind-Diesel Power System Conceptual Design Report Page|16 measuresimportantforwindpoweranalysis,thesitehasalowextremewindprobabilityand experiencesrelativelylowturbulenceatthe30meterlevel. OneadvantageforwindpowerdevelopmentinKoliganekistheavailabilityoftheformerandnow abandonedairstripwherethemeteorologicaltesttowerhadbeenlocated.Becausethevillageand surroundingareaiscomprisedofpermafrostsoils,constructionofwindturbinesontheoldairstrip couldsignificantlyreducefoundationconstructioncosts. Thisrevisedwindresourcereportisanupdateoftheoriginalversionwrittenin2007.Additionaldata filteringhasbeenapplied,specificallyfortowershadingandicingconditions.Ananalysisofextreme windprobabilitywasalsoadded. Mettowerdatasynopsis DatadatesJuly8,2005toJuly13,2006 WindpowerclassClass4(good),basedonwindpowerdensity;Class3(fair),if basedonwindspeed(measuredat30meters) Windpowerdensitymean,30m337W/m2 Windspeedmean,30m5.82m/s Max.10Ͳminwindspeed27.5m/s Maximum2Ͳsec.windgust35.9m/s;December,2005 Weibulldistributionparametersk=1.58,c=6.49m/s Windshearpowerlawexponent0.276(veryhigh) Roughnessclass3.16(description:forest) IEC61400Ͳ1,3rded.classificationClassIIIͲC(at30and20meters) Turbulenceintensity,mean0.099(at15m/s) Calmwindfrequency36%(winds<4m/s) TestSiteLocation A30meterNRGSystems,Inc.tubularͲtypemeteorological(met)towerwasinstalledonthesouthendof theoldandnowabandonedcrossͲwindrunwayinKoliganek.Theoldrunwayisontheimmediate southernedgeofthevillageandthemettowersiteeasilyaccessiblebyautomobile,ATV,snowmachine orfoot.In2011a61meter(200ft)highcellulartelephonecommunicationstowerownedbyGCIwas erectedatthesiteofthemettowerplacement.MetTowerLocationPhoto’s Koliganek Wind-Diesel Power System Conceptual Design Report Page|17 FacingNorthFacingSouth FacingSouthEast Topographicmap Koliganek Wind-Diesel Power System Conceptual Design Report Page|18 DCRAareamapofKoliganekandoldairport MeasuredWindSpeeds Anemometerdataobtainedfromthemettowerindicateaverygoodwindresource,fromthe perspectivesofbothmeanwindspeedandmeanwindpowerdensity,especiallyforanonͲcoastalsite. Notethatcoldtemperaturescontributedtoahigherwindpowerdensitythanstandardconditions wouldyieldforthemeasuredmeanwindspeeds. Koliganekanemometerdatasummary Variable Speed 30 m A Speed 30 m B Speed 20 m Measurement height (m) 30 30 20 Mean wind speed (m/s) 5.82 5.76 5.17 Median wind speed (m/s) 5.00 5.00 4.40 Max wind speed (m/s) 27.7 27.5 26.4 Max gust wind speed (m/s) 35.5 35.9 34.8 Weibull k 1.58 1.50 1.48 Weibull c (m/s) 6.49 6.38 5.72 Mean power density (W/m²) 337 342 261 Mean energy content (kWh/m²/yr) 2,956 2,997 2,282 Energy pattern factor 2.70 2.83 2.97 Frequency of calms (%) 36.9 38.0 44.6 Mettowerlocation; GCIcellulartower nowonthissite. Anticipatedlocations ofwindturbines Koliganek Wind-Diesel Power System Conceptual Design Report Page|19 Windspeedtimeseries ExtremeWinds AmodifiedGumbeldistributionanalysis,basedonmonthlymaximumwindsviceannualmaximum winds,wasusedtopredictextremewindsattheKoliganekmettowersite.Nevertheless,withdata availablethepredictedVref(maximumtenͲminuteaveragewindspeed)ina50yearreturnperiod(in otherwords,predictedtooccuronceevery50years)is36.0m/s.ThisresultclassifiesthesiteasClassIII byInternationalElectrotechnicalCommission61400Ͳ1,3rdedition(IEC3)criteria.IECextremewind probabilityclassificationisonecriteria–withturbulencetheother–thatdescribesasitewithrespectto suitabilityforparticularwindturbinemodels.TheIEC3ClassIIIextremewindclassification,which appearstoapplytotheKoliganekmettowersite,isthelowestandmostcommonclassification.All windturbinesaredesignedtooperateinIEC3ClassIIIsites. Siteextremewindprobabilitytable,30mdata VrefGustIEC61400Ͳ1,3rded. Period(years)(m/s)(m/s)ClassVref,m/s 327.635.7I50.0 1031.240.4II42.5 2033.343.1III37.5 3034.544.7SdesignerͲ specified5036.046.6 10038.149.3 averagegust factor:1.30 Koliganek Wind-Diesel Power System Conceptual Design Report Page|20 WindRoses WindfrequencyrosedataindicatesthatwindsattheKoliganekmettowersitearemultiͲdirectional, witheastͲsoutheast,southͲsouthwest,andnorthwestpredominating.Themeanvalueroseindicates, however,thateastͲsoutheasterlywinds,whentheydooccur,arehighenergyandhencearelikelystorm winds.Thewindenergyroseindicatesthatforwindturbineoperations,powerͲproducingwindsare dominatedbyeastͲsoutheasterlywinds.Calmfrequency(thepercentoftimethatwindsatthe30 meterlevelarelessthan4m/s,atypicalcutͲinspeedoflargerwindturbines)wasarelativelyhigh36 percentduringthemettowertestperiod. WindfrequencyroseMeanvaluerose(30mAanem.) Koliganek Wind-Diesel Power System Conceptual Design Report Page|21 Windenergyrose(30mAanem.)Scatterplotroseof30mAwindpowerdensity InitialPermittingReview TheenvironmentalpermittingstepsbelowarebasedonthepublicationAlaskaWindEnergy Development:BestPracticesGuidetoEnvironmentalPermittingandConsultations,astudywrittenin 2009byURSCorporation,fortheAEA. AlaskaPollutionDischargeEliminationSystem Stateregulations(18AAC83APDES)requirethatalldischarges,includingstormwaterrunoff,tosurface watersbepermittedundertheAlaskaPollutantDischargeEliminationSystem(APDES)permitprogram, whichaimstoreduceoreliminatestormwaterrunoffthatmightcontainpollutantsorsedimentsfroma projectsiteduringconstruction.Theconstructionofoneormorewindturbinesandpowerline,in Koliganekwouldlikelynotdisturboneacreormoreofsoil,andthuswillnotneedtobepermittedunder theStateofAlaska’sConstructionGeneralPermit(CGP)andhaveaStormWaterPollutionPrevention Plan(SWPPP).Duringtheconstructionphaseoftheprojectasurveywillconfirm. FederalAviationAdministration SubmissionofFederalAviationAdministration(FAA)Form7460Ͳ1,NoticeofProposedConstructionor Alteration,isrequiredaswindturbinesinKoliganekwillbeneartheairport.Obstructionlightingonthe windturbine(s)islikelyrequiredandwouldbeinstalledinallcircumstances. NCTindicatedILSareainterference. Koliganek Wind-Diesel Power System Conceptual Design Report Page|22 AlaskaDepartmentofNaturalResources AlaskaCoastalManagementProgramConsistencyReview TheAlaskaDepartmentofNaturalResourcesDivisionofCoastandOceanManagement(DCOM) administerstheAlaskaCoastalManagementProgram(ACMP).TheACMPisdesignedtoevaluate projectswithintheCoastalZone.AsKoliganekisnotwithinthecoastalzoneofAlaska,theACMPdoes notapply. StateHistoricPreservationOffice(SHPO)consultation TheprojectdesignconsultantwillcompleteaconsultationunderSection106oftheHistoric PreservationActwiththeStateHistoricPreservationOffice(SHPO),toreceivealetterconcurringthata windprojectwouldaffectnohistoricproperties.Basedonthefactthatthewindturbineswillbesited ontheoldrunway,webelievethisissuehasalreadybeeninvestigatedandexpectnoproblems. USArmyCorpsofEngineers TheUSArmyCorpsofEngineers(USACE)requirestheplacementoffillin“watersoftheUnitedStates”, includingwetlandsandstreams,underSection404oftheCleanWaterAct(CWA). WetlandsandWaterways Theprojectareahasbeenreviewedforthepresenceanddistributionofwetlandsandaquaticresources usingtheUSFishandWildlifeService(USFWS)NationalWetlandInventoryWetlandMapper(2012). CurrentdataisnotavailableontheWetlandMapperforKoliganek,Alaska.However,thereisdigital informationavailableonwebsitefornearbyandsimilarlandscapes. TheNWIWetlandMapperindicatescompletecoverageoftheproposedprojectareabyfreshwater emergent,freshwaterpond,lakes,andriverinefeatures.Allofthesefeaturesandresourcesare regulatedbytheUSArmyCorpsofEngineers(USACOE).Fillplacementandotherdischargesof constructionmaterialsintothesefeaturesrequiresasection404permitfromtheArmyCorpsandmay requiremitigationand/orrestorationofimpactedhabitats.Itisimportanttonote,however,thatin windenergydevelopmentprojects;wetlandlossislargelyduetoroadconstructionandfoundationsfor windturbines,issuesfarlessatissuewhenbuildingonaformerairstrip. Vegetation TheareaaroundKoliganekisgenerallycharacterizedasamoraineandoutwashmantledlowlandhaving lowlocalrelief.Thelowlandisunderlainbyseveralhundredfeetofoutwashandmorainedepositsthat aremantledinpartbysiltandpeat.Thevegetationcommunitythatdominatesthelandssurrounding KoliganekisclassifiedaswetͲsedgeandmosscommunitywetlands(Raynoldsetal.,2005).Thisplant communityisdominatedbyemergentwetlandvegetationwithfewwoodyspecies. Koliganek Wind-Diesel Power System Conceptual Design Report Page|23 USFishanWildlifeService KoliganekislocatedinanareathatismappedbytheAnchorageUSFishandWildlifeService(USFWS) FieldOfficeas“NoConsultationNecessary”forlistedspeciesundertheEndangeredSpeciesAct (ESA).Thismapiscalled“ESAListedSpeciesConsultationGuide–AnchorageFishandWildlifeField Office”.Thelegendstates“IfyourprojectislocatedwithinSolidGreenonthismap,therearenolisted speciespresentwithinyourprojectareaandnoconsultationisnecessary.” However,duringasitevisittodevisealocalavianstudytoconfirmthatnoconsultationwouldbe necessary,thebiologistdiscoveredbatsinthecommunity.Weknowtheyoverwinterinattics,butdo notknowiftherearealsomigratorybats.Verylittleisknownabouttheirbehaviorintheareaatthis time. TheUSFWSWindTurbineGuidelinesAdvisoryCommitteedevelopedguidelinesandrecommendations forwindpowerprojectstoavoidimpactstobirdsandbats.Theserecommendationsweresenttothe SecretaryoftheInteriorinMarch2010andshouldbereferredtoduringdesignandconstruction. InNovemberof2012adraftenvironmentalassessmentwasconductedbytheAlaskaDepartmentof TransportationandPublicFacilities(DOT&PF)tostudytheconsequencesofdoingrepairsand improvementstoKoliganek’scurrentairstrip.Thegeneralconsensus,withmanyconclusionsapplicable towindturbineinstallation,wasthattherewouldbenonegativeimpactstosubsistenceliving,fish habitat,orthreatenedmarinemammals.Aseparatestudywillhavetobeconductedtoinvestigatethe potentialimpactofwindturbinesonthebatpopulations. Thefullenvironmentalstudycanbefoundintheappendix. Recommendations: DuringsummerthroughfallinKoliganekseveralspeciesofbirdsusethearea.Thegeesefeedonthe berriesintheregionandareattractedtoriverbars(awayfromthecommunity),gravelroadsandthe oldrunwayinthevillagetogathersand(grit)toaidintheirdigestion.Ithasalreadybeendetermined thatactivityinthevicinityoftheoldrunwayisnotaproblemwiththesebirds,butmoreinformation aboutthemovementsandactivitiesofthebatsshouldbecollected. Webelievewecancollectthenecessarydatatounderstandbatactivitiesneartheproposedwind turbinesiteinKoliganekbyspending5Ͳ10dayscollectingbatobservationduringJune(peakinsect season)aroundtheproposedturbinesiteand5Ͳ10daysinSeptemberEveningandnightobservationsof thebatswillbenecessary,andalimitedmiststudyofthebatstodeterminespecieswouldbeadvisable. Mitigation: Ifwefindthatbatspresentaconcerntothewindturbineprojectwehavesomemitigationmeasureswe canconsiderincluding;movingtheturbinetoalocationlesslikelytokillbats;useaverticalaxisturbine Koliganek Wind-Diesel Power System Conceptual Design Report Page|24 whichisgenerallymorebirdfriendly;onlyusetheturbinewhenthebatshavemigratedsouthorare hibernatingandnotatrisk. WindǦDieselHybridSystemOverview WindͲdieselpowersystemsarecategorizedbasedontheiraveragepenetrationlevels,ortheoverall proportionofwindͲgeneratedelectricitycomparedtothetotalamountofelectricalenergygenerated. CommonlyusedcategoriesofwindͲdieselpenetrationlevelsarelowpenetration,mediumpenetration, andhighpenetration.Thewindpenetrationlevelisroughlyequivalenttotheamountofdieselfuel displacedbywindpower.Notehoweverthatthehigherthelevelofwindpenetration,themore complexandexpensiveacontrolsystemanddemandͲmanagementstrategyisrequired. CategoriesofwindǦdieselpenetrationlevels PenetrationPenetrationLevelOperatingcharacteristicsandsystemrequirements InstantaneousAverage Low0%to50%Lessthan 20% Dieselgenerator(s)runfulltimeatgreaterthanminimum loadinglevel.Requiresminimalchangestoexistingdiesel controlsystem.Allwindenergygeneratedsuppliesthe villageelectricload;windturbinesfunctionas“negative load”withrespecttodieselgeneratorgovernorresponse. Medium0%to100+%20%to 50% Dieselgenerator(s)runfulltimeatgreaterthanminimum loadinglevel.Requirescontrolsystemcapableof automaticgeneratorstart,stopandparalleling.Tocontrol systemfrequencyduringperiodsofhighwindpowerinput, systemrequiresfastactingsecondaryloadcontroller matchedtoasecondaryloadsuchasanelectricboiler augmentingageneratorheatrecoveryloop.Athighwind powerlevels,secondary(thermal)loadsaredispatchedto absorbenergynotusedbytheprimary(electric)load. Withoutsecondaryloads,windturbinesmustbecurtailed tocontrolfrequency. High (DieselsͲoff Capable) 0%to150+%Greater than50% Dieselgenerator(s)canbeturnedoffduringperiodsof highwindpowerlevels.Requiressophisticatednew controlsystem,significantwindturbinecapacity,secondary (thermal)load,energystoragesuchasbatteriesoraflywheel, andpossiblyadditionalcomponentssuchasdemandͲ manageddevices. LowPenetrationConfiguration EstablishingalowͲpenetrationwindͲdieselsystemrequiresthefewestmodificationstotraditional powersystemsbecausemaximumwindpenetrationisneversufficienttopresentpotentialelectrical stabilityproblems.However,lowpenetrationwindsystemstendtobelesseconomicalthanhigher penetrationsystemsduetothelimitedannualfuelsavingscomparedtorelativelyhightotalwind Koliganek Wind-Diesel Power System Conceptual Design Report Page|25 systeminstallationcosts.Thislatterpointisbecauseallofthefixedcostsofawindpowerproject– equipmentmobilizationanddemobilization,distributionconnection,newroadaccess,permitting,land acquisition,etc.–arespreadacrossfewerturbines,resultinginrelativelyhighperkWinstalledcosts. MediumPenetrationConfiguration Mediumpenetrationsystemsareverysimilartohighpenetrationsystemsexceptthatnoelectrical storageisemployedandwindcapacityisplannedsuchthatamoderateandusableamountofexcess windenergymustbedivertedtothermalloads. HighPenetrationConfiguration Othercommunitiesareevenmoreaggressivelyseekingtooffsetdieselusedforthermalandelectrical energy.Thesecommunitiesareusingconfigurationswhichwillallowforthegeneratorsetstobe turnedoff,andwilluseasignificantportionofthewindenergyforvariousheatingloads.Whilethe Koliganek Wind-Diesel Power System Conceptual Design Report Page|26 potentialbenefitofthesesystemsisthehighest,commissioningcantakelongerduetoincreased systemcomplexity. Koliganek Wind-Diesel Power System Conceptual Design Report Page|27 WindǦDieselSystemComponents ListedbelowarethemaincomponentsofamediumtohighͲpenetrationwindͲdieselsystem: x Windturbine,plustowerandfoundation x Supervisorycontrolsystem x Synchronouscondenser x Secondaryload x Deferrableload x Interruptibleload x Storage WindTurbine(s) VillageͲscalewindturbinesaregenerallydefinedas50kWto250kWratedoutput.Thisturbinesize oncedominatedtheglobalwindpowerindustrybuthasbeenleftbehindinfavorofmuchlarger1,000 kWpluscapacityturbinesforgridͲconnectedprojects.Conversely,therearealsomanyturbines manufacturedforhomeorfarmapplication,butgenerallytheseare10kWorsmaller.Consequently, therearefewnewmanufacturedvillagesizeͲclassturbinesonthemarket.Fortunately,however,alarge supplyofusedand/orremanufacturedturbinesareavailable.Thelattertypicallyresultfromthe repowerofolderwindfarmsintheContinentalUnitedStatesandEuropewithnew,largerwind turbines. SupervisoryControlSystem MediumͲandhighͲpenetrationwindͲdieselsystemsrequirefastͲactingrealandreactivepower managementtocompensateforrapidvariationinvillageloadandwindturbinepoweroutput.AwindͲ dieselsystemmastercontroller,alsocalledasupervisorycontroller,wouldbeinstalledinsidethe existingKoliganekpowerplantorincorporatedintotheanticipatednewRPSUpowerplant.The supervisorycontrollerwouldselecttheoptimumsystemconfigurationbasedonvillageloaddemand andavailablewindpower. SynchronousCondenser Asynchronouscondenser,sometimescalledasynchronouscompensator,isaspecializedsynchronous electricmotorwithanoutputshaftthatspinsfreely.Itsexcitationfieldiscontrolledbyavoltage regulatortoeithergenerateorabsorbreactivepowerasneededtosupportthegridvoltageorto maintainthegridpowerfactorataspecifiedlevel.ThisisnecessaryfordieselsͲoffwindturbine operations,butgenerallynotrequiredforwindsystemsthatmaintainarelativelylargeoutputdiesel generatoronlineatalltimes. Koliganek Wind-Diesel Power System Conceptual Design Report Page|28 Synchronouscondenser SecondaryLoad Toavoidcurtailingwindturbinesduringperiodsofhighwind/lowloaddemand,asecondaryor“dump” loadisinstalledtoabsorbexcesssystem(principallywind)powerbeyondthatrequiredtomeetthe electricalload.Thesecondaryloadconvertsexcesswindenergyintoheatviaanelectricboilertypically installedinthedieselgeneratorheatrecoveryloop.Thisheatcanbeforuseinspaceandwaterheating throughtheextremelyrapid(subͲcycle)switchingofheatingelements,suchasanelectricboiler imbeddedinthedieselgeneratorjacketwaterheatrecoveryloop.AsseeninFigure16,asecondary loadcontrollerservestostabilizesystemfrequencybyprovidingafastrespondingloadwhengusting windcreatessysteminstability. AnelectricboilerisacommonsecondaryloaddeviceusedinwindͲdieselpowersystems.Anelectric boilercoupledwithaboilergridinterfacecontrolsystemwillberequiredtoabsorbupto120/240kWof instantaneousenergy(fulloutputofthewindturbinesThegridinterfacemonitorsandmaintainsthe temperatureoftheelectrichotwatertankandestablishesapowersetpoint.ThewindͲdieselsystem mastercontrollerassignsthesetpointbasedontheamountofunusedwindpoweravailableinthe system.Frequencystabilizationisanotheradvantagethatcanbecontrolledwithanelectricboilerload. Theboilergridinterfacewillautomaticallyadjusttheamountofpoweritisdrawingtomaintainsystem frequencywithinacceptablelimits.Duetospaceconstraints,anewmodulewouldbenecessaryoutside theexistingKoliganekpowerplantortheboilercouldbeincorporatedintothenewRPSUpowerplant. DeferrableLoad Adeferrableloadiselectricloadthatmustbemetwithinsometimeperiod,butexacttimingisnot important.Loadsarenormallyclassifiedasdeferrablebecausetheyhavesomestorageassociatedwith them.WaterpumpingisacommonexampleͲthereissomeflexibilityastowhenthepumpactually Koliganek Wind-Diesel Power System Conceptual Design Report Page|29 operates,providedthewatertankdoesnotrundry.Otherexamplesincludeicemakingandbattery charging.Adeferrableloadoperatessecondinprioritytotheprimaryload. InterruptibleLoad Electricheatingeitherintheformofelectricspaceheatersorelectricwaterboilersshouldbeexplored asameansofdisplacingstoveoilwithwindͲgeneratedelectricity.Itmustbeemphasizedthatelectric heatingisonlyeconomicallyviablewithexcesselectricitygeneratedbyarenewableenergysourcesuch aswindandnotfromdieselͲgeneratedpower.Itistypicallyassumedthat41kWhofelectricheatis equivalenttoonegallonofheatingfueloil. StorageOptions Electricalenergystorageprovidesameansofstoringwindgeneratedpowerduringperiodsofhigh windsandthenreleasingthepoweraswindssubside.Energystoragehasasimilarfunctiontoa secondaryloadbutthestored,excesswindenergycanbeconvertedbacktoelectricpoweratalater time.Thereisanefficiencylosswiththeconversionofpowertostorageandoutofstorage.The descriptionsbelowareforinformationandarenotcurrentlypartoftheoverallsystemdesign. Batteries BatterystorageisagenerallywellͲproventechnologyandhasbeenusedinAlaskanpowersystems includingFairbanks(GoldenValleyElectricAssociation),Wales,andKokhanok;however,ithasmetwith mixedresultsinthesmallercommunities.BatteriesaremostappropriateforprovidingmediumͲterm energystoragetoallowatransition,orbridge,betweenthevariableoutputofwindturbinesanddiesel generation.This“bridging”periodistypically5to15minuteslong.Storageforseveralhoursordaysis alsopossiblewithbatteries,butthisrequireshighercapacityandcost.Ingeneral,thedisadvantagesof batteriesforutilityͲscaleenergystorage,evenforsmallutilitysystems,arehighcapitalandmaintenance costsandlimitedlifetime.AnadditionalconcernforruralAlaskancommunitiesisthatbatteriesare heavy,expensiveship,andmostcontainhazardoussubstancesthatrequirespecialremovalfromthe villageatendofservicelifeanddisposalinspeciallyͲequippedrecyclingcenters. Thereareawidevarietyofbatterytypeswithdifferentoperatingcharacteristics.Advancedleadacid andzincͲbromideflowbatterieswereidentifiedas“technologicallysimple”energystorageoptions appropriateforruralAlaskainanAlaskaCenterforEnergyandPower(ACEP)July,2009reporton energystorage.NickelͲcadmium(NiCad)batterieshavebeenusedinruralAlaskaapplicationssuchas theWaleswindͲdieselsystem.AdvantagesofNiCadbatteriescomparedtoleadͲacidbatteriesincludea deeperdischargecapability,lighterweight,higherenergydensity,aconstantoutputvoltage,andmuch betterperformanceduringcoldtemperatures.However,NiCadsareconsiderablymoreexpensivethan leadͲacidbatteriesandonemustnotethattheWaleswindͲdieselsystemhadapooroperationalhistory andhasnotbeenfunctionalforovertenyears. Becausebatteriesoperateondirectcurrent(DC),aconverterisrequiredtochargeordischargewhen connectedtoanalternatingcurrent(AC)system.Atypicalbatterystoragesystemwouldincludeabank Koliganek Wind-Diesel Power System Conceptual Design Report Page|30 ofbatteriesandapowerconversiondevice.Thebatterieswouldbewiredforanominalvoltageof roughly300volts.Individualbatteryvoltagesonalargescalesystemaretypically1.2voltsDC.Recent advancesinpowerelectronicshavemadesolidstateinverter/convertersystemscosteffectiveand preferableapowerconversiondevice.TheKokhanokwindͲdieselsystemisdesignedwitha300voltsDC batterybankcoupledtoagridͲformingpowerconverterforproductionofutilityͲgraderealandreactive power.Followingsomedesignandcommissioningdelays,thesolidstateconvertersysteminKokhanok shouldbeoperationalbylate2013andwillbemonitoredcloselyforreliabilityandeffectiveness. WindSystemOperationsandMaintenance TheNewKoliganekVillageCouncilwillberesponsiblefortheoperationandmaintenancethenewly installedwindturbinefacilityandtoensureitsongoingreliability.Forthenewfacility,theO&Mplan includesminimumestimatesofoperationandmaintenanceneedsandcosts,renewalandreplacement needsandcosts. WindSystemOperatorResponsibility Uponconstruction,thefacilitywillbeturnedovertothemanagementoftheCouncil(the“Primary Operator”)afterthesatisfactorycompletion,asdeterminedbytheAlaskaEnergyAuthorityofa14Ͳday testperiod.Afterthistestperiod,AlaskaEnergyAuthority,willprovidewrittennotice(Certificateof SubstantialCompletion)thatthefacilityisreadyforregularproductionandoperation.Uponreceiptof thisCertificate,theCouncilwillbecomethePrimaryOperatorandwillassumeresponsibilityfortheuse, dayͲtoͲdayoperations,andlongͲtermmaintenanceofallfacilitycomponents. TheNewKoliganekVillageCouncilwilldesignateanindividual(s)tomaintainthenewwindsystem facility.TheVillageCouncilwillmanagetheWindSystemsOperator’senterprisesandwillbegiven completeresponsibilityforoperatingthefacility. Training Itisrecognizedthattherewillbe,fromtimetotime,turnoverinvariousoperational,maintenanceand administrativepositions.Becauseallfunctionsareessentialtothesuccessfuloperationofthenew WindEnergyFacility,replacementswillberecruitedandtrainedasnecessary.TheVillageCouncilwill beresponsibleformaintainingadequatestaffingandtrainingatalltimes.TheVillageCouncilandthe WindSystemOperatorwillutilizetrainingprogramsofferedbyAEA,theAlaskaVocationalTechnical Center(AVTEC)inSeward,MarshCreekandothertrainingprograms.MarshCreekwillinvestintraining personnelinthecareandpreventativemaintenanceforthefacility.Thecombinationoftheexisting utilitypersonnelwillbesufficienttomanageandoperatetheutilityinanasefficientaspossibleway whileatthesametimekeepingexpensesaslowaspossible. ThroughpreviousexperienceatotherremoteelectricutilityoffͲgridsites,thenewwindfarmoperators willrequirebetweenoneandtwoyearsofsteadysupportonthewindpowersideoftheutility,whichin mostcasescanbeprovidedbytelephone.Suchongoingcontactincreasesoperatorconfidence, Koliganek Wind-Diesel Power System Conceptual Design Report Page|31 improvessystemperformanceandpayslongtermdividendsinlowercostsandlessunscheduled downtime.Ideally,allplantoperatorswillberesponsiblefortheentirehybridplant,includingits thermalcomponent. FinancialResponsibilities TherearetwocostcategoriesthatwillbeincurredintheongoingoperationandupkeepoftheWind EnergyFacility–O&MandR&R.NewKoliganekVillageCouncilwillincuranumberofexpensesrelating totheO&MoftheFacility.O&Mitemsaredefinedasexpensesthatareincurredonaregularbasisand maintenanceexpensesthatareincurredonanannualbasis,aswellasreplacementcostsofitemsunder $1,000.R&Rcostsarethoseexpensesdefinedasitemscostinggreaterthan$1,000and/orthatarenot replacedonanannualbasis.Theanticipateditems,thefrequencyoftheirreplacementarefurther definedbyinmanufacturer’sliteratureandwillbeoutlinedindetailintheOperationsandMaintenance manual. ThePrimaryOperatorshouldestablishseparateO&MandR&Raccountsandmaintainasufficient accountbalancetomeettheO&MandR&Rfinancialgoals.Everyyear,thePrimaryOperatorshould developabudgetfortheupcomingfiscalyear,January1throughDecember31,forbothO&MandR&R. Thiswillincludeanupdateofactualexpensesandprojectionsandassumptions.O&Mspecifictothe windgenerationsystem,createsanewandcriticalcategoryofoperationalresponsibilityandexpense. Keepingasystematicpreventativemaintenanceregimeforthewindgenerators,performedby knowledgeableandconscientioustechnicians,isessentialtothelongtermviabilityofsuchaprojectin Koliganek.Onekeycomponentofasuccessfulmaintenanceprogramwillbethepowerplantoperator OperationsandMaintenanceGuidelines Itisexpectedthatreductionofengineruntimewillhavegenerallycommensurateandproportional effectondieselpowerhousemaintenanceexpense.Ataminimum,theruntimereductioncausedbythe contributionofthewindenergycomponentwillextendtheotherwiseexpectedintervalsfordiesel gensetschedules,preventativeandpredictableinspectionsandmaintenance. ItisrecommendedaninventoryofsparepartsbemaintainedinKoliganek.Equipmentmanufacturers publishrigidserviceintervalrecommendations,andstrictobservanceisthekeytoreliability.Onsite sparesarevital,andtheinventorycontributestotheoperator’sunderstandingofhowequipmentis actuallybeingused. ThetypeandquantityofsparesonͲhandshouldtargetequipmentthatiseithersubjecttohighstress cyclesorequipmentthatsignificantlycontributestothesystem’speakperformanceandreliability. Thesetargetareasincludecriticalengineandcontrolsystemspares,enginecontrolandmastercontrol cellspares,windturbineandancillarycontrolsystemsparesandthermalstoragesystemspares Koliganek Wind-Diesel Power System Conceptual Design Report Page|32 EquipmentfailureismostlikelytooccurduringinitialstartͲupthroughapproximatelythefirstyears’ operation.Repairandmostpartswillbecoveredbymanufacturer’swarrantiesinthistimeframeand thesparesinventoryshouldbeadjustedbasedonevents,experienceandtrends. Operationsthroughthesecondandthirdyeartypicallyinvolvescheduledcomponentchange,which shouldfollowtherecommendedprotocolspecifiedbythemanufacturers.Typicalinnewpowerplants, themostcriticaltimeisthefourthandfifthyearofoperation.DuringthisproneͲtoͲfailureperiod,the partsinventoryshouldbeadjustedtoaddressgenerallocalexperienceandhistoricalfailuretrends. Lifecycle Somewindturbinecomponentsaremoresubjecttowearandtearthanothers.Thisisparticularlytrue forrotorbladesandgearboxes.Windturbineownerswhoseethattheirturbineareclosetotheendof theirtechnicaldesignlifetimemayfinditadvantageoustoincreasethelifetimeoftheturbinebydoinga majoroverhauloftheturbine,e.g.byreplacingtherotorbladesandoverhaulingthegearbox.Theprice ofanewsetofrotorblades,agearbox,orageneratorisusually15Ͳ20percentofthepriceofthe turbine. Whendeterminingthelifecyclecostofawindsystem,oneimportantitemthatisoftenoverlookedis thesystemoperationandmaintenance.Byaccountingfortheseexpensesduringthedesignand feasibilityphaseoftheturbine,thewindsystemoperatorwillavoidunexpectedfuturesurprises. Itisunrealistictobelievethatsomethingascomplicatedasawindelectricsystemwilloperate unattendedanduntouchedforthe20ͲyearͲpluslifeexpectancyofthesystem.Windturbinetechnology hasmadegreatstridesinthepast10yearsintermsofreliabilityespeciallyintheareaofspecialized lubricants,equipmentandreplacementparts.Mostoftheseimprovementshavenotcomefromnew designs.Indeed,thetechnologyhasevolvedfromsystemusersandtheiroperationsstrategies attemptingtogainmaximizereliability. However,thingsdowearout,orjustplainwear.Alternatorbearingscannotbeexpectedtospinfor yearswithoutperiodicserviceandadherencetolubricationserviceintervals.Thesameholdstruefor yawbearingswiththeirsignificantloading.Dust,debris,andeveninsectsinthewindwilleventually erodethemostdurablebladematerials,leadingedgetapes,andpaintcoatings. Paintcoatings,subjectedtosunlight,moisture,andtemperatureextremeswilleventuallydeteriorate. Gearboxlubricantwilldegradeovertime,justastheoilinthedieselgensetdoes. If,afterfiveyears,thealternatorbearingsarebeginningtorumble,itwouldbeprudenttoreplacethem ratherthanwaituntiltherotatingalternatorcomponentsbeganscrapingagainsteachother.Thiswould resultinsignificantlygreaterexpense. Koliganek Wind-Diesel Power System Conceptual Design Report Page|33 Itiswellknowninthesmallwindturbineindustrythatthelifeexpectancyofawindsystemisdirectly proportionaltotheowner'sinvolvementwiththesystem.Itisanticipatedthecommunitywillallocate adequatefundingforoperationandmaintenance,payingstrictattentiontotheguidelinesnotedbythe manufacturer. Maintainingthewindturbinerevolution In an informal survey of 75 wind farm operators in the United States conducted by Frontier Pro Services, many respondents indicated they had fallen behind on scheduled preventive maintenance such as oil changes and gearbox lubrication because of a shortage of qualified technicians. According to Frontier, the survey found many wind farm operations and maintenance teams are so resource-constrained that they can barely keep up with unscheduled breakdown repairs to wind turbines. ..."Damage caused by worn out or compromised gear oil can be irreparable," said Frontier Pro Services lead technical advisor Jack Wallace, who has been servicing wind turbines for more than 20 years. "You can really see that it makes no sense to put off needed oil changes." August 20, 2008 by George Gill in Lube Report WindTurbines PotentiallysuitablewindturbinesfortherelativelymodestwindregimeofKoliganekarethe remanufacturedVestasV20orthenewNorthernPowerNPS100Ͳ24. VestasV20 TheVestasV20wasoriginallymanufacturedbyVestasWindSystemsA/SinDenmarkandisnolongerin production.Itis,however,availableasaremanufacturedunitfromHalusPowerSystemsinCalifornia (representedinAlaskabyMarshCreek,LLC)andfromTalk,Inc.inMinnesota.TheV20isahigher outputversionofthetwoVestasV17windturbinesinstalledinKokhanokin2011.TheV17hasafixedͲ pitch,stallͲregulatedrotorcoupledtoanasynchronous(induction)generatorviaagearboxdrive.The originalturbinedesignincludedlowspeedandhighspeedgeneratorsinordertooptimizeperformance atlowandhighwindspeeds.Thetwogeneratorsareconnectedtothegearboxwithbeltdrivesanda clutchmechanism.Insomeinstallationsthough–especiallysiteswithahighmeanwindspeeds–the lowspeedgeneratorisremovedtoeliminateapotentialfailurepoint. Koliganek Wind-Diesel Power System Conceptual Design Report Page|34 VestasV17windturbinesinKokhanok NorthernPowerSystems100Ǧ24 TheNorthernPowerSystemsNPS100Ͳ24isratedat100kWandisadirectdrive(nogearbox)turbine equippedwithapermanentmagnet,synchronousgenerator.ThisvariantofthemorecommonNPS100Ͳ 21hasa24meterdiameterrotorandisavailablewitha23,30or37metermonopoletower.Therotor bladesarefixedpitchforstallcontrolbuttheturbineisalsoinverterregulatedformaximum100kW poweroutput.ForKoliganek,theturbinewouldbeequippedwithanarcticpackageenablinga minimumoperatingtemperatureofͲ40°C.TheNorthernPowerSystemsNPS100(formerlyknownas theNorthwind100)isthemostwidelyrepresentedvillageͲscalewindturbineinAlaskawithasignificant numberofinstallationsintheYukonͲKuskokwimDeltaandonSt.LawrenceIsland.TheNPS100Ͳ24wind turbineismanufacturedinBarre,Vermont,USA.Moreinformationcanbefoundat http://www.northernpower.com/.SeeAppendixAforturbinebrochure. Koliganek Wind-Diesel Power System Conceptual Design Report Page|35 Northwind100turbinesinToksookBayandUnalakleet HomerSoftwareWindǦDieselModel HOMERenergymodelingsoftwarewasusedtoanalyzetheKoliganekpowerSystem.HOMERwas designedtoanalyzehybridpowersystemsthatcontainamixofconventionalandrenewableenergy sources,suchasdieselgenerators,windturbines,solarpanels,batteries,etc.andiswidelyusedtoaid developmentofAlaskavillagewindpowerprojects.HOMERusesastaticenergybalancemodel, however,andisnotdesignedtomodelthedynamicstabilityofawindͲdieselpowersystem(althoughit willprovideawarningicontoindicatethatrenewableenergyispotentialsufficienttoresultin instability). WindTurbines ThisCDRevaluatesinstallationoftwonewNorthernPowerSystemsNorthernPowerNPS100Ͳ24wind turbinesata37meterhubheightfor200kWinstalledcapacity,ortworemanufacturedVestasV20 windturbinesata32meterhubheightfor240KWinstalledcapacity.Standardtemperatureand pressure(STP)powercurvesfortheNPS100Ͳ24andV20areshownbelow. Koliganek Wind-Diesel Power System Conceptual Design Report Page|36 NorthernPowerNPS100Ǧ24VestasV20 PowerCurve ElectricLoad KoliganekelectricloadwassynthesizedusingtheAlaskaVillageElectricLoadCalculatorforExcelwhich wasdevelopedseveralyearsagobytheAEA.Thisprogramenablesthemanufactureofanannual profileofhourlyload,evenforvillageswherehourlyorsubͲhourlyaverageelectricloadhasnotbeen collectedorrecorded.TheElectricLoadCalculatorisdesignedtoevaluateanumberoffactorsunique toavillagethataffecttheelectricload,suchaspopulation,numberofsmallandlargebusinesses, numberofcommunitybuildings,sophisticationofcommunicationsandwaterutilities,typeofmedical clinic,presenceofstreetlighting,etc.Withinputteddata,thevillageelectricloadcalculatorsynthesizes aload. Synthesizedloaddatacanbecomparedtothemostrecentpowercostequalizationreportsubmittedto theAlaskaRegulatoryControlAgencytoverifythatthesynthesizedloadmatchesthatreported. MonthlyloaddatasubmittedbyNewKoliganekVillageCounciltotheRegulatoryCommissionofAlaska (RCA)forthePowerCostEqualization(PCE)Programispresentedbelow.ComparedtoKoliganek’s 681,625kWhenergygeneratedin2011and2012andsubmittedtoRCA,theAlaskavillageload calculatorsynthesizedanannualelectricloadof681,528kWh;anearperfectmatch. Koliganek Wind-Diesel Power System Conceptual Design Report Page|37 KoliganekpowerplantdatasubmittedtoRCAforPowerCostEqualization,2012 ElectricloadsynthesizedwithAlaskaVillageElectricLoadCalculator ThermalLoad Theannualheatingfuelusageattheschoolisestimatedtobe25,000gallonsofdiesel.Theannual heatingfuelusageattheclinic,assumingtherewerealreadynoheatrecovery,wouldbe1,500gallons. ItappearsfromthemodelingdonefortheRPSUinKoliganekthattherewillbeadequategeneration heattojustifyconnectingboththeclinicandtheschooltotheheatrecoverysystem. Month Diesel Hydro/ Wind Total kWh Sold Fuel (gal) January 2012 75,600 - 75,600 65,389 5,924 February 2012 62,580 - 62,580 56,459 5,547 March 2012 68,280 - 68,280 58,815 9,740 April 2012 53,760 - 53,760 53,666 4,942 May 2012 54,088 - 54,088 48,331 4,780 June 2012 36,990 - 36,990 34,420 3,668 July 2012 42,600 - 42,600 34,350 4,023 August 2012 50,127 - 50,127 45,690 4,924 September 2012 53,760 - 53,760 48,780 4,856 October 2012 58,920 - 58,920 57,319 5,516 November 2012 56,940 - 56,940 56,624 5,424 December 2012 67,980 - 67,980 59,191 5,573 TOTAL 681,625 681,625 619,034 64,917 kWh Generated Koliganek Wind-Diesel Power System Conceptual Design Report Page|38 AccordingtotheRPSUCDRtheCACunithasthepotentialtooffsetapproximately7,400gallonsofspace heatingfuelfromheatrecovery.Themarineunithasthepotentialtooffsetapproximately14,000 gallonsofspaceheatingfuelperyearfromheatrecovery,butwouldconsumeapproximately 2,200gallonsmorefuel.Thescenarioofinstallingasinglemarineunitastheleadwinterunitandtwo CACunitsforpeakloadsandsummeroperationappearstoproducethebestannualfuelsaving potentialforthecommunity.Peakfuelsavingswouldbeobtainedbyprogrammingtheswitchgearto operatethemarineunitpreferentiallyfromNovemberthroughMarchtomaximizeheatrecoveryandin backupmodeonlyfromAprilthroughOctober. Winteristhepeakseasonforwindenergy.Whenwindenergyisintegrated,dieselgenerationwillbe lessindemandinwinter.Asmallermarineunitcouldbeprogrammedtooperateduringwinterto maximizeheatproductionandfuelefficiency. DieselGenerators TheHOMERmodelwasconstructedwiththreeJohnDeere4045HF485dieselgeneratorsplannedforthe newKoliganekpowerplant.OtherdieselgeneratorinformationpertinenttotheHOMERmodelis shownbelow.BasedonthefuelcurveinformationfromJohnDeere,Homersoftwareestimatesa powerplantfuelefficiencyof13.4kWh/galinthebasecaseofnowindpower(dieselsͲonlyoperation). Thiscomparesveryfavorablytotheratherpoor9.96kWh/galefficiencyreportedtoAEAforthe2012 powercostequalizationprogram(reportingperiod:7/1/2011to6/30/2012). DieselgeneratorHOMERmodelinginformation DieselgeneratorJohnDeere 4045HF485 Poweroutput(kW)117 Interceptcoeff.(L/hr/kW rated) 0.020 Slope(L/hr/kWoutput)0.246 Minimumelectric load(%) 20% (~25kW) Heatrecoveryratio(%of wasteheatthatcanserve thethermalload) 40% Interceptcoefficient–thenoͲloadfuelconsumptionofthegeneratordividedbyitscapacity Slope–themarginalfuelconsumptionofthegenerator Koliganek Wind-Diesel Power System Conceptual Design Report Page|39 JD4045fuelcurveJD4045efficiencycurve EconomicAnalysis InstallationoftworemanufacturedVestasV20windturbinesortwoNorthernPowerSystemsNPS100Ͳ 24windturbinesinmediumͲtoͲhighpenetrationmodewithoutelectricalstorageisevaluatedto demonstratetheeconomicbenefitoftheprojectoptions.Notethatintheanalysesturbinesare connectedtotheelectricaldistributionsystemwithfirstprioritytoservetheelectricalloadandsecond prioritytoservethethermalloadviaasecondaryloadcontrollerandelectricboiler.ForthisCDR, HOMERmodelingisusedtodeterminesystemperformanceandenergybalance,buteconomic valuationisaccomplishedwithuseoftheRenewableEnergyFundRound7economicvaluation spreadsheetdevelopedbyUniversityofAlaska’sInstituteforSocialandEconomicResearch(ISER)for usebytheAEA. WindTurbineCosts Projectcapitalandconstructioncostsarepresentedbelow. SiteKoliganek*Option MakeandModelͲWindTurbineVestasV20VestasV20 UnitSizeratedinKilowatts(kW)120120 NumberofTurbines12 InstalledCapacity/kW120240 Koliganek Wind-Diesel Power System Conceptual Design Report Page|40 DesignandEngineering Design/Engineering/Consultation$145,000.00$145,000.00 GeotechnicalInvestigation$28,000.00$28,000.00 PermittingͲadditional$26,000.00$26,000.00 ProjectManagement$65,000.00$65,000.00 Bonding$48,000.00$53,000.00 BuildersRisk$32,000.00$42,000.00 SubTotal$344,000.00$359,000.00 WindTurbineEquipment VestasV20Ͳ120remanufactured$245,000.00$490,000.00 Modifytower'sfortiltͲup$16,500.00$33,000.00 Coldweatherpackage$15,300.00$30,600.00 Package/crateturbinesandbladesforship$9,600.00$18,000.00 EquipmenttoerecttiltͲupturbine$82,750.00$82,750.00 SubTotal$369,150.00$654,350.00 ElectricalSubStationandT&D 600v2/0copperconductorͲturbine/xformer/plant$3,350.00$6,000.00 GroundcondͲ#2barecopperstrd$2,600.00$5,000.00 LotͲconduit,connectors,fittings,cadͲweld$4,550.00$5,000.00 150kvaxformer480/12470PM$39,500.00$79,000.00 Nordicpadsw/hardware$3,200.00$1,600.00 15kvpolemountedairͲbreakswitch$3,675.00$7,350.00 15kvjunctioncabinet,hardware,terminationkts$3,650.00$7,200.00 15kv#2copperconductor,loadbreakelbows, termationsandhardware$15,600.00$31,200.00 Fencew/gatesͲturbinesandtransformers$8,200.00$16,400.00 SubTotal$84,325.00$158,750.00 Koliganek Wind-Diesel Power System Conceptual Design Report Page|41 ControlsǦWindandThermal HybridAutomation&Control$215,000.00 $215,000.00 SecondaryLoadControl$40,000.00 $40,000.00 ThermaldumpNode#1Ͳ300kva ThermaldumpNode#2Ͳ125kw Electricthermalnodeschool$15,000.00 $15,000.00 SynchronousCondenser300kVARSystem$84,000.00 $84,000.00 UPSbatterystorage200kva$97,000.00 $0.00 Miscwire,conduit,fittings,pipingetc$18,975.00 $35,500.00 CommunicationsͲradiofrequency$5,500.00 $6,800.00 SubTotal$475,475.00 $396,300.00 IntegrationEquipmentConstruction Installcable,xformer's,connectT&D$19,750.00 $26,000.00 Installcontrolautomation$63,000.00 $63,000.00 Installsynchrounouscondenser Install200kvabatteryUPS InstallnewdumploadboilersͲSchool$15,600.00 $15,600.00 InstallnewsecondaryloadcontrolͲPlant$35,000.00 $35,000.00 InstallelectricthermalͲcommunitycenter SystemsfunctionaltestingandCommisioning$21,000.00 $21,000.00 Installfencingw/gates$3,600.00 $7,200.00 SubTotal$157,950.00 $167,800.00 TurbineAssy&FoundationConstruction ExcavationͲcivil$13,500.00 $26,000.00 FoundationMaterialsͲconcrete,addmix,rebar,bolts andhrdware,forms$71,500.00 $145,000.00 FoundationConstruction$26,500.00 $35,000.00 Towerbuild,setnacelle&blades,assytiltͲupand erectturbines$18,000.00 $36,000.00 SubTotal$129,500.00 $242,000.00 Koliganek Wind-Diesel Power System Conceptual Design Report Page|42 FreightǦmob/demob EquipmentͲexcavator,mixer,loaderw/forks,25kw genset,waterpump,etc$18,750.00 $18,750.00 Foundationmaterials$79,000.00 $150,000.00 Turbines(nacelle's,bladesandnosecone's),tower's andhardware$69,000.00 $130,000.00 Turbine(cratesofmisc)$10,000.00 $20,000.00 ControlModule$36,000.00 $36,000.00 T&Dinterconnectmaterial,xformers,cable,etc$13,000.00 $20,000.00 Conexcontainerwithtooling,tiltͲupequipment,misc hardware$25,000.00 $25,000.00 SubTotal$250,750.00 $399,750.00 CrewBilletingandTransportation. HousingandMeals$26,000.00 $34,000.00 TransortationͲlocal$20,000.00 $20,000.00 TransortationͲworkcrewairfare's$19,000.00 $23,000.00 SubTotal$65,000.00 $77,000.00 Toolingandmiscconsumables Specializedtooling$15,000.00 $15,000.00 ProvideManualsͲ3setsw/updatesforthe5year period$5,000.00 $5,000.00 Consumables(fuel,lubes,etc)$10,000.00 $10,000.00 SubTotal$30,000.00 $30,000.00 ProjectSubͲTotal$1,906,150.00 $2,484,950.00 ProjectOverheadandProfitͲ6%$114,369.00 $149,097.00 Contingency$100,000.00 $100,000.00 ProjectTotalCost$2,020,519.00 $2,634,047.00 Projectcostestimates TurbineProjectCost Installed kW CostperkW CapacityTowerType TowerHeight (meters) NorthernPower NPS100Ͳ24$2,094,000 200$10,470 Monopole37 VestasV20$1,100,000 240$4,583 Monopole32 Koliganek Wind-Diesel Power System Conceptual Design Report Page|43 FuelCost Afuelpriceof$6.63/gallon($1.40/Liter)waschosenfortheinitialHOMERanalysisbyreferenceto AlaskaFuelPriceProjections2013Ͳ2035,preparedforAEAbyISER,datedJune30,2013andthe 2013_06_R7Prototype_final_07012013Excelspreadsheet,alsowrittenbyISER.The$6.63/gallonprice reflectstheaveragevalueofallfuelpricesbetweenthe2015(theassumedprojectstartyear)fuelprice of$5.63/gallonandthe2034(20yearprojectendyear)fuelpriceof$7.83/gallonusingthemedium priceprojectionanalysiswithanaveragesocialcostofcarbon(SCC)of$0.61/gallonincluded. Bycomparison,thefuelpriceforKoliganek(withouttheSCC)reportedtoRCAforthe2012PCEreport was$4.72/gallon($1.25/Liter).ApplyinganSCCof$0.40/gallon(ISERPrototypespreadsheet,2013 value),the2012Koliganekfuelpricewas$5.12/gallon($1.35/Liter). Fuelcosttable(SCCincluded) CostScenario2015(/gal)2034(/gal) Average (/gallon) Average (/Liter) Medium$5.63 $7.83 $6.63$1.75 ModelingAssumptions Asnotedpreviously,HOMERenergymodelingsoftwarewasusedtoanalyzeaKoliganekwindͲdiesel hybridpowerplant.HOMERisdesignedtoanalyzehybridpowersystemsthatcontainamixof conventionalandrenewableenergysources,suchasdieselgenerators,windturbines,solarpanels, batteries,etc.andiswidelyusedtoaiddevelopmentofAlaskavillagewindpowerprojects. Modelingassumptionsaredetailedinthetablebelow.Assumptionssuchasprojectlife,discountrate, operationsandmaintenance(O&M)costs,etc.areAEAdefaultvaluesandcontainedintheISER spreadsheetmodel. ThebaseorcomparisonscenarioistheexistingKoliganekpowerplantasdescribedinthisreport.Note thattheexistingKoliganekpowerplantdoesnothaveaheatrecoverylooptooffsetthermalloadsinthe villagebutthiscapabilityisplanned. NotethatwindturbinesinstalledinKoliganekwilloperateinparallelwiththedieselgenerators.Excess energywillservethermalloadsviaasecondaryloadcontrollerandelectricboiler.Installationcostof windturbinesassumesconstructionofthreephasepowerdistributiontotheselectedsite,pluscivil, permitting,integrationandotherrelatedprojectcosts. Homermodelingassumptions EconomicAssumptions Projectlife20years(2015to2034) Discountrate3% SystemfixedO&Mcost$0/year OperatingReserves Koliganek Wind-Diesel Power System Conceptual Design Report Page|44 Loadincurrenttimestep10% Windpoweroutput100%(forcesatleastonedieselgeneratortoalwaysrunat 20%minimumloading) FuelProperties(no.2dieselfor powerplant) Heatingvalue46.8MJ/kg(140,000BTU/gal) Density830kg/m3(6.93lb./gal) Price(20yearaverage;ISER2013, mediumprojectionplussocialcostof carbon) $6.63/gal($1.75/Liter) DieselGenerators Generatorcapitalcost$0(newgeneratorsalreadyfunded) O&Mcost$0.02/kWh Minimumload20kW;basedonassumedoperationalcriteriaof20kW minimumdieselloadingwiththeirwindͲdieselsystems ScheduleOptimized WindTurbines Availability82% Windspeed5.69m/sat30m,100%turbineavailability 5.15m/sat30m,80%turbineavailability Densityadjustment1.275kg/m^3(meanofmonthlymeansof18monthsof Koliganekmettowerdata);notethatstandardairdensityis 1.225kg/m^3;HOMERwindresourceelevationsetatͲ425 meterstosimulatetheKoliganekairdensity EnergyLoads Electric1,.867kWh/dayaveragepowerplantload ThermalNonemodeled EconomicValuation InanefforttoaligntheeconomicvaluationofprojectalternativeswiththeAEAmethods,HOMER softwarewasusedinthisfeasibilityanalysistomodelthewindresource,windturbineenergy production,effectonthedieselengines,andexcesswindenergythatcouldservethermalloads. AlthoughHOMERsoftwareisdesignedtoevaluateeconomicvaluationbyrankingalternatives,including abaseor“donothing”alternativebynetpresentcost,AEAeconomicvaluationmethodologydiffers somewhatinitsassumptionsofO&Mcosts,fuelcostseachyearoftheprojectlife,anddispositionof excessenergy. GiventhatAEAevaluatesprojectsforRenewableEnergyFundawardbasedontheirmethodology,this analysisusestheAEAevaluationmethod.AlthoughAEAsettheassumptionsandmethodsoftheir economicevaluationmodel,themodelitselfwaswrittenbyISER.ThemodelisupdatedeveryJulyin preparationforthenextroundofRenewableEnergyFundrequestsforproposalsintheformofan explanationreportandanExcelspreadsheet.Thelatestversionofthespreadsheethasafilenameof 2013_06ͲR7Prototype_final_07012013andisavailableonISER’swebsite. Koliganek Wind-Diesel Power System Conceptual Design Report Page|45ProjectEconomicValuationAdditionalInformationTurbineTypeWindCapacity(kW)DieselEfficiency(kWh/gal)WindEnergy(kWh/yr)ExcessElectricity(kWh/yrNetWindEnergy(kWh/yr)ProjectCapitalCostNPVBenefitsNPVCapitalCostsDiesel#2Displaced(gal/yr)B/CRatioNPVNetBenefitV20 240 13.4 328,923 155,369 173,554 $1,100,000 $1,489,303 $977,336 16,9231.52 $511,967NPS100Ͳ24 200 13.4 413,355 196,198 217,157 $2,094,000 $2,364,714 $1,860,492 57,3351.27 $504,222Note:windenergyat80%availabilityHomerModelInput ISERModelResultsTurbineTypeHubHeight(m)No.TurbinesWindEnergytoThermal(kWh/yr)HeatingFuelEquiv.(gal)WindPenetration(%electrical)ExcessElectricitytoThermal(%total)V20 32 2 155,369 3,97239.0 18.6NPS100Ͳ24 37 2 196,198 5,01547.0 22.4Note:windenergyat80%availability Koliganek Wind-Diesel Power System Conceptual Design Report Page|46 ConclusionandRecommendations KoliganekhasawindresourceandcostoffuelthatmakeawindͲdieselhybridsystemdesirable.This reporthasdemonstratedthroughbothHOMERanalysisandtheISER/AEAeconomicvaluationmodel thatbothmodeledwindturbineconfigurationsprovideapositivenetprojectbenefit.TheV20 configurationappearssuperior,however,andisrecommendedfordesign. Koliganek Wind-Diesel Power System Conceptual Design Report Page|47 AppendixA:KoliganekWindResourceReport Koliganek Wind-Diesel Power System Conceptual Design Report Page|48 AppendixB:AvianReport Koliganek Wind-Diesel Power System Conceptual Design Report Page|49 AppendixC:SiteGeotechnicalReport Koliganek Wind-Diesel Power System Conceptual Design Report Page|50 AppendixD:CommunityEnergyUse YEARkWhGENERATEDkWhSOLDGALLONSCONSUMEDAVERAGEPRICE 2002518289466141 44644$1.77 2003438120393207 36099$1.71 2004478800427645 38004$1.85 2005445320390348 37410$2.57 2006435685408000 30800$3.64 200750520(underreported)529779 47239$4.03 2008(notreported)520502 38159$3.71 2009503520(notreported)49327$5.40 2010325170(underreported)577915 33383$4.40 2011666596599097 64157$4.27 CompiledfromAEAsummaryofPCEdata. Duetoalackofproperreporting,2007,2008,2009,2010haveallbeenestimatedusingakWhsold percentageof89.16,basedonpreviousyearkWhsoldaverages. 0 20000 40000 60000 80000 0 200000 400000 600000 800000 kWhGeneratedKoliganekTrendingData:kWhGeneratedandFuel Consumed kWhGENERATED GALLONSCONSUMED Linear(GALLONSCONSUMED) Koliganek Wind-Diesel Power System Conceptual Design Report Page|51 Duetoalackofproperreporting,2007,2008,2009,2010haveallbeenestimatedusingakWhsold percentageof89.16,basedonpreviousyearkWhsoldaverages. Duetoalackofproperreporting,2007,2008,2009,2010haveallbeenestimatedusingakWhsold percentageof89.16,basedonpreviousyearkWhsoldaverages. $0.00 $1.00 $2.00 $3.00 $4.00 $5.00 $6.00 0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011kWh/galKoliganekTrendingData:CostofFuelandEfficiency EFFICIENCY(kWh/gal) AVERAGEPRICE Linear(AVERAGEPRICE) $0.00 $0.20 $0.40 $0.60 $0.00 $0.20 $0.40 $0.60 2002200320042005200620072008200920102011DollarsKoliganekTrendingData:FuelCostperkWhandnonͲ PCEResidentialRate NONͲPCERESIDENTIALRATE (cents/kWh) FUELCOSTPERkWh Linear(FUELCOSTPERkWh) Koliganek Wind-Diesel Power System Conceptual Design Report Page|52 AppendixE:KoliganekDistributionSurvey Koliganek Wind-Diesel Power System Conceptual Design Report Page|53 AppendixF:ConceptualDesignReportandConstructionCostEstimate ForEnergyInfrastructureUpgradeProjectsIntheCommunityof Koliganek Koliganek Wind-Diesel Power System Conceptual Design Report Page|54 AppendixG:KoliganekAirportReconstructionDraftEnvironmental Assessment Koliganek Wind-Diesel Power System Conceptual Design Report Page|55 AppendixH:AlaskaEnergyAuthorityVillagePowerSystemAssessment