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Alaska Geothermal Bibliography 1989
STATEOFALASKA DEPARTMENTOFNATURALRESOURCES DIVISION OFGEOLOGICALANDGEOPHYSICALSURVEYS Steve Cowper,Governor Lennie Gorsuch,Commissioner Robert B.Forbes,Director and State Geologist April 1989 This report is a preliminary publication of DGGS. The author is solely responsible for its content and will appreciate candid comments on the accuracy of the data as well as suggestions to Improve the report. Report of Investigations 88-18 .ALASKA GEOTHERMAL BIBLIOGRAPHY BY S.A.Liss,R.J.Motyka,and C.J.Nye This work was performed under Grant DE-FG07- 841012524 from the U.S.Department of Energy and funding from the State of Alaska, Department of Natural Resources STATE OF ALASKA Department of Natural ResourcesDIVISIONOFGEOLOGICAL&GEOPHYSICAL SURVEYS According to Alaska Statute 41,the Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys is charged with conducting 'geological and geophysical surveys to determine the potential of Alaskan land for production of metals, minerals,fuels,and geothermal resources;the locations and supplies of ground water and construction materials;the potential geologic hazards to buildings, roads,bridges,and other installations and structures;and shall conduct such other surveys and investigations as will advance knowledge of the geology of Alaska.'In addition,the Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys shall collect,record,evaluate,and distribute data on the quantity,quality,and location of underground,surface,and coastal water of the state;publish or have published data on the water of the state and require that the results and findings of surveys of water quality,quantity,and location be filed;require that water-well contractors file basic water and aquifer data,including but not limited to well location,estimated elevation,well-driller's logs,pumping tests,flow measurements,and water-quality determinations;accept and spend funds for the purposes of this section,AS 41.08.017 and 41.08.035,and enter into agreements with individuals,public or private agencies,communities, private industry,and state and federal agencies;collect,record,evaluate, archive,and distribute data on seismic events and engineering geology of the state;and identify and inform public officials and industry about potential seismic hazards that might affect development in the state. Administrative functions are performed under the direction of the Director, who maintains his office in Fairbanks.The locations of DGGS offices are listed below: ./94 University Avenue .400 Willoughby Avenue (Suite 200)(3rd_floor) Fairbanks,Alaska 99709 Juneau,Alaska 99801 (907)474-7147 (907)465-2533 .3700 Airport Way .18225 Fish Hatchery Road Fairbanks,Alaska 99709 P.O.Box 772116 (907)451-2760 Eagle River,Alaska 99577(967)696-0070 This report is for sale by DGGS for $3.DGGS publications may be inspectedatthefollowinglocations.Mail orders should be addressed to the Fairbanks office. .3700 Airport Way .400 Willoughby Avenue Fairbanks,Alaska 99709 (3rd floor) Juneau,Alaska 99801 .U.S.Geological Survey Information Specialist Public Information Office 'U.S.Geological Survey 701 C Street 4230 University Drive,Room 101 Anchorage,Alaska 99513 Anchorage,Alaska 99508 ii CONTENTS Introduction oo...cece ccc cence cee e eevee ee eeeeuceenecenecesacennees Section I -Standard bibliographical listing (Example format) Section II -Author listing (Example format).................0c.000cc000 Section ITI -Geothermal site listing (Example format).................. Section IV -Additional regional listing (similar to III,not shown) Section V -Subject listing (similar to III,not shown) Appendix A -Major geothermal projects in Alaska ..............cccccveuee Appendix B -Agencies involved in Alaska geothermal resources FIGURES Figure 1.Map of Alaska divided into the 10 geographical regionsListedinSectionFo.icc c ccc ccc cece cece tee eect esse eeeetens 2.Geothermal spring localities in the region referred to as Southeastern.....0.cee cece ee eee eee eee PEE,3.Geothermal spring localities in the region referred to as Southeast Quadrant..............00.e eens 4.Geothermal spring localities in the region referred to as South Central...ccc ce ee eee eee eens 5.Geothermal spring localities in region referred to asSouthwestQuadrant6.Geothermal spring localities in the region referred to asAlaskaPeninsula...cc ccc cece cee ee eee cette eee e eee aeenees 7.Geothermal spring localities in the region referred to as eastern Aleutians 8.Geothermal spring localities in the western portion of the region referred to as the Aleutians................. 9.Geothermal spring localities in the region referred toastheInterior.,.eee)10.Geothermal spring localities in "the 'region referred toastheSewardPeninsula..........0....ccc ee eee teens11.Geothermal spring localities in the region referred to as Northern...2...cece cece cece eee eee seeeere e neers TABLES Table Abbreviations used in short references ............cccececeoes Codes used in the short references ............cc0ccececececes 3.Listing of geothermal sites in Alaska with thecodesusedontheNOAAMap........seeeeceescrceeeeneeeneees4.List of aliaseS...ceesseveeesNe iii 34 7 20 21 23 ALASKA GEOTHERMAL BIBLIOGRAPHY Compiled byS.A.Liss,!R.J.Motyka,*and C.J.Nye? INTRODUCTION The complete hard-copy listing of the Alaska geothermal bibliography is a 300-page document.Presented here are a list of contents,example formats for Sections I,II,and III,tables of codes and abbreviations,figures showing geothermal spring locations,and appendixes from the original document. The Alaska geothermal bibliography is presented in five sections.Section I is a standard format alphabetical bibliography which lists all publications, currently through 1986,that discuss any facet of geothermal energy in Alaska. In addition,selected publications about geology,geophysics,hydrology, volcanology,or the like,which discuss areas where geothermal resources are located,are included,though the geothermal resource itself may not be mentioned.The bibliography contains 870 entries,and is constantly being updated. Section II is an alphabetical listing by author regardless of where the author's name appears in the citation.Each entry gives the first author,year of publication,abbreviated title,and codes for subject category.The subject codes are listed in order of emphasis in the article.Table 1 lists the abbreviations most commonly used in the shortened titles.Table 2 provides an index of subject codes. Section III is a listing of references for each of the 123 geothermal sites in alphabetical order.Each main entry gives the site name and identification number.Figure 1 shows areas covered by figures 2 through 11,on which locations of the geothermal sites are shown.Table 3 provides the identification key.For consistency,geothermal site ID numbers are the same asthoseusedontheNOAAmapofGeothermalResourcesofAlaska,scale 1:2,500,000 (Motyka and others,1983).The map is available from the Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys.Under each geothermal site is a listing of authors,abbreviated titles,and subject codes.Several sites are included which do not appear on the NOAA map.They fall into one of three categories: 1)sites which have had geothermal manifestations in recent past--for example,Bogoslof;2)sites which are good candidates for the occurrence of a _geothermalresourceduetopresenceofrecentvolcanism--for example,Edgecumbe;3)sites which have been identified since 1983,the map's publication date--for example, Upper Noatak.Early references sometimes used different names for the same site,so table 4 is included to give the known aliases. Section IV is a supplemental listing of references by geographical region. Figure 1 shows the boundaries of the regions used in this section and figures 2 through 11 are enlargements of each region with the geothermal sites indicated.Under each main entry is again,a listing of authors,abbreviated titles,and subject codes.References in this section generally cover a large geographic 0GGS,3700 Airport Way,Fairbanks,Alaska 99709.3066S,400 Willoughby Avenue,Juneau,Alaska 99801hiysicalInstitute,Universi of Alaska,Fairbanks,Alaska 99775,ry'ty area and are not usually listed in section III under any specific geothermal site,, Section V is a listing of references by subject.Main entries are identical to those in table 2.Under each subject is,as usual,a listing of authors, abbreviated titles,and subject codes.The subject heading 'Geothermal' contains every reference which specifically mentions a geothermal site, regardless of context.Actual geothermal studies are marked 'R'in the subject code. All or any part of this bibliography is available on 5 1/4 or 3 1/2 inch computer diskettes,formatted in the MS-DOS operating system.It is availableasasetoffour.DBF files for use with DBASE3+.These files can be easily used with Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys Public-data File 88-13,'A geologically orientated bibliography program.'This is the program which was used to create all the listings in the bibliography.Microsoft Word was used to add the appendices and create the final hard copy.About 850K is needed for these four files,the largest of which is about 500K.This bibliography is constantly being updated,so when you request the computer files,you receive the current up-to-date version.Hard copies of this document can be obtained at $0.10 per page. ALASKA GEOTHERMAL BIBLIOGRAPHY SECTION I STANDARD BIBLIOGRAPHICAL LISTING (Example Format) GEOTHERMAL BIBLIOGRAPHY BIBLIOGRAPHY -LISTING Ach,J.,and DeLong,S.E.,1980,Magmatic evolution of Little Sitkin and Semisopochnoi volcanoes,Alaska [abs.}]:EOS,v.61,p.1140. Adams,D.0.,1983,Geology of the northern contact area of Arrigetch Peaks pluton,Brooks Range,Alaska:Fairbanks,University of Alaska, unpublished M.S.thesis,86 Pp, Adams,D.D.,1984,Geology of the northern contact area of the Arrigetch Peaks pluton,Brooks Range,Alaska [abs.]:Geological Society of America, Cordilleran Section,Abstracts with Programs,v.16,no.5,p.265. Alaska Geological Consultants,1975,ERDA Geothermal energy program,Drum Thermal Springs Area:Report of Oct.1975 for AHTNA Native Regional Corporation. Allely,R.D.,1986,Interpretation of seismic-refraction profiles at theproposedsiteforageothermalpowerplant,in Updike,R.G.,ed., Engineering geology technical feasibility study,Makushin geothermal powerprojectUnalaska,Alaska:Fairbanks,Alaska Division of Geological &Geophysical Surveys,Public-data File 86-60,p.B15-B20. Allen,E.T.,and Zies,E.G.,1923,A chemical study of the fumaroles of the Katmai region:National Geographic Society,Contributed Technical Papers, Katmai Series,v.2,Pp.75-155. Andreasen,G.E.,Dempsen,W.J.,Henderson,J.R.,and Gilbert,F.P.,1958, Aeromagnetic map of the Copper River Basin,Alaska:U.S.GeologicalSurvey,Geophysical Investigations Map GP-156,scale 1:125,000. Andreasen,G.E.,Grantz,A.,Zietz,I.,and Barnes,D.F.,1964,Geologic interpretation of magnetic and gravity data in the Copper River basin, Alaska:U.S.Geological Survey Professional Paper 316-H,p.135-153. Anma,K.,1971,An aeromagnetic survey in the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes, Alaska:Fairbanks,University of Alaska,unpublished M.S.thesis,97 PD. Anonymous,1953,Activity of Trident Volcano:Volcano Letters,no.520,fp.5-6. Anonymous,1953,Eruption of Trident Volcano,Alaska:Volcano Letters,no.519, p.7. Anonymous,1975,Alaska Regional Profiles,1975,.v.3,Southwest Region, sponsored by Alaska with the Joint Federal-State Land Use Planning Commission for Alaska:Wheelright Lithography Co.,Salt Lake City,313 p. Anonymous,1982,Gates of the Arctic,Reed River Hot Springs:National ParkService,Denver Service Center,Branch of Special Programs,Special Report,19 p. Arce,G.N.,1983,Volcanic hazards from Makushin Volcano,Northern Unalaska Island,Alaska:Fairbanks,University of Alaska,unpublished M.S.thesis, 142 p. GEOTHERMAL BIBLIOGRAPHY BIBLIOGRAPHY -LISTING Arce,G.N.,and Economides,M.J.,1982,Analysis of volcanic hazards fromMakushinVolcano,Unalaska Island:Proceedings IV New Zealand GeothermalWorkshop,p.93-99. Bader,J.W.,1984,Geologic map of the Demarcation Point,Mount Michelson,Flaxman Island,and Barter Island quadrangles,Alaska:U.S.Geological Survey Open-file Report 84-569,scale 1:250,000. Bader,J.W.,and Bird,K.J.,1986,Geologic map of Demarcation Point,Mt.Michelson,Flaxman Island,and Barter Island quadrangles,N.E.Alaska, Latitudes 69 deg to 70 deg 45 min N,Longitudes 141 «147 deg W:U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Map 1-1791,1 pl.,scale 1:250,000. Baker,0.R.,and Eggler,D.H.,1983,Fractionation paths of Atka (Aleutians) high alumina basalt:Constraints from phase relations:Journal ofVolcanologyandGeothermalResearch,v.18,p.387-404. Baker,R.O.,Lebida,R.C.,Pyle,W.D.,and Britch,R.P.,1977,An investigation of selected Alaska geothermal springs sources as possible salmon hatcherysites:National Technical Information Service ID0/1624-1,173 p. Barnes,Ivan,and McCoy,G.A.,1979,Possible role of mantle-derived C02 in causing two "phreatic"explosions in Alaska:Geology,v.7,p.434-435. Barnes,Ivan,and Miller,T.P.,1974,Geothermal studies in Alaska [abs.]: Geological Society of America,Abstracts with Programs,v.6,no.7, D.645-646. Barnwell,W.W.,and Pearson,K.S.,1984,Alaska's Resource Inventory:Fairbanks, Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys,Special Report 36, 59 p. ALASKA GEOTHERMAL BIBLIOGRAPHY SECTION II AUTHOR LISTING (Example Format) (see Table 1 -Abbreviations used in short references) (see Table 2 -Codes used in short references) AUTHOR TOPIC Abramson,B.S. Gassaway &Abramson 1977 Map &table thermal springs cntr Ach,J. Ach &DeLong 1980 Magma evo L.Sitkin &Semisopochnoi [abs.] Adams,D.D. Adams 1983 Geol northern Arrigetch pluton (thesis) Adams 1984 Geol northern Arrigetch Peaks pluton [abs.] Dillon &others 1983 Geol map Melozitna A-4 Quad Adler,P. Dillon &others 1983 Geol map Melozitna A-4 Quad Alaska Geological Consultants AGS 1975 Drum thermal springs area Albanese,M.D. Turner &others 1980 Geothermal resources Alaska Allaway,W.H.Jr. Detterman &others 1983 Geol map Ugashik-Bristol Bay-Karluk Q Allely,R.D. Allely 1986 Seismic refraction Makushin Motyka &others 1985 Geol geoc geophys Akutan 'Allen,E.T. Allen &Zies 1923 Chem study fumaroles Katmai region Anderson,A.T. Woodruff &Anderson 1980 Arrested magma mixing Pavlov Andreasen,G.E. Andreasen &others 1958 Aeromag Copper River basin Andreasen &others 1964 Geol inter mag &grav Copper Rvr basn Anma,K. Anma 1971 Aeromag survey VITS (thesis) Stone &others 1971 Magnetic anomalies VITS [abs.] Ak R,Fs PG Gr Gr Gr Gr DP R,Fs Gr Ps *,Gs,Fs,Ps,RM,FF,DP Ff PG Pr Pr Pr Pr AUTHOR TOPIC Anonymous Anonymous 1953 Activity of Trident V Anonymous 1953 Eruption of Trident V Anonymous 1975 Ak regional profiles SW region C Anonymous 1982 Reed River Hot Springs Fs Ansari,J. Economides &others 1982 Eng,geol anal geothermal sites EF,Er Arce,G.N. Arce 1983 Volcanic hazards Makushin Volcano (thesis)Eg Arce &Economides 1982 Volcanic hazards Makushin Volcano Eg Economides &Arce 1983 Geothermal in Ak -eng &geol anal EF,Er Economides &others 1982 Eng,geol anal geothermal sites EF,Er Bader,J.W. Bader 1984 Geol map eastern N.slope Ak.Gr Bader &Bird 1986 Geol map NE Alaska Gr Baker,A.A. Smith &Baker 1924 Cold Bay-Chignik dist Gr,H Baker,D.R. Baker &Eggler 1983 Atka high alumina basalt PG Baker,R.O. Baker &others 1977 Geotherm springs-salmon hatchery site R,DP,Fs Bakke,A. Robinson &others 1986 Geol map Mt.Michelson C-4 Quad Gr Bamford,R.W. Isselhardt &others 1983 Temp grads Makushin geothermal area HS Barnes,D.F. Andreasen &others 1964 Geol inter mag &grav Copper Rvr basn Pr Barnes,Ivan Barnes &McCoy 1979 Mantle-derived C02 in 2 phreatic expl Fs,Ff,V Barnes &Miller 1974 Geotherm studies in Alaska [abs.]R,Fs Miller &Barnes 1974 Geotherm devel Ak [abs.]DP,Gr,V 10 ALASKA GEOTHERMAL BIBLIOGRAPHY SECTION III GEOTHERMAL SITE LISTING (Example Format) (see Table 1 -Abbreviations used in short references) (see Table 2 -Codes used in short references) (see Figures for geothermal site locations) 11 GEOTHERMAL SITE TOPIC Aciak AA-4 Berry &others 1980 Thermal spring list U.S.R Bliss 1983 Ak basic data thermal springs &wells R,Fs,Fw Coats 1947 Geol N Adak Island Gr Coats 1952 Magmatic different Adak &Kanaga Islands PG Coats 1956 Geol N Adak Island Gr Coats 1956 Recon geol W Aleutian Islands Cr Conrad &Kay 1984 Inclusions Adak Is-nature of primary magma PG Fraser &Snyder 1959 Geol S Adak &Kagalaska Islands Gr Markle 1979 Geotherm Ak site data base &devel status R,Fs,Gr,CMiller1973Distribution&chem analysis thermal springs Ak R,Fs Motyka 1983 High temp hydrothermal resources Aleut arc RFs,Ff Motyka &others 1983 Geothermal resources of Alaska R,Fs,Ff,Fw Myers &others 1986 Isot var Adak &Atka volc plumb V.PG,Gr Peale 1886 Mineral springs of US H,RTurner&others 1980 Geothermal resources Alaska R,Fs Waring 1965 Thermal springs US &world -a summary Fs White &Williams 1975 Assmt geothermal resources US R,Fs,HS Akun Strait AA-23 Berry &others 1980 Thermal spring list U.S.R Bliss 1983 Ak basic data thermal springs &wells R,Fs,FwByers&Barth 1953 Vole activity Akun &Akutan Islands V Coats 1956 Recon geol W Aleutian Islands Gr Miller 1973 Distribution &chem analysis thermal springs Ak R,Fs Motyka &Moorman 1981 Recon thermal spr Aleutian arc .R,Fs,FfMotyka&others 1981 Assmt thermal spring Aleutian arc R,Fs,Ff,Gr Motyka &others 1983 Geothermal resources of Alaska R,Fs,Ff,Fw Peale 1886 Mineral springs of US HRTurner&others 1980 Geothermal resources Alaska R,Fs Waring 1965 Thermal springs US &world +a summary Fs Akutan Volcano AA-21 Brown 1899 Shishaldin H Byers &Barth 1948 Geol Akutan Island Gr Byers &Barth 1953 Vole activity Akun &Akutan Islands V Davidson 1893 Eruption of Veniaminof H,V Finch 1935 Akutan volcano V,H House &others 1981 Seismic gap near Unalaska Gs Miller &Barnes 1974 Geotherm devel Ak [abs.]DP,Gr,V Miller &Barnes 1976 Geotherm develop Ak summary DP,Gr,V Motyka 1982 Fluid geochem Makushin &Akutan geotherm area FF,FsMotyka&others 1983 Geothermal resources of Alaska R,FS,Ff,Fw Motyka &others 1985 Geol geoc geophys Akutan ,*,Gs,Fs,Ps,RM,Ff,DP Prosser 1912 Volcanic road-building H,V Reeder 1983 Prelim dating Holo volcanic E Aleut Is [abs.]V,Gr Romick 1982 Ig petro &geochem N.Akutan Is (thesis)PG Romick 1983 Ig petro &geochem N.Akutan Is [abs.]PG Romick 1986 Ig pet and geochem N.Akutan PG Romick &Swanson 1983 Petro &fract lava Akutan Is [abs.]PG Smith &Shaw 1979 Igneous related geothermal systems R,HS 13 Aniakchak Arrigetch Augustine GEOTHERMAL SITE Swanson &Blum 1984 Evol of volc centers Aleutian arc [abs] Wescott &others 1982 Geophys survey Hot Springs Akutan Is White &Williams 1975 Assmt geothermal resources US AA-34 Berry &others 1980 Thermal spring list U.S. Bliss 1983 Ak basic data thermal springs &wells Detterman &others 1979 Geol map Chignik &Sutwik Is Q Detterman &others 1981 Geol map Chignik &Sutwik Is Q Detterman &others 1981 Quat geol map Chignik &Sutwik Is Q Hansen &others 1981 Mineral potential Ak Penin.Hubbard 1931 Geol Aniakchak &Veniaminof [abs.] Hubbard 1931 World inside a mountain Knappen 1926 Geol &min resources Aniakchak Knappen 1933 Aniakchak &Veniaminof volcanoes [abs.] LeCompte &Steele 1981 Map Landsat Chignik &Sutwik Is Q Lyle 1973 Geol &mineral evaluation Aniakchak R drainage Markle 1979 Geotherm Ak site data base &devel status Miller 1978 Airfall pumice Aniakchak Miller &Barnes 1974 Geotherm devel Ak [abs.] Miller &Barnes 1976 Geotherm develop Ak summary Miller &Smith 1976 New volcanoes Aleutian arc Motyka &others 1981 Assmt thermal spring Aleutian arc Motyka &others 1983 Geothermal resources of AlaskaReed&others 1983 Data low temp geothermal systems US Smith 1925 Aniakchak Crater Smith &Baker 1924 Cold Bay-Chignik distSmith&Shaw 1979 Igneous related geothermal systems Turner &others 1980 Geothermal resources Alaska White &Williams 1975 Assmt geothermal resources US NC-39 Adams 1983 Geol northern Arrigetch pluton (thesis)Adams 1984 Geol northern Arrigetch Peaks pluton [abs.]Berry &others 1980 Thermal spring list U.S. Brosge &Pessel 1977 Prelim recon geol map Survey Pass QNelson&Grybeck 1978 Arrigetch Peaks &Igikpak plutons SC-11 Barrett 1978 Magnetic model of Augustine Volcano (thesis) Barrett &others 1977 Model of Augustine Volcano [abs.]Beget 1986 Prehistoric tephra at Augustine fabs.]Daley 1986 Petro,geochem &evol magmas Augustine (thesis)Daley &Swanson 1985 Low press fractionation Augustine [abs.]Davidson 1884 Notes volc eruption AugustineDavies&Kienle 1986 Augustine eruption &advice [abs.]Decker 1967 Invest at active volcanoes Detterman 1968 Volcanic activity Augustine Island TOPIC R,Fs,Fw Gr Gr Gr Gr Gr ,H V,H Gr Gr,H Gr Gr R,Fs,Gr,C V DP,Gr,V DP,Gr,V V R,Fs,Ff,GrR,FS,Ff,FwHS,R,Fs Gr,H Gr,H R,HS R,Fs R,Fs,HS ALASKA GEOTHERMAL BIBLIOGRAPHY TABLES AND FIGURES 15 ViAgeabs adj aeromag Ak. Aleut alk alt,alter anal assim cent,cntr,C chmbr chem C1 classif cmp1x comp cond conduct contr correl cr Creat DSDP dep,deposdevel different dist E econ elect elem empl eng envir,environ equil erupt est eval evid evo,evol exp] F Abbreviations used in short references. and less than equal to greater than abstract adjacent aeromagnetic Alaska Aleutians alkaline alteration analysis assimilation assessment Augustine basin bedrock caldera Canada center,central chamber chemical,chemistry Chlorine classification complex composition,compaction condensates conductivity contribution correlation creek Cretaceous Deep Sea Drilling Projectdeposit(s),depositional development differentiation district east,eastern economic electrical element emplacement engineering environment equilibria(ium) eruption especially,estimates evaluation evidence evolve (d),evolution explosions,explosive,explanation, Fluorine 17 exploration feasibil feasibility fluct fluctuations form formation Fr French fract fractionation frm from fum fumarole geochem geochemistry,geochemicalgeochrongeochronology geol geology geomorph geomorphology geoph (ys)geophysics,geophysical Ger German glac,glacio glacial,glaciological grad gradient grav gravity gthrm,geotherm geothermal,geothermometry Ho0 water He Helium Hg Mercury hist ,historic Holo Holocene HS Hot Spring hwy highway hydro hydrology,hydrological hydrothrn hydrothermal ig igneous indx index inter (p)interpretation invest investigation is island isot isotope,isotopic K Potassium K/Ar Potassium/Argon KGRA Known Geothermal Resource Area L lower lith lithologic(al) mag magnetic magma magmatism magmagen magmagenesis Mak Makushin meas measure,measurements meta metamorphic,metamorphism min mineral N north,northern NA North America(n) NE northeast,northeastern NPRA National Petroleum Reserve Alaska NW northwest,northwesternobsobservations org origin P.Alex.Port Alexander paleomag paleomagnetic 18 penin petro,petrol Pleist plumb pot prehist prelim pri proj Q,Quad quakes qual Quat R rad,radio recon refr SC SE SW seds seism,(o) signif sn09 spr stat stdy strat struct subd,subduct sum surf sys tect temp Tert therm trnsfrm us V-D VITS peninsula petrology Pleistocene plumbing potential prehistoric preliminary primary project quadrangle earthquakes quality Quaternary river radiometric reconnaissance refraction regulation,regional report resources resistivity Russian south,southern south-central southeast southwest sediments seismology,seismological, significant cassiterite spring statistical study seismicity stratigraphy,|stratigraphic structure,structural subduction summary surficial system tectonic temperature Tertiary thermal transform United States vapor dominated Valley of 10,000 Smokes variation volcanic,volcanological, West,western welding Wisconsinian 19 volcano (or)oOfan)Codes used in the short references. Topic Cultural,socio-economic data, environmental studies Development and planning Economic feasibility studies Engineering geology,hazard studies Engineering -reservoir Fluid chemistry -fumaroles Fluid chemistry -springs Fluid chemistry -wells Exploration geochemistry Geology -regional study Geology -site specific study Historic report Hydrothermal alteration study, includes fumarolic encrustations Heat flow studies and estimates of thermal energy contents Petrology and geochemistry of rocks Geophysics -regional study Geophysics -site specific study Regional geothermal study Resource model Volcanology Final report.For those areas with numerous interim and preliminary reports,*indicates a synthesis of all previous work. 20 Table 3.Listing of geothermal sites in Alaska with the codes used on the NOAA map. Codes AA =Aleutian Arc and Peninsula OMWOADTSFWM-lower Alaska Little Sitkin Semisopochnoi Kanaga Adak Great Sitkin Korovin Kliuchef Milky River Seguam Chuginadak Kagamil Geyser Bight Hot Springs Cove Partov Cove Okmok Caldera Makushin Volcano Glacier Valley Makushin Valley Summer Bay Summer Bay Well Akutan Volcano Hot Springs Bay Akun Strati Shishaldin False Pass Kenmore Egg Island Cold Bay Emmons Lake Hague Pavlov Port Moller Kupreanoff Aniakchak Mother Goose Chuginagak Ukinrek Gas Rocks Bogoslof See reference Motyka and others Nine additional sites are included here. 1983,Geothermal resources of Alaska. Codes NC -North Central Alaska NWPSREeeeeeI-MRBROSBOGWNOWODTOEcwhorm--omwo©Pilgrim Springs Pilgrim Wells Serpentine Lava Creek Battleship Kwiniuk Clear Creek Granite Mountain Hawk South Upper Lower Dulbai Sun Mountain Reed River Hornor Melozi Pocahontas Tunalkten Lake Little Melozitna McQuestenIshtalitna Kilo Upper Ray River Kanuti Lower Ray River Manley Manley Wells Hutlinana Dall Tolovana Chena Circle Big Windy Okpilak Red Hill Spring Inmachuk Upper Noatak Arrigetch Tetlin Minook Mountain Division Division Codes SC -South Central Alaska and upper Alaska Peninsula -MwaRaneeOOI] Ophir Chuilnuk Mt.Martin Mt.Mageik Mt.Griggs Katmai Caldera Mt.Trident Snowy Mt. Kukak Mt.Douglas Augustine Iliamna Redoubt Mt.Spurr Willow Well Lower Klawasi Upper Klawasi North Crater Mt.Wrangell Copper Glacier Novarupta KaguyakTatlawiksuk Cheeneetnuk White Mountain 22 Codes SE =South East Alaska CoMasSonSeWR- 10 White Sulfur Neka Bay Tenakee Inlet North Peril Strait Tenakee Tenakee Nylen Fish Bay Goddard Baranof Baker Island Twin Lakes Mt.Rynda Chief Shakes Barnes Lake Bradfield Canal Bailey Bay Bell Island Edgecumbe Wells Table Name of spring used in this report Akun Strait Aniakchak Baker Island Barnes Lake Battleship Mountain Big Windy Chief Shakes Circle Dulbai Egg Island False Pass Goddard Granite Mountain Hague Kenmore Kwiniuk Lower Division Lower Klawasi Manley Melozi Milky River Minook Mt.Rynda Neka Bay Partov Cove Pilgrim Serpentine South Tenakee Twin Lakes Upper Ray White Sulfur 4,List of aliases. Names applied to same spring in previous literature S.W. Akun Surprise Lake Craig,Dalton Paradise Mt.Kachauik Wolfe Shakes Arctic Circle Hot Springs Dulbatna Mt.,LeDonne Amak Morzhovoi Sitka Hot Springs Sweepstakes near Pavlov Stan Christianson Elim Division,Souby,Davidson Shrub (Drum Group) Baker Melozitna Atka Conway South Stikine Nika Bay Umnak Island Kruzgumepa Arctic,Spring Creek Purcell Mountain Hooniah Hot Spring West Shakes Ray River Hooniah warm spring $2UNITED)STaTeaLEPARTMENTCFTHEINTERIOR GEOLOUICAL SURVEY ae ot i '!|NORTHERN °.Pa os U7,a 'Se 3 ' .wee NE SEN or matMoSASbea a \e EASj:py .\.2\souThe Fig.\reek'y x: Fi >PUG Eke of 7 * OR Lees tee we amen 8S tet Hem Sete Ry”ate FEO SeE HF UD ABOVOETLA HURTEE FEST RO:CEMIEE RENTER KaCwhbES DE wosecmetON 19 6% Figure 1.Map of Alaska divided into the 10 geographical regions listed in section IV.Figures 2-11 areenlargementsofeachoftheseregionswiththeindividualthermalsitesindicated. FIGURE 2 Ae) x <x x Q"”<x <z N oJ <4<O oN LY Haines @ SCALE 1:5,.000,000 |INCH=APPROXIMATELY 8&0 MILES ae ow au tuo 18 MILE Figure 2.Geothermal spring localities in the region referred to as South- eastern.The numerals correspond to those prefixed by SE on the NOAA map. FIGURE 3 SCALE 1:5.000,000 ; 1 INCH=APPROXIMATELY 80 MILES av Vou isu MIC oe *2 60 199 lao MILOMBETERS CANADAFigure 3.Geothermal spring localities in the region Quadrant. 26 referred to as Southeast The numerals correspond to those prefixed by SC on the NOAA map. FIGURE 4 UOMcGrath 22<ex SCALE 1:5.000.000 1 INCH-APPROXIMATELY 80 MILES Ae we Ba lye 150 MILES ae ”au bao 160 KILOMETERS Figure 4.Geothermal spring localities in the region referred to as SouthCentral.The numerals correspond to those prefixed by SC on the NOAA map. 27 82Gambell \Mekoryuk )a eRSCALE1:5,000,000 CO I INCH=APPROXIMATELY 80 MILES a J a ” 6 id so ive 160 KILOMETERS Figure 5.Geothermal spring localities in region referred to as Southwest Quadrant.The numerals correspondtothoseprefixedbySContheNOAAmap.§Juno FIGURE 6 >old Bay 9 3 SCALE 1:5.000.000 1 INCH APPROXIMATELY 80 MILES an "au tea 16U MILES -_-_*FL=_EEE_[>E>E>E>E>E---[>=[[>[_[[EE[E=E===EEE===r n a au len 160 M1ILOMETERG-_---SS Figure 6.Geothermal spring localities in the region referred to as AlaskaPeninsula.Numerals 1-14 correspond to those labeled SC on the NOAA map, and 25-38 correspond to those labeled AA. 29 FIGURE 7 False Pass r ® Akutan 2 Ms 21Dutch-Harbor 'Sa _"g90@ 16 Bg 22? 15 a4 9 1 1714@13 € 49 Nikolski¢ SCALE 1:5.000.000 1 INCH=APPROXIMATELY 80 MILES sue fa 30 ru (Su MILE ay a ao to 160 KILOMETERS att SSS Figure 7.Geothermal spring localities in the eastern portion of the regionreferredtoastheAleutians.The numerals correspond to those prefixed by AA on the NOAA map.: 30 Le” 97."A ° - bes 5 aw -3 wedKeoe-e a Atka SCALE 1:5,000,000 1 INCH APPROXIMATELY 80 MILES ae »60 Lew 1loy MILE SSeSeH fe v oo 1vo 160 MILOMETERS Figure 8.Geothermal spring localities in the western portion of the region referred to as the Aleutians.ThenumeralscorrespondtothoseprefixedbyAAontheNOAAmap.8JYNdI4 ze;2519e1424 18 22-907 M 21023 § @20 fr 13@ .17 Or”iss Tananadon=oF ' a uby esUnalakleetNenana I Delta Ucf> y .D VJ x VA -- SCALE 1:5,000,000 |INCH=APPROXIMATELY a0 MILES 60 LOW 18U MILES a 80 ad 160 MILOMETENRS"""' Figure 9.Geothermal spring localities in the region referred to as the Interior.The numerals correspond tothoseprefixedbyNContheNOAAmap.6JuNdI4 FIGURE 10 Kotzebue SCALE 1:5,000,000 1INCHTAPPROXIMATELY 80 MILES no u 60 1w9 160 MILES a so”10 160 KILOMMPTERS a Figure 10.Geothermal spring localities in the region referred to as the SewardPeninsula.The numerals correspond to those prefixed by NC on the NOAA map. 33 , veKotzebue .Barter Fort Yukon SCA LE 1:5.000,000 . |INCH=APPROXIMATELY 80 MILES Aor a 260 MILES ------anes =| 160 KILOMETERS Island Figure 11.Geothermal spring localities in the region referred to as Northern.The numerals correspond tothoseprefixebyNContheNOAAmap.TT3yndI4 APPENDIX A +MAJOR GEOTHERMAL PROJECTS IN ALASKA STATEWIDE The first extensive compilation of information on Alaskan thermal springs was done by Waring,1917.Since then many additional thermal springs have been discovered and sampled.Several data compilations on Alaskan thermal springs have been published which included additional chemical data that had become available.The most notable of these publications include Miller,1973, Gassaway and Abramson,1977,and Turner and others,1980. The Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys began its assessment of geothermal resources in Alaska in 1979.This program included reconnaissance investigations of as many known thermal sites as possible.Major funding for this project was provided by the State of Alaska and the U.S. Department of Energy.Over 85 of the approximately 120 known thermal sites have now been visited with the major portion of this reconnaissance work being performed between 1979 and 1982.The reconnaissance survey of a thermal site usually included reconnaissance of local geology,geochemical sampling of the thermal fluids,and measurements of vent temperatures and rates of discharge.The location and a summaryof thermal sites in Alaska can be found on thestatewidegeothermalresourcesmap(1:2,500,000)(Motyka and others,1983).More detailed,technical regional geothermal resources maps at a scale of1:1,000,000are currently in preparation.The results of the reconnaissanceinvestigationsofthermalsitesintheAleutianIslandsandAlaskaPeninsula are reported in Motyka and others,1981;and for southern southeast Alaska in Motykaandothers,1980.Our geochemical analyses of thermal spring waters in Alaska have also been reported in Bliss,1983. ADAK Saline thermal springs emanate along the Bering Sea coast at the base of Mount Adagdak,a Tertiary-Quaternary volcanic center located northwest of the Adak Naval Base.Geothermometers applied to the spring waters give reservoir temperature estimates of 160"to 190°C.Exploratory drilling on the flanks and base of Mount Adagdak was undertaken by the U.S.Navy in 1977.Temperaturegradientsmeasuredashighas80°C/km and the temperature at the bottom of one600mdeepholewas66°C.There has been no further exploration since then buttheU.S.Navy is considering re-examining the Adak area's geothermal potential. Adak,a strategic military base,has a population of over 3,000 people making it the largest settlement in the Aleutian Islands. Agencies involved: Department of the Navy,Naval Weapons Center, Energy Program Management Office Department of the Navy,Adak Naval StationAlaskaDivisionofGeological&Geophysical Surveys U.S.Geological Survey,Alaska Branch U.S.Fish and Wildlife Service AKUTAN Several thermal springs and a small fumarole field are located in HotSpringsBayValley,about 4 km northwest of Akutan Harbor and 10 km northeast of 35 active Akutan Volcano.The chloride-rich springs have surface discharge temperatures ranging from 40"to 85°C;geothermometers give reservoir temperature estimates of 180"to 190°C.Geophysical investigations suggest thatmuchofthevalleyisunderlainbywarmwaters.The resource area lies close to a small but well-protected natural harbor that serves as the base of operations for several bottom-fishing and crabbing vessels,floating fish processors and a shore-based bottom-fish processing plant.Geothermal resources in the valley have the potential of supplying all the energy needs,through direct use and electrical power generation,for the processors and the nearby village of Akutan. Agencies involved: Alaska Division of Geological &Geophysical Surveys Geophysical Institute,University of Alaska Akutan Village Council Aleut Corporation U.S.Fish and Wildlife Service ATKA Two major fumarole fields,Kliuchef and Milky River and associated low-Cl,HC02-S0,rich thermal springs are located on the west flank of the strato- volcano,Mt.Kliuchef.A third geothermal field,Korovin,lies in a valley about 6 km southwest of Korovin Volcano.Gas geothermometry gives reservoir temperature estimates of 170"to 300°C.The nearby native village of Atka has a subsistence based economy and is actively seeking an energy source to help develop a local commercial fishing industry.The proximity of the geothermal resources on northeast Atka to a good harbor and potential users make the area particularly attractive for further exploration. Agencies involved: Alaska Division of Geological &Geophysical Surveys Atka Village Council Aleut Corporation U.S.Fish and Wildlife Service BARANOF Waters from eight thermal springs ranging from 40"to 50°C in temperature are used to heat local dwellings,a general store and a commercial bath house. The estimated reservoir temperature,based on geothermometry,is 95°C.The springs flow from fractures in an Eocene trondhjemite pluton.The site lies within the Tongass National Forest. Agencies involved:Alaska Division of Geological &Geophysical Surveys U.S.Forest Service,Tongass National Forest BELL ISLAND and BAILEY BAY At Bell Island,waters from numerous springs ranging in temperature from 67" to 74°C are collected in cisterns and used to heat lodges,cabins,and the swimming pool of a fishing resort complex.The owner has expressed interest incascadeddirect-use of the thermal spring waters for greenhouses and 36 aquaculture.Geothermometers give an estimated reservoir temperature of 135°C. Nearby Bailey Bay Hot Springs have surface discharge temperatures as high as 91°C and an estimated reservoir temperature of 150°C.The U.S.Forest Service has proposed placing the Bailey Bay site into an ecological preserve status. Agencies involved: Alaska Division of Geological &Geophysical Surveys U.S.Forest Service,Tongass National Forest Bell Island Hot Springs Fishing Resort CHENA and CIRCLE These sites are both examples of hydrothermal resources resulting from the percolation and circulation of meteoric waters along fractures and faults in Cretaceous intrusive bodies and overlying metamorphic units in central Alaska. Additionally both have similar histories of development and direct use,firstservinglocalminingcommunitiesasbathingandsmall-scale agricultural facilities,and later becoming major recreational areas for residents of Fairbanks.At Circle water from nine springs,with a maximum temperature of 60°C and combined flow of 1,700 Ipm,is used to heat a large hotel,swimmingpool,and small greenhouse.At Chena effluent from 10 springs,with a combinedflowof8401pmandmaximumtemperatureof57°C,is used to heat a lodge andenclosedswimmingpool.Owners of bothresorts would eventually like to drill wells to increase hot water production,but are presently working to expand the direct use of natural discharge.Based on geothermometry,estimated reservoir temperatures for both sites are 130"to 145°C. Agencies involved: Alaska Division of Geological &Geophysical SurveysGeophysicalInstitute,University of Alaska U.S.Geological Survey,Alaska Branch Chena Hot Springs Resort Circle Hot Springs Resort GODDARD Four springs ranging in temperature from 30"to 66°C are located 22 km south of Sitka on the coast of Baranof Island.Geothermometry gives a reservoir temperature estimate of 140°C.The site was developed as a health spa complete with hospital facilities during the 1920's.The spring waters are currently used for community bath houses.The city of Sitka,which owns the springs,has considered further development of the area but the Sitka community residents have expressed their desire to maintain the area as a recreational site. Agencies involved: Alaska Division of Geological &Geophysical Surveys Sitka City and Borough Government KLAWASI -COPPER RIVER BASIN Two groups of mud volcanoes are located in the Copper River Basin:the Tolsana group west of Glennallen and the Klawasi group east of Glennallen. Although both groups discharge highly saline waters,the Klawasi group isdistinguishedbywarmerwaters(20°C)accompanied by vast amounts of C02.The 37 saline waters emanating from both groups are thought to originate from Over- pressured zones in Cretaceous marine sediments that underlie the basin.The proximity of the Klawasi group to the extremely large Quaternary volcanoes of the western Wrangell Mountains lead many to speculate that a significant geothermal resource might underlie the mud volcanoes.This view was supported when researchers from the Geophysical Institute,University of Alaska found gravity,magnetic,self-potential,and helium anomalies in the Klawasi area,the combination of which they suggested might indicate hydrothermal activity. However,recent geochemical and isotopic investigations of the mud volcano fluids by DGCS have shown that the reservoirs feeding the Klawasi mud volcanoesareprobablyofmoderatetemperature(100°to 125°C).Fluid geochemical and isotopic evidence also suggests that a body of magma has intruded deep-seated limestone formations beneath the Klawasi area and is responsible for theproductionofthelargequantitiesof(C02 through thermogenic and _geochemicalprocesses.Land ownership in the region is divided among the local native corporation,the State of Alaska,and the National Park Service. Agencies involved: Alaska Division of Geological &Geophysical Surveys Geophysical Institute,U.of Alaska U.S.Geological Survey,Alaska BranchWrangell-St.Elias National Park AHTNA -Copper River Native Association MAKUSHIN The Makushin geothermal area is associated with Makushin Volcano,a major volcanic center in the Aleutian arc.The hydrothermal system consists of a boiling hot-water reservoir overlain by a discontinuous vapor-dominated zone that discharges steam and gases from several fumarole fields located on the south and east flanks of the volcano.Numerous low-Cl,HC03-S04 rich thermalspringsemanatedownslopefromthefumaroles;several alkali-c1,HC03-SO4 richthermalspringsoccuratlowerelevations.Gas geothermometry applied to a 150°C superheated fumarole gives a reservoir temperature estimate of 300°C. Host reservoir rock is a highly-fractured gabbro-norite stock.Reconnaissance investigations of the area's geothermal resources were undertaken by the AlaskaDivisionofGeologicalandGeophysicalSurveysin1980and1981underaprogramfundedbytheU.S.Department of Energy and the State of Alaska.From 1982- 1984 the Alaska Power Authority administered a state funded $5 million exploratory drilling program with Republic Geothermal,Inc.of California the prime contractor.Three 460 m deep thermal gradient holes were drilled in 1982.The hottest temperature encountered was 195°C at the bottom of the hole drilled at the head of Makushin Valley.In 1983 a 593 m test well (ST-1)drilled near the same site verified that a resource suitable for generating electrical power exists.Bottom hole temperature measurements were 195°C with geothermometers indicating deeper reservoir temperatures of 220°C and higher.Engineering tests indicate that the single fracture encountered could supply two production wells each capable of driving a 5 MW turbine.In 1984,electrical resistivitysurveysandanadditionalthermalgradientholedrilledto490mnearSugarloaf Cone delineated the north and east boundaries of the wedge shaped main reservoir which dips to the south and west of ST-1.The conclusion of all results indicate that the hydrothermal fluids which feed ST-1 are derived from a deepparentreservoirapproximatelycentrallylocatedbeneaththevolcanoandanyfutureproductionwellsshouldbesitedatorupvalleyofST-1.A geological 38 engineering and hazards study of the site has been recently completed by DGCS. The resource area lies 25 km west of the village of Unalaska and Dutch Harbor, the largest natural deep-water harbor in the Aleutian Islands.The village and harbor serve as the major base of operations for the rich North Pacific and Bering Sea fisheries and for oil and gas exploration on the Bering Sea shelf. The 10 MW electrical power needs of the community and fish processing industry is currently supplied by diesel-fired generators. Agencies involved: Alaska Division of Geological &Geophysical Surveys Alaska Power Authority Geophysical Institute,University of Alaska Republic Geothermal Inc.,California Ounalashka Corporation Unalaska Village Council Aleut Corporation U.S.Fish and Wildlife Service Alaska Department of Fish and Game Alaska Division of Oil and Gas MANLEY Hot springs at Manley,centered on the 236-acre Dart homestead,are used to heat a house,large greenhouses,and a small commercial bath,as well as providing the primary water supply for the community of Manley.Discharge temperatures range from 18"to 61°C,with reservoir estimates of 70"to 130°C. The Bean Ridge Native Corporation has selected all available land surrounding the Dart property and are interested in geothermal exploration and development. Geophysical and geochemical studies have been carried out to help site a well on the Dart property.Capital limitations prevent immediate development of the resource,but a potential for greater direct use of spring waters exists.From 1906 to 1912 Manley was the site of the most extensive direct use of geothermal energy to date in Alaska.During the height of placer mining activity in the Tofty,Eureka,and Baker Cr.areas,Manley served as a trade center which boasted a 60 room hotel,public baths,extensive poultry,hog and dairy barns, greenhouses and commercial truck gardens all heated with geothermal energy. Agencies involved: Geophysical Institute,University of Alaska Alaska Division of Geological 4 Geophysical Surveys Bean Ridge Native Corporation Manley Hot Springs Resort MOUNT SPURR Mount Spurr is a large andesitic stratovolcano located on the west side of upper Cook Inlet.The volcano last erupted in 1953 scattering ash over Anchorage 130 km to the east.Surface manifestations of geothermal activity include a 1 km long zone of warm springs (40°C)in the valley immediately south of Crater Peak,a fumarole field around Crater Peak,and evidence of ice melting by hydrothermal activity at an elevation of 2,900 m.Preliminary results of geological and geochemical studies of Mount Spurr volcanic rocks by DGGS and the University of Alaska provide abundant evidence for a shallow-level magma systemwhichhasbeenactiveduringlatePleistoceneandHolocenetime.Geophysical 39 and geochemical surveys were conducted in 1985 by the University of Alaska, Geophysical Institute in the area south of Mount Spurr.These investigations located large electrical self-potential anomalies and extensive zones of low resistivity which are overlapped and surrounded by areas of anomalously high He and Hg values.The south side of Mt.Spurr has been the site of two State of Alaska geothermal lease sales.The lease holders are actively exploring for geothermal resources which they plan to use for agricultural purposes. Anchorage presently obtains most of its electricity from turbines fired by natural gas from the upper Cook Inlet oil fields.A part of Mt.Spurr lies within a National Park. Agencies involved: Geophysical Institute,University of Alaska Alaska Division of Geological &Geophysical Surveys Alaska Division of Oil and Gas U.S.Geological Survey,Alaska Branch PILGRIM Two hot springs (81°C)and a large oval of thawed ground in an area of deep continuous permafrost are surface manifestations of geothermal resources in the Pilgrim River valley 75 km north of Nome,Alaska.The valley is believed to be a downdropped fault block of pre-Phanerozoic gneiss and intrusive Mesozoic granites which is overlain by a thick (200 m)sequence of Tertiary (?)sediments.A shallow pancake-shaped hot water reservoir (1 km*)was postulatedfromreconnaissancegeologic,geophysical,hydrologic and _geochemical studiesconductedbytheGeophysicalInstitute,University of Alaska and DGGS.The reservoir was later substantiated by six geothermal gradient wells drilled under contract to the Alaska Division of Energy and Power Development during 1979 and1982.The reservoir,14 m below the surface,is 20 m thick and 91°C.No deep conduit was discovered and the source for the heat is still in question.Cation and silica geothermometers predict reservoir temperatures of 110”to 148°C. There is probably 19 MW available for local direct-use development.A road now connects Nome to the springs which are used currently for recreation.Future development is uncertain.The springs and surrounding land are owned by the Catholic Church. Agencies involved: Geophysical Institute,University of AlaskaAlaskaDivisionofGeological&Geophysical Surveys Alaska Department of Commerce and Economic Development Woodward-Clyde Consultants SUMMER BAY Two thermal springs located near the village of Unalaska about 2 km up- valley from Summer Bay on Unalaska Island,feebly emit chloride-rich 30°C waters.In 1980 two shallow test wells spaced 200 m apart were drilled into iron-stained sediments located on the shore of a lake about 1/2 km downvalley from the springs.Both wells encountered a warm water aquifer at about 13 m and bedrock at 17 m.Artesian flow from well 1 was 180 lpm at 50°C;well 2 flow was 30 Ipm and 44°C.The wells have been plugged and the geothermal resource remains un-utilized. 40 Agencies involved:Alaska Division of Geological &Geophysical Surveys Alaska Department of Commerce and Economic Development Ounalashka Corporation Unalaska Village Council TENAKEE Eighteen springs ranging from 30"to 40°C in temperature lie along the shoreline at Tenakee Village.The springs appear to originate as meteoric waters that circulate along deep fractures associated with nearby fault zones. Geothermometry gives reservoir temperature estimates of 65"to 100°C.Waters from one of the springs is used for a community bath house.Under a U.S. Department of Energy Program,the Alaska Department of Commerce and Economic Development contracted for exploratory drilling to determine whether hot waters suitable for direct-use were present at shallow depths.Six test wells were drilled;the deepest reached 30 m (100 ft.)and produced 30°C waters at a rateofabout8lpm.Water temperatures and flow rates from the wells were deemed insufficient for district heating. Agencies involved:. Alaska Division of Geological &Geophysical Surveys Alaska Department of Commerce and Economic Development Village of Tenakee UMNAK Numerous hot springs,fumaroles,and several small geysers with temperatures to 102°C are located in Geyser Bight Valley,and constitute probably the bestknown,most widespread,and hottest thermal spring system in Alaska.Silica and cation geothermometers give reservoir temperature estimates of 180"to 200°C; sulfate-water oxygen isotope geothermometry suggests deep reservoir temperatures are as high as 265°C.The resource area lies between huge Okmok Caldera to the northwest and Mount Recheschnoi and Vsevidof,two large stratovolcanoes,to the southwest.Chloride thermal springs also occur in neighboring Hot Springs Cove and Partov Cove valleys.Lands in the Geyser Bight and surrounding areas have been selected by the State of Alaska,Nikolski Village Corporation,St.George Village Association and the Aleut Corporation.The nearest community is thenativevillageofNikolski,40 km southwest of Geyser Bight.Because of theremotenessofthethreesites,the lack of protected deep-water harbors,and low population base,geothermal resource development appears unlikely in the near future. Agencies involved: Alaska Division of Geological &Geophysical Surveys U.S.Geological Survey U.S.Fish and Wildlife Service Aleut Corporation Nikolski Village Council St.George Village Association 41 WILLOW -LOWER SUSITNA BASIN Four nonproducing exploratoryoil wells drilled into the thick Tertiarysedimentarysequenceoverlyinggraniticbasementrocksinthisareahadgeothermalgradientsof41”to 123°C/km.Limited geophysical and geochemicaldatafromtheareahavebeeninterpretedbyTurnerandWescott(1982)aspossiblyindicatingashallowlow-grade geothermal reservoir 100 km in area,that could be tapped for direct use.There is no surface manifestation of the resource,no fluids were encountered in the wells,and the source of the heat remains highly speculative.Traditionally an area of small-scale agricultural activity,it has recently seen extensive suburban development.Other potential users include the State Division of Parks,Nancy Lake Recreation Area. Agencies involved: Geophysical Institute,University of Alaska 42 APPENDIX B =AGENCIES INVOLVED IN ALASKA GEOTHERMAL RESOURCES EXPLORATION AND ASSESSMENT Federal/£'ate U.S.Department of Energy,Idaho Operations Office, 785 COE Place,Idaho Falls,ID 83402. U.S.Geoiogical Survey,Branch of Igneous and Geothermal Processess,MS-910, 345 Middlefield Rd.,Menlo Park,CA 94025. U.S.Geological Survey,Water Resources Division,MS-34,345 Middlefield Rd., Menlo Park,CA 94025. U.S.Geological Survey,Alaska Branch,Gould Hall,Alaska Pacific University, Anchorage,AK 99501. U.S.Department of the Navy,Naval Weapons Center,Energy Program Management Office,China Lake,CA 93555-6001. Alaska Department of Natural Resources,Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys,3700 Airport Way,Fairbanks,AK 99709-4699;Pouch 7-028,Anchorage, AK 99510;P.O.Box 772116,Eagle River,AK 99577;400 Willoughby Center, 3rd Floor,Juneau,AK 99801. Alaska Power Authority,701 E Tudor Road,P.O.Box 190869,Anchorage,AK 99519-0869. University of Alaska Geophysical Institute Geology Department Petroleum Engineering Department Fairbanks,AK 99755. Alaska Department of Fish &Game,Division of Fisheries Rehabilitation, Enhancement &Development,333 Raspberry,Anchorage,AK 99518; P.O.£0xX 3-2000,Juneau,AK 99802. Private Dames %Hoore,800 Cordova,Suite 101,Anchorage,AK 99501. Geothermal Resources International Exploration Co.,1825 S.Grant St., Suite 900,San Mateo,CA,94402. Premier Geophysics Inc.1184 Forge Walk,Vancouver,BC,Canada V6H-3P9. Republic Geothermal,11823 E.Slauson Ave,Sante Fe Springs,CA,90670. William Ogle,3801 W 44th Ave,Anchorage,AK 99502. Woodward-Clyde,One Walnut Creek Center,100 Pringle Ave,Walnut Creek,CA 94596 (Ben E.Lofgren). ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT Ahtna'T'aene Nene',Copper River Native Association,Drawer G,Copper Center, AK 99573. Akutan Village Council,Akutan,AK 99553. Alaska Department of Commerce and Economic Development,Suite 722 Frontier Building,3601 'C'Street,Anchorage,AK 99503;P.0.Box D,Juneau,AK 99811. Alaska Power Authority,701 E.Tudor Road,P.0.Box 190869,Anchorage,AK 99519-0869. Aleut Corporation,2550 Denali,Suite 900,Anchorage,AK 99503. Atka Village Council,Atka,AK 99502. Bean Ridge Native Corporation,Manley Hot Springs,AK 99756. 43 Dennis P.Carroll,Box 80562,Fairbanks,AK 99708. Chaluka Corporation,Nikolski,AK 99638.Roger &Barbara Cotting,Chena Hot Springs Corp.,1919 Lathrop st.,Drawer 25, Fairbanks,AK 99707. Chuck Dart,Manley Hot Springs,AK 99756. Jim Dawson &Bud Seltenreick,2165 Dawson Road,North Pole,AK 99705. Tom Delong,P.O.Box 83058,Fairbanks,AK 99708 Suzan Dilley,SR 2690,Wasilla,AK 99687. False Pass Native Corporation,False Pass,AK 99583. Dolly Faulkner,P.0.Box 246,Bethel,AK 99559. Geothermal Resources International Exploration Co.,1825 S.Grant St., Suite 900,San Mateo,CA 94402. Doris Loennig Attorney,515 7th Ave.,Fairbanks,AK 99701. Robert Miller,P.0.Box 729,Fairbanks,AK 99707. QOunalashka Corporation,P.0.Box 149,Unalaska,AK 99685. Don Peterson,Box 8762,Ketchikan,AK 99901. C.J.Phillips,Nome,AK 99762. Richard Rome &Donna Waidtlow,12404 NE 29th St.,Bellevue,WA 98005. Seth-de-ya-ah Native Corporation,P.0.Box 849,Fairbanks,AK 99707. City of Sitka,Box 79,304 Lake St.,Sitka,AK 99835. St.George Village Association,St.George Island,AK 99660. Tanadquisix Village Corporation,St.Paul Island,AK 99660. City of Tenakee Springs,P.0.Box 52,Tenakee Springs,AK 99841. Unalaska Village Council,Unalaska,AK 99685. LEASING,PERMITTING AND REGULATORY Federal/State_ U.S.Bureau of Land Management,Fairbanks Support Center,1541 Gaffney, Fairbanks,AK 99703-1399. U.S.Fish and Wildlife Service,1011 E.Tudor Rd.,Anchorage,AK 99503; Aleutian National Wildlife Refuge,Box 5251,Seattle,WA 98791. U.S.Forest Service,709 W.9th St.,Juneau,AK 99801;Tongass Forest Manager,9 1/2 Mile Glacier Hwy,Juneau,AK 99801. U.S.Environmental Protection Agency,Region X,1200 6th St.Seattle,WA 98101. Alaska Department of Natural Resources,Division of Oil and Gas,3601 'C'St., P.O.Box 7034,Anchorage,AK 99510-0734. Alaska Department of Natural Resources,Division of Land and Water Management, 3601 'C'St.,P.O.Box 7005,Anchorage,AK 99510-0734. Alaska Department of Fish and Game,333 Raspberry Rd.,Anchorage,AK 99502; P.0.Box 3-2000,Juneau,AK 99802. Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation,437 'E'Street,Suite 200, Anchorage,AK 99501. MISCELLANEOUS U.S.National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,600 Spruce St.,Boulder, CO 80302. University of Utah Research Institute,391 Chipeta Way,Suite C,Salt Lake City, UT 84108. U.S.National Park Service,Alaska Regional Office,540 W.Fifth Ave., Anchorage,AK 99501. 44