HomeMy WebLinkAboutNative Village of Quinhagak Wind Farm Construction Wind Resource Report - Aug 2007 - REF Grant 2195383Quinhagak, Alaska Wind Resource Report
Report prepared by: Douglas Vaught, P.E., V3 Energy, LLC, Eagle River, AK
Date of report: August 17, 2007
Photo: Doug Vaught
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Summary Information
Meteorological Tower Data Synopsis
Wind power class (measured to date) Class 4 – Good
Average wind speed (30 meters) 6.31 m/s
Maximum wind gust (2 seconds) 43.6 m/s (1/30/07)
Mean wind power density (50 meters) 436 W/m2
Mean wind power density (30 meters) 340 W/m2
Mean energy content (30 meters) 2,978 kWh/m2/yr
Roughness Class 2.35 (few trees)
Power law exponent 0.197 (moderate wind shear)
Turbulence intensity 0.0915 (low)
Frequency of calms (4 m/s threshold) 27 percent
Data start date October 23, 2005
Most recent data date May 24, 2007
Community Profile
Location:
Quinhagak is on the Kanektok River on the east shore of Kuskokwim Bay, less than a mile from the
Bering Sea coast. It lies 71 miles southwest of Bethel at approximately 59.748890° North Latitude and
161.915830° West Longitude. (Sec. 17, T005S, R074W, Seward Meridian.) Quinhagak is located in the
Bethel Recording District. The area encompasses 4.7 sq. miles of land and 0.6 sq. miles of water.
History:
The Yup'ik name is Kuinerraq, meaning "new river channel." Quinhagak is a long-established village
whose origin has been dated to 1,000 A.D. It was the first village on the lower Kuskokwim to have
sustained contact with whites. Gavril Sarichev reported the village on a map in 1826. After the purchase
of Alaska in 1867, the Alaska Commercial Co. sent annual supply ships to Quinhagak with goods for
Kuskokwim River trading posts. Supplies were lightered to shore from the ship, and stored in a building
on Warehouse Creek. A Moravian Mission was built in 1893. There were many non-Natives in the village
at that time; most waiting for boats to go upriver. In 1904 a mission store opened, followed by a post
office in 1905 and a school in 1909. Between 1906 and 1909, over 2,000 reindeer were brought in to the
Quinhagak area. They were managed for a time by the Native-owned Kuskokwim Reindeer Company,
but the herd had scattered by the 1950s. In 1915 the Kuskokwim River was charted, so goods were
barged directly upriver to Bethel. In 1928, the first electric plant opened; the first mail plane arrived in
1934. The City was incorporated in 1975.
Culture:
The community is primarily Yup'ik Eskimos who fish commercially and are active in subsistence food
gathering. The sale, importation or possession of alcohol is banned in the village.
Economy:
Most of the employment is with the school, government services or commercial fishing. Trapping, basket
weaving, skin sewing and ivory carving also provide income. Subsistence remains an important part of
the livelihood; seal and salmon are staples of the diet. Eighty-three residents hold commercial fishing
permits for salmon net and herring roe fisheries. Coastal Villages Seafood LLC processes halibut and
salmon in Quinhagak.
Facilities:
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All services are provided by the Native Village of Kwinhagak, under agreement with the City. Water is
derived from a well near the Kanektok River. The water treatment plant, storage tank, and waterline were
relocated in 1997 as part of a new flush/haul system for the community. Forty homes are now served by
the new system, with water delivery and tank haul. An old BIA building has been renovated as a new
washeteria and health clinic. The school and washeteria are connected directly to the water plant. Eighty-
nine households still haul water and use honeybuckets, and funds are being appropriated to expand the
flush/haul system. Major improvements continue.
Transportation:
Quinhagak relies heavily on air transportation for passenger mail and cargo service. A State-owned
2,600' long by 60' wide gravel airstrip is available. A longer runway is nearly complete, which will enable
direct flights to Anchorage. Float planes land on the Kanektok River. A harbor and dock were recently
completed. Barges deliver heavy goods at least twice a year. Boats, ATVs, snow machines, and some
vehicles are used for local transportation. Winter trails are marked to Eek and Goodnews Bay.
Climate:
Quinhagak is located in a marine climate. Precipitation averages 22 inches, with 43 inches of snowfall
annually. Summer temperatures average 41 to 57 degrees F, winter temperatures average 6 to 24 F.
Extremes have been measured from 82 to -34 F.
(Above information from State of Alaska Department of Commerce, Community, and Economic
Development website, http://www.dced.state.ak.us/)
Met Tower Sensor Information
Channel Sensor type Height Multiplier Offset Orientation
1 NRG #40 anemometer 30 m (A) 0.765 0.35 NE
2 NRG #40 anemometer 30 m (B) 0.765 0.35 SW
3 NRG #40 anemometer 20 m 0.765 0.35 SW
7 NRG #200P wind vane 25 m 0.351 220 NE
9 NRG #110S Temp C 2 m 0.136 -86.383 N/A
Site Information
Site number 0022
Site Description Adjacent to proposed new powerplant, near tank farm
Latitude/longitude N 059° 44.646’; W 161° 55.030’
Site elevation 3 meters
Datalogger type NRG Symphonie
Tower type NRG 30-meter tall tower, 152 mm (6-in) diameter
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Data Quality Control Summary
Data was filtered to remove presumed icing events that yield false zero wind speed data. Data
that met the following criteria were filtered: wind speed < 1 m/s, wind speed standard deviation
= 0, and temperature < 3 °C. Other obvious icing data was removed even if it did not meet the
above criteria. An offset failure in the temperature sensor occurred on July 7, 2006 resulting
logged temperature data reading approximately 30° C lower than normal. An offset correction of
+32.8° was added to all subsequent temperature data. It is not known if this offset correction is
completely accurate for the ten months it covers, but a near accurate temperature record of the
site was deemed more desirable than deleting most of the temperature record.
Data Quality Control Summary Table
30 m A anem. 30 m B anem. 20 m anem.
Records
Recovery
Rate Records
Recovery
Rate Records
Recovery
Rate
2005 Oct 1,235 90.5 1,235 90.5 1,235 90.5
2005 Nov 3,428 79.4 3,851 89.1 3,851 89.1
2005 Dec 4,148 92.9 3,986 89.3 4,464 100
2006 Jan 4,464 100 4,464 100 4,464 100
2006 Feb 4,032 100 4,032 100 4,032 100
2006 Mar 4,464 100 4,464 100 4,464 100
2006 Apr 4,320 100 4,320 100 4,320 100
2006 May 4,464 100 4,464 100 4,464 100
2006 Jun 4,320 100 4,320 100 4,320 100
2006 Jul 4,464 100 4,464 100 4,464 100
2006 Aug 4,464 100 4,464 100 4,464 100
2006 Sep 4,320 100 4,320 100 4,320 100
2006 Oct 4,464 100 4,464 100 4,464 100
2006 Nov 4,320 100 4,320 100 4,320 100
2006 Dec 4,464 100 4,464 100 4,464 100
2007 Jan 4,464 100 4,464 100 4,464 100
2007 Feb 4,032 100 4,032 100 4,032 100
2007 Mar 4,464 100 4,464 100 4,464 100
2007 Apr 4,201 97.2 4,320 100 4,204 97.3
2007 May 3,366 100 3,366 100 3,366 100
All data 81,898 98.3 82,278 98.7 82,640 99.1
25 m vane Temperature
Records
Recovery
Rate Records
Recovery
Rate
2005 Oct 1,235 90.5 1,235 100
2005 Nov 3,397 78.6 4,320 100
2005 Dec 3,204 71.8 4,464 100
2006 Jan 4,193 93.9 4,464 100
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2006 Feb 3,703 91.8 4,032 100
2006 Mar 4,464 100 4,464 100
2006 Apr 3,929 90.9 4,320 100
2006 May 4,464 100 4,464 100
2006 Jun 4,320 100 4,320 100
2006 Jul 4,464 100 4,464 100
2006 Aug 4,464 100 4,464 100
2006 Sep 4,320 100 4,320 100
2006 Oct 4,464 100 4,464 100
2006 Nov 4,320 100 4,320 100
2006 Dec 4,464 100 4,464 100
2007 Jan 4,239 95 4,464 100
2007 Feb 4,032 100 4,032 100
2007 Mar 4,464 100 4,464 100
2007 Apr 4,320 100 4,320 100
2007 May 3,366 100 3,366 100
All data 79,826 95.8 83,225 100
Note: shaded temperature data notes months where +32.8°offset
correction was inserted for sensor offset error
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Measured Wind Speeds
The Channel 1 (30-meter [A]) anemometer wind speed average for the reporting period is 6.31
m/s. The Channel 2 (30-meter [B]) anemometer wind speed average is 6.30 m/s and the Channel
3 (20-meter) anemometer wind speed average for the reporting period is 5.80 m/s.
Typically, the highest wind speeds occur during the winter months of October through March
with the lowest winds during the summer months of May through September. The unusually low
winds measured in January 2006 were due to a persistent high pressure system over Alaska that
month that yielded calm winds and extremely cold weather Statewide. January 2006 was then
followed by an extremely windy February 2006. As one can see, the winds during winter
2005/06 were quite different from winter 2006/07.
The daily wind speed profile indicates that the lowest winds of the day occur in the morning at
about 3 a.m. to 9 a.m. and the highest winds of the day occur in the afternoon and early evening
hours of about 1 p.m. to 8 p.m. This correlates reasonably well with the times of day where load
demand is highest.
Anemometer Data Summary
30 m A anemometer 30 m B anem. 20 m anemometer
Month
Mean
(m/s)
Max
(m/s)
SD
(m/s)
Weibull
k
Weibull
c (m/s)
Mean
(m/s)
Max
(m/s)
Mean
(m/s)
Max
(m/s)
Jan 5.79 43.6 4.33 1.38 6.34 5.82 43.9 5.46 41.6
Feb 7.74 33.2 4.65 1.74 8.71 7.75 33.6 7.23 32.1
Mar 7.07 29.4 3.59 2.05 7.96 7.03 29.8 6.55 29.1
Apr 6.13 22.6 2.96 2.19 6.93 6.00 22.9 5.66 22.6
May 5.88 20.2 2.68 2.32 6.63 5.88 19.9 5.45 19.9
Jun 5.92 19.5 2.79 2.25 6.69 5.90 19.5 5.56 19.5
Jul 6.28 20.6 2.81 2.36 7.08 6.39 21.8 5.83 20.2
Aug 5.56 16.4 2.85 2.05 6.28 5.70 16.8 5.16 16.4
Sep 5.08 24.4 2.98 1.80 5.72 5.10 24.8 4.56 24.0
Oct 7.03 26.3 3.74 1.95 7.92 7.04 26.0 6.45 25.2
Nov 7.47 27.5 3.59 2.18 8.42 7.29 27.9 6.69 26.8
Dec 5.73 21.8 2.72 2.20 6.45 5.65 22.1 5.06 21.4
Annual 6.31 43.6 3.31 2.04 7.09 6.30 43.9 5.80 41.6
Note: Max speed data are 2 second gust readings
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Wind Shear
The power law exponent was calculated at 0.197, indicating moderate wind shear at the
Quinhagak met tower test site. The shear data is shown in greater detail in the accompanying
seasonal, daily and directional plots of the power law exponent, or wind shear.
The practical application of this data is that one can expect appreciably higher power production
with increased turbine tower height. A tower height/power production cost tradeoff study is
recommended. Note that some of the observed shear may be due to the presence of tanks and
other structures north of the met tower test site and would not be indicative of general wind shear
conditions in the Quinhagak area.
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Wind power class
Another view of wind shear is wind power density by height above ground level. As can be seen
in the figure below, power density and hence potential turbine power production increases
substantially with turbine hub height. Note that the measured power densities in the figure below
differ from those reported in the data summary table on page 2 of this report. The figure below
uses all data (October 2005 through May 2007) while in the summary table this data is coverted
to annual averages.
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Probability Distribution Function
The graphed probability distribution function provides a visual indication of measured wind
speeds in one meter per second “bins.” Note that most wind turbines do not begin to generate
power until the wind speed at hub height reached 4 m/s; using this criteria, 27% of Quinhagak’s
winds are calm (less than 4 m/s). The black line in the graph is a best fit Weibull approximation
of the wind speed distribution. At the 30 meter level, the Weibull parameters are k = 1.87
(indicates a relatively narrow distribution of wind speeds) and c = 7.18 m/s (scale factor for the
Weibull distribution).
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Wind Roses
Quinhagak winds are directional in frequency (percent of time) from the north and to a lesser
extent from the southwest, south and southeast (wind frequency rose). Interestingly though, the
power of the winds (mean value by direction) indicate that the southeast winds, when they occur,
are much stronger than the northerly winds. Combining the frequency rose and the mean value
rose yields the third wind rose – the total value (power density) rose. This wind rose indicates
frequency of power density by direction and is most important of the three for siting of turbines.
To minimize wake turbulence, wind turbines should be located with due consideration of clear
zones from nearby obstructions and especially other turbines. If one were to consider just the
frequency rose, turbines might be placed on more of an east-west alignment. But with
consideration of the total value (power density) rose, turbines should be located on a northeast to
southwest alignment with plenty of clearance from obstructions located to the northwest and
southeast of the turbines.
Wind frequency rose (25 meters)
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Mean Value (power density) by direction (25 meters)
Total value (power density) rose (25 meters)
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Monthly wind power density roses; scale is common
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Turbulence Intensity
The turbulence intensity is acceptable for the north-northeast and southeast wind directions, with
mean turbulence intensity of 0.0915, indicating relatively smooth air for wind turbine operations.
This turbulence intensity is calculated with a threshold wind speed of 4 m/s (only wind speeds
exceeding 4 m/s are considered). The relatively high turbulence intensity to the northeast and
southwest are of little consequence as essentially no power producing winds are from these
directions.
International Electrotechnical Commission standards
As shown below, turbulence at the Quinhagak project test site is well within International
Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) Category A and B standards by an all sectors view and also
when considered by 90 degree direction sectors.
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Turbulence Table
Turbulence Intensity Table, 30 m A anemometer, 25 m vane, 10/22/05 to 5/24/07
Bin Bin Endpoints Records SD Mean Standard Deviation Characteristic
Midpoint Lower Upper In
of Wind
Speed Turbulence of Turbulence Turbulence
(m/s) (m/s) (m/s) Bin (m/s) Intensity Intensity Intensity
1 0.5 1.5 2517 0.338 0.359 0.160 0.519
2 1.5 2.5 4939 0.347 0.178 0.094 0.272
3 2.5 3.5 7687 0.375 0.127 0.058 0.185
4 3.5 4.5 9988 0.418 0.106 0.046 0.151
5 4.5 5.5 10511 0.474 0.096 0.038 0.134
6 5.5 6.5 10494 0.544 0.092 0.033 0.125
7 6.5 7.5 8962 0.621 0.090 0.032 0.121
8 7.5 8.5 6743 0.706 0.089 0.030 0.119
9 8.5 9.5 4828 0.787 0.088 0.027 0.115
10 9.5 10.5 3851 0.868 0.087 0.025 0.112
11 10.5 11.5 3067 0.959 0.088 0.024 0.112
12 11.5 12.5 2396 1.060 0.089 0.023 0.112
13 12.5 13.5 1601 1.159 0.090 0.022 0.112
14 13.5 14.5 1057 1.228 0.088 0.022 0.110
15 14.5 15.5 759 1.308 0.088 0.021 0.109
16 15.5 16.5 445 1.369 0.086 0.020 0.106
17 16.5 17.5 314 1.456 0.086 0.021 0.107
18 17.5 18.5 247 1.516 0.085 0.020 0.104
19 18.5 19.5 136 1.644 0.087 0.019 0.106
20 19.5 20.5 123 1.784 0.090 0.019 0.109
21 20.5 21.5 82 1.830 0.088 0.016 0.104
22 21.5 22.5 43 1.886 0.086 0.015 0.100
23 22.5 23.5 45 1.889 0.082 0.015 0.097
24 23.5 24.5 32 2.153 0.090 0.012 0.102
25 24.5 25.5 18 2.400 0.096 0.014 0.110
26 25.5 26.5 7 2.171 0.084 0.010 0.094
27 26.5 27.5 3 2.567 0.096 0.013 0.108
28 27.5 28.5 4 2.675 0.096 0.020 0.116
29 28.5 29.5 4 2.775 0.096 0.011 0.107
30 29.5 30.5 3 2.733 0.091 0.007 0.098
31 30.5 31.5 3 3.300 0.107 0.014 0.121
32 31.5 32.5 2 3.050 0.095 0.006 0.101
33 32.5 33.5 5 3.340 0.102 0.010 0.112
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Air Temperature and Density
Over the reporting period, Quinhagak had an annual average temperature of -3.9 degrees C. The
minimum recorded temperature during the test period was -49.1° C (see below; possibly
incorrect) and the maximum temperature 23.8° C.
Note that on July 7, 2006 the temperature sensor experienced an unusual fault in that although it
continued to record what appeared to be normal variations of temperature, the offset suddenly
changed by approximately 30° C. This offset change (-32.8° C exactly) was added to subsequent
temperature data in order to produce a best likely temperature record of Quinhagak, but because
the nature of the fault is unknown, the corrective measure may be faulty to some extent. Hence,
it is unlikely that the extreme low temperature data readings of -40° C and lower during the
winter months of 2006/07 are completely accurate, although 2006/07 was a very cold winter in
general. Despite the likelihood of error with the post 7/7/06 temperature data, it is more accurate
for power density and turbine performance estimates to insert a corrective offset than to delete
the faulty temperature data altogether.
Consequent to the rather cool average temperature in Quinhagak, air density is rather high,
boosting the nominal performance of wind turbines. The average air density in Quinhagak is
1.326 kg/m3, approximately eight percent higher than standard sea level atmospheric air density
of 1.225 kg/m3. This density variance from standard is accounted for in turbine performance
predictions in this report. Note that the density estimates, because they are based on calculations
using temperature data and not direct measurement, are likely a few percent lower than actual.
Temperature Air Density
Mean
(m/s)
Min
(m/s)
Max
(m/s)
SD
(m/s)
Mean
(kg/m^3)
Min
(kg/m^3)
Max
(kg/m^3)
SD
(kg/m^3)
Jan 18.6 49.1 4.6 13.1 1.389 1.270 1.574 0.0730
Feb 9.2 38.6 6.5 11.0 1.339 1.261 1.504 0.0579
Mar 18.9 45.5 9.1 14.4 1.392 1.250 1.549 0.0787
Apr 6.7 21.0 6.1 5.6 1.324 1.263 1.399 0.0278
May 0.9 16.7 23.8 7.4 1.288 1.188 1.375 0.0344
Jun 11.4 2.9 21.3 3.3 1.240 1.198 1.278 0.0144
Jul 7.3 7.3 22.7 5.1 1.258 1.192 1.327 0.0227
Aug 6.9 9.0 23.4 7.0 1.260 1.189 1.335 0.0314
Sep 5.0 13.2 19.7 7.3 1.269 1.205 1.357 0.0336
Oct 0.1 14.6 13.7 5.4 1.290 1.224 1.364 0.0274
Nov 12.5 35.4 4.0 8.4 1.355 1.273 1.484 0.0441
Dec 12.3 45.1 7.1 11.7 1.355 1.259 1.547 0.0624
Annual 3.9 49.1 23.8 13.6 1.326 1.188 1.574 0.0701
Note: low temperature and max air density data likely faulty; see explanation in text
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DMap
This DMap is a visual representation of air density by time of day and month. As one would
expect, air densities are higher during the middle of the day and summer months than nighttime
and winter months. Higher air densities increase rotor blade lift and hence one can expect
marginally higher turbine performance for equivalent wind speeds during periods of cold air
temperature/high air density.
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Turbine Power Prediction
Turbine performance is predicted for two wind turbines now placed in several Alaska Village
Electric Cooperative villages in Alaska: the Entegrity eW-15 (60 Hz) and the Northern Power
Northwind NW100/20. These turbines are rated at 65 kW and 100 kW maximum power output
respectively.
Entegrity eW-15:65 kW rated power output, 15 meter rotor, stall-controlled (power curve
provided by Entegrity Energy Systems)
Northwind 100/20: 100 kW rated power output, 20 meter rotor (19 meter rotor blades with 0.6
meter blade root extensions added), stall-controlled (power curve provided by Northern Power
Systems)
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eW 15, 31 meters, 90% availability
Hub
Height Time At Time At Average Net Average Net Average Net
Wind
Speed
Zero
Output
Rated
Output
Power
Output
Energy
Output
Capacity
Factor
Month (m/s) (%) (%) (kW) (kWh) (%)
Jan 5.79 39.8 6.4 13.3 9,903 20.5
Feb 7.78 21.1 10.1 21.7 14,593 33.4
Mar 7.07 22.0 7.8 20.8 15,486 32.0
Apr 6.06 26.2 2.3 13.0 9,382 20.0
May 5.90 25.8 1.0 11.6 8,604 17.8
Jun 5.94 26.1 0.1 11.8 8,484 18.1
Jul 6.35 22.0 1.5 13.8 10,300 21.3
Aug 5.65 31.9 0.0 10.8 8,054 16.7
Sep 5.09 41.5 1.8 8.0 5,721 12.2
Oct 7.06 21.2 6.4 18.6 13,827 28.6
Nov 7.30 17.9 8.2 21.1 15,167 32.4
Dec 5.65 28.5 1.2 11.1 8,257 17.1
Annual 6.30 27.0 3.9 14.6 132,888 22.5
eW 15, 31 meters, 100% availability
Hub
Height Time At Time At Average Net Average Net Average Net
Wind
Speed
Zero
Output
Rated
Output
Power
Output
Energy
Output
Capacity
Factor
Month (m/s) (%) (%) (kW) (kWh) (%)
Jan 5.79 39.8 6.4 14.8 11,004 22.8
Feb 7.78 21.1 10.1 24.1 16,215 37.1
Mar 7.07 22.0 7.8 23.1 17,206 35.6
Apr 6.06 26.2 2.3 14.5 10,424 22.3
May 5.90 25.8 1.0 12.8 9,560 19.8
Jun 5.94 26.1 0.1 13.1 9,427 20.1
Jul 6.35 22.0 1.5 15.4 11,445 23.7
Aug 5.65 31.9 0.0 12.0 8,949 18.5
Sep 5.09 41.5 1.8 8.8 6,357 13.6
Oct 7.06 21.2 6.4 20.6 15,363 31.8
Nov 7.30 17.9 8.2 23.4 16,852 36.0
Dec 5.65 28.5 1.2 12.3 9,174 19.0
Annual 6.30 27.0 3.9 16.2 147,653 25.0
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NW100, 32 meters, 90% availability
Hub
Height Time At Time At Average Net Average Net Average Net
Wind
Speed
Zero
Output
Rated
Output
Power
Output
Energy
Output
Capacity
Factor
Month (m/s) (%) (%) (kW) (kWh) (%)
Jan 5.82 39.5 5.3 19.9 14,838 19.9
Feb 7.82 20.9 8.0 32.4 21,757 32.4
Mar 7.11 21.9 6.9 30.9 22,963 30.9
Apr 6.10 25.9 2.0 19.5 14,016 19.5
May 5.94 25.5 1.0 17.2 12,822 17.2
Jun 5.97 25.8 0.1 17.5 12,591 17.5
Jul 6.39 21.7 1.6 20.5 15,256 20.5
Aug 5.68 31.5 0.0 16.2 12,018 16.2
Sep 5.13 41.0 1.8 12.1 8,745 12.1
Oct 7.11 20.9 6.2 27.8 20,709 27.8
Nov 7.35 17.5 7.3 31.4 22,578 31.4
Dec 5.69 27.9 1.2 16.7 12,397 16.7
Annual 6.34 26.6 3.4 21.8 198,276 21.8
NW100, 32 meters, 100% availability
Hub
Height Time At Time At Average Net Average Net Average Net
Wind
Speed
Zero
Output
Rated
Output
Power
Output
Energy
Output
Capacity
Factor
Month (m/s) (%) (%) (kW) (kWh) (%)
Jan 5.82 39.5 5.3 22.2 16,487 22.2
Feb 7.82 20.9 8.0 36.0 24,174 36.0
Mar 7.11 21.9 6.9 34.3 25,515 34.3
Apr 6.10 25.9 2.0 21.6 15,574 21.6
May 5.94 25.5 1.0 19.1 14,247 19.1
Jun 5.97 25.8 0.1 19.4 13,990 19.4
Jul 6.39 21.7 1.6 22.8 16,951 22.8
Aug 5.68 31.5 0.0 17.9 13,353 17.9
Sep 5.13 41.0 1.8 13.5 9,717 13.5
Oct 7.11 20.9 6.2 30.9 23,010 30.9
Nov 7.35 17.5 7.3 34.8 25,087 34.8
Dec 5.69 27.9 1.2 18.5 13,775 18.5
Annual 6.34 26.6 3.4 24.3 220,306 24.3