HomeMy WebLinkAboutNew Stuyahok Wind Feasibility Project Draft Concept Design Report - Jul 2015 - REF Grant 7030006NEW STUYAHOK WIND PROJECT
DRAFT CONCEPT DESIGN REPORT
Prepared For:
Alaska Village Electric Cooperative
4831 Eagle St.
Anchorage, AK 99503
Prepared By:
Mark Swenson, PE
3335 Arctic Blvd., Ste. 100
Anchorage, AK
99503
Phone:907.564.2120
Fax: 907.564.2122
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This report has been prepared for the Alaska Village Electric Cooperative (AVEC) to provide a
conceptual design and cost estimate for the development of a wind power project in the
community of New Stuyahok, Alaska. New Stuyahok is a rural, riverine community of
approximately 499 residents (2014 U.S. Census Population) located on the north bank of the
Nushagak River, 12 miles upriver from Ekwok. A planned intertie project between New
Stuyahok and Ekwok is currently in the design phase, and scheduled for construction during the
winter of 2016. AVEC currently provides the power to both communities with seperate diesel
power plants. Integration of wind power into the electrical power system will offset diesel
consumption and provide a renewable energy resource for both rural communities. A Project
Layout Plan located in Appendix A shows the project location, and major components of the
project.
On October 10, 2003, a 30 meter meteorological (met) tower (Met Tower A) was installed in a
meadow near the apron of the old airport. This met tower recorded data until June, 7 2005.
An additional met tower (Met Tower B) was installed between 2012 and 2014 on the north end
of the old airport runway. Because site control for the runway could not be obtained, AVEC has
chosen to analyze a potential wind project at the Met Tower A site. The information presented
in this report represents 21 months of wind data collected from at the meadow site by Met
Tower A. The results of the data acquisition and analysis of the wind resource are included in
the New Stuyahok Wind-Diesel Analysis dated July 2015 (Appendix B).
The data from the met tower indicated a mean annual wind speed of 5.49 m/s and a mean
annual power density of 232 W/m2. The wind-diesel analysis report (Appendix B) describes the
wind resource as Class 2 (marginal). Wind turbine options presented within this report are
designed to achieve a medium penetration level, with the primary purpose to offset diesel
power generation and the secondary purpose to serve the thermal load at the school via a
secondary load controller and remote boiler. The analysis within this report also incorporates a
future intertie with Ekwok to be constructed by AVEC during winter of 2016.
AVEC has selectedthree wind turbine configurations for evaluation.
The first configuration includes the installation of (2) Northern Power 100C-24
turbines (NP100-24) near the location of Met Tower A. The NP100C-24 turbine has a
hub height of 37 meters (121 feet) and a rotor diameter of 24 meters (79 feet). The
turbine is a 95 kW permanent magnet, direct drive generator which produces 3-phase
power at 480 V 60Hz. The (2) Northern Power 100C-24 array will have a maximum
power generation output of 190 kW.
The second turbine configuration includes the addition of a third NP100C-24 turbine
near the location of Met Tower A. The (3) Northern Power 100C-24 turbine array will
have a maximum power output of 285 kW.
The third wind turbine configuration includes one Vestas V-27 turbine near the location
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of Met Tower A. The V-27 turbine has a hub height of 32 meters (105 feet) and a rotor
diameter of 27 meters (89 feet). The turbine is pitch-regulated, has a synchronous double-
wound (induction) generator, and active yaw control. The turbine has a maximum power
output of 225 kW.
Table EX-1: Turbine Alternative Comparison Summary
Alt Turbine Selection Site
Generation
Capacity
(kW)
Estimated Capital
Costs per Installed
kW
Estimated Annual
Energy Production @
100% Availability
1 (2) NP100C-24s Meadow 190 $21,740 647 MWh
2 (3) NP100C-24s Meadow 285 $17,944 928 MWh
3 (1) V27 Meadow 225 $16,114 442 MWh
Source: Annual Energy Production Data taken from V3 Energy's July 2015 New Stuyahok Wind Diesel Analysis
Table EX-2: Economic Analysis Summary
Alt
Annual Wind
Generation
@ 80%
Availability
(kWh)
AVEC
Fuel
Displaced
By Wind
Energy
(gal/yr)
Heating
Oil
Displaced
by Wind
Energy
(gal/yr)
Average
Wind
Penetration
(%)
Maximum
Instantaneous
Penetration
(%)
Cost/Benefit
Ratio
1 517,548 38,054 12 25
131 0.65
2 742,584 53,406 364 36
195 0.74
3 353,591 25,979 12 17
151 0.51
Source: Annual Energy Production Data taken from V3 Energy's July 2015 New Stuyahok Wind Diesel
Analysis
Based on the analysis presented above, installation of any of the three turbine alternatives
considered at the meadow site (near Met Tower A) result in a cost benefit ratio of less than 1.
The wind resource at this location was determined to be marginal and the presence of trees
and brush creates high wind turbulence for power production. Should AVEC acquire site
control for a different property in New Stuyahok with a higher elevation and less surrounding
trees and brush, the alternatives presented within this report should be re-examined to
indentify the project's viability. If AVEC elects to move forward with the wind project in the
meadow site, Alternative 2 provides the most benefit of all the alternatives presented and
should be considered the preferred alternative.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.................................................................................................................i
1.0 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................1
1.1 CONTACTS..................................................................................................................... 2
1.2 COMMUNITY DESCRIPTION........................................................................................... 2
1.3 EXISTING ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEMS........................................................................ 2
1.4 ELECTRICAL DEMAND AND EFFICIENCIES ......................................................................4
1.5 PROPOSED COMMUNITY ENERGY PROJECTS.................................................................4
1.5.1 Ekwok - New Stuyahok Intertie .............................................................................. 4
2.0 SITE SELECTION AND CONTROL........................................................................................ 5
2.1 PROPOSED WIND TURBINE SITE.................................................................................... 5
2.2 LAND OWNERSHIP ........................................................................................................ 5
3.0 WIND DATA ACQUISTION AND MODELING ..................................................................... 5
3.1 DATA ACQUISTION ........................................................................................................ 5
3.2 WIND MODELING RESULTS ........................................................................................... 5
4.0 WIND TURBINE SYSTEM ALTERNATIVES.......................................................................... 6
4.1 NEW STUYAHOK WIND TURBINE ANALYSIS ................................................................... 6
4.1.1 Northern Power Systems 100C-24 ......................................................................... 6
4.1.2 Vestas V27 ............................................................................................................. 6
4.2 ALTERNATIVE 1: (2) NORTHERN POWER 100C ARCTIC TURBINES ..................................7
4.3 ALTERNATIVE 2: (3) Northern Power 100C-24 Arctic Turbines ....................................... 7
4.4 ALTERNATIVE 3: (1) Vestas V27.....................................................................................7
5.0 DESIGN AND REQUIRED UPGRADES................................................................................. 7
5.1 REQUIRED POWER PLANT UPGRADES........................................................................... 7
5.2 GRID BRIDGING ENERGY SYSTEM .................................................................................. 7
5.3 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM UPGRADES .................................................................................... 8
5.4 DISTRIBUTION LINE UPGRADES..................................................................................... 8
5.5 GEOTECHNICAL INFORMATION ..................................................................................... 8
5.6 GEOTECHNICAL CONCERNS ........................................................................................... 9
5.6.1 Peat ....................................................................................................................... 9
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5.6.2 Frost Heave............................................................................................................9
5.6.3 Permafrost ............................................................................................................. 9
5.6.4 Settlement ........................................................................................................... 10
5.7 DESIGN ALTERNATIVES................................................................................................10
5.8 GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION .................................................................................10
6.0 ECONOMIC EVALUATION ............................................................................................... 11
6.1 METHODOLOGY AND APPROACH................................................................................ 11
6.2 ECONOMIC EVALUATION............................................................................................11
7.0 PREFERRED ALTERNATIVE..............................................................................................12
8.0 ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS................................................................................ 12
8.1 WETLANDS AND WATERS OF THE U.S. ........................................................................ 12
8.2 HISTORIC AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCES: AHPA ................................................. 13
8.3 FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION (FAA)............................................................... 13
8.4 FISH AND WILDLIFE ..................................................................................................... 13
8.4.1 Anadromous Streams ........................................................................................... 13
8.4.2 Migratory Birds .................................................................................................... 14
8.4.3 Threatened and Endangered Species ................................................................... 14
8.4.1 Bald and Golden Eagles ........................................................................................ 15
8.5 NAVIGABLE WATERS ................................................................................................... 15
8.6 FLOODPLAINS ............................................................................................................. 15
8.7 CONTAMINATED SITES, SPILLS, AND UNDERGROUND STORAGE TANKS...................... 15
8.8 STATE REFUGES, SANCTUARIES, CRITICAL HABITAT AREAS, AND NATIONAL WILDLIFE
REFUGES ..................................................................................................................... 16
8.9 LAND OWNERSHIP ...................................................................................................... 16
8.10 LOCAL RESOURCES ...................................................................................................... 16
8.11 AIR QUALITY................................................................................................................ 16
8.12 NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY ACT REVIEW...................................................... 17
8.13 ENVIRONMENTAL SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS ........................................... 17
9.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS .................................................................... 17
10.0 REFERENCES................................................................................................................... 19
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FIGURES
Figure 1: AEA Wind Resource Map
Figure 2: Existing New Stuyahok Power Plant
TABLES
Table EX-1: Turbine Alternative Comparison Summary
Table EX-2: Economic Analysis Summary
Table 1.4: Power Cost Equalization Energy Consumption Data FY14
Table 6.2: Economic Evaluation Summary
Table 8.4.2: Migratory Birds Located within the Project Area
Table 8.13: Environmental Summary Table
APPENDICES
Appendix A: Wind Project Conceptual Design Drawings
Appendix B: V3 Energy’s July 2015 New Stuyahok Wind-Diesel Analysis Report
Appendix C: Capital Cost Estimates
Appendix D: Environmental Resource Location Map
ABBREVIATIONS
AAC Alaska Administrative Code
ADEC Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation
ADF&G Alaska Department of Fish and Game
AEA Alaska Energy Authority
AHPA Alaska Historic Preservation Act
ANILCA Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act
ANSCA Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act
ANTHC Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium
APDES Alaska Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
AVEC Alaska Village Electric Cooperative
B/C Benefit-to-Cost Ratio
BLM Bureau of Land Management
CGP Construction General Permit
CWA Clean Water Act
DOT&PF Alaska Department of Transportation & Public Facilities
EA Environmental Assessment
ER Environmental Review
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ESA Endangered Species Act
FAA Federal Aviation Administration
FEMA Federal Emergency Management Agency
FY Fiscal Year
°F Degrees Fahrenheit
HDL Hattenburg Dilley & Linnell
IPaC Information Planning and Conservation System
ISER Institute for Social and Economic Research
kV Kilovolt
kW Kilowatt
kWh Kilowatt Hour
LKSD Lower Kuskokwim School District
MBTA Migratory Bird Treaty Act
Met Meteorological
MWh Megawatt hour
NLUR Northern Land Use Research
NPS National Park Service
NWP Nationwide Permit
NWSRS National Wild and Scenic Rivers System
OEAAA Obstruction Evaluation/Airport Airspace Analysis
OHA Alaska Office of History and Archaeology
OHWM Ordinary High Water Mark
PCE Power Cost Equalization
SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition
SLC Secondary Load Controller
SRSD Southwest Region School District
REF Renewable Energy Fund
RPM Revolutions Per Minute
USACE U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
USC United States Code
USFWS United States Fish & Wildlife Services
V Volt
WAsP Wind Atlas and Application Program
W/m2 Watt per Square Meter
Yr Year
YDNWR Yukon Delta National Wildlife Reserve
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
This report has been prepared for the Alaska Village Electric Cooperative (AVEC) to evaluate
options for the incorporation of wind power into the existing power generation system in New
Stuyahok, AK.
The installation of wind turbines in New Stuyahok is being analyzed to reduce AVEC's
dependence on imported diesel fuel and provide rural communities an alternative source of
renewable energy for power generation. Preliminary findings included in the Alaska Energy
Authority (AEA) high resolution wind resource map (Figure 1) indicates New Stuyahok has a
Class 2 wind resource, which categorizes the location as marginal.
Analysis in this report includes an assessment of the wind resource, wind turbine generator
comparison, conceptual design of required site improvements, construction cost estimate, and
an economic analysis of the preferred turbine array. This report will also identify the condition
of existing power systems within New Stuyahok and outline proposed utility upgrades within
the community.
Figure 1: AEA Wind Resource Map
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1.1 CONTACTS
The following individuals contributed valuable information for this report:
Forest Button AVEC Project Manager
Onya Stein AVEC Project Support
1.2 COMMUNITY DESCRIPTION
New Stuyahok is located approximately 90 miles upstream of Dillingham on the northern bank
of the Nushagak River. The geographic coordinates are 59.4528 North Latitude and -157.3119
West Longitude. The community is located within Bristol Bay Recording District.
New Stuyahok is only accessible by air and water. The community is approximately 12 river
miles from Ekwok and 52 air miles from Dillingham. A State of Alaska Department of
Transportation (DOT&PF) owns and operates a 3,282 feet gravel runway which facilities air
transportation to the community. Barge shipments each summer provide the community with
required bulk materials. Snow machines, ATV's, and skiffs are the primary means of local
transportation.
New Stuyahok has a population of 499 year-round residents (2014 Department of Labor
Estimate). The community relies heavily on fishing and other subsistence activities. The local
economy in New Stuyahok is primarily based on commercial fishing and local wage positions at
the school, city, and native corporation facilities. New Stuyahok Village is a federally recognized
tribe.
1.3 EXISTING ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEMS
Existing New Stuyahok Power Plant
The existing New Stuyahok power plant was energized in 1972 by AVEC. The plant currently
provides power to 103 residential consumers, 11 community facilities, and 41 Non-PCE
consumers. The power plant is located south of the town center near the new school. The
power plant building is a modular structure with metal roof and siding constructed on a shallow
foundation. The building is in good condition and was relocated to its current location during
construction of the new AVEC tank farm in 2011.
There are three diesel generators installed in the existing power plant with a total capacity of
1367 kW. Engine cooling is accomplished by two external radiators located on a steel deck
outside the power plant. Power is generated at 277/480V 3-phase with a step-up transformer
bank located on a gravel pad adjacent to the power plant to provide 7.2 kV distribution. The
manual paralleling switchgear is manufactured by General Electric.
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The power plant contains the following generator sets:
(1) Cummins QSX15 G9 (1800 RPM) - 499 kW dieselgenerator (Installed in 2003)
(1)Detroit Diesel S60K4c (1800 RPM)-363kW dieselgenerator
(1) Caterpillar 3456 - 505 kW dieselgenerator (Installed in 2010)
1367 kW TotalGeneration Capacity
The power plant also includes generator appurtenances, day tank, miscellaneous tools
and equipment, transfer pump, starting batteries, and station service equipment. The
building contains an exhaust hood and radiator stand for each generator.
Figure 2: New Stuyahok Power Plant
Existing Ekwok Power Plant
The existing Ekwok power plant was energized in 1972 . AVEC took over ownership and
operation of the power plant in 2011. The plant currently provides power to 52 residential
consumers, 5 community facilities, and 22 Non-PCE consumers. Because the planned New
Stuyahok-Ekwok Intertie project will eliminate the need for prime power from this plant, the
Ekwok power plant was not analyzed within this report. Upon completion of the intertie, AVEC
plans to provide backup power to the community with the existing power plant facility.
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1.4 ELECTRICAL DEMAND AND EFFICIENCIES
New Stuyahok Power System
According to Power Cost Equalization (PCE) statistical data for fiscal year 2014, the New
Stuyahok power plant generated a total of 1,378,601 kWh. From the total power generated,
568,188 kWh were sold to PCE-eligible consumers at a base rate of $0.63/kWh and effective
rate of $0.20/kWh. The powerhouse consumed 32,127 kWh, or 2.3% of total power generated,
and the distribution system experienced line losses of 1.4%. Additional statistical data
measured by the PCE is presented in Table 1.4.
Ekwok Power System
According to Power Cost Equalization (PCE) statistical data for fiscal year 2014, the Ekwok
power plant generated a total of 532,671 kWh. From the total power generated, 195,547 kWh
were sold to PCE-eligible consumers at a base rate of $0.68/kWh and effective rate of
$0.21/kWh. The powerhouse consumed 31,466 kWh, or 5.9% of total power generated, and
the distribution system experienced line losses of 6.2%. Additional statistical data measured by
the PCE is presented in Table 1.4.
Table 1.4: Power Cost Equalization Energy Consumption Data FY14
Community
Customers
(Residental
and
Community
Facilities)
Kilowatts
Sold
Diesel Fuel Used Effective
Rate Paid
by
Residential
Consumer
($/kWh)
Gallons Cost ($)
Average
Fuel Price
($/gallon)
Electricity
Generated
by Diesel
(kWh/gallon)
New
Stuyahok 114 1,326,841 101,469 $444,871 4.38 13.59 0.20
Ekwok 57 468,218 46,990 $202,798 4.32 11.34 0.21
Source: Statistical Report of Power Cost Equalization Program Fiscal Year 2014, Alaska Energy Authority
1.5 PROPOSED COMMUNITY ENERGY PROJECTS
1.5.1 Ekwok - New Stuyahok Intertie
In 2012, AVEC was awarded $2,520,000 from the United States Department of Agriculture
(USDA) High Cost Energy Grant Program for construction an intertie between the communities
of New Stuyahok and Ekwok. The eight mile intertie is currently in the design phase and
expected for construction Winter of 2016. AVEC anticipates the intertie to be commissioned by
Spring of 2016.
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2.0 SITE SELECTION AND CONTROL
2.1 PROPOSED WIND TURBINE SITE
The proposed wind turbine site was chosen by AVEC based on land availability and proximity to
the to the existing power plant and met tower location. The proposed site (Meadow) is located
between the abandoned airport to the southwest and a creek ravine to the northeast. The site
is approximately 310 feet in elevation and 180 feet higher than the Nushagak River to the
south. The proposed site is surrounded by intermittent spruce trees and tall shrubs.
2.2 LAND OWNERSHIP
The parcel containing the proposed wind turbine site is owned by Stuyahok Limited. Stuyahok
Limited has expressed willingness to cooperate with AVEC on this project. It is anticipated that
the site will be leased from Stuyahok Limited to AVEC for construction of the project.
3.0 WIND DATA ACQUISTION AND MODELING
3.1 DATA ACQUISTION
On October 10, 2003, a 30 meter meteorological (met) tower (Met Tower A) was installed in a
meadow near the apron of the old airport. This met tower recorded wind data until June 7,
2005. AVEC installed an additional met tower (Met Tower B) on the north end of the old
airport runway between 2012 and 2014. Because the airport met tower was significantly
further from the proposed turbine site, only Met Tower A data was used for the analysis in this
report. This wind data represents 21 months of recorded data from the meadow location.
Results of the data acquisition and analysis of the wind resource are included in the New
Stuyahok Wind-Diesel Analysis dated July 2015 (Appendix B).
3.2 WIND MODELING RESULTS
The results of V3's wind modeling are presented in the New Stuyahok Wind-Diesel Analysis
dated July 2015 (Appendix B). The collected wind data depicted a Class 2 (marginal) wind
resource in New Stuyahok. Modeling was performed with WAsP modeling software to analyze
the wind resource near the met tower location. The software predicts the quality of the wind
resource by incorporating surrounding topography and terrain information. This information is
used to indentify optimal locations for wind tower construction and to analyze the
effectiveness of wind turbine alternatives on the existing power generation system.
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4.0 WIND TURBINE SYSTEM ALTERNATIVES
4.1 NEW STUYAHOK WIND TURBINE ANALYSIS
Two types of wind turbines were selected by AVEC for preliminary modeling and cost analysis:
Northern Power Systems (NP100C) turbines and the Vestas V27 turbines. These turbines were
selected because they can be installed in configurations that provide 195 kW to 450 kW to the
existing power generation system and have a proven track record in arctic environments. These
configurations are classified as medium wind-diesel penetration systems having a goal to offset
20% to 50% of the community’s energy demand with wind power. A medium penetration
system provides a balance between the amount of energy provided and the complexity of the
wind generation and integration systems.
4.1.1 Northern Power Systems 100C-24
NP100C-24 turbines are designed for lower wind speeds and a cut in speed of 7 mph to match
New Stuyahok's Class 2 wind resource. The proposed NP100C-24's have a 37-meter hub height,
permanent magnet, synchronous, direct drive wind generator and have a rated electrical power
of 95kW. AVEC Operations has a long history of experience with maintenance and operation of
Northern Power Systems turbines. AVEC's technical maintenance staff are skilled with
troubleshooting and performing required maintenance on these units. The turbines are
manufactured in Barre, Vermont, and replacement parts are readily available. AVEC has
previously installed similar turbines with hub heights ranging 30 to 37 meters, in the following
rural Alaska villages:
Chevak 400kW
Emmonak 400kW
Gambell 300kW
Hooper Bay 300kW
Kasigluk 300kW
Mekoryuk 200kW
Quinhagak 300kW
Savoonga 200kW
Shaktoolik 200kW
Toksook Bay 400kW
3,000 kW AVEC's Existing Total NP100 Turbine Capacity
Two configurations of NP100C-24 turbines were analyzed to optimize power penetration for
the existing system. The alternatives were selected to provide a maximum power supply
between 190 kW to 285kW to the system.
4.1.2 Vestas V27
The second option is installing remanufactured Vestas Wind Systems V27 turbines. Vestas
turbines were originally manufactured in Denmark and are presently manufactured under
license in India. The V27 is pitch regulated, has a synchronous (induction) generator, active yaw
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control, a 27 meter diameter rotor, 225 kW power output, and is available with 32, 40, or 50
meter tubular towers.
St. Paul Island, Alaska currently operates the V27 turbine, and they are presently available to
Alaska as a remanufactured unit from Halus Power Systems in San Leandro, California.
4.2 ALTERNATIVE 1: (2) NORTHERN POWER 100C ARCTIC TURBINES
Alternative 1 includes the installation of two (2) NP-100C-24 turbines near the met tower site
for a maximum generation capacity of 190 kW. This alternative requires the construction of
approximately 1200 feet of new access trail and foundation pads. Approximately 2000 feet of
distribution line will be required to tie into a three phase pole near the school.
4.3 ALTERNATIVE 2: (3) Northern Power 100C-24 Arctic Turbines
Alternative 2 consists of installing three (3) NP-100C-24 turbines near the met tower site for a
maximum generation capacity of 285 kW. The alternative includes the construction of
approximately 1400 feet of new access trail and foundation pads. Approximately 2200 feet of
distribution line will be required to tie into a three phase pole near the school.
4.4 ALTERNATIVE 3: (1) Vestas V27
Alternative 3 consists of installing (1) Vestas V27 turbine near the met tower site for a
maximum generation capacity of 225 kW. The alternative includes the construction of
approximately 800 feet of new access trail and foundation pads. Approximately 1600 feet of
distribution line will be required to tie into a three phase pole near the school.
5.0 DESIGN AND REQUIRED UPGRADES
5.1 REQUIRED POWER PLANT UPGRADES
The proposed wind project will require installation of a new automatic paralleling switchgear to
replace the existing manual switchgear. The new switchgear will have five sections - one for
each diesel generator, one for master controls, and one for distribution feeder breakers. The
switchgear will utilize a programmable load controller (PLC) to automatically match the running
generator(s) to the community load while monitoring wind generation. The new switchgear
will include a SCADA system for remote monitoring of the generation and distribution systems.
A fiber optic cable will allow monitoring and control of the power generation.
5.2 GRID BRIDGING ENERGY SYSTEM
AVEC Engineering Department has been performing development and integration research on
grid bridging energy systems, and seeks to install such systems in communities with renewable
sources of power. Grid bridging systems are constructed as a combination of power conversion
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units and ultra capacitors. The system analyzed for incorporation into this project has the
capability to store up to 10 MJ power, at a charge and discharge rate of 250 kW. When excess
power is recognized within the grid resulting from rising wind production, excess AC power is
converted to DC power for temporary storage within the ultra capacitors. When fully charged,
the unit is capable of providing 30 seconds of AC power to the grid at a rate of 250kW. By
implementing this temporary storage in its power grid, AVEC plans to allow individual diesel
engines to idle at lower RPM's or shut down completely during periods of high wind production.
The grid bridging system is anticipated to provide a smooth transition between periods of
medium/high wind penetration and full diesel generation as wind drops off and diesel
generators are brought online to carry the full power load. Additionally, AVEC Operations aims
to better control power frequency with these units and optimize wind generation during
periods of higher penetration from the turbines.
5.3 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM UPGRADES
The NP-100C-21 turbines generate 480V three phase power at 60Hz. Installation of three
480V/7.2 kV step up transformers will be required adjacent to the wind turbine site. Each new
transformer will act to isolate single phases from the wind generators, prior to delivering power
the overhead distribution lines.
5.4 DISTRIBUTION LINE UPGRADES
No existing three phase distribution lines are located near the proposed wind turbine site. The
installation of new three phase lines will be required to tie into the local grid. The closest three
phase poles identified are located adjacent to the school, approximately 2000 feet south of the
site.
5.5 GEOTECHNICAL INFORMATION
Based on published literature, the project site is located within the Nushagak-Bristol Bay
Lowland Section of the Western Alaska Province. This area consists of primarily flat tundra with
scattered hills and moraine knolls with local relief between 50 and 250 feet. The community of
New Stuyahok is located on the western shore of the Nushagak River and was constructed at
two elevations, one 25 feet above river level and one 40 feet above river level. The proposed
project site is located approximately 1400 to 2200 feet northwest of New Stuyahok, and
between 400 and 700 feet northeast of the old airport. The Nushagak-Bristol Bay Lowland
Section is generally underlain by several hundred feet of morainal deposits and outwash
mantled by silt and peat. Permafrost within this section of Alaska is characterized as isolated or
discontinuous.
Based on the information that we could gather, the following geotechnical investigations have
been previously conducted in the area.
New Stuyahok Airport Relocation Phase II, Alaska DOT&PF, March 2004
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Upgrades to a Wastewater Lagoon Treatment System in a Rural Sub-arctic Community in
Alaska, GV Jones & Associates, Inc.
Based on the information in the previous geotechnical reports, organics and peat would be
expected at the surface of undisturbed areas and extend to a maximum depth of about 3 feet
below the ground surface (bgs). Underlying this organic layer, a layer up to seven (7) feet thick
of medium-stiff sandy silt followed by silty sand and sandy silt with varying amounts of gravel
and cobbles would be expected. Previously conducted boring extended to a maximum depth of
23 feet bgs, but this last layer is most likely part of several hundred feet of glacial outwash and
morainal deposits.
Permafrost in this area appears sporadic and was not encountered in the majority of the
borings near the project site. However, permafrost was noted in six (6) borings approximately
9,200 feet northwest of the proposed project site at depths approximately between 4.5 and
eight (8) feet bgs. The depth of seasonal frost penetration will vary based on the seasonal
weather, location, ground cover, and snow accumulation. The depth of seasonal frost
penetration could be nine (9) to ten (10) feet bgs in areas that have been disturbed.
Groundwater was not encountered in the majority test borings located within a half mile of the
proposed project site.
Based on the expected site conditions, the site would generally be considered seismic Site Class
C. Utilizing the USGS seismic design tool which is based on 2012 International Building Code
the following design criteria is estimated of the site: SMS = 0.550 g, SM1 = 0.398 g, SDS = 0.367 g,
and SD1= 0.265 g.
5.6 GEOTECHNICAL CONCERNS
Based on the expected subsurface conditions, the following geotechnical concerns may
influence the project design and need to be considered in the subsurface exploration program.
5.6.1 Peat
Highly organic soil, or peat, is problematic due to its low shear strength, high compressibility
when subjected to a load, and high moisture content. The foundation system will likely require
the removal of the peat layer or bearing below the peat.
5.6.2 Frost Heave
Seasonal freezing and thawing within the active layer is problematic when the active layer soils
are frost susceptible. Frost heaving is a process in which segregated ice forms within the soil
section causing the soils to heave. This can cause foundations to jack out of the ground. Thaw
weakening can also occur when the ice melts; the soil is left in a looser state and there is a
decrease in soil strength.
5.6.3 Permafrost
If encountered, the presence of discontinuous permafrost would add complexity to the design
of shallow and deep foundations. Discontinuous permafrost tends to be warm and will be thaw
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sensitive. The effects of the proposed project and global climate change should be accounted
for in the design.
5.6.4 Settlement
The loading of soils can induce settlement within the soil stratum depending on the soil
composition and relative density. In addition, settlement could occur if permafrost soils are
allowed to thaw.
5.7 DESIGN ALTERNATIVES
The proposed turbines are typically installed on a 37-meter tall, conical, monopole towers. The
design of any foundation system depends on the structure, loads, subsurface conditions, and
other considerations such as cost. For the proposed turbines some typical foundation systems
include: shallow mat foundations and deep pile foundations. The actual foundations that will be
used can be determined after the geotechnical investigation is completed, but a pile foundation
is the most likely foundation type. Mat foundations may be applicable if permafrost is not
encountered at the site.
In the discontinuous permafrost areas of western Alaska, structures are typically constructed on
pile foundations that extend to depths greater than 35 feet. Such foundations minimize the risk
of foundation failure due to thaw settlement and frost jacking. A typical pile foundation would
consist of four (4) to eight (8) 16” diameter steel pipe piles with a reinforced concrete pile cap.
Excavation of the surface material and placement of an insulated gravel pad is also typical.
The project will require construction of between 800 feet and 1,400 feet of 16-foot wide gravel
access trail and a 2,600 square foot gravel pad for each turbine. The proposed trail and wind
tower pads would typically be 4 feet thick and consist of locally available sands and gravels
compacted to 90% of maximum density. The drivable surface of the embankment is typically
constructed of 6 inches of crushed aggregate surface course. Topsoil and seed is typically
planned for the embankment slopes to minimize erosion of the placed fill.
5.8 GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION
A geotechnical investigation should be conducted to support the design of the project. The
investigation should be scoped to evaluate and address the geotechnical concerns that may be
present at the site and provide the data needed for geotechnical design. Based on the expected
subsurface conditions and tower specifications, a typical geotechnical investigation would
include borings at the proposed foundation locations. If a pile foundation is utilized, a minimum
of two (2) borings should be drilled. To support the design of deep foundations, the borings
should extend to a minimum depth of 60 feet. Subsurface data should be collected during
drilling to measure soil temperatures and groundwater conditions. At a minimum, laboratory
tests should be conducted to measure moisture contents, grain size distribution, salinity, and
organic content.
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The typical cost of mobilizing a drill rig and performing soil borings in this region of Alaska is
approximately $75,000 to $100,000.
6.0 ECONOMIC EVALUATION
6.1 METHODOLOGY AND APPROACH
The New Stuyahok Wind-Diesel Analysis prepared by V3 Energy includes a wind power analysis
of the New Stuyahok power system using HOMER energy modeling software with the previously
described wind turbine alternatives. The software was configured for a medium penetration
system, with the first priority to meet the community's electrical demands and the second
priority to serve a secondary load controller and electric boiler to be located at the school. The
analysis considered an average diesel price of $5.07 per gallon and heating oil price of $6.01 per
gallon for the projected 20-year design life. The modeling assumptions and results of V3's
analysis are presented in Appendix B.
V3 inserted the power generation and fuel consumption results from the HOMER modeling into
the economic modeling program developed by the Institute for Social and Economic Research
(ISER). AEA uses the ISER economic model as a standard approach for scoring wind project
design and construction grant applications. The ISER model considers the capital cost of
construction and annual cost of operations and maintenance and weighs them against the
benefit cost savings realized from the volume of displaced diesel fuel required for power
generation and heating public facilities. The analysis develops a cost/benefit ratio that can be
used to compare wind turbine alternatives.
6.2 ECONOMIC EVALUATION
Table 6.2 below summarizes the findings of V3's economic evaluation for each turbine
alternative.
Table 6.2: Economic Evaluation Summary
Alt
Annual Wind
Generation
@ 80%
Availability
(kWh)
AVEC
Fuel
Displaced
By Wind
Energy
(gal/yr)
Heating
Oil
Displaced
by Wind
Energy
(gal/yr)
Average
Wind
Penetration
(%)
Maximum
Instantaneous
Penetration
(%)
Cost/Benefit
Ratio
1 517,548 38,054 12 25
131 0.65
2 742,584 53,406 364 36
195 0.74
3 353,591 25,979 12 17
151 0.51
Source: Annual Energy Production Data taken from V3 Energy's July 2015 New Stuyahok Wind Diesel
Analysis
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7.0 PREFERRED ALTERNATIVE
Based on the findings of the wind modeling and economic evaluation, Alternative 2 is the
preferred option for New Stuyahok wind project development. This alternative consists of
construction of three (3) NP100C-24 turbines at the meadow site, near the 2003 to 2005 met
tower location. Each NP100C-24 turbine has the potential to generate 95kW, for an aggregate
capacity of 285 kW. The NP100C-24 turbines were determined by AVEC to be the preferred
alternative because they match AVEC's existing turbine fleet, so that maintenance and
operational procedures are consistent among AVEC's turbine installations. The three turbine
installation would allow for redundancy in the system and the ability to perform turbine
maintenance without eliminating wind power from the system. During final design and after the
lease lot limits are established, the location of the third turbine should be evaluated to maximize
the wind resource and mitigate the effect of turbulence on power production.
8.0 ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS
HDL conducted preliminary research using the most current available data from state and
federal agencies to identify environmental resources within the proposed project vicinity. The
purpose of the preliminary research was to assist in identifying permitting and regulatory
requirements and to ensure all environmental considerations were used in developing the
proposed project. Environmental resources identified during preliminary research efforts are
shown on the Environmental Resource Location Map located in Appendix D.
8.1 WETLANDS AND WATERS OF THE U.S.
Section 404 of the Clean Water Act (CWA) (33 United States Code [U.S.C.] 1344) requires any
person, firm, or agency planning to place structures or conduct work in navigable waters of the
U.S., or dump, place, or deposit dredged or fill material in waters of the U.S, including wetlands,
to apply for and obtain a permit from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE). Section 401 of
the CWA requires applicants for a Section 404 permit to also obtain a Certificate of Reasonable
Assurance from the Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation (ADEC).
Nationwide Permit (NWP) 51 for Land Based Renewable Energy Generation Facilities authorizes
discharge of fill materials for wind tower construction if loss of wetlands does not exceed one-
half acre. The permit also covers utility lines, roads, and parking lots within the wind generation
facility. Submittal requirements for NWP 51 include a Pre-Construction Notification. Access
roads and transmission lines not within the facility and used to connect the facility to existing
infrastructure require separate permitting. NWP 12 (Utility lines) and 14 (Linear transportation)
may be used for this purpose if loss of wetlands does not exceed one-half acre for each permit
type. Exceedance of the one-half acre thresholds would require an individual 404 permit.
National Wetlands Inventory (NWI) data is not available at the proposed project site. The
project will require a wetlands delineation to determine the extent of impacts to wetlands and
to identify actual 404 permitting requirements. The USACE recommends that wetlands
delineations be completed within the designated growing season for specific regions. New
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Stuyahok is located within the Bristol Bay Lowlands ecoregion, with a typical growing season
from May 15th to September 10th.
8.2 HISTORIC AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCES: AHPA
The Alaska Historic Preservation Act (AHPA) (Alaska Statue 41.35.070) requires a review of
state-funded projects by the Alaska Office of History and Archaeology (OHA) to determine if
historic, prehistoric, or archaeological sites may be adversely affected. Under the AHPA, a
proposed project that adversely affects significant cultural resources may not commence until
the necessary mitigation or investigation, recording, and salvage of the site, location, or
remains is performed. Because the proposed project is state funded project, OHA review and
authorization will be required.
Should the project receive federal funding or require a federal permit, Section 106 of the
National Historic Preservation Act requires project proponents to consider the effects of their
actions on properties in or eligible for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places.
Compliance with Section 106 requires consultation with the State Historic Preservation Officer
(SHPO).
A review of the National Register of Historic Places and Landmarks did not identify known
significant historic sites within or adjacent to the proposed project area. Impacts to historic
properties are not anticipated where the project proposes to use existing infrastructure.
However, consultation per the Alaska Historic Preservation Act or the National Historic
Preservation Act will be required to evaluate potential impacts on sites that have not been
listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
8.3 FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION (FAA)
According to the Federal Aviation Administration’s (FAA) Obstruction Evaluation/Airport
Airspace Analysis (OEAAA) tool, the proposed wind tower sites would be within proximity to the
New Stuyahok airport (CFR Title 14 Part 77). Part 77 regulations require an aeronautical study
and filing form 7460-1 for the proposed tower locations to determine that there is no hazard to
air navigation. Consultation with the FAA and filing form 7460-1 should be submitted as early in
the permitting process as possible. The aeronautical study process includes evaluations by
various lines of business, and any identified impacts must be resolved before a final agency
determination is issued. A public notice may be issued with a 30-day comment period, adding
additional time to permitting process.
8.4 FISH AND WILDLIFE
8.4.1 Anadromous Streams
The Alaska Department of Fish and Game (ADF&G) Atlas to the Catalog of Waters Important to
the Spawning Rearing, or Migration of Anadromous Fishes indicated there are no anadromous
water bodies mapped within the project vicinity. Stream #1 is unnamed and located 0.25 miles
north of the project area but has not been identified as anadromous by ADF&G.
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The Nushagak River is an anadromous waterway located 0.5 miles east of the village. All five
species of Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, O. keta, O. kisutch, O. gorbuscha, O.
nerka), along with arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus), sheefish (Stenodus nelma), and whitefish
(Coregonus nelsonii) are listed for the river. The proposed project is not expected to have any
affects on this waterway.
8.4.2 Migratory Birds
Under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA) (16 U.S.C. 703) it is illegal for anyone to "take"
migratory birds, their feathers, or nests. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) Information
Planning and Conservation System (IPaC) decision support tool lists eight migratory birds of
concern within the project area (Table 8.4.2):
Table 8.4.2: Migratory Birds Located within the Project Area
Species Name Seasonal Occurrence in Project Area
Arctic Tern Breeding (Sterna paradisaea)
Fox Sparrow Breeding (Passerella liaca)
Kittlitz’s murrelet Breeding (Brachyramphus brevirostris)
Red-throated Loon Breeding (Gavia stellata)
Rusty Blackbird Breeding (Euphagus carolinus)
Short-billed Dowitcher Breeding (Limnodromus griseus)
Short-eared Owl Breeding (Asio flammeus)
Solitary Sandpiper Breeding (Tringa solitaria)
In order to avoid impacts to migratory bird species, USFWS recommends time periods for
avoiding vegetation clearing for regions throughout Alaska. For the Bristol Bay/AK Peninsula
ecoregion the following avoidance periods apply:
Forest or woodland – April 10 through July 15
Shrub or open habitat – May 1 through July 15
Seabird colonies – May 10 through September 15
8.4.3 Threatened and Endangered Species
USFWS’s IPaC System tool indicated there are no listed threatened or endangered species
under USFWS jurisdiction within the project area. Consultation under Section 7 of the
Endangered Species Act (ESA) requires that projects funded or authorized by a federal agency
do not jeopardize the existence of any species listed as threatened or endangered under the
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Act or adversely modify their critical habitat. Such consultation is not anticipated for this
project.
8.4.1 Bald and Golden Eagles
Bald Eagles are protected under the MBTA and the Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act (16
U.S.C. 668), whereby the "taking" of bald eagles their nests, or eggs is prohibited. The Act
defines "take" to include any disturbance that causes, or is likely to cause, injury to an eagle, a
decrease in productivity, or nest abandonment by interference with normal breeding, feeding,
or sheltering behavior. According to the USFWS's National Bald Eagle Guidelines, a minimum
buffer of 660 feet, or as close as similar existing actives that are tolerated, should be
maintained between the construction activity and the nest.
Prior to construction an eagle and eagle’s nest survey should be completed. If an eagle’s nest is
found prior to construction, it may be necessary to prohibit major ground-disturbing activities
(land and vegetation clearing) within the breeding season (March 1 through September 1). If it
is not possible to avoid disturbance of an eagle or eagles' nest, an Eagle Permit from USFWS
would be required.
8.5 NAVIGABLE WATERS
According to ADNR Navigable Waters Map there are no navigable waters within the project
area. The nearest navigable waterway is the Nushagak River located approximately 0.5 miles to
the east of the proposed project site. The United States Coast Guard (USGS) lists the Nushagak
River as navigable from the mouth to the Village of Koliganek, located upriver from New
Stuyahok. The USACE lists the Nushagak River as navigable from mouth of the Wood River
equating to 34 miles of navigable length.
8.6 FLOODPLAINS
According to the Federal Emergency Management Agency’s (FEMA) Flood Map Service Center
the project area is located within an unmapped flood zone. FEMA has not completed a study to
determine flood hazard for the area; therefore, a flood map has not be published.
8.7 CONTAMINATED SITES, SPILLS, AND UNDERGROUND STORAGE TANKS
The ADEC Contaminated Sites Database lists two active clean-up sites within the Village of New
Stuyahok; both sites are within 0.5 miles from the proposed turbine site.
The Southwest Regional School District (SRSD) provided funding to demolish selected school
buildings and provide general cleanup of the New Stuyahok Old School Site. The gym and high
school building remain on site. Since demolition, numerous small spills have occurred, fill lines
from the high school were found to be leaking, and a 150 gallon fuel release at the former
elementary school was documented in January 2003. Diesel range organic (DRO) soil
contamination cleanup was not completed. Due to lack of funding from the SRSD final site
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cleanup and soil test analysis was not completed and an unknown amount of contaminated soil
remains at the site. Site remains active.
The former old Alaska Village Electric Cooperative, Inc. (AVEC) tank farm was decommissioned
in 2011 and a new AVEC tank farm was built offsite. The old AVEC tank farm operated for 30
years and contained ten 20,000 gallon diesel tanks. The old AVEC site contains an estimated
1,168 cubic yards of diesel contaminated soil. Access to the subsurface contamination is now
limited, a containment structure was built onsite for the village’s new tank farm project. Site
remains active.
Contamination within the proposed project area from known contaminated sites is not
anticipated. If an unknown contaminated site is identified during construction, consultation
with ADEC regarding how to proceed during construction will be required.
8.8 STATE REFUGES, SANCTUARIES, CRITICAL HABITAT AREAS, AND NATIONAL WILDLIFE
REFUGES
ADF&G Special Area Regulations list no state refuges, sanctuaries, or critical habitat areas
within the project area. The National Forest Service (NFS) refuge locator listed no national
wildlife refuges within the project area.
8.9 LAND OWNERSHIP
The parcel containing the proposed wind turbine site is reported by AVEC to be owned by
Stuyahok Limited.
8.10 LOCAL RESOURCES
New Stuyahok’s population, comprised of approximately 499 residents, is predominately Yup’ik
Eskimo. The community is located on the Nushagak River about 52 miles northeast of
Dillingham.
Residents of New Stuyahok rely heavily on subsistence hunting, fishing and trapping resources
year round for food, and berry picking during the summer. The primary species typically
harvested include salmon, moose, caribou, rabbit, ptarmigan, duck, and geese.
8.11 AIR QUALITY
According to Alaska Administrative Code (AAC) 18 AAC 50, New Stuyahok is considered a Class II
area. As such, there are designated maximum allowable increases for particulate matter 10
(PM-10) micrometers or less in size, nitrogen dioxide, and sulfur dioxide. Activities in these
areas must operate in such a way that they do not exceed listed air quality controls for these
compounds. The nature and extent of the proposed project is not likely to increase emissions or
contribute to a violation of an ambient air quality standard or cause a maximum allowable
increase for a Class II area.
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8.12 NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY ACT REVIEW
Should the project receive federal funding, the project would require preparation of an
Environmental Review (ER) document. Similar to an Environmental Assessment (EA), an ER will
provide an assessment of potential environmental impacts and identify avoidance,
minimization, and mitigation measures.
8.13 ENVIRONMENTAL SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Table 8.13 below summarizes environmental data and permit requirements for development of
wind turbines at the site outlined within this report.
Table 8.13: Environmental Summary Table
Requirements
Wetlands
Wetland delineation and Jurisdictional Determination needed;
NWP 12, 14, & 51 if wetlands impacted and impacts less than ½ acre. An individual
permit will be required for impacts greater than ½ acre.
Historical and
Archaeological Low potential for significant cultural sites; OHA review required
Anadromous Waters None identified
Migratory Birds No clearing shall be preformed between May 1 and July 15, yearly.
Bald Eagles Eagle Nest Survey completed prior to construction
Threatened and
Endangered Species None located near project area
Navigable Water Nushagak River; closest navigable waterway
Floodplain Project is located in an unmapped flood zone
Contaminated Sites None located in project area
National Refuges Project is not located within a National Refuge
Land Ownership Stuyahok Limited
Air Quality Class II Area
9.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The analysis performed within this report and the attached Wind-Diesel Analysis indicates New
Stuyahok has a Class 2 wind regime. This low wind regime is not ideal for wind power
generation. The high costs associated with constructing the access trail and foundations,
combined with low wind speeds, and high turbulence at the proposed site result in a
cost/benefit ratio of less than 1 for all of the alternatives presented in this report.
If AVEC chooses to move forward with the installation of wind turbines, Alternative 2 (three
NP100C-24s wind turbines) is the preferred alternative of this wind turbine analysis. The NPC
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100C-24s turbine is the preferred turbine type based on its low wind speed design and
continuity with AVEC’s existing fleet of Northern Power Turbines. The three turbine
configuration supplies the highest generation capacity, cost/benefit ratio, and estimated annual
energy production of the three alternatives analyzed. We recommend that AVEC investigate
additional sites in and around New Stuyahok with a higher ground elevation to increase wind
speeds and reduce turbulence. If a new site is selected, the alternatives presented in this report
should be re-examined to assess if wind power integration into the New Stuyahok power
generation system is economically viable.
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10.0 REFERENCES
Alaska Community Database, Community Information Summaries (CIS). 2015. .
http://commerce.state.ak.us/cra/DCRAExternal/Community/Details/e12f5cec-01a1-
48cb-97e8-a0efd9c45949, accessed April 27, 2015.
ADEC. 2015. 18 AAC 50 Air Quality Control: As Amended through August 1, 2012.
http://dec.alaska.gov/commish/regulations/pdfs/18%20AAC%2050.pdf, accessed April
27, 2015.
ADEC. 2015. Alaska Map of Contaminated Sites.
http://www.arcgis.com/home/webmap/viewer.html?webmap=315240bfbaf84aa0b827
2ad1cef3cad3, accessed May 06, 2015.
ADF&G. 2015. Wildlife Action Plan Section IIIB: Alaska’s 32 Ecoregions.
http://www.adfg.alaska.gov/static/species/wildlife_action_plan/section3b.pdf.
accessed April 27, 2015.
ADF&G. 2015. ADF&G Refuges, Sanctuaries, Critical Habitat Area, Wildlife Ranges.
http://www.adfg.alaska.gov/index.cfm?adfg=protectedareas.locator, accessed April 27,
2015.
ADF&G. 2015. ADF&G Atlas to the Catalog of Waters Important to the Spawning, Rearing or
Migration of Anadromous Fishes. http://www.adfg.alaska.gov/sf/SARR/AWC/, accessed
April 27, 2015.
ADF&G. Refuges, Sanctuaries, Critical Habitat Areas and Wildlife Refuges.
http://www.adfg.alaska.gov/index.cfm?adfg=conservationareas.locator, accessed April
27, 2015.
AVEC. 2015. Alaska Village Electric Cooperative: New Stuyahok Community Profile.
http://www.avec.org/communities/community.php?ID=28, accessed April 27, 2015.
FAA. Obstruction Evaluation/Airport Airspace Analysis (OE/AAA).
https://oeaaa.faa.gov/oeaaa, accessed April 27, 2015.
FEMA. 2015. FEMA Map Service Center. https://msc.fema.gov/portal, accessed April 27, 2015.
NPS. 2015. National Register of Historic Places Program: Research.
http://www.nps.gov/nr/research/index.htm, accessed April 27, 2015.
Roso, Catherine. Bingham, Newton. Fritz, John E., Stanley, David. March 2004. Geology Data
Report New Stuyahok Airport Relocation Phase II. ADOT&PF.
Schubert, Daniel H., Daniel J. Gianotti, Kurt Sauers, and Jason Crownholm. Upgrades to a
Wastewater Lagoon Treatment System in a Rural Sub-arctic Community in Alaska. Tech.
Anchorage: n.p., n.d. CRW Engineering Web.
ftp://ftp.crweng.com/CE_698_Wastewater/References%20and%20Articles/Upgrades%2
0to%20Lagoon%20System%20Paper.pdf, accessed May 28, 2015.
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USACE. 2015. Regional Supplement to the Corps of Engineers Wetland Delineation Manual:
Alaska Region (Version 2.0).
http://www.usace.army.mil/Missions/CivilWorks/RegulatoryProgramandPermits/reg_su
pp.aspx, accessed April 27, 2015.
USACE. 1995. Corps of Engineers Alaska District Navigable Waters.
http://www.poa.usace.army.mil/Portals/34/docs/regulatory/NavWat.pdf, accessed May
06, 2015.
USFWS. 2015. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service IPaC - Information, Planning, and Conservation
System. http://ecos.fws.gov/ipac/, accessed April 27, 2015.
USFWS. 2015. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Land Clearing Guidance for Alaska: Recommended
Time Periods to Avoid Vegetation Clearing. accessed April 27, 2015.
http://www.fws.gov/alaska/fisheries/fieldoffice/anchorage/pdf/vegetation_clearing.pdf
USFWS. 2015. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service National Wetlands Inventory.
http://www.fws.gov/wetlands/Data/Mapper.html, accessed April 27, 2015.
Wahrhaftig, Clyde. 1965. Physiographic divisions of Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Professional
Paper 482.
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APPENDIX A:
Wind Project Conceptual Design Drawings
NOT FORCONSTRUCTIONALASKA VILLAGE ELECTRIC COOPERATIVE
NOT FORCONSTRUCTIONALASKA VILLAGE ELECTRIC COOPERATIVE
NOT FORCONSTRUCTIONALASKA VILLAGE ELECTRIC COOPERATIVE
NOT FORCONSTRUCTIONALASKA VILLAGE ELECTRIC COOPERATIVE
APPENDIX B:
V3 Energy's July 2015 New Stuyahok
Wind-Diesel Analysis Report
New Stuyahok, Alaska
Wind-Diesel Analysis
Google Earth image of New Stuyahok
July 20, 2015
Douglas Vaught, P.E.
V3 Energy, LLC
Anchorage, Alaska
www.v3energy.com
New Stuyahok Wind-Diesel Analysis P a g e | i
This report was prepared by V3 Energy, LLC under contract to Alaska Village Electric Cooperative to
assess the technical and economic feasibility of installing wind turbines in New Stuyahok, Alaska. This
analysis is part of a conceptual design project funded by the Renewable Energy Fund administered by
the Alaska Energy Authority.
Contents
Introduction..................................................................................................................................................1
Village of New Stuyahok ...........................................................................................................................1
Village of Ekwok........................................................................................................................................1
Wind Resource..............................................................................................................................................2
Measured Wind Speeds............................................................................................................................4
Wind Roses................................................................................................................................................4
Wind Frequency Rose...........................................................................................................................5
Total Value (power density) Rose.........................................................................................................5
Temperature and Density.........................................................................................................................5
Wind-Diesel Hybrid System Design and Equipment.....................................................................................6
Proposed System Configuration ...............................................................................................................6
Diesel Power Plant....................................................................................................................................7
Wind Turbines...........................................................................................................................................7
Northern Power NPS 100C-24 ..............................................................................................................7
Vestas V27.............................................................................................................................................8
Load Demand................................................................................................................................................9
New Stuyahok Electric Load......................................................................................................................9
Diesel Generators .....................................................................................................................................9
WAsP Modeling, Wind Turbine Layouts .....................................................................................................10
Orographic Modeling..............................................................................................................................10
Wind Turbine Project Site.......................................................................................................................11
Wind Turbine Layout...............................................................................................................................12
WAsP Modeling Results for Turbine Array Options............................................................................14
Economic Analysis.......................................................................................................................................15
Project Capital Cost.................................................................................................................................15
Fuel Cost..................................................................................................................................................15
New Stuyahok Wind-Diesel Analysis P a g e | ii
Modeling Assumptions ...........................................................................................................................16
Model Results .........................................................................................................................................17
Northern Power NPS100C-24, three turbines ....................................................................................17
Northern Power NPS100C-24, two turbines.......................................................................................18
Vestas V27, one turbine......................................................................................................................19
Economic Valuation ................................................................................................................................20
Conclusion...................................................................................................................................................21
Appendix A – NPS100C Three Turbine Array, WAsP Wind Farm Report......................................................A
Appendix B – NPS100C Two Turbine Array, WAsP Wind Farm Report.........................................................B
Appendix C – V27 One Turbine, WAsP Wind Farm Report...........................................................................C
New Stuyahok Wind-Diesel Analysis P a g e | 1
Introduction
Alaska Village Electric Cooperative (AVEC) is the electric utility for the City of New Stuyahok, Alaska.
AVEC was awarded a grant from the Alaska Energy Authority (AEA) to complete conceptual design work
for installation of wind turbines with planned construction in 2017. With anticipated completion in
summer 2016 of the electrical intertie connecting New Stuyahok to Ekwok, the two villages are modeled
as a combined village for this report.
Village of New Stuyahok
New Stuyahok is located on the Nushagak River, about 12 miles upriver from the village of Ekwok and 52
miles northeast of Dillingham. It is a southern Yupik Eskimo village with Russian Orthodox influences.
Residents practice a fishing and
subsistence lifestyle. The village is
constructed at two elevations, one 25 feet
above river level and one about 40 feet
above river level.
The present location is the third site that
villagers can remember. The village moved
downriver to the Mulchatna area from the
"Old Village" in 1918. During the 1920s
and 30s, the village was engaged in
herding reindeer for the U.S. government. However, by 1942 the herd had dwindled to nothing, the
village had been subjected to flooding, and the site was too far inland to receive barge service. So the
village moved downriver again to its present location.
Stuyahok appropriately means "going downriver place." The first school was built in 1961. A post office
was also established that year. An airstrip was built soon thereafter, and the 1960s saw a 40% increase
in the village population. The city was incorporated in 1972. A 2014 population estimate by the State
Department of Labor indicates 499 residents in the village.
Village of Ekwok
Ekwok means "end of the bluff" and is the oldest continuously-occupied Yupik Eskimo village on the
Nushagak River. During the 1800s, the settlement was used in the spring and summer as a fish camp and
in the fall as a base for berry picking. By 1923, it was the largest settlement along the river. In 1930, a
BIA school was constructed. Mail was delivered by dog sled from Dillingham until a post office opened in
Ekwok in 1941. Many of the earliest homes in Ekwok were located in a low flat area near the riverbank.
After a severe flood in the early 1960s, villagers relocated to the current location on higher ground. The
city was incorporated in 1974. A 2014 population estimate by the State Department of Labor indicates
119 residents in the village.
New Stuyahok Wind-Diesel Analysis P a g e | 2
Wind Resource
New Stuyahok has been monitored for wind resource twice: from 2003 to 2005 in the meadow near the
apron of the old airport (Site 0064), and from 2012 to 2014 at the north end of the runway of the old
airport (Site 1064). Because the proposed project site is nearest the first met tower study, data from it
is referenced in this report.
New Stuyahok met tower data synopsis
Data start date 10/10/2003
Data end date 7/7/2005
Wind power class (by WPD) Class 2 (marginal)
Wind speed average (30 meters) 5.46 m/s measured
Wind power density (30 meters) 232 W/m
2
Weibull distribution parameters k = 1.76, c = 6.3 m/s
Roughness Class 4.39 (suburban)
Power law exponent 0.38 (high wind shear)
Frequency of calms (4.0 m/s threshold) 36%
Mean Turbulence Intensity 0.151 (IEC 61400-1 3
rd ed. turbulence category A)
Topographic map of New Stuyahok
New Stuyahok Wind-Diesel Analysis P a g e | 3
Google Earth image of New Stuyahok (view to north)
Google Earth image (view to west)
New Stuyahok Wind-Diesel Analysis P a g e | 4
Measured Wind Speeds
Measured wind speeds in New Stuyahok are fair for wind power development, provided a wind turbine
optimized for lower wind speeds is selected.
Wind Speed Sensor Summary
30 m anemometer 20 m anemometer
Month Mean Max SD Weibull k Weibull c Mean Max Std. Dev.
(m/s) (m/s) (m/s) (m/s) (m/s) (m/s) (m/s)
Jan 7.44 19.5 3.10 2.54 8.36 6.43 16.8 2.81
Feb 6.52 20.9 3.58 1.90 7.35 5.59 17.6 3.12
Mar 6.06 21.3 3.34 1.88 6.81 5.31 18.1 2.94
Apr 5.97 20.0 3.51 1.76 6.71 5.19 17.3 3.08
May 4.56 19.5 3.08 1.52 5.07 3.95 15.9 2.59
Jun 4.68 17.6 2.94 1.63 5.23 3.98 14.4 2.44
Jul 3.98 15.9 2.22 1.89 4.49 3.40 12.9 1.92
Aug 4.38 14.6 2.49 1.84 4.93 3.68 12.6 2.16
Sep 4.58 13.1 2.76 1.68 5.12 3.87 11.5 2.51
Oct 5.99 20.7 2.98 2.08 6.74 5.11 17.0 2.64
Nov 5.58 21.9 3.09 1.87 6.29 4.69 18.7 2.74
Dec 5.85 20.9 3.31 1.83 6.58 4.99 19.0 2.98
All data 5.46 21.9 3.26 1.77 6.29 4.67 19.0 2.87
New Stuyahok Site 0064 wind speed graph
Wind Roses
Winds at the New Stuyahok met tower test site are primarily northerly with occasional southerly winds.
The power density rose indicates, however, that power producing winds at the site are predominately
New Stuyahok Wind-Diesel Analysis P a g e | 5
north-northeast and to a lesser extent south-southeast. Ideally, multiple wind turbines should oriented
on an east-west axis to avoid turbine shadowing.
Note that a wind threshold of 4.0 m/s was selected for the definition of calm winds. With this threshold,
the New Stuyahok 0064 (2003 to 2005) met tower site experienced 36 percent calm conditions during
the test period.
Wind Frequency Rose Total Value (power density) Rose
Temperature and Density
Over the reporting period, New Stuyahok had an average temperature of 1.7° C. The minimum
recording temperature during the measurement period was -32.9° C and the maximum temperature
was 28.5° C. Consequent to New Stuyahok’s cool temperatures, the average air density of 1.275 kg/m
3
is approximately five percent higher than the standard air density of 1.217 kg/m
3 (at 14.5° C
temperature and 100.46 kPa pressure at 70 m elevation).
Temperature and density table
Temperature Air Density
Month Mean Min Max Std. Dev.Mean Min Max
(°C)(°C)(°C)(°C)(kg/m³)(kg/m³)(kg/m³)
Jan -12.0 -31.1 2.7 7.37 1.341 1.269 1.446
Feb -6.5 -32.9 5.5 9.02 1.314 1.256 1.457
Mar -6.3 -29.9 6.6 7.72 1.313 1.251 1.439
Apr -0.1 -24.1 16.0 6.93 1.283 1.210 1.405
May 8.5 -2.6 20.2 3.86 1.243 1.193 1.294
Jun 12.6 0.9 27.2 4.70 1.225 1.165 1.277
Jul 15.1 4.8 28.5 4.26 1.214 1.160 1.259
Aug 14.8 2.8 27.3 4.50 1.216 1.165 1.268
Sep 6.3 -4.9 17.2 4.57 1.253 1.205 1.305
New Stuyahok Wind-Diesel Analysis P a g e | 6
Temperature Air Density
Month Mean Min Max Std. Dev.Mean Min Max
(°C)(°C)(°C)(°C)(kg/m³)(kg/m³)(kg/m³)
Oct 1.8 -11.5 11.3 4.43 1.273 1.230 1.338
Nov -3.3 -23.5 8.4 7.24 1.298 1.243 1.402
Dec -10.0 -31.5 3.9 8.32 1.331 1.263 1.448
All data 1.7 -32.9 28.5 11.11 1.275 1.160 1.457
Wind-Diesel Hybrid System Design and Equipment
Wind-diesel power systems are categorized based on their average penetration levels, or the overall
proportion of wind-generated electricity compared to the total amount of electrical energy generated.
Commonly used categories of wind-diesel penetration levels are very low, low, medium, and high
penetration. The wind penetration level is roughly equivalent to the amount of diesel fuel displaced by
wind power. Note however that the higher the level of wind penetration, the more complex and
expensive a control system and demand-management strategy is required.
Categories of wind-diesel penetrationlevels
Penetration
Category
Wind Penetration Level
Operating Characteristics and System Requirements
Instantaneous Average
Very Low <60% <8%Diesel generator(s) runs full time
Wind power reduces net load on diesel
All wind energy serves primary load
No supervisory control system
Low 60 to 120% 8 to 20%Diesel generator(s) runs full time
At high wind power levels, secondary loads are
dispatched to insure sufficient diesel loading, or wind
generation is curtailed
Relatively simple control system
Medium 120 to 300% 20 to 50%Diesel generator(s) runs full time
At medium to high wind power levels, secondary
loads are dispatched to insure sufficient diesel
loading
At high wind power levels, complex secondary load
control system is needed to ensure heat loads do not
become saturated
Sophisticated control system
High
(Diesels-off
Capable)
300+% 50 to 150%At high wind power levels, diesel generator(s) may be
shut down for diesels-off capability
Auxiliary components required to regulate voltage
and frequency
Sophisticated control system
Proposed System Configuration
Medium penetration is a good compromise between of displaced fuel usage and relatively minimal
system complexity and is AVEC’s preferred system configuration. Installation of wind turbines at the
New Stuyahok project site would be configured at the medium penetration level.
New Stuyahok Wind-Diesel Analysis P a g e | 7
Diesel Power Plant
Electric power (comprised of the diesel power plant and the electric power distribution system) in New
Stuyahok is provided by AVEC with the following diesel configuration.
New Stuyahok power plantdiesel generators
Generator Electrical Diesel Engine Model Generator
1 499 kW Cummins QSX15 G9 Newage NCI534F1
2 363 kW Detroit Diesel S60K4 1800 rpm Kato 6P4-1450
3 505 kW Caterpillar 3456 Cat LC6
Wind Turbines
This report considers installation of two or three Northern Power Systems’ NPS 100C-24 wind turbines
for 190 kW or 385 kW installed wind capacity, and one Vestas V27 at 225 kW installed capacity, to serve
the New Stuyahok and Ekwok combined loads.
Northern Power NPS 100C-24
The NPS 100C-24 is rated at 95 kW and is equipped with a permanent magnet, synchronous generator
for direct drive (no gearbox) operation. The turbine has a 24.4 meter diameter rotor and will be
equipped with a 23 meter tower for this installation. The turbine is stall-controlled and in the proposed
version will be equipped with an arctic package enabling continuous operation at temperatures to -40°
C. The NPS 100 is the most widely represented village-scale wind turbine in Alaska with a significant
number of installations in the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta and on St. Lawrence Island. The NPS 100 wind
turbine is manufactured in Barre, Vermont, USA. More information can be found at
http://www.northernpower.com/. The power curve of the NPS 100C-24 is shown below.
Northern Power Systems 100 (A model) wind turbines, Toksook Bay, Alaska
New Stuyahok Wind-Diesel Analysis P a g e | 8
NPS 100C-24 power and thrust curves
Vestas V27
The Vestas V27 was originally manufactured by Vestas Wind Systems A/S in Denmark and is no longer in
production in Europe, although the turbine reported is presently manufactured under license in India.
For many years the V27 was Vestas’ workhorse wind turbine and many are still in operation worldwide.
Present availability of the V27 in Alaska is as a remanufactured unit from Halus Power Systems in San
Leandro, California. The V27 is pitch-regulated, has a synchronous (induction) double-wound generator,
active yaw control, a 27 meter diameter rotor, is rated at 225 kW power output, and is available at a 32
meter hub height as a standard tower option. More information can be found at
http://www.halus.com/.
Vestas V27 wind turbines, Saint Paul Island, Alaska
V27 power and thrust curves
New Stuyahok Wind-Diesel Analysis P a g e | 9
Load Demand
This analysis includes stand-alone electric and thermal load demand in New Stuyahok (including
inclusion of Ekwok electric load with full operational status of the intertie).
New Stuyahok Electric Load
New Stuyahok and Ekwok electric load was synthesized with the Alaska Village Electric Load Calculator
developed by Mia Devine of AEA in 2005. Reference for the Calculator was AVEC’s 2013 Annual
Generation Report. Average combined load of the villages is 237 kW with a 432 kW peak and an
average daily load demand of 5,686 kWh.
New Stuyahok electric load
Diesel Generators
The HOMER model was constructed with all three New Stuyahok generators. Information pertinent to
the HOMER model is shown in the table below. Note that the New Stuyahok power plant is presently
equipped with manual switchgear which would be upgraded to automated switchgear for a wind
project. This would enable the diesel generators to automatically operate in parallel with wind turbines
and each other. For the HOMER model, the diesel generators are allowed to operate at a no-load
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
New Stuyahok/Ekwok Electric Load
New Stuyahok Wind-Diesel Analysis P a g e | 10
condition (0 kW) to reflect AVEC’s new grid-bridging wind-diesel control technology with ultra-
capacitors.
Diesel generator HOMER modeling information
Diesel generator
Cummins
QSX15G9
Detroit Diesel
S60K4
Caterpillar
3456
Power output (kW) 499 363 505
Intercept coeff. (L/hr/kW
rated)0.04 0.04 0.04
Slope (L/hr/kW output) 0.22 0.22 0.22
Minimum electric
load (%)
0%
(0 kW)
0%
(0 kW)
0%
(0 kW)
Heat recovery ratio (% of
waste heat that can serve the
thermal load)
22 22 22
Intercept coefficient – the no-load fuel consumption of the generator divided by its capacity
Slope – the marginal fuel consumption of the generator
WAsP Modeling, Wind Turbine Layouts
WAsP (Wind Atlas Analysis and Application Program) and is PC-based software for predicting wind
climates, wind resources and power production from wind turbines and wind farms and was used to
model the New Stuyahok terrain and wind turbine performance.
WAsP software calculates gross and net annual energy production (AEP) for turbines contained within
wind farms, such as an array of two or more turbines in proximity to each other. For s single turbine
array, WAsP calculates gross AEP. With one turbine, net AEP is identical to gross AEP as there is no wake
loss to consider.
Orographic Modeling
WAsP modeling begins with import of a digital elevation map (DEM) of the subject site and surrounding
area and conversion of coordinates to Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM). UTM is a geographic
coordinate system that uses a two-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system to identify locations on the
surface of Earth. UTM coordinates reference the meridian of its particular zone (60 longitudinal zones
are further subdivided by 20 latitude bands) for the easting coordinate and distance from the equator
for the northing coordinate. Units are meters. Elevations of the DEMs are converted to meters (if
necessary) for import into WAsP software.
A met tower reference point is added to the digital elevation map, wind turbine locations identified, and
a wind turbine(s) selected to perform the calculations. WAsP considers the orographic (terrain) effects
on the wind (plus surface roughness and obstacles) and calculates how wind flow increases or decreases
at each node of the DEM grid. The mathematical model has a number of limitations, including the
assumption of overall wind regime of the turbine site is the same as the met tower reference site,
prevailing weather conditions are stable over time, and the surrounding terrain at both sites is
sufficiently gentle and smooth to ensure laminar, attached wind flow. WAsP software is not capable of
New Stuyahok Wind-Diesel Analysis P a g e | 11
modeling turbulent wind flow resulting from sharp terrain features such as mountain ridges, canyons,
shear bluffs, etc.
Orographic modeling of wind across the site, with the New Stuyahok Site 0064 met tower as the
reference site, indicates a fair wind resource on the higher terrain west of the old airport, but a marginal
wind resource on the north side of the meadow where the met tower had been located. Photos
indicate that this meadow now hosts several structures, forcing the wind turbines to a less-than-optimal
placement at a lower elevation toward the ravine north of the meadow.
Wind modeling of New Stuyahok site area, plan view
Wind Turbine Project Site
The project site is Native Corporation land north of the apron of the old airport and approximately 180
meters east of the north end of the old runway. New development on the site precludes placing wind
turbines in a more desirable location nearer the airport access road, hence turbine placement is further
north than ideal. This location, however, is a compromise that enables turbines to be located at this site
area but with sufficient buffer from the new infrastructure.
New Stuyahok Wind-Diesel Analysis P a g e | 12
Photograph of wind turbine site area, view to northeast
Wind Turbine Layout
Using WAsP software, three wind turbine layout arrangements were developed: three NPS 100C-24’s,
two NPS 100C-24’s, and one Vestas V27. The wind turbines were aligned to minimize wake loss from
the measured prevailing and secondary winds. Site constraints (i.e., new infrastructure) necessitated
that the turbines be located beyond the north edge of the meadow in heavy brush and at lower
elevation than more ideal terrain further south (nearer the airport access road).
NPS 100C-24 Three Turbine Array
Turbine UTM (easting, northing)Elevation
WTG 1 Zone 4V 594849, 6591764 74.3
WTG 2 Zone 4V 594913, 6591728 84.3
WTG 3 Zone 4V 594976, 6591691 87.5
NPS 100C-24 Two Turbine Array
Turbine UTM (easting, northing)Elevation
WTG 1 Zone 4V 594913, 6591728 84.3
WTG 2 Zone 4V 594976, 6591691 87.5
Vestas V27 One Turbine
Turbine UTM (easting, northing)Elevation
WTG 1 Zone 4V 594976, 6591691 87.5
Wind turbine locations
New Stuyahok Wind-Diesel Analysis P a g e | 13
NPS 100C-24 three turbine layout, view to south, with WAsP wind speed overlay
NPS 100C-24 three turbine layout, view to south, with WAsP wind speed overlay
New Stuyahok Wind-Diesel Analysis P a g e | 14
V27 one turbine layout, view to south, with WAsP wind speed overlay
WAsP Modeling Results for Turbine Array Options
The following tables present the WAsP software analysis of energy production of three and two NPS
100C-24 turbines, and one Vestas V27 turbine, all at 100% turbine availability (percent of time that the
turbine is on-line and available for energy production with no energy production losses other than
WAsP-calculated wake loss). The NPS 100C-24 wind turbine models relatively well in the New Stuyahok
wind regime with acceptable annual energy production and minimal array wake loss. The Vestas V27 is
less well optimized for the lower wind speeds at the project site, which is reflected in the modeling
results.
NPS 100C-24 three turbine array, WAsP model results, 100% AEP
Parameter Total
(MWh/yr)
Mean Each
(MWh/yr)
Minimum Each
(MWh/yr)
Maximum Each
(MWh/yr)
Gross AEP 745.7 248.6 227.7 263.9
Net AEP 717.1 239.0 224.3 252.3
Wake loss 3.83% - - -
NPS 100C-24 two turbine array, WAsP model results, 100% AEP
Parameter Total
(MWh/yr)
Mean Each
(MWh/yr)
Minimum Each
(MWh/yr)
Maximum Each
(MWh/yr)
Gross AEP 518.0 259.0 254.0 264.0
Net AEP 505.1 252.6 250.9 254.3
Wake loss 2.49% - - -
New Stuyahok Wind-Diesel Analysis P a g e | 15
Vestas V27 one turbine, WAsP model results, 100% AEP
Parameter Total
(MWh/yr)
Mean Each
(MWh/yr)
Minimum Each
(MWh/yr)
Maximum Each
(MWh/yr)
Gross AEP 389.1 389.1 389.1 389.1
Net AEP 389.1 389.1 389.1 389.1
Wake loss 0.0% - - -
Economic Analysis
Homer software was used to model static energy balance of the New Stuyahok electrical and thermal
power system at ten minute increments of time. Wind turbines are modeled as connected to the
electrical distribution system with first priority to serve the electrical load and second priority to serve
the thermal load via a secondary load controller and electric boiler located at the community school.
Project Capital Cost
Capital and installation costs of wind turbines to serve the villages of New Stuyahok and Ekwok,
including distribution system extension is shown in the table below. These cost estimates were
developed by HDL for this conceptual design report.
Capital cost
Configuration Capital cost (from HDL)Cost/kW
3 Northern NPS100C-24 $5,114,100 $17,944
2 Northern NPS100C-24 $4,130,600 $21,740
1 Vestas V27 $3,625,700 $16,114
Fuel Cost
A fuel price of $5.07/gallon was chosen for the initial HOMER analysis by reference to the 2014_06-
R8Prototype_AEA_Final_2014-08-07 Excel spreadsheet, written by ISER. The $4.83/gallon price reflects
the average value of all fuel prices between the 2017 (the assumed project start year) fuel price of
$4.53/gallon and the 2036 (20 year project end year) fuel price of $5.77/gallon using the medium price
projection analysis with an average CO2-equivalent allowance cost of $0.60/gallon included.
By comparison, the fuel price for New Stuyahok reported to Regulatory Commission of Alaska for the
2014 PCE report was $4.38/gallon, without inclusion of CO2-equivalent allowance. Assuming a CO2-
equivalent allowance of $0.42/gallon (ISER Prototype spreadsheet, 2013 value), the New Stuyahok 2014
diesel fuel price was $4.80/gallon.
Heating fuel displacement by diversion of excess energy to thermal loads is valued at $6.01/gallon as an
average price for the 20 year project period. This price was determined by reference to the 2014_06-
R8Prototype_AEA_Final_2014-08-07 Excel spreadsheet where heating oil is valued at the cost of diesel
fuel (with CO2-equivalent allowance) plus $0.94/gallon, assuming heating oil displacement between
1,000 and 25,000 gallons per year.
New Stuyahok Wind-Diesel Analysis P a g e | 16
Fuel cost table (SCC included)
ISER medium
cost projection 2017 (/gal)2035 (/gal)
Average
(/gallon)
Diesel fuel $4.53 $5.77
$5.07
Heating oil $5.47 $6.71
$6.01
Modeling Assumptions
HOMER energy modeling software was used to analyze the New Stuyahok power System. HOMER is a
static energy model designed to analyze hybrid power systems that contain a mix of conventional and
renewable energy sources, such as diesel generators, wind turbines, solar panels, batteries, etc. Homer
software is widely used in the State of Alaska to aid development of village wind-diesel power projects.
HOMER modeling assumptions are detailed in the table below. Many assumptions, such as project life,
discount rate, operations and maintenance (O&M) costs, etc. are AEA default values. The base or
comparison scenario is the existing New Stuyahok power plant with its present configuration of diesel
generators, which also will serve Ekwok by distribution intertie.
Wind turbines constructed at the New Stuyahok site are assumed to operate in parallel with the diesel
generators. Excess energy will serve thermal loads via a secondary load controller and electric boiler,
although the SLC/boiler may not be part of the diesel generator recovered heat loop and could be
operated as a remote node. Installation cost of the wind turbines assumes a three-phase distribution
line extension from the road to the wind turbine site.
Homer and ISER modeling assumptions
Economic Assumptions
Project life 20 years (2017 to 2036)
Discount rate 3% (reference: ISER 2014 R8Prototype spreadsheet)
Operating Reserves
Load in current time step 10%
Wind power output 100% (Homer setting ensure diesels on operation)
Fuel Properties (no. 2 diesel for power plant)
Heating value 46.8 MJ/kg (140,000 BTU/gal)
Density 830 kg/m
3 (6.93 lb./gal)
Price (20 year average; ISER 2014,
medium projection plus SCC)
$5.07/gal
Fuel Properties (no. 1 diesel to serve thermal loads)
Heating value 44.8 MJ/kg (134,000 BTU/gal)
Density 830 kg/m
3 (6.93 lb./gal)
Price (20 year average; ISER 2014,
medium projection plus SCC)
$6.01/gal
Diesel Generators
Generator capital cost $0 (new generators already funded)
O&M cost $0.02/kWh (reference: ISER 2014 R8Prototype spreadsheet)
Minimum load 0 percent (grid-bridging control)
Efficiency (overall) 13.59 kWh/gal (2014 PCE Report)
Schedule Optimized
New Stuyahok Wind-Diesel Analysis P a g e | 17
Wind Turbines
Net AEP 80%
O&M cost $0.050/kWh (reference: ISER 2014 R8Prototype spreadsheet)
Wind speed 5.44 m/s at 30 m, measured at met tower
5.55 m/s at 30 m, WAsP est. at met tower
6.20 m/s at 37 m, WAsP avg of 3 NPS100s at site
6.35 m/s at 37 m, WAsP avg of 2 NPS100s at site
6.20 m/s at 32 m, WAsP calc at V27 site
Density adjustment 1.280 (from Site 0064 met tower data)
Energy Loads
Electric 5.69 MWh/day average New Stuyahok and Ekwok electric load
Thermal Not modeled
Model Results
HOMER energy modeling software was used to calculate wind turbine energy production and excess
energy available (not demanded by the electrical load). Note that inclusion of wind turbines as a wind-
diesel power system, even at lower penetration levels, can result in energy generation greater than
electrical load demand. This is due to spinning reserve and minimum loading requirements of the diesel
generators. Note that wind turbine energy production in these analyses is calculated at 80 percent of
gross.
Northern Power NPS100C-24, three turbines
This configuration is three Northern Power NPS100C-24 wind turbines at a 37 meter hub height at the
proposed wind site presented in the WAsP modeling section of this analysis report. The 10 minute
averaging time simulation models wind energy production at 80 percent net (or 80 percent of annual
gross) at the turbine site, not the met tower. Homer software predicts 36% average annual wind power
penetration and 195% maximum instantaneous (10 minute) wind penetration.
Energy table, three NPS 100C-24 turbines, 80% net AEP
Month
Average
Wind
Power
(kW)
Wind
Energy
(kWh)
Average
Load
(kW)
Min
Load
(kW)
Average
Excess
Power
(kW)
Excess
Energy
(kWh)
Average
Wind
Penet.
(%)
Max
Wind
Penet.
(%)
1 148 110256 267 161 29 2803 59 142
2 114 76936 277 167 33 2036 44 139
3 102 75526 245 151 31 1544 43 145
4 96 68903 241 155 34 1760 41 144
5 56 41732 218 125 19 175 25 138
6 60 42915 197 104 39 638 29 195
7 44 33010 190 90 32 1021 23 170
8 54 40471 211 115 48 1292 26 195
9 66 47596 228 121 44 1763 30 183
10 94 70171 242 132 26 1073 41 160
11 87 62565 257 153 28 1188 36 139
12 97 72502 271 166 28 1504 39 135
Annual 85 742584 237 90 32 16798 36 195
New Stuyahok Wind-Diesel Analysis P a g e | 18
Chart, three NPS 100C-24 turbines
Northern Power NPS100C-24, two turbines
This configuration is two Northern Power NPS100C-24 wind turbines at a 37 meter hub height at the
proposed wind site presented in the WAsP modeling section of this analysis report. The 10 minute
averaging time simulation models wind energy production at 80 percent net (or 80 percent of annual
gross) at the turbine site, not the met tower. Homer software predicts 25% average annual wind power
penetration and 131% maximum instantaneous (10 minute) wind penetration.
Energy table, two NPS 100C-24 turbines, 80% net AEP
Month
Average
Wind
Power
(kW)
Wind
Energy
(kWh)
Average
Load
(kW)
Min
Load
(kW)
Average
Excess
Power
(kW)
Excess
Energy
(kWh)
Average
Wind
Penet.
(%)
Max
Wind
Penet.
(%)
1 102 76090 267 161 0 0 41 95
2 79 53356 277 167 0 0 31 93
3 71 52543 245 151 0 0 30 97
4 67 47943 241 155 0 0 29 96
5 40 29473 218 125 0 0 18 94
6 42 30266 197 104 14 59 21 131
7 31 23248 190 90 11 35 16 113
8 38 28277 211 115 20 160 19 130
9 46 33131 228 121 14 128 21 122
10 66 49135 242 132 7 10 29 106
11 61 43722 257 153 0 0 25 93
12 68 50364 271 166 0 0 27 90
Annual 59 517548 237 90 15 393 25 131
0
50
100
150
200
250
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Axis Title
New Stuyahok+Ekwok, 3 NPS100C-24 Turbines
Average Wind Power (kW)Average Load (kW)Min Load (kW)
Average Wind Penet. (%)Max Wind Penet. (%)
New Stuyahok Wind-Diesel Analysis P a g e | 19
Chart, two NPS 100C-24 turbines
Vestas V27, one turbine
This configuration is one Vestas V27 wind turbine at a 32 meter hub height at the proposed wind site
presented in the WAsP modeling section of this analysis report. The 10 minute averaging time
simulation models wind energy production at 80 percent net (or 80 percent of annual gross) at the
turbine site, not the met tower. Homer software predicts 17% average annual wind power penetration
and 151% maximum instantaneous (10 minute) wind penetration.
Energy table, one V27 turbine, 80% net AEP
Month
Average
Wind
Power
(kW)
Wind
Energy
(kWh)
Average
Load
(kW)
Min
Load
(kW)
Average
Excess
Power
(kW)
Excess
Energy
(kWh)
Average
Wind
Penet.
(%)
Max
Wind
Penet.
(%)
1 76 56815 267 161 3 12 31 104
2 58 38739 277 167 5 27 23 106
3 50 36903 245 151 6 8 21 106
4 47 34027 241 155 8 30 20 110
5 23 17129 218 125 0 0 10 77
6 25 17817 197 104 21 17 12 134
7 19 14252 190 90 20 92 10 128
8 25 18872 211 115 30 164 12 151
9 32 22734 228 121 27 163 14 136
10 43 31850 242 132 13 22 19 119
11 40 28716 257 153 6 3 16 106
12 48 35737 271 166 0 0 19 100
Annual 40 353591 237 90 16 538 17 151
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Axis Title
New Stuyahok+Ekwok, 2 NPS100C-24 Turbines
Average of Wind Power (kW)Average of Load (kW)
Min of Load (kW)Average of Wind Penet. (%)
Max of Wind Penet. (%)
New Stuyahok Wind-Diesel Analysis P a g e | 20
Chart, one V27 turbine
Economic Valuation
Homer software was used in this feasibility analysis to model the wind resource, wind turbine energy
production, effect on the diesel engines when operated with wind turbines, and excess wind energy that
could be used to serve thermal loads. Although Homer software is designed to evaluate economic
valuation by ranking alternatives, including a base or “do nothing” alternative by net present cost, AEA
economic valuation methodology differs in its assumptions of O&M costs, fuel cost for each year of the
project life, and disposition of excess energy. Excess energy is valued in the ISER spreadsheet with an
assumption that the power plant is not co-generation. In other words, excess energy is valued without
consideration of possible thermal production loss due to reduced diesel engine loading as would occur
in a co-generation system configuration.
In an effort to align economic valuation of project alternatives with Alaska Energy Authority methods,
this feasibility analysis uses AEA’s economic evaluation methods. Although ISER developed the cost
evaluation spreadsheet, AEA determined the assumptions and methods of the model. The model is
updated every July in preparation for the next round of Renewable Energy Fund requests for proposals
in the form of an explanation report and an Excel spreadsheet. The latest version of the spreadsheet
has a file name of 2014_06-R8Prototype_AEA_Final_2014-08-07 and is available on AEA’s website.
Project economic valuation
No.
Capacity
(kW)
Diesel
Fuel
Saved
(gal/yr)
Heat Oil
Saved
(gal/yr)
Petroleum
Fuel
Saved
(gal/yr)
(in $ millions)
Turbine
Project
Cost
NPV
Benefits
NPV
Costs
B/C
ratio
NPS
100C-24
3 300 5.11 3.37 4.54 0.74 53,406 364 53,770
2 200 4.13 2.38 3.67 0.65 38,054 12 38,066
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Axis Title
New Stuyahok+Ekwok, 1 V27 Turbine
Average Wind Power (kW)Average Load (kW)Min Load (kW)
Average Wind Penet. (%)Max Wind Penet. (%)
New Stuyahok Wind-Diesel Analysis P a g e | 21
No.
Capacity
(kW)
Diesel
Fuel
Saved
(gal/yr)
Heat Oil
Saved
(gal/yr)
Petroleum
Fuel
Saved
(gal/yr)
(in $ millions)
Turbine
Project
Cost
NPV
Benefits
NPV
Costs
B/C
ratio
V27 1 225 3.63 1.63 3.22 0.51 25,979 12 25,991
Conclusion
New Stuyahok has a moderate wind resource for wind power development. Wind behavior at the met
tower sites demonstrates low extreme wind probability but moderately high to high turbulence due to
heavy brush to the north. Constraints limit the project site to the north side of the now developed
meadow near the apron of the old airport, but ideally, a site less exposed to turbulence-inducing
vegetation could be found.
All three modeled wind turbine configurations are medium penetration options and controllable with a
secondary load controller/boiler configuration, either in a recovered heat loop or as a remote node.
Economic benefit of the projects model as moderate. This is due to the modest wind resource at the
selected wind turbine site and the high project construction costs.
New Stuyahok Wind-Diesel Analysis P a g e | A
Appendix A – NPS100C Three Turbine Array, WAsP Wind Farm Report
C:\Users\Douglas\Documents\AVEC\New Stuyahok - Site 0064\2015 CDR, TO 15.05\WAsP report, New Stu, 3
NPS100C-24, HDL's new sites.docx 1 09-07-15
'New Stuyahok, three NPS100C’s' wind farm
Produced on 4/23/2015 at 12:36:10 PM by licenced user: Douglas J. Vaught, V3 Energy, USA
using WAsP version: 10.02.0017.
Parameter Total Average Minimum Maximum
Net AEP [MWh] 690.481 230.160 215.930 243.064
Gross AEP [MWh] 718.119 239.373 219.240 254.133
Wake loss [%] 3.85 - - -
Site Location
[m]
Turbine Elevation
[m a.s.l.]
Height
[m a.g.l.]
Net AEP
[MWh]
Wake loss
[%]
WTG 1 (594849.5,65917
64.0)
NPS100C-24 74.29062 37 215.930 1.51
WTG 2 (594913.0,65917
28.0)
NPS100C-24 84.31248 37 231.487 5.42
WTG 3 (594976,
6591691)
NPS100C-24 87.49069 37 243.064 4.36
Site Location
[m]
Height
[m a.g.l.]
A
[m/s]
k U
[m/s]
E
[W/m²]
RIX
[%]
dRIX
[%]
WTG 1 (594849.5,65917
64.0)
37 5.9 1.81 5.26 190 0.9 -0.2
WTG 2 (594913.0,65917
28.0)
37 6.3 1.80 5.57 227 1.2 0.1
WTG 3 (594976,
6591691)
37 6.4 1.85 5.66 231 1.1 -0.1
The wind farm lies in a map called 'New Stuyahok'.
C:\Users\Douglas\Documents\AVEC\New Stuyahok - Site 0064\2015 CDR, TO 15.05\WAsP report, New Stu, 3
NPS100C-24, HDL's new sites.docx 2 09-07-15
The wind farm is in a project called 'New Stuyahok'
A wind atlas called 'Wind atlas 1' was used to calculate the predicted wind climates
The map was imported by 'Douglas' from a file called
'C:\Users\Douglas\Documents\AVEC\New Stuyahok - Site 0064\WAsP\New Stuyahok.map', on
a computer called 'V3ENERGYGATEWAY'. The map file data were last modified on the
2/21/2014 at 5:03:23 AM
There is no information about the origin of the wind atlas associated with this wind farm.
The wind turbine generator associated with this wind farm was imported by 'Douglas' from a
file called 'C:\Users\Douglas\Documents\Wind Turbines\WAsP turbine curves\NPS100C-24, 37
meter.wtg', on a computer called 'V3ENERGYGATEWAY'. The wind turbine generator file was
last modified on the 8/28/2014 at 3:15:58 PM
The wind farm is in a project called New Stuyahok.
All of the parameters in the project are default values.
New Stuyahok Wind-Diesel Analysis P a g e | B
Appendix B – NPS100C Two Turbine Array, WAsP Wind Farm Report
C:\Users\Douglas\Documents\AVEC\New Stuyahok - Site 0064\2015 CDR, TO 15.05\WAsP report, New Stu, 2
NPS100C-24, HDL's new sites.docx 1 09-07-15
'New Stuyahok, two NPS100’s' wind farm
Produced on 7/9/2015 at 11:48:20 AM by licenced user: Douglas J. Vaught, V3 Energy, USA
using WAsP version: 10.02.0017.
Parameter Total Average Minimum Maximum
Net AEP [MWh] 505.129 252.565 250.870 254.260
Gross AEP [MWh] 518.041 259.020 254.081 263.960
Wake loss [%] 2.49 - - -
Site Location
[m]
Turbine Elevation
[m a.s.l.]
Height
[m a.g.l.]
Net AEP
[MWh]
Wake loss
[%]
WTG 2 (594913,
6591728)
NPS100C-24 84.21686 37 250.870 1.26
WTG 3 (594976,
6591691)
NPS100C-24 87.49069 37 254.260 3.67
Site Location
[m]
Height
[m a.g.l.]
A
[m/s]
k U
[m/s]
E
[W/m²]
RIX
[%]
dRIX
[%]
WTG 2 (594913,
6591728)
37 6.3 1.80 5.57 237 1.2 0.1
WTG 3 (594976,
6591691)
37 6.4 1.85 5.66 241 1.1 -0.1
The wind farm lies in a map called 'New Stuyahok'.
New Stuyahok Wind-Diesel Analysis P a g e | C
Appendix C – V27 One Turbine, WAsP Wind Farm Report
C:\Users\Douglas\Documents\AVEC\New Stuyahok - Site 0064\2015 CDR, TO 15.05\WAsP report, New Stu, 1 V27,
HDL's new sites.docx 1 09-07-15
'New Stuyahok, one V27' wind farm
Produced on 7/9/2015 at 12:15:09 PM by licenced user: Douglas J. Vaught, V3 Energy, USA
using WAsP version: 10.02.0017.
Parameter Total Average Minimum Maximum
Net AEP [MWh] 389.155 389.155 389.155 389.155
Gross AEP [MWh] 389.155 389.155 389.155 389.155
Wake loss [%] 0.0 - - -
Site Location
[m]
Turbine Elevation
[m a.s.l.]
Height
[m a.g.l.]
Net AEP
[MWh]
Wake loss
[%]
WTG 3 (594976,
6591691)
Vestas V27
(225 kW)
87.49069 32 389.155 0.0
Site Location
[m]
Height
[m a.g.l.]
A
[m/s]
k U
[m/s]
E
[W/m²]
RIX
[%]
dRIX
[%]
WTG 3 (594976,
6591691)
32 6.2 1.81 5.54 231 1.1 -0.1
The wind farm lies in a map called 'New Stuyahok'.
APPENDIX C:
Construction Cost Estimate
Concept Level EstimateNew StuyahokAlternatives Cost Summary 7/17/2015SUMMARY Estimated Construction Estimated ConstructionCost Cost/ Installed kWAlternative 1 - (2) Northern Power 100C-24 Turbines $ 4,130,600.00 190 $ 21,740.00 Monopole Alternative 2 - (3) Northern Power 100C-24 Turbines $ 5,114,100.00 285 $ 17,944.21 Monopole Alternative 3 - (1) Vestas V27 $ 3,625,700.00 285 $ 16,114.22 Monopole Description Installed kW Tower Type
Concept Level Estimate
New Stuyahok Wind CDR
Alternative 1
5/21/15
Item Estimated
Quantity Description Unit Price ($) Subtotal ($)
Alternative 1 - (2) Northern Power 100C-24 Turbines
1 7,600 CY Borrow 55 418,000
2 4700 SY Geotextile 4 18,800
3 2 Each Pile Cap Foundation 180,000 360,000
4 2 Each Northern Power Systems NPS-100B-21 Arctic Wind Turbines 347,000 694,000
5 2,000 LF Install Conductor to 3 Phase Pole Near School 59 118,000
6 1 Each Transformer 12,000 12,000
7 1 Sum Wireless Communication System 75,000 75,000
8 1 Sum Wind Turbine Power Integration w/ Remote Boiler 150,000 150,000
9 1 Sum Swichgear Upgrade 150,000 150,000
10 1 Sum Grid Briding System 500,000 500,000
11 1 Sum Labor 227,000 227,000
12 1 Sum Equipment 186,000 186,000
13 1 Sum Materials and Equipment Freight (Seattle to New Stuyahok) 400,000 400,000
14 2 Each Turbine Freight (VT to Seattle) 48,500 97,000
15 1 Sum Indirects 186,000 186,000
Subtotal Construction 3,591,800$
Land Acquisition -$
Project Contingency @ 15% 538,800$
0 Years Inflation @ 2% -$
Total 4,130,600$
Installed Generation Capacity 190 kW
Total Cost 4,130,600$
Cost/Installed kW $21,740
Concept Level Estimate
New Stuyahok Wind CDR
Alternative 2
5/21/15
Item Estimated
Quantity Description Unit Price ($) Subtotal ($)
Alternative 2 - (3) Northern Power 100C-24 Turbines
1 9,300 CY Borrow 55 511,500
2 5,750 CY Geotextile 4 14,000
3 3 Each Pile Cap Foundation 180,000 540,000
4 3 Each Northern Power Systems NPS-100B-21 Arctic Wind Turbines 347,000 1,041,000
5 2,000 LF Install Conductor to 3 Phase Pole Near School 59 118,000
6 1 Each Transformer 12,000 12,000
7 1 Sum Wireless Communication System 75,000 75,000
8 1 Sum Wind Turbine Power Integration w/ Remote Boiler 150,000 150,000
9 1 Sum Swichgear Upgrade 150,000 150,000
10 1 Each Grid Briding System 500,000 500,000
11 1 Sum Labor 280,000 280,000
12 1 Sum Equipment 230,000 230,000
13 1 Sum Materials and Equipment Freight (Seattle to New Stuyahok) 450,000 450,000
14 3 Each Turbine Freight (VT to Seattle) 48,500 145,500
15 1 Sum Indirects 230,000 230,000
Subtotal Construction 4,447,000$
Land Acquisition -$
Project Contingency @ 15% 667,100$
0 Years Inflation @ 2% -$
Total 5,114,100$
Installed Generation Capacity 285 kW
Total Cost 5,114,100$
Cost/Installed kW $17,944
Concept Level Estimate
New Stuyahok Wind CDR
Alternative 3
5/21/15
Item Estimated
Quantity Description Unit Price ($) Subtotal ($)
Alternative 3 - (1) Vestas V27
1 5,000 CY Borrow 55 275,000
2 3200 SY Geotextile 4 12,800
3 1 Each Pile Cap Foundation 325,000 325,000
4 1 Each Northern Power Systems V27 Wind Turbine 455,000 455,000
5 2,000 LF Install Conductor to 3 Phase Pole Near School 59 118,000
6 1 Each Transformer 12,000 12,000
7 1 Sum Wireless Communication System 75,000 75,000
8 1 Sum Wind Turbine Power Integration w/ Remote Boiler 150,000 150,000
9 1 Sum Swichgear Upgrade 150,000 150,000
10 1 Each Grid Briding System 500,000 500,000
11 1 Sum Labor 200,000 200,000
12 1 Sum Equipment 165,000 165,000
13 1 Sum Materials and Equipment Freight (Seattle to New Stuyahok) 500,000 500,000
14 1 Each Turbine Freight (CA to Seattle) 50,000 50,000
15 1 Sum Indirects 165,000 165,000
Subtotal Construction 3,152,800$
Land Acquisition -$
Project Contingency @ 15% 472,900$
0 Years Inflation @ 2% -$
Total 3,625,700$
Installed Generation Capacity 225 kW
Total Cost 3,625,700$
Cost/Installed kW $16,114
APPENDIX D:
Environmental Resource Location Map
Proposed Turbine Site #1
Proposed Turbine Site #2
(Alternative 2 Only)
Spectacled Eider Breeding Habitat
Yukon Delta National Widlife Refuge
Anadromous waters
#ADEC Active Contaminated Sites
Appendix D
Environmental Resource Location Map
Alaska Villiage Electric Cooperative
Eek Wind Project
Concept Design Report
Date: May 2015
Township 2 N Range 74W
USGS Quad Map Hooper Bay D-2
60°12' 55.96"N 162°00'41.62"W
Eek, Alaska
Eek
Anchorage