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Home My WebLink AboutUnalaska Geothermal Project 1b Final Vol 1oo.i lee oP DATE ISSUED TO HIGHSMITH 42-225 PRINTED IN U.S.A. OATE ISSUED TO THE UNALASKA GEOTHERMAL-EXPLORATION"pROJECT PHASE IB FINAL REpoRT PROPERTY OF: Alaska Power Authority 334 W.5th Ave.otAnchorage,Alaska 995 Prepareg byRepublicGeothermay,Inc, for The Alaska:Power Author tty -First Draft -Apri]30,1983 YUNA oo! vot:| TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .......oe ee ce ee we wee ee INTRODUCTION..2.2...2.222eewee rr evel. STAGE IJI -LAND AND ENVIRONMENTAL FIELD WORK..........oe A.Wellsite Selection Data Collection.......4...:..6-.. B.Environmental Baseline Data..2.1.1 6 6 0 ww wee et et eres: STAGE IV -FIELD EXPLORATION............2..ceeteww A.Geology........2.5...28068 oe ee ee we eee eee: B.Geochemistry ..2.2 6 2 1 we wie we we ew we ww oe ee ee C.Mercury Soil Survey.....ce ee ee re: D.Self-Potential Survey..2...2 2 ee ewe ee ew we ww ee . STAGE V -DATA COMPILATION AND TEMPERATURE GRADIENT HOLE PROGRAM PLANNING..2...2 2 2 ee ee ee ew ww we ee A.Geology.2...2 2 ww ew ww ew ee we wh tw ww tw ww oe J. Petrographic Studies.........4.-.Ti rr 2.X-ray Diffraction Analysis and Interpretation of Hydrothermal Alteration Zones ...2.1 2.6 1 0 0 6 eee: 3.Geologic Summary..2...6 6 2 ww we ew ee eh we we ww a.Lithology..........ee ee ww ce . b.Geologic Structure ........2...46240+4c500086-8 B.Geochemistry .2...2 2 2 2 ww ee ww ww we we ww wee J.Chemical Analyses...2...2.2 2.2 ee ee ce et ee 2.Classification..2...2 ww ee ee ee wee we es 3.Water Chemistry .2...1 2.2 we we ew ww ew we ew ww we 4.Reservoir Type.....arc aed26 29: 37° 39 39: 39° 41 42: 44 47 48° 48. 52 54 56 TABLE OF CONTENTS,(continued) 5.Reservoir Temperature ..2...6.6 1 ew we ee ww ne 6.Isotopic Composition of Fluids.......oe ee ew 7.Gas Chemistry...1...2.6.ww ww ee we ew ew we ew 8.Summary .......2.24620-6 a oe C.Geophysics ........2.2.2e2eeee rs D.Refined Geothermal Resource Model I.........oe ew E.Temperature Gradient Hole Site Selection .........e.e. F.Temperature Gradient Hole Drilling Program.....ee eee G.Permit Approvals ..1.1.2 2 ww ww ww we te we we ww ws oe H.Drilling Program Logistics .2...2...2.2 we ew eevee 1.Helicopter Support...........6.see eee 2. Orilling Equipment and Personnel........2 2 eee 3.Camp Facilities and Operation......2.1.2 ew wee 4.Communications..2...2 2 6 ew ww ee ww we we ee STAGE VI -TEMPERATURE GRADIENT HOLE DRILLING............. A.Move InandRigUp.......eee ee ee eee ee eee B.Drilling Supervision...........2.24-6220208.oe C.Data Acquisition .2...2.0 ew ew ww we ee ew we we we ww D.Environmental Monitoring .......a . STAGE VII -DATA SYNTHESIS AND DEEP WELLSITE SELECTION......... A.Analysis of Data from Temperature Gradient Holes ....... 1.Temperature Gradient Hole D-l...2...6.1 2 ee eee 44 TABLE OF CONTENTS,(continued) 2.Temperature Gradient Hole E-]1.......2....008. 3.Temperature Gradient Hole I-].......2....20... B Aerial Photograph Interpretation .........062.0e00c888 C.Gravity Data.......cee ee cee we eh ees D.Total Data Integration ....2...2.2 ee ee ww ww ww E.Geothermal Resource Model Refinement II..........2.. F.Resource "Target”Identification ...........2.200e80848 G.Deep Wellsite Selection........cee ee ew we H.Deep Exploratory Well Drilling Program..........2.2.. I.Preliminary Deep Well Testing Program.......cee ee 1.Dry Steam Resource...1...2 2 ew ww ww ew we we ew 2.Hot Water Resource..........2.2.2446-.se ee 3.Preliminary Well Test Cost Estimates........... J.Deep Well Budget and Scheduling...........ce ee STAGE VIII -DEEP WELL PERMIT ACQUISITION.......cee eee oe A.Fluid Disposal Methods .......2..22eee ce ee - B Environmental Measures .2...2 2 2 2 ee ww www we ew we C.Permit Applications..2...2 2 2 ee ww ew we we we we we ww 0 Environmental Documents...2...2.2.2 2 2 eee ew eee ee E.Permit Approvals...2.1.2.2 ee ee ew we ww ew we we ew REFERENCES.2 6 1 6 we ww we we ww ew ee ew ee ee we we 44 LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1 Fumarole Field #1 and Hot Springs Group #10......12 Figure 2 Fumarole Field #2 and Hot Springs Group #29......13 Figure 3 Fumarole Field #3......ce ee ee th wt 15 Figure 4 Fumarole Field #4.........022020 800082 W7 Figure 5 Fumarole Field #5.........2406240c00e00e88-8 oe 18 Figure 6 Fumarole Field #8.2...2.2.we ew ew ww we we we ene 20 Figure 7 Hot Springs Group #11 and #12.......2.2..0.0e048 22 Figure 8 Fumarole Field #19....2...2.2 2 we ee ween 24 Figure 9 Cation Ratios in Waters from the Makushin Geothermal Area..2...2...2 ee ee ene 55 Figure 10 Stable Oxygen and Hydrogen Isotopes in Thermal and Non-Thermal Makushin Geothermal Area Waters ......62 Figure 1]Refined Geologic Model of the Makushin Geothermal Area....2...1 2 ee ee ew ee 73 Figure 12 Lithology of Temperature Gradient Hole D-1, Makushin Geothermal Area..2...1.2 2 ee ew ew ewe 93 Figure 13 Temperature Data of Temperature Gradient Hole D-1, Makushin Geothermal Area..2...1.2.2 2 ew we ew we 101 Figure 14 Distribution of Indicative Geochemical Elements in Temperature Gradient Hole D-1 ......2..4.060868-6 102 Figure 15 Lithology of Temperature Gradient Hole E-1, Makushin Geothermal Area...1...2.1.2 we we eens 104 Figure 16 Temperature Data of Temperature Gradient Hole E-1, Makushin Geothermal Area...2...2.2.2.2 2 ee eee 112 Figure 17 Distribution of Indicative Geochemical Elements in Temperature Gradient Hole E-]........2.2..2..113 Figure 18 Lithology of Temperature Gradient Hole I-1, Makushin Geothermal Area....2...2.2.2 ee ee ee 115 Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure 19 20 21 22 23 LIST OF FIGURES,(continued) Temperature Data of Temperature Gradient Hole I-1,Makushin Geothermal Area....1...2.2 ee ee ew we Distribution of Indicative Geochemical Elements in Temperature Gradient Hole I-}........246420e40-8 Lineament Azimuth Frequency Plot, Makushin Geothermal Area...2...1 2 ee we we wwe Azimuth Frequency Plot,Makushin Geothermal Area..... North-South and East-West Cross Sections of the Makushin Geothermal Area,with Temperature Data.... vi Photograph Photograph Photograph Photograph Photograph Photograph Photograph Photograph Photograph Photograph Photograph Photograph 10 11 12 LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS Page Temperature Gradient Hole D-1 -376 Feet Photomicrograph of Porphyritic Andesite .......94 Temperature Gradient Hole D-1 -1,239 Feet Photomicrograph of Fine-grained Altered Diorite ...95 Temperature Gradient Hole D-1 -1,386 Feet Photomicrograph of Andesitic Dike ..........96 Temperature Gradient Hole D-1 -1,429.5 Feet Photomicrograph of Altered Diorite..........97 Temperature Gradient Hole D-1 -1,429.5 Feet Photomicrograph of Alteration Minerals in Diorite ..98 Temperature Gradient Hole E-1 -1,379 Feet Photomicrograph of Diorite............2..-.105 Temperature Gradient Hole E-1 -177 Feet Photomicrograph of Porphyritic Diorite........106 Temperature Gradient Hole E-1 -616 Feet Photomicrograph of Altered Diorite..........107 Temperature Gradient Hole E-1 -781 Feet Photomicrograph of Alteration Minerals in Diorite ..108 Temperature Gradient Hole E-1 -1,220 Feet Core Showing Fractures of Diorite..........110 Temperature Gradient Hole E-1 -911 Feet Photomicrograph of Altered Diorite..........116 Temperature Gradient Hole E-1 -1,056 Feet Photomicrograph of Mineralized Hydrothermal Veins ..117 vii Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table 10 1 12 13 LIST OF TABLES Lithological Samples Collected in the Makushin Geothermal Area..2...2.6 2 2 ee ww eee Field Geochemical Methods...........0808ces Geochemical Field Observations of Makushin Volcano Geothermal Manifestations.........e8e8 Mercury Monitoring at a Standard Reference Point ..... X-ray Diffractometer Analysis of Altered Rocks from Makushin Geothermal Area...1.1...1.2 es ew ewe Chemical Analyses of Thermal Waters, Makushin Geothermal Area...2...2.1 2 wee wee Chemical Analyses of Ground Waters, Makushin Volcano Geothermal Area.......2.2.2.2.66 Typical Classified Thermal Waters...........22.. Tentative Reservoir Temperatures Calculated Using Various Geothermometers,Makushin Geothermal Area.... Stable Oxygen and Hydrogen Values for Waters from Makushin Volcano Geothermal Area.......2..24.24028-6 Chemical Composition of Fumarole and Thermal Spring Gases from Makushin Thermal Field,Preliminary Results . Temperature Data of Temperature Gradient Holes, Makushin Volcano Geothermal Area.......2.2..2.e-e Roosevelt Hot Springs KGRA,Utah Geothermal ReservoirField.2.1 1 ww ew ee ee we we ew we te ee iv Appendix Appendix Appendix Appendix Appendix Appendix Appendix Appendix Appendix Appendix Appendix Appendix Appendix Appendix Appendix LIST OF APPENDICES 1982 Environmental Baseline Data Collection Program Final Report Final Report of the Geotechnical Reconnaissance:Access Roads and Drill Pad Preparation Self-Potential Survey,Makushin Volcano Area,Unalaska Island, Alaska Detailed Description of Thin Sections From Surface Lithology Samples and An X-ray Diffraction Analysis of Samples M-2 through M-28 Chemical Analyses of Makushin Volcano Area Waters,Unalaska Island,Alaska Drilling Program,Unalaska Temperature Gradient Holes Permit Applications and Approvals for 1982 Field Operations Permit Compliance Correspondence for 1982 Field Operations Temperature Gradient Holes D-1,E-1,and I-1 Drilling Histories Geochemical Logging of Cuttings and Core Samples from Drill Holes D-1,E-1,and I-1,Makushin Volcano Geothermal Prospect,Unalaska Island,Alaska Drilling Programs for Production-Size Deep Exploratory Well, $ma11-Diameter Geothermal Exploratory Well,and Temperature Gradient Hole Budget and Schedule for Phase II Projects Permit Applications for 1983 Field Operations Correspondence with Native Alaskan Corporations for 1983 Field Operations Permit Approvals for 1983 Field Operations vill Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate VII VIII IX LIST OF PLATES (in pockets) Geothermal Manifestations in Makushin Volcano Geothermal Area,Unalaska Island,Alaska Geology of Northwestern Unalaska Island,Alaska Makushin Volcano Area Mercury Soil]Gas Survey Unalaska Island,Alaska Self-Potential Survey Lines and Contours Makushin Volcano Area,Unalaska Island,Alaska Geologic Map of Unalaska,Makushin Volcano Area, Unalaska Island,Alaska Geologic Cross Sections,Makushin Volcano Area, Unalaska Island,Alaska Drilling Locations,Makushin Volcano Geothermal Area, Unalaska Island,Alaska Air Photo Lineament Interpretation,Makushin Volcano Geothermal Area,Unalaska Island,Alaska Unalaska Complete Bouguer Anamoly Map,Northern Part of Unalaska Island ix EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Republic Geothermal,Inc.(Republic)has been selected by the Alaska Power Authority (APA)to explore for geothermal resources on Makushin Volcano,Unalaska Island,Alaska,under the terms and conditions of Contract CC-08-2334.Phases IA and IB of Republic's exploration program were con- ducted in 1982 and Phase II will be undertaken in 1983.This final report describes and summarizes the Phase IB environmental,geologic,geochemical, geophysical,and temperature gradient drilling activities. The environmental work centered about the acquisition of baseline data regarding water quality,freshwater aquatic biology,terrestrial habitat quality,and cultural resources.The information obtained was used in prep- aration of permit applications and in helping determine optimum drilling sites. The geologic work comprised field mapping of surface geology,geothermal features,alteration zones,and tectonic structure.The work was accomplished by Republic geologists in cooperation with Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys (DGGS)scientists and included the acquisition of color and black and white aerial photographs plus preparation of a large-scale topographic map of the interest area.As a result of this work,the known areal extent of the dioritic stock was greatly increased,and fifteen new thermal manifestations were discovered. Geochemical field work was also conducted by Republic in cooperation with the DGGS.Several thermal and nonthermal waters were sampled and analyzed so as to identify discrete groundwater and hot water regimes and to help develop a geothermal system model.Additionally,Republic conducted a mercury soil survey in and around the Makushin Geothermal Area.This study resulted in the delineation of six anomalies having mercury soil concentrations in excess of 324 parts per billion (ppb). A Self-Potential survey was determined to be cost-effective;therefore,a study covering about 78 line-kilometers was accomplished under Republic supervision.Two of the highly anomalous zones that were detected were interpreted to be indicative of subsurface geothermal resources. Analysis of all of the geologic,geochemical,geophysical,and environ- mental parameters,together with consideration of logistical constraints, resulted in the identification of three primary temperature gradient hole drilling sites.Temperature gradient holes 0-1,E-1,and I-1 were drilled to nominal depths of 1,500 feet using a diamond core rig.Highly anomalous thermal gradients ranging up to 24°F per 100 feet were recorded as were temperatures of up to 195°C (383°F). Republic and DGGS personnel together developed a model of the Makushin geothermal system based on the data acquired.It is believed that the resource 1s water-dominated,that it may be overlain locally by a steam cap, that it is located predominantly on the eastern flank of Makushin Volcano, that reservoir temperatures are in excess of 250°C,and that the depth to the reservoir will be less than 4,000 feet. Based on the encouraging results of the Phase IB work and the geothermal model derived therefrom,Republic has recommended that Phase II consist of a deep exploratory well to be drilled to a depth of approximately 4,000 feet near the site of temperature gradient hole E-1,and a shallower hole to be drilled to a depth of approximately 2,000 feet near Sugarloaf Cone.The deep well is intended to penetrate the geothermal reservoir,while the shallower hole is meant to seek the limits of the resource. Since completion of the field work,Republic has analyzed the data com- piled,planned Phase II work,applied for relevant permits,and prepared this report. THE UNALASKA GEOTHERMAL EXPLORATION PHASE IB FINAL REPORT Introduction Unalaska Island,situated approximately 900 miles southwest of Anchorage, Alaska,belongs to the Aleutian archipelago.It is composed predominantly of extrusive and intrusive igneous rocks and sediments derived therefrom.The youngest igneous rocks are lavas extruded from the active Makushin Volcano. Geologic mapping of the island revealed the existence of numerous fumaroles and hot springs that appeared to reflect a significant geothermal resource at depth. Because the towns of Unalaska and Dutch Harbor project significant growth in the near-term future and because high-cost diesel oi]1s currently'used to fuel the towns'electric power producing generators,a project was initiated to determine the feasibility of cost-effectively generating electricity using geothermal energy from the eastern flank of Makushin Volcano. In early 1981,the Alaskan legislature authorized the expenditure of approximately $5,000,000 for geothermal exploration on Unalaska and delegated project responsibility to the Alaska Power Authority (APA).In November 1981,Republic Geothermal,Inc.(Republic)was awarded Contract CC-08-2334 to undertake the project with Dames and Moore of Anchorage as prime subcontrac- tor.Initial contracts were executed in January 1982. The exploration program proposed by Republic and accepted by the APA has two phases.Phase I was to be completed in early 1983 and Phase II was to be finished in early 1984.Phase IA comprised data review,a technical planning meeting,data synthesis,and detailed planning for Phase IB.Phase IB in- cluded efforts related to geologic,geochemical,geophysical,drilling, environmental,and permit acquisition activities.Phase IA encompassed Stages I and II (Data Review and Technical Planning Meeting;and Data Synthesis and Detailed Planning).Executed as part of Phase IB were Stages III through VIII (Land and Environmental Field Work;Field Exploration;Data Compilation and Temperature Gradient Hole Program Planning;Temperature Gradtent Hole Drilling;Data Synthesis and Deep Wellsite Selection;and Deep Well Permit Acquisition). The Phase IA report was submitted to the APA on April 30,1982.It is hereby incorporated with and made a part of the Phase IB Final Report pre- sented below.The document that follows describes,in turn,all of the activities tn Stages III through VIII as mandated in Amendment No.3 to Contract CC-08-2334. The report has many authors,including members of Republic's Exploration, Production,and Land Department staffs and representatives of Dames and Moore's Anchorage and Seattle offices.Their cooperation and diligence as well as that of scientists of the Alaska Division of Geological and Geo- physical Surveys (DGGS)1s acknowledged and greatly appreciated by the Project Manager. STAGE III -LAND AND ENVIRONMENTAL FIELD WORK A.Wellsite Selection Data Collection Because of the logistical and geological constraints placed on the selection of temperature gradient hole locations and deep well sites at Unalaska,environmental and geotechnical information was expected to play only a "fine-tuning”role in the actual wellsite selection process.However, with the decision to evaluate potential temporary access road alignments to _the alternative 1983 deep wellsites,both environmental and geotechnical information became much more important.Accordingly,two complementary programs were undertaken during the 1982 field season to provide the environmental and geotechnical information appropriate to the temperature gradient hole,deep wellsite,and,most importantly,temporary access road route selection processes. The "1982 Environmental Baseline Data Collection Program Final Report" (Appendix A)presents,in part,environmental information regarding water quality;freshwater aquatic biology;terrestrial habitat quality and threatened,rare,or endangered species;and cultural resources.This report was valuable in the process of selecting environmentally sound temporary access routes to the proposed 1983 deep well location."The Final Report of the Geotechnical Reconnaissance:Access Routes and Drill Pad Preparation" (Appendix B)identifies technically feasible access road alignments and provides rough estimates of the construction costs,time,and problems associated with constructing the access roads and well pads.Because the decision was eventually made to conduct the 1983 operations without the use of access roads,the environmental and geotechnical data collected specifi- cally to assist in the siting of these access routes became academic,but still can be used in the future should additional operations be contemplated. B.Environmental Baseline Data In accordance with the Alaska Power Authority contract,Republic requested Dames &Moore to design and implement an environmental baseline data collection program that could:1)provide data useful in the location and design of proposed operations;2)acquire that environmental information which is,or may be,required by permit-issuing agencies or other interested parties;and 3)establish an environmental data base upon which to judge the impacts of operations. Dames &Moore based design of the program upon results of an analysis that combined the known (or assumed)characteristics of the area's environ- ment,the potential requirements of the regulatory agencies,and the design and potential impact of the proposed operations.The "1982 Environmental Baseline Data Collection Program Final Report"presents specific information on water quality;freshwater aquatic biology;terrestrial habitat quality and threatened,rare,or endangered species;and cultural resources.Please see Appendix A for the results of the environmental baseline data collection program. STAGE IV -FIELD EXPLORATION A.Geology From April 26,1982 through September 8,1982,the geology of the Makushin Volcano geothermal area was studied in the field by Republic geologists.Work accomplished during the field season included remapping and sampling of major lithological units,collection of hydrothermally altered materials,detailed mapping of altered areas,location and charac- terization of all geothermal manifestations in the interest area,and examination of the surface traces of fractures and faults.All of these studies were conducted to refine our understanding of the Makushin Volcano geothermal resource and to allow the identification of the optimum sites at which to drill three 1,500-foot deep temperature gradient holes. Republic's geological field work confirmed that the existing geological maps compiled by Drewes et al.(1961)and by Reeder (1981)were basically accurate.The one major exception was the extent of plutonic rock in the area.Previous mapping indicated that the plutonic rock was limited to four relatively small outcrops.The 1982 field examination,facilitated by heli- copter access,quickly restudied the complete plutonic outcrop pattern and determined that at least six outcrops of diorite were present,and that these outcrops were part of one large stock,hereafter named the Makushin Stock.The stock ts predominantly dioritic in composition and has textures that grade from fine-grained at the intrusive contacts to coarse-grained as the distance from the contacts increases.The essential mineral suite observed in field examination of the diorite includes plagioclase,horn- blende,and pyroxene.Accessory minerals are magnetite,biotite,and pyrite. Additional lithologies studied in the field were recent Makushin Volcano extrusive rocks,young igneous flow rocks derived from satellite vents of Makushin Volcano,and the Miocene Unalaska Formation.These rocks were examined by numerous traverses during which contacts were mapped and closely studied to determine structural positioning,age relationships,and any additional geological information. In conjunction with the contact mapping,major lithologies were classi- fied and characterized.Representative samples of major rock types were megascopically studied in the field and selected samples were then shipped to Los Angeles for microscopic study and X-ray diffraction anlaysis.Table 1 lists the samples shipped to Los Angeles,including both the hydrothermal alteration samples that were collected and the fresh rock samples discussed above.Plate 1 illustrates the sampling sites,and Appendix C-1 contains the detailed microscopic descriptions of the surface samples. Republic geologists covered a great deal of terrain while conducting the 1982 field work.During their surveys,emphasis was placed on field identi- fication of faults.Nevertheless,only three significant faults were iden- tified as a result of their observations.All three of these faults are located in upper Glacier Valley (Plate II).The northern-most fault is evidenced by a one-meter wide,silica-cemented breccia zone oriented in a north-south direction within the main river channel.The breccia fragments are predominantly angular,altered,yellowish plutonic rock which have been completely cemented in a matrix of secondary silica.River erosion has removed any signs of offset that may have existed;however,field examina- tion suggests the fault plane is essentially vertical. A second fault,located between the northern and southern faults, strikes northeast-southwest and is exposed in the western bank of the river in upper Glacier Valley (Plate II).At this location,evidence for the fault comprises an altered breccia zone that separates Unalaska Formation graywacke from a young,narrow volcanic dike.Field relationships indicate that the breccia zone reflects a nearly vertical fault plane. TABLE } LITHOLOGICAL SAMPLES COLLECTED IN THE MAKUSHIN GEOTHERMAL AREA,UNALASKA ISLAND,ALASKA (See Plate I for Sampling Locations) Sample #General Location Field Determined Lithology Notes M-1 1 km East of Sugarloaf Cone Quaternary Basalt Hg Stat.38 M-2 Fumarole Field #8 Argillic Alteration M-3 Fumarole Field #8 Fresh Andesite w/pyrite and chalcopyrite M-4 Upper Glacier Valley Fine Grain Plutonic Hg Stat.53 M-5 Upper Makushin Valley Altered Quartz and Clay SP Stat.G M-6 Upper Makushin Valley Grey Hornblende Andesite 250m NE of Hg Stat.61 M-7 Sugarloaf Plateau Quaternary Basalt Near Hg Stat.68 M-8 Upper Glacier Valley Argillic Alteration SP Stat.E +4900N M-9 Upper Glacier Valley Plutonic Same as M-8 M-10 East of Sugarloaf Cone Andesite w/quartz veins SP Stat C +T000E M-11 Upper Makushin Valley Altered Rock Near Hg Stat.86 M-12 Upper Makushin Valley Altered Graywacke SP Stat.P+200 W M-13 Upper Makushin Valley Plutonic 200m S of Camp M-14 Pass between Fumarole Fields #2 &#3 Altered Ash Hg Stat.106 M-15 Hot Spring Group #9 Argillic Alteration M-16 Fumarole Field #1 Argillic Alteration M-17 NOT SAMPLED M-18 Fumarole Field #1 Argillic Alteration M-19 Plateau above Fumarole Field #3 Glassy Andesite SP Stat.U +2880 M-20 Near Fumarole Field #2 Altered Volcanic SP Stat.SS+3200 M-2]Fumarole Field #2 Argillic Alteration M-22 Fumarole Field #2 Argillic Alteration M-23 Fumarole Field #3 Argillic Alteration M-24 Fumarole Field #3 Plutonic . M-25 Fumarole Field #3 Argillic Alteration M-26 Fumarole Field #3 Sublimates M-27 Fumarole Field #3 Metacinnabar M-28 Fumarole Field #3 Argillic Alteration MK-17 Upper Glacier Valley Hornfels(?) The southern-most of the three observed faults is visible from the river in west Glacier Valley where it appears as a linear offset of the recent alluvium in the northeastern river bank.The fault appears to strike northwest-southeast with the southern side downthrown.Unfortunately,thick vegetation and lack of surface expression preclude direct fault examination. Hydrothermal alteration areas of varying sizes and intensity surround all of the surface geothermal manifestations;the great majority of these areas outcrop along a linear zone extending from upper Glacier Valley to the upper Makushin Valley.The alteration around all of these fumaroles and springs appears to be recent;therefore,it was mapped in detail.There also exists a type of alteration that 1s particularly associated with the linear zone,which is intense,of near-neutral pH,orange in color,pyritic and siliceous.This alteration seems to be associated with an older hydro- thermal event;therefore,it was not studied as carefully as the younger altered zones. Hydrothermal alteration studies included detailed mapping of altered areas,cursory field examination of the alteration products,sampling of representative materials,and classification by age,intensity of altera- tion,pH conditions,and alteration type.Selected samples of recent alteration products were shipped to Los Angeles for mineralogic X-ray analysis studies (Table 1). Geothermal manifestations occurring in the Makushin Volcano geothermal prospect consist of fumaroles,hot springs,warm ground,mud pots,mud volcanoes,and hydrothermal alteration zones.Of the 23 manifestations currently identified in the prospect area,8 were known before this inves- tigation (Motyka et al.,1981)and 15 were discovered during the 1982 field work. The locations of all 23 of the Makushin Volcano geothermal manifesta- tions were accurately determined and then mapped (Plate I);surface tempera- tures were measured,flow rates estimated,and secondary geothermal deposits 10 noted.This information and the hydrothermal alteration data have been combined itn the descriptions of each manifestation which follow.Some fumarole fields and hot springs groups include several areas of geothermal manifestations;these areas have been designated as subgroups in the mapping or written descriptions. Coordinates given for thermal phenomena that are within the area topographically mapped as part of this contract are based on the Alaska State Plane Coordinate System.The location of thermal features outside of the topographic map area have been defined by latitude and longitude. Fumarole Field #1 Fumarole Field #1,which is located on the northwestern side of a steep canyon at approximately N1,181,600 £4,972,700 (Plate I),consists of numerous steam vents situated in a zone of intense hydrothermal alteration that covers approximately 500 square meters and a larger halo of less intense alteration (Figure 1).Within a 10-meter by 20-meter area there are at least 15 steam vents that emit vapor with surface temperatures between 68°C and 100°C.Venting steam locally forms mud volcanoes and mud pots in marshy depressions.Surface runoff water enters the steam vents at several locations and mixes to form warm rivulets and warm (<21°C)water seeps at Tower elevations.The vents emit a mild odor of H9S,and the orifices of the vents are lined with sublimated sulfur crystals,sulfates,and abundant disseminated pyrite.The hydrothermal alteration type,as determined by X-ray analyses,is mainly argillic with iron oxide and sulfate minerals fairly abundant.Both kaolinite and montmorillonite clay,which occur in the argillic alteration,indicate an acidic type alteration.The acidic hydrothermal fluids have completely altered both the original rock and young talus deposits,suggesting that intense hydrothermal alteration is continuing. Fumarole Field #2 Fumarole Field #2,the largest thermal area on Makushin Volcano,con- -Ssists of five separate vent groups aligned on a northeast-trending line centered at N1,174,900 £4,968,700 (Figure 2).The vents occur in intense hydrothermal alteration zones that are distributed from elevations of approximately 2,000 feet to 2,400 feet,with the elevation decreasing to the north.The escaping vapor contains some HoS gas and ranges in temperature from 81°C to 99°C.Surface runoff locally mixes with the emitted vapor to form warm creeks and hot-water seeps that flow from several orifices down- slope of the vents.The two hot springs that emerge in Area 2-4 have temperatures of 32°C (water sample M-2)and 96°C,respectively and a com- bined flow rate of about 90 liters per minute. 11 élN 1,118,600 Ts 4,972,700 68°-100°C Qmv HOT SPRINGS GROUP #10 FIGURE1 FUMAROLE FIELD #1 AND HOT SPRINGS GROUP #10. TRIBUTARY OF MAKUSHIN VALLEY RIVER 50 LEGEND WEAK ALTERATION INTENSE ALTERATION ZONE OF HYDROTHERMAL ALTERATION ZONE OF STEAM VENTS WITH TEMPERATURE OF VENTS APPROXIMATE BOUNDARIES OF MAIN GEOLOGIC UNITS STEAM VENTS OR MUD VOLCANO WARM WATER SEEPS AND WARM CREEKS HOT SPRINGS M-x:GEOLOGIC SAMPLE Quaternary Alluvium Quaternary Till a y Makushin PyoO.yM hin V Tertiary Plutonics Miocene Unalaska Fm. RG!C945 RAGE C937 oatFIGURE 2 FUMAROLE FIELD #2 AND HOT SPRINGS GROUP #9 N 1,174,900|E 4,968,700 "AREA 2- Tf "| AREA 2-1\{ HOT SPRINGS GROUP e/3 Pe,e Tmu/AR SCALE LEGEND CEES WEAK ALTERATION VA//L/ \NTENSE ALTERATION ZONE OF HYDROTHERMAL ALTERATION ZONE OF STEAM VENTS WITH TEMPERATURE OF VENTS APPROXIMATE BOUNDARIES OF MAIN GEOLOGIC UNITS STEAM VENTS OR MUD VOLCANO WARM WATER SEEPS AND WARM CREEKS HOT SPRINGS M-x:GEOLOGIC SAMPLE Quaternary Alluvium Quaternary Tilt Quaternary Makushin Pyroclastics Quaternary Makushin Volcanics Testiary Plutonics Miocene Unalaska Fm. AGI C945 BGI C941 The hydrothermal alteration zone in Fumarole Field #2 1s recent and extends fairly continuously for at least 600 meters in a northeast-southwest direction.The alteration is intensely developed in the dioritic rocks,but ts virtually nonexistent in the younger Makushin Volcanics that cap the diorite.Minerals present in the alteration consist mostly of kaolinite clay,quartz,and iron oxides,with locally abundant disseminated pyrite. This acid alteration assemblage is characteristic of vapor-dominated areas. Fumarole Field #3 Fumarole Field #3 consists of three main steam vent areas and one hot spring group separated by weakly to intensely altered bedrock outcrops. These vents and hot springs are within a crude triangle whose center is at N1,167,200 £4,964,800 (Figure 3). The vents have been separated into three groups (Areas 3-1,3-2,and 3-3)according to their location.The main fumarolic area (3-1)consists of numerous steam vents,whose surface temperatures and activity vary widely, scattered in subgroups separated by intensely altered outcrops.The most intense fumarolic activity in Area 3-1 occurs at a series of approximately 10 vents having steam temperatures that range from 99°C to 152°C.The superheated steam escapes at high velocity from intensely altered,fractured diorite and emits a mild odor of HoS.The outcrop immediately above these steam vents is a 100-meter thick,unaltered,Makushin series andesitic lava flow,which acts as a cap rock over the superheated steam vents of .Area 3-1.The hydrothermal alteration in Area 3-1,which is recent,appears similar to that seen at the other Makushin Volcano fumarolic areas,and consists principally of kaolinite clay,quartz,orthoclase,sulfides,and sulfates.Sublimates from the steam vents include native sulfur and iron oxides.The altered rocks between Areas 3-1]and 3-2 contain moderate amounts of a black mineral tentatively identified as metacinnabar. Fumarole Area 3-2 comprises four minor groups of steam vents having surface temperatures that range from 83°C to 98°C.The altered rocks surrounding the vents consist mostly of clay minerals,large amounts of disseminated pyrite and locally abundant iron oxide.Warm creeks,created by the steam mixing with surface water runoff,are stained with iron oxide. A series of hot springs emerge at the base of Area 3-2.These springs have extremely low flow rates,range in temperature from 81°C to 100°C,and appear to result from the influx of steam into ponded surface water.They are characterized by an abundance of colorful algae and locally small deposits of calcium carbonate (travertine). Fumarole Area 3-3 was inaccessible at the time of this survey,but it appears to consist of two steam vents emanating from an intensely altered area.The two vents are small in comparison to areas 3-1 and 3-2. 14 FIGURE 3 i Veh)AREA 3-3 x + 69°_-98°C$Sememeo A , 15 LEGEND WEAK ALTERATION INTENSE ALTERATION ZONE OF HYDROTHERMAL ALTERATION ZONE OF STEAM VENTS WITHTEMPERATUREOFVENTS APPROXIMATE BOUNDARIES OF MAIN GEOLOGIC UNITS STEAM VENTS OR MUD VOLCANO WARM WATER SEEPS AND WARM CREEKS HOT SPRINGS M=x:GEOLOGIC SAMPLE Quaternary Alluvium Quaternary Till Quaternary Makushin Pyrociastics Quaternary Makushin Volcanics Tertiary Plutonics Miocene Unalaska Fm. RGI C945 aGL C939. Fumarole Field #4 Fumarole Field #4 lies about 1.5 kilometers east of Fumarole Field #3 along the west side of a small valley tributary to Glacier Valley (Figure 4).This fumarole field is located at N1,167,050 £4,960,500 within an area of intense hydrothermal alteration.There are two large wet-steam vents,approximately 20 smaller steam vents,and several hot water seeps, all of which are situated on the banks of a moderate size stream that flows south along the base of the steep cliffs which form the west side of the valley.Their surface temperatures range from 71°C to 100°C.Steam and 89°C to 100°C hot water surge periodically from the two largest vents. Total flow from the system is very difficult to estimate,but it is probably less than 400 liters per minute.The vents extend for 100 meters to 125 meters along the stream bank and emanate from a glacial till that is intensely altered to kaolinite and montmorillonite clays. Bedrock was not visible due to mantling by til]and talus deposits, however,it 1s probable that bedrock is the altered diorite that forms the cliffs on the east side of the valley. Fumarole Field #5 Fumarole Field #5,which is located within a minor glacial depression at approximately N1,164,650 £4,955,300,consists of two steam vent areas (Figure 5).Area 5-1 contains four orifices concentrated in a 7-meter by 15-meter area.The orifices emit 98°C steam at moderate pressures that decrease eastward.Surface runoff enters a few of the steam vents and mixes to form warm water seeps.The steam vents emit a strong HoS odor,and theorificesofthesteamventshavenativesulfurcrystalsdepositedaround them.Steam at high pressure flows constantly from the single orifice at Area 5-2.Intermittently,this flow is interrupted by violent eruptions of boiling water. Both steam vent areas are surrounded by a halo of moderately altered rocks.The alteration within the halo is spotty,with an acid-argillic type predominating.Clays observed within the halo zone are kaolinite and montmorillonite,both of which are tinted by red iron oxides. Fumarole Field #6 This extremely active fumarolic field is located approximately at 53°53'20"N 166°55'00"W in the summit crater of Makushin Volcano and consists of two large solfataric areas that emit a large amount of H9S-rich steam. The main solfatara is a dome-shaped agglomerate of dark volcanic cinders which have been weakly altered to dark-colored clay minerals.The agglom- erate also contains abundant sublimated sulfur.The steam produced from numerous vents in this area has a strong Ho9S odor. 16 FIGURE4 FUMAROLE FIELD #4 GLACIER AND SNOW FIELD a \ J,1°1,167,050!E 4,960,500 X LEGEND WEAK ALTERATION INTENSE ALTERATION ZONE OF HYDROTHERMAL ALTERATION ZONE OF STEAM VENTS WITH TEMPERATURE OF VENTS!APPROXIMATE BOUNDARIES OF MAIN GEOLOGIC UNITS\-STEAM VENTS OR MUD VOLCANO WARM WATER SEEPS AND WARM CREEKS HOT SPRINGS M-x:GEOLOGIC SAMPLE Quaternary Alluvium Quaternary Tilt Quaternary Makushin Pyrociastics Quaternary Makushin Voicanics Tertiary Piutonics Miocene Unaieska Fm.gegeeeka»ol}RGI C945 BGI C951 17 FIGURE 5: FUMAROLE FIELD #5 N 1,164,650|E 4,955,300 ( VENT AREA 5-298°Cebt:+|QmpVENTAREA5-1 98°C 50 LEGEND WEAK ALTERATION INTENSE ALTERATION ZONE OF HYDROTHERMAL ALTERATION t\''ZONE OF STEAM VENTS WITH TEMPERATURE OF VENTS APPROXIMATE BOUNDARIES OF MAIN GEOLOGIC UNITS7v STEAM VENTS OR MUD VOLCANO WARM WATER SEEPS AND WARM CREEKS HOT SPRINGS kapelM-x:GEOLOGIC SAMPLE Quaternary Alluvium Quaternary Tilt Quaternary Makushin Pyrociastics Quaternary Makushin Voicanics Tertiary Piutonics Miocene Unaiaska Fm.geggeeRG!C945 RGI C946 18 The second fumarolic area in the Makushin Volcano crater is revealed byalargecylindricaldepressioninthesnowandicecoverofapproximately 50-meters diameter.Steam escapes at high flow rates from the bottom part of the cavity,possibly under superheated conditions,as reported by Maddren (1919).The icy walls are coated with sulfur sublimated from the steam. However,the obviously dangerous terrain conditions did not permit any study of this area. The amount of steam discharge has been reported by Dutch Harbor resi- dents to vary in a pulsating fashion;however,the flow rate observed during this survey appeared to be fairly constant and very large. Fumarole Field #7 This fumarole is located on the northern flank of Makushin Volcano,at an elevation of about 2,800 feet,at approximately 53°54'50"N 166°55'15"W. It consists of an argillaceous-altered area of approximately 500 square meters,and several small vents which intermittently emit steam;however,no steam was being emitted during two separate surveys made in July and August.Although geothermal activity of this area is not particularly intense,the existence of this fumarole suggests that a geothermal reservoir may lie at depth beneath the northern side of Makushin Volcano crater.A peculiar red coloration of the streams in the steep glacial valley northwest of Fumarole Field #7 is due to iron oxides leached from hydrothermally altered bedrock. Fumarole Field #8 This small fumarolic field is located at N1,189,200 £4,974,600 ona ridge approximately 500 meters due west of Sugarloaf Cone,at an elevation of 1,610 feet (Figure 6).It consists of two active steam vents approxi- mately 10 meters apart that have surface steam temperatures of 78°C and 83°C,and an extinct vent.The emitted steam has a small flow rate,and does not appear to contain high concentrations of HoS in comparison with other,more spectacular fumarolic areas.The hydrothermally altered zone, which appears to be recent,1S approximately 30 meters long,surrounds the steam vents,and appears to consist of clays,minor silica,and iron oxide. Bedrock in the area is andesitic lava containing sulfide minerals (chalco- pyrite and pyrite)and silica veins. Hot Springs Group #9 These hot springs are located downslope from Fumarole Field #2 and are discussed with Fumarole Field #2. Hot Springs Group #10 This area,which is located downslope and slightly upstream from Fumarole Field #1,comprises a warm pond,four warm springs,and a large outcrop of hydrothermally altered rock (Figure 1).The springs have surface 19 02{"1,189,200E4,974,6000 FIGURE 6 T FUMAROLE VENT FUMAROLE FIELD #8 10 LEGEND LLL) €wom WEAK ALTERATION INTENSE ALTERATION ZONE OF HYDROTHERMAL ALTERATION ZONE OF STEAM VENTS WITH TEMPERATURE OF VENTS APPROXIMATE BOUNDARIES OF MAIN GEOLOGIC UNITS STEAM VENTS OR MUD VOLCANO WARM WATER SEEPS ANO WARM CREEKS HOT SPRINGS M x:GEOLOGIC SAMPLE Quaternary Alluvium Quaternary Till Quaternary Makushin Pyrociastics Quaternary Makushin Volcanics Tertiary Plutonics Miocene Unaisska Fm. RGI C948 act C938 temperatures of 29°C,45°C,49°C,and 50°C,and an estimated total flow rate of about 35 liters per minute.The hot spring waters have a chloride concentration of 6 milligrams per liter and deposit a thin layer of white scale on the surrounding rocks.Field tests indicate that this precipitate is amorphous silica.A large outcrop of andesitic tuff,from which the springs emanate,has been intensely altered into sericite,quartz,ortho- clase,and abundant disseminated pyrite. Hot Springs Group #11 At N1,166,000 E4,965,300,a series of hot springs emerge along the eastern flank of Glacier Valley approximately 75 meters downstream from Fumarole Field #3 (Figure 7).These springs contain a variety of colorful algae,and they are depositing small amounts of calcium carbonate.The springs have an average flow rate of 17 liters per minute and a maximum surface temperature of 70°C. A pervasively altered outcrop of diorite is located approximately 100meterssouthofHotSpringGroup#11.This outcrop is.well fractured and may constitute evidence for the existence of a high angle north-south striking fault. Hot Springs Group #12 Four major hot springs and several warm water seeps are located approxi- mately 200 meters downstream and across the Glacier Valley river from Hot Springs Group #11 (Figure 7).The larger orifices produce thermal water at less than 20 liters per minute and have maximum surface temperatures of 43°C.The vents are completely surrounded by grass and contain colorful algae and minor travertine deposits. Thermal Area #13 This area is located at N1,184,000 £4,975,750 within a recent landslide scarp on the western flank of Makushin Valley canyon.The 10-meter long area is hydrothermally altered in a style similar to that seen at Fumarole Field #8,and it may be an extinct fumarolic area. Thermal Area #14 This area,located at N1,179,000 E4,971,850,consists of a minor heat flow anomaly that is expressed by anomalous snowmelt on the canyon flank adjacent to the 1982 base camp.This feature is within pyroclastic deposits that mantle diorite bedrock. Thermal Area #15 This thermal area,located at N1,200,450 £4,976,050 on the Sugar loaf Cone plateau,was detected by a conspicuous absence of snow,possibly due to anomalous heat flow.This 20-meter diameter area does not contain steaming 21 FIGURE 7 HOT SPRINGS GROUPS #11 AND #12 FUMAROLE FIELD #3®HOT SPRINGS acgwHOT SPRINGS GROUP 411 *.N 1,164,000 /Pd\.4,964,800ont LEGEND WEAK ALTERATION INTENSE ALTERATION ZONE OF HYDROTHERMAL ALTERATION ZONE OF STEAM VENTS WITH TEMPERATURE OF VENTS APPROXIMATE BOUNDARIES OF MAIN GEOLOGIC UNITS STEAM VENTS OR MUD VOLCANO WARM WATER SEEPS AND WAAM CREEKS HOT SPRINGS Max:GEOLOGIC SAMPLE Qal Quaternary Alluvium at Quaternary Till Qmp Quaternary Makushin Pyroctastics QOmv Quaternary Makushin Volcanics Tp Tertiary Plutonics Tmu Miocene Unaisska Fm. RG!C945 RGT C950 22 ground,nor is the measured ground temperature anomalous,but bedrock has undergone a significant degree of argillaceous and siliceous hydrothermal alteration. Thermal Area #16 This area is located across the canyon from Thermal Area #17 at N1,181,600 E4,970,700,and consists of a zone approximately 50-meters long and 10-meters wide,oriented in an east-west direction.This area shows anomalous heat flow,as expressed by the absence of snow in patches,and by minor steaming activity.The ground temperature in the snow-free area was approximately 10°C,while the surrounding ground was frozen. Thermal Area #17 This large area is centered at N1,180,600 £4,969,800,on the steep southwestern flank of the canyon bordering the "Fox Canyon"plateau.It consists of a large,intensely altered zone seeping minor amounts of steam and HoS.This hydrothermal area could not be reached because it is onavirtualcliff;however,it was studied from Thermal Area #16 and from the ridge immediately to the east. Hot Springs Group #18 Three large hot springs and numerous warm water seeps are located ina canyon off the western side of upper Glacier Valley at N1,164,350 £4,962,000.All three springs issue from a grassy knoll approximately 20 feet above the river,and are roughly aligned along the river.Nearly 30 meters separate the downstream spring from the middle spring which is,in turn,about 45 meters from the upstream spring.The flow of water from each spring ranges between 35 and 85 liters per minute with identical surface temperatures of 59°C.Minor deposits of calcite and red iron oxides occur at all three spring orifices. Fumarole Field #19 This previously unreported fumarole field is located near N1,164,900 £4,960,000 about 650 meters south-southwest of Fumarole Field #4 in a small tributary valley to Glacier Valley (Figure 8).Its location is about 200-meters upstream of the confluence of this small stream and the larger stream that drains the valley and glacier of the Fumarole Field #4.The Fumarole Field #19 area comprises small fumaroles and mud pots that flow from a remnant spur of glacial til}about 7 meters to 10 meters above the stream. There are 5 major vents and 6 smaller vents with vapor temperatures between 97°C and 98°C.Most of the vents produce saturated steam and minor amounts of water.Some vents flow steam only,and a few of the larger vents are now mud pots that have nearly dried up.The active vents trend 23 FIGURE8 FUMAROLE FIELD #19 24 X 1,164,900K4°E 4,960,000 LEGEND CAEATANc\''YFIQSQRE&ol{}333a>»)WEAK ALTERATION INTENSE ALTERATION ZONE OF HYDROTHERMAL ALTERATION ZONE OF STEAM VENTS WITH TEMPERATURE OF VENTS APPROXIMATE BOUNDARIES OF MAIN GEOLOGIC UNITS STEAM VENTS OR MUD VOLCANO WARM WATER SEEPS AND WARM CREEKS HOT SPRINGS M n:GEOLOGIC SAMPLE Quaternary Alluvium Quaternary Till Quaternary Makushin Pyrociastics Quaternary Makushin Voicanics Tertiary Plutonics Miocene Unsiaska Fm. northwest-southeast and are spread over an area of about 7 meters by15meters.There is also a second area (5 meters by 10 meters)of hydro- thermal alteration that is located about 10 meters to the south of the primary area.It trends in the same direction,and appears to be a steam seep that has recently dried up.The hydrothermally altered ground around both the active and extinct vents is composed of predominantly grey,soft, sticky clays that are probably kaolinite and montmorillonite.Their altera- tion appears to be of a recent,low-pH type.Some of the vents have sulfur sublimates around them and others are ringed by a fine-grained white sublimate. Hot Springs Group #20 This hot springs group comprises three areas of hot water seeps and small ponds located in the western part of Glacier Valley.Most of these were discovered in 1982 by Roman Motyka of the Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys (0GGS).Each group consists of several warm springs with very low flow rates,average temperatures of 30°to 40°C,local traver- tine deposits,and minor gas emission.These three springs located at N1,160,500 £4,962,500;N1,158,300 £4,962,700 and at N1,152,150 E4,960,600, have reportedly higher chloride contents than the other hot springs on Makushin Volcano.The significance of this is discussed under Stage V.B.4. Hot Springs Group #21 These newly discovered warm springs are located 600 meters southwest of Fumarole Field #1 and are centered at N1,180,550 E4,971,050 (Plate 1).The group consists of one small spring of approximately 38°C flowing a few liters per minute and several (3-4)smaller seeps at 10°C to 16°C spread over a distance of 150 meters.All the vents tssue from talus deposits overlying highly altered diorite slightly above the stream level on the south bank.Steaming ground 1s exposed several hundred meters above the springs. Hot Springs Group #22 This newly discovered group of warm springs is located at the head of Nateekin Valley,where a series of 4 travertine mounds,approximately l-meter high and 3-meters wide are distributed near the Nateekin River and on the northern flank of the valley.The mounds are distributed in an area approximately 50-meters long,and locally contain warm (30°C to 35°C) puddles of water,with very small intermittent flow and fairly constant gas emission.An attempt to sample the hot springs did not succeed due to the limited flow rate.Since the hot springs have not been previously studied, it is sug-gested that further attempts be made to obtain reliable water and gas samples. Fumarole Field #23 This newly discovered area is situated on the upper slopes of the northern flank of the head of Nateekin River valley,approximately 60 meters above Hot Springs Group #22.The area consists of several fumarolic vents 25 that were not steaming at the time of the survey,but which emitted a fairlystrongHoSodor,suggesting that the area is active.The fumaroles are situated near the top of a 100-meter wide alteration zone within dioritic rocks.They may be localized by a nearby flow of Makushin lavas which cap the diorite.The alteration type appears similar to that observed at the outcrop near Fumarole Field #3.Therefore,Fumarole Field #23 may represent a local eastward extension of the geothermal system. B.Geochemistry Aqueous samples from both hot and cold springs were collected and analyzed by Republic staff during the 1982 studies of the Makushin Volcano geothermal area.In addition,field assistance was rendered to visiting chemists from the DGGS and Dames and Moore.Approximately five man-days of geochemical field work were required to sample the area.Field conditions during the geochemical survey ranged from sunny and dry to cold and snowy. Although a helicopter was utilized,most site examinations stil]required hiking across rugged topography. At each site examined,the following field investigation method typically was used:first,the orifices of major springs were located and the effluent surface temperature measured;next,the estimated flow rates and the extent and nature of secondary geothermal deposits were noted and recorded;then,based on all this information (but mainly on the tempera- tures and flow rates),individual major springs were selected for deter- mination of pH and chloride concentration;finally,analysis of this data, incorporated with the previously acquired data,was used to select springs that were sampled for complete laboratory chemical analyses. Numerous measuring and analytical methods exist for each of the field geochemical parameters determined.Republic's experience using many of these methods,combined with the stringent field mobility requirements peculiar to the Makushin Volcano work,resulted in the choice of the techniques listed in Table 2 to accurately measure each parameter. 26 TABLE 2 FIELD GEOCHEMICAL METHODS Parameter Method Temperature Taylor Maximum Reading Thermometer pH pHydrion Papers Chloride concentration Argentometric Titration Eight hot springs groups and three cold springs located on Makushin Volcano were investigated by Republic geochemists.All of our field- measured values agreed with analyses by Motyka et al.(1981).Measured surface temperatures (Table 3)ranged from 7°C at a cold spring to 99°C at Hot Springs Group #3-4.Low chloride concentrations,which ranged from 5.5 to 11.4 milligrams per liter,were determined at all sites except the three southern-most hot springs in Glacier Valley.The pH range was from acid (3.3)to neutral (7.0).The majority of Makushin Volcano thermal waters are,therefore,geochemically characterized in the field as slightly acid, low-chloride waters,while the three southern Glacier Valley thermal waters are neutral,chloride-rich waters.The cold springs are characterized as neutral-pH waters of low salinity. Republic geochemists collected nine water samples for complete confirma- tory analysis in the laboratory.In addition,Republic assisted Dames and Moore's chemist in collecting waters from Makushin Valley,Driftwood Bay, and Glacier Valley rivers for complete laboratory analyses.At each selected spring,except Hot Springs Group #20,Republic geochemists collected three samples: 1.A 250-m1 sample of 0.45 micron-filtered liquid for pH,Na,K, HCO,,CO.,,Cl,S0,,F,B,and Br analyses.3°3° 2.A 250-m1 sample of 0.45 micron-filtered liquid which was acidified with nitric acid to a pH of 2.This sample was analyzed for Ca, Mg,Li,heavy metals,and trace elements. 27 TABLE 3 GEOCHEMICAL FIELD OBSERVATIONS OF MAKUSHIN VOLCANO GEOTHERMAL MANIFESTATIONS Surface Estimated Tempera-_-Flow Rate Chloride Secondary Location ture °C lpm mg/1 Deposits pH Sample No. Hot Springs #10 29 <10 6.2 45 <10 8.5 6.2 49 <10 8.5 6.2 50 <10 8.5 6.2 M-1 Hot Springs #2 32 10 7.4 5.2 M-2 32 10 7.4 5.2 Hot Springs #3-1 58 <10 7.2 Sulfur 5.3 M-3 29 <10 7.5 Sulfur 5.3 Hot Springs #3-2 86 <10 9.6 Pyrite 3.3 716 10 5.6 ;3.9 Hot Springs #3-4 99 <10 5.5 Pyrite 3.3 84 <10 6 Pyrite 3.3 Hot Springs #11 70 <10 5.5 Calcite 6.3 M-4 48 10 8.6 Calcite 8.6 Glacier Valley Cold Spring 7 100 9.2 6.6 M-10 Driftwood Bay Cold Spring 8 200 11.4 7.0 M-11 Makushin Valley Cold Spring 8 40 10.8 6.4 M-12 Hot Springs #18 59 20 5.9 Calcite GV-1 59 90 5.9 Calcite GV-2 59 40 7.5 Calcite Hot Springs #20 37 <10 ND Calcite ND $G-1 39 <10 ND Calcite ND PV-1 28 3.An unfiltered 10-ml sample which was added to 100 mi of deionized water for $10,analysis. At Hot Springs Group #20,only a 250-m1 grab sample was collected. All samples were stored in sealed,acid-washed polyethylene bottles,which were shipped to Vetter Research,a Los Angeles-based analytical laboratory having extensive experience in the chemical analysis of geothermal fluids. Detailed chemical analysis worksheets for each sample can be found in Appendix E. C.Mercury Soil Survey Several workers have illustrated that anomalously high mercury (Hg) concentrations exist in soils that overlie high-temperature geothermal systems.Matlick and Buseck (1976)determined the Hg concentrations of A-horizon soils on a 1.6 kilometer spacing interval in three geothermal areas in the United States.They concluded that broad Hg anomalies outline the three geothermal areas and that the Hg soil gas survey could success- fully be utilized as a geothermal exploration technique. In 1978,Phelps and Buseck continued evaluation of the Hg soi]mapping method as a regional indicator of geothermal resources by surveying two additional geothermal areas in the United States.These studies also located broad Hg anomalies outlining the geothermal areas. Landress and Klusman (1977)sampled and analyzed both A-and B-horizon soils in geothermal areas.Their results again indicated that high Hg concentrations occur in the soils within geothermal areas. 29 Capuano and Bamford (1978)conducted five,closely spaced (100-foot) mercury-in-soil traverses across the Roosevelt Hot Springs,Utah,Known Geothermal Resource Area (KGRA).The distribution of their Hg values defined structures controlling fluid flow in the Roosevelt geothermal resource and delineated areas overlying near-surface thermal activity. All of these previous studies convincingly demonstrate that Hg anomalies and geothermal activity coincide.They further suggest that the Hg soil mapping technique can define broad regions having geothermal potential. Matlick and Shiraki (1981)compared soil concentrations of Hg with measured temperature gradients at three high-temperature (>150°C) geothermal fields.In all three study areas,Hg anomalies that exceeded background by a 4:1 ratio were located,with the highest detected ratio approximately 110:1.-These Hg anomalies always overlapped the thermal gradient anomalies,with the highest Hg soil concentrations occurring near the highest measured gradient. This coincidence of Hg soil and high temperature-gradient anomalies makes the Hg soil mapping technique a very useful geothermal exploration method.Other advantages of this exploration technique,including low costs,field portable equipment,and mobility add to the cost effectiveness of the technique. The Hg soil mapping exploration survey takes advantage of the high vapor pressure of Hg which,at ambient temperatures,allows for its easy volatili- zation.At elevated temperatures,the Hg vapor pressure increases,allowing for additional volatilization of Hg.Volatilized Hg is extremely mobile and is known to have penetrated at least several hundred meters of rock over- lying base metal ore deposits (McNerney and Buseck,1975).Mercury in vapor form will also migrate through water.Thus,once volatilized near a geo- thermal system,Hg will diffuse through wet or dry overburden above the reservoir.This migration is enhanced by faults and fractures. 30 Upon reaching the surface,Hg can be captured by adsorption on clay minerals,reaction with organic materials forming organomercury compounds, and by adsorption by tron and manganese oxides (Fang,1978).The result is that soils overlying geothermal resources are enriched in Hg. Sampling methods employed in Hg soil mapping consist of collecting B-horizon soils along a regular grid when possible.Experience has indicated that a one-kilometer sampling grid will permit detection and definition of Hg anomalies originating from a geothermal system in the most cost-effective way.Sizing the collected soils with an 80-mesh stainless steel sieve and immediately sealing the minus 80-meter fraction in an airtight glass vial prevent contamination and permit analytical reproduci- bility.The analyses are usually performed as soon as possible to preserve sample equilibrium. Of the numerous analytical procedures available to determine the soil's Hg concentration,the technique most commonly utilized employs a gold film Hg detector manufactured by the Jerome Instrument Corporation.The instru- mental method is based on the phenomenon that a thin gold film undergoes a significant increase in resistance when Hg 1s absorbed.McNerney,Buseck, and Hanson (1972)discuss the analytical theory and operation of the gold film Hg detector. A mercury soil mapping survey was conducted by Republic at the Makushin Volcano geothermal area between April 30 and May 25,1982.Approximately 188 soil samples were collected and analyzed to determine their Hg concen- trations at this time.An additional 42 soil samples were gathered at higher elevations and analyzed later in the summer. The survey covered approximately 450 square kilometers centered on the summit crater of Makushin Volcano.Air temperatures during the survey ranged from -2°C to 13°C with high winds occurring often and the deposition of fresh snow nearly daily during the first month of surveying. 31 All soil samples were collected from the B-1 soil horizon utilizing a standard sampling technique which first requires the selection of a contamination-free site.At the selected site,topsoil was removed until the B-1 soil horizon was exposed.A sample of the B-1 horizon soil was then collected and sealed in a thick plastic bag.Later the same day,the sample was air-dried at ambient temperatures.The dry sample was sized in an 80-mesh stainless steel sieve with the minus 80-mesh fraction stored ina clean glass bottle sealed with a polyseal cap. The collected soils ranged from brown clays to light-brown sandy silts. The soil type accounting for over 95%of the samples was a dark chocolate- colored clayey silt.This soil contained both anomalous and background concentrations of Hg.A comparison of soil type and Hg values indicated that no correlation was detected between Hg concentrations and soil type. The optimum depth of soil sampling in a Hg soil survey is usually determined by collecting and analyzing soils from three different soil horizons (A-3,B-1,C-1)at the same location.These repetitive samplings at Makushin Volcano indicated B-1 to be the proper sampling horizon.The A-3 soil horizon contains an organic-rich material which caused analytical interference and the C-1 horizon soils on Makushin Volcano occur at unreasonable sampling depths (>3 feet).The selection of the B-1 soil horizon as the best sampling interval is consistent with previous studies (Landress and-Klusman,1977). The sampling on Makushin Volcano was conducted at two different scales. The initial sampling,which surveyed the main area of geothermal interest (t.e.,the east slope of Makushin Volcano and the Point Kadin Rift),was at 600-meter spacing along traverse lines.The second method consisted of random spot-sampling to fill-in unsampled areas.Naturally,soil samples were neither collected from beneath glaciers and permanent snow fields,nor from areas of obviously allochthonous material such as alluvial fans,stream beds,etc.The final sampling pattern consists of an asymmetric grid that has a high sampling density in the geothermal resource area and a more scattered sampling distribution in the secondary areas. 32 All 230 soil samples were analyzed for Hg with a Model 301 Jerome Hg Detector which utilizes the thin gold film technique.This technique employs the linearly proportional increase in resistance upon mercury-gold amalgamation to determine mercury concentrations.The detector is field-portable and has an absolute sensitivity of less than 1 part per billion (ppb). An analysis starts by placing a measured sample into a quartz test tube that is entrained in the analytical path.Heating the sample with a propane torch for 30 seconds causes mercury in the soil to vaporize.The vapor is then blown across a thin gold film.The gold film adsorbs the Hg,causing a resistance change,which is converted by a sensitive DC Wheatstone bridge to voltage,and displayed for concentration determination by utilizing the calibration curve method. The analytical range of the 230 Makushin Volcano soil samples is between 8 and greater than 31,450 ppb Hg,with an average value of 454 ppb Hg.The median value is 60 ppb Hg and the mode is 36 ppb. An ongoing evaluation of the Jerome mercury detector's day-to-day performance was conducted during the survey.The possible effects of changes in temperature,atmospheric pressure,and humidity upon Hg concentrations were also monitored.This monitoring was accomplished by repeatedly analyzing a soil sample from a standard reference point.The Hg concentrations determined in these repeated samples are listed in Table 4. These data indicate that the detector continued to perform satisfactorily and that weather conditions were of negligible effect on the Hg concen- tration observed. 33 TABLE 4 MERCURY MONITORING AT A STANDARD REFERENCE POINT Observed Hg Value (ppb)22,27,20,22,20,20,21,23,24 22,25,24,26,26 23 2.4 x § Plate III illustrates the Hg soil concentrations observed at each sample site.Analyses of the Makushin Volcano Hg data indicated that the Hg back- ground is 36 ppb.The contours on Plate III are drawn at three times back- ground (108 ppb),five times background (180 ppb),seven times background (252 ppb),and nine times background (324 ppb). The contours outline six Hg anomalies on Makushin Volcano,with each Hg anomaly exceeding 324 ppb.The largest of the six Hg anomalies is situated on the eastern portion of Makushin Volcano and covers approxtmately 50 square kilometers.This Hg anomaly has four "arms",with the northwestern arm radiating from Fumarole Field #6 at the summit toward Fumarole Field #7 in a north-south trend.The southwestern arm of the this anomaly is centered on Fumarole Field #5.Although snow cover limited sampling,this anomaly appears to extend southward at least 3 kilometers.The two eastern arms,which trend in a northeast-southwest direction,are composed of four individual Hg anomalies.The three northern anomalies,"Fox Canyon", "Camp",and "Upper Glacier Valley",respectively,include Fumarole Fields #1,#2,#3,and #4,in addition to numerous minor hot springs and steam seeps. Two Hg anomalies are situated on the Driftwood Bay plateau.Both are single-point anomalies which occur in hydrothermally altered soil.Active. minor steam seeps at Fumarole Field #8 accompany the Hg anomaly west of Sugarloaf Cone. 34 Three Hg anomalies are located along the edges of Makushin Valley. These anomalies cover 20 square kilometers and all exceed 324 ppb Hg. Geothermal manifestations are not known to occur within or near any of these three Hg anomalies. Hg anomalies are known to originate from three types of source,e.g., geothermal activity,metal/mineral deposits,and human contamination.The remoteness and lack of significant human occupation within the survey area eliminates contamination as an origin of any of the six Makushin Volcano Hg anomalies.The remaining processes may produce Hg anomalies on Makushin Volcano because both geothermal activity and metal/mineral deposits are known to exist within the survey area. Motyka et al.(1981)defined the location of 8 fumarole fields and 4 hot springs groups.During this current survey at least 15 additional geothermal manifestations were discovered,including a 150°C superheated fumarole in upper Glacier Valley.Metal/mineral deposits on Unalaska Island include gold,zinc,pyrite,and copper (Drewes et al.1961),with gold reported to occur in upper Makushin Valley.Geological mapping during this survey located copper sulfide and mercury sulfide mineralization. Therefore,each mercury anomaly may originate from either geothermal activity or a metal/mineral deposit. The three Hg anomalies in and on the edge of Makushin Valley do not occur near known geothermal activity.They do exist near known metal/mineral deposits.Field examination of the geology in Makushin Valley indicates that hydrothermal alteration commonly associated with metal/mineral deposits is widely present in Makushin Valley.Therefore,it appears that these three anomalies may not reflect a geothermal source. The two single-point Hg anomalies situated on the Driftwood Bay plateau are accompanied by both geothermal activity and metal/mineral deposit indicators.The northern anomaly occurs at an area of hydrothermal altera- tion reflecting metal/mineral deposition and in a snowmelt area.In the 35 southern anomaly,steam actively seeps from hydrothermally altered clay at Fumarole Field #8.At this site,the Republic survey team also discovered rock outcrops containing copper sulfide mineralization.The origin of these anomalies appears to be a combination of both geothermal activity and metal/mineral deposits. The large Hg anomaly situated on the eastern flank of Makushin Volcano 1s associated with both geothermal activity and metal/mineral deposits. Numerous geothermal manifestation (Motyka et al.1981),including fumaroles with 150°C surface temperatures,exist throughout the anomaly.Metals observed during the survey,within the anomaly,include both massive pyrite and metacinnabar deposits.Both of these minerals are commonly formed by geothermal activity and may not reflect metal/mineral deposits.Therefore, this Hg anomaly originates at least partially from geothermal activity. The Hg soil survey determined that large areas situated on the eastern flanks of Makushin Volcano contain soils with high concentrations of Hg. These high concentrations suggest that much of the eastern half of Makushin Volcano may be an excellent geothermal drilling target.The Hg values and anomaly patterns suggest that the best drilling sites are located within: 1)The 252 ppb contour of the "Fumarole Field #5"anomaly. 2)The 252 ppb contour of the "Upper Glacier Valley"anomaly. 3)The 180 ppb contour of the "Camp"anomaly. 4)The 180 ppb contour of the "Fox Canyon"anomaly. The limited size of the Driftwood Bay valley and Fumarole Field #8 Hg anomalies indicates that they may not have major geothermal significance and suggests that they do not constitute an early drilling target. 36 D.Self-Potential Survey There are many geophysical techniques that are used in geothermal prospecting.They include gravity,magnetic,seismic,and electric methods, and also subcategories of each method.After careful consideration of the applicability of each of these techniques to exploration of the Makushin Volcano geothermal area,Republic chose the self-potential method as being most cost-effective. Republic selected Dr.Robert Corwin of Harding-Lawson Associates to conduct the self-potential (S-P)survey.Or.Corwin's survey included acquisition of self-potential field data,interpretation and modeling of the data,and preparation of a report.Findings contained in the final report, attached as Appendix C,are summarized below. The 1982 S-P survey covered approximately 78 line-kilometers.A modified "fixed-base"procedure was usedin the data acquisition.The main modification to "standard methods"consisted of using 34-gage "disposable" wire insulated with "Formvar"varnish instead of a 20-gage "retrievable” plastic-coated wire.An additional change was the deletion of continuous electrode drift and polarization monitoring.These modifications were required to obtain reasonable daily data acquisition rates and did not affect data quality. The typical field procedure started by digging through the A-3 soil horizon until fresh soil was exposed.A Tinker and Rasor Model 68 nonpolarizing copper/copper sulfate electrode was placed in the fresh soil with a rotating motion to insure a positive contact with the soil.This electrode was connected to one side of a Fluke Model 8020A digital multi- meter with an identical base station electrode connected to the other side. Voltages and contact resistances were then read with this 10-megaohm input impedance multimeter. 37 Self-potential field data was collected along traverse lines.Normal station spacing on the lines was 200 meters,with closer recordings in interesting areas and wider readings in a limited number of areas having thick snow cover or hazardous terrain. Time-varying telluric currents which can affect self-potential readings were continuously monitored by a strip-chart recorder connected across a stationary electrode dipole pair.Maximum observed telluric variations were approximately +12 mV/km with a period of nearly 30 seconds.Self-potential readings taken during these rarely occurring electrical storms were obtained by observing for several minutes and averaging several successive peak values.Longer period variations did not occur during this survey. The self-potential survey results are shown on Plate IV.All of the smoothed self-potential values (millivolts)are tied and referenced to an assumed zero potential value at the mouth of Makushin Valley (Point A) except for the Point Kadin lines which are zeroed at the adjacent shore- line.The smoothed values are calculated by a 5-point unweighted running mean. The contours on Plate IV outline two anomalous areas.One negative anomaly of about -600 mV amplitude is centered 1 kilometer northeast of Sugarloaf Cone.A second negative anomaly,with nearly a -500mV amplitude, occurs in Fox Canyon,3 kilometers southwest of Sugarloaf Cone.In addi- tion,a small amplitude multipolar anomaly was detected near Point Kadin. The extent of these anomalies is reasonably well defined by the measur- ing station locations.Cumulative tie-in errors around all the closed loops were well under 100 mV,which allows for reproducibility of the measured self-potential within one contour interval.Therefore,the anomalies are real and not a mathematical function of data reduction.Interpretation of these anomalies is discussed under Stage V. 38 STAGE V -DATA COMPILATION AND TEMPERATURE GRADIENT HOLE PROGRAM PLANNING A.Geology The geologic survey of the Makushin geothermal area was conducted prin- cipally during the exploration stages of the project that preceded the drilling of thermal gradient holes.Geologic data compilation included petrographic studies of thin sections made from representative rock samples, X-ray analyses of the alteration products found in geothermal manifestation areas,and development of a geologic map and cross sections,which incorpo- rate geothermal,structural and lithologic information.The purposes of these geologic studies were to determine the distribution and interrelations of the geologic units,to define structural features controlling the surface expression of the geothermal manifestations,to determine the probable location and extent of the geothermal reservoir,to estimate geologic influences on the geothermal resource,and to predict the lithologies to be encountered in the temperature gradient holes. 1. Petrographic Studies Eighteen samples of rocks judged to be representative of the four major Makushin geologic units were collected in the field.Subse- quently,fifteen thin sections made from these samples were examined using a petrographic microscope.The following descriptions of the major formations are summarized from the thin section studies.Detailed petrographic descriptions can be found in Appendix 0-1. The Unalaska Formation outcropping near Makushin Volcano consists primarily of tuffs and lavas.The petrographically studied samples are andesitic tuffs and lavas having porphyritic and trachytic textures. These rocks consist primarily of plagioclase (labradorite),ortho-and clinopyroxene phenocrysts,and opaque minerals in a glassy to micro- crystalline groundmass that is locally devitrified.The plagioclase crystals are commonly altered to calcite.Other alteration products 39 products include pyrite,clays (mostly chlorite)and iron oxides. Locally,quartz veins and vug fillings reflect hydrothermal conditions (encrustations)similar to those seen in and near sulfide ore bodies. Plutonic rocks in the Makushin geothermal area were initially mapped as small dikes and stocks (Reeder et al.,1981).Mapping by Republic and Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys (DGGS)staff in 1982 has shown that these plutonic outcrops are part of a fairly large pluton of predominantly dioritic composition.The pluton was sampled in eight places so as to obtain reasonable geographic and statistical representation.Study of four thin sections made from these samples confirms that it is a fine-to coarse-grained diorite,with plagioclase (labradorite),and ortho-and clinopyroxene crystals.Minor minerals include hornblende,magnetite and biotite.Alteration of the Makushin diorite is locally intense and appears to have occurred in at least two discrete episodes.The first stage is probably related to the emplacement of the pluton and resulted in the formation of silica and metallic sulfide alteration products.The later alteration event appears to be closely related to present-day geothermal activity,and is characterized by pervasive argillic alteration accompanied by locally abundant sulfide mineralization and silicification. The Makushin Volcanics are a fairly homogeneous series of extrusive rocks that locally overlie the Unalaska Formation and/or plutonic rocks and which can be divided into two age groups.Rocks of the younger stage,which is the only age group that outcrops at the surface within the Makushin geothermal area,are mostly andesitic lavas with local cinder intercalations.Six thin sections of representative samples of the lavas were petrographically studied.They indicate that the younger Makushin Volcanics are predominantly porphyritic andesites with plagioclase (labradorite),ortho-and clinopyroxenes comprising the major phenocrysts with an accessory mineral suite containing magnetite and rare olivine crystals.The phenocrysts are within hyalopilitic, pilotaxitic,or vitrophyric groundmasses. 40 Quaternary pyroclastic flows are distributed in several areas around Makushin Volcano,but their component units were not routinely microscopically studied in detail.Nevertheless,one outcrop of altered pyroclastic rock,approximately 150 meters south of Fumarole Field #1, was sampled and a thin section made.Microscopic examination revealed the rock to be a highly altered,recrystallized tuff,or a lahar,with intense silicification,sericitization,and abundant sulfide mineralization. Five geologic units which are recognized in the Makushin geothermal area were not sampled for microscopic examination since they comprise various types of unconsolidated sedimentary or cinder deposits,which are easily characterized in the field and whose distribution can readily be mapped on air photographs. 2.X-ray Diffraction Analysis and Interpretation of Hydrothermal Alteration Zones Thirteen samples representative of the hydrothermal alteration suite surrounding geothermal surface manifestations were collected during the field survey of May 1982.The samples were sent to SEM/TEC Laboratories,Tempe,Arizona,for X-ray diffraction (XRD)analyses and mineralogical determination (Appendix D-2). The XRD analytical procedure required pulverization of the samples and creation of a "spindle"which was then mounted on a glass slide and subjected to a diffractometer scan.To assist in identification of the diffraction peaks and in estimation of mineral percentages,energy dispersive spectra of all thirteen samples were recorded.Finally, oriented diffraction scans were obtained for selected samples having unusual diffraction patterns.These data were interpreted to identify and estimate relative concentrations of the minerals present. 41 The results of the XRD analyses are summarized in Table 5.Most of the samples consist of argillic alteration minerals that range in clay content from 10 percent to 80 percent.Alteration minerals surrounding Fumarole Fields #1,#2,and #3 were found to be predominantly kaolinite while montmorillonite,sericite,albite,and chlorite were the primary minerals found at the remaining locations sampled.The occurrence of pyrophyllite at Fumarole Fields #2 and #3 indicates intense high temperature alteration,since pyrophyllite only forms above 100°C. "Older"first-stage alteration can apparently be distinguished from the "recent"second-stage alteration in the Makushin geothermal area by the higher percentage of albite in the older alteration products. Additional characteristics of the first-stage alteration seem to be low quartz concentrations and a scarcity of kaolinite. The suite of alteration minerals found at Fumarole Field #8 contains 50 percent chlorite and 10 percent albite plus megascopically observed iron-copper sulfides.This suggests that the geochemical characteristics of Fumarole Field #8 are different from those at other fumaroles and that propylitization,near the outer edge of the geothermal field,is in progress. 3.Geologic Summary During the 1982 field season,Republic geologists mapped the lithologies,structures,and hydrothermal alteration of the Makushin Volcano geothermal area.This information was interpreted so as to permit construction of detailed geologic maps,and cross sections.This section of the report summarizes the information accumulated during the geologic surveys. The geological data available for analysis included that obtained by Republic personnel,information resulting from geological and geophysical investigations conducted by DGGS geologists during 1982 42 evFROM MAKUSHIN GEOTHERMAL AREA,UNALASKA ISLAND,ALASKA (See Plate 1 for detail location) TABLE 5 X-RAY DIFFRACTOMETER ANALYSES OF ALTERED ROCKS oO c Ww w -2&3 gs 23 5 5828&§$3 fg & ©ray rs °a cs ©%o 86 e3-s wo >>(7)g <5 5Genera1YF<<©Lu fa]a.WY 3 oOo =a Sample #Location se ae 3 Be 3g 3 ae 3g se 3g se Fumarole M-2 Field #8 0 10 0 30 0 0 10 QO 50 0 0 Makushin M-5 Valley 20 40 0 0 0 0 40 0 0 0 0 Glacier M-8 Valley 50 5 0 0 0 0 45 0 0 0 0 Makushin M-11 Valley 10 30 0 50 0 0 8610 0 0 0 0 Hot Spring M-15 Group #9 45 0 10 0 0 5 40 0 0 0 0 Fumarole M-16 Field #1]30 0 10 10 0 0 0 0 Oo 50 0 Fumarole M-18 Field #1 5 0 0 30 5 0 0 60 0 0 0 Fumarole M-21 Field #2 20 0 0 40 0 0 0 30 0 .O0 10 Fumarole M-22 Field #2 35 0 0 0 0 5 0 60 0 0 0 Fumarole M-23 Field #3 20 0 10 5 5 Tr.5 55 0 0 0 Fumarole M-25 Field #3 20 0 5 0 0 5 0 60 0 0 10 Fumarole M-26 Field #3 30 0 10 10 20 0 10 #10 0 0 10 Fumarole M-28 Field #3 10 0 0 10 0 0 0 80 0 0 0 (which have not been formally released,but which were made available through personal communications in the spirit of technical cooperation), and published reports already listed in the Phase IA Final Report.The discussion in this report will focus on that geologic data directly pertinent to the geothermal resource.Aspects of the regional geology are reported in Reeder (1981)and in Drewes et al.(1961). a.Lithology The Makushin Volcano geothermal area and its environs are underlain by Early Miocene age Unalaska Formation that has been intruded by Miocene(?)plutonic rocks and by Plio-Pleistocene to Recent volcanic rocks that locally mantle both older units.The area is transected by faults trending N-S,E-W,NW-SE and NE-SW the latter of which predominates. The Unalaska Formation observed in the Makushin Volcano area consists predominantly of interbedded volcanic rocks (andesites and minor pyroclastics)with subsidiary sedimentary rocks (volcanogenic sandstones and conglomerates),and other sediments derived from volcanic products (tuffaceous stits and graywacke). The Unalaska Formation rocks have a regional dip of 10 to 15 degrees north-northwest.Their attitude can be best observed on the northern flank of the Nateekin River valley,where the exposed rocks are predominantly lavas and pyroclastics.Similar strikes and dips can be observed in the southern part of Glacier Valley,where the outcrops consist mainly of graywacke. The graywackes contain alteration mineral assemblages characteristic of greenschist metamorphism (calcite,with intense chloritization).The Unalaska Formation exposed at the surface apparently has not been hydrothermally altered by fluids belonging to the present geothermal systems,though these fluids have commonly affected the intrusive diorite and the overlytng Makushin Volcanics. 44 The Tertiary plutonic rocks were found to have a wider surface distribution than previously reported,and it appears that the discrete plutonic rock outcrops are actually the surface expression of a moderately large stock (hereinafter referred to as the Makushin Stock) lying at shallow depths beneath the Makushin Volcano geothermal area. Field observations and thin section microscopy suggest that the various outcrops represent a fairly homogeneous intrusive body of dioritic composition;however,it 1s possible that the diorite pluton may be a composite of successive distinct stock intrusions. The dioritic rocks appear to have undergone at least two stages of hydrothermal alteration.The first stage,characterized by copious deposition of silica and sulfides and by intense argillic alteration, was apparently related to the intrusive event when late-stage hydrothermal fluids intensely altered the crystallized diorite and possibly the adjacent wall rock.The second alteration stage is obviously related to the presently active geothermal regime in which the hydrothermal fluids have created argillic alteration zones..The superposition of the hydrothermal stages can be recognized both in the field and by X-ray analyses. Diorite outcrops examined show relatively dense (0.3-2.5m)joint patterns.The continuation of these and other tectonic fractures into the subsurface suggest that this relatively large plutonic body may be an excellent host rock for the geothermal reservoir. Locally,the Unalaska Formation and the diorite are unconformably overlain by the Pliocene(?)to Recent Makushin Volcanics.These volcanic rocks are basaltic to andesitic lavas,pyroclastics,and cinders.The Makushin Volcanics have,in the past,emanated from several distinct eruption centers.The fumarolic activity and the high temperatures observed (154°C)in the crater of Makushin Volcano indicate that this is presently the most active eruptive center. 45 Although no detailed chronological data exist regarding the various Makushin volcanic units,the volcanics have been tentatively divided into two groups on the geologic maps and cross sections (Plates II,V,and VI).The first is an older,pre-glaciation group of rocks which have been subsequently eroded by glacial activity.The second group is a younger series of volcanics which have been deposited in glacially eroded valleys that transect outcrops of the older Makushin Volcanics and the diorite intrusive.University of Alaska geoscien- tists and DGGS staff are now conducting detailed geochemical and age-dating analyses which will allow stratigraphic differentiation in more detail and with more confidence. Locally,the Makushin Volcanics appear to have relatively low vertical permeability,as evidenced in Fumarole Fields #2 and #3,where unaltered and apparently impermeable volcanics cap outcrops of diorite that have been strongly altered by intense hydrothermal action.How- ever,other areas have high vertical permeability as evidenced by the isothermal temperature profile in the upper 700 feet of temperature gradient hole D-1 (see Stage VII.A.1.).The Makushin Volcanics also appear to have high horizontal permeability within cinder layers, vesiculated lava flows,lava tunnels,and cooling fractures.The high horizontal permeability permits widespread areal distribution of meteoric and snowmelt-derived waters.This,coupled with the vertical permeability in some areas,could easily facilitate recharge of the geothermal reservoir. Two other volcanic rock types are exposed in the Makushin area. They are:1)cinder cones,including Sugarloaf Cone and unnamed cones west of Makushin Volcano near Point Kadin;and 2)pyroclastic flows that have been mapped near Fumarole Field #1,tn Glacier Valley,in an unnamed,northwest-oriented,deeply incised valley on the north side of Makushin Volcano,and in several other locations.Sugarloaf Cone is a cinder cone which is most certainly the product of recent,post- glaciation volcanism and is still virtually uneroded. 46 The pyroclastic deposits near Fumarole Field #1 form an extensive plateau (approximately 2 sq.km.)that is underlain by lahars and by terrace deposits that have been covered by successive accumulations of ash approximately 100-meters thick.The pyroclastic plateau in Glacier Valley is composed primarily of ash layers.It 4s approximately 15-meters thick and covers an area approximately 100-meters long and 70-meters wide.The third major pyroclastic plateau is in the northwestern part of the area away from geothermal activity and, therefore,was not mapped in detail. The other geologic formations which exist in the Makushin geothermal area include various deposits created as a result of past and present glacial activity,Quaternary age alluvial fans,and valley-filling alluvium.These granular materials were examined and mapped in order to identify sources of aggregate,potential road building materials,and land features whose presence could significantly affect road building plans or drill pad design. b.Geologic Structure The regional structural trends of Unalaska Island were described in the Phase IA Final Report;however,more detailed structural studies were conducted in Phase IB.The direct observation of geologic structures in the Makushin geothermal area is restricted by the cover of young volcanic rocks,by the widespread snow cover,by predominantly poor visibility due to rain and fog,and by the limited accessibility of large areas.However,several structural elements have been recognized during Republic's geologic field surveys and are considered to bear significantly on the evaluation of the geothermal potential of the area.The structural analyses of the Makushin geothermal area by air photo lineament studies (Plates VII and VIII)and the interpretation of gravity data (Plate IX)are described in sections covering Stage VII.B.and Stage VII.C.The discussions below are restricted to results of the field surveys. 47 Although the Phase IA Final Report contained references to the northwest-trending "Point Kadin Rift",it is apparent from the present study that the main structural direction is northeast,with less well developed northwest,north and easterly trends.The importance of the northeast trend is emphasized by the correspondence of the locations of Fumarole Fields #1,#2,#3,and #8,with the outcrop of Makushin Stock.The existence of this major northeast-striking structure is further supported by the results of the DGGS gravity survey. The north-south alignment of Fumarole Field #5,the central Makushin crater (Fumarole Field #6),and Fumarole Field #7 similarly may be due to subsurface faults or to the location of the buried western edge of the diorite pluton. Other structures of importance that were identified as a result of the field geologic surveys and aerial photograph analysis include an east-west trending structure that seems to pass through or near Fumarole Fields #5,#4,#3,and the fumarolic area in the Nateekin River valley (Fumarole Field #23),and those other faults previously described under Stage IV. Geochemistry 1.Chemical Analyses The chemical analyses of 47 aqueous samples collected from the Makushin Volcano region are listed in Tables 6 and 7,with detailed chemical worksheets in Appendix E.The samples represent 31 hot spring waters and 16 ground waters collected by three different field parties. The 31 thermal water analyses document values for total dissolved solids (TDS)ranging from 123 mg/1 to 1,770 mg/1.Most of the thermal waters have pH values near neutral,although acidic waters do exist within the fumarolic areas.All of the thermal waters,except those 48 6vLocation Fum,#2 Fum.#2 Fum.#3 Sample #M2 M-9 M3 Temp (°C)32 84 58 pH (units)5.2 "6 5.3 Si02 79 154 203 Fe -06 2.5 11.7 Ca 23.7 65 65 Mg 3.7 13 27.4 Na 14 54 28.7 K 2.5 9.0 5.0 HCO3 8)ND <1 C03 0 0 <] $04 40 344 450 C1 4.8 <10 6.1 F 1.0 <.1 1.1 B <,005 <1.0 38 Li <.01 02 <.01 Sr 31 3 02 Mn VW 1.9 zn 09CollectorMatlickMotykaMatVick ND -Not determined TABLE 6 CHEMICAL ANALYSES OF THERMAL WATERS,MAKUSHIN GEOTHERMAL AREA UNALASKA ISLAND,ALASKA (Concentrations are mg/1 except where noted) Fum.#3)Fum.#3)Fum.,#3)Fum.#3 HS #9 HS #9 HS #10 HS #10 #8 #9 #10 #11 « 0GGS1 M-b M-c M-c 97 82 78 68 87.4 87 57.5 35 6.4 6.5 4.3 ND 5.5 §.5 5.28 6.8 94 125 120 138 140 «140 88 105 1 .01}ND .02 .09 09 07 J) 11.7 32.1 25.4 258 69.3 69.3 23.3 34 4.0 10.6 8.0 9.6 12.2 12.2 5.5 6.3 §2 87 62 61 28 28 24 32 4.8 5.7 5.2 3.3 5.6 5.6 3.2 4.3 37 288 60 ND 191 191 ND 190 0 0 0 ND 0 0 0 0 129 95 218 49}155.3 155 25 15 <10 5 6.1 2.3 5 5 7.8 7.9 14 28 Pa .26 12 12 13 <1 <.5 <.5 <.01 «.0)«<.5 «<5 01 1.0 <.01 <.01 «<.01 -04 °° =-«.01 <.01 <.01 <.0 -07 26 2 <.01 28 28 ==<.01 1 Motyka Motyka Motyka Motyka Motyka Motyka Motyka Motyka HS #10 HS #10 M-d DGGS2 67 67 5.32 5.3 88 88 .03 .03 23.)23.1 8.0 8.0 13.9 13.9 3.4 3.4 116 116 0 0 2}21.4 5 5 ell WW 5 <.5 <,01 <.01 10 1 Motyka Motyka HS #10 HS #11)HS #11 My #12 M4 50 79 70 6.2 6.4 6.4 39 142 143 01 -2)06 42.5 208 160 8.9 7.8 7.17 22.4 81 74.7 3.5 4.8 4.4 183 256 252 0 0 U 34 476 392 6 7.5 6.5 1.4 24 1.1 <.005 <.01 <.005 <.01 -03 <.01 21 <.0}1.4 Matlick Motyka Matlick 0SLocation HS #11 Sample #G2 Temp (°C)68 pH (units)ND$102 138 Fe .02 Ca 258 Mg 9.59 Na 61 K 3.27 HCO ND C03 ND S04.491 Cl 2.3 F -26 B Li -04 Sr 1.08 Mn Collector Motyka ND -Not Determined Motyka 218 6.1 <1 01 2 Motyka Motyka HS #71 DGGS2 62.4 6.5 125 <.01 32.1 10.6 87.2 5.7 288 0 95 5 28 <.05 <.01 26 Motyka TABLE 6 (Continued) UNALASKA ISLAND,ALASKA (Concentrations are ma/1]except where noted) HS #12)HS #18 HS #18 HS #18 #13 #14 GV2 6v1 #15 60.5 41.5 49 59 62.5 6.0 6.1 ND 7.8 6.0 145 112 160 135 128 4 7 <,003 <.003 5 243 275 24)246 262 10.7 W.1 10.1 10.9 10.3 64 53 64.1 61.)63 3.8 3.4 4.36 3.93 4.5 360 325 315 305 320 0 0 0 0 0 472 581 528 516 542 5.8 6.6 5.7 5.5 6.6 <1 <1 44 47 <1 <J <]29 28 <l .03 .03 01 01 03 1.2 1.4 1.0 1.1 1.2 Motyka Motyka Matlick Matlick Motyka CHEMICAL ANALYSES OF THERMAL WATERS,MAKUSHIN GEOTHERMAL AREA HS #18 HS #20 #16 Motyka HS #20 HS #20 HS #20 #17 #18 PVl 27 40 39 5.8 6.3 ND 106 103 101 1.9 2.1 2.1 179 159 191 22.9 38.5 13.2 176 299 194 19.2 31.3 20.4 555 565 428 0 0 0 321 178 372 142 382 170 <1 <.]02 4 9.9 3.6 4 -86 5 1.0 1.4 1.2 1.64 Motyka Motyka Parmentier HS#20 561 40 ND 86.7 8 159 27.9 331 33.8 498 0 242 436 02 &.3 9 1.4 1.64 Parmentier TSMakushin Makushin Glacier Makushin Makushin Makushin Makushin Valley Location Valley Valley Valley Valley Spring Sample #MV BC MV BC 6 Temp (°C)4.8 4.4 4.1 5.1 6.5 pH (units)6.1 6.6 6.7 7.4 6.6 Side 16 13.1 19 24 13 Fe 1.6 12 .04 06 <1 Ca 6.3 6.5 12.7 22.5 1.8 Mg 2.0 1.5 3.2 4.4 .63 Na 4.8 3.8 16 9.9 2.6 K 55 26 75 1.09 24 HCO3 3.3 2.1 8.5 16.5 12 C03 0 0 0 0 0 S04 21.7 17.9 25 50 2.8 cl 2.4 2.2 13.5 16.5 3.7 F 08 05 .08 -08 <1 B <.10 <.40 <.10 22 1.0 Li <10 <.10 002 .003 <01 Sr -03 <.) Collector Peterson Peterson Peterson Peterson Motyka ND -Not determined CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF GROUND WATERS TABLE 7 MAKUSHIN GEOTHERMAL AREA UNALASKA ISLAND,ALASKA(Concentrations are mg/1 except where noted) Valley Spring M12 Matlick Peterson Matlick Motyka Peterson Peterson Peterson Motyka Peterson Motyka Valley Valley River Spring GV MIO 7.7 7 7.2 6.6 13 14.6 «44 45 42.9 3.0 5.7 1.49 1.1 7.5 1.4 38 15.2 33 0 0 120 <3 18 8.7 man -66 19 <.005 009 =<010888 GRMI 4.9 \ Glacier Glacier Glacier wood Valley River Drift- Valley Bay River River GV DW 4.9 3.1 5.7 6.5 27.5 Dl 3.7 .03 29 14.5 3.6 3.9 6.5 17.4 .88 59 1.4 6.1 0 0 83.5 7 6.2 13.5 18 06 <.10 <.10 -001 008 Drift- wood 44 .085 .006 Drift- wood Bay River 01 Drift- wood Bay River 24OWamwwan...ee9 ee..e_eC2Conawmwhooooquasr=nnDriftwood Drift- <.01 <.01 wood -A>NWOmeOwseewVew 3wCcoweNm_.017 «<.01 74 Matlick from Hot Springs Group #20,contain chloride concentrations below 10 mg/l,significant amounts of bicarbonate and sulfate anions,and varying values of calcium,sodium,and magnesium (although calcium usually predominates).Hot Springs Group #20 flows chloride-rich waters that are aiso enriched in magnesium,potassium,and boron. The 16 nonthermal water samples,whose surface temperatures range from 3.1°C to 9°C,have TDS concentrations between 15 mg/1 and 229 mg/1.These slightly acid-to-neutral waters are exceedingly fresh,with a maximum chloride value of only 18 mg/l (disregarding the thermally contaminated sample #D0E).The sulfate anion is usually dominant in these nonthermal waters,with bicarbonate varying from minor to commanding importance. Sample #DE,collected at the head of the eastern fork of the Driftwood Bay river,represents a mixture of thermal water and ground water.The relatively high chloride (45 mg/1)and potassium (2.6 mg/1) concentrations,together with the relatively high temperature (6°C above other Driftwood Bay river waters),suggest strongly that thermal water exists in Driftwood Bay valley.This previously unknown occurrence of thermal water dramatically increases the known areal extent of the Makushin geothermal resource. 2.Classification The chemical classification of thermal waters and gases may define their origins.Water characteristics "fingerprint”the waters' interaction with rock.This interaction permits a qualitative determination of reservoir type.Chloride-rich waters commonly occur in liquid-dominated areas,while sulfate and bicarbonate type waters are commonly associated with dry steam reservoirs. 52 Most chemical species of geothermal waters found in high-temperature areas can be classified under the general headings of: (a)alkali chloride;(b)acid sulfate;(c)acid-sulfate-chloride;and (d)bicarbonate (Ellis and Mahon,1977).These classifications have successfully been applied to thermal waters in nonvolcanic as well as volcanic areas and are convenient for use in discussions of the origin of hot spring waters.Examples of various hot water classifications are given in Table 8. TABLE 8 TYPICAL CLASSIFIED THERMAL WATERS Location Classification Resource Type Takinoue,Hachimantai,Japan Alkali Chloride Hot Water Matsukawa,Hachimantai,Japan Acid Sulfate Dry Steam Valles Caldera,New Mexico,U.S.A.Acid-Sulfate-Chloride Hot Water Dixie Valley,Nevada,U.S.A.Bicarbonate Hot Water The low pH and chloride values,accompanied by high sulfate and bicarbonate concentrations,place all Makushin thermal waters,except thermal waters in southern Glacier Valley (Hot Springs Group #20)and Sample DE,in the acid sulfate class.Acid sulfate waters,low in chloride content,can result from steam condensation in surface waters. Hydrogen sulfide gas in the steam is subsequently oxidized to sulfate. Acid sulfate waters are usually found in areas where steam rises from subsurface steam reservoirs and in volcanic areas where,in the cooling stages of volcanism,only carbon dioxide and sulfur gases remain in the vapors rising through the rocks.The constituents present in the waters are mainly leached from the rocks surrounding the surface hot springs. Their geochemical significance is usually minor in exploration work because of their generally superficial nature. 53 The southern Glacier Valley thermal waters at Hot Springs Group #20 and sample DE from the Driftwood Bay river contain enough chloride to place them in the alkali chloride class.Alkali chloride waters commonly form in a liquid-dominated geothermal reservoir when a high temperature water reacts with the wall rock.This reaction charges the water with soluble salts and anomalously high concentrations of silica, sulfate,boron,and trace elements. The classification study of Makushin thermal waters indicates that the hot springs originate from two different sources.The largest volume of surface thermal waters forms from near-surface mixing of steam and ground water.Only the thermal waters of Hot Springs Group #20 and Driftwood Bay river appear to originate in a hot water geothermal reservoir.This evidence implies that both a vapor zone (steam cap)and a liquid-dominated geothermal resource exist beneath the Makushin Volcano geothermal area. 3.Water Chemistry The identity of ionic components in thermal waters is controlled by water-rock (hydrothermal)interaction that charges the water with chemicals.Experiments by Ellis and Mahon (1967)illustrated the ability of hot water to leach chemical constituents from rocks; therefore,knowledge of thermal water composition aids in modeling geothermal systems. Figure 9 is a trilinear plot of cations in both thermal waters and ground waters from the Makushin Volcano region.This diagram indicates that both thermal waters and ground waters are potassium-deficient, sodium-calcium-magnesium-type waters.The similarity between the chemistry of the ground waters and the thermal waters suggest a common relationship with mixing accounting for the linear trend.This mixing appears to affect both thermal waters and ground waters and it further suggests that a significant portion of the soluble salts in the rivers of the Makushin Volcano area are due to geothermally related processes. 54 SSFIGURE 9 CATION RATIOS IN WATERS FROM THE MAKUSHIN GEOTHERMAL AREA,UNALASKA ISLAND ,ALASKA CatMg t e@ Ci.-POOR THERMAL WATERS Ww ®GROUND WATERS 4 SEAWATER @ C.-RICH THERMAL WATERS S@nNa OGE C967 K 4,Reservoir Type Determination or prediction of the reservoir type (dry steam or hot water)is the initial geochemical exploration objective.Chloride is the most critical single constituent in distinguishing hot water from dry steam systems.Common metal chlorides have negligible volatility at temperatures below 400°C and are not soluble in steam.Hot springs associated with known vapor-dominated reservoirs have chloride concentrations less than 50 mg/1i (White,1970).Examples include hot springs at Matsukawa,Japan (3 mg/1),and The Geysers,United States (1.8 mg/1).Hydrothermally altered ground and naturally low discharge of waters (10-100 lpm)are also characteristics of dry steam systems. In addition,sulfate concentrations are anomalously high in hot springs whose waters are derived from vapor-dominated geothermal reservoirs.The sulfate is formed when hydrogen sulfide gas entrained in the dry steam is oxidized near the surface.This sulfide-to-sulfate oxidation provides several free hydronium ions which produce the low pH (high acid)springs commonly associated with dry steam areas.The high sulfate concentrations and the low chloride concentrations result in high sulfate/chioride ratios in dry steam areas;therefore,a high sulfate/chloride ratio is a geochemical indicator of vapor-dominated geothermal reservoirs. Hot water systems can be identified by chloride concentrations exceeding 50 mg/l.The main hot springs related to hot water reservoirs always have higher chloride values than nearby cold springs and ground waters.They also tend to discharge water high in potassium,sodium, and boron,and low in magnesium;their pH is usually near neutral. Ground waters in the Makushin geothermal area have chloride values ranging from 2.2 mg/l to 45 mg/l (Table 7),with only one sample exceeding 18 mg/1.Chloride concentrations in thermal waters (Table 6) occur in two groups:chloride-poor (<10 mg/1)and chloride-rich (>140 mg/1).The chloride-poor group accounts for all thermal waters 56 except Driftwood Bay river and Hot Springs Group #20,whose chloride values are 142 mg/l,164 mg/1,212 mg/1,372 mg/1,and 382 mg/l.These two chloride groups suggest that a two-layer geothermal resource exists beneath the Makushin geothermal area.The upper layer,a steam cap, overlays a liquid-dominated reservoir.This type of double-layer reservoir is known to occur near active volcanoes in Japan and Indonesia (Mahon et al.,1980). In the chloride-poor waters,sulfate concentrations range between 15 mg/1 and 581 mg/l with sulfate/chloride ratios exceeding 200:1.The chloride-rich thermal waters have sulfate/chloride ratios of 0.47:1 and 2.3:1.These discrepant ratios support the existence of a double-layer reservoir system with the higher ratio indicating a steam cap and the lower ratio a hot water system. 5.Reservoir Temperature Geochemistry is useful in predicting minimum subsurface reservoir temperatures of liquid-dominated geothermal reservoirs.Experience in developed geothermal fields has shown that several ionic concentrations and ratios are controlled by temperature.At present,the commonly used chemical geothermometers are S10.,Na/K,Ca/Na/K (alkali)and Mg-corrected alkali. 2' Tentative geothermal reservoir equilibrium temperatures have been calculated for Makushin thermal waters and are listed in Table 9. However,several basic conditions have to exist in order to obtain valid temperature estimations (Fournier et al.,1974),and these conditions cannot be certified when hot water does not escape from the reservoir. Therefore,the chloride-poor water samples from the Makushin Volcano geothermal area that lack a "deep"hot water component cannot accurately predict subsurface temperatures.The samples from Hot Springs Group #20 and Driftwood Bay river are the only samples that contain a "deep"hot 57 TABLE 9 TENTATIVE RESERVOIR TEMPERATURES (°C) CALCULATED USING VARIOUS GEOTHERMOMETERS@ MAKUSHIN GEOTHERMAL AREA,UNALASKA ISLAND,ALASKA Amor phous Mg-corrected Alkali Location Sample #Quartz Quartz Na/K Alkali Mg/Ca/Na/K Fum.#2 M-2 127 1 244 46 46 Fum.#2 M-9 163 40 265 63 63 Fum.#3 M-3 181 57 270 41 4) Fum.#3 #8 130 14 210 719 68 Fum.#3 #9.150 29 183 68 68 Fum.#3 #10 148 26 202 67 67 Fum.#3 #11 156 34 169 15 15 HS #9 0GGS1 157 35 285 43 43 HS #9 M-b 157 35 285 43 43 HS #10 M-c 127 VW 243 46 46 HS #10 M-c 140 19 244 50 50 HS #10 M-d 127 i,308 43 43 HS #10 DGGS2 127 im 308 43 .43 HS #10 M-1 93 -24 259 37 37 HS #11 #12 158 36 176 29 29 HS #11 M-4 158 36 176 3]31 HS #11 G-2 156 34 169 15 15 HS #117 |G-3 158 36 176 29 29 HS #11 G1-C 148 26 202 67 67 HS #11 DGGS1 130 14 210 79 68 HS #11 DGGS2 150 29 183 69 69 HS #12 #13 150 37 176 20 20 HS #18 #14 159 23 182 14 14 HS #18 GV-2 165 43 186 23 23 HS #18 GV-1 155 33 182 20 20 HS #18 #15 152 30 190 22 22 HS #20 #16 137 V7 225 76 76 HS #20 #17 141 20 225 78 78 HS #20 #18 139 18 221 175 66 HS #20 PV-1 138 VW 22]80 80 HS #20 $G-1 126 10 219 175 86 aGeothermometers applied to Makushin geothermal area waters cannot accurately predict reservoir temperatures.Please refer to text. 58 water component.Their chemistry suggests unrealistically low reservoir temperatures because of the intimate mixing of the reservoir water with ground waters.That is confirmed by their low surface temperatures and their high magnesium values. However,there is a geothermometer that can be used in such cases. The "mixing model"allows the calculation of the original hot water's temperature and the fraction of cold water in the thermal spring. Subsurface mixing can occur by two methods.In one case,ascending hot water from the reservoir mixes with cooler ground water without losing steam.In the second case,the mixing occurs after flashing,with steam separation and loss.In both cases,temperature calculations depend upon knowing the temperature and silica concentration of the cold water before mixing,and of the hot spring after mixing.Also,it is assumed that the initial silica content of the reservoir water is controlled by quartz solubility and that silica was not precipitated before or after mixing. Fournier and Truesdell (1974)devised methods to predict reservoir temperatures for both mixing cases.In the case that applies to Hot Springs Group #20,two equations are solved simultaneously for the unknown subsurface temperature and the mixing ratios.The first equation (1)relates the enthalpies of the three waters.In a similar manner,the second equation (2)compares the silica concentrations of the three waters. He (X)*Hy (1 -X)=Hy (1) Sc(X)+Sy (1 -X)=Se (2)"H =Enthalpy (cal/g) S =$109 Concentration (mg/1) Nc =Cold Water Ny =Hot Water Ns =Thermal Spring x =Fraction of Cold Water 59 Utilizing this mixing model for Hot Springs Group #20 waters with a Glacier Valley ground water temperature of 7°C and 14 mg/1 $10, (Tables 6 and 7),the cold water fraction in Hot Springs Group #20 accounts for 89 percent of the total flow.The calculations suggest that the "true"reservoir temperature is 294°C. 6.Isotopic Composition of Fluids The stable isotope composition of geothermal fluids can be used to estimate sources of recharge,circulation time,temperature,and fluid mixing paths.Since only hydrogen and oxygen stable isotope analyses are available from Makushin thermal waters,circulation and temperature cannot be predicted.These isotope values are illustrated in Table 10. Generally,the Makushin stable isotope samples plot near the meteoric water line (Figure 10)except for the high temperature steam condensate samples.The thermal waters'stable isotopes form a band between D values of -78 arid -84.This band appears to be an average of the Makushin ground waters,indicating a multi-level recharge system with both high and low elevation meteoric water components.The chloride-rich thermal waters have a slight 5 8p shift,as can be expected from the large near-surface mixing that has occurred.A higher shift can be estimated by continuing this shift until it intersects the Fumarole Field #3 steam condensate boiling trend calculated for a boiling temperature of 150°C (Truesdell and Hulston,1980).This intersection implies that the chloride-rich hot springs are a mixture of approximately 10 percent reservoir water and 90 percent ground water,a ratio confirmed by the mixing model geothermometric calculations. Stable isotope values for the Fumarole Field #6 steam condensate suggest that the summit fumaroles do not originate from the same reservoir as the other thermal fluids sampled.The isotopes indicate that the steam originates by boiling a water that originated as meteoric precipitation at high elevations on the mountain.The residual water's isotopes are not observed in the sampled waters. 60 TABLE 10 STABLE OXYGEN AND HYDROGEN VALUES FOR WATERS FROM MAKUSHIN VOLCANO GEOTHERMAL AREA UNALASKA ISLAND,ALASKA (From Motyka et al.,1983) Sample Location Type §'°0(0/00)67 H(0/00) Fumarole #6 Steam condensate -13.0 -107 Fumarole #6 Snow melt -15.9 121 Fumarole #2 Thermal water -11.05 -71 Hot Spring #9 Thermal water -11.9 -18 Hot Spring #9 Cold stream -13.0 -89 Hot Spring #10 Thermal water -12.4 -81 Hot Spring #10 Thermal water -11.7 -84 Hot Spring #10 Cold stream -11.9 -82 Hot Spring #10 Thermal water -12.1 -81 Hot Spring #10 Cold stream -11.3 -83 Upper Makushin River Cold springs -9.65 67 Fumarole #3 Steam condensate -10.4 -85 Fumarole #3 Cold stream -13.5 -88. Fumarole #3 Thermal water -8.9 -70 Fumarole #3 Thermal water -11.6 -80 Fumarole #3 Thermal water -11.9 -83 Fumarole #3 Cold spring -11.1 -71 Fumarole #3 Snow melt -11.2 -16 Fumarole #3 Cold stream '-12.0 -86. Fumarole #3 Cold stream -14.2 -93 Fumarole #3 Thermal water -12.2 -80 Hot Spring #11 Thermal water -12.5 -83 Hot Spring #12 Thermal water -11.7 -82 Hot Spring #12 Thermal water -11.0 -79 Upper Glacier River Cold spring -10.1 -76. Hot Spring #18 Thermal water -11.9 -83 Hot Spring #18 Cold stream -12.6 -88 Hot Spring #20 Thermal water -11.1 -80 Hot Spring #20 Thermal water -11.05 -82 Hot Spring #20 Thermal water -10.9 -718 61 cg&244(%00)FIGURE 10STABLEOXYGENANDHYDROGENISOTOPES IN THERMAL AND NON-THERMAL MAKUSHIN GEOTHERMAL AREA WATERS -65 || 70=_ -80---e - e -85 he A _ FUMAROLE #3 -95-- -100K @ SO,THERMAL WATERS A A STEAM CONDENSATE 110 FUMAROLE #6 []GROUNDWATERS + ©Cl THERMAL WATERS -120 if ] 17 ts]-15 -13 -11 act ose 7.Gas Chemistry The available chemical analyses of the Makushin geothermal area gases are listed in Table 11.All of these samples were collected and analyzed by Motyka et al.(1983),who also provided the following discussion. The Makushin geothermal gases are similar to those of other high temperature systems (Giggenbach,1980)with CO.,N,and HS predominating.A significant amount of Hy is also present, particularly at Fumarole Field #3 where Ho is one to two percent of the total gas composition.Concentrations of Ho greater than one percent are commonly associated with high temperature geothermal systems. The investigation of the H0-C0.-H5S-NH,-H,-CH,gas system (Giggenbach,1980)lead to the observation that in Equation 1, increasing equilibration temperatures favored the right-hand side. CH,+2H.,0 a pe (042 >+4H,(1) The low values of CH,combined with the large concentrations of CO,+Ho at Makushin,indicate that a high temperature exists.2 D'Amore and Panachi (1980)suggested that geothermal gases can be utilized as a geothermometer to estimate reservoir temperatures. Although their methods are not widely accepted and must be used with great caution,a useful indication of subsurface temperatures can be obtained from their data.The Makushin gas samples suggest reservoir temperatures between 230°C and 297°C (Motyka et al.,1983).Analyses of samples from the superheated Fumarole Field #3,which should provide the best estimate of subsurface temperature,predicts 297°C. 63 TABLE 11 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF FUMAROLE AND THERMAL SPRING GASES FROM MAKUSHIN VOLCANO THERMAL FIELDS,PRELIMINARY RESULTS,MOLE PERCENT (from Motyka et al.,1983)v91a 2b 3c qd 5e 6f 79 gh gi C02 91.68 87.90 86.39 87.11 94.81 81.20 92.3 87.51 93.9 HoS 2.63 2.65 5.89 1.55 10.81 0.8 5.53 3.0 Ho 0.24 0.54 0.74 1.80 1.12 1.23 0.58 0.28 0.72 Chg 0.03 0.002 0.021 0.02 0.006 0.07 nd 0.07 nd No 5.36 8.81 6.87 9.41 4.04 4.43 3.6 5.64 6.2 Ar 0.07 0.09 0.06 0.11 0.04 02 bd bd 0.04 bd bd 0.42 0.1 0.06 0.6 He (ppm)8.0 5.6 8.1 4.5 3.0 4.25 nd 17.4 nd T (°C)--98 98 78 98 152 98 96 97 Date Sampled 8/13/80 8/13/80 7/14/81 7/5/81 7/5/81 7/8/82 7/13/82 7/18/82 7/14/82 Steam vent,field #1 Steam vent near center of field #2 Steam vent near center of field #2 Acid spring at base of field #3 Steam vent below superheated fumarole in field #2 Superheated fumarole near top of field #3 High-pressure fumarole/geyser,field #5 Steam vent,near active water,Makushin Summit Mudpot,fumarole field #9in,ON,Glia,On,yn,gO,lin,fn,-ronpnoarwomaednd -Not determined. bd -Below detection. 8.Summary Analyses of the 31 thermal waters and 16 ground waters show a wide range in concentration of major components.The ground waters tend to be of the low-salinity,fresh,slightly acid,calcium-sodium-sulfate-type. The thermal waters are both chloride-poor and chloride-rich.The chloride-poor group,which 1s typically a weak to intermediate-acid pH, moderately concentrated,calcium-sulfate-type water,has surface temperatures between 32°C and 97°C.The chloride-rich waters,having a maximum chloride value of 436 mg/l,occur in upper Glacier Valley and in Driftwood Bay valley and have surface temperatures between 9°C and 40°C. The thermal waters are also classified into acid sulfate and alkali chloride groups.The acid sulfate class has low chloride (<10 mg/1) concentrations and high sulfate values,which together indicate mixing of steam and ground water.The alkali chloride class requires interaction of fairly high temperature water with wall rock to account for its chemical constitution.The presence of these two classes suggests that both a steam cap and hot water reservoir exist in the Makushin geothermal area.The segregation of the acid sulfate group to elevations above 800 feet above sea level,and the alkali chloride group to levels below the 800-foot elevation,indicates that steam overlies a liquid-dominated reservoir. The chemical components are similar for both Makushin thermal and cold ground waters.They are potassium-poor (<4 percent of cations) and appear to be a mixture of geothermal fluids and ground waters.This mixing is seen in both the thermal water chemistry,where low surface temperature and high magnesium concentrations suggest mixing,and in Driftwood Bay valley ground waters,which have anomalously high chloride values.The occurrence of high chloride water at lower elevations in both upper Glacier Valley and Driftwood Bay valley indicates that a liquid-dominated geothermal resource probably underlies the Makushin 65 geothermal area.The elevation of the observed chloride-rich waters suggests that the steam-water interface may exist at approximately 800 feet above sea level. Reservoir temperatures cannot be accurately predicted from thermo-equilibrium calculations utilizing the thermal waters'chemical analysis.In all cases,mixing of the "pure"geothermal fluid with ground waters results in erroneous subsurface temperature estimates. However,use of mixing models,which utilize enthalpy and silica concentrations in both thermal water and ground water,produce a temperature estimate of 294°C for the resource.Stable isotope mixing models also suggest a subsurface temperature on this order.Motyka et al.(1983)calculated a maximum reservoir temperature of 297°C utilizing gas ratios from Fumarole Field #3. C.Geophysics During May 1982,Dr.Robert Corwin of Harding-Lawson Associates, assisted by Republic geologists and G.Arce of the University of Alaska, conducted a Self-Potential (S-P)survey covering 78 line kilometers on the flanks of Makushin Volcano.The quality of the data acquired was excellent and its interpretation revealed three significant anomalies:a 600mV negative anomaly centered northeast of Sugarloaf Cone;a 500mV negative anomaly occurring near Fox Canyon (about 3km southwest of Sugarloaf Cone); and a dipolar anomaly of about +100mV amplitude about 2km east of Point Kadin on the west flank of Makushin Volcano.Data collection procedures and anomaly shapes have been discussed previously in the section on Stage IV.D. Harding-Lawson Associates'final project report is attached as Appendix C, to which the reader should refer for a thorough discussion of the survey and its results. . 66 Theoretically,self-potential anomalies can be generated by cultural features,significant soil property variations,conductive mineral deposits, streaming potentials,and thermo-electric activity (heat flow).The streaming potential may be caused by geothermal fluids or by cool ground water. In the vicinity of Makushin Volcano,cultural features and soil property variations can be ruled-out as factors contributing to the observed S-P anomalies.The survey area 1s in a pristine,undeveloped state,and is unaffected by cultural features of any kind.Laboratory experiments indicate that the maximum effectof soil variations on S-P readings are on the order of a few tens of millivolts,far less than the magnitude of the observed anomalies.Additionally,field experimentation showed that S-P readings at Makushin Volcano do not change measurably as a function of soil-type changes. Experience has shown that deposits of electrically conductive minerals can generate negative polarity self-potential anomalies that are centered close to the geometric center of the deposit.The wavelength and shape of such anomalies depend on the size,geometry,and subsurface depth of the deposit. The amplitudes,shapes,polarities,and wavelengths of the Sugar loaf Cone and Fox Canyon anomalies are similar to those commonly associated with metallic sulfide deposits.However,there is evidence that tends to argue against the possibility that these anomalies are caused by conductive mineral sources: 1.Self-potential anomalies were not recorded in several locations on Makushin Volcano at which abundant pyrite is known to be disseminated; 2.The anaerobic,stagnant,reducing environment that is required to generate self-potential anomalies over mineral deposits does not exist near the surface on Makushin Volcano;and 67 3.Both the Sugarloaf Cone and Fox Canyon anomaly areas are underlain by at least several hundred meters of Recent lava flows tn which, to date,there have been no indications of sulfide concentrations. Large self-potential anomalies have been recorded in areas having Significant topographic relief.These anomalies appear to be generated by "streaming potentials"caused by the downward flow of cool,near-surface water.Such anomalies typically become more negative with increasing elevation.Plots of self-potential versus elevation show that readings comprising the three S-P anomalies observed on Makushin Volcano do not correlate "normally”with topographic conditions.On the contrary,S-P readings taken below elevations of 1,000 feet (where positive readings might be expected)were consistently in the -0.25 mV range (a condition characteristic of higher elevations).This observation seems to rule out topography as a contributing factor in the genesis of the Sugarloaf Cone and Fox Canyon anomalies. Geothermal resources which are characterized by high temperature,large fluid flows,and geochemical conditions that strongly contrast with the surrounding environment can also generate self-potential anomalies.The mechanisms that generate these electric current flows are called thermoelectric and electrokinetic coupling.These couplings produce a current flow where 1)either heat or fluid flow is added or subtracted from a point in a uniform earth,or 2)a flow of heat or fluid impinges upon different geologic environments.Both of these mechanisms can be modeled by computer to allow estimation of the depth to,and the extent of,the geothermal resource. A preliminary analysis of a geothermal source mechanism for S-P anomalies detected on Makushin Volcano suggests a model in which a pair of northwest-trending faults might serve as conduits for bringing geothermal fluids into the region between the Sugarloaf Cone and Fox Canyon anomalies. However,this computer model requires unreasonably large resistivity contrasts between the fault blocks and a very large electrical potential 68 along the two faults.Actually,the implied magnitudes of the source plane potentials (2,000 mV to 8,000 mV)far exceed theoretical maxima.In view of the information discussed above,it 1s unlikely that this postulated model for Sugarloaf Cone and Fox Canyon anomalies is correct. Geothermal self-potential models using one-and two-dimenstonal sources located beneath the Fox Canyon anomaly predict that the source depth lies between 0.3 kilometers and 0.5 kilometers (980 feet to 1,640 feet).Similar interpretations of the Sugarloaf Cone anomaly estimate an average source depth of 0.3 kilometers.Such simple,single-point source modes seem to be supportable. The small,multipolar Point Kadin anomaly could be generated by geothermal activity along a pair of faults that bracket the recent explosion craters with depth to the faults of 100 meters or less.However,the self-potential data do not suggest that a major resource exists at Point Kadin. Based on the self-potential data and computer generated models,both the Fox Canyon and Sugarloaf Cone anomalies seem to be discrete geothermal drilling targets.The geothermal model developed for the Fox Canyon anomaly has been verified by data from temperature gradient hole 0-1 (see Stage VII.A.1.);it would seem prudent to drill the smaller Sugarloaf Cone anomaly in the future. D.Refined Geothermal Resource Model I The geothermal model as described in the Phase IA Final Report was modified and refined by integrating and interpreting all newly acquired geological,geochemical,and geophysical data.The revised model was then utilized to determine optimum thermal gradient hole drilling sites. The field exploration surveys conducted on Unalaska confirmed the existence of a significant geothermal system with surface manifestations that include fumaroles,hot springs,anomalous heat flow areas,mud pots, 69 and abundant exposures of hydrothermally altered rocks.Fumaroles which occur in ten sites have surface temperatures ranging from slightly below boiling to a superheated temperature of 152°C.Thermal waters exist at ten hot springs locations within the Makushin geothermal area.The surface temperatures of these hot springs are between 27°C and 100°C,and secondary chemical deposits include sulfur,silica,calcium carbonate,and pyrite. Hydrothermally altered areas of varying sizes and intensity surround the geothermal manifestations and are also found along a linear zone that extends from upper Glacier Valley to upper Makushin Valley.Alteration in the linear zone is of an orange-colored,kaolinitic,pyritic,albitic type that appears to be representative of an older hydrothermal system.Argillic alteration predominates around the manifestations and is occurring at present.This argillic alteration is characterized by formation of kaolinite,montmorillonite,albite,chlorite,and pyrophyllite (a high-temperature clay). The Makushin geothermal area is underlain by early Miocene Unalaska Formation that has been intruded by Miocene plutonic rocks.Pleistocene to Recent volcanic rocks mantle both older units.The Unalaska Formation observed in the Makushin geothermal area consists predominantly of interbedded volcanic rocks and sedimentary rocks.The plutonic rocks appear to form a fairly homogeneous stock of dioritic composition.The overlying volcanics include andesitic lavas,pyroclastics,and cinders.The more recent volcanics,which include cinder cones and large pyroclastic flows, are of post-glacial age.This recent volcanism is the surface expression of an underlying magma source which appears to be the heat source for the Makushin geothermal resource. A large percentage of the geothermal manifestations occurs within the diorite.The reservoir rock for the Makushin geothermal system appears to be fractured Makushin diorite.The diorite contains both joints,which occur on a Q.3-meter to 2.5-meter pattern,and tectonic fractures,which are trending predominantly northeast to southwest. 70 Chemical analysis of Makushin thermal waters indicate two water types exist.The predominant type is near-neutral to acidic,chloride-poor (310 mg/1)water that contains significant amounts of sulfate and carbonate with varying values of calcium,sodium,and magnesium,although calcium usually predominates.The second type is a chloride-rich water that is enriched in magnesium,potassium,and boron. Makushin ground waters are fresh waters whose chloride concentration is less than 18 milligrams per liter.The calcium and sulfate tons usually dominate.The ground waters in eastern Driftwood Bay valley are apparently a mixture of normal ground waters and the chloride-rich thermal waters. The chloride-poor thermal waters,which are classified as acid sulfate, obtain their thermal energy from steam and conductive heat flow.The low chloride values indicate that only steam accompanied by hot gases are present,and that a reservoir water is lacking.The steam has migrated from a steam cap that also supplies the ten fumaroles.Gas geothermometers estimate that the steam's maximum temperature is 297°C. The chloride-rich waters occurring in both Glacier Valley and Driftwood Bay valley suggest that a liquid-dominated geothermal resource exists beneath the steam cap.The magnesium concentrations,stable isotope values, and surface temperature indicate the reservoir water has mixed with ground waters in these hot springs.Mixing model geothermometers predict a subsurface temperature of 294°C.Stable isotopes of Makushin waters plot near the meteoric water line,except for the high temperature steam condensate samples.The chloride-rich water has a slight 3/8 shift that suggests nearly the same subsurface temperature as the mixing model geothermometer. The mercury concentrations of the Makushin geothermal area soils are anomalous in six broad areas.The large mercury concentrations (>31 ppm) indicate that exceedinglyhigh temperatures exist in the subsurface,and that the rock is moderately to highly fractured.Self-potential 71 measurements outline three significant anomalies and a minor low trough which extends from upper Glacier Valley to Fumarole Field #1.Modeling indicates that geothermal fluid or heat flow produces these anomalies. Point source models predict that the source that lies between 300 and 500 meters below the surface. All of these findings have been integrated into the geothermal Model I (Figure 11),which is a schematic east-west cross section of the Makushin geothermal area.The geothermal fluids originate via precipitation on recharge areas that are underlain primarily by rocks of the Unalaska Formation and the Makushin Volcanics.The meteoric waters percolate downwards into the diorite and are heated by conduction from a magma at depth to temperatures over 200°C.These hot hydrothermal waters then alter their host rocks at depth and rock-water interaction charge the water with dissolved salts.Minor flows of the hydrothermal waters rise to the surface where either they undergo mixing or cooling with meteoric water to form several dilute hot springs or reach temperature and pressure conditions of boiling and produce steam.The steam rises to the surface where it escapes in intensely altered zones and locally mixes with surface ground water to form several acid hot springs.The high temperatures in the geothermal system cause the mercury to rise to the surface,creating high mercury concentrations in soils,while the heat and the circulation of high temperature fluids create self-potential anomalies. A northeast-southwest lineament that extends from Glacier Valley through Fumarole Fields #3,#2,#1,and #8 appears to be a large,tectonically fractured zone that has been fractured at least two different times.The first fracturing accompanied the older alteration type with the second rupturing controlling the present Makushin geothermal system.An east-west fracture which intersects the large northeast-southwest linear in upper Glacier Valley appears to control the location of Fumarole Fields #4,#5, and #23. 72 elFIGURE 11 REFINED GEOLOGIC MODEL I OF THE MAKUSHIN GEOTHERMAL AREA Ce =NAANhe\ \ran LEGEND YY meteoric nechance Pd HYOROTHERMALFLUIDMOVEMENT €FfUMAROLE #HOT SPRING ,Ea wera HEAT SOURCE '+CD steam zone a7i,7 FRACTURES"Bite C=Makusutn votcanics [7.7]ionic ptuton UNALASKA FORMATION 5p] RGE E1323 The major geothermal target is the northeast-southwest linear zone. Surface manifestations,hydrothermal alteration minerals,soil mercury concentrations,and diorite reservoir rock coinciding with the zone suggest that an active,high temperature (>150°C),liquid-dominated geothermal system occurs at relatively shallow depths. E.Temperature Gradient Hole Site Selection The integration of the data obtained from the geological,geophysical and geochemical surveys resulted in development of a refined geothermal model.This model was evaluated to outline areas having maximum potential for hosting high temperature geothermal fluids.This evaluation resulted in the selection of three primary and three alternate drilling sites for temperature gradient holes (Plate VII).The six sites were then prioritized in accordance with terrain,weather,logistics,and environmental parameters.The six sites selected were Sites A,0D,E,I,H,and L.These site designations reflect the identification letter assigned on the application for the U.S.Fish and Wildlife Service Special Use Permit (see Appendix M,Phase IA Final Report). The D site was selected because of the close correspondence of both geophysical and geochemical (soil mercury)anomalies in Fox Canyon and because of its location close to the postulated heat source.This site also offered the possibility of testing the characteristics of the Makushin volcanic rocks and of determining the thickness of the volcanics and the nature of the underlying rock.This site initially had no unusually adverse logistical or environmental problems.Later in the project,strong winds and fog made logistics less favorable. The site located at the western edge of the pyroclastic plateau supporting the base camp,site E,was selected to test the area in which a geothermal mercury anomaly and the northeast-trending alignment of geothermal surface manifestations overlap.This site was logistically 74 practical and also permitted the evaluation of plutonic rock characteristics.It had no unusual environmental problems,and logistically was the least troublesome. Drill site I,located on the small pyroclastic plateau in upper Glacier Valley,was selected as a terrain-and logistical-compromise site to test an area that had high soil mercury concentrations,was in proximity to strong geothermal surface manifestations,and was an extension of the northeast-trending alignment of surface manifestations in upper Glacier Valley.This site was the most logistically practical for this area,and it was thought to be close enough to the obvious geothermal surface manifestations to provide information regarding the system boundaries.No significant environmental constraints were detected for this site. An alternate gradient hole site adjacent to Sugarloaf Cone,site A,was selected in order to evaluate the geothermal significance of Fumarole Field #8 and the large negative self-potential anomaly centered near Sugar loaf Cone.This site was considered to have lower priority than the three primary sites because no significant mercury anomaly was located near the Sugar loaf Cone and the geothermal activity appeared to be relatively restricted. The alternate gradient hole site located between the pyroclastic ("Camp")plateau and Fumarole Field #2,site L,was selected on the basis of its location within the high mercury geochemical anomaly,its high degree of hydrothermal alteration,and its situation along the northeast-trending alignment of geothermal manifestations.The primary site located on the pyroclastic plateau,site E,was preferred because of better accessibility and closer proximity to drilling water. A third alternate gradient hole site,site H,was selected below Fumarole Field #3 in Glacier Valley on the basis of the high mercury geochemical anomaly,the abundant alteration of outcrops,and because of its proximity to superheated fumarolic activity.The second priority assigned 75 to this site was based on its poor accessibility and the higher potential of incurring an uncontrolled blowout because of the highly altered nature of the ground.Also,site I was considered to be more likely to define the southern boundary of the system,especially in view of the existence of hot springs in the southern part of Glacier Valley. F.Temperature Gradient Hole Drilling Program Under "normal"operating conditions in the "Lower 48",1,500-foot temperature gradient holes are usually drilled using intermediate-sized, rotary,water-well drilling equipment with rock bits,and either air or mud as the circulating medium.Typical completions have 7-inch casing cemented in an 8-3/4-inch hole to 150+feet and 2-3/8-inch tubing then cemented in a 6-1/4-inch hole to 1,500+feet.However,on Unalaska the following two conditions dictated that this approach would be totally impractical from both economic and operational standpoints: 1.It was anticipated that both "hard"rock and highly unconsolidated rock would be encountered,resulting in extremely low penetration rates or early suspension of the drilling; 2.Terrain and weather constraints were such that even though anticipated drill sites were only 10 miles to 15 miles from Dutch Harbor,camp facilities would be required,and out of necessity the rig,equipment,supplies,and personnel would be transported and supported solely by helicopter. Based on these conditions,and in view of available funding,the decision was made to drill the temperature gradient holes with a small, portable rig capable of penetrating to 1,500-foot depth using relatively light equipment.Consequently,the generalized drilling procedure described in Appendix F was geared to the utilization of diamond core drilling equipment common to hard rock mining exploratory operations. 76 G.Permit Approvals Permitting requirements were discussed in detail in the Phase 1A Final Report (Task 3,page 11-19).Because of permitting time requirements, approvals for several permits for the temperature gradient hole operations had not been obtained at the time of the completion of the Phase 1A report. Permit applications and approvals which had been submitted or obtained at that time were discussed in Task 5,Subtask B (pages 58-59)and were included as Appendices I-M of the Phase IA Report. The permit applications submitted and the permit approvals received after the Phase 1A Report was completed are included as Appendix G of this report.They are: G-1)Approved Special Use Permit No.AI-82-10,signed by the U.S.Fish and Wildlife Service on April 27,1982; G-2)Solid Waste Permit No.8221-BA002,approved by the Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation on April 29,1982; G-3)Biological Sampling Permit No.82-87,approved by the Alaska Department of Fish and Game on April 27,1982; G-4)Temporary Water Use Application,submitted to the Alaska Department of Natural Resources on May 6,1982; G-5)Temporary Water Use Permit No.82-12,approved by the Alaska Department of Natural Resources on May 17,1982; G-6)Letter from the Alaska Department of Natural Resources regarding approval of temperature gradient hole operations,signed by David Hedderly-Smith and dated May 4,1982; 77 G-7) G-8) G-9) G-10) G-11) G-12) 6-13) G-14) G-15) G-16) Geothermal Drilling Authorization,issued by the Alaska Department of Natural Resources on May 27,1982; Application for Permit for Food Service Operation,submitted to the Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation on May 6,1982; Eating and Drinking Establishment Permit,issued by the Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation on May 17,1982; Application for a Habitat Protection Permit,submitted to the Alaska Department of Fish and Game on May 11,1982; Letter from the Alaska Department of Fish and Game stating that no Habitat Protection Permit is necessary,dated June 3,1982; Letter to Alaska Department of Fish and Game regarding modifica- tion in the scope of exploration activities and a brief status report of initial baseline data collection field work; Report of telephone conversation between Alaska Department of Fish and Game and Dames and Moore stating no Habitat Protection Permit is necessary for modified project; Diagram of water system for base camp,submitted to the Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation on June 25,1982; Drinking Water Analysis Report for Inorganic,Organic and Radio- chemical Contaminants,submitted to the Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation; Class C Water and Waste Systems Construction and Operation Certificate,approved by the Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation; 78 G-17) G-18) G-19) Cultural resources clearance statement,issued by the Alaska Department of Natural Resources,Division of Parks,State Historic Preservation Officer,on May 27,1982; Letter to the U.S.Fish and Wildlife Service regarding cultural resource potential,submitted May 25,1982; Cultural resources clearance statement,issued by U.S.Fish and Wildlife Service on June 8,1982. Some permits had conditions which required correspondence with the agency during the course of operations or notification of the agency after field work was completed.Letters written to comply with such permit conditions H-1) H-2) H-3) H-4) H-5) H-6) are included as Appendix H of this report.They are: Letter to the U.S.Fish and Wildlife Service in compliance with Special Use Permit AI-82-09,dated April 23,1982; Letter to the U.S.Fish and Wildlife Service in compliance with Special Use Permit AI-82-10,dated May 25,1982; Letter to the U.S.Fish and Wildlife Service in compliance with Special Use Permit AI-82-10,dated August 20,1982; Letter to the U.S.Fish and Wildlife Service in compliance with Special Use Permits AI-82-09 and AI-82-10,dated September 23, 1982; Letter to the Alaska Department of Natural Resources itn compliance with Geothermal Drilling Authorization,dated September 23,1982; Letter to the Alaska Department of Fish and Game in compliance with Biological Sampling Permit 82-87,dated December 8,1982. 79 H.Drilling Program Logistics The four major cost items in the drilling portion of the project were bid on a competitive basis.The following Alaskan firms were chosen as the successful bidders based on economic evaluation: a)Helicopter support -ERA Helicopter,Inc. b)Drilling equipment and personnel -Exploration Equipment and Supply Co.(EXSCO) c)Camp facilities and operation -Production Services,Inc.(PSI) d)Radio communications system -Trident Communications 1.Helicopter Support Helicopter support of the field geology and environmental parties was begun in early April using an A-Star-350 that subsequently was used to support the drilling operation.Personnel required for helicopter operations were a pilot and a full-time mechanic.Load-carrying capacity of the A-Star is 1,400+pounds on a sling,or five passengers plus the pilot.Fuel consumption was approximately 30 gallons of "Jet A"per hour.Fuel was purchased from Reeve Aleutian Airways,Inc.in Dutch Harbor.Exclusive of rig and camp mobilization and demobilization operations,the helicopter flew an average of approximately 4-1/2 hours per day.Activities were primarily the transportation of rig and camp fuel,drilling equipment and supplies,and camp supplies.The helicopter enabled crew changes to be made twice daily at temperature gradient hole sites D and I,barring weather which prohibited flying (site E could be reached by foot from camp).Additionally,two complete rig moves were accomplished by helicopter.Each move required five days from the time of completion of one hole to spudding of the next. 80 2.Drilling Equipment and Personnel Due to the remoteness of Unalaska Island relative to drilling services and supply sources,it was decided that all equipment and materials required for the entire three-well program would be transported to a Dutch Harbor staging area and stored until actually required on site. In early April 1982,meetings were held with EXSCO management to quantify,as accurately as possible,the requirements for the project including all drilling equipment with back-up spare parts,tubular goods,blowout prevention equipment,bits and coring equipment,mud supplies,water supply pumps and lines,welding equipment and supplies, etc.At all times it was necessary to remember that no single equipment item could weigh in excess of 1,400 pounds due to helicopter load capacity limitations. Approximately 32 tons of material were shipped by barge from Anchorage to Dutch Harbor in mid-May.Near the end of May 1982,the equipment and supplies were unloaded from the Sea Land Services,Ltd. containers at the Unalaska staging area located at Carl's Inc.Timbers were obtained locally and set at drill site D in order to elevate the rig approximately 5 feet above ground level so as to provide clearance for the blowout prevention equipment. Beginning May 28,drilling equipment was lifted from the staging area to the drill site and temperature gradient hole (TGH)D-1 was spudded on June 7. 3.Camp Facilities and Operation Camp facilities were shipped to Dutch Harbor in early April and some tents were erected for the use of the field geologists and environmental scientists.Construction of the entire camp was completed 81 approximately May 29 and full-scale operation began on May 30.The camp remained in continuous operation from that time until the completion of TGH I-1 on September 8,with occupancy ranging from eight to twelve persons.Physically,the camp comprised six "Weather-Port"type floored tents (one kitchen-mess hall tent,one bath-shower-laundry tent,and four sleeping tents).Food stuffs,fuel,and consumables were purchased from Carl's Inc.and air-lifted to the camp or drill site on an "as needed"basis. For TGH's D-1 and I-1,which were located considerable distances from the camp,an onsite survival tent was erected and a stock of food supplies maintained in the event that weather conditions prevented scheduled crew changes.The I-1 TGH location proved particularly troublesome from a weather standpoint and on numerous occasions crews were forced to make use of the survival facility. 4.Communications In late May,Trident Corporation installed a single sideband,high frequency (SSB-HF)radio system with one base station at the camp and one in Dutch Harbor.Unfortunately,the rugged topography made it impossible to effectively communicate from the camp to Dutch Harbor, although the camp could occasionally reach Trident's Anchorage base station. The system was modified in early June to a line-of-sight,very high frequency (VHF)system with base station units provided by EXSCO (the drilling contractor)at no charge.However,again due to topography,a repeater station,leased from Trident,was required to enable contact with Dutch Harbor.This VHF system eventually provided reliable communication between units at the camp,the drill site,and Dutch Harbor. 82 Contact with the helicopter was achieved by use of ultra high frequency (UHF)hand-held units.When drilling operations were moved to Glacier Valley (TGH I-1 location),a second repeater unit was required for transmission over the pass between Glacier and Makushin Valleys. This second repeater allowed communications between all base units and the helicopter as well. , Once the basic problems were recognized and resolved,the radio communications network was very effective.It is anticipated that the VHF system (or slight variations thereof)will be utilized for future operations. 83 STAGE VI TEMPERATURE GRADIENT HOLE DRILLING A.Move In And Rig Up These operations have been discussed under Stage V.H."Drilling Program Logistics". B.Drilling Supervision Under the onsite supervision of Republic personnel,and in compliance with the generalized program attached as Appendix F,three temperature gradient holes (TGH's)were drilled and completed according to the following schedule: TGH Total Depth Spud Date Completion Date D-1 1,438!6/07/82 1/14/82 E-1 1,501'1/19/82 8/08/82 I-1 1,500'8/13/82 9/08/82 The first temperature gradient hole,D-1,required more actual drilling time (28 days)than succeeding holes.A portion of this may be attributed to start-up problems commonly incurred when drilling in a new area;however,the major problem was due to the necessity of penetrating an unexpectedly long section (1250+feet)of highly fractured and,in some cases,unconsolidated volcanic rocks overlying the diorite pluton.Drill hole conditions itn the volcanic rocks often caused poor core recovery and resulted in two time- consuming fishing jobs. Temperature gradient hole E-1,drilled at the campsite,was relatively trouble-free.The diorite pluton was encountered at 40 feet and drilling proceeded smoothly to total depth (T.0.).The hole was drilled and completed in 21 days. . 84 The final TGH,I-1,was drilled in Glacier Valley.After some initial sloughing problems in bouldery colluvium which required moving the rig approximately 100 yards,the hole was drilled and completed without incident. The overall drilling time of 26 days included three days lost due to hole problems prior to moving the rig and an additional estimated five days that were lost due to weather when,because of extreme fog,helicopter support was not possible and crew changes and refueling operations could not be accom- plished on schedule. Detailed histories of the three TGH's are found in Appendices I-1,I-2, and I-3. C.Data Acquisition Throughout the drill operations,drilling cuttings and cores from the three temperature gradient holes on Makushin Volcano were collected,logged, and stored.Drill cuttings were collected from 0 to 344 feet on hole D-1,0 to 110 feet on hole E-1,and 0 to 100 feet on hole I-1.The remaining footage was cut with NC,NX,and BQ size cores.A total of 4,430 feet of hole was drilled and sampled. The 554 feet of drill cuttings were collected as 10-foot composite samples by sieving the mud return line until a volume of cuttings amounting to two standard cloth sample bags was caught.These samples were then washed in clean water several times and stored in cloth bags that were marked in water- proof ink with the hole number and the sampled interval. The recovered core was washed and broken into two-foot sections.The cleaned sections were then placed into divided,plastic-coated cardboard boxes.The top,bottom,and other important depths were marked on the core while the sampling depth,hole number,and area name (Makushin)were recorded on the top and side of the box. 85 Both the cuttings and cores were examined at the camp with a 10x hand lens and an adjustable (10-70x)microscope.The examination enabled determination of the lithology,alteration mineralogy,and fracture pattern of the rocks. Rock chip samples were collected during the field examination for both whole-rock geochemical analyses and for examination via petrographic thin sections.The whole-rock chips were sampled every foot and combined into composite samples of 10 or 12 feet,and the chips were sealed in thick plastic bags for shipment.Approximately 300 grams of chips were collected for every sampling interval.Thin section samples were selected as reference for all major lithologies and to aid in interpretation of rock type and alteration mineralogy. The whole-rock and thin-section samples were shipped to Los Angeles,while the remaining cuttings and core were given to the Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys (DGGS)for further analyses and study. D.Environmental Monitoring Environmental impacts resulting from the initial geologic work and the temperature gradient hole operations were monitored in two ways:1)through site inspections in May,June and late August-early September by environmen- tally trained personnel from Republic and Dames and Moore,and from various regulatory agencies;and 2)through the environmental baseline data program. As discussed below,environmental impacts resulting from these operations were determined to be negligible,and the experience gained should make the 1983 operations even less impacting. The site inspections were conducted in three different time periods which roughly corresponded with the different phases of the operations.The site inspections in May coincided with the initial geologic work and set-up of the base camp;the inspections in June coincided with the drilling of the first temperature gradient hole;and the inspections in August-September coincided with the completion of the temperature gradient hole operations.The May and 86 August-September site visits were conducted by the Dames and Moore Project Manager concurrent with the field collection of data for the environmental baseline data program,and the June inspections were conducted by Republic's Senior Environmental Planner and Dames and Moore's Project Manager concurrent with site inspections by regulatory agency personnel. Because the initial geologic work was primarily conducted on foot with helicopter assistance,no significant environmental impacts were anticipated. Observations made during the May site inspections of the temporary base camp confirmed the absence of significant impacts.The following observations, recommendations and/or actions resulted from the May inspections: J}.The camp facilities were installed in accordance with applicable permit applications and approvals,with two minor exceptions as discussed in Items 3 and 4 below. 2.The camp operations appeared to be very clean,and in keeping with Alaska Department of Environmental Conservations (ADEC)Solid Waste Disposal Permit.Burnable waste was incinerated and,at this stage of the operations,the residue,along with non-burnable waste,was flown to the Dutch Harbor landfill.Camp water was withdrawn from a small stream apparently above barriers to fish passage. 3.The base camp was located on a plateau at approximately the 1,250- foot elevation,in the headwater area of Makushin Valley river and bounded by several sharply-incised canyons.The Dames and Moore Project Manager observed that gray water was not being discharged into a leach line,but rather was simply released over the edge of a steep bluff.Republic's field personnel corrected this by digging a gray water leach line in the location recommended by Dames and Moore. 4.The Dames and Moore Project Manager observed that the outhouse was close enough to the edge of the bluff to allow some visible leaching of black waste water.Republic's field personnel corrected this 87 problem by moving the outhouse to another location away from the edge of the bluff. At the time of the June site inspections,the initial geologic work had been completed and drilling of the first temperature gradient hole was under- way.On the first day of these visits only representatives of Dames and Moore and Republic visited the sites,with agency representatives joining the second day.The following observations,recommendations,and/or actions were made by Republic and Dames and Moore as a result of the June site visits: 1.Overall,both the base camp and the drill site were found to be in excellent conditon.Both sites were very clean.Operations appeared to be conducted and maintained in accordance with the conditions of the various permits.Copies of the permits were located in a readily accessible place in the cook tent and were available for easy refer- ence.Also,reminders of certain permit conditions and environmental concerns were posted in the cook tent.The onsite project manager appeared to be providing an environment where awareness of clean operations and compliance with permit conditions was known to have a high priority. 2.Some lumber previously had been blown from the campsite into the canyon.Prior to the site visit,field personnel had retrieved all that could be retrieved,but a minor amount of lumber still remained perched on the canyon wall.This was judged to be an unavoidable and unmitigatable impact,albeit a minor one. 3.On the first day of the visits,it was recommended to the onsite project manager that more dirt be used in the garbage pit after the burning of wastes.This recommendation was immediately put into effect;on the second day of the site visits the situation was cor- rected. 88 4.The first temperature gradient hole was drilled in an area with very poor,rocky soil,and no topsoil had been removed to create the site.However,site at the base camp was to be drilled in an area of tundra,where topsoil was thin and important to the revegetation process.Field personnel were requested to stockpile the topsoil cleared from the two remaining temperature gradient hole sites at the periphery of each site for use in site reclamation. 5.Field personnel were observed feeding an arctic fox which approached the cook tent at the base camp.Upon further investigation,it was noted that a fox den with two foxes was located approximately100 yards from the camp,and that the female fox had begun approaching camp on a regular basis.The fox appeared to be unafraid of humans, and personnel had been feeding the fox table scraps when the animal approached.The onsite project manager was reminded of the condition of the Special Use Permit issued by the U.S.Fish and Wildlife Service which prohibited the feeding of wildlife,and was requested to discontinue the practice.This was followed-up in a memorandum report of the site visits. 6.The small amounts of waste drilling muds,cement,and cuttings produced during drilling at the temperature gradient hole site were being discharged at the surface on one side of the site and not being contained.At the time of the site inspection,the volume produced had been relatively minimal so the problem was mostly one of aesthet- ics.Recommendations were made in the field and back in the office that steps should be taken to contain the muds,etc.,in one area and dispose of them properly at the completion of operations.These recommendations were followed for both the second and third tempera- ture gradient holes. On the second day of the June site inspections,representatives of the U.S.Fish and Wildlife Service and the Alaska Department of Fish and Game also visited the sites.A representative of the Alaska Department of Environmental 89 Conservation who was scheduled to visit,cancelled.Agency personnel who visited the sites specifically stated that they were impressed with how well the operations were being conducted,and with how only very minor environ- mental impacts were created. In late August-early September,Dames and Moore's Project Manager observed the operations while in the area to complete collection of environmental baseline data.The following were observations,recommendations,and/or results of the August-September site visits: 1.Temperature gradient hole operations at all three sites had been very clean.Drilling mud was seldom used;it was often replaced with water.The mud that was used was contained in small pits and buried in the appropriate fashion at the conclusion of drilling.Garbage had been removed from the temperature gradient hole sites to the appropriate waste disposal site. 2.The base camp and vicinity was kept clean despite the potential for wind-blown waste scatter.Base camp operations continued to be maintained in accordance with applicable permits,with only one exception (see Item 3). 3.Field personnel were again observed feeding the foxes and were again requested to discontinue the practice.For the 1983 field operations a special effort will be made to prevent a recurrence of this persis- tent problem.The foxes may inhabit the same den and will likely approach the cook tent again for food.Field personnel will be instructed on how to discourage the foxes from approaching,and all feeding by any personnel will be strictly prohibited. 4,Environmental impacts from the temperature gradient hole operations were minimal.The operations occurred away from areas of environ- mental concern (e.g.streams,valleys,coastal areas).All drilling water was withdrawn from streams above barriers to fish passage.No 90 geothermal fluid was encountered,and thus no geothermal fluid dis- charges to the surface or into the streams occurred.Al]equipment, facilities,and wastes were removed from the area of operations and topsoil was replaced in areas that had been cleared for the dril] rig.All operations were conducted in a clean and workmanlike manner. The 1982 Baseline Environmental Data Collection Program (discussed as Section III.B.of this report and presented in Appendix B),although primarily undertaken for other reasons,was an additional tool by which environmental impacts resulting from the first year's field operations could be monitored. Impacts potentially could be observed by comparing the results of the May sampling of water quality and fishery resources with the September sampling. However,as expected,natural seasonal variations in water quality and fishery resources between May and September were many orders of magnitude greater than any impacts likely to be detectable from the initial geologic and temperature gradient hole drilling operations.Thus,no impacts resulting from geothermal operations were discernible in the baseline environmental data. 91 STAGE VII -DATA SYNTHESIS AND DEEP WELL SITE SELECTION A.Analysis of Data from Temperature Gradient Holes The following discussion describes and interprets geological,thermal, and geochemical data derived from the three temperature gradient holes drilled during 1982 in the Makushin Volcano geothermal area. 1.Temperature Gradient Hole D-1 Temperature gradient hole D-1 was drilled on the plateau adjacent to Fox Canyon (Plate VII),approximately 1.6 km northwest of the base camp at State Plane Coordinates N1,183,750 £4,969,300.As shown on Figure 12,the hole was spudded in glacial boulder till 40-feet thick that mantles a sequence of Makushin Volcanics that extended from 40 feet to 1,222 feet.The volcanics are a series of essentially unaltered porphyritic andesite and basaltic andesite flows (Photo 1)with interbeds of scoriaceous andesitic cinders,lahars and gravel (Figure 12).Below the volcanics,from 1,222 feet to total depth at 1,429 feet,the hole penetrated a highly altered (propylitized)and fractured,fine-grained to cryptocrystalline diorite (Photo 2),which is cut by an andesite dike from 1,370 feet to 1,393 feet (Photo 3).The diorite is intensely fractured and veined in the upper portion,with most fractures having near-vertical inclinations.Alteration minerals include sulfur,pyrite,kaolinite,calcite,epidote,quartz,anhydrite, and chlorite (Photos 4 and 5).Most of these minerals are products of the reaction between the rock and high temperature (>150°C) hydrothermal fluids.The quartz,epidote,anhydrite,and sulfur are primarily found as fracture fillings,although epidote ts also found in the groundmass.The andesite dike transecting the diorite is probably related to the young Makushin volcanic sequence. 92 DEPTH(FEET)FIGURE 12 TEMPERATURE GRADIENT HOLE D-1 LITHOLOGY OF MAKUSHIN GEOTHERMAL AREA UNALASKA ISLAND,ALASKA 100 200 LOCATION:__N 1,183,750 SPUD DATE: 6/7/82 COMPLETION DATE: E 4,969,300 LITHOLOGY DESCRIPTION 7/14/82 ALTERATION AND MINERALIZATION 3 CvsAeVMeeyes >|Andesite rd Andesite oaeree>¢5¥Cinders theaidsA poorly sorted glacial t11)composed of variety of frock types ranging tn size from small cobbles ta large boulders entrained in a fine sandy clay matrtx. Black perphyrttic basaltic ancesite contatning clear plagtoclase phenacrysts in an apnanitic grouncmass. A dark grey perphyritic andesite containing clear plagioclase phenocrysts if an aphanitie grouncmass. A red apnanitic cinder sone. Dark grey perphyritic andesite containing clear Dlagteciase phenecrysts 1f an aphanitic greunamass. Began caring at 344 feet. Dark grey,hard,dense,porphyritic andesite containing clear plagisclase phencerysts tn an aananttte groundmass that ts slightly fractured from 362 te 389 feet.Sath the top and bottom of the flew are marked dy 4 red baked tone. Nedius qrey,hard,dense,perpnyritic andesite containing G.1 inch diameter plagioclase phenocrysts in a8 apnanttic grouncmass that t2 hignly fractured. A black,hard,perpnyrttic andesite containing plagieclase phenocrysts measuring ug to 0.1 Inch in diameter in an aghanitte groundmass.The rece 1s nignly fractured. A medius qrey,hard,poronyritic andesite containing plaqteclase phenecrysts measuring up to 0.1 inch tn diameter 1m an apnantic groundmass that contains miner hern@lende crystals.Rock 18 moderately fractured. Slac&cinders intermixed with miner obsidian layers. Medium grey,hard,massive,perphyritic andesite containing plagteclase phenecrysts measuring us te Q.3 Inen in dtameter in an apnanttic grounamss. Stigntly fractured below 635 Ft. A dart grey,hard,glassy andesite containing plagioclase phenocrysts measuring up te 0.1 tneh in diameter in an apnanitic glassy grouncmass.Very Miner weathering ane ouidation Aporoximatety 20%of the cuttings are coated with &Fed oxide stain. Nene tone A few of the fractures are liqntty casted with a yelliowtsn taa clay.$ None None None a] A few fractures are Vignely coated with a Vignt brew ¢lay.cr Nene A-glassy.green mstertat with a foamy texture coats numerous fractures. Numerous fractures sre ligntly coated with tan clay. four very narrow tenes ofrya1,1s.a .kaelinttic clay and miner Ex,6Andesitenerhornblendecrystals.Moderately fractured pyrite.re A medium qrey,hard.dense,perphyritic glatsy None anéetite containing hornblende and plagioclase A qlassy,green material phencerysts measuring up te 0.2 tnen tn diameter in with a foamy texture an apnanitic grounemass.Mogerately fractured.coats numerous fractures. A mectum grey,hard,perphyrttic,glassy andesite A glassy,green matertat with plagiectase phenocrysts up to 0.1 inen tn with &foamy texture Giameter.Stigntly te highly fractured.coats numerous fractures. Fracture zane from 924 ts 227 ft. A goerty sorted angular uncesented gravel cansisting None of a vartety of lithelogte fragments, Red ang Slack cinders.Recevered only 4 feet of core.]ene pas'ey :t sotpicteesseccged A Nard,massive,well consaitdated tanar that NenepitetoustWtvatBrieendLh:canetsts af a vartety of poarly sorted,anquiar.1 200 Stine rereet eet ee.anar lithological fragments up to $incaes in dtameter set $A narrow kaolinite zone3%fas:tyne pret | 1m &Drown sandy matrix.at 1.211 feet.LJpinatesateabeeketohalwhdimtnetend+++©+ee GE- +©©©©@ a REEleeeeoeeaUME "++©©©6 A Dighly fractures and ehi++++++@ 4 Nignly alteres dtertte fae |>+++©&©A Vigne grey,hard,Aignly fractured,containing native sulfur,1 300k SS eee Diorite cryptacrystaitine dtorite compesed of plagioclase and |pyrite,kaolinite clay,Le9++©++++hornolende crystais.The rack is tocally stained eoidote,quartz,by .'warerarerarare green.annyarite,zeelites,and Fy"5 Yh ++©+©©ll chlortte.AB ae 3i+>+¢+a 9>+ro ae 1 +,>4 4 A greenish grey,hard,porpnyrttic anaestte dike Mtnor chlorite with minor J,.zehMaeeatyh.cantaining pyroxene,nornblende,and plagioclase epidote at 1,391 feet.f4haeLfLaeeh>Andesite phencerysts.few fractures.we1,40¢0 A medium grey,hard,mocerately fractured A hignly altered diortte Kah*7 *+%+*IDiorite Cryptocrystalline diortte composed of plagioclase ana |containing kaolinite,GGfF***&eH &hornotenae?crystais.annyer ite abundant rm Gs Byrtte,epidota,and - Ortlied te 1,438 feet could not recaver tast core chlartte.3barrel.ast core sample at 1,429.5 feet.rs) 3 41,500 Note:Q *Quartz,Ca =Calcite,E =Epidoce,A =Anhyadrite,?=Pyrite,K =Kaolinite,Cl =Clay,C =Chiorite,Z =Zeolite,S =Sulfur Thin Section Locations*« 93 egORRS. PHOTO 1:Photomicrograph of porphyritic andesite from TGH D-1core at 376 ft. (2.5 x objective lens,with crossed nicols) PHOTO 2:Photomicrograph of very fine grained altered diorite from core at 1239 ft.in TGH D-1 showing secondary carbonate ,anhydrite and zoisite (?). (10 x objective lens with crossed nicols) it a Le S37 GN eee aEeLatORlearegtneeekPipeRea.¥>5SSRat'Yord teokh bak cx es '+Stl.wee ff ot,Pee eA,Kn.ra 'eee a ne BD - PHOTO 3:Photomicrograph of a young andesite dike from core at 1386 ft.in TGH D-1 showing porphyritic texture and alteration of the phenocrysts. (2.5 x objective lens with crossed nicols) PHOTO 4:Photomicrograph of altered fine grained diorite from core at 1429.5 ft.in TGH D-1 showing alteration of the rock to chlorite and calcite. (10 x objective lens with crossed nicols) Temperature measurements made in TGH D-1 (Table 12)indicated essentially isothermal convective conditions (ground water circulation) to approximately 700 feet (Figure 13).Below this depth the temperature increases at high rates (from 8.6°F/100 feet,up to 38°F/100 feet)ina conductive (linear)manner to total depth (T.D.).The zone of high temperature gradients corresponds with a self-sealed zone defined by the whole-rock geochemical studies (Appendix J).The gradient over the last 125 feet 1s 15.4°F/100 feet.This gradient is still very high (average temperature gradient worldwide is 1.8°F/100 feet)and it indicates that higher temperatures exist at depth,although the depth to maximum temperature cannot be estimated on the basis of data from this hole alone.The elevated temperature recorded at T.0.[212.36°F (100.2°C)], the high gradient over the last several hundred feet of hole,and the high-temperature alteration of the surrounding rock all suggest the presence of a relatively shallow hydrothermal system. Chemical analyses for 12 selected elements (Hg,As,Pb,F,Si0 Li,S,Ca,Mo,Zn,Ag,Cu)were performed on samples of the core 2' recovered from TGH D-1.Samples were collected over 10-foot intervals and initial analyses were made of 100-foot composites of the 10-foot samples.Selected anomalous 100-foot intervals were then reanalyzed at 10-foot intervals to define the anomalies more precisely.A detailed report of these analyses can be found in Appendix J. The D-1 core is strongly enriched in Hg from 300 feet to 500 feet and from 1,200 feet 1,300 feet (Figure 14).The upper enriched zone shows no associated enrichment of the other elements,whereas the lower interval shows corresponding strong gains in As,S,Li,and F.These other elements are also enriched in the 1,300-foot to 1,430-foot interval with a concomitant decrease in Hg content.These chemical patterns suggest that hot water (>200°C)has been in contact with the rocks between 1,304 feet and 1,393 feet (Bamford et al.,1980).The thermal data does show a decrease in gradient in that interval,but the measured temperature is still below 100°C and the likelihood of a 99 TABLE 12 TEMPERATURE DATA OF TEMPERATURE GRADIENT HOLES MAKUSHIN VOLCANO GEOTHERMAL AREA UNALASKA ISLAND,ALASKA TGH D-14 TGH E-1 TGH I-1 9/18/82 9/15/82 9/18/82 9/18/82Enviro-LabD Enviro-LabD KusterD Enviro-LabD Depth (ft.)Temp.°C Temp.°C Temp.°C Temp.°C Surface 9.8 8.0 (air)13.5 25 12.3 100 8.9 16.0 "16.3 200 8.2 36.3 "23.2 250 41.8 275 46.0 300 7.5 57.3"46.9 350 49.2 375 49.5 400 8.4 719.4 50.1 500 9.8 97.1 (water)59.1 550 104.6 59.7 600 9.7 111.2 61.3 650 118.2 63.7 675 121.4 700 10.0 125.3 113.6 64.9 725 129.2 750 132.5 65.2 71715 135.8 800 16.1 139.0 130.1 66.5 825 142.1 850 145.2 900 20.4 143.7 69.2 950 69.7 1000 34.4 (no measurement)10.7 (clock stopped) 1050 710.2 1100 62.8 173.3 71.7 1150 71.8 1200 71.8 186.4 74.6 1250 75.0 1300 89.5 190.8 715.2 1375 79.4 1400 96.0 192.2 19.8 1425 99.8 1435 100.2 1450 78.5 7475 77.6 1485 195.0 1500 77.5 aTGH -Temperature Gradient Hole DbTool used for measurement 100 DEPTH(FEET)FIGURE13 TEMPERATURE GRADIENT HOLE D-1_SPUD DATE: TEMPERATURE DATA OF MAKUSHIN GEOTHERMAL AREA 6/7/82 UNALASKA ISLAND,ALASKA COMPLETION DATE: ee 7/14/82 LOCATION:_N 1,183,750 E 4,969,300 LITHOLOGY TEMPERATURE °C 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 0 Pro.Vor nore ah -ps -(ole gy ¢"7eeasAndesite7 Por A bt PoaASsteeos»,>a4>Dotan kn,vr coq Cinders af Andesite D-1 FOX CANYON R.E.Y.9/18/82 Cinders sk eprpey sat ;pprauenpeweiainatad Lahar192QOQO.PRES Grodin teres 334FEUERTETLTRRd big 1,300 Diorite x1 *+©©©©im,Fes %et aSPeeehaead Andesite1:40 +¢#¢©©++FDiorite XN 100.2°C @ 1425”af ¢+o +oo 4 T.D.1425 RGtC962Thin Section Locations +« 101 _FIGURE 14 DISTRIBUTION OF INDICATIVE GEOCHEMICAL ELEMENTS IN TEMPERATURE GRADIENT HOLE D-1 Hy.Aee Se Ltr Fo Coe S102.Cur Mere Phe ond Zn Getne &Loeese (C&L)ve Depth for Riapesite (100-Feet)Cuttings and Core Senples from Orilt Hele D-1,Meunt Mekushin Prospect,Unatacke Ielend.Aleske.®@ c0tPPB Hy OUL PP Ae Gal 28 oat Pen Ls cat PPM F Gal %Co OAL %$102 oat PP Ce Gal PPH Fle Gal PP Pb Gal PPM Zn OL oit?:200,9510-0 90-9 gj -t0 1:09 9:3:20,yg zt09-400,974-00 4:09 g719-00 10-09 97100.200)972:%;oz:$opide:200, 3 F E i rT)«et. \)wy an oe oe 74 "0.r]«ss i C a ta i HN mo i a 2. "2,2.6 +09 "8.-20.32 F -.00 E ]33..i 5.e. 2 2 2 ot 2t of of ae af H az 4b red +2.6.0 .02 ;]2 f "8.F |on |1.08 3 -3.g ie '"4. 3 3 3 af af 3¢3E 3 3¢H tp xt 3 Jes.,ae Oo |-3.i 730.i +29 q -.40 3.'%.42. at 4 4 at at fH 4 4 4 at at 4 330.-4 ry .00 0.-40,M "1.80 23.0.3 10. b}5 5 5 Sf'5 5 St 5 .s 7 5 5.-.8 -00 i -10."42 +130 3.ie 'v4. 6 6 6 ef 7 6 6 6 6 6¢6 6 0.]+00 "2.-10.;-.20 .40 2,e.1 F «. ?7 ?7g ry rt ???'Le 3 -s.a -00 t. : 20.F AY]+20 "2.0..-¢. e 8 8 ef 8 at 8 )r)et 8 ®.2.8 +.00 L -t.so.|Ar =.30 a.1.|s.e. 9 9 9 934 of 9 9 9 9 9 929.et -07 4 -30.-.16 -.20 ae..oe m4.i aa.rr).00 a -3.$20..04 -.70 5 23..1 ry101010vot10rotTj101010}10f 0.-0 .00 0.0.-00 .00 @. : r ®.0. WW 3 """W "Fd "W ""rr3 12 |vat ls 12 ]ak |__+tat *af UT ak Pye 12t "7 sal "a *vet [" aon-q 36.4 ry)14.ry]104.-2.47 i "4 4 -42.'°.q "10. 1304 F aS !:: :[®.[39.8 [$.9044 [Ne [207.[§-.98 ["245 [5 24.[F [°[F -.. 33 jw a 12.0 3 304 FE v7]3op.:2.47 |}2.20 -100.iF -TJ '}" vst is ist ist ist ist 15 ist ist ist isi Neotest Depth sheen tn 100 feet antte. @ Plotted veluce are apperent geine &feoence (OAld coleulated by oubtrostingbeckgroundveluce(Table 2)From eriginel geecheontcal dete (Appendix 0).>Indicates sone of pecstble hel-weter ontrise looe Teble I}. /GC C980 significant,present-day water entry 1s small.This interval may have been a zone of hot water movement in the not-too-distant past which is, however,presently sealed.The rocks between 700 feet and 1,200 feet in TGH D-1 appear to be self-sealed and lacking in significant fractures. They probably constitute an impermeable cap for the reservoir in this area based on the general lack of trace element losses or gains in this interval.Although the stratigraphic section between 700 feet and 1,200 feet does contain cinder and gravel interbeds which one would expect to be porous,the temperature profile shows a marked increase in gradient indicating a conductive (no vertical fluid circulation)regime.In this case,both the geochemical data and the temperature data indicate the existence of an impermeable cap.Overall,the geochemistry from TGH D-1 suggests proximity to a geothermal resource having temperatures in excess of 200°C. 2.Temperature Gradient Hole E-1 Temperature gradient hole E-1,which is located at State Plane Coordinates N1,179,200 £4,971,650,was drilled near the base camp,close to the contact between the tuffs underlying the plateau and the diorite outcropping on the mountainside. The E-1 hole penetrated a sandy tuff from surface to approximately .40 feet.It then encountered weathered diorite which quickly graded into relatively fresh,hard,massive diorite (Figure 15).The diorite extends from 40 feet to T.D.at 1,501 feet,in marked contrast to the D-1 hole where andesites and other volcanic rocks comprise the first 1,200 feet of hole.In general,the diorite in TGH E-1 is massive and fine-to coarse-grained with hypidiomorphic-granular texture (Photo 6), although the upper 300 feet are texturally more like a porphyry (Photo 7).The diorite is generally propylitized,but the degree of alteration and chloritization can vary dramatically over distances of a few feet (Photos 8 and 9).Veins and fractures are present throughout the hole,but are commonly found in 10-foot or 15-foot thick zones 103 FIGURE 15 TEMPERATURE GRADIENT HOLE E-1LITHOLOGYOFMAKUSHINGEOTHERMAL AREA UNALASKA ISLAND,ALASKA N 1,179,200 E 4,971,650LOCATION: LITHOLOGY DESCRIPTION SPUD DATE: '7/19/82 COMPLETION DATE: 8/8/82 ALTERATION AND MINERALIZATION Qrowntsn grey silt and sand with a Tittle clay ane ideatnoresSandyTuffintereedsofasa(vitric tuff). woe Carte grey,courte grained crystalline,lecaltyWeatheredDioriteweatheredteclay."ee Diorite Redius wederatel +hn i]..erey,ately courte grained with severa Clay (culeritel),roalites?a ak ase eax 3 (Began Coring @ 90 }[reactures lines with clay minerals (zeeltte?)s 2 fe .as*.€b *ooo ©@ 4 actures 0.5 me wide with 48°te vertical attitudes Tete atneralizee trac tersted c,7,ee en 2 Mpendaak eyrite cP=,es oe ©oe wo.Same a5 abeve with some Dietite crystais.Coman thin mtneralizeq wetns/eley.EC.»,ct oo eo ««»|Diorite cRlertte ase lensl!!200 \stense t a >©©©©©Otertte becomes fine grained at 125 ft.vrieatens ee 1ST Pee alee titan @ 6.8 8Kieooeo©©Rec becemes course grained at 150 ft.colette,sat satente nevaies.|flo.¢>+>©©©©©6 Predem fresh with minertaltzed sone at 177 ft.Fresh 7 silica,epiectet and pyrite . 200 stetite crystals in dterite. ._che -©©©©©©+Several htgn angie fractures with argittic esters ame calartie bal %CPE\*+e ©©@ mineraltration (chlertte?)less bietite,mre ity+©©©@ of hernelende of pyrozenes at 240 ft.,first greunemass Local tate siliceous vers,pyrite >+¢@©©©&epicete.cee ce ee ee aang,cryitalling epidece, *Pp o>o>@ @ 4 Fine-medtun qraines Mortt 1/2 Practureveniertte,clay,-¢¢©©&©Sletite-nernslende diertte with magnett tte.Po 6+©©©O 4 shewa siltcea cemented brecctated texture.A tow tain stltea vote,syrtte 300 >++©+++1°section with zenelitns at 263 Ft.tet ereite.191008 aSeftargqtlitesection(seasy texture).7 *fe ai7 ovr vee 6 atl ft.<m2 ft.'Stiteneus versiets aroma 299 ft.icy >©©©©©&+a oo ©©@ o - .Several near vertical fractures with clay and reelite >+o ««Diorite coatingsbdodo>Grounamase chleritized weakly >©+At 353 ft.,7S°fracture nite silckensides sugqgesting Local st lier#teattee.aver7+++&6©6&6 @ ttrthe slip metion,eorente,peneveta calerite. arqiltte veins lecal siliceous400Nearverticalopenfracturewithquartscrystals.votne ane stner epiente.+6 ©° >+©*-+¢+Disseminated qroundmase eptdete.Meer vertical siitcoom vetes, 1Geecciatexturewithsomehernfelsicxeneliths.jecaity arqtitie,leeai1?.*,+ee eo Kenetttns Cssmmmnated eptente,r *"errr Massive medius grain dierits with hernfels semelttns.f ooiiitsee acer vertical veine/ €. 6,oo +©©©4 T ft.aplite dite at 457 ft.with fine Biettte,tiltes, +?oe several veins and fractures.Miser calerita,localized epteme,| on o al.Some uenelitns;at 483 ft.large magnetite crystals asitea.500 ana clusters of horns lende.Aeandant pyrite ae ace>+of ©+ o«¢°>2 FR.vertics)fracture with cnlertte amd reelitet Lesally settettiea.ees ,+oe eo oe Alse stlica vet wit quartz crystals in massive Tete etacval ized vetes.ra] *¢©#»+»{Diorite Morite. =.qa >+©©©+Massive diorite wtth onde ind bietite.Commen chlortttzatian,opidete vet Gf.¢Notas AE cove te $16 7%.;BE ates $9.CTbd°beinw S78 Ft.et>©©©©+©of Fine grained dierite._ee mer ¢!--- 609 e o ++Frese,massive dierite,waanly cnlerittres.e a .o >Py Relatively fresh,fine gratned,massive with Ngnt Local siitetfied vegesentecte,weet >©©©€qroen tint.cnleritizerion e A oe ¢6 sear wortteal siltcesus vetelots q ->o>©©o>6 @ 4 fant 45°fractures ere ettecten teat me feodbd"++©Frean eiertte angie vetnes silica one vores w P e+©©©©>4 Dierite richer in mafic minerals,massive senyertte and reeitte C2 azwi700odod++Several vetussataer clay or/sities.0ci,¢,¢,>catertte,soune pyrite icLi-¢©©6 @ ©Winer calerittratien ->+>+o ©6 ©©o Siites-caterite vere at tare,fa C.F "ef ©©©@ @ ' te neer vein,ntee|=tasitnite vera,asevreslite?Fo”=r >.*.'.o ;+Diorite Massive,fine.medium grained.fresh Winer enieottraeeias' Vernsstaeliatte sad pyetts a4 *P.*oo 4 Sttgqntty mere felsic a a oo ¢++°Miner calertte,salt vetasentorite ge.9.¢ wi 3 oo »+>->+++ae +9 Felste banding,bulk chieriti zation iptesea ana silica 4 .claPaveeoeoeo6"fresh,encept for bulk chlerittzation of the reck.s1lten vores an Lh eo ror rr ee -Merewwiaing of sities and elay 9 >of ¢@ Quarts eteertalized vagsueil>e+©©©©©#seve lenee crystals.|vets-+o oo ©@ ca and naei'e Mtqacly entertttzed ae>©+©+©©4900 Massive,medium te dart grey with greenish tint,Mneralices Prasterescalette ¢ -&©©©@ +course grained. "+¢©©@ +" ro eo eo eo ¢>4 Locally fine grained,sitgntly more chloritized.td°Paar ¢>++.Diorite Frac.'cates+.D91ee,onrd.o e >ee >Lecalty chlertta rich.vie oe 'o900'cole.vein uw ment Fea,4g,¢>++©©©O + 1,000 +++©ee °Plaqieclase cleer unaltered.Calette &s110ea worms woyr. 3 +e ©&©6 Coman chlorite tptdete el\tsewtastes tareuqnent.Cae Fe >oe +e ©Oo wo @ Entente comme at 1,037 ft.Had -+o Colette vere at 1.063 A.t>.*..oo .+Chleritized dtorite Shettywie at 10d ta te >+¢-+4+ -¢©6 ©©& 1,100}-- ++&©»4 ->©Ca *>.-¢'"++©.+Diorite Massive chiortttzeq cierite,course grained.o >+©+©©4 - ¢++©©rr.+€ONG.,+Qtr veins &1,200 =-aee Mersive,hard,course gratnes,enloritized.calor&etd:eon.a bn} »++©+©©4 berapated ©pyrite &epieate a.8.¢7 oe +-¢©Very fine graines 'apitte*®dike 1,207 ft.-1.217 ft.Dore ae calc.&oye...ces»>+*"o 4 :,1,22222652177"wert.tlt++©+°Wiantly culoritizea veleveretscutting votms at 48%,Dea go-+©+of 4 Mare massive,less chioritized,ne fractures but {omarued 'crease a veins ane”aad ry o °Sissem.pyrite.racturet.cnieritization,alterss h +©©7 +4 Course crystalline diorite,cnlorttized,ne vetne or fautris price eas eoreeee trem1300yeyaneaaeeefractures.4.150"=1,230 Ft.):-.-.*+..sa Frac.1,251=56"filhee w cate.,te.a, "+++©©a >he oe oe +o ++sttered ve clay -+¢+@ oa iori Massive,monctonous dierite as above.1.208"w cate.&ate.3>+e+e +«Diorite . sve.pyrite hano>©©©©@ ¢stlicsees sores Hy*Lh ee oro +Less crterttized.harder 1 Q '1 400 oor reese Less greenish calor,mere grey,chlorite st111 commen te id +©©©©af Yoo eeee w Massive course gratned,grey-qreen dtorite Teer ratea lente cotn at 1.28607 #4,[de 62"++©©©©S11tepeeetd.vere 1,608.82". >+>6 ©©©@ 4 SiNicancaic,vets@ 1, +¢©©eo O +Lermiaated qtz crystals. ,+>©©©+Sl Otiecale,vere @ 1,473'62:Q,ce >+¢+-+Di it Massive,coarse crystalline,grey-green,chliorttized.#1,500 Rett si Viorite3 Thin Section Locations * 104 Note:Q *Quartz,Ca =Cale:te,E =Epidote,A *Anhydrite,P =Pyrite,K =Kaolinite,Ci =Clay,C =Chlorite,Z ©Zeolite,S =Sulfur GIC961 'el me PHOTO 6:Photomicrograph of coarse grained hypidiomorphic diorite from core at 1379 ft.in TGH E-1. (2.5 x objective lens with crossed nicols) PHOTO 7:Photomicrograph of diorite porphyry (?)from core at 177 ft.in TGH E-1 showing coarse crystals surrounded by finer grained crystalline ground mass. (2.5 x objective lens with crossed nicols) oe "ASaeby --Siaetiog oF.. .»ae+MEO ae NL Oe PHOTO 8:Photomicrograph of altered diorite from TGH E-1core at 616 ft.showing alteration of rock to clay and some chlorite with a chlorite-carbonite vein cutting thru the section.(2.5 x objective lens with crossed nicols) PHOTO 9:Photomicrograph of altered diorite from TGH E-1core at 781 ft.showing :.epidote-andhydrite vein with some carbonate. (10 x objective lens with crossed nicols) separated by massive unfractured diorite.The major fractures are dominantly vertical with the smaller fractures and veins dipping about 45°to the core axis (Photo 10).The alteration and vein-filling minerals are essentially the same as those tn the D-1 hole,with quartz, epidote,and anhydrite representing the higher temperature hydrothermal alteration minerals.Some portions of the core are pervasively altered to epidote.The diorite is cut by an aplitic diorite dike at 457 feet. There appear to be at least two episodes of alteration of the diorite.The first is a pervasive propylitization that resulted in its general alteration to chlorite,carbonate,quartz,and epidote.This was followed by localized hydrothermal alteration along joints or fractures by high temperature fluids (>150°C+)that may be related to a past,or to the present,geothermal system or systems.Several of the veins and fractures show at least two depositional (vein-filling) events,with layers of quartz covered by layers of anhydrite or calcite, or chlorite-lined fractures filled by younger quartz,epidote,or a combination of minerals.This situation indicates that these fractures were either opened,sealed by mineral deposition,and then reopened and sealed by a second period of mineral deposition,or that fluids of at least two different compositions flowed through the fractures at different times.The reopening or maintenance of open fractures is strong evidence of active tectonism,and the deposition of high temperature minerals in these fractures is good evidence for circulation of hydrothermal fluids.Similar features have been found in many active geothermal systems,usually in the self-sealed zone overlying the reservoir.Their existence suggests that fractures are open and permeable,thus providing conduits for fluids from the geothermal reservoir.This evidence is reinforced by the existence of a zone in which circulation of drilling fluids was temporarily lost (1,360 feet to 1,420 feet). 109 OR TONE 2ads|aay) PHOTO 10:Photo of TGH E-1core at about 1220 ft.showing near verticle major fractures at about 45°angle to the core axis. The temperature profile in TGH E-1 is essentially conductive from surface to T.D0.Gradients in the first 1,200 feet are quite consistent and high,and range from 22°F/100 feet to 26+°F/100 feet (Table 12 and Figure 16).At 1,200 feet,the profile begins to roll over and the gradients decline abruptly from 24+°F/100 feet to 3°F/100 feet over the last 285 feet.This may indicate that the hole has nearly penetrated the self-sealed zone and that it is approaching a hydrothermal system in which hot waters are circulating. The high temperature [383°F (195°C)at 1,485 feet]encountered in TGH E-1 is well within the temperature range for commercial electrical power generation.The fact that this temperature was achieved at such a shallow depth,and that the gradient indicates a possible hydrothermal system nearby,strongly suggests that if enough interconnected fractures are available to provide a large enough reservoir,an economical commercial geothermal system may be present. Analyses of core samples for the elements described above under the description of TGH D-1 were also carried out in TGH E-1.The results of the multielement geochemical analyses for TGH E-1 are summarized in Figure 17,which was taken from the detailed report (Appendix J).The same type of geochemical anomaly [enriched Li-F-As-S-(+Hg)]1s found in this hole as was found in TGH D-1.The Hg-F enrichment is confined to the upper 500 feet,with minor As,S,and Li enrichments which are not always coincident with the Hg-F.These anomalies may be remnants of an older <200°C hydrothermal system.The most interesting portion of TGH E-1 is the 1,100-foot to 1,400-foot interval,where Hg is only slightly enriched or even strongly depleted in association with strong As,strong S,moderate Li,and moderate F enrichments.The chemical patterns suggest that there have been significant hot-water zones between 1,190 feet and 1,400 feet.The chemical evaluation of cores from this hole strongly suggests a high probability for the existence of the target reservoir of >200°C fluids not far below depths of 1,500 feet.In 111 FIGURE 16 TEMPERATURE GRADIENT HOLE E-1 SPUD DATE:TEMPERATURE DATA OF MAKUSHIN GEOTHERMAL AREA 7/19/82 UNALASKA ISLAND,ALASKA COMPLETION DATE: 8/8/82 LOCATION:_N 1,179,200 E 4,971,650 LITHOLOGY TEMPERATURE °C 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 4 Sandy Tuff Weathered Diorite Diorite (Began Coring @ 90') E-|CAMP SITE Envirolab Tool _. .REY &L.W.Diorite:9/15/82 Diorite -ae DEPTH(FEET)145,2°C (293.36°F 900 ---_-_--> oe ee 6 6 6 AT =500' 850"=24.73°F/100°Peeeeee»|Diorite __700'-850'=23.88°F/100"Pp or e++©oa "750'-850'=22.86°F/100° > cd eee ee ee R.E.Y.&LW.gararerararees E 9/18/82 H -+©©©©A Kuster Tooloo+>¢ >+©©©©©+ 4 ae”|Diorite cd ** wagerorer eres AT 1200-1485"=3,02°F/100°4|| ° -*¢+*+++Diorite oe ¢©©©6 © gorerororerers AT 1400-1485"=3.29°F/100'RGiC962h +++©©©4 Diorita 195°C =383°F @ 1485' Thin Section Locations *_Plot by GWH 9/15/82 CFI 9/24/82 112 -FIGURE 17 DISTRIBUTION OF INDICATIVE GEOCHEMICAL ELEMENTS IN TEMPERATURE GRADIENT HOLE E-1 Aer Se Lis Fe Coe S102,Cus Mo.Phe and Zn Gatne &Lessee (G&l)ve Depth fer Mee a teeate (100-foot)Cuttings and Core Semplee from Drill Hele E-1.Mount Mekushin Preoepect.Unealacke Lelend,Aleaske.®eltPPD Hy Gal PPH As Oat 28 ou PPH LE Oat PPM F ga %Co O8l 2 8102 oat PPM Cy G&L PPM He Gat PPM Pb GAL CPM In Out043:200 0512-9 00.9 0:;'2 _4.09 0.3.20,07-100:_400,05 42°4.09 0 to.og 0 100.200,oe:$,;oc:20,ot _200, 206. 4 4.0 |+27 1.140."4.38 -40 -7.1.o.26. 1 gH '1 1 =1 1 FH 1 ' se.3.0 0S .ea."2.38 20 "35..®.2. 2 2 2 2 2 =2 2 2%H 2 2 ae.20.0 a s.eeg.-4 "4.42 2.60 -60.1.oe.[-46.3 3 3 3 3 =3 3¢LJ xt OH 3 3 vot.$.4 04 3.330 1.57 2.80 -4a8.1.4.-8. aj |ath 4 4 |4 4 4 ae 4 4 oo.4.8 10 3.460.-4 =F 4 -20..2 a TY St}5.5 1 5 1 5 5 5 |§|5 5 .6.0 04 t.|30.3 ot?oo -46.1 e e 6 6 6f 6 6 6 6§H of UJ ef },6 RvR.3.6 00 4.20.-2.22 4.70 -40.9.2.-24. 7 regu '7 ?''?tH ? 18.3.2 oat ?.100."1.00 +30 90.-e.2.10. 8 8 8 8 i 8 8 8 8 ef LU 8 6.a)+00 L]tJ 00 oo @ e e 6 i 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 8 9¢|9]32.10.0 .03 2.200 -.00 -20 33 e.2 i Fr) 10 10 10 10 :10 10 10 10 vot 10 20 10.8 4 8 180 +.88 .90 95 r)2 32. 1 1 |W """"1 me L "|"W 2.23.0 i”¢.eo. ; -9.20 20 20.%.4 TY j 10 [286 .0-4 [¥.43-4 [?['s0 [-.92 [30 [ao s [4 [22 13 13}13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13|ar [L 17.0 [E a [2 0 =1.10 [90 |30 ['[e.[12 3 3 3 5 -.10.0 |08 ry eo.=.|p e.6.|2 20. -15 15 15 5 5 15 15 15 15 15 H |16 16 16 162 16 16 16 16 16 16 Weteet Depth ehewn tn 100 foot unite. @ Pletted veluce ere apperent geine &teseee (GAL)enleutated by cubtrocting bachoreund values (Table 2)fren original geochenteol dete (rppendin Dd.>Indicates none of possible hot-water entries leoe Table 1) GL C979 our opinion,the high temperature,the subsurface geology,and the geochemical indicia encountered justify the drilling of a larger,deeper exploratory well. 3.Temperature Gradient Hole I-1 Temperature gradient hole I-1 is located in Glacier Valley,approx- imately 5 kilometers south-southwest of the camp and TGH E-1.The State Plane Coordinates for the hole location are N1,164,100 £4,964,650. Stratigraphically,TGH I-1 1s very similar to TGH E-1,as shown on Figure 18,and confirms the hitherto unknown wide distribution of the diorite intrusive body.The hole was spudded on the remnant of a terrace underlain by glacial ti11 and some pyroclastic rocks about 40-feet thick.From 40 feet to T.D.at 1,500 feet,the rock drilled consisted of massive,cryptocrystalline to medium-grained diorite (Photo 11).The diorite.is generally propylitized,as in TGH E-1,with alteration minerals including chlorite,quartz,carbonate,clay,and epidote.Some portions of the core were less altered.The upper third of this hole contained pervasive fractures commonly lined with pyrite, quartz,and epidote that were deposited during an older,high- temperature hydrothermal episode.Fractures filled with a variety of secondary minerals were,as in the other holes,distributed throughout the bottom two-thirds of the hole.Although the fractures in the lower part of TGH I-1 are filled with pyrite,quartz,some anhydrite,and epidote (Photo 12),these high-temperature hydrothermal minerals and fractures were not nearly as abundant as in the upper portion of the hole or in TGH E-1. The temperature data recorded in TGH I-1 (Table 12)was quite different from that found in the first two holes (Figure 19).The profile indicates two separate thermal regimes.The first is a shallow (surface to 225+feet)system that produced large flows ( 150 gpm)of 18°C to 25°C artesian water while drilling.The second system extends 114 FIGURE 18 TEMPERATURE GRADIENT HOLE 1-1 LITHOLOGY OF MAKUSHIN GEOTHERMAL AREA UNALASKA ISLAND,ALASKA DEPTH(FEET)LOCATION:N 1,164,100 E 4,964,650 LITHOLOGY DESCRIPTION SPUD DATE: 8/13/82 COMPLETION DATE: 9/8/82 ALTERATION AND MINERALIZATION +300 = 1,400 eee * Diorite Diorite Diorite* Diorite Diorite Diorite Diorite A atature of glacial tii)and stream deposits with ash layers. A Viqntegrey,hard,dense,Rigniy fractured erypeerystaliine dierite that grades from weathered te fresn reck. A black,hard,dense,crypecrystailine dierite thattenaveundergoneainerrecrystallization.mately one fracture per fest. appesi Aperex' A dare te lignt qrey.cease,cryptecrystalline dierite contatning plagioclase,pyroxene ane hernplende crystals,Hignly fractured between 223 F%.and 275 PL.,140 FR.an 346 ft.373 7%.ane 380 ft.=382 ft.Smoreus mineralized.sealed veins cut the dtertte. A dart qreen,hard,sense,fine grain te crypecryataltine diertte cantatning plagteciase, Pyrenene,ang hornslende crystals.RMederately fractured at 454 ft.,between S26 ft.-$40 ft.,and between 461 ft.=463 ft. A dark grey,hard,mastive,extremely fine grata te cryptecrystalitne dtertts containing plagioclase, Dyrexene,and hornblende crystals.Weanly fractured at 600 ft. A black,hard.danse,extremely fine gratn tecryptecrystaltinettecontainingplagioclase and Pyrozene crystals. A grey,hare,dense,fine grain te eryptocrystallinediortteacontatningplagioclase,pyroxene,ane heenblende crystals.Fractured between $56 ft.660 Ft..and at 697 ft. A green,hard,hignly fractured,aonanitic iqneeus rock canststing ef calcite,cnlerite,ang hignty altered plagteciase.Pessible recrystalttzed fault rene. A qreentsh grey,ard,cnloritized,fine gratin Merite containing plagioclase,pyroxene,and hornblende crystats.Cractured from 864 ft.te O79 ft.and at 602 Ft. A ltgnt grey,hard,dense,medium grain ¢ierite. Mtgnly fractured at $29 ft. A qrey te dark green,hard,dense,fine grain dtertts containing pisgqtoctase,pyrexene,ang harnoiende crystals.Miqnly fractured from 931 ft.941 Ft, 950 2,«961 FR.,at 1,007 from 1.030 ft.-1,032 f%.,at 1,067 ft.,at 1,058 ft...from 3,067 7%.+1,068 ft.and at 1,083 ft. A black,hard,aenanitic igneous rock;pessibly recrystaltized fault gouge? A dart grey,hard,dense,fine gratn dierite containing plagtoctoase,pyrexene,ané hornblende erystals,fractured from 3,253 ft.=1,254 ft.at 1.267 Ft.,Prom 1,357 #t.=1,383 ft.; from 1,368 2.-1,376 #t.,at 1,400 ft.,at 1.459 ft...Prom 1,467-ft.1,672 Ft.,and at 1,490 Ft. Abundant pyrite,green clay,calcite,quartz, chlorite,epidete and kaelinite. Kaeliatte zenes at 101 and 109 feet Quartz vein at 154 feet. Alteration weien is Vetted te fractures and veins consists of quartz and abundant pyrite.one feet thick quarts vetn at 188 feet. Htgnty altered diertte including secencary pyrite,epidete,caicite, quartz,clay and thlerite. Majer alteration renes are pyrite veins at 223 ft.=281 *t.,eptacte vein at 260 ft,qrey clay at 267 ft.,calette at JOG ft..clay .pyrite, and calcite at I96 fe. Alteration mtnerals include calcite,pyrite, kaelinite,green clay. Alteration minerals tnglude pyrite ang grey elay. Alteration @inerals include clay,pyrite, calcite,epidste,and kaolinite. Alteration minerals include calcite and enlerite. Qaly cnlerite aiteration. Alteration minerals laclude minor kaolinite, quartz and calcite. Alteration minerals inelude kaslinite,clay, pyrite,calcite,epidote and chlartte. Alteration preeucts are quartz, cnlertte,and clay.AGIC9611,500THINSECTION LOCATIONS*Note:Q =Quartz,Ca *Caicite,E =Epidote,A =Anhydrite,P =Pyrite,K =Kaolinite,Cl *Clay,C =Chiorite,Z =Zeolite,S =Sultur 115 PHOTO 11:Photomicrograph of slightly altered medium grained diorite from core at 911 ft.in TGH 1-1.(2.5 x objective lens with crossed nicols) PHOTO 12:Photomicrograph of veins in diorite filled with quartz,anhydrite,calcite, clay and chlorite from core at 1056 ft.in TGH 1-1. (2.5 x objective fens with crossed nicols) FIGURE 19 TEMPERATURE GRADIENT HOLE I-1 .SPUD DATE:TEMPERATURE DATA OF MAKUSHIN GEOTHERMAL AREA 8/13/82 UNALASKA ISLAND,ALASKA COMPLETION DATE: 9/8/82 LOCATION:_N 1,164,100 E 4,964,650 LITHOLOGY TEMPERATURE °C 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 Note:74.5 Hours between 9/15 &9/18 Readings. o + +> °\*+©©©©©4 Diorite°° o 4 oe +6 ©++Diorite ++©© »«|Diorite 700 om = iu uJ u. = =ea ee 8 ee a. uJ fa] I 1 GLACIER VALLEY >¢¢©©©Ff FA.)o +6 @ »&@ |Diorite -_+©©©©% , - +e AT 250'-1500'=§.079F/100°5 i A,a,a 1teaforerereooo|Dior ENVIROLAB TOOL 1050'-1500"=2.76°F/100" oe ee oo 6 REY &L.W.1400' -1500'=-1.98°F/100°ta a 9/15/82 f+¢©©++ fe;++09 &© Sr a 2 a a -_?f-©©©© ++-+ad +©©©»»»|Diorite ae ee eee 69.2°C =(156.56°F)9/15 //775°C =(171.59F)9/18toooareee|Diorite \>od -od >cd od1,500 srcion Loostions %Plots by GWH 9/15/82 &9/20/82 RGC962118 from about 250 feet to T.D.and appears to be a relatively conductive system with gradients of 2.7°F/100 feet to 5.0°F/100 feet and a maximum temperature of 79.8°C (175.6°F)at 1,400 feet.The data in Figure 19 also shows that there is a small temperature reversal (2.3°C)over the last 100 feet of the hole. The overall temperature regime and profile of this hole indicates that the hole appears to be on the southern edge of the present geothermal system,at least for this depth range,although the intense | fracturing and mineralization indicates the previous presence of a high-temperature geothermal system.Definition of the boundaries of the present hydrothermal system was one of the uses and goals of the temperature gradient hole program.It appears that TGH I-1 was fortuitously located and that it achieved one of the major project objectives. A summary of the geochemical data for TGH I-1 1s presented in Figure 20.As in the other holes,the general type of chemical anomaly is the same.The upper 700 feet of TGH I-1 contains several zones of Hg,As,S,Li,and F enrichment,some of which correspond with one another and some of which are isolated (Figure 20).Since the present temperature regime 1s considerably cooler than that implied by the geochemistry and there is large-scale artesian flow of cool water above 300 feet,indicating high permeability,the rock chip geochemistry suggests the existence of a self-sealed zone in a paleo-geothermal system that has since been refractured. Geochemical analysis of the lower 800 feet of hole shows virtually no indication of past or present hydrothermal systems,even though there are old,healed fractures containing minor amounts of quartz,anhydrite and epidote.Thus,TGH I-1 appears to be located within the limits of an old geothermal system and on the edge or outside of the present hydrothermal system. 119 FIGURE 20 DISTRIBUTION OF INDICATIVE GEOCHEMICAL ELEMENTS IN TEMPERATURE GRADIENT HOLE I-1 Hee Awe So Lice F.Cor $102.Cue Mere Phe and Zn Gatne &Levese (G&L)ve Depth for Eiapectte (100-feet)Cuttings end Core Semplese free Drill Hele I-1,Mount Mekuchin Preepecte Uneleske Telend.Alecke.@ 021PPD He OL PPM As G&L 28 oat PPM Le oat PPM F GOL %Ceo O8L &$102 Gat PPM Cw GUL PPH Me O8L PPH Pb OAL PPM Za Gal 40.200,0 -10.0 80-9 0.10 4.09 0 pS:20,0 1900,400 0 4.00 4.09 0.>10.00 10.09 0.100.200,0 2.10 $s.20,0.-100.=200,|Mv.q ]weg q «04 [Ps F 1090.=4 E [|"5.18 i "15.0.|ih .|30.VE '1g '1g ''a 1 i)1]a.40.9 4.184 q ..So.F -1.08 -.50 -35.oe.2.-18. 2 2 2 2 2 2 ae OY 2 2 2 "1s.18.3 38 ; 2.So.§-.70 1.to 10.6.a.q oe. 3¢3 3f 3 3 3 A 3 3 3 "21 wg 19 2 2t0 -.18 1.60 "33 °8.e 4 4 4 4 '4g J 4 5 ae OL 4 ay 4 rm.2.3 +20 3.70.d 40 010 "10.|"tl.q ]2.-6. 5 s St 5 5 5 5 5 $s 5 ."4.3 +20 F 3.40.78 |-1.60 =18.e 0.-0 6 6 6 6 6 J 6 6 6 6 6 144.200.34 q 4 s.$0.-.18 |."10 oe.6 -12 7 7 7 7 7 7]7 7 .?7 7 "19 16.3 -08 d '10 1.98 -.80 1s |"1 4 "6. |ef lJ 8 r)8 8 J 8 8 af 8 e "26.2.0 01 2.|SO.+00 -1.80 -20.é.2.4 a of oF}ot of of 9 9 9 °"14 10 t]| 30.ng +20 3 -1.50 "35.0. )of i -26.18.3 -08 :"1.|90.3 1.00 =3.10 1S.3 0. S 10%LJ 10F 1 Voz 10¢vog 10¢10 oy vot|"29.16.3 06 §.+20. E 38 F -4.10 ]40.oe.; wi mt f-"W W "TF:Wwe 3 W TE3 ; i vat 13 3}13 '4 ,"g ,id i vat ,vag 4 V4 va 4|"16.]12.3 +08 F 0.I -40.|E [-3.00 os.F ®. Ss iS 5+157 157 1s%.15%15+154 Wetent Depth sheen tn 100 feet unite.©Plotted volves ore epperent gatne &levece (Cal)calouleted by eubtrectingbeohgroundvaluce(leble 2)fren ertginel geechemtoul date (Appendt=DI. -BGt C378 B.Aerial Photograph Interpretation On August 1,1982,two sets of stereo aerial photographs were taken of the northwestern part of Unalaska Island,including the Makushin Volcano geothermal area.One set of color photographs,at a scale of approximately 1:24,000,and one set of black and white photographs,at a scale of approximately 1:36,000,were obtained by North Pacific Aerial Surveys of Anchorage as subcontractor to Republic.The quality of these photos is generally quite good,except for some areas of thin cloud cover in the upper reaches of Glacier Valley on the color photos.This is remarkable considering the virtually constant cloud cover over Unalaska Island. Using these photos,North Pacific constructed a 1 inch =2,000 feet scale contour map of the Makushin geothermal area.This map has been used in portions of this report as a base for the geology map (Plate V)and for other plates. Lineament studies using the color photos resulted in the identification of the lineaments shown on Plate VIII.All of the photos were utilized except those depicting primarily snow and/or clouds,and those along the eastern-most flight line that were too far from the geothermal area. Approximately 520 lineaments are identified in the area. An azimuth frequency plot (Figure 21)of all lineaments identified on the color photos shows a strong east-northeast to east-west trend in the data,with a secondary northwest trend and a weaker northeast anomaly.By filtering out lineaments less than one-half mile in length,a second azimuth frequency plot (Figure 22)again shows the strongest trend,as east-northeast,with a secondary northwest maxima followed by the northeast trend. The east-northeast and east-west trending lineaments are dominant in the southeast near Captain's Bay,in the lower Makushin Valley,and northeast of Sugarloaf Cone.Most of these are areas underlain by Unalaska Formation. The northwest-trending lineaments appear to be more evenly distributed. 121 260IGURE 21CINEAMENTTH NeY LorMAKUsHin REA(520 MEASy 3s0 360 1a" * a tT Yo - 15 . » > / S / 3 $ & My % 10 «ans ./ & 7 , 15 mem L % oF Co)/ -5 'eo . a aees 122 LK 2 1/2 XD QO \\LNLEELAreeee,Ee SERS?1/2 TT TT | 123 A major trend that stands out,and is of interest with respect to the Makushin geothermal system,is the set of =N40°E linears that extend from just northwest of Fumarole Field #1 through Fumarole Field #8 past Sugarloaf Cone into the long,linear valley south of McLees Lake.This appears to be the linear seen on the Landsat photo shown in the Phase IA Final Report that is also close to the postulated alignment of Fumarole Fields #1,#2,#3,and #8.It is also closely aligned with the major trend of the gravity,as discussed in Stage VII.C. The majority of the easterly trending linears appear to be related to the Unalaska Formation and/or plutonic rocksin the southeast part of the area.This suggests that these may be the older set of fractures,joints, and faults.There are a few places where northeasterly trending lineaments are offset or cut by northwesterly lineaments.There are also a few Tocations where the opposite is the case.It may be that some northeasterly faults or fractures have been remobilized because of their inherent weakness.The northwest-striking lineaments are probably related to the present tectonic stress system since most of the faults mapped in the field, particularly in the younger Makushin Volcanics,have this orientation. The degree to which these differing trends control the present or past geothermal systems is still unclear.However,the presence of such numerous lineations,representing faults,fractures,and joints,indicates that the rocks have been highly fractured and brittlely deformed,and it increases the potential for finding porosity and permeability in the Makushin geothermal system. C.Gravity Data The gravity map (Plate IX)presently available is a preliminary edition provided by J.Reeder of the DGGS.Although the stations are irregularly spaced and there may be uncertainties in the terrain corrections (J.Reeder, 1982,personal comm.),the map provides information that can be correlated with the other geologic data presented in this report. 124 The major gravity features are the low anomaly (15 mgal to 20 mgal)over Makushin Volcano,and the generally northeast-trending high anomaly (=10 mgal)centered over temperature gradient hole E-1.The gravity high generally coincides with the outcrop and inferred subsurface distribution of the diorite mapped in that area.The transition zone between these two features trends northeasterly and coincides with the northeast-trending linears and the surface alignment of Fumarole Fields #1,#2,#3,#4,and #8. D.Total Data Integration The data gathered in the Makushin geothermal area lead to a number of conclusions: 1.The geologic mapping and lithology from the gradient holes indicate that the diorite unit 1s much more widespread than previously estimated and is likely to be the geothermal reservoir rock.The occurrence of numerous veins,fractures,and secondary minerals indicates that at one time (and possibly at present)high temperature (>150°C)fluids circulated through the diorite. 2.Surface manifestations (hot springs,fumaroles,and hydrothermally altered rocks)of the Makushin geothermal system encompass an area of approximately 70 to 80 square kilometers.This strongly suggests an extensive heat source. 3.Lineation studies from new aerial photography provide evidence of pervasive fracturing of the diorite and Unalaska Formation.These fractures potentially provide porosity and the permeability necessary for the existence of a geothermal reservoir.The major lineaments have two major trends;the strongest 1s east-northeast while the northwest trend is less well developed (Figure 22). 125 The mercury soil survey identified high background values of mercury and several highly anomalous areas that trend northeasterly along a line connecting Fumarole Fields #1,#2,#3,and #8 (Plate III).These extremely high mercury concentrations suggest the Makushin geothermal system is a fractured,high temperature (>180°C)hydrothermal system. The self-potential (S-P)survey outlined two anomalous areas within the Makushin geothermal area.There is also an elongated S-P low that trends northeast and that overlies the manifestation trend (Plate IV).The S-P survey is interpreted to indicate high temperatures and/or fluid movement along this trend and in the Fox Canyon area where it coincides with the mercury anomaly. The gravity data supports the wider distribution of the diorite and the evidence of a northeast-striking structure that extends from Glacier Valley to Driftwood Bay valley.Field geology,which discerns no noticeable faulting or disruption of the stratigraphy along this inferred northeast structure,suggests that the structure 1s an older subsurface feature that appears to have been remobilized.However,it does appear to exert control over the surface distribution of a major portion of the present hydrothermal system. Thermal information (gradients and temperatures obtained from the gradient holes)proves that subsurface temperatures in the Makushin geothermal system are high enough (383°F)to generate electricity commercially.The data indicate that TGH E-1 has the highest temperature at any constant elevation above sea level,although commercial temperatures could also be reached at site D if a well were to be drilled to 3,000+feet. 126 10. The results of the multielement geochemical analysis of cuttings and core from the three temperature gradient holes indicate that the holes are dominated by a broadly occurring single type of geochemical anomaly that is characterized by Li-F-As-S enrichments with or without Hg enrichment.This suggests that the hydrothermal rock alteration occurred primarily in a liquid environment under intermediate or alkaline pH conditions.The analyses also tentatively recognize possible hot water entry zones in TGH D-1 and TGH E-1 that are surrounded by self-sealed or otherwise impermeable zones.At TGH I-1,there appear to be fractured,previously sealed rocks that permit lateral flow of thermal waters downslope from the fumaroles north and above the site.The geothermal resource in the area sampled by these holes is liquid-dominated with a temperature greater than 200°C.The potential for encountering the geothermal resource is greatest in the area of TGH E-1 and least in the area of TGH I-1. The X-ray diffraction analysis of 13 hydrothermally altered rocks suggests that two episodes of alteration occurred in the Makushin geothermal area.The "older”stage contains a higher percentage of albite,lower quartz concentrations,and a lack of kaolinite.The "younger"age alteration,which coincides with the present geothermal system,consists of a dominant argillic type and a less prevalent propylitic type.Pyrophyllite,which occurs at Fumarole Field #3 and #4 in the argillic alteration,only forms at high temperatures (>100°C).The propylite alteration surrounds only Fumarole Field #8 and suggests the geochemical characteristics of Fumarole Field #8 are different from other fumarole fields,and that propylitization near the outer edge of the geothermal system is in progress. Geological studies of surface diorite outcrops and of diorite cores show that numerous near-vertical fractures exist.The fractures represent joints that occur on a 0.3-meter to 2.5-meter pattern 127 VW. 12. 13. and/or along tectonically produced ruptures.Lineament maps and field observations suggest that the regional fractures are oriented east-northeast,northwest,and northeast. Geological relationships show that widespread recent (post-glacial) volcanism has occurred in the Makushin Volcano region.This is supported by the reported 14 historical eruptions of Makushin Volcano (Sean,1980).Recent volcanism has also occurred to the northeast of Makushin Volcano at Widebay Cone,Tabletop Mountain, Cinder Dome,and Sugarloaf Cone.Even though Tabletop Mountain and Widebay Cone originated from a separate magmatic source than the Makushin Volcanics (Reeder and Langmuir,1982,pers.comm.),their young age implies a north and east extension of the Makushin Volcano heat source,a separate magma source,or a source situated between the two that differentiates to produce the resulting differences.Sugarloaf Cone,and the dominance of recent volcanics on Makushin Volcano's eastern flank,suggest that the magma trends eastward from the summit crater of Makushin Volcano. Structural features in the Makushin Volcano geothermal area are dominated by faults that trend east-northeast,northwest,and northeast.Additionally,the surface geologic map of the Makushin geothermal area (Plate II)shows three faults trending northwest and a fault striking north-south.The alignment of Fumarole Fields #3,#4,#5,and #23 suggests that a hidden structure oriented east-west may localize these fields. Chemical analysis shows that both a chloride-poor and a chloride-rich class of thermal water exist in the Makushin Geothermal Area.The chloride-poor group,which is a calcium sulfate type water,usually occurs near fumaroles.The chloride-rich group waters are found in both Glacier Valley and Driftwood Bay valley away from the fumaroles and at lower elevations. 128 14, 15. 16. V7. 18. Chemical composition of the Makushin thermal waters indicates the chloride-poor waters form by mixing of ground waters and steam accompanied by hot gases.The larger Cl,Na,K,Li and B values of the chloride-rich thermal waters show that a high-temperature water component exists in these waters,although their relative concen- trations and additional ions confirm that mixing with ground water has occurred.The presence of these two classes suggests that a Jiquid-dominated reservoir overlain by a steam cap exists in the Makushin geothermal area. A mixing model geothermometer predicts a 294°C subsurface tempera- ture in the liquid-dominated reservoir.Gas geothermometry (Motyka et al.,1983)estimates a 297°C reservoir temperature. Stable isotopes of the Makushin waters plot near the meteoric water line except for the high temperature steam condensate samples.The chloride-rich waters have a slight 518 shift that,when combined with the steam condensate isotope values,estimate nearly the same reservoir temperature as the above geothermometers.All stable isotope analyses confirm that meteoric waters from Makushin Volcano's flanks charge the liquid-dominated geothermal reservoir. Mixing ratios estimated via the stable isotopes and silica-enthalpy technique predict that the reservoir's water is similar in chemical: composition ( 7000 mg/1 TDS)to Roosevelt Hot Springs,Utah,a commercial geothermal system that is situated in a granitic rock reservoir at approximately the same temperature as is estimated for the Makushin geothermal resource. Temperature gradient data reveal that TGH I-1 1s situated at the southern boundary of the Makushin geothermal system.The conductive and convective nature of TGH I-1's gradient profile indicates several thermal aquifers were penetrated during drilling of TGH I-].The isothermal profiles followed by a temperature 129 increase and then reversal at T.D.in TGH I-1 confirms that the aquifers are transmitting thermal water downslope from their point of origin. 19.Thermal data in TGH E-1 reveal that the geothermal reservoir is apparently offset to the east of Makushin Volcano's summit. In summary,the aggregate evidence collected to date indicates the presence of a widespread (70 to 80 square kilometers),commercial temperature (195°C+)geothermal system.The system is probably water-dominated with a steam cap that may vary in thickness and extent. There appears to be enough fracturing present in the rocks to support a reservoir large enough for commercial electricity production.However,this can be verified only by deep drilling and testing. E.Geothermal Resource Model Refinement II The model of the Makushin geothermal system that best illustrates the system as it appears on the basis of current interpretations is depicted on Figure 23,which are north-south and east-west geologic cross sections through the Makushin hydrothermal system.This figure includes temperature isotherms that are overlain on the geology.The proposed model of the Makushin geothermal system possesses the three common components required in all commercial geothermal systems:1)a heat source;2)porous,permeable reservoir rock;and 3)fluid for transporting energy (water or steam). The heat source of the Makushin geothermal system appears to be a buried igneous intrusion that may be associated with the Makushin volcanic suite. The uneroded summit crater of Makushin Volcano,the glacially carved valleys filled with pyroclastic flows,and the construction of Sugarloaf Cone on top of post-glacial pyroclastic rocks all indicate that the heat source was still molten after the last glacial period [approximately 3000-4000 y.b.p. (Black,1975)].The 14 historical eruptions of Makushin Volcano suggest that molten or semi-molten rock is currently likely to exist beneath Makushin Volcano. 130 TelFEETFIGURE 23 GEOLOGIC CROSS SECTIONS DEPICTING THE MODEL OF SOUTH 4,000 -- THE MAKUSHIN GEOTHERMAL AREA FUMAROLE #3 GLACIER VALLEY "THE PASS” 100°C 150°C 200°C NORTHEAST FRACTURE ZONE la A-A'CROSS SECTION FUMAROLE #2 NORTH --4,000 me 3,000 w_--2,000 wtneee|" paar arae -1000feSe6aa+--0 ++ee ++ cet,ee i ee ++++++++ +++++++++” SCALE++++++++++++¢+++++++PN 0 2,000 4,000 FEET SOUTH B-B'CROSS SECTION D--1 PROJECTED WEST > -5,000 S4.000 Z ----MAKUSHIN PYROCLASTICSome4,ah racswswet,YOUNGER MAKUSHIN VOLCANICS-3000 H &fates"wo «S$°)<?,>OLDER MAKUSHIN VOLCANICS--2,000 w OF"**MAKUSHIN DIORITE -1,000 4 ity UNALASKA FORMATION -o + SCALE --_es 0 2,000 4,000 FEET act c973 The mechanism for enthalpy transfer from the intrusion to the geothermal reservoir 1s dominated by conductive heat flow.This 1s implied because neither the stable isotopes of the thermal waters,nor the stable isotopes of steam from Makushin's summit,nor the carbon isotopes of fumarolic methane show "magmatic"signature (i.e.,one that would be caused by convection into the reservoir of magmatic fluids). It appears that the heat source is not directly beneath the summit and that it is offset asymmetrically to the east.Two lines of evidence are diagnostic:1)the dominance of post-glacial Makushin volcanics,including Sugarloaf Cone,on the eastern flanks of Makushin Volcano;and 2)the high temperatures that were measured in TGH E-1,as compared to those in TGH D-1 at any given elevation,which fact requires that the heat source be closer to TGH E-1 (more easterly)than to TGH D-1.Similar offset of the heat source from the central surface volcanic vent has been documented at Cerro Prieto,Mexico;at Tiwi,Philippines;and at Matsukawa,Japan. The Makushin geothermal reservoir is situated primarily within the Makushin dioritic stock at commercially exploitable depths.However,it is possible that beneath and to the west of Makushin Volcano's summit crater a reservoir may exist within Makushin Volcanics or Unalaska Formation.The occurrence of most of the surface geothermal manifestations within diorite outcrops,the high,conductive temperature profiles recorded in the diorite, and the elevated observed temperatures are all evidence for a diorite reservoir.An impermeable seal for the reservoir is comprised of clayey altered basalt members of the capping volcanic rocks,as seen in TGH D-1, and by chemical precipitates which have "self-sealed"the diorite,as seen in TGH E-1. Reservoir permeability and porosity relies predominantly upon the existence of open,high-angle (>45°)to vertical fractures.The fractures follow joint patterns inherent in the rock and ruptures produced by regional tectonic stresses,as observed in outcrops and in cores.The major joint and fracture orientations,discerned from air photo analysis,are 132 east-northeast,northwest,and northeast.The northeasterly trending fractures reflect remobilization of older faults,while the fractures with other orientations may be due to underthrusting of the Pacific Plate beneath Unalaska Island. The location of the Makushin geothermal reservoir appears to be struc- turally controlled by a major northeasterly striking fracture zone.This zone is a long,wide,older,highly tectonized feature whose inherent weak- ness probably played a major role in the intrusion of the original diorite stock.The fine-grained texture of the diorite suggests shallow,relatively rapid intrusion followed by a short crystallization period that produced the closely spaced joints observed in outcrops.This structural zone has been refractured at least twice since the initial dioritic intrusion,as shown by several sequences of vein-filling minerals and as reported in the three gradient holes.More recent movement along this northeastern-trending zone maintains the permeability of the fractures in the present-day geothermal reservoir,and the ruptures in the impermeable cap along which the majority of the surface geothermal manifestations (Fumarole Fields #3,#2,#1,#8; Hot Springs Groups #20,#11,#12,#9,#10;and the hidden Driftwood Bay valley thermal waters)occur.The gravity data and the mercury soi]anoma- Ties help confirm the position and extent of the northeasterly trending fracture zone. There are two subparallel structures which intersect the northeastern- trending zone and which may extend the Makushin geothermal reservoir.A hidden east-west striking fracture zone may expand the reservoir beneath Fumarole Fields #3,#4,#5,and #23,and a northwestern-trending fracture on the south edge of Fox Canyon may extend the reservoir towards Fumarole Field #7. Utilizing this model,the commercially exploitable reservoir in the Makushin geothermal area may cover approximately 40 square kilometers.The reservoir appears likely to be confined to an approximately three-kilometer- wide zone trending northeast from Glacier Valley to Driftwood Bay valley, with minor lobes extending beneath Fumarole Fields #3,#4,and #5 and Fumarole Field #7. 133 The Makushin geothermal resource consists of a liquid-dominated reservoir with a steam cap that varies in thickness and location.The chloride-rich-type thermal waters in Glacier Valley and Driftwood Bay valleys,and the numerous occurrences of halite (Motyka,personal comm. 1983)in Glacier Valley,are evidence for a hot-water reservoir.The geochemistry of the cuttings from the gradient holes also supports a liquid-dominated reservoir.The local existence of fumarolic activity and of chloride-poor thermal waters imply that a steam cap overlies the hot-water reservoir.Unfortunately,this vapor zone does not appear to be ubiquitous,as seen in the temperature gradient holes,but appears to be limited to areas beneath the active fumaroles where open fractures permit boiling.It is also implicit that the steam-liquid interface,when it exists,is below 1,200 feet above sea level,the lowest elevation of steam vents in Fumarole Fields #1 and #3. Calculations utilizing four geochemical geothermometers suggest that the subsurface geothermal reservoir temperature exceeds 200°C.This is supported by the 193°C static temperature measured in TGH E-1.The geochemical signatures of the core recovered from TGH E- 1]imply a fluid temperature greater than 200°C;the silica-enthalpy mixing model geothermometer (Fournier and Truesdell,1974)predicts a 294°C reservoir temperature;the gas ratios in the superheated steam of Fumarole Field #3 suggest a 297°C subsurface temperature;and stable isotope values in the chloride-rich waters,compared to the superheated steam,indicate a resource temperature of approximately 290°C. Stable isotope concentrations reveal that meteoric waters originating on the flanks of Makushin Volcano recharge the reservoir.Mixing ratios derived from the stable isotopes suggest that the reservoir fluid chemistry is similar to that at Roosevelt Hot Springs,Utah (Table 13),where a 275°C liquid-dominated geothermal resource is contained in a granitic reservoir. 134 TABLE 13 ROOSEVELT HOT SPRINGS KGRA,UTAH GEOTHERMAL RESERVOIR FLUID (BAMFORD et al.,1980) TOS 7000 mg/1 C1 3500 mg/1 Na 2437 mg/1 $10,260 mg/1 Since the reservoir fluids appear to be relatively fresh (=8,000 ppm), there is,apparently,no intrusion of seawater into the system and recharge is provided by rain and snowmelt water percolating downward,primarily through the volcanic rocks.This condition is similar to that found in the Hawaiian HGP-A geothermal well. In summary,the Makushin geothermal system appears to be a Tiquid-dominated resource situated in fractured diorite within a northeasterly trending zone that has minor lobes extending westward on its southwestern and northeastern ends.Reservoir waters rising upward (convecting)boil below an elevation of 1,200 feet in localized open fractures to form a steam cap that is limited in size and extent.Leakage of steam from this cap feeds the fumaroles and mixes with ground waters to form the chloride-poor thermal waters.Reservoir waters appear to be mixing with ground waters before exiting in Glacier Valley and Driftwood Bay valleys as chloride-rich hot springs,and in Glacier Valley as feed stock for the numerous halite occurrences. Although this refined geologic model of the hydrothermal system is a considerable improvement over the initial model,there are still some unanswered questions and unproven hypotheses that can only be resolved by deep drilling and production tests. 135 F.Resource "Target"Identification The geothermal resource model described above has been used to identify the three target areas considered to be most prospective for a deep (2,000 feet to 6,000 feet)exploratory well. Plate VII shows the locations of these three areas.The first, designated as the "upper Glacier Valley"area,in the vicinity of Fumarole Field #3,has strong potential in light of the superheated steam that is being emitted from Fumarole Field #3.However,access is very difficult due to persistent heavy fog and clouds,prevalent high winds,and minimal space for helicopter maneuvering.Also,it is near the apparent edge of the hydrothermal system as defined by TGH I-1.Logistics and accessibility are overwhelmingly negative factors that preclude the selection of this site for the initial deep well. The second and third targets under consideration are designated as the "Base Camp"and the "Fox Canyon"areas (Plate VII).These locations have been chosen on the following bases: The plateau near the base camp and TGH E-1 are on the northeast-trending structure defined by the gravity,S-P,and mercury surveys,the air photo-satellite lineations,and the alignment of the surface manifestations. Temperatures measured in TGH E-1 at 1,500 feet (195°C)are considered high enough to generate electricity,and the temperatures and gradients in TGH D-1 (Fox Canyon area)suggest that commercial temperatures would be encountered at reasonably shallow depths (2,500 feet to 3,000 feet). Both the "Base Camp"and the "Fox Canyon"target areas bracket two areas of steaming ground that are aligned in a northeast direction (Plate I).These manifestations may be emanating from a zone that 136 is subparallel to the main northeast lineation,and they may provide evidence of enhanced fracture permeability in the vicinity of the "Base Camp"and "Fox Canyon"target areas. 4.The geology,geophysics,geochemistry,and thermal data discussed above al]suggest that these areas appear to overlie a commercial geothermal resource at shallow depths. 5.The "Fox Canyon"and "Base Camp"target areas both permit reasonable access in terms of wind,weather,maneuvering space,and level work areas;although,the "Base Camp"target area has the best overall conditions.Therefore,the "Fox Canyon"and the "Base Camp"target areas seem to be the best areas for the first deep exploratory well,based on both the refined resource model and logistical considerations. G.Deep Well Site Selection Two specific deep well drill sites have been chosen within each of the "Fox Canyon"and "Base Camp"target areas as shown in Plate VII.The "Fox Canyon"No.1 site is approximately 800 feet east of the D-1 hole location. The site was chosen because it is considerably more level than is the terrain at TGH D-1 and it eliminates having to drill through 40 feet of boulder-rich glacial till that was penetrated in TGH D-1. "Fox Canyon"No.2 site,about 2,000 feet north of TGH D-1,is considered to be the most accessible site if a road from Driftwood Bay or Broad Bay to the site was to be built.However,since the cost of building such a road was determined to be prohibitive compared to access via helicopter (see Appendix B),this well location is considered to be secondary to "Fox Canyon"No.1 site. 137 The "Base Camp"No.1 deep well site is about 1,000 feet north of TGH E-1.This location features a large,level working area plus proximity to Fumarole Field #1 and to the steaming ground in Fox Canyon.The "Base Camp"No.2 site is essentially at the same location as TGH E-1,where temperatures are known to be 193°C at 1,485 feet.Both these sites lie on the major northeast-trending zone. All of the sites have relatively equal geothermal potential,except that:a)commercial temperatures have already been encountered in the "Base Camp"area;and b)the "Fox Canyon"No.2 site is slightly removed from the main anomalies to accommodate road access.Therefore,selection of the prime site for the first exploratory well from the alternative sites described above is strongly influenced by logistics and weather patterns (the sites are essentially indistinguishable from an environmental perspective).In this regard,drilling problems at the Base Camp sites are minimized because of the absence of volcanic rocks overlying the diorite. Additionally,the "Fox Canyon"area has considerably more fog and unstable wind conditions than the "Base Camp"area.Many times during the 1982 field season access to the "Fox Canyon"area was delayed due to low clouds or fog, while the "Base Camp"area was relatively clear and accessible by helicopter. On the basis of the superior weather conditions,the known high temperatures,the lack of thick Makushin volcanic rocks,and the large, level working space,the "Base Camp"No.1 site has been chosen as the location for the first deep exploratory well. H.Deep Exploratory Well Drilling Proaram Having selected the optimum site for the deep exploratory well,there are two basic options regarding the type of well to be drilled. The preferred choice is a production-size exploratory weil designed to be capable of producing commercial quantities of geothermal fluids. Flow-testing such a well would allow the determination of all the required 138 reservoir parameters (temperature,fluid chemistry,flow rates,pressure drawdown,and productivity index).This type well would be a permanent producer and was specifically requested in the original Request for Pro- posals from the Alaska Power Authority that initiated this contract.A program for drilling a commercial size well is included as Appendix K-1. Experience acquired during the 1982 drilling season made it clear that this type of well would require a rotary rig with a drilling capacity of at least 6,000 feet.Use of that type of rig would cost considerably more than estimated in the original project budget.A single 6,000-foot deep production-size well would cost an estimated $6,000,000,primarily due to the costs of rig mobilization and demobilization,and the transportation of an adequate stock of contingency supplies and equipment.Since approxi- mately $2,700,000 remains in the project budget,one production-size well would require additional funding in excess of $3,000,000,a sum which is apparently unavailable for the upcoming drilling season. Option #2 is to drill a small-diameter (2-1/2-inch diameter at T.D.) exploratory well to about 4,000 feet using a much smaller coring rig.This. program would utilize a Longyear 44 (or equivalent)wireline diamond core drill similar to the Longyear 38 used for drilling the temperature gradient holes in 1982.Although the depth capacity of this rig is roughly twice that of the rig used in 1982,the mobilization,demobilization,and operating costs are only slightly higher. A small-diameter exploratory well could yield approximately 75 percent to 80 percent of the data that could be acquired by testing a production- size well (temperature,pressure,fluid composition,and limited drawdown information).However,such a well would not be capable of commercial production rates and it would,at best,provide only minimum reservoir productivity data. 139 The estimated cost for this type well is $1,750,000,including testing and Republic's costs and fees.If the small-diameter well costs stay within the estimate,there would be adequate time and funding available to drill a fourth 1,500-foot to 2,000-foot deep temperature gradient hole near Sugarloaf Cone.Such a gradient hole would provide additional temperature distribution,geochemical and geological data regarding the extent of the resource at an incremental cost of approximately $500,000.The total project costs for drilling the two additional holes described under Option #2 is estimated at $2,450,000,still well under the remaining $2,700,000 budgeted.Drilling programs for the deep small-diameter well and the new gradient hole are included as Appendix K-2. At this point,Republic believes that proceeding under Option #2 is in the best interests of the Alaska Power Authority for the 1983 drilling season.If the deep small-diameter well is successful in encountering a commercial geothermal resource (as we suspect it will be),the knowledge gained will allow the development of firm plans for the drilling of production wells.In the future,it would be highly cost effective to plan on drilling several large-scale wells in one season,thereby minimizing mobilization and demobilization costs by amortizing these costs over more than one well. The drilling of a small-diameter well to 4,000+feet will eliminate the need for much contingency planning that would be required for a future full-scale production well,given the information presently available. These uncertainties include optimum sizing of the rig (based on a firm total depth),optimum drilling fluids program,specific required quantities and grades of casing,and surface fluid handling facilities based on resource type and properties,etc. Appendix K-1 contains a preliminary program for the drilling of an Option #1 6,000+-foot full-sized exploratory well which would be completed as a field producer.Appendix K-2 contains programs for the drilling of a both 4,000+-foot small-diameter exploratory well and an additional 1,500-foot to 1,200-foot temperature gradient hole (Option #2). 140 I.Preliminary Deep Well Testing Program Since it appears that the first deep exploratory well will be a small-diameter well,as described above under Option #2,the following well-testing program is proposed. As soon as the well is completed,and while the drill rig is still on location,the well will be flowed into the mud pit or other containers for a few hours to:1)clean out any loose cuttings,mud,etc.;2)determine the type of resource encountered (dry steam or hot water);and 3)obtain a sample of the reservoir fluid for chemical analysis.The analysis is likely to be a condition of any permit to discharge geothermal water into the Makushin Valley river (see Stage VIII.A.and Stage VIII.C.). Once -the resource type and the ability of the well to flow have been determined,and the fluid sample(s)have been acquired,the well will be shut-in and the drill rig moved to the temperature gradient hole location or demobilized to Dutch Harbor.A Republic production or facilities engineer and a technician will then be mobilized to the location to begin construction of the required testing facilities.This activity will occur while the fluid samples are being analyzed and actual permission to discharge is being obtained.Once the actual test begins,a Republic geochemist and reservoir engineer will be onsite to oversee careful collection of pressure/rate/temperature data and geochemical samples. Depending on the resource type (steam or liquid-dominated),one of the following test programs will be followed.In either case,the test is intended to achieve stabilized well producing conditions,at one or more flow rates,for the purposes of measuring well and reservoir performance and sampling the produced fluids. 141 Dry Steam Resource If the resource encountered is dry steam,the well testing is fairly straightforward.It is not necessary to handle large volumes of water,and the resource flow is in a single phase so that flow rate measurement is relatively simple.The test will be monitored for well and reservoir performance data necessary for a preliminary evaluation of the resource.Such data normally include the following: Downhole pressures and temperatures obtained by using Amerada-type wireline instruments,including: 1.Downhole pressure and temperature surveys under stable static conditions before and after the flow test; Vi.Downhole pressure and temperature surveys under stable flowing conditions (to be repeated at more than one flow rate if possible): 441.Downhole transient pressure response to step-rate changes (if any)and to the final shut-in at end of flow test; Wellhead pressure and temperature obtained under flowing and shut-in conditions; Flow rates as measured by a standard orifice meter; Noncondensable gas content of the steam (qualitative and semi-quantitative); Geochemical samples of steam condensate and noncondensable gases. 142 During the flow test,steam would be discharged to the atmosphere.Little or no water would be produced.The actual flow test is expected to last approximately three days.A total of four more days will be required to install and to dismantle the test facility. Hot Water Resource Assuming that the resource is liquid-dominated (which is currently expected),the following data are normally obtained in conjunction with the test: a.Downhole pressures and temperatures obtained by using Amerada -type wireline instruments,including: 1.Downhole pressure and temperature surveys under stable static conditions before and after the flow test; V1.Downhole pressure and temperature surveys under stable flowing conditions (to be repeated at more than one flow rate if possible);and 111.Downhole transient pressure response to step rate changes (if any)and to the final shut-in at end of flow test; b.Wellhead pressure and temperature obtained under flowing and shut-in conditions; c.Flow rate as measured by the "modified James method"or by the ""separator-weir"method: d.Noncondensable gas content of the steam (qualitative and semi-quantitative)if facilities permit gas collection; e.Geochemical samples of produced geothermal water; 143 This flow test is expected to last about seven days,depending on the time necessary for the flow rate(s)to stabilize,with an additional total of four to five days required to install and dismantle the test equipment.During the test,the produced liquids will be allowed to flow into tributaries of the Makushin Valley river if the initial chemical analysis from the clean-out flow test indicates that the fluids are not hazardous and a permit has been obtained. Once the onsite testing has been completed,all the test data will be reduced and interpreted so that a preliminary resource evaluation can be submitted as part of the Phase II final report. The primary results of the evaluation will include physical and chemical characterization of the resource,estimates of potential full-size well deliverability and possible scaling or corrosion problems,and data to facilitate preliminary power conversion cycle design. Preliminary Well Test Cost Estimates Estimated costs of Republic labor for the testing phase include the services of a geochemist,a production or facilities engineer,a reservoir engineer,and a technician for a total of 47 man-days ($28,000).This includes overhead and fees which are pro rata amounts based on the small-diameter well project as a whole.It does not include the costs of data synthesis and report preparation "Equipment rentals,supplies,and non-Republic labor"include such {tems as wireline equipment and downhole instruments;pressure, temperature,and flow rate instrumentation at the surface;surface flow equipment;sampling expendables;instrument calibration; transportation;and compressor rental or nitrogen bottles if necessary to initiate well flow.These charges are estimated to be 144 $50,000 for the testing program described above.Helicopter,camp, communication,and other ongoing project charges are not included in these cost estimates. J.Deep Well Budqet and Scheduling In light of present project funding uncertainties,budgets for two 1983 drilling programs have been developed.The preliminary budgets and schedules for the two options are presented in Appendices L-1 and L-2. Option #1 (Appendix L-1)1s for a 6000+-foot large-diameter production well.Option #2 (Appendix L-2)applies to a program consisting of the drilling of a 4000-foot small-diameter exploratory well "slim hole"and a 2000-foot temperature gradient hole. 145 STAGE VIII -DEEP WELL PERMIT ACQUISITION A.Fluid Disposal Methods Should the Makushin Volcano resource encountered by the small-diameter resource confirmation well prove to be dry steam,testing of the well will be direct to the atmosphere and produce essentially no waste geothermal liquids. However,should the resource be primarily a liquid,disposal of a potentially significant quantity of waste geothermal liquids must be accomplished in a technically feasible,cost-effective,and environmentally sound manner.A number of potentially viable options for disposing of this waste geothermal liquid have been evaluated,with the recommendation that the liquid be _discharged into tributaries of the river in Makushin Valley. Generally,disposal of these waste geothermal liquids can be accomplished either by returning the liquids to the geothermal reservoir via subsurface injection,or by discharging the liquids to the land or surface waters.A number of potential alternatives are available for each option. Subsurface injection of the waste liquids could be accomplished through use of the small-diameter resource confirmation well,one of the existing temperature gradient holes (TGH's)or a new injection well specifically drilled for that purpose. A new well drilled specifically for the purpose of injecting the waste geothermal liquids produced from testing the small-diameter resource confirmation well would be both a very costly and time-consuming project. For these reasons,it is not considered a reasonable option,although it may be required in the future should the development of the resource progress to the stage of long-term,high-volume well flow tests,or to actual utilization. Conversion of one of the existing TGH's to a temporary waste geothermal liquid disposal well would also be a costly and time-consuming operation, although probably not quite as much so as a new injection well.Ata 146 minimum,a coring rig would have to be set up on the hole and the tubing pulled out of the hole or perforated.The technical feasibility of either operation is not certain.In addition,the geological feasibility of such a conversion operation is not certain since the TGH may not have encountered a fracture of a size sufficient to accommodate all the waste geothermal liquids. For these reasons,the conversion of one of the existing TGH's to a temporary waste geothermal liquid disposal well is also not considered a viable option. Returning the produced fluids to the reservoir via the small diameter resource confirmation well would be a relatively low-cost technically feasible alternative,except for the necessity of constructing a storage basin or other facility large enough to hold all the liquid produced from the well flow test prior to filtering and injection.A basin approximately 100-feet square and 4-feet deep would be the minimum required.Since no powered earth-moving machinery will likely be available at the site,a basin of this size would be very difficult to construct (although one alternative may be to dam a small gully near the site to form a storage basin).In addition,the environmental impacts resulting from the construction and operation of such a basin could be significant.However,this option remains potentially viable. Surface disposal of the waste geothermal liquids could be accomplished through discharge into a storage basin for evaporation,discharge directly onto the land surface,or discharge directly into tributaries of the Makushin Valley river. Discharge of the waste geothermal fluids into a storage basin for evapo- ration,in addition to having the problems associated with constructing and operating a storage basin as described above,is probably impractical since the precipitation rate at the site almost certainly exceeds the evaporation rate.Thus,use of the basin would increase,rather than decrease,the waste liquids which must be disposed. 147 Direct discharge of the waste geothermal fluids to the ground is a very low-cost disposal technique which has been used frequently in the other geothermal projects,particularly in arid regions where surface waters and vegetation are scarce and,therefore,are unlikely to be significantly impacted by the discharge.However,discharge of geothermal fluids to the ground in an area such as Unalaska,with abundant surface waters and steep, erodible slopes,would very likely bring significant sediment into the rivers,degrading water quality and adversely impacting the important fresh water fishery resources. As an alternative to the above,direct discharge of the waste geothermal liquid into tributaries of the Makushin Valley river would significantly reduce the sediment load introduced into the surface waters of Unalaska Island from the test.However,it could increase the impacts to the river due to elevated temperatures.To minimize this temperature problem,the waste liquids could be cooled prior to discharge by short-term storage onsite in tanks or by spraying the liquid out over the tributary and allowing it to fall as a light mist.Degradation of the river's water quality (and thus impact on the river's fishery resources)would then be only a function of the river's ability to dilute the salts introduced by the waste geothermal fluids. The impacts of direct discharge of the waste geothermal liquids to tribu- taries of the Makushin Valley river are expected to be negligible because of the following:the expected flow from the small-diameter resource confir- mation well is small (0.09 cfs);the expected salinity of the geothermal resource is moderate (10,000 mg/1);the fishery resource of greatest concern (pink salmon)has been observed no closer than 3 miles downstream from the anticipated discharge point;and the Makushin Valley river is expected to have a high flow rate (about 270 cfs)at the point of potential first impact to the pink salmon at the expected time of discharge.Discussion with the appropriate regulatory agencies regarding this option indicates that they will likely approve the proposal.Since this disposal option is low in cost, probably low in environmental impact,and technically feasible,it is the recommended option. 148 B.Environmental Measures Environmental measures planned for the 1983 Makushin Geothermal Project field season are divided into environmental impact monitoring,environmental impact mitigation,and emergency contingency measures. Environmental impact monitoring measures planned for the resource confir- mation well drilling and testing,and the resource delineation well drilling will consist of both field sampling programs and operation inspection pro- grams. The 1983 operations will be inspected at random by environmentally trained personnel.The operations will also be nearly continuously monitored by supervisory drilling,engineering,and geological personnel.As was the case for the similar operations conducted during 1982,these inspections and monitoring activities will help to detect and correct minor problems before they become major ones. Monitoring of the 1982 TGH drilling operations confirmed that the likeli- hood for significant environmental impacts from wireline coring drilling operations is remote.In addition,the analysis presented in Section A above indicates that inspected impacts resulting from the discharge of geothermal fluids in the Makushin Valley river are expected to be negligible.However, since this analysis is based upon a number of assumptions,including reser- voir and well production characteristics,dates of discharge,fish spawning status,and river flow rates,there is stil]a potential for impacts to Makushin Valley river water quality and freshwater aquatic biology resources. The goal for the 1983 field environmental impact monitoring program is to allow early detection of environmental impacts so that significant impacts can be avoided,and to establish the level of impact that may be expected should more significant discharges of geothermal fluid be required during future operations. 149 The 1982 environmental baseline data collection program (Appendix A) established late spring and early fall values for both Makushin Valley river water quality and freshwater aquatic biology resources.In general,water quality was pristine.Discharge was low in the spring and relatively high in the fall.Correspondingly,mineralization decreased from spring to fall,and turbidity and suspended solids increased over the same period.Fish sampling and observations established the existence of both Dolly Varden char (Salvelinus malma)and pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha)in the Makushin Valley river.Because of their known sensitivity and commercial value,the pink salmon are the aquatic species of greatest concern.No pink salmon were observed upstream of a point about three miles downstream of the proposed discharge point. Republic will endeavor to have the fall pink salmon spawning run- monitored,in cooperation with the Alaska Department of Fish and Game,from its beginning to approximately establish the size of the run and the upstream limit prior to,during,and following geothermal waste liquid discharge. Makushin Valley river water quality and flow rates will also be measured prior to,during,and following discharge at the previously established water quality monitoring stations in Makushin Valley (Station MV and Station B,as shown in Appendix A)and a new station immediately downstream from the dis- charge point.Conductivity or chloride measurements will likely be used as the prime index of water quality in the field;however,we do anticipate collecting a relatively complete chemical sample from Station MV both prior to and during the test. Environmental impact mitigation measures will consist of both measures designed and implemented as a standard part of the operational activities, and those measures designed to be implemented on a contingency basis should certain conditions arise. In addition to those impact mitigation measures implemented during the 1982 field season,Republic will undertake special programs to prevent the 150 reoccurrence of fox feeding which took place in 1982.Republic will also design the flow test in such a way so as to minimize sediment impact to the river. Because the expectation that impacts resulting from the discharge of geothermal fluid into the Makushin Valley river will be negligible is based upon a great number of assumptions,certain environmental impact mitigation measures need to be available on a contingency basis should these assumptions prove false.Should the environmental impact monitoring program establish that actual impacts to the pink salmon from the test discharge could be greater than the currently projected impacts (due to lower river flow,higher upstream migration,higher well discharge rate,or greater geothermal reser- voir salinity),a reduction in the actual impacts could be obtained by either- lowering the rate of waste geothermal discharge into the river (by either decreasing the well flow rate or creating temporary surface storage to allow actual discharge to the river at a lower rate),or altering the date of waste geothermal fluid discharge to the river so that it coincides with a higher river flow rate.Implementation of these contingency environmental impact mitigation measures will depend upon an analysis of conditions as actually measured in the field. Emergency contingency measures have been developed for the 1983 field operations to deal with injury accidents,fire,security,well control,and emergency notifications.These measures have been compiled in an emergency contingency plan which is included in the Application for a Special Use Permit submitted to the U.S.Fish and Wildlife Service as Section V, Emergency Action Procedures and Notification List (Appendix M-1,p.12-16). A copy of the emergency contingency plan will be at the site of field opera- tions at all times. C.Permit Applications Permitting requirements for the deep well drilling and testing operations were discussed in the Phase IA Final Report,Task 3.Since the submittal of 151 the Phase IA Report,plans for the deep well operations have been refined and additional permits have been determined to be necessary.The additional permits are mostly related to the disposal of geothermal fluid from testing operations (as discussed in Section VIII.A.) Contact with regulatory agencies was maintained throughout the operations in order to keep them informed of the status of both current operations and future plans.Extensive pre-application discussions were held with the Alaska Department of Fish and Game (ADFG)the Alaska Department of Environ- mental Conservation (ADEC)and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)to determine the appropriate activities and permit(s)for the testing operations.The ADEC will require a Short-Term Water Quality Vari- ance for the temporary discharge of geothermal fluid into the stream which feeds into Makushin river.The ADFG will coordinate with the ADEC and will use the Variance request and approval stipulations as a vehicle for the concerns of their agency regarding anadromous fish and stream quality.The USEPA ...(Note to reader of Draft Report:Although an application to the USEPA was submitted,the USEPA will most likely not require a permit.How- ever,they have not yet officially made this determination.) The following permit applications have been submitted,and copies are included in Appendix M:(Note to reader of Draft Report:Not all applica- tions have been submitted as of this date.) M-1)Application for a Special Use Permit,submitted to the U.S.Fish and Wildlife Service on February 24,1983; M-2)A Short-Term Water Quality Variance Request,submitted to the Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation on February 24, 1983; M-3)Letter to Alaska Department of Natural Resources regarding proposed drilling operations,in the form of a carbon copy of the Special Use Permit Application,submitted on February 24,1983; 152 M-4)Letter Application for a Habitat Protection Permit,submitted to the Alaska Department of Fish and Game on March 1,1983; M-5)Letter to the United States Environmental Protection Agency requesting determination of the need for a permit,submitted on March 9,1983; M-6)Letter from United States Environmental Protection Agency requesting submittal of an Application for a National Pollutant Discharge and Elimination System Permit,dated March 28,1983; M-7)Application for a National Pollutant Discharge and Elimination System Permit,submitted to the United States Environmental Protection Agency on April 4,1983; M-8)Renewal letter for Temporary Water Use Permit 82-12,submitted to the Alaska Department of Natural Resources on April 14,1983; M-9)Renewal letter for Solid Waste Disposal Permit No.8221-8A002, submitted to the Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation on April 14,1983; M-10)Letter requesting provision drilling authorization,submitted to the Alaska Department of Natural Resource on April 15,1983; M-11)Revised Application for a Food Service Permit,submitted to the Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation on ; M-12)Revised Application for a Drinking Water Permit,submitted to the Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation on Midway through the 1982 field season,the scope of the planned 1983 field operations was expanded to include the construction of a temporary road to provide access to the deep well site.Because all of the alternative roads 153 would cross some lands for which Republic had not yet recieved permission to cross,Republic requested permission from the Ounalashka Corporation and the Aleut Corporation to conduct operations on lands additional to those for which permission was earlier granted.Copies of these letters and the Aleut Corporation response are included as Appendix N,as follows: N-1)Letter to the Aleut Corporation,dated August 26,1982; N-2)Letter to the Ounalashka Corporation,dated August 26,1982; N-3)Letter from the Aleut Corporation,dated September 3,1982; N-4)Letter from the Qunalashka Corporation,dated December 7,1982. D.Environmental Documents Republic and Dames and Moore held discussions with the U.S.Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS)regarding the need for a review under the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA).Based upon the information contained in the "1982 Environmental Baseline Data Collection Program Final Report"and the apparent minor impact from the 1982 operations,the USFWS did not require an Environmental Assessment prior to approval of the proposed 1983 operations. No other environmental documentation was determined to be necessary by state and local regulatory agencies. E.Permit Approvals (Note to Reader of Draft Report:Not all permit approvals have been obtained as of this date.However,approval of all permits is anticipated by the time the Final Report is completed.) t 154 All permits for the deep well drilling and testing operations have been obtained. 0-1) 0-2) 0-3) 0-4) 0-5) 0-6) 0-7) 0-8) The approvals are presented in Appendix 0,as follows: Letter from the Alaska Department of Fish and Game stating that as a Habitat Protection Permit is not necessary,dated March 8,1983; Special Use Permit No.AI-83-27,approved by U.S.Fish and Wild- life Service; Short-Term Water Quality Variance No.8321-CA001,approved by the Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation on April 14,1983; Temporary Water Use Permit No.»approved by the Alaska Department of Natural Resources on ; Solid Waste Disposal Permit No.»approved by the Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation on.; Eating and Drinking Establishment Permit »approved by the Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation on ; Drinking Water Permit,approved by the Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation on ; Geothermal Drilling Authorization,issued by the Alaska Department of Natural Resources on 155 REFERENCES Bamford,R.W.,Christensen,0.D.,and Capuano,R.M.,1980,Multielement geochemistry of solid materials in geothermal systems and its applications Part 1:The hot-water system at Roosevelt Hot Springs KGRA,Utah:Earth Sci. Lab.,Univ.of Utah Research Inst.,ESL 30,168 p. Black,R.F.,1975,Late Quaternary geomorphic processes;Effects on the ancient Aleuts of Umnak Island in the Aleutians:Artic,v.28,no.3,p.159-169. Capuano,R.M.,and Bamford,R.W.,1978,Initial investigations of soil mercury geochemistry as an aid to drill site selection in geothermal systems: University of Utah Research Institute,Earth Science Laboratory Report 100/78-1701-b.3.3,32 p. D'Amore,F.,and Panichi,C.,1980,Evaluation of deep temperatures of hydro- thermal systems by a new gas geothermometer:Geochimica et Cosmochemica Acta,v.44,p.549-556. Drewes,H.,Fraser G.D.,Snyder,G.L.and Barnett,H.F.,Jr.,1961, Geology of Unalaska Island and adjacent insular shelf,Aleutian Islands, Alaska:U.S.Geological Survey Bulletin 1028-S,p.583-669. Ellis,A.J.and Mahon,W.A.J.,1967,Natural hydrothermal systems and experi- ments hot water/rock interactions:Geochimica et Cosmochemica Acta,v.31, p.519-538. Ellis,A.J.and Mahon,W.A.J.,1977,Chemistry and geothermal systems:New York,Academic Press,392 p. Fang,S.C.,1978,Sorption and transformation of mercury vapor by dry soil: Environ.Science Tech.,v.12,p.285-288. Fournier,R.0.,White,D.E.,and Truesdell,A.H.,1974,Geochemical indicators of subsurface temperature -part 1,basic assumptions:Journal of Research, U.S.Geological Survey,v.2,no.3,p.259-262. Fournier,R.0.,and Truesdell,A.H.,1974,Geochemical indicators of subsurface temperature -part 2,estimation of temperature and fraction of hot water mixed with cold water:Jour.Research U.S.G.S.,v.2,no.3,p.263-270. Giggenbach,W.F.,1980,Geothermal gas equilibria:Geochimica et Cosmochemica Acta,v.44,p.2021-2032. Landress,R.A.,and Klusman,R.W.,1977,Nature of the occurrence of mercury in soils of geothermal areas:Geo.School of Mines,Dept.of Chem.and Geochem., Final Report,U.S.Geol.Survey Grant no.14-08-001-G-335,p.116. Maddren,A.G.,1919,Sulphur on Unalaska and Akun Islands and near Stepovak Bay, Alaska:U.S.Geological Survey Bulletin 692E,p.283-298. 156 Mahon,W.A.J.,Klyen,L.E.,and Rhode,M.,1980,Neutral sodium/bicarbonate/ sulphate hot waters in geothermal systems:Jour.of Japan Geothermal EnergyAssn.,v.17,no.1,p.11-24. Matlick,J.S.,and Buseck,P.R.,1975,Exploration for geothermal areas using mercury:A new geochemical technique:2nd U.N.Symposium on Development and Use of Geothermal Resources,p.785-792.ts Matlick,J.S.,and Shiraki,M.,1981,Evaluation of the mercury soil mapping"geothermal exploration techniques:Geothermal Resources.Council,Transactions,Vv.5.p.95-98.' McNerney,J.Jd.,and Buseck,P.R.,1975,Geochemical exploration using mercury.vapor,Economic Geology,v.68,p.1313-1320. McNerney,J.J.,Buseck,P.R.,and Hanson,R.C.,1972,Mercury detection bymeansofthingoldfilms:Science,v.178,p.611-612. Motyka,R.J.,Moorman,M.A.,and Liss,S.A.,1981,Assessment of thermal springs sites Aleutian arc,Atka Island to Becherof Lake -preliminary .results and evaluation:Alaska DGGS Open-File Report 144,p.68-85. Motyka,Ro.Moorman,M.A.,and Poreda,R.,1983,Progress report -thermalfluidinvestigationsoftheMakushinGeothermalArea:Alaska DGGS,inpress,35 p. Phelps,D.W.,and Buseck,P.R.,1978,Natural concentrations of Hg in theYellowstoneandCosogeothermalfields:Geothermal Resources Council,Transactions,v.2,p.521-522. Reeder,J.W.,1981,Preliminary assessment of the geothermal resources of thenorthernpartofUnalaskaIsland:Alaska Dept.Natural Resources,In Press.SEAN (Scientific Event Alert Network Bulletin)1980,National Technical Information Service,U.S.Dept.Commerce,pub.no.PR 81-9157. Truesdell,A.H.,and Hulston,J.R.,1980,Isotopic evidence of environments of geothermal systems:in Handbook of environmental isotope geochemistry, eds.Fritz and Fontes,p.179-219. White,D.E.,1970,Geochemistry applied to the discovery,evaluation,andexplorationofgeothermalenergyresources:Geothermics,Special Issue 2,p.58-80. White,D.E.,Muffler,L.J.P.,and Truesdell,A.H.,1971,Vapor-dominated hydrothermal systems compared with hot-water systems:Economics Geology, v.66,p.75-97. 157 APPENDIX A 1982 ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE DATA COLLECTION PROGRAM FINAL REPORT 1982 ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE DATA COLLECTION PROGRAM FINAL REPORT Prepared for Republic Geothermal,Inc. and Alaska Power Authority February 1,1983 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND ...... 2.0 STUDY PLAN AND RESULTS ......2... 2.1 WATER QUALITY .2.«2 6 2 2 we we ww 2.1.1 Introduction .....2 «we ee 2.1 2 Results °e e e e e e CJ e eo .e 2.2 AQUATIC BIOLOGY ......2.2 eee 2.2.1 Introduction ......26 ©6 e 2.2.2 Results .2...6 «©©©ew ww 2.5 BIRDS,MAMMALS AND VEGETATION..... «1 Introduction ......e.2 ee >-2 Results ...6.«ee e we wo 2.4 ARCHAEOLOGY .2.2 0 we ww ew we ww 2.4.1 Introduction ......e«ee 2.4.2 Results .....s««ee ee we 3.0 CONCLUSIONS &RECOMMENDATIONS ..... 301 ROAD CONSTRUCTION .2.2.«©2 2 ee ww 1 Water Quality ......+6e-. 2 Aquatic Biology .....s.e.-. .2 Birds and Tererestrial Biology . 4 Archaeology .....+-e-eoe-s 3.2.WELL SITE CONSTRUCTION,WELL DRILLING AN 1 Water Quality ......e.2-. 2 Aquatic Biology .....e..e. >Birds and Terrestrial Biology 4 Archaeology .....«.e ee 4.0 REFERENCES .2.1 ww ew ew ew we ew we ww APPENDIX A -ALASKA POWER AUTHORITY UNALASKA GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF PROPOSED APPENDIX B -WATER QUALITY APPENDIX C -AQUATIC BIOLOGY D WELL TESTING..e©eeeeeeeeeeoee@@@eeee@eeeseee.eeeeoeeee@GEOTHERMAL PROJECT: FIELD OPERATIONS LIST OF TABLES,FIGURES AND PLATES Table 1 Classification of Vegetation Types with Map Codes Figure 1 -Unalaska Island Vicinity Map...2...«eee 2 -Sample Station Locations -May ......«4+s++e-s Sample Station Locations -September ....... Makushin Project Area,Unalaska Island Terrestrial Habitat Types,Access Route,Drill Pad Locations,and Environmental Sampling Stations, Makushin Valley Terrestrial Habitat Types,Access Route,Drill Pad Locations,and Environmental Sampling Stations, Driftwood Bay Valley Terrestrial Habitat Types,Access Route,Drill Pad Locations,and Environmental Sampling Stations, Glacier Valley ii Page 11 1.0 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND Republic Geothermal,Inc.(Republic)of Santa Fe Springs,California,is under a 2-year contract to the Alaska Power Authority (APA)to explore for geothermal resources on the eastern flanks of Makushin Volcano on Unalaska Island (Figure 1).Republic has subcontracted with Dames &Moore to provide permit guidance,logistics coordination,geotechnical engineering services,and an environmental baseline data collection program in support of Republic's exploration activities.This report presents the results of the environmental baseline data collection program conducted by Dames &Moore during the 1982 field season. The geothermal resource exploratory operations on Unalaska were designed to be conducted in three stages:initial geologic exploratory work,temper- ature gradient hole (TGH)operations,and drilling of one deep exploratory well.The first two stages were to be conducted during the 1982 field season,and the third stage was proposed for the 1983 field season.As originally proposed,all operations were to be supported by helicopter and personnel were to be stationed in a field camp.The initial geologic explor- atory work was to be conducted on foot.Eleven alternative locations for three temperature gradient holes were proposed within the geothermal exploration area.Three holes were to be drilled by a small drilling rig from a small pad cleared by hand as necessary.One deep well was to be drilled in the vicinity of one of the three TGH sites.The deep well would require a much larger drilling rig,a much larger crew,and a cleared, leveled pad of about 2 acres.A more complete description of operations can be found in Appendix A,"Alaska Power Authority Unalaska Geothermal Project: General Description of Proposed Field Operations."Plate 1 shows the area of proposed operations in detail. In accordance with the APA contract,Dames &Moore was requested by Republic to design and implement an environmental baseline data collection program that could:1)provide data useful in the location and design of proposed operations;2)acquire that environmental information which is,or may be,required by permit-issuing agencies or other interested parties;and 3)establish an environmental data base upon which to judge the impacts of operations.Thus,Dames &Moore based design of the program upon the results of an analysis that combined the known (or assumed)characteristics of the area's environment,the potential requirements of the regulatory agencies, and the design and potential impact of the proposed operations. Preliminary investigations established that data on the existing environment of Unalaska Island were sparse,and that site-specific informa- tion was essentially non-existent.It was known that precipitation fell as snow during the winter months and as drizzle at other times.At elevations above 2,000 feet the snow accumulation was large and remained on the ground into late summer.High winds were very common and were more frequent during fall and early winter.Though few records regarding air quality had been kept,there were no significant sources of air pollution in the area. 'The volcanic rocks of the area were highly dissected by rivers and streams,so as to create moderately rugged topography.Soils were thought to be reasonably well developed.The major rivers in the area headed on the slopes of Makushin Volcano and were fed by snowmeltor melting glacial ice. Two water samples,collected by geothermal investigators from the Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys,indicated that water quality in the Glacier Valley and Driftwood Bay rivers was very good. The area above the 1,000-foot elevation on the slopes of Makushin Volcano was characterized by a sparse biota.Vegetated areas,consisting mostly of heath and tundra,were apparently few and scattered.Trees were apparently nonexistent on the slopes of the volcano or anywhere in the Aleutians. Two mammal species,the Arctic fox (Alopex lagopus)and ground squirrel (Citellus undulatus),and one land bird species,rock ptarmigan (Lagopus mutus),were thought to be present throughout Unalaska Island.The United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS)was interested in any information regarding sightings of the marbled murrelet (Brachyramphus marmoratum),which they thought might be present on the island and nest at these elevations. Pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha)were known to spawn in Makushin Valley River,Nateekin River,the streams of Humpback Bay,and elsewhere on Unalaska Island.However,the upstream limit to the presence of pink salmon was unknown.Coho salmon (0.kisutch)and sockeye salmon (0.nerka)occurred on Unalaska Island,but they had not been observed in the streams draining the exploration area.Dolly Varden (Salvelinus malma)and Arctic char (Ss. alpinus)were present in the ocean off Unalaska,but had not been reported in the streams of the volcano. There were no known existing or historical land uses in the prime geothermal area,although the military and/or Unalaska natives might have used the area in the past.There were no known existing public facilities in the area,although remnants of a road from Broad Bay up the Makushin Valley to Driftwood Bay were still visible,and portions of the road were poten- tially usable.Some subsistence camps were apparently located in Makushin Valley. Given that all operations were to be supported by helicopter,most impacts would be restricted to those areas of actual operations.The excep- tion would be the potential for impacts to the streams receiving runoff from the exploration areas.Thus,it appeared that the existing environ- mental data base was significantly inadequate in the areas of water quality and freshwater aquatic biology.Areas of lesser inadequacy included: terrestrial habitat quality;threatened,rare,or endangered species;and cultural resources.All other existing environmental baseline information was judged to be of sufficient quality,or the potential for impacts judged to be so small,that additional information was not to be collected as part of the program. Subsequent to initiation of the field data collection program,Republic altered their proposed project description to include the possibility of developing a temporary road to the deep well location.Three alternative potential road corridors were proposed (one for each of the three alternative deep well sites):Glacier Valley,Makushin Valley,and Driftwood Bay valley. The construction of a road up any of the three valleys could produce addi- tional significant environmental impacts.Road construction and use could produce additional points of impact to water quality and freshwater aquatic biology resources.Barge off-loading areas and roadheads could potentially impact sensitive shoreline resources,such as seabird rookeries,and cultural resources.Road construction and use could also impact potentially sensitive terrestrial habitats,such as wetlands,or threatened,rare,or endangered species. To continue to meet the three original objectives of the environmental baseline data collection program,the program's design was expanded in scope to include significant investigations into the potential for impacts to terrestrial habitat quality;threatened,rare,or endangered species;and cultural resources.The scope of the water quality and freshwater aquatic biology programs was also increased to include the new points of potential impact. The following chapters present the environmental baseline data collec- tion plan and results by discipline (water quality;aquatic biology;birds, mammals,and vegetation;and archaeology)and conclusions and recommendations regarding impact mitigation and impact monitoring for the phases of the operations (road construction,wellsite construction and drilling,and well testing).Only that information related to the design,implementation,and results of the environmental baseline data collection program is included in this report.Information regarding other services provided to Republic by Dames &Moore,including permit guidance,logistics coordination,and geo- technical engineering,will be included as a part of Republic's Final Report of Phase I-B Activities,to be delivered to the APA in 1983.Also included in Republic's Final Report will be a more comprehensive report on the results of monitoring the impacts of the TGH drilling operations,and a discussion of environmental impact monitoring,environmental impact mitigation,and emergency contingency programs for the 1983 deep well drilling and testing operations. 2.0 STUDY PLAN AND RESULTS 2.1 WATER QUALITY 2.1.1 Introduction Efforts were directed towards establishing baseline water quality conditions in three separate drainages on Unalaska Island.The drainages involved include Makushin Valley,Driftwood Bay valley,and Glacier Valley (Figure 2).These drainage systems are small,having short streams and,for the most part,steep gradients.The streams arise high on the slopes of Makushin Voleano and are fed by snowmelt and melting glacial ice.The upper portions of the streams flow under deep snow cover during winter and spring. The steep,sharply-incised canyons in the headwaters have course substrates of cobbles and boulders.These canyons open suddenly onto broad valley floors,where the substrate ranges from gravel to cobbles. Existing information regarding water quality and hydrology is scarce. The following information is presented by Balding (1976).The mean annual runoff on Unalaska probably averages about 4 cubic feet per second per square mile of drainage (cfspsm)and peak runoff rates probably average about 25 cfspsm.Flooding in late summer or early fall usually results from heavy rains in the mountains.The low month mean runoff is probably greater than 1 cfspsm.Since precipitation is typically distributed equally throughout the year,low flow can occur during any month in which precipi- tation is light.Surface water generally contains less than 200 milligrams per liter (mg/l)of dissolved solids.Streams are typically low in mineral content,but water in a few streams draining lowland areas may have high iron concentrations.Most surface water is of the sodium chloride or calcium sodium bicarbonate types.The temperature of surface water has an annual Tange of 1°to 9°C and the warmest temperatures have been recorded during June, Republic and the Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys recently studied Makushin Volcano geothermal manifestations.Hot springs and | Figure 2 SAMPLE STATION LOCATIONS -MAY A Primary Sampie Station @ Potential Temperature Gradient Hole He Camp DRIFTWOOD BAY DW ooN aS MAKUSHINeMv=VALLEY e e wsc £y _f Gv Jonawace BASIN BOUNDARIESGLACIER( VALLEY ({|5 MILESaesnseer05KILOMETERSaemn| fumaroles,containing liquids and gases that potentially evolved in the geothermal reservoir,occur where geothermal water or steam leaks to the surface from the reservoir (RGI 1982).These thermal waters are acid-sul fate waters containing low chloride concentrations (less than 10 mg/l)and high sulfate concentrations (RGI 1982).Motyka et al.(1981)describe the thermal water chemistry of water in the upper part of Glacier Valley as having extremely low levels of chloride,nearly neutral pH,low cation content, comparatively high levels of magnesium and calcium,and high sulfate content. This water is similar to water that has been classified as bicarbonate-sul- fate.In upper Makushin Valley,the thermal water is characterized by very low chloride content,high silica,a high proportion of calcium and magnesium,and relatively high levels of bicarbonate and sulfate,with temperatures up to about 80°C,and the pH is slightly acidic --about 5.4 (Motyka et al.1981). Generally,the objective of the water quality data collection program was to establish site-specific baseline conditions in areas that would potentially receive liquid effluent resulting from geothermal exploration. Potential effluents include drilling fluids from a deep well and three TGHs,camp sanitary wastes,geothermal fluid,and runoff from disturbed areas (wellsites and access roads). The specific objectives of the water quality task were: fs)Establish baseline water quality characteristics in the major drainages that could be affected by geothermal exploration. Oo Document stream reaches in close proximity to geothermal explor- ation that are affected by naturally occurring geothermal waters. 3)Determine selected water quality characteristics at likely road crossing locations. The water quality baseline program was originally designed to include data collection at five or six primary sample stations and five or six secondary sample stations during two field trips.The intent was to establish primary stations on the major streams downstream from the areas of potential impact and secondary stations on tributaries of the major streams closer to the potential TGH.Field parameters --flow,dissolved oxygen,pH, conductivity,temperature,alkalinity,turbidity,and settleable solids -- were to be measured at both primary and secondary sample stations.The remaining parameters to be measured at primary sample stations included those listed in Appendix B,as well as fecal coliform bacteria and chemical oxygen demand.An Organic Sediment Index (OSI)was measured at each primary station during the first field trip.Total suspended solids,nitrate,and orthophosphate,in addition to the field parameters,were to be measured at secondary stations. Water quality sample stations were based on potential TGH locations. Figure 2 presents the 11 potential TGH locations that existed in May 1982, and the various drainages (Makushin,Driftwood,and Glacier)that would be affected by drilling at these TGHs.Specific stations were selected in the field in May based on drainage direction from and proximity to the TGH and on advice given by Republic. The proposed scope of the water quality investigation was amended in the field during the May field trip.Subsequent to inspection flights and advice from Republic,five primary sample stations were selected and sampled, and the secondary stations were eliminated.Upstream secondary stations were not accessible to sampling because the snow pack above camp (elevation 1250 feet)was deep and most small tributaries were covered with snow.The five primary stations established were Makushin Valley (MV),below base camp (BC), Glacier Valley (GV),an eastern Driftwood Bay valley stream (DE),and a more western Driftwood Bay valley stream (DW)(Figure 2).The proposed scope was also amended by the addition of eight parameters.Republic recommended that the streams be analyzed for additional elements potentially found in geo- thermal waters (lithium,cerium,germanium,lanthanum,antimony,titanium, vanadium,and bromide). In early September,the primary stations located at MV,BC,and DW were sampled at essentially the same locations as in May (Figure 3).Station DE was not sampled in September because it was outside the potential zone of impact resulting from drilling a deep well and it was also far removed from the potential road routes.Station GV was moved up Glacier Valley in September to bring it closer to the actual location of the TGH.Four secondary stations were selected and sampled in September.GE and MR were selected because they are at likely road crossing locations and GW and MD were sampled because they are in close proximity to potential deep well locations. Specific sampling methodology appears in Appendix B.Dissolved oxygen, temperature,pH,and conductivity measurements were made at three places across the cross section,at the thalweg and mid-way between the thalweg and the left and right banks,and averaged for the reported values.Alkalinity, settleable solids,and turbidity were collected at three locations, composited,and analyses made on the composite.An exception to the above routine occurred when sampling the small tributaries.In these cases,only one measurement was made or one sample collected.Nutrient and metal parameters were analyzed for only the total fraction. Laboratory samples were collected,preserved,and shipped to the laboratory in accordance with the U.S.Environmental Protection Agency manual Methods for Chemical Analysis of Waters and Wastes (EPA 1979). 2.1.2 Results In general,the water quality at the primary sample stations was pristine and most parameters exhibited levels characteristic of natural water in Alaska.The GV station,however,displayed a number of parameters having relatively high concentrations.These parameters are listed in the discussion below. 10 Figure 3 SAMPLE STATION LOCATIONS -SEPTEMBER A Primary Sample Station 4 Secondary Sample Station @ Temperature Gradient Hole @ Camp DRIFTWOOD BAY aw ."Aa- N LS MR MAKUSHIN anVALLEY =a”tyCMBASIN\Jvw”.eeJBOUNDARIESCaen,L P i |5 MILESledsQ a .ae eeeeSeontfe]§KILOMETERS GLACIER ( VALLEY { One potential road crossing location was sampled in each drainage during the September field trip.The sampled stations were MR,DW,and GE.Total suspended solids,nitrate,and orthophosphate,in addition to the field parameters,were measured at these stations because water quality impacts of road crossings include increases in turbidity,sedimentation,and nutrients and a decrease in dissolved oxygen.The data collected (Appendix B)provide a minimum baseline that can be used for comparison to a monitoring program should a road be built. Organic Sediment Index An Organic Sediment Index (OSI)was measured at the five primary stations sampled in May (Appendix B)according to the method described by Ballinger and McKee (1971).The OSI at all stations was indicative of inorganic or aged,stabilized organic deposits and typical of bottom sedi- ments consisting of sand,silt,clay,and loam.It is interesting to note that although all five sample locations had low OSI levels,the two stations in Driftwood Valley had the highest levels.This candition likely resulted from the relative abundance of peat at these stations compared to the other stations.The sediments at all five stations do not create a Significant oxygen demand,nor are they major sources of nutrients in the water. Discharge Discharge was low at all primary stations in May and relatively high in September.This appears to be typical where low flow can occur in any month when precipitation is low and where flooding occurs in late summer or early fall due to heavy rains in the mountains.In May,runoff ranged from 2.0 to 4.4 cfspsm,but runoff ranged from 3.1 to 49 cfspsm in September. These rates are similar to the rates reported by Balding (1976),who notes that the average annual rate is about 4 cfspsm and the peak runoff is prob- ably about 25 cfspsm.The runoff rates at the four primary stations sampled 12 during both field trips are:DW-2.0 to 3.1 cfspsm,MV-4.4 to 21,BC-2.0 to 17,and GV-3.7 to 49, Water Quality The chemical characteristics of the water in all three drainages changed between May and September.The changes correspond to the changes in flow.That is,mineralization decreased from May to September,whereas turbidity and suspended solids increased.These responses are typical when discharge increases.Turbidity and suspended solids levels were generally low except at the GV and GW stations,which displayed the highest levels of these parameters because of glacial influence.The suspended particles were light weight at GV and GW and did not settle in an Imhoff cone in one hour. Consequently,settleable solids were less than the detection limit of 0.1 milliliters per liter (ml/l)at these stations and all the other stations. Also,none of the primary stations exhibited any color.Turbidity and suspended solids levels correlate marginally well to each other (Appendix B). As noted above,mineralization decreased from May to September corresponding to an increase in flow.Conductivity,total dissolved solids, and hardness levels,as well as many trace element concentrations,displayed a decrease.The GV and BC stations exhibited the highest levels of mineral- ization.These stations also receive apparently significant inflow from geothermal manifestations. Most trace elements and metals exhibited low levels at most of the primary sample stations.A number of elements displayed concentrations equal to or less than their respective detection limits during the May sample period.These elements were bromide,beryllium,cadmium,cerium, germanium,lanthanum,mercury,molybdenum,selenium,silver,and titanium. These elements were not analyzed in samples collected in September because they typically become diluted when flow increases.Boron concentrations were 13 moderate to high at the BC,DW,and GV stations,and the MV station exhibited high concentrations of aluminum and iron in September.The BC station displayed a relatively high concentration of lead.A number of metals exhibited high concentrations at the GV station.These were aluminum, arsenic,chromium,iron,lead,and manganese. Conductivity and total dissolved solids data collected at all the primary stations during both field trips show a high degree of correlation (Appendix B).If water quality sampling is required in the future,conduc- tivity can be determined in the field and total dissolved solids levels can be determined from information in Appendix B. Water in the Makushin and Driftwood drainages was soft,but moderately hard in Glacier Valley.The dominant cation and anion at the GV and BC stations were calcium and sulfate.Calcium and sulfate were also dominant at station MV during high flow,but sodium was slightly more abundant than calcium during low flow.The DE station exhibited high levels of sodium and chloride.The DW station had high levels of sodium and sulfate during high flow and high levels of sodium,calcium,and chloride during low flow. Alkalinity and carbon dioxide concentrations were low and pH was neutral to slightly acidic.Alkalinity and pH levels displayed a decrease with higher flow.The GV station exhibited the lowest alkalinity (2.3 mg/l as CaCQ3)and pH (5.7)levels,and the highest carbon dioxide concentration (9.2 mg/l)of the four primary stations sampled during both field trips. The water at all primary and secondary sample stations was highly oxygenated with dissolved oxygen concentrations ranging from 10.5 to 13.5 mg/l.The percentage saturation of dissolved oxygen was equal to or exceeded 97 percent at all stations.Chemical oxygen demand and total organic carbon concentrations were low at all primary stations.Water temperatures were generally low,ranging between 3.1°and 9.0°C at the primary stations and 4.4°to 10.5°C at the secondary stations.The highest temperature,10.5°C, was measured at the MD station,which was shallow and had the lowest flow of all the stations. 14 Nutrient levels were generally low in May.Nitrogen species were virtually absent at all stations and phosphate levels were low everywhere except at the DE station.Organic nitrogen (the difference between total Kjeldahl nitrogen and ammonia)and phosphate concentrations were high in September.This nutrient loading undoubtedly comes from terrestrial runoff. Fecal coliform bacteria were not detected at any of the primary stations during either of the two field trips. 2.2 AQUATIC BIOLOGY 2.2.1 Introduction Impacts to aquatic biology can result from the discharge or leaching of liquid or solid waste (e.g.sanitary,drilling mud,geothermal fluid), runoff from disturbed areas,and from operations near or within the wetted perimeter (e.g.water withdrawal,fording,culvert placement).The fresh- water biology issue centers around salmon and other fishes in the streams of the exploration area. Pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha),silver or coho salmon (QO. kisutch),and Dolly Varden char (Salvelinus malma)are anadromous members of the salmon family (i.e.salmonids),returning to streams and rivers to spawn in late summer and fall.The fry of pink salmon outmigrate directly to the sea very soon after hatching and emerging from the gravel in the spring. Silver salmon fry usually remain in fresh water for one year before outmi- gration.Dolly Varden char spend perhaps 3 years in the stream before outmigration,or may reside continuously in fresh water (Hart 1973). Alaska Fisheries Atlas Volumes I and II (State of Alaska 1978a)indicate that pink salmon spawn in Makushin Valley River,Nateekin River,the streams of Humpback Bay,and elsewhere on Unalaska Island.However,the upstream limit to the presence of pink salmon is unknown.Silver salmon and sockeye salmon (0.nerka)occur on Unalaska Island,but have not been observed in the potentially impacted streams.Dolly Varden char are present in the streams 15 of the island and offshore,in both resident (freshwater)and anadromous forms.Local residents conduct purse seine salmon fisheries in Nateekin, Makushin and Captains Bays.Similar information is available in Alaska Department of Fish and Game Annual Reports (State of Alaska 1980,1981). The three streams that could potentially be impacted by the exploration operations were examined in the fisheries baseline program:Makushin Valley River,the Glacier Valley stream,and the larger Driftwood Bay stream (Plate 1).This list differs somewhat from that in the original baseline plan (Republic's Phase IA Final Report);the changes were in accordance with Republic's plans. The objectives of the fisheries portion of the baseline data collection program were: o Determine the fish species present in the streams of the project area. o Determine the life stages of each fish species present. o Estimate the maximum upstream occurrence of each species (proximity to a point of impact). o Determine fish presence in the small stream nearest to each TGH site,and take special note of places of particular sensitivity to potential impacts from 1983 deep well activity. o Determine fish presence in the mainstem channels of each stream,and take special note of places of particular sensitivity to potential impacts from 1983 road construction. To accomplish these objectives,fish specimens were captured by a variety of methods:angling,gill net,electrofisher,kick seine,beach seine,and minnow trap.Sampling methodology and records of fish capture appear in Appendix C. 16 Fish samplings were scheduled to correspond as closely as possible with the major biological events:the peak of the outmigration of pink salmon fry (mid-May),and the peak of the upstream spawning migration of adult pink salmon (early September).Adult silver salmon migrate upstream somewhat later than do adult pink salmon (late September),but since pink salmon are usually the more abundant and widespread species (Alaska Department of Fish and Game 1980),it appeared that close attention to pink salmon would best satisfy the abjectives of the program. 2.2.2 Results The headwaters of all three streams were invisible under dense snow pack during the mid-May sampling trip,but the broad valley floors were free of snow.By early September,much of the snow had melted,revealing that the headwater tributaries of all three streams flow through very steep-sided, V-shaped canyons.These portions of the streams are,in most places, inaccessible by helicopter. Pink salmon and Dolly Varden char were confirmed as present in all three streams (Appendix C).In addition,silver salmon and threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus)occurred in Driftwood Valley.Salmonid eggs and yolk-sac fry (hatched,but not able to swim or emerge from the gravel)were captured in all three streams,but it was not possible to distinguish the species. The following discussion presents stream-specific results of the aquatic biology samplings. Makushin Valley The Makushin Valley stream flows eastward from Makushin Volcano, emptying into Broad Bay (Plate 1).The headwaters flow through deep canyons, which open into a wider valley.In the valley,the channel meanders and splits.In the canyons,and in places along the broad valley,the stream is subject to occasional surficial landslides and siltation.The old road in 17 Makushin Valley is visible and almost driveable in some places,but the stream has meandered since the road was constructed and obliterated approx- imately one-quarter of the road in the valley. Two sampling stations were selected:Makushin Valley (MV)station was downstream of where the canyon opened into the broad valley,and below camp (BC)station was in the main headwater tributary just below the main base camp (Plate 2).Station BC was characterized by fast current,large sub- strate (boulders and bedrock),narrow channel,and few pools (fish holding areas).Station MV had a broader channel,somewhat smaller substrate (gravel,cobble,boulders),and some pools.Downstream from station MV,the substrate was smaller and the pools were more frequent. Fish passage barriers (e.g.falls)were present above BC station (between BC and the site of camp water withdrawal),between camp and TGH 2 and the mainstem channel,and between TGH 1 (Fox Canyon)and the mainstem (Plate 2).No barriers were observed between station BC and tidewater. Dolly Varden char and pink salmon were present in the Makushin Valley stream.Records of capture (Appendix C)indicate that relatively more Dolly Varden char were present in the stream (at station MV)then were found in the Glacier Valley or Driftwood Bay streams. Adult and juvenile Dolly Varden char were captured at stations BC and MV,but no pink salmon were captured or observed at these stations.Pink salmon were observed approximately one river mile downstream from station MV at the most upstream crossing of the old road,and at many other crossing points below this;no barriers between the most upstream observation of salmon and station MV were apparent (Plate 2).No other species of fish were captured or observed. During the mid-May sampling,the water in the stream was quite clear, but during the early September site visit,two tributaries entering the mainstem below station BC were silty;some turbidity persisted to tidewater. 18 The aerial survey,conducted on September 3,1982,indicated that approximately 43,000 adult pink salmon were present in the Makushin Valley stream (Appendix C). Driftwood Bay The main (western)Driftwood Bay stream flows northward from Makushin Volcano,emptying into Driftwood Bay (Plate 1).The headwaters flow through deep canyons on the slope of the volcano,and through V-shaped notches on the plateau/saddle near Sugarloaf Cone.After descending from the slopes,the stream flows across a wide valley floor.It appears to meander less than does the Makushin Valley stream,and much less than does the Glacier Valley stream.The old road to the airstrip in Driftwood Valley is visible and driveable for almost all of its length,across the valley floor and up the slope toward Sugarloaf Cone.The road crosses the stream once.The cul- verted crossing structure has been washed away,but large pieces of culvert remain at the site. During the evolution of the geothermal exploration program,it developed that the actual site of TGH 1 (Fox Canyon)was in the drainage of Makushin Valley rather than in Driftwood Bay valley.Nevertheless,it is possible that 1983 deep well activity may occur in the Driftwood Bay drain- age.Two stations were sampled in mid-May:Driftwood West (DW)station was near the old road crossing in the mainstem of the large stream,which flows down the middle of the valley floor;Driftwood East (DE)appeared,during bad weather,to be in the lesser,more eastern stream,but was actually further downstream on the same river (Plate 3).In early September,only station DW was sampled;no geothermal exploration activity is anticipated to occur in the drainage of the smaller stream.Station DW (and most of the stream on the broad valley floor)was characterized by slower current,smaller sub- strate and more,larger pools than were any of the other stations in the other valleys. Fish passage barriers (e.g.falls)were present in the mainstem and most tributaries where they descended from the highlands (Plate 3).No barriers were present between the highlands and tidewater, 19 Dolly Varden char,pink salmon,silver salmon and threespine stickleback were captured at stations DE and DW.Records of capture (Appendix C)indi- cate that relatively fewer Dolly Varden char were present in this stream than were found in the Makushin Valley stream,but more than in the Glacier Valley stream.Adult pink salmon were observed in the riffles and pools near station DW in early September,and at the road crossing.The capture of a juvenile silver salmon implies that this stream is used by spawning adult silver salmon later in the year. The September 3,1982 aerial survey indicated that approximately 6,800 adult pink salmon were present in the two Driftwood Bay streams (Appendix C). Glacier Valley The.Glacier Valley stream flows southward from Makushin Volcano, emptying into Makushin Bay (Plate 1).The headwaters flow through deep canyons on the slopes of the volcano.The broader valley floor,beginning near TGH 3,is largely unvegetated and is composed almost exclusively of large substrate (cobble and boulders).The mainstem channel is braided for much of its length,and is apparently subject to frequent scouring and meandering.Two main headwater tributaries combine below TGH 3 to form the stream;the western tributary drains the glacier for which the valley is named.This glacial tributary is characteristically quite silty;its tur- bidity persists in the mainstem to tidewater and only the side channels and the more downstream tributaries are clear.No roads exist in Glacier Valley. Fish were sampled at the Glacier Valley (GV)station in an unbraided reach of the mainstem (Plate 4).Fish sampling was also attempted in the two main tributaries below TGH 3,just above the confluence. The early September GV station was approximately one-half mile upstream from the mid-May site;the station was moved with the GV water quality station to bring it closer to the final location of the TGH.Station GV was characterized by large substrate,fast current,silty water,and very few pools.The stream generally resembled one long,continuous riffle.No pools were apparent in the two tributaries in the vicinity of the confluence. 20 Fish passage barriers (e.g.falls)occurred in the headwaters,but no barriers were apparent between TGH 3 and tidewater (Plate 4). Dolly Varden char were captured and pink salmon were observed in the Glacier Valley stream.Records of capture (Appendix C)indicate that Dolly Varden char were relatively less abundant at station GV than at stations MV or DW.One juvenile Dolly Varden char was captured in the eastern tributary below TGH 3:this,plus the absence of barriers,implies that this species may occur further up both tributaries,closer to the drill site. The aerial survey indicated that approximately 17,500 adult pink salmon were present in the clearwater tributaries low in the valley (Appendix C). 2.3 BIRDS,MAMMALS AND VEGETATION 2.3.1 Introduction Aerial and ground reconnaissance of selected areas on Unalaska Island was conducted on August 27-30,1982.The baseline survey emphasized identi- fication of environmentally sensitive areas or other constraints that could influence the selection of alternative road routes,road alignments,or other aspects of road use. Sites of investigation were limited to the following: fe)Glacier Valley from tidewater to TGH site 3. o Driftwood Bay valley from tidewater to TGH site 1. 9)Makushin Valley from tidewater to TGH site 1. o Vicinity of camp and TGH site 2. At least two aerial helicopter surveys were flown over each of the above areas.Special emphasis during aerial survey was given to observations of 21 seaside cliff areas at the margins of the above valleys because of their potential importance as nesting and roosting sites for seabirds and bald eagles.Additional emphasis was given to the existing roadways within Driftwood Bay and Makushin Valleys since future road access would probably follow existing roads where possible. Ground surveys were also conducted in the following areas: 9)Driftwood Bay beach from west cliffs to east valley margin. 9)Existing Driftwood Bay valley roadway from tidewater to the Driftwood/Makushin divide. a)Glacier Valley beach from west valley margin to east valley margin. fs)Along Glacier Valley stream from the mouth to a point about 1 mile upstream and a spot check of the mid-valley about 2 miles from tidewater. o Makushin Valley beach from the south margin to the mouth of the Makushin River. o Existing Makushin Valley roadway from the upper valley limit to within 1/2 mile of the beach. o The general vicinity of the camp and drillsite 2 area. During all of the above observations,notes were taken regarding util- ization of the area by birds and mammals.It should be noted,however,that the time of year at which these observations occurred precluded observations of nesting birds,It is likely that some species normally present early in the summer were not present at the time of the survey.Waterfowl and shore- birds were conspicuously absent during this survey but are undoubtedly present in greater numbers at other times of year.Nest sites and other areas of ecological importance were noted.Vegetation types were also noted with special emphasis on wetland types. 22 Vegetation along the prospective road routes was mapped using color aeftial photos as a base.Ground-truthing of the vegetation types as inter- preted from the photos was conducted during the above-described field observations.Vegetation classifications are from Viereck et al.(1981)with some modification. 2.3.2 Results Birds As anticipated,the greatest number of birds was associated with coastal habitats.Glaucus-winged gulls (Larus glaucescens),bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus),and ravens (Corvus corax)were concentrated at the mouth and lower stream reaches of the rivers within each of the valleys investigated.These birds were attracted by spawning pink salmon within the main streams and tributaries.The greatest concentration of gulls (several hundred)was observed at the mouth of the Makushin River Valley,whereas the greatest number of bald eagles (20)was seen in Glacier Valley.Eagles were also observed roosting on cliffs at the valley margins. A bald eagle nest was observed near the top of the cliffs that form the east margin of Glacier Valley.This nest was not observed during a previous nest survey conducted by Nysewander et al.(1982).Another nest observed by Nysewander et al.(1982)on bluffs at the west margin of Glacier Valley was not seen during this survey.Eagle nests were not observed at any of the other study areas although suitable habitat exists adjacent to Makushin and Driftwood Valleys.Cliff nests of bald eagles are often difficult to dis- tinguish because sticks and other debris that typically distinguish eagle nests are not readily available to the birds and nests may consist of a bare rock platform. Seabirds that nest and/or roost on steep,rocky coastal areas were observed at several locations.The most notable of these included pelagic cormorants (Phalacrocorax pelagicus)roosting on rocks and pinnacles at the south margin of Makushin Valley,puffins (Fratercula cirrhata,F. 23 corniculata)roosting on high cliffs at the east margin of Driftwood Bay valley,and pigeon guillemots (Cepphus columba)at the east margin of Glacier Valley.Rafts of gulls,black-legged kittiwakes (Rissa tridactyla),and alcids were observed offshore from the mouth of Makushin River. Songbirds associated with the shoreline included savannah sparrows (Passerculus sandwichensis),song sparrows (Melospiza melodia),winter wrens, (Troglodytes troglodytes),and rosy finches (Leucosticte arcota).Of these, only the savannah sparrow was commonly observed. The avian fauna of interior portions of Unalaska Island is very limited.Savannah sparrows were by far the most abundant species and were found from alpine habitats to lowlands.Water pipits (Anthus spinoletta) were commonly observed at higher elevations as were small numbers of snow buntings (Plectrophenax nivalis).A pair of gyrfalcons (Falco rustuolus) was observed in the camp vicinity.No marbled murrelets (Brachyramphus marmoratus)were observed by the investigators or reported by exploration personnel. Annotated List of Birds Observed Double-crested Cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus)-Three of these birds were observed flying over the sea near the beach at Glacier Valley. Red-faced Cormorant (Phalacrocorax urile)-Numbers (50-100)were observed roosting on seaside rocks and pinnacles adjacent to the east margin of Makushin Valley. Harlequin Duck (Histrionicus histrionicus)-Small groups (10-15)were observed feeding in the surf zone adjacent to the mouths of Glacier Valley stream and Driftwood Valley stream. Red-breasted Merganser (Mergus serrator)-About 10 of these birds were seen on the Makushin River near the mouth. 24 Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus)-Bald eagles were commonly observed along salmon spawning streams and roosting on sea cliffs.About 20 eagles were seen in the Glacier Valley area,six eagles in the Makushin Valley,and two eagles in Driftwood Valley.The ratio of mature to immature birds was about 2:3.An eagle nest was observed near the top of the cliff that forms the eastern seaside margin of Glacier Valley. Gyrfalcon (Falco rusticolus)-A pair of these birds was observed near the camp area and another sighting was made near the Driftwood/Makushin divide.The birds appeared to be hunting for ground squirrels. Shorebird (unidentified,large)-A bird about the size and shape of a whimbrell (Numenius phaeopus)was observed on alpine tundra near the Driftwood/Makushin divide. Common Snipe (Gallinago gallinago)-One bird was observed on the Glacier Valley floodplain. Glaucus-winged Gull (Harus glaucescens)-This bird was commonly observ- ed at all seashore areas and along the lower reaches of streams containing spawning salmon.The largest concentration (up to 300)was observed on the beach at the mouth of Makushin River.Smaller groups were seen at the mouth of Glacier Valley stream and along spawning areas of Driftwood Bay stream. Black-legged Kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla)-Substantial numbers of these birds were observed rafted offshore from the Makushin River mauth in Broad Bay. Puffin (Fratercula cirrhata,F.corniculata)-Up to 50 puffins were observed roosting on or flying adjacent to the very high cliffs that mark the east margin of Driftwood Bay valley.The primary roosting area appeared to be on the upper portion of the cliff at an elevation of 700 to 1000 feet. Close observations were not possible.It is likely that the species observed was the horned puffin rather than the tufted puffin since the latter usually associates in larger,more concentrated colonies. 25 Common Raven (Corvus corax)-Ravens were commonly seen in coastal or lowland areas in all three of the valleys investigated.Spawning salmon appeared to be the primary attractant. Winter Wren (Troglodytes troglodytes)-This small bird was observed in low numbers on the beach zone in Glacier and Driftwood Valleys. Water Pipit (Anthus spinoletta)-The water pipit was the second most common interior species.These birds were observed most commonly along streams at higher elevations.They were common at the camp area. Rosy Finch (Leucosticte arctoa)-Two observations of this bird were made in the Makushin Valley --one at the beach zone and another in the middle part of the valley. Savannah Sparrow (Passerculus sandwichensis)-These sparrows were,by far,the most common species observed.They were noted in all vegetated habitat types from the beach zone to the alpine tundra.They were most abundant in the relatively dry,mixed grass-herb-willow lowland meadows found in the floodplains of the three valleys investigated. Song Sparrow (Melospiza melodia)-Song sparrows were observed in very low numbers in the beach and/or lower valley zones of Makushin and Glacier Valleys. Snow Bunting (Plectrophenox nivalis)-Two observations of these birds were made --both in alpine tundra near the camp. Land Mammals Only two land mammals were noted through direct observation or signs: Arctic ground squirrels (Citellus parryi)and Arctic fox (Alopex lagopus). Arctic ground squirrels were commonly observed on high,well-drained terrain.They were especially common in the camp vicinity.Ground squirrels 26 were also seen in low numbers on the Makushin Valley floodplain in locations where there was sufficient depth of soil above the water level to allow burrowing.Use of the latter habitat type by squirrels is atypical and may suggest that populations are sufficiently high to cause use of marginal habitats, Arctic fox tracks were observed within a wide variety of habitats from sea level to alpine tundra.The only fox actually seen was an animal which visited the camp on two nights in search of food.Camp personnel were instructed on how to discourage this activity. Marine Mammals Marine mammals observed during the reconnaissance included Stellar's sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus)and harbor seals (Phoca vitulina).Four sea lions were observed swimming in Broad Bay near the mouth of the Makushin River. Harbor seals were observed at the mouths of Makushin River and Glacier Valley stream (three animals at each location).The seals were in very shallow water and one animal was up river a distance of 100 feet.Presumably,the harbor seals were feeding on salmon. Vegetation Vegetation maps of the three primary road corridor alternatives are presented in Plates 2 through 4.Table 1 describes the vegetation types used in the mapping.The vegetation mapping is not completely satisfactory because of the difficulty in distinguishing between different tundra and meadow vegetation types on the aerial photos.The mapping is,therefore, very general and should not be used for detailed planning. The primary road alternatives traverse geomorphologically similar river valleys before ascending to higher plateaus.Consequently,the patterns of vegetation are similar for each route.A generalized description of vegeta- tion types starting at sea level and proceeding inland is as follows: 27 TABLE 1 CLASSIFICATION OF VEGETATION TYPES*WITH MAP CODES Level I Level II Level III Level IV Map Code Herbaceous Tall grass Elymus Coastal Elymus TG Vegetation Sedge-grass Sedge-grass WM wet meadow Midgrass Mesic Midgrass-m1 midgrass herb (Type 1) Midgrass-mM2 herb (Type 2) Sedge-grass Sedge-grass Tundra tundra Shrub land Dwarf shrub Mat and cushion Tundra tundra ¥Plant classification system from Viereck et al.(1981).The Viereck system describes all Alaska plant communities using a five-level hierarchial classification.Level I,the most general level,describes communities on the basis of life form,e.g,forest,shrubland,herbaceous vegetation and aquatic vegetation.Each of the above categories are further subdivided into more specific categories (Level II),which are in turn subdivided (Level III)and so on.The above table only repeats from the Viereck classification those plant formations applicable to the study area. 28 Tall grass dominated by beach rye (Elymus arenarius)occupies a narrow zone from the upper beach to the inland side of the foredune.This zone is usually less than 200 feet wide but can be substantially wider.Beach rye reaches a height of 6 feet in this distinctive community. A substantial portion of the seaward end of each river valley studied was dominated by a wet meadow community with uniform cover of grasses and sedges.In Driftwood Bay valley the wet meadow community extends from the inland side of the foredune up the valley for a distance of about 3/4 mile.In Makushin and Glacier Valleys the wet meadow type is discontinuous and covers a smaller proportion of the total area.Wet meadows are the only major wetland vegetation type encountered by the proposed road corridors. The dominant vegetation type in the valleys is variable,consisting of mid-length grasses and a mixture of herbaceous species such as lupine (Lupinus nootkatensis)and fireweed (Epilobium angusti- folium).Widely scattered clumps of willows (Salix spp.)to 6 feet tall are present in upper valley portions of this type.Underlying spoils consist of coarse alluvium and standing water is generally not present;therefore,this vegetation type cannot be considered a wetland and for purposes of this classification is called mesic midgrass-herb (Type 1). Another type of mesic midgrass-herb vegetation (Type 2)is found on the slopes ascending from the floodplains.This relatively uniform vegetation type consists almost entirely of grasses and sedges and is best typified by the slope overlooking the Driftwood Bay valley where the existing road begins its ascent up out of the valley bottom. The remaining vegetation on Unalaska Island,covering essentially all vegetated portions of the interior,can be considered as tundra.The tundra can be divided into two primary types using the 29 Viereck et al.(1981)system:mesic subarctic-herb and mat cushion tundra (heathland).The former type is dominated by herbaceous plants,particularly short grasses and sedges.The latter contains low growing woody,ericaceous plants as a major component.These two tundra types are mixed throughout the island with heathland found primarily on areas exposed to the wind and the subarctic herb type found on less exposed areas.It was not practical to separate these tundra types in the mapping.Also,it was not practical to delineate the many small areas of exposed ground and small wetland areas.The tundra classification should, therefore,be considered a mosaic dominated by the two major vegetation types but also including small atypical areas.Wetlands within the tundra are usually associated with small ponds.These marsh types are infrequent and do not interfere significantly with proposed road routes. 2.4 ARCHAEOLOGY 2.4.1 Introduction The earliest glimpses of the prehistory of the Aleutian Archipelago come from Anangula Island.Tools not unlike others of the American Paleo-Arctic tradition were found in marked stratigraphy with datable materials and voleanic ash lenses.These artifacts consist of cores,blades,flakes and burins.All cutting edges are unifacial.Earliest dates have been set at about 9000 years ago (Laughlin 1980). A middle period is represented by only a few localities.The Anangula Village site and Sandy Beach Bay (Umnak Island)provide information con- cerning the first recognizable centralized villages.Artifacts are chipped stone projectiles probably used as end blades.The earliest dates are set at about 5600 years ago from Sandy Beach Bay (Aigner et al.1976). The late prehistoric is well-represented throughout the Aleutians. Large,deep coastal middens contain the remains of house structures,human 30 burials,stone tools,amd carved bone or ivory artifacts of amazing diver- sity.Sites in the Dutch Harbor/Unalaska region consist of these later site types.The most comprehensive excavations have been conducted at Chaluka (Umnak Island)and at several localities on Amchitka Island.Collections that have only been recently published are taken from Port Moller,the northern extent of Aleut influence.The beginning dates average about 3500 years B.P.(Dumond 1977).It is these people who first greeted Russian explorers to the region. Historic period archaeological investigations,except for the extensive work of Veltre (1979),are few.The effects of Russian contact are best assessed from numerous written documents.Contact began with the explor- ations of Bering and Chirikof in 1741.Unalaska was first contacted in 1759. These contacts were made and financed with fur pelts taken during each voyage.Aleut families were harshly affected by the Russian practice of indenturing native men to hunt sea otters.Unalaska had one of the smallest garrisons of Russians,but the long-term effect included a sharp decline in the Aleut population by 1839.Davydov (1977)noted this population drop in his 1806 assessment.The eventual lack of financial success in the later years of the Russian-American Company released the native population from continued adverse effects of this forced contact (Tikmenev 1978). Continued adverse effects on the Aleut population resulted during the American Period from World War II.While Unalaska was not taken by the Japanese,the impact of United States defensive action was swift.Many archaeological sites on Unalaska were adversely affected by heavy equipment activities and military personnel who disturbed sites in search of artifacts. No concentrated program of archaeological preservation is in force in the Aleutians.Thus,although the post-war population of the archipelago is less,continued pilfering,coupled with natural erosion forces,are con- tributing to the further loss of finite archaeological and historical resources. The cultural resource evaluations were conducted under Federal Antiquities Permit .#82-AK-242 and Fish and Wildlife Service Special Use 31 Permit #AI-82-10,STA.#to be credited 74502.The permittee is Republic Geothermal,Inc.Fieldwork was conducted between August 30 and September 3, 1982. While theoretical models based on biomass potential would be operative for this investigation,such models might have limited surface investigations to the immediate coastal ecotones.The Aleutian Archipelago is known for high concentrations of sea mammals,including pinnepeds and cetaceans,which were actively sought by the aboriginal inhabitants of the islands.Numerous species of alcids,ducks,cormorants,and other sea birds are year-round residents while fulmars and albatrosses are seasonal visitors.The littoral zone possesses great quantities of shellfish.Anadromous fishes spawn in the short freshwater streams. Recent subsistence evaluations underscore the importance of marine resources and the rare use of inland areas.Veltre and Veltre (pers.com., August 26,1982)quantified the bulk of the diet from marine resources. Inland resources included the infrequent hunting of ptarmigan or the digging of ground squirrel caches for procurement of roots.The only other inland animals were mice,lemmings,and foxes which were not taken for food. The only subsistence areas not directly located on the coast were fishing sites slightly inland where streams narrowed sufficiently for weir or trap locations.Concerning Aleut adaptations,it can be underscored that «se"the interior land surfaces,on the other hand,were irrelevant to their way of life"(Laughlin 1980). The.archaeological investigations,however,were not limited to these coastal or near-coastal localities although survey in such environs was intensified.The study boundaries were dictated by the area of potential impact from the project road corridors.Survey consisted of aerial recon- naissance coupled with pedestrian investigation and limited subsurface testing to determine the presence or absence of archaeological sites. 32 2.4.2 Results Corridor to Driftwood Bay Both moderate and low altitude helicopter surveys were conducted along the existing road through the valley to Driftwood Bay.Pedestrian reconnaissance was undertaken from a point beginning at the cliffs at the northeast end of the bay along 75 percent of the high energy beach.The entire length of the road was given pedestrian survey and all adjacent high points,such as terraces and ridges were examined.Rock outcrops were examined for potential artifact material quarries,but no preforms were found nor was the weathered granitic and basaltic rock conducive to such artifact manufacture. Deviation from the existing road encompassed no more than 80 to 160 feet on either side of the roadway.Findings were entirely negative,even though the existence of vantage points and bedrock outcrops overlooking a productive salmon stream might be considered of moderate archaeological site potential. Makushin Valley to Operations Camp Although the exact route is unknown at this time,the area is of low archaeological potential.The route would certainly traverse a steep slope. Reconnaissance consisted of low altitude helicopter survey.Two flat areas were examined on the ground,but no sites were detected. Tributary Stream from the Operations Camp Although no development is planned for this area,survey included pedestrian examination of several rock overhangs that could have served as shelters.The reconnaissance route extended about 2 miles downstream from camp toward Makushin Valley.All overhangs were examined and limited trowel testing was performed in each,but with no findings that might indicate past human occupation. 33 Makushin Valley Reconnaissance began with aerial transects at both moderate and low altitudes along the entire length of the existing road.Pedestrian survey was undertaken along the 75 percent of the roadbed that still exists.The remaining 25 percent of the road has been washed out.This active floodplain is of little archaeological value. A terrace above the stream was briefly examined.In the unlikely chance that archaeological sites ever existed on this terrace,erosion and mudslides that are very much in evidence would have totally destroyed such localities. Glacier Valley Again,two-level aerial reconnaissance was a precursor to some pedestrian survey.Ground survey was performed only at the present drill site located at the head of Glacier Valley,and where the proposed road would cross the stream.No evidence of any archaeological sites was encountered. Glacier Valley is a gorge-like watercourse.The broad floodplain is bounded by extremely steep slopes and,thus,is considered to have very low archaeological potential. Adjacent Archaeological and Historical Sites Unalaska Island contains well over 100 historical and archaeological sites scattered all around its complex,convoluted coastline.At least 12 cultural resource localities are known in an approximate 5-mile radius of the proposed exploration areas or access corridors.As time permitted,the sites closest to the proposed road corridors were visited briefly (Plate 1). 49-UNL-015/Makushin:Reported as a village site by Sarychev (1826),this historic site may have a prehistoric component as well (Bank 1971,McCartney 1972).Place name (Orth 1971).This site is the closest of any to the proposed project area. 34 Makushin still contains many historic structures.Although the brief field visit conducted during this project failed to locate an undeniable prehistoric component,the mass of shellfish remains located along the beach attest to the potential for such an older occupation. 49-UNL-G16/Nateekin:Also listed as Neveechin (Bank 1968).This site,first reported by Dall (1873)is the same as reported by Bank (1971). It is likely a prehistoric locality (McCartney 1972).Two localities astride a stream are mapped for this site by Bank (1974)which he describes as "an interesting prehistoric mound,mostly still intact,...situated above the present beach line."Also see Orth (1971). This locality was visited during project reconnaissance.The site has not changed since the visits and description by Bank (1974).The large midden deposit,located on the north side of the stream,is up to 16 feet high and heavily vegetated.Aerial review located at least four rectangular depressions of house remains.Behind these are three or four additional but smaller and circular depressions that likely served a storage capacity.A second shell midden is located south and across the stream. Nateekin Bay is a well-protected locality and no erosion of the site is evident at this time. 49-UNL-017/Cheerful:Old village site listed by Sarychev (1826). See Orth (1971). 49-UNL-019/Eider Point:A large midden site,also called Pestriakoff (Dall 1873).First noted as occupied by Sarychev (1826)and said to have five huts and 37 people (Veniaminov 1840).Described and tested by Bank (1953a,b).Bank (1972)obtained a date of 650+150 radiocarbon years B.P.The site was visited by McCartney (1972)and he describes the deposit as being about 30 feet deep. Although inclement weather did not permit an aircraft landing,the site was viewed from the air.McCartney's (1972)assertion of the depth of this 35 midden is accurate.An exposed face of the midden indicated possibly even greater depth.No house depressions were noted in this cursory examination. Remains of military operations surround the site.Dependent on evolving federal policy,these remains might also be classed as cultural resources. Certainly research and heritage potential is there. Eider Point is eroding.The erosion of this protective body could lead to the eventual destruction of the archaeological site. 49-UNL-022/Makushin Post:A fur trading post (Federova 1973) originally reported to be about 4 miles from the most recent Makushin Village.The original village was relocated after volcanic activity (Petroff 1884). 49-UNL-040/Volcano Bay:A prehistoric site listed by Bank (1971,1973)and McCartney (1972). Field examination of this locality did not locate the reported site. Broken marine shells are scattered along 1/4 mile of black sand beach, perhaps attesting to a now-eroded midden;however,it could not be deter- mined if these shell remains were the result of natural forces along this high-energy beach. Behind the beach the thick vegetation may contain the reported site, although vegetational changes should have been easily recognizable from aerial review.Ground examination was limited by this vegetational cover; nevertheless,it is unlikely that a large site exists here. 49-UNL-041/No Name:A possible small site reported by McCartney (1972)located near the shore between Cape Cheerful and Eider Point. 49-UNL-063/No Name:Bank (1971)reports a small site located on this narrow land spit.Also listed by McCartney (1972). 36 49-UNL-U067/No Name:Bank (1963)reported a site at this locality. Also listed by McCartney (1972),who believes this site may be one of the 24 scattered villages reported but not located by Veniaminov at the time of Russian contact (see Hrdlicka 1945). Attempts to find this site during this project reconnaissance failed. Heavy rains cut short any extended aerial review. 49-UNL-079/Holy Nativity of Christ Church:Located at Makushin Village,this is the site of the former Russian Orthodox Church.Visited during this project,the church can be identified but is in a state of disrepair.The walls are collapsed.Two Russian Orthodox style grave markers are located on the beach side of the church.Other graves are located on the north site. 49-UNL-087/No Name:Reported as site C-18 by Bank (1974),a small burial cave at Point Cathedral.This site was located as an ancillary activity of project reconnaissance, A small cave is located at the base of a 100-foot cliff face situated to the south side of Point Cathedral.This locality overlooks a deep rocky bay with numerous seastacks,The cave is distinguished by an opening about 30 feet high by 16 feet wide.The chamber is recessed into the cliff face by about 16 feet. Without testing,this locality could not be confirmed as a burial cave nor could a relative temporal assignment be made.Up to 24 inches of undifferentiated cultural midden deposit is present.Bird and mammal bone was noted,but no human remains were found.The beach in front of the cave has up to 20 inches of shell debris,likely related to the interior )component.The rear of the chamber has been blackened by smoke from numerous fires.Fire-altered stone is in evidence.The only artifacts noted were non-diagnostic lithic flakes.None of these were collected. 37 49-UNL-104/Hog Island:Located on the southern portion of this island is a midden locality of unknown size.Bank (1974)reported this site as having been destroyed during World War II;however,local inhabitants say that the site still exists and may even be a large midden (Veltre pers.com. 1982). The site was visited briefly.There are numerous buildings from military operations on top of the site locality.The amount of site destruction from this abandoned facility cannot be assessed without addi- tional research and archaeological testing. 38 3.0 CONCLUSIONS &RECOMMENDATIONS This chapter presents conclusions and recommendations based on the preceeding environmental baseline relative to impact mitigation and impact monitoring for road construction (Section 3.1)and for well site construc- tion,well drilling and well testing (Section 3.2). 3.1 ROAD CONSTRUCTION For the purposes of this report,impacts from road construction are discussed separately from impacts from drilling operations.It is reasonably certain that a deep geothermal test well will be drilled in 1983;at the time of this writing,it is not clear if overland (road)access will be required to support the deep well operations.Support of the operations by heli- copter,rather than by road,is environmentally preferable because impact to sensitive habitats (salmon streams,lowlands,coastal areas,seabird colonies and raptor nests)would be minimized or avoided.The road,should it be constructed,will be intended to be used for only one season,and will probably be abandoned in autumn of 1983.In addition to the discipline- specific recommendations made in the following subsections,it-is advisable that the actual road route be selected,in the field,with the advice of a biologist (aquatic and terrestrial).This recommendation would apply more to the extensive mew construction in Glacier Valley or Makushin Valley,rather than to the upgrading of the existing Driftwood Bay valley route. 3.1.1 Water Quality Water quality impacts from road construction include increases in sediments,turbidity,and nutrients,and a decrease in pH and dissolved oxygen values.These impacts are directly or indirectly related to sedi- mentation.Road construction may influence the production of sediment by surface erosion,mass soil movements,and channel erosion.Of these,the most common and significant water quality impact results from mass _soil movement. 39 The potential for water quality impacts resulting from road construction is least in Glacier Valley because the potential for sedimentation is low. The proposed road would ascend the valley within the existing floodplain, would cross only one of the major tributaries in the valley,and would cross a relatively short section where surface erosion may occur.Potential impacts in Driftwood Bay valley are moderate compared to those in Glacier and Makushin Valleys.The Driftwood Bay valley route would follow an existing road for most of its length and this road would require very little new construction.One major stream crossing would be made.Road construction impacts on water quality are potentially greater in Makushin Valley than in Driftwood Bay valley or Glacier Valley.The potential for erosion and mass soil movement would be high in the new section of road located in Makushin Valley.The Makushin Valley route has the highest potential for water quality impacts because it would entail a large amount of new construction and would cover terrain where sedimentation may be difficult to prevent. The selected road route for Makushin Valley or Glacier Valley should avoid wetlands and active stream channels,and minimize stream crossings and encroachments.Where stream crossings cannot be avoided,they should be aligned at right angles to the stream and located to minimize requirements for bank cutting and streambed disturbance.Bridge crossings are environ- mentally preferable to culverts,and culverts are environmentally preferable to low-water crossings (fords).Bridge supports,at any crossing on any of the three routes,should be located outside of the active stream channel. Culverts should be placed to conform with the slope of the undisturbed streambed.Fords should be used only where a stream will sustain infrequent, light traffic.These fords should conform to the slope of the undisturbed streambed and should be composed of materials that will allow water to flow over them,rather than percolating through them.These crossings (fords and culverts)should be frequently maintained during high flow periods to avoid blockage or washout.When a stream crossing structure is no longer required (e.g.at the end of the 1983 field season),it should be removed,and the streambanks recontoured to a stable configuration. 40 Road dust control should use water rather than oil or other synthetic compounds.Grading and other road maintenance activities should not push material into streams.Material borrow sites should be located in well- drained upland areas,or,if this is not possible,in first-level terrace areas away from active stream channels,to avoid erosion into a stream. 3.1.2 Aquatic Biology Generally,the potential impacts to aquatic biology from road construc- tion can occur as results of siltation,direct deletion of sensitive areas (e.g.salmon spawning area),and presentation of a barrier to fish passage. These impacts are most easily avoided by minimizing the number of crossings of a stream,by minimizing the operations within the wetted perimeter (e.g. fording,culverting),and by selecting the appropriate size of culvert or depth of ford.From the perspective of aquatic biology,bridges impact the stream less than culverts,and culverts usually impact less than fords. However,it often happens that engineering and financial constraints favor selection of fords over culverts,and culverts over bridges.Also,it is possible that the permit agencies (Alaska Department of Fish and Game,Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation,and U.S.Fish and Wildlife Service) may require the removal of crossing structures and/or the restoration of the stream channel,at the close of 1983 operations.Once the decision to build a road is made,and a route corridor is selected,close agency coordination will be essential. A road in Driftwood Bay valley would likely follow the existing roadbed and would,therefore,cross the stream once.The original crossing structure has been washed away,but pieces of culvert remain at the site.As discussed in the following section (3.2:Well Site Construction,Well Drilling and Well Testing),the stream supports three species of anadromous salmonids,and these fish occur at and above the crossing point,and the passage of fry, juveniles or adults should not be impeded by a crossing structure.Recom- mendations relative to stream crossings are made later in this subsection. 41 A road in Makushin Valley could use parts of the old roadbed,but because the channel has meandered since that road was built,at least six stream crossings would be necessary.Pink salmon and Dolly Varden char are present at and above all crossing points,and the passage of fry,juveniles or adults must be permitted to occur. Although there is no existing roadbed in Glacier Valley,much of the valley floor is composed of old,dry,unvegetated meander and flood channels. If the road followed the dry channels,avoiding the wetted perimeter of the stream,it is likely that only one stream crossing at the head of the valley near the drill site would be necessary.It is possible that one or two other crossings in the low end of the valley may be required,depending on the placement of the beach offloading area,but care should be taken in crossing the tributary channels (used by spawning pink salmon),as well as the mainstem, Anadromous fishes are present,or must be presumed to occur,at and above all stream crossing points on all three streams.Road construction activity should be planned and scheduled to minimize disturbance to fish. Routes should minimize stream crossings and encroachments.Where a stream crossing cannot be avoided,its construction (and removal)should be scheduled for periods when the eggs or fry of pink salmon are not present (late May through mid-August).The crossings should avoid salmon spawning areas.The existing single crossing on the Driftwood Bay valley route does not appear to directly delete a spawning area;the crossings in Makushin and Glacier Valleys should be selected with the advice of a fisheries biologist. The crossings should be aligned at right angles to the stream to minimize bank cutting and streambed disturbance.Bridges are environmentally perfer- able to culverts,and culverts are environmentally preferable to fords. Bridge supports should be located outside of the active stream channel. Culvert sizes should be appropriate for the passage of salmon and Dolly Varden fry,juveniles and adults;the culvert diameters will depend on the hydraulic characteristics of the stream and on the length of the culverts. Culverts should be placed to conform with the slope of the undisturbed streambed.Fords should be used only where a stream will sustain infrequent, light traffic. 42 3.1.3 Birds and Terrestrial Biology Driftwood Bay Valley From the standpoint of terrestrial ecology,temporary road access to drill site areas via Driftwood Bay valley would probably have the least impact of the three road alternatives.The beach zone appears to be less used by wildlife than at Makushin or Glacier Valleys,presumably because Driftwood Bay is more exposed to heavy seas and fewer pink salmon are avail- able for food than in the other valleys.Sensitive areas would include the mouth of Driftwood Bay valley stream and the cliffside puffin colony.Both of these areas are located at the extreme east end of the valley and would be avoided by siting the landing area and road terminus at the central or west end of the beach. The lower portion of Driftwood Bay valley contains extensive wetlands; however,the existing runway and roadway already traverse these wet meadow habitats.Use of the existing road would not require a wetlands permit unless new fill is required within the wetland area.Little or no impact to wetlands would occur if the existing roadway is utilized without modifi- cation. No significant impacts to wildlife or sensitive habitats would be expected on the portions of the proposed road route that are on higher elevation tundra terrain.New roadway required to link the existing road to the proposed drill site would cross a windblown tundra area with substantial bare ground.The primary impact would be aesthetic rather than ecological. Makushin Valley The beach zone of the Makushin Valley (and its adjacent seaside cliffs) appears to be highly productive.Numbers of birds and marine mammals onshore,near shore and offshore were greater at this beach than at the other study sites.This abundance was caused at least partially by the large pink salmon run in the Makushin River and undoubtedly varies depending on season. 43 The focus of this wildlife activity is the mouth and lower reaches of the Makushin River.The sea cliffs and rocky shore at the north and south margins of the valley are also sensitive areas because of their use by seabirds and roosting bald eagles.The least sensitive area of the beach for a materials landing site would be at the north end about halfway between the river mouth and the valley margin.Agency imposed timing restrictions could limit activities during the salmon run. The lower part of the Makushin Valley,inland from the beach zone, contains substantial wetland areas.A roadway following the route of the original road (now mostly obscured)would cross several of these large wet meadows and wetland permits would be required.It was noticed during the ground survey that some of the wetland areas had substantial flow of water through them.A roadway traversing these areas would have to provide for adequate cross drainage to avoid altering the regime of the Makushin River. Drainage patterns within the floodplain appear to be quite unstable.There- fore,the proposed roadway could interfere with future water movement in areas where no flow exists at the present time. As an alternative to the Driftwood Bay valley route,the Makushin route rates a rather poor second from the ecological standpoint.The Makushin Valley road would traverse about 4 miles of valley bottom terrain with new construction across numerous wetlands and stream courses.The Driftwood Bay valley road would,on the other hand,cross about 1.5 miles of bottomland and require little or no reconstruction of the existing roadway in the sensitive areas. Glacier Valley The beach zone at the mouth of Glacier Valley appears to be nearly as productive as seen at Makushin Valley.Fewer gulls and less offshore activity were seen at Glacier Valley;on the other hand,Glacier Valley had substantially higher use by bald eagles.Eagle nests are known to be present on bluffs at both the east and west margins of the valley.Seabirds (pigeon guillemots)use the east cliffs.As with the other valleys,the 44 most sensitive areas from a wildlife standpoint are at the mouth and lower reaches of the river system and adjacent to the bluffs at each side of the valley. Glacier Valley contains less wetland habitat than the other valleys studied.Wetlands are most extensive on the east side of the lower valley. The upper valley is vegetated primarily by the mesic midgrass type with extensive areas of bare alluvial soils adjacent to the main stream.The upper valley would not be sensitive from the standpoint of wildlife impacts. A temporary road constructed in Glacier Valley should take a number of factors into consideration.The presence of nesting bald eagles,spawning salmon,and wildlife that exploit the salmon indicates that the valley mouth area is sensitive to disturbance at various times of the year.It is prob- able that regulatory agencies would impose timing constraints on shoreline activities.The most sensitive time periods would include late March through early May (eagle nesting,courtship and egg laying)and mid-August through mid-September (pink and silver salmon run).The best place for a landing area would be halfway between the mouth of the river and the bluffs on either the east or west sides. Routing of the roadway in the lower valley is also important from an ecological and aesthetic point of view.Salmon spawning and rearing areas and wetland areas are most extensive on the east side of the valley.A route through this area would require wetland permits and permanent drainage structures designed for fish passage at each stream crossing.Visual impact would be high because the area is heavily vegetated.A recommended alter- native would be to route the roadway on the bare alluvial soils of the main stream.Numerous crossings of the braided stream channels would be required but could probably be accomplished using shallow fords rather than struc- tures.The braided main stream is a dynamic system and the channels are continuously shifting.Therefore,visual impacts would be minimal and no long-term impact to vegetated terrain or stream hydrology would occur.A disadvantage to the above recommendation is that permits would be required from the Alaska Department of Fish and Game.It is almost certain that,if 45 such a permit were approved,it would stipulate that movement of machinery in the river could not occur during salmon fry outmigration (April and May)and during salmon spawning (August and September). 3.1.4 Archaeology After study of known resources and previous archaeological investiga- tions,a comprehensive field reconnaissance failed to locate archaeological or historical sites within proposed areas that may be used by Republic. For purposes of assessing secondary impact,known or reported archaeological sites were briefly visited. Although no cultural resources were discovered in areas of praposed direct impact,construction personnel and planners should realize the limits of archaeological reconnaissance.Dense vegetation,such as is common throughout the Aleutian Archipelago,may conceal archaeological sites.Sites that are deeply buried may escape detection as well.Thus,prudent opera- tions require that,in the unlikely event that archaeological or suspected cultural resources are encountered during construction,a localized work halt should oceur until further assessment by an archaeologist.The responsible U.S.Fish and Wildlife Officer shall immediately be notified.Additionally, it is recommended that the U.S.Fish and Wildlife Service regional archae- ologist (Mr.Charles Diters)be notified as well as advice sought from the State Historic Preservation Officer (Mr.Timothy Dilliplane).These persons are in the best position to ensure preservation or proper management of any new discovered cultural resource properties. In the proposed work areas (including the route corridors and the drill pad sites),no additional reconnaissance is warranted.Indirect adverse effects on known cultural resources are not anticipated.Given present development plans,none are directly threatened by the project.The sites are also distant enough from operation areas that secondary effects to these sites are highly unlikely;however,a general knowledge coupled with an awareness of respect for these sites is necessary to ensure their continued protection.Republic should,however,issue a memorandum requiring avoidance 46 of these localities by all project personnel.This requirement is especially critical if the Glacier Valley corridor is further considered. The tidewater terminus of the Glacier Valley route would fall within one mile of the abandoned village of Makushin.This village still contains historic and probable prehistoric components.Graves,structures,artifacts, and any other potential curiosities should remain unmolested.Disturbance of the site's temporal and spatial integrity is a violation of federal and State of Alaska statutes and could lead to project requirements for mitigation of any adverse secondary effects. If conducted with caution and activity monitoring,this road building for geothermal exploration should have no adverse primary or secondary effects on the archaeological or historical sites of Unalaska Island. 3.2 WELL SITE CONSTRUCTION,WELL DRILLING AND WELL TESTING Because essentially all deep well operations will occur high on the slopes of Makushin Volcano,wetlands,birds and archaeology will not be major environmental issues.However,because of the potential for erosion from the well pad,and the discharge of drilling mud or geothermal fluid,water quality and aquatic biology are areas of major environmental concern.This section,therefore,focuses primarily on these two disciplines,but also discusses the potential for impacts to terrestrial biology and archaeology. 3.2.1 Water Quality Deep well drilling operations could result in water quality impacts if drilling mud and/or geothermal fluid accidentally enter or are discharged into a stream or if erosion from the well site enters a stream.The impact from geothermal fluid discharge would probably be greatest in Driftwood Bay valley because it has the least existing influence from geothermal water. Makushin and Glacier Valley streams are,at present,affected by geothermal water;however,the ultimate impact on water quality would depend on the 47 volume and quality of geothermal water that was discharged compared to the volume and quality of receiving water.Consequently,streams in all three drainages could receive essentially no adverse impact or the impacts could be severe.The impacts would be greatest at the point of discharge and would be attenuated in a downstream direction because of dilution.Temperature could be significantly increased locally,dissolved oxygen concentrations could be reduced,sodium,chloride,sulfate and turbidity may exceed the State of Alaska's water quality standards,and many trace element concentrations could increase. Measures to prevent erosion should be incorporated into well site construction activities at any deep well site.A buffer strip (at least 100 feet wide)of undisturbed vegetation should remain between any heavy equip- ment or construction activity and any stream,wetland or bluff edge,if practicable.Movement of heavy equipment in the wetted perimeter of a stream should be avoided.Gravel for the construction of the well pad should be obtained from existing sources,if practicable.Other material sites may include well-drained upland areas,the first-level terraces of floodplains, or beaches above the high tide mark.Gravel extraction from an active floodplain should be avoided.Gray water should be disposed of through a leach line system. Drilling mud should be appropriately disposed of in a pit with no leaching or leakage.Discharge of mud to a stream should be avoided.At the close of operations,the mud pit should be appropriately buried to avoid erosion.Replacement of drilling mud with air or water,as practical,would serve to reduce potential impacts. Should the regulatory agencies permit discharging the geothermal fluid from the well test into the streams,well testing procedures should include provisions for energy dissipation of the fluid to avoid erosion and heat dissipation if at all possible.Fluid discharge should occur during a period of high streamflow,to allow for maximum dilution.If practicable,the fluid should be sampled and tested before discharge,and the resulting 48 quality of the receiving water should be estimated.This would allow for the implementation of potential mitigation measures,such as limiting the discharge volume,as appropriate. Monitoring of well testing should include sampling for selected water quality criteria before,during,and after the test at two stations down- stream from the point of discharge,in areas known to support salmon.In Makushin Valley,the MV and MR stations could be used.In Glacier Valley,GV station plus another station further downstream would be suitable.In Driftwood Valley,DW station plus another station further upstream would be appropriate. 3.2.2 Aquatic Biology The potential for impacts to water quality resulting from construction, drilling,and testing operations imply that fish populations downstream from a drill site may be affected.The most significant potential impact from construction and drilling is siltation of the stream.Potential impacts from the discharge of geothermal fluid are related to the fluid's heat and dissolved constituents (sodium,potassium,chloride,sulfate,turbidity, metals,etc.). The Driftwood Bay stream is,perhaps,the most sensitive of the three streams in the project area.It supports four species of fish,three of which are anadromous salmonids.It is the only stream where silver salmon (year-round residents as juveniles)were observed.The channel does not appear to meander as much as do the channels of the other streams,and no naturally occurring siltation was observed.However,since no deep well sites were proposed in this drainage,it seems unlikely that Driftwood Bay will be impacted by deep well operations. The Makushin Valley stream appears to support more pink salmon and Dolly Varden char than do the other two streams.Furthermore,two of the three TGH sites (now potential deep well sites)are in this drainage.Conversely,the stream is subject to occasional natural landslides and meandering,with the 49 attendant siltation.Pink salmon were observed in the mainstem of Makushin Valley River almost as far upstream as MV station in the broad part of the valley.Approximately 0.3 miles above MV station,in the V-shaped canyon that extends to the headwaters,the stream is narower and faster,and has larger substrate,making it less suitable for salmon.Any discharge of geothermal fluid,if not done in such a way so as to ensure maximum dilution, maximum cooling and minimal siltation,into this stream could impact the pink salmon in the lower mainstem below MV station. The Glacier Valley stream appears to support the fewest Dolly Varden char and undergoes the most meandering and siltation (glacial)of the three streams.The mainstem of the Glacier Valley stream appears to support fewer pink salmon than do the side channels and tributaries,especially those on the eastern side of the valley.Therefore,because geothermal fluid would be discharged high upstream in the silty,shallow,large substrate mainstem, impacts to these sensitive areas would be avoided. In addition to the recommendations made in the previous water quality subsection (avoid siltation,test the fluid before it is discharged,etc.), further recommendations,specific to the pink salmon populations of Glacier Valley and Makushin Valley,should be made. Any water withdrawn for camp,construction or drilling operations should be taken from above a fish passage barrier,if practicable.The water intake should be screened to prevent entrainment of fish fry.Furthermore,it is environmentally preferable to withdraw water slowly and store and recycle it, rather than suddenly dewatering a small tributary, The eqgs and fry are the most sensitive life stages of any fish species, including pink salmon.Pink salmon fry emigrate to the ocean immediately after hatching and emerging from the gravel bed (mid-April through late May on Unalaska),and,unlike silver salmon,do not spend the summer in fresh water.The adult pink salmon return to spawn,after 2 years in the sea,from mid-August through mid-September.Although pink salmon are the most salt- tolerant of the five species of Pacific salmon (they frequently spawn in the 50 upper intertidal zone [Rockwell 1956]),it is preferable that any instream activity or discharge of geothermal fluid occurs during the "window"of late May through mid-August,if practicable.If this is mot practicable,and the fluid must be discharged during the spawning run,it would be best ta:(a) discharge as early as possible,before most of the adult fish are in the stream and the eggs are spawned;(b)test the fluid before discharge and restrict or reduce the flow of geothermal fluid to the stream if an estimate of the dilution by the receiving stream indicates potential impacts;and (c) discharge during a period of high stream flow to maximize dilution. The fish populations should be monitored by observation and limited sampling before,during and after the discharge.In Glacier Valley,the monitoring should be done at GV station and in the tributaries and side channels further downstream.In Makushin Valley,the monitoring should be done at MV and MR stations. 3.2.5 Birds and Terrestrial Biology If the drilling and testing operations,which will occur high on the slopes of Makushin Volcano,are supported by helicopter,the impacts to sensitive lowland habitats will be minimal.Helicopters and gravel removal activities should avoid seabird colonies,raptor nests and wetlands. It is environmentally preferable to consolidate earth-disturbing activ- ities (e.g.pad construction,gravel removal),rather than impacting a large area.Any vegetated overburden removed for pad construction or gravel removal should be stockpiled and bermed for later redistribution on the disturbed area,when the site is abandoned. It is possible that the lands where this exploration program is taking place may,someday,be placed into a National Wildlife Refuge.This means that aesthetic aspects are of concern.Waste and litter should be appro- priately disposed of.When the site is abandoned,the area should be graded to prevent runoff and to be consistent with the surrounding topography.It is possible that the permit-issuing agencies will require revegetation of the site with native species. 51 3.2.4 Archaeology As was explained in the archaeology section related to road construction (Section 3.1.4),no cultural resources were discovered in the areas of direct impact.Nevertheless,prudent operations require that,in the unlikely event that archaeological or suspected cultural resources are encountered during construction,a localized work halt should occur until further assessment by an archaeologist,and notification of the U.S.Fish and Wildlife Service Refuge Manager,the U.S.Fish and Wildlife Service Regional Archaeologist,and the State Historic Preservation Officer. 52 4.0 REFERENCES Aigner,Jean S.,Bruce Fullem,Douglas Veltre,and Mary Veltre,1976. Preliminary reports on remains from Sandy Beach Bay,a 4300-5600 B.P. Aleut village.Arctic Anthropology 13(2):83-90. APHA,1980.Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 15th Edition,American Public Health Association,Washington,D.C.1134 pp. Balding,G.G.,1976.Water availability,quality,and use in Alaska.U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 76-513.236 pp. Ballinger,D.G.,and G.D.McKee,1971.Chemical characterizaton of bottom sediments.Journal Water Pollution Control Federation,Vol.43,No.2, pp.216-227. Bank,Theodore,P.II,1953a.Cultural succession in the Aleutians. American Antiquity 19(1):40-49, »1953b.Ecology of prehistoric Aleutian village sites.Ecology 34:264-264, »1963.Past ages of Alaska.Explorers Journal 41(3):32-42. »1971.Aleutian-Bering Sea institutes and research program. Mimeographed. _»1972.Aleutian Island archaeological radiocarbon dates fromstudiesofProf.Ted P.Bank II.American Institute for Exploration. »19735.Research proposal for field work in 1973.Aleutian- Bering Sea Institutes.Mimeographed. »1974.Annotations for archaelogical site map:Amaknak Island and Unalaska Bay area of Unalaska Island.Aleutian-Bering Sea Institutes.Mimeographed. Dall,William H.,1873.Notes on prehistoric remains in the Aleutian Islands.Proceedings of the California Academy of Science 4:285-287. Davydov,G.I.,1977.Two voyages to Russian American,1802-1807.Translated by C.Bearne,edited by R.Pierce.Materials for the Study of Alaskan History,10.The Limestone Press.Kingston,Ontario. Dumond,Don E.,1977.The Eskimos and Aleuts.Thames and Hudson.London. EPA,1979.Methods for chemical analysis of water and wastes.EPA-600/ 4-79-020,U.S.Environmental Protection Agency,Cincinnati,Ohio. 53 Federova,Svetlana,1973.The Russian population in Alaska and California, late 18th century --1867.Translation by R.Pierce and A.Donnelly. Materials for the Study of Alaskan History,4.The Limestone Press. Kingston,Ontario. Hart,J.L.,1973.Pacific fishes of Canada.Fisheries Research Board of Canada,Bulletin 180. Hrdlicka,Ales,1945.The Aleutian and Commander Islands and their inhabitants.Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology,Philadelphia. Laughlin,William S.,1980.Aleuts:survivors of the Bering Land bridge. Holt,Rinehart,and Winston.New York. McCartney,Allen P.1967.An analysis of the bone industry from Amaknak Island,Alaska.M.A.thesis (Anthropology),University of Wisconsin, Madison. _»1972.An archaeological site survey and inventory for the Aleutian Islands National Wildlife Refuge,Alaska,1982.Report to the Wilderness Studies Branch,U.S.Fish and Wildlife Service.Anchorage. McPhail,J.D.,and C.C.Lindsey,1970.Freshwater fishes of northwestern Canada and Alaska.Fisheries Research Board of Canada,Bulletin 173. Motyka,R.J.,M.A.Moorman,and S.A.Liss,1981.Assessment of thermal springs sites Aleutian Are,Atka Island to Becherof Lake--preliminary results amd evaluation.Alaska Open-file Report 144,Alaska Division of Geological &Geophysical Surveys,State of Alaska,Department of Natural Resources.173 pp. Nysewander,D.R.,D.J.Forsell,P.A.Baird,0.J.Shields,G.J.Weiler and J. H.Kogan,1982.Marine bird and mammal surveys of the eastern Aleutian Islands,1980-81.U.S.Fish &Wildl.Service,Alaska Regional Office. Orth,Donald J.,1971.Dictionary of Alaska place names.Geological Survey Professional Paper 567.U.S.Government Printing Office,Washington, D.C. Rockwell,Julius,Jr.,1956.Some effects of sea water and temperature on the embryos of the Pacific Salmon,Oncorhynchus gorbuscha (Walbaum)and Oncorhynchus keta (Walbaum).Ph.D.thesis,University of Washington. Petroff,Ivan,1884.Report on the population,industries,and resources of Alaska.United States Census Offices,10th Census,1880.Government Printing Office,Washington,D.C. RGI,1982.The Unalaska geothermal exploration project phase IA final report.Prepared by Republic Geothermal,Inc.for the Alaska Power Authority.65 pp.+13 Appendices. 54 Sarychev,Gavrill,1826.Atlas of the northern part of the Pacific Ocean, compiled in sheets by the Imperial Navy Department from the latest information and maps,1826,under the direction of Vice-Admiral and Hydrographer Sarichef. State of Alaska,Department of Fish and Game,1978a.Alaska fisheries atlas, Volumes I and II. »1978b,Alaska's wildlife and habitat,Volume II. _»1980,1981.Alaska Peninsula and Aleutian Islands annual reports. Timkmenev,Petr A.,1978.A history of the Russian-American Company. Translated by R.Pierce and A.Donnelly.University of Washington Press.Seattle. Veltre,Douglas W.,1979.Korovinski:The ethnohistorical archaeology of an Aleut and Russian settlement on Atka Island,Alaska.Ph.D.dissertation (Anthropology),University of Connecticut. Veniaminov,Ivan,1840.Notes on the Unalaska district.Human Relations Area Files translations. Viereck,L.A.,C.T.Dryness and A.R.Batten,1981.Revision of preliminary classification system for vegetation of Alaska.U.S.Forest Service, Inst.of Northern Forestry. 29 APPENDIX A ALASKA POWER AUTHORITY UNALASKA GEOTHERMAL PROJECT: GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF PROPOSED FIELD OPERATIONS February 19,1982 Prepared by: Republic Geothermal,Inc. 11823 East Slauson Averue Santa Fe Springs,California 90679 (213)945-3661 and Dames and Mcore 800 Cordova,Suite 101 Anchorage,Alaska 99501 (907)279-0673 REPUBLIC GEOTHERMAL,INC. ALASKA POWER AUTHORITY UNALASKA GEOTHERMAL PROJECT: GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF PROPOSED FIELD OPERATIONS The Alaska Power Authority (APA)has contracted with Republic Geothermal,Inc.(Republic)to explore the east- ern flanks of Makushin Volcano on Unalaska Island for geothermal resources.If the exploration is successful, additional work beyond the scope of this contract may eventually lead to the construction of a small geothermal electric generating facility which would provide electrical energy from an indigenous source to the villages of UnalaskaandDutchHarbor.The geothermal resource exploratory operationsplannedbyRepublicandtheAPAwillbeconductedin basically three stages:initial geologic exploratory work,temperature gradient hole operations (both conducted during1982),and drilling of one deep exploratory geothermal well (drilled in 1983). The purpose of this document is to present a generaloverviewoftheorebablefieldoperationstothoseindi-viduals and entities which may have permit rasponsibilities, know of applicable regulations,or have certain environ- mental concerns with the proposed project.Because many of the operations are still in the planning stages,<he ¢ce-scriptions are general and in many instances present a"worst case"situation in terms of environmental impact. &is Republic's desire to solicit information and comments from all interested parties so that envircnmental impactmitigationmeasures,which have not been included in thisGescription,can be develcped and sncorpora ted as approcriateinthespecificoperationalproposalsancpermitapplicationsthatwillbesubmittedastheprojectproceeds. The initial geologic axploration work will consist c=geologic mapping of special areas of interest,water sam-pling of springs and some streams,gas sampling of springsandfumaroles,a mercury soil suzvey,and a seli-potentialsurvey.The initial ae lecatony work will probably be con-ducted on icsot,although helicepters will be utilized *oeransporechefieldpecpletodistanzsites,and thnree-wheeled all-terzaia vehicles may be useé if feasible.Therewillbetwoseopleintheareaconductinggtnemapping,waterandgassampling,and the mercury survey -9F approximately REPUBLIC GEOTHERMAL.INC. six weeks.Two additional people will join the team for the final thirty days to conduct the seli-potential survey.Aportablecampwillbeestablishedatthestartinthefield area which will include two 12-foot by 20-foot sleeper tents, one 15-foot by 30-foot cock tent,and a portable outhouse. The camp may also be used by one or two environmental scien- tists for one to two weeks during this period.The crew andallmaterials,including the camp components,survey ecuip-ment,and individual supplies,will be transported to andfromthesitebyhelicopter. The geologic mapping will consist of ground and heli- copter field surveys of selected areas,conducted with theaidofaerialphotographs.The water and gas sampling willbegrabsamplesofsprings,fumarcles,and some streams taken with sampling equipment small enough to be carried byhand.The mercury scil sampling survey will consist oftakingsoilsamplesofapproximatelytengramsfromsiteslocatedinagridsystem.The approximate location of sam- pling points will be the center and four corners of each square-mile section,although some adjustments will be made due to the topography of the area.Elevated levels of mer- nr geothermal resources in a number of geothermal areas through- out the world. The self-potential survey is the most sophisticated activity of the proposed initial exploration program.Thistypeofsurveytechniqueisbasedondetectioncfnatura direct electrical currents flowing in che ground.To detect these currents,one electrode is placed in a hole approxi- mately one to two feet deep and six inches in diameter,then wire (typically schirty-two gauge)on a reel is connected to the electrode and unrolled approximately three to four kilometers.Every two hundred meters the wire is connected to a second electrode,placed in a hole of the same size, and the seli-potential voltage and contact rasistance is recorded.The survey personnel will likely be cropped by helicopter on ridge tops,and will unroil the wire,instal the electrodes,and take the self-potential measurements 4s they walk down the eastern flanks of the mountain.The eltrodeswillberemevedfromthesoilandtheholesfilled after the completionof the measurements. The drilling of three temperature gradient holes (TCH)is planned immediately after completion of the initial ex-ploration work.The purpose of the TGH operations is <ostudythesubsurfacegeologicformationsandtocbtainre-cords of subsurface temperatures.aA TGE is velatively REPUBLIC GEOTHERMAL.INC. small diameter hole into which is placed a cne-to two-inch diameter plastic tube which is capped at both ends and filled with water.The TGH is left undisturbed for a minimum of cone week to allow the water to be heated to the temperature of the surrounding rock.The temperatures are then measured at various depths with a probe attached to a cable.After the temperatures are monitored over a period of time,the TGH are typically abandoned by cutting the pipe three feet below the surface,placing a cement plug in the top fifteen feet of the TGH,and then burying the TGH with soil.Abandonment can be accomplished without the use of a drilling rig. Each TGH will probably be drilled to a depth of approxi-mately 1500 feet by a continuous wireline coring rig typicalofthoseusedforminingexploration.The rig will likelybetransportedbybargetoUnalaskaIslandandthentrans- ported by helicopter to and from each drill site.Each site will probably be located close to a source of drilling fluid makeup water.The drilling fluids will be contained and re- circulated in the TGH so that -surface water degradation should not occur. An area of approximately 40-feet by 60-feer will be levelecé as necessary by hand labor for the temperature gra- dient hole rig.A small steel tank will be used to collect the rock cuttings and to store the drilling fluid before it is recirculated.When each TGH is completed the cuttings and waste drilling fluid (drilling mud and/or water)will likely be dried and the residue spread on the surface of theground.The amount of waste drilling fluid is lixely to belessthanfiftygallonssincemostofthedrillingfluid generated during the drilling of the TGH will be usec to setthecementaroundthecasingduringcompletioncfthewell. Much of the rock cores will be sent to Republic's home office and to various agencies as samples.The ramainder mav be boxed and transported from the site by helicopter or it maybeleftatthesita.In the latter case,the amount of rock cores left at the site would form a rock pile approximately lO-feet by 3-feet by 2-feet. Drilling operations for all three TGH's should takeapproximatelysixtycays.rilling will occur 24 hours perdayandwillrequiretwoorthreethree-person drilling supervising geolocists.Food and fuel will te purchased atDutchHarborstothegreatestextentpossibie.The drillingcampwillbeatthesamelocascionasthatusedfor<ne ini- s -s =¢ F ai 'eial exploration werk unless 2° sihelicopterczransrer=between REPUBLIC GEOTHERMAL,INC. camp may be located at the drill site.The initial campwillbeexpandedbyaddingcne15-foot by 30-foot shower and laundry tent and two additional 12-foot by 20-foot sleeper tents.Grey waste water will likely be disposed through a leach line built by the camp construction company.Black waste water may go through a leach line system,placedinapitandtreatedwithlimeordriedandburned. The information from the temperature gradient holes will be integrated with the environmental,geologic,geo- chemical,geophysical and logistical data to determine the best site for a deep geothermal resource exploratory well to be drilled in 1983.This exploratory well is planned tobedrilledtoadepthofatleast4000feet,depending on the depth of the resource and the funds available.The exploratory well will be drilled in an attempt to encounter the geothermal resource.If a resource is encountered,it will be tested in order to characterize and quantify the energy available.Further operations would be dependent upon the success of this deep exploratory well. The drilling of a geothermal exploratory well is similar to the drilling of an oil well.A rotary-type oil well ¢ril- ling rig is typically used,with only some minor modifications to deal with the higher temperatures encountered while ¢ril- ling in the geothermal resource.The Grill rig will likely be barged to Unalaska and transported to the drill site by helicopter.All other personnel and equipment,includin earth-moving equipment,drill pipe,casing,cement,anc logging equipment,are also likely to be transported to the drill sitebyhelicopter.The drill site will be a leveled area aporoxi-mately two acres in size and will-includce a sump to hold thewastedrillingmudsandrockcuttines.Drilling will beginusingawater-base mud circulated through the well bore 'forcoolingandlubricationofthedrillbitandforbringingthe drill cuttings to the surface.No toxic additives are plannectobeusedinthedrillingmud.Geologic conditions may aliowa-4 a change to air drilling as the operations progress;tnis .method of rotary drilling uses compressec air insteac of aucasthecirculationmedium.The hole will be completsc with casing cemented in slace in the upper intervals. Drilling operations aze anticipated to last for asmatelyninetydays.Three drilling crews of swelve =Opeoplewillworkrotatingshiftssothatcrillingoccurshoursperday.All other activities related to the explowelldrillingoperationswillbesimilartcthosecescrineraturegradientholedrillingoperations.At the enHWrn'd:44tionsfortheexploratorywell,the Grill site wiil REPUBLIC GEOTHERMAL.INC. cleaned by removing all unnecessary equipment and probably mixing the waste drilling mud with native scil and either spreading it on the ground or burying it in the sump.I: the well is successful,the site will be used during testingoperations.If not,final abandonment procedures will be based on the proposed disposition of the well. Procedures for testing the well will depend upon the type of resource encountered.If a dry steam geothermal resource is found the well will be tested by discharging the steam through pressure and temperature meters directly into the at- mosphere.If a liquid geothermal resource is discovered an initial,short-term flow test (of a few hours to a few days) Will probably be conducted by discharging the resource direct- ly into the drilling mud sump.A longer-term flow test (of a few days to a few weeks)would be desired but may only bepossibleifanacceptablemethodtodisposeofthewaste geothermal fluid can be devised.Potential alternative waste geothermal fluid disposal methods could include dis- charge to the ground,discharge into a stream,or possibly injection into a temperature gradient hole.The method chosen will depend on the composition of the geothermal fluid, environmental concerns,appropriate engineering practices, and available funds. APPENDIX B WATER QUALITY Sampling Methods and Data APPENDIX B WATER QUALITY,SAMPLING METHODS AND DATA For the most part,water in the Makushin,Driftwood,and Glacier drainages was of high quality.Dissolved oxygen concentrations were high,pH was neutral,concentrations of nutrients and minerals were low,and water temperatures were cold.Fecal coliform bacteria,total organic carbon,and settleable solids were not detected and carbon dioxide levels were low. Concentrations of many parameters varied with discharge.Mineral concen- trations,alkalinity,and pH decreased with increased flow,whereas suspended solids and turbidity levels increased with increased flow.All of these responses to changing discharge levels are normal. Naturally occurring geothermal waters are present on the flanks of Makushin Volcano.Two areas of surface manifestation occur upstream from the BC and GV sample stations.Water quality at these stations is influenced by geothermal water.Water at the BC and GV stations exhibited the highest mineralization and the highest concentrations of calcium and sulfate,as well as the lowest alkalinity and pH levels,and highest carbon dioxide concen- trations of the five primary stations. Sediments at the five primary stations are clean.That is,they do not create a significant oxygen demand,nor are they major sources of nutrients in the water. Water quality data developed during the course of this project appear below.Five primary stations (MV,BC,DW,DE and GV)were sampled in May, but no secondary stations were sampled.In September,the primary stations located at MV,BC,and DW were sampled at essentially the same locations as in May.Station DE was not sampled in September because it was outside the potential zone of impact resulting from drilling a deep well and it was also far removed from the potential road route.Station GV was moved up Glacier Valley in September.This move was made possible because of the final location of the TGH.Four secondary stations were sampled in September.GE and MR were sampled because they are at likely road crossing locations and GW and MD were sampled because they are in close proximity to potential deep well locations. Field and office calculations data from the May field trip appear in Table B-1 and Table B-2 presents data collected in September. In May,the sample station below camp (BC)was located about 330 feet below the confluence of two streams.The stream on the left (facing down- stream)had a temperature of 1.7°C and the stream on the right was 9.6°C. However,the creek was well mixed at the BC sample station where the tem- perature only varied by 0.1°C across the section.Because of high flow in September,the BC sample station was located about 165 feet below the con- fluence of the two tributaries.At this time,the left fork was 3.2°C and the right fork was 8.0°C.Temperature at the BC station was 3.8°C at one- quarter the stream width from the left bank,4.4°C in the center,and 5.1°C at three-quarters the stream width from the left bank.The average of these values,4.4°C,appears as the reported temperature in Table B-2.The striking difference in temperature between the left and right tributaries above Station BC is apparently caused by geothermal water.A spring and fumarole field are located upstream along the right tributary (Motyka et al. 1981). A wide variety of parameters (Table B-3)were analyzed in the laboratory on samples collected at the primary stations in May.Many of these para- meters exhibited concentrations equal to or less than their respective detection limits.These parameters and their detection limit (in parentheses in mg/l)were:bromide (0.20),beryllium (0.001),cadmium (0.002),cerium (0.01),germanium (0.1),lanthanum (0.01),mercury (0.0002),molybdenum (0.02),selenium (0.0005),silver (0.002),and titanium (0.04).These parameters were not analyzed on the September samples because flow was higher in September compared to May.Higher flow typically dilutes these parameters so it was judged that the above parameters would be less than their respective detection limits in samples collected in September. Some parameters measured during both field trips displayed levels equal to or less than their respective detection limits.These parameters were nitrite-nitrogen (0.01 mg/l),color (5 color units),and fecal coliform bacteria (0 colonies/100 ml).Also,nitrate-nitrogen was less than 0.10 mg/1 at all primary stations during both field trips with one exception.Nitrate- nitrogen was 0.12 mg/l at MV in September. Total Kjeldahl nitrogen was less than 0.1 mg/l at all primary stations in May.During the September field trip,chemical oxygen demand (1.0 mg/l), total organic carbon (1.0 mg/l),barium (0.01 mg/l),chromium (0.003 mg/1), and strontium (0.01 mg/l)were equal to or less than their respective detec- tion limits at all primary stations. Table B-4 presents the results of laboratory analyses of samples collected at primary stations in May.This table does not include the parameters discussed above.Table B-5 presents the laboratory data from samples collected in September. Specific methods of analysis were: *Dissolved Oxygen -YSI Model 57 D.0.Meter. *pH -VWR Scientific Model 55 pH Meter. *Conductivity -YSI Model 33 S-C-T Meter. Temperature was measured in-situ using a thermometer graduated in 0.1°C increments and having the accuracy within tolerances specified by A.S.1T.M.Values of the above parameters were recorded after they stabilized. Alkalinity was determined potentiometrically by securing a _sample, measuring 100 ml with a volumetric flask,and titrating with standard sulfuric acid to the appropriate endpoint.Settleable solids were determined *Values were measured by placing probes directly in the water to be tested. using an Imhoff cone by placing 1 liter of sample in the cone and allowing the sample to settle for 45 minutes,then stirring around the edge of the cone and allowing an additional 15 minutes of settling. Turbidity H.F.Instruments DRT-15 Series "A"portable batter operated turbidimeter. Samples for laboratory analyses were placed in plastic or glass con- tainers depending on the desired tests.Plastic bottles were rinsed in nitric acid,hydrochloric acid,or distilled water,and glass bottles were Tinsed with an organic solvent (Table B-6).All samples were placed in insulated containers to keep the samples cool during shipment to the laboratory. Laboratory quality control measures were employed for each parameter using EPA reference standards and/or replicate analyses.Specific quality control measures appear below: Color:The Orion model 801A pH meter was calibrated using pH 7.00 and pH 4.01 buffer solutions. Suspended Solids:Blanks were carried through the procedure and duplicates were run where possible, Nitrate:Triplicates were run and a calibration curve was prepared according to Standard Methods (APHA 1980). Sulfide:The titrant used was standardized using fresh potassium dichromate.Duplicates were not possible due to the nature of the sample. Nitrite,Boron,Silica,Orthophosphate,Sulfate,Total Phosphate and Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen:Samples were run in duplicate and calibration curves were prepared according to Standard Methods (APHA 1980). Ammonia,Bromide,Chloride,and Fluoride:A calibration curve was prepared using known concentration reference standards. Metals:EPA trace metal reference samples were run where possible. Replicates of 3 to 7 readings were made and averaged from each metal. Chemical Oxygen Demand:Samples,standards,and blanks were run in duplicate or triplicate. Valley and streambed characteristics for each of the sample stations are presented below: MV BC MD MR DW DE GV --"U"shaped valley;streambed consisted of sand,gravel,cobbles, and boulders,but was predominantly cobbles. --"V"shaped valley;streambed consisted of bedrock and sand to large boulders. --"V"shaped valley;streambed consisted of sand and gravel. --"U"shaped valley;streambed consisted of sand,gravel,and cobbles. --"U"shaped valley;streambed consisted of sand to large cobbles with occasional boulders,predominantly gravel. --"U"shaped valley;stream cut through peat layer and bed was predominantly sand with small gravel with occasional boulders. --"U"shaped valley;streambed varied from sand to large boulders with a few small areas having samd to cobble size material.The floodplain was broad and showed evidence of past stream flow in many areas across the floodplain.At the time of sampling,the stream was along the bank on the eastern side of the floodplain. Also,the water appeared milky,typical of glacial streams. GW --Same as GV. GE --Same as GV except the water was clear,having no apparent glacial influence. TABLE B-1 FIELD AND OFFICE CALCULATIONS DATA --MA Y Sample Station MV BC ;DW DE GV Sample Date 05/18/82 05/19/82 05/18/82 05/18/82 05/19/82 Sample Time 1100 0930 1500 1600 1300 Field Parameters (1) Flow,cfs ;58 7.9 31 46 37 Dissolved Oxygen | 13.1 12.1 13.5 11.7 11.8 Conductivity,umhos/cm @ 25C 150 228 98 186 336 PH,pH Units 6.7 7.4 6.5 6.3 7.2 Temperature,*c 4.1 5.1 3.1 9.0 7.7 Turbidity,NTU 0.95 1.1 1.2 0.85 3.4 Settleable Solids,ml/1l <0.1 <0.1 <0O.1 <O.1 <0.1 Alkalinity,as Caco,14 27 10 22 25 Office Calculations (1); Hardness,Cat+Mg,as Caco,45 74 52 34 130 Free Carbon Dioxide 5.6 2.2 6.4 22 3.0 D.O.%Saturation 100 98 100 100 100 (1)Values in mg/l unless otherwise noted TABLE B-2 FIELD AND OFFICE CALCULATIONS DATA--SEPTEMBER Sample Station MV BC MD MR DW Sample Date 09/02/82 .09/02/82 09/02/82 09/02/82 09/01/82 Sample Time 0900 1200 1800 .1030 1430 Field Parameters (1) Flow,cfs 270 65 0.2 106 47 Dissolved Oxygen 12.6 12.3 10.5 12.3 11.8 Conductivity,umhos/cm @ 25 C 82 72 51 85 55 PH,pH Units 6.1 6.6 7.1 6.4 6.4 Temperature,C 4.8 4.4 10.5 5.4 7.1 Turbidity,NTU 13 2.0 0.14 il 0.39 Settleable Solids,ml/1 <O.1 <O.1 <O.1 <0.1 <0O.1 Alkalinity,as CaCO,5.4 3.4 il 5.2 6.4 Office Calculations (1) ; Hardness,Ca+Mg,as caco,18 17 ------9.4 'Free Carbon Dioxide 8.5.1.7 1.8 4.2 5.1 D.O.%Saturation 99 98 98 98°97 (1)Values in mg/l unless otherwise noted TABLE B-2 Continued FIELD AND OFFICE CALCULATIONS DATA --SEPTEMBER Sample Station Sample Date GV GW GE 09/01/82 09/01/82 09/01/82 Sample Time 0900 1130 1100 Field Parameters (1) Flow,cfs 160 73 54 Dissolved Oxygen 12.4 12.7 11.8 Conductivity,mhos/cem @ 25C 217 277 160 pH,pH Units 5.7 5.7 )6.4 Temperature,°c 4.9 4.4 7.1 Turbidity,NTU 30 49 0.43 Settleable Solids,ml/1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 Alkalinity,as CaCO,2.3 0.5 5.6 Office Calculations (1) Hardness,CatMg,as CaCO,76 ------ Free Carbon Dioxide 9.2 2.0 4.5 D.O.%Saturation 98 99 99 (1)Values in mg/l unless otherwise noted ANALYTICAL METHODS AND DETECTION LIMITS TABLE B-3 Parameter Method (1)Detection Limit (7) PHYSICAL Color SM 204A 5 Pt Color Units Conductivity EPA 120.1 1 jimhos/em @ 25°C Hardness SM 314A 0.1 as Caco, PH EPA 150.1 0.1 pH Unit Settleable Solids EPA 160.5 0.1 ml/1 Temperature EPA 170.1 O.1 "¢ Total Dissolved Solids SM 209C 0.1 Total Suspended Solids SM 209D Q.1 Turbidity SM 214A 0.02 NTU METALS Aluminum AA 0.001 Antimony AA 0.0001 Arsenic GF 0.0002 Barium AA 0.01 'Boron Curcumin,0.1 Beryllium AA 0.001 Cadmium AA 0.002 Calcium AA 0.001 Cerium ICP 0.01 Chromium AA 0.003 Cobalt AA 0.007 Copper AA 0.002 Germanium AA 0.01 Iron AA 0.005. -Lanthanum Icp 0.001 Lead CL 0.0001 Lithium AA 0.001 Magnesium AA 0.001 Manganese AA ; 0.002 Mercury EPA 245.1 0.002 AA 0.02Molybdenum ANALYTICAL METHODS AND DETECTION LIMITS TABLE B-3 (Continued) Parameter Methog ")Detection Limit !?) METALS (continued) Nickel AA 0.005 Potassium AA 0.002 Selenium GF 0.0005 Silver AA 0.002 Sodium AA 0.001 Strontium AA -0.002 Titanium AA 0.04 Vanadium AA 0.04 Zinc AA 0.0001 INORGANIC,NON-METALLICS Alkalinity EPA 310.1 2 as caco, Bromide EPA 320.1 0.20 Carbon Dioxide SM 406A 0.1 Chloride SM 407C 0.1 Fluoride EPA 340.2 0.2 Nitrogen,Ammonia EPA 350.5 0.01 Nitrogen,Kjeldahl EPA 351.3 0.05 Nitrogen,Nitrate EPA 352.1 Oo.1 Nitrogen,Nitrite EPA 354.1 0.01 Oxygen,Dissolved EPA 360.1 0.1 Phosphate,Ortho EPA 365.3 0.01 Phosphate,Total EPA 365.3 0.01 Silica,Dissolved SM 425C 1 Silicon AA 0.02 Sulfate SM 426C 1 Sulfide SM 427D 0.1 (1)SM--Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste- water,15th edition. EPA-Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes,1979. GF--Graphite Furnace AA--Atomic Absorption ICP--Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission (2)Values in mg/l unless otherwise noted TABLE B-4 LABORATORY DATA --MAY (1)Parameter Tot.Susp.Solids Tot.Diss.Solids Ammonia-N Orthophosphate-P Total Phosphate-P Sulfate Total Silica Dissolved Silica Chloride Fluoride Sulfide Chem.Oxygen Demand Aluminum Antimony Arsenic Barium Boron Calcium Copper Chromium Cobalt Iron Lead Lithium Magnesium Manganese Nickel Potassium Sodium Strontium _Vanadium Sample Station 19 13.5 0.08 0.23 7.3 <0.02 0.0042 <0.0002 0.031 <0.10 12.7 0.007 0.15 0.011 0.037 0.0003 0.002 3.2 0.007 0.012 0.75 16.0 0.005 0.07 24 16.5 0.08 0.30 <1.0 <0.02 0.0106 <0.0002 0.021 0.22 22.5 0.002 <0.003 <0.007 0.055 0.0003 0.003 4.4 0.014 <0.005 1.09 9.9 0.026 <0.04 Gv 5.0 234 0.02 <0.01 0.02 120 27 13 18.0 0.11 0.21 <1.0 0.24 0.0260 0.0005 0.033 0.19: 42.9 0.009 0.008 0.017 0.435 0.0024 0.009 5.7 0.240 0.012 1.40 11.1 0.084 0.05 11 13.5 0.06 <0.10 4.9 .<0.02 0.0016 0.0002 0.018 <0.10 14.5 0.003 <0.003 0.11 0.029 0.0002 0.001 3.9 <0.002 0.022 0.59 17.4 0.008 <0.04 21 45.0 0.09 0.29 4.9 <0.02 0.0049 0.0506 0.083 0.44 9.1 0.003 <0.003 0.010 0.120 0.0004 0.085 2.8 <0.002 0.032 2.58 24.0 0.006 <0.04 TABLE B-4 (Continued). LABORATORY DATA --MAY Parameter (2)Sample Station MV BC"GV DW DE Zine 0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.008 0.006 ORGANIC SEDIMENT INDEX Total Kjeldahl-N,%<0.01 0.01 0.01 0.08 0.05 Organic Carbon,%0.13 0.12 0.18 1.4 0.9 (1)Parameters in mg/l except organic sediment index. TABLE B-5 LABORATORY DATA--SEPTEMBER Sample Station Tot.Susp.Solids Tot.Diss.Solids Ammonia-N Tot.Kjeldahi-N Tot.Phosphate-P Orthophosphate-P Sulfate Total Silica Diss.Silica Chloride Fluoride Sulfide Aluminum Arsenic Boron Calcium Copper Cobalt Iron Lead Magnesium .Manganese Nickel <0.10 2.22 0.0090 <0.10 29.0 0.018 0.014 3.739 <0.0001 0.07 0.0041 0.17 3.0 <0.002 <0.007 0.092 <0.0001 1.0 0.020 0.023 22.0 16.0 2.4 0.08 <0.10 1.43 0.0016 <0.10 6.3 0.010 <0.007 1.632 <0.0001 6.5 <0.002 <0.007 0.117 0.0009 1.5 0.032 0.016 TABLE B-5 (Continued) LABORATORY DATA--SEPTEMBER (1)Parameter Sample Station GV Dw MV Potassium 0.88 0.47 0.55 Sodium 6.5 6.0 4.8 zinc 0.040 0.009 0.019 MR MD cw Tot.Susp.Solids 31 0.7 42 Nitrate-N 0.30 <0.10 0.13 Orthophosphate-P <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 (1)All analyses are in mg/l. TABLE B-6 LIST OF BOTTLES,RINSE/PRESERVATIVE,AND PARAMETERS Polypropylene Bottle Distilled Water Rinse No Preservative Chloride Color Sulfate Total Dissolved Solids Total Suspended Solids 'Polypropylene Bottle Distilled Water Rinse Nitric Acid Metals Polypropylene Bottle Distilled Water Rinse Hydrochloric Acid Nitrogen Species Phosphate Species Polypropylene Bottle Distilled Water Rinse Zinc Acetate Sulfide Amber Glass Bottle Distilled Water Rinse Organic Solvent Rinse Organics Total Organic Carbon TotalDissolvedSolids,mg/12507 2004 150 1004 507 Turbidity,NTU50 100 150 200 250 300 Conductivity,micromhos/cm @ 25°C v 1 q Li :q 0 10 20 30 40 50 Total Suspended Solids,mg/l FIGURE B-1 RELATION OF CONDUCTIVITY TO TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS AND TURBIDITY TO TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLIDS APPENDIX _€ AQUATIC BIOLOGY Sampling Methods Records of Capture Angling: Gill Net: Electrofisher: Kick Seine: Beach Seine: Minnow Trap: Fry Identification: SAMPLING METHODS Light to medium weight spinning tackle in pools;spoons or spinners.Active gear --fished by one or more people. Clear monofilament;30 feet long x 6 feet deep with three 10-foot panels of 1/2,1 and 1-1/2 inch bar mesh;set in pools as perpendicular to the current as possible.Passive gear --set overnight. Smith-Root Model VII (backpack);fished in pools and eddies. Active gear --one person with backpack and electric wands plus a second person with dip net to capture stunned fish. Small seine (6 feet long x 4 feet deep),1/4 inch knotless mesh,Active gear --one person holds net in current while second person walks downstream into the net,kicking up stones,gravel,etc;eggs and small fish are washed into the net. 30 feet long x 4 feet deep,1/4 inch knotless mesh.Active gear -two people hold net stretched between them and sweep through an area. Small barrel-shaped (1-1/2 feet long x 1/2 foot diameter) with conical entry on each end;baited with salmon eggs and set in pool.Passive gear -set overnight. McPhail and Lindsey 1970. Aerial Survey:Flown by helicopter on the afternoon of 3 September 1982, approximately the peak time of the pink salmon spawning migration.The weather was overcast but bright.Personnel: Arnie Shaul,chief salmon biologist (Alaska Peninsula and Aleutian Islands area),Alaska Department of Fish &Game; Steve Grabacki,fisheries biologist and project manager, Dames &Moore. Stream Makushin Valley Driftwood Bay Glacier Valley PRESENCE OF FISH PASSAGE Species TABLE C-1 FISH SPECIES AND BARRIERS TO IN THE STREAMS OF PROJECT AREA Life Stages Captured or Observed(1) Dolly Varden Char Pink Salmon Dolly Varden Char Pink Salmon Silver Salmon Three-spine Stickleback Dolly Varden Char Pink Salmon Fry,Juvenile,Adult Adult Juvenile,Adult Adult Juvenile Adult Fry,Juvenile,Adult Adult Barriers to Fish Passage Between TCH (2)and Tidewater Yes Yes No 1)Salmonid eggs and yolk-sac fry were taken in the kick-seine in all three streams;it was not possible to distinguish the species. (2)TGH =Thermal Gradient Hole,drilled in 1982;possible site of 1983 deep well operations. TABLE C-2 NUMBERS OF ADULT PINK SALMON IN THE STREAMS OF THE PROJECT AREA, 3 SEPTEMBER 1982 AERIAL SURVEY Stream Boundaries of Survey Downstream Upstream Makushin Valley Mouth Last sighting(approx.5 RM(1) Driftwood Bay Mouth Last sighting (approx.4 RM Glacier Valley Mouth Last sighting (approx.4 RM) (1)RM =River Miles Numbers of Pink Salmon Channels Surveyed 43,000 6,800 17,500 Mainstem Split mainstem channel Side channels Both eastern and western Two tributaries,only Remarks Mainstem slightly silty Side channels clear Sky overcast Water clear Sky overcast Tributaries clear Mainstem very silty (glacial) Sky overcast Date 18 May 19 May 31 Aug. 1 Sept. RECORD OF CAPTURE OF FISH: TABLE C-3 MAKUSHIN VALLEY STATION,1982 Gear;€ffort (1)Species(2)=Number(3)Life Stage(4)Length(5) G/N;immediate Dolly 1 A 44 B/S;1 --0 --- K/S;10 Dolly 10 F 2-3 G/N;44 Dolly 7 A 46 A a1 A 41 A 27 A 13 A 39 A 40 M/T;44 -0 - K/S;4 Dolly 6 F -- H/L;20 -0 --- G/N;24 Dolly 13 A 42 >42 43 50 44 43 36 30 31 +Four E/F;88 Dolly 15 J -- Dolly 15 A _ 7)H/L =Hook &line;angler-minutes (5) (6) Stic Numb E F J A Fork Ing ill net;net-hours lectrofisher;seconds of current innow trap;trap-hours Dolly Varden char Pink salmon Silver salmon kle =Three-spine stickleback er of fish Fry Juvenile Adult length;in centimeters rams G EKick seine;number of passes over approximately 1.5m2 Beach seine;number of sweeps over approximately 5.5m M Weight(6)Disposition _-Released -_-Retained for identification _-Retained -Retained Saad Retained =Retained =Retained _-Retained --Retained -Released 595 Retained 590 Retained 605 Retained 650 Retained 550 Retained 595 Retained 410 Retained 235 Retained 250 Retained Unmeasured Released _-Released _-Released TABLE C-4 RECORD OF CAPTURE OF FISH:DRIFTWOOD VALLEY -EAST STATION,1982 Date Gear;Ef fort (1)Species(2)Number (3)Life Stage (4) 19 May B/S;1 Stickle 1 A K/S;2 --0 - 20 May G/N;17 --0 - M/T:17 Silver 1 J (1)H/L =Hook &line;angler-minutes G/N =Gill net;net-hours E/F =Electrofisher;seconds of currentK/S =Kick seine;number of passes over approximately 1.5m2 B/S =Beach seine;number of sweeps over approximately 5.5m M/T =Minnow trap;trap-hours (2)Dolly =Dolly Varden char Pink =Pink salmon Silver =Silver salmon Stickle =Three-spine stickleback (3)Number of fish (4)&=Egg Fo =Fry J =Juvenile A =Adult (5) (6) Fork length;in centimeters In grams Length(>)Weight (6)Disposition Found dead Released TABLE C-5 RECORD OF CAPTURE OF FISH:ORIFTWOOD VALLEY WEST STATION,1982 Date Gear;Effort (1)Species(2)-Number(3)Life Stage(4)Length(5)Weight6)Disposition 19 May B/S;2 --0 ------- K/S;2 --0 ------- 20 May G/N;19 --0 ------- M/T;19 --Oo.------- 1 Sept.E/F;133 Dolly 8 J 8-12 --Released H/L3 30 --0 ------- K/S;3 ?4 E ----Released 2 Sept.G/N;22 Pink >12 A ----Most Released Dolly 1 A ----Released Dolly 2 J ----Released CT H/L =Hook &line;angler-minutes G/N =Gill net;net-hours E/F =Electrofisher;seconds of currentK/S =Kick seine;number of passes over approximately 1.5m2 B/S =Beach seine;number of sweeps over approximately 5.5mM/T =Minnow trap;trap-hours(2)Dolly =Dolly Varden char Pink =Pink salmon Silver =Silver salmon Stickle =Three-spine stickleback (3)Number of fish (4)¢-Egg Fo=Fry J =Juvenile A =Adult (5)Fork length;in centimeters (6)Ip grams RECORD OF CAPTURE TABLE C-6 OF FISH:GLACIER VALLEY STATION,1982 Number (3)Life Stage (4)Length(>) 0 --- 0 --- 1 A 29 0 --- 0 --- 5 J 8-12 0 -- 0 -_- Date Gear;Effort (1)Species (2) 19 May B/S;2 -- K/S;2 -- 20 May G/N;21 Dolly M/T;21 -- 1 Sept.H/L;30 -- E/F3 139 Dolly K/S;7 -- 2 Sept.G/N;30 - a)H/L =Hook &line;angler-minutes G/N =Gill net;net-hours E/F =Electrofisher;seconds of currentK/S =Kick seine;number of passes over approximately 1.5m2B/S =Beach seine;number of sweeps over approximately 5.5m2 M/T =Minnow trap;trap-hours (2)Dolly =Dolly Varden char Pink =Pink salmon Silver =Silver salmon Stickle =Three-spine stickleback (3)Number of fish (4)€=Egg Fo=Fry J =Juvenile A =Adult (5) (6)Fork length;in centimeters In grams Weight (6)Disposition Retained Released TABLE C-7 RECORD OF CAPTURE OF FISH:BELOW CAMP STATION,1982 Date Gear;Effort (1)Species(2)Number (3)Life Stage (4)Length(>)Weight (6)Disposition 19 May B/S;2 Dolly 1 F 2-5 --Released K/S;2 Dolly 31 F 2-3 --Released 20 May G/N;43 --0 ------- 2 Sept.H/L3 15 --0 ------- K/S3 4 --0 ------- E/F;38 Dolly 2 A - --Released Dolly 10 J --- Released 1)H/L =Hook &line;angler-minutesG/N =Gill nets;net-hoursE/F =Electrofisher;seconds of currentK/S =Kick seine;number of passes over approximately 1.5m2B/S =Beach seine;number of sweeps over approximately 5.5m2M/T =Minnow trap;trap-hours(2)Dolly Dolly Varden char Pink Pink salmon Silver Silver salmon Stickle =Three-spine stickleback(3)Number of fish F Fry J Juvenile A =Adult(5)Fork length;in centimeters (6)In grams APPENDIX B FINAL REPORT OF THE GEOTECHNICAL RECONNAISSANCE: ACCESS ROUTES AND DRILL PAD PREPARATION) FINAL REPORT GEOTECHNICAL RECONNAISSANCE: Access Routes and Drill Pad Preparation Prepared for Republic Geothermal,Inc. and Alaska Power Authority February 1,1983 INTRODUCTION Republic Geothermal,Inc.(Republic)is providing geothermal research and exploration services on Unalaska Island ta the Alaska Power Authority. The study began with geologic research and mapping and has now proceeded toa a series of geothermal gradient test holes.The next step in the investi- gation,scheduled for the 1983 field season,will consist of a deep, relatively large-diameter drill hole to further evaluate the resource. Dames &Moore was retained to assist Republic in several ways during the course of the study effort.The element of the services addressed by this report is a reconnaissance-level study of potential "deep hole"drill pad sites and access routes to these sites for land transportation of drilling equipment and supplies.Specifically,the purposes of this study include: 1.Identify feasible access road alignments from tide water to potential deep well sites. 2.Provide rough estimates of the construction cost and time for each access alternative. 3.Evaluate the feasibility of constructing well pads,including mud and fluid sumps,at each alternative well location. 4.Provide rough estimates of construction cost and time for each alternative well site. 5.Evaluate the geotechnical setting and any problems at potential barge landing areas. 6.Evaluate,in the overall sense,and rank each landing/access road/well site alternative. This review addressed three potential access routes and five possible drill pad sites (see Figure 1).These include a road up Glacier Valley to a site near the head of the valley,two drill pad sites near Republic's 1982 base camp,and two drill pad sites located just southwest of Sugarloaf Cone and roughly 1 1/2 to 2 miles from the saddle between Makushin Valley and Driftwood Bay.Possible access routes to these latter two sites include one from tidewater up Makushin Valley to the saddle and then to the sites,and one from tidewater up Driftwood Bay valley to the saddle and then to the sites.All of these areas were examined by helicopter overflights and by interpretation of aerial photographs.Because of time and weather problems, ground surveys were limited to the drill pad sites at the head of Glacier Valley and one of the two sites southwest of Sugarloaf Cone.Soil exposures were also examined in the vicinity of Republic's camp about 2 miles south of Sugarloaf Cone.Soil cross-sections were examined on.the ground at each of these three areas and were viewed from the helicopter while hovering at low altitude in a number of other places.No test drilling,sampling,laboratory testing,or extensive field surveys were conducted.The conclusions and recommendations of this report are based on this brief reconnaissance,Dames &Moore's experience on Unalaska Island and other experience in areas of similar terrain/soil/weather conditions. PROJECT AND TERRAIN DESCRIPTION Three general areas (five specific sites)are under consideration for the deep geothermal test well (Figure 1).These sites are located along a generally north-south trending lineament (slightly east of north)along the eastern flank of the Makushin Volcano cone. Four of the test wellsites under consideration are located just east of the peak of the cone.Two (wellsites Base Camp No.1 and No.2)are near Republic's base camp at an elevation of approximately 1,300 feet.Another (Wellsite Fox Canyon No.1)is farther north,a short distance southwest of Sugarloaf Cone and at an elevation of approximately 1,900 feet.The fourth site (Wellsite Fox Canyon No.2)is also close to and southwest of Sugarloaf Cone at an elevation of about 1,700 feet.The fifth site (Wellsite Glacier Figure 1 LOCATION MAP _ORIFTWOOD Lie"\BAY Aves' UNALASKA ISLAND EXISTING ROAD SUGARLOAF(CONE FOX CANYON ge?WELLSITES SS Lf!'>MAKUSHIN VALLEY7CyPROPOSEDROAD oectCAMPWELLSITES ncn VALLEY ee,WELLSITE cows RIVER O25 Hf phe OSE "_"il Os Boji/L ST AR oT * /J DRAINAGE BASIN "a i(BOUNDARIES ".-” PROPOSED ROAD |5 MILESWiedllntes.eeSEupue05KILOMETERS he as°o Valley No.1)lies at the head of Glacier Valley,southeast of the Makushin cone,and is located on a sloping bench area at an elevation of approximately 900 feet. It has been determined that road access to the base camp wellsites is not feasible;the sites are located on a dissected sloping terrace surface,which is set off by deep and extremely steep-sided canyons on three sides and by steep slopes that rise up to the volcano on the fourth side.If either of these sites are chosen for the test well,Republic plans to transport all equipment by helicopter;no road will be constructed. If one of the Fox Canyon wellsites is selected,there are two basic options for access.An old military road runs from tidewater at the mouth of Makushin Valley up the valley and over a saddle near Sugarloaf Cone to extend to tidewater in Driftwood Bay.The access options would involve using this road,either from Makushin Valley to the saddle or from Driftwood Bay to the saddle,and then constructing a new road to the planned wellsite. If the wellsite at the head of Glacier Valley is chosen,the access route would leave tidewater and extend up the valley to the site.All new construction would be required as no road of any type now exists in this area. The terrain in the lower portion of all three valleys is formed by alluvium,which was deposited into shallow embayments of the sea.All three valleys were probably carved or modified by glacial erosion..It is likely that when each of the three valleys (Driftwood Bay,Makushin Valley,Glacier Valley)were embayments of the sea,longshore drift caused a spit to form across the mouth of each bay.Of course,this would block or restrict drainage from the valley so that a lagoon or lake would form behind the spit. This is the general configuration now existing in Reese Bay on the north shoreline of the island a short distance east of Driftwood Bay.Material carried down the valleys by the streams draining the Makushin uplands gradually filled these "lakes"with sediment to create the current con- figuration. The higher areas along the potential transportation routes are supported by various kinds of volcanic deposits.Some rock is included,but most of the volcanic material consists of various kinds of tephra;relatively fine- grained materials appear to dominate.In many areas,erosion has carved deep,steep-sided gullies in the volcanic deposits.The steep slopes appear stable;no evidence of significant landsliding along these gorges was noted. There are,however,occasional small-scale,shallow slides that involve primarily the surface weathered zone and organic mat. In general terms then,any of the possible access routes will encounter three types of deposits:1)in the upland areas,volcanic ejecta (tephra; predominantly the finer-grained types);2)in the valley bottoms,alluvium, probably generally coarse material,since it was deposited by relatively high-energy streams;and 3)along the shorelines,where barge landings would have to be established,gravel and cobble beach sediments derived predom- inantly from local rocks and well-sorted by wave action. ALTERNATIVE ACCESS ROUTES/DRILL PAD LOCATIONS Fox Canyon Wellsite Access:Two alternative Fox.Canyon drill sites are under consideration.The primary Fox Canyon site is located about 1.7 miles southwest of Sugarloaf Cone (near the Fox Canyon [TGH 1]geothermal gradient hole site).The terrain in this area is a severely dissected bench,which slopes down to the east and has an elevation of roughly 1,900 feet.The alternative Fox Canyon site is more accessible,since a major canyon crossing would be avoided.It is closer to Sugarloaf Cone and at an elevation of roughly 1,700 feet. There are two possible access routes to these sites.Both would use the old military road that runs up Makushin Valley over the saddle just northeast of Sugarloaf Cone and down into Driftwood Bay Valley.One route would follow this old road from the Driftwood Bay shoreline to the saddle near Sugarloaf and then would involve about 2 to 2-1/2 miles of new con- struction to the drill site (Plate 2).The other option would involve the same amount of new construction,along the same route;however,it would follow the old military road from the shoreline at the mouth of Makushin Valley to the saddle (Plate 3). The existing road is a one-lane dirt trail and,although it has been abandoned for a number of years,erosion damage in the upland areas has not been too severe.Only minor regrading and the addition of gravel surfacing would be needed to make this road serviceable for drill rig transport by normal truck and trailer equipment.The valley bottom portion of this old road has been more severely eroded.On the Driftwood Bay side, however,this erosion is limited to several culverts that have been bypassed by high flows.Generally,only minor repairs are needed;however,it is estimated that two 36-inch (or equivalent)culverts will be required to cross the relatively large (unnamed)stream just before the road starts to ascend from the valley floor. On the Makushin Valley side,the old road paralleled the river closely and channel changes subsequent to road construction have removed major segments of the alignment.Extensive reconstruction for at least several miles would be needed for the Makushin Valley route option.The road from the valley bottom to the upland saddle on the Driftwood Bay side winds up the slope with no really acute corners and no switchbacks.Conversely,at the head of Makushin Valley,as the road climbs to the saddle from the east, there are several steep,narrow switchbacks that probably could not be traversed by semitrailer rigs. The initial portion of the new construction segment of the access route is relatively straightforward.For about 1-1/2 to 1-3/4 miles it would traverse relatively gentle terrain;only limited grading and gravel overlay placement would be needed.Drainage could be handled by occasional small culverts.However,from the end of the "easy"terrain the new road must traverse steep areas,including some steep side hills.Significant cuts would be needed and the side hill portion,if not handled carefully,could be susceptible to landslides.Reasonable access to the primary Fox Canyon wellsite is blocked by a deep,steep-sided canyon.Access around or across this canyon would involve extensive cuts and fills and,at a minimum,the use of a portable bridge spanning roughly 100 feet or the installation of a large-diameter culvert (about 8-foot)at least 100 feet in length.In the immediate vicinity of the geothermal gradient test boring,there is sufficient near-level terrain so that a drill pad for the deep hole rig could be established relatively easily. If the alternative Fox Canyon wellsite to the north of the canyon described above is selected (to avoid crossing this canyon with the access route),the actual wellsite terrain is less favorable.A segment of a moderately sloping bench area appears to provide the needed 1-1/2 acres but preparing a level pad at this site would require significant amounts of grading.If the pad area can be stepped down to two or more levels,grading would be minimized.The soils in either of the two northern well site areas are primarily fine-grained tephra with some weathering to clay of the individual particles.Following grading,gravel surfacing should be placed to establish a consistently trafficable site surface. With respect to land transportation,the Driftwood Bay alternative for access to the Fox Canyon drilling sites is much better than the Makushin Valley route.However,one other factor should be considered--the shoreline at the mouth of Makushin Valley is well sheltered,whereas the Driftwood Bay shoreline is open to the north.While it is true that the dominant summer season storm direction is from the south or southwest,weather patterns and the specific weather forecast during barge loading and offloading operations should be considered.With respect to geotechnical consider- ations,any area along either the Driftwood Bay or Makushin Valley shorelines appears satisfactory for barge landing,and no area is particularly favored. Glacier Valley Wellsite Access:The only possible land access route to the Glacier Valley wellsite is up Glacier Valley itself (Plate 4).The wellsite would be located near the geothermal gradient test hole on a low, sloping bench at an elevation of roughly 900 to 1,000 feet near the head of the valley.No roads have been constructed in Glacier Valley;the entire route would involve new construction,Several branches of a thoroughly braided stream flow through Glacier Valley.The main channel generally lies along the northwest side of the valley throughout most of its length but much of the valley floor is occupied by flood channels that carry little or no water during the summer.The most reasonable access route appears to be a broad flood channel lying toward the southeastern side of the valley. Subgrade conditions along the dry flood channel are good,so extensive grading and surfacing will not be needed to accommodate truck and trailer equipment,Rather,the road can be constructed by rough grading with a dozer and final shaping using a heavy,all-wheel drive grader.The process will be facilitated by having a loader and trucks available to import material to the grade in places.A backhoe to assist with culvert installation would also be helpful. Near the head of the valley,the stream forks and the bulk of the water and sediment load comes from a tributary to the northwest.A much smaller stream comes into the valley from the northeast.The intended test well site is located on a sloping bench area between these two tributaries.One "significant"stream crossing will be needed,but this can be done upstream of the confluence of the two tributaries so that only the smaller stream (northeastern)would be crossed.Two 36-inch culverts (or equivalent)could be installed to accommodate truck and trailer equipment,although fording may be an acceptable alternative. After leaving the river bottom,the road can traverse a gently sloping bench between the two tributaries and then should switch back once and ascend the face of escarpment to reach the higher bench level at the well site.On the lower bench (roughly 1/2 mile),overlay type construction is appropriate using a 16-inch layer of gravel or rock for adequate support of truck and trailer type equipment.Approximately the last 700 feet of the road will require full bench excavation into the steep slope that separates the lower bench level from the higher level.When grading is completed,a gravel overlay will be needed in this segment also, The bench area offers ample room for the drilling pad.It appears that only limited grading will be necessary to prepare the site;however, the surficial soils are fine-grained and moisture-sensitive.Following grading,gravel surfacing will be necessary to maintain trafficability. Glacier Valley opens to a large,well protected bay (Makushin Bay). Storms should not be a significant factor with respect to barge loading/ offloading operations.Any area along the Glacier Valley shoreline appears satisfactory for barge landing,no area is particularly favored. The reconnaissance of Glacier Valley was completed in the latter part of August.At that time,it appeared that the flood channels had been dry for some time.Runoff patterns and timing should be evaluated prior to selecting a route here.It is possible that water may occupy these channels during early summer when access road grading would be accomplished. DESIGN:CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS General:Based on the reconnaissance and aerial photograph study, access to any of the Fox Canyon and Glacier Valley wellsites under consid- eration is possible.Cost estimates (see below)suggest that the Glacier Valley site would be the least expensive with respect to access road and drill pad preparation.This results from the fact that most of the road alignment is characterized by good granular subgrade conditions so that relatively minor grading and very little surfacing will be needed to estab- lish a roadway suitable for truck/trailer equipment.Significant grading will be needed for no more than perhaps 700 to 800 feet of roadway and gravel surfacing will be required for only about 1/2 mile.Sources of gravel should be available on the river floodplain close to where they are needed. The Driftwood Bay route is substantially more expensive than the Glacier Valley alternative,but it is significantly cheaper than the Makushin Valley route.Both of these routes are longer (particularly the Makushin Valley route)than Glacier Valley.Although the existing military road traverses significant portions of these two routes,the old road is actually in an inferior,subgrade condition compared to the Glacier Valley flood channel. Preparing the old road for reliable truck/trailer transport of equipment will require nearly as much basic grading as at Glacier Valley and significantly more surfacing. Grading Parameters and Quantities:Available topographic information does not allow specific estimates of the total quantities of earth moving required,or the range of heights of cuts and fills.Some general comments can be made,however: 1.Where "full bench"construction is needed on side hill terrain, excavation of approximately 10 to 14 cubic yards per running yard of roadway length will be necessary. Where "new construction"on relatively gently sloping terrain is required,the best approach will be placement of a gravel or rock overlay.Roadway performance will be enhanced by preserving any surface organic mat.Some experimentation will be appropriate during construction,but for design purposes,a minimum overlay thickness of 16 inches should be anticipated.Alternatively,a design approach using an engineering fabric with a reduced gravel overlay should be costed out. Cut slopes should be planned at inclinations no steeper than 1:1.<Any significant fill slopes should not be steeper than 2:1 (horizontal to vertical). Obviously,culverts will be required at all significant stream crossings.In other areas (i.e.,without defined drainage courses), Republic should plan for approximately five cross culverts (12-inch diameter and 25 feet long)per mile of new construction.The general cost estimates incorporate this assumption. Excavation to construct waste fluid storage basins and mud sumps should be generally routine except that the excavated soil will be fine-grained,wet,and highly moisture-susceptible.Construction 10 should involve excavation of a basin and dozing of the excavated material into broad low dikes to provide additional basin depth. Slopes of 3:1 (horizontal to vertical)should be planned for both the interior and exterior side of such dikes. 6.As noted,the soils in any possible mud sump or waste fluid storage basin areas should be predominantly fine-grained (or may consist of granular material within a fine-grained matrix).In any event, these materials should be of very low permeability;no lining of such basins or sumps need be planned. CONSTRUCTION:CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS General:No unusual construction problems are anticipated.The most difficult construction issue will probably be excavation and handling of the generally fine-grained natural soils in the upland areas while preserving equipment trafficability and avoiding slope stability problems.Using full bench construction in side hill areas and avoiding placement of side hill fills should minimize problems of slumping or sliding.Generally,the in-place,natural soils should be cohesive and therefore resist erosion.It is assumed that excavated material will generally be wasted (except for that used in dike construction).This should minimize any difficulties related to compaction,settlement,or landslides.Much of the excavated material will probably be saturated and any additional water (i.e.,from rainfall)will make it extremely difficult to handle.Operation of equipment directly on freshly excavated areas should be minimized.This implies overlay con- struction in relatively gentle terrain areas (as previously recommended).In side hill areas,full bench construction is recommended;surfacing should be placed as quickly as an area is graded so that all equipment,including dozers,loaders,or backhoes,need not operate directly on the in-place soils. It is expected that excavation can be accomplished with normal con- struction equipment.No need for any blasting is apparent. 11 Required Equipment:The amount of equipment used and the composition of the "spread"depends on a number of factors.These include:the time available for construction,the selected site,weather conditions,and the preference of the contractor.All else being equal,a larger spread of equipment will result in faster construction and less risk of delays due to breakdowns,etc. At a minimum,refurbishing or reconstruction of existing roads,as well as new construction in easy terrain,could be completed with the following equipment:a light dozer,a backhoe,a medium-sized front-end loader,two 5-yard dump trucks,and a medium to heavy duty all-wheel drive grader (motor patrol).Construction in difficult terrain areas would benefit from the addition of a large backhoe (e.g.,3/4-yard to 2-yard bucket)on tracks,and a heavy dozer.A heavy dozer would also be generally useful,to stockpile gravel for efficient loading in borrow areas,for example.The large backhoe would also be useful outside "difficult terrain"areas to assistin setting large culverts,etc.Beyond the equipment described above,road construction would be accelerated mainly by using more trucks and additional loading capacity. Time of Construction:Obviously,the time required for road construc- tion depends on the size of the equipment spread and on weather conditions. Work can start in the late spring as soon as snow is gone.On the Driftwood Bay side,repair and upgrading of the existing road could commence fairly early in the season,perhaps by April.It is unlikely,however,that much work could be done above an elevation of roughly 500 feet until the end of May.There is no basis to estimate when construction could start in higher areas,for example,above 1,000 feet elevation,but it would probably be mid-summer. If one assumes the "minimum equipment spread"as described above,about 3 months should be estimated for completion of the Driftwood Bay route to the primary Fox Canyon wellsite.If the alternative Fox Canyon wellsite is chosen,so that it is not necessary to cross the major canyon,roughly 2 12 months would be needed,The Glacier Valley route will proabably require about 4 to 5 weeks for construction.About 4 months are estimated for the Makushin Valley route to the primary Fox Canyon wellsite.Again,choosing the alternative Fox Canyon wellsite would shorten this by about 1 month. Estimated Construction Costs:The cost estimates in the following table are quite general,but since they are based the same assumptions,they should be relatively correct for the three access options.They assume road align- ments as discussed above and preparation of drill pads roughly 1-1/2 acres in size.Each drill pad would include a mud sump,and waste fluid storage basin. Fox Canyon Site Fox Canyon Site Glacier Valley Element of Work Via Driftwood Bay Via Makushin Valley Site Existing road $70,000 $680,000 $- grading/repair (including culverts) Existing road 960,000 1,500,000 157,000¢@) gravel surfacing New construction 515,000 515,000 240,000 in easy terrain (including culverts) New construction 990,000 990,000 190,000 in steep terrain (including culverts) Major canyon 250,000 250,000 - crossing Drill pad grading/90,000 ___90,000 85,000surfacing Total Cost $2,875,000(5»c)$4,025,000(6,c)$672,000(b) (a)New road surfacing in areas of fine-grained soil subgrade only. (b)Does not include mobilization,camp,helicopter,or barge loading costs. (c)If alternative Fox Canyon wellsite north of major canyon is chosen, subtract about $600,000 from total. 13 Obviously,the Glacier Valley site has the least expensive access requirements.The Driftwood Bay approach to the Fox Canyon wellsite is the second most expensive,and the Makushin Valley route is highest. Substantial cost savings would result if the Fox Canyon drill pad could be located so that it would not be necessary to cross the major canyon that stands between the easier terrain and the specific location of the Fox Canyon TGH. As noted,these cost figures assume preparation of a roadway that will accommodate truck/trailer hauling equipment.If tracked hauling equipment is used,significant savings would result because much less gravel surfacing would be needed.If tracked hauling equipment is to be used, subtract $100,000 from the Glacier Valley cost,$1,000,000 from the Driftwood Bay route cost,and $1,350,000 from the Makushin Valley route cost. 14 Note regarding Text References to Plate 1,Plate 2,Plate 3 and Plate 4. These plates are identical to those contained in Dames &Moore's 1982 Environmental Baseline Data Collection Program Final Report and are not reproduced here.Copies of this 1982 Final Report,including all plates, have been distributed independently,or can be found in Republic Geothermal, Inc.'s Unalaska Geothermal Exploration Project Phase IB Final Report to the Alaska Power Authority (1983). APPENDIX C SELF-POTENTIAL SURVEY MAKUSHIN VOLCANO AREA UNALASKA ISLAND,ALASKA A Report Prepared for Republic Geothermal,Inc. 11823 E.Slauson Avenue,Suite l Santa Fe Springs,California 20670 SELF-POTENTIAL SURVEY MAKUSHIN VOLCANO AREA UNALASKA ISLAND,ALASKA HLA Job No.10,036,004.01 by Robert F.Corwin, Associate Geophysicist wmik ty Kenneth G.Blom, Geologist -3417 Harding Lawson Associates 7655 Redwood Boulevard,P.O.Box 578 Novato,California 94948 415/892-0821 July 30,1982 Harding Lawson Associates Harding Lawson Associates TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS °°e e r)°e e e e e e °e °e e e e e iii TI INTRODUCT ION e e °e e °e e e °e e e eo e e e e e ».e If SURVEY DESCRIPTION AND FIELD PROCEDURE ...«««««« 1 2 III SURVEY RESULTS .2.«©«©©«©«©©©©«©©©©©©©©©©6 IV INTERPRETATION .2.«©«©«©«©©«©©©©©©©©©©©ew 9 9A.Artificial Sources ..... B.Soil Property Variations ...2.«««««©«©«©«©@ «9 C.Conductive Mineral Deposits .......e.«.e +-Lil D.Topographic Effects .......«««©«©©©«©«©«©«13 E.Geothermal Sources .2.«««©««©«©«©©e «©«©©@«18 1.Mechanisms of Self-Potential Generation By Geothermal SourceS ...««©««©©«©««e ««19 2.Source Geometry Models for the Unalaska Anomalies ...2.2.6 ©«©«©«©«e «©«©«©24 a.Fox Canyon and Sugarloaf Anomalies .....25 1)Conductive Dike Model ........e 25 2)Point and Line Source Models ......26 2)Dipolar Sheet Models ......+.e-..31 b.Point Kadin Anomaly .....«++ce «««22 Vv SUMMARY,CONCLUSIONS,AND RECOMMENDATIONS .....e +.234 VI ILLUSTRATIONS .2.«6 ©«©©©©©©©©©©©©©we ew ew ew 7 Appendixes A SELF-POTENTIAL FIELD PROCEDURE B SURVEY DATA DISTRIBUTION ii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Harding Lawson Associates Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Self-Potential Self-Potential M-B+4600S Self-Potential Self-Potential Self-Potential Self-Potential A+8800W and G-H Self-Potential SS-Z Self-Potential Spur U-K Self-Potential Self-Potential Survey Lines and Contours Data Data Data Data Data Data Data Data Data and and and and and and and and and Elevation: Elevation: Elevation: Elevation: Elevation: Elevation: Elevation: Elevation: Elevation: Lines B-C-A and Line D-I-C-L Line I-J Line I-C+4600W Lines O-F-F'- Lines S-N-F-P and Lines E-U-S and Line V-X&W and X-Y¥ Line R-Q-T Conductive Dike Model for Combined Anomalies Fox Canyon Anomaly Profiles Point Current Analysis for Fox Canyon Anomaly Preliminary Temperature Data from Drill Hole D-1l Sugarloaf Anomaly Profiles and Source Locations Line Source Analysis for Sugarloaf Anomaly, Profile D-D' Line Source Analysis for Sugarloaf Anomaly, Profile c-c' iii Harding Lawson Associates I.INTRODUCTION This report describes the results of a self-potential survey conducted in the area of Makushin Volcano,on the Aleutian island of Unalaska,Alaska.The purpose of the survey was to locate and delineate possible geothermal resources.The survey was performed by Harding Lawson Associates (HLA)for the client, Republic Geothermal,Inc.(RGI),which had contracted with the State of Alaska to explore for geothermal energy resources on the island.The scope of the work included acquisition of self-potential field data,interpretation of the data,and preparation of this report.The data were taken by R.F.Corwin of HLA,assisted by client personnel J.S.Matlick,F.P. Parmentier,and G.Arce. The report begins with a description of the survey area,the working conditions,and the equipment and field procedure used for the self-potential survey.This is followed by a descrip- tion of the survey results and an interpretation of these results in terms of both nongeothermal and geothermal sources. The summary and conclusions section includes preliminary recom- mendations for possible exploratory geothermal wells.A description of the self-potential field procedure used by HLA is given in Appendix A,and copies of the field data are included as Appendix B. Harding Lawson Associates II SURVEY DESCRIPTION AND FIELD PROCEDURE Plate 1 shows the locations of the self-potential survey lines superimposed on a topographic map of the survey area.The survey covered approximately 78 line-kilometers.It is apparent from the map that the terrain in the survey area is extremely rugged,and that no roads exist in the area.Temperatures ranged from about 28°F to 40°F during the survey period,at least some snow fell almost every day,and poor visibility and high winds (often gusting to over 60 mph)limited actual field time to about two-thirds of the days on site.Days spent in camp due to bad weather were used for data reduction and report preparation. To minimize personnel hazards and to obtain reasonable daily production rates under these difficult conditions,a modified version of the "fixed-base"self-potential survey procedure (Appendix A)usually used by HLA was developed.Variations from this usual procedure included the following: 1)Because of the difficult terrain,it would have taken an unreasonable amount of time to reel in the connecting wire after finishing each survey line.Also,the chest reel used to hold reusable wire requires two hands to operate and tends to unbalance the operator, and so is hazardous in steep terrain. Instead,a very lightweight "disposable"wire (24 gage magnet wire insulated with "Formvar" varnish)was used,spooled on reels holding about 5.5 kilometers each.At the end of a survey line or a field day,the wire was Harding Lawson Associates f simply broken and left behind.Distances along the survey lines were measured using a "Hip-Chain"device,which strings out a light- weight disposable thread that actuates an odometer wheel.This procedure saved several hours of re-spooling time per day,and elimi- nated the need to repeat many hazardous traverses operating an unwieldly chest reel. Since the only practical access to most of the survey area was by helicopter,this procedure allowed the helicopter to set the survey crew down at the beginning of a survey line,and to pick them up at any time once the line was finished or if the weather began closing in. 2)The usual HLA field procedure includes careful and continuous monitoring of electrode drift and polarization so that these effects may be removed from the measured data.Because of the large variations in soil,temperature,and snow conditions over the space of a few hours in this survey area,and because the base electrode usually was not recovered for at least several days after completion of the Survey line (due to weather-related lack of accessibility),these electrode monitoring procedures would have been futile,and were not used for this survey.As electrode effects usually are in the range of a few to a few tens of millivolts (mV),and as anomaly amplitudes in this area exceeded several hundred mV,the lack of electrode polarization monitoring should not have significantly affected the final survey results. With these exceptions,field procedure was as described in Appendix A.Contact with the soil was made using nonpolarizing copper-copper sulfate electrodes (Tinker &Rasor Model 6B),and voltages and contact resistances were read on a Fluke Model 8020A digital multimeter with an input impedance of 10 megohms. Comparison with readings from a very high-impedance meter to Harding Lawson Associates (Geonics Model SP-19;500 megohms)indicated that source contact resistances of up to 2 or 3 megohms did not significantly affect the accuracy of the readings on the Fluke meter.Nominal -sta- tion spacing was 200 meters,with closer spacing in some areas where detail was desired,and wider spacing in areas where no soil was present or where hazardous terrain or snow conditions precluded stopping for a measurement.Point A (Plate 1),at the mouth of Makushin Valley,was assumed to be at zero potential, and all values are referenced to this point.With the exception of line R-Q-T in the Point Kadin area,all lines were tied back to point A.The tie-in readings are included on the data sheets in Appendix B. Because potentials caused by time-varying telluric currents can affect self-potential readings,telluric voltages were con- tinuously monitored on a strip chart recorder connected across a Stationary electrode dipole pair.The initial telluric dipole was set up on May 5 in Makushin Valley,with the positive elec- trode at A+8800 meters west and the negative electrode 500 meters to the east at A+8300 meters west.Maximum telluric variations on this monitor for a day of high telluric activity were about +6 mV/500 m,or about +12 mV/km,with a period of about 30 seconds.When this type of telluric activity was present during a self-potential measurement,it was compensated Harding Lawson Associates by reading for several minutes and averaging several successive peak values.No significant longer-period variations were seen on this monitor. The telluric monitor was moved to the camp area (near point F,Plate 1)on May 10.Because of restricted space,the dipole length was reduced to 150 meters,with a corresponding reduction in signal strength.The approximate +5 to +10 mV/km Maximum amplitude and approximate 30-second predominant period for this monitor were similar to those seen on the Makushin Valley dipole,and no magnetic storms or significant long-period variations were recorded.Therefore,it seems unlikely that the Survey data were significantly affected by telluric activity. Harding Lawson Associates III SURVEY PESULTS The self-potential survey results are shown plotted on Plates 2 through 10,and in the form of a contour map on Plate 1.All data station locations are referenced by distance and general direction from a point labeled by a letter.As mentioned in the previous section,except for Plate 10 (Point Kadin area)all self-potential values are tied and referenced to an assumed zero potential value at point A.For Plate 10,the shoreline (points R and T)was assumed to be at zero potential. The results from this survey line will be discussed later. Along with the measured self-potential values,the plots on Plates 2 through 10 also show values smoothed by use of a 5-point unweighted running mean,locations of soil mercury sampling stations,and topography (the elevations were read on a pocket altimeter,calibrated twice daily against the helicopter altimeter).Linear distances along the survey line are given in kilometers,and elevations in feet because these are the units used on the base map (Plate 1).The topography is plotted upside down in order to make it easier to notice possible cor- relations between self-potential and elevation,as discussed later.The contours shown on Plate 1 are taken from the smoothed curves,in order to reduce unnecesSary contour detail and the effects of near-surface sources. Harding Lawson Associates It is apparent from the profiles that well-established back- ground levels are seen over most of the survey area.Such areas are characterized by flat or very slowly rising or falling trend lines,by point-to-point variations that rarely exceed about +50 mV,and by absolute levels between +100 mV (one contour interval on Plate 1).Two anomalous areas stand out clearly from this background:a negative anomaly of about -600 mV amplitude,cen- tered about 1 kilometer northeast of Sugarloaf Cone (which will be referred to as the Sugarloaf negative anomaly);and a nega- tive anomaly of about -500 mV amplitude,centered about 2 kilo- meters southwest of Sugarloaf Cone (which will be referred to as the Fox Canyon negative anomaly,in honor of a fox that showed the survey team a safe path across an ominous snow bridge). Anomalous activity at a lower level,just above background,is seen just to the north of both the Sugarloaf and Fox Canyon anomalies.It is interesting to note that both of these anom- alies are associated with the same geologic unit (Qml;:Recent Makushin lavas)and that no anomalies are seen where this forma- tion is not exposed.Finally,a small-amplitude multipolar anomaly is seen to be centered at about Q+1.5 kilometers north on line R-Q-T (Plate 10;Point Kadin);superimposed on a long- wavelength overall negative that is thought to be of topographic origin (discussed later).This multipolar anomaly also is associated with the Qml unit. Harding Lawson Associates As evident from the profiles and the map of survey lines, both of the long-wavelength anomalies are traversed by a suf- ficient number of survey lines so that their true shapes and amplitudes should be reasonably well defined.Cumulative tie-in errors around all closed loops were well under 100 mV,so the measured self-potential value at any given field data point should be easily reproducible within one contour interval. Although the smoothing process produces slight distortions in the shapes of the anomalies,these distortions should not significantly affect the geologic interpretations of the anom- alies discussed in the following sections. Harding Lawson Associates IV.INTERPRETATION There are many possible sources of self-potential variations that are not related to geothermal activity.These include artificial sources,soil property variations,conductive mineral deposits,streaming potentials generated by the flow of non- geothermal ground water,and topographic effects.Before assigning a geothermal origin to the Sugarloaf and Fox Canyon anomalies,the possibility that one or more of these other sources may be responsible for,or contribute to,the observed anomalies is evaluated below. A.Artificial Sources Artificial sources such as buried pipelines,well casings, cathodic protection systems,electrical machinery grounds,etc. can develop large potential fields in the earth.As this survey area is totally undeveloped,and as virtually no evidence of human activity was seen in the area of the anomalies,it is safe to conclude that artificial sources did not contribute to the observed anomalies. _B.Soil Property Variations Variations in soil properties such as moisture content,pore fluid chemistry,and soil type are known to affect self- potential readings.Soil properties in the survey area (noted Harding Lawson Associates on the field data sheets)ranged from thawed,fully water- Saturated tundra muskeg bog in the lower valleys to deep snow or frozen and/or extremely rocky soil at higher elevations.Snow cover was present over much of the survey area,but in most cases it proved possible to dig through the snow to soil beneath (exceptions are noted on the field data sheets).Previous expe- rience,and several measurements made in this survey area,indi- cate that readings made in snow cover are not significantly dif- ferent than those made in the soil beneath the snow,providing that the voltmeter used has sufficiently high input impedance. Laboratory experiments have shown that the maximum effect of soil property variations on a given self-potential reading is limited to a few tens of mV;far less than the amplitudes of the observed anomalies in this area.Additionally,field experi- ments have shown that self-potential readings do not change significantly between thawed and frozen soil conditions. An example of the lack of correlation between self-potential and soil property variations is seen on Plate 8,showing a pro- file ranging from saturated,unfrozen tundra muskeg bog soil in Glacier Valley to hard-frozen,extremely rocky soil at the 2850 feet elevation pass between Glacier and Makushin Valleys. Virtually no significant self-potential variation is seen along the entire survey line.Therefore,it seems unlikely that soil 10 Harding Lawson Associates property variations contribute significantly to the observed large anomalies,although they probably are responsible for much of the point-to-point "geologic noise"seen in the data profiles. Cc.Conductive Mineral Deposits Both massive and disseminated deposits of electronically conductive minerals,including pyrite,chalcopyrite,graphite, and a number of others,are known to generate self-potential anomalies.These anomalies are almost always negative in polarity,centered close to the epicenter of the deposit,and range in amplitude from a few tens of mV up to greater than l volt.The wavelength and shape of the anomaly depend on the size,geometry,and depth of burial of the deposit. The amplitude,shape,polarity,and wavelength of the Sugar- loaf and Fox Canyon anomalies are similar to those seen over large disseminated deposits of graphite or sulfides.As such deposits often are related to volcanic activity of the type seen in the Makushin area,and as mineral deposits have been dis- covered elsewhere on the island,serious consideration must be given to the possibility that all or part of the negative anom- alies may be related to conductive sulfide mineral deposits (graphite deposits probably would not be found in this geologic setting).This possibility is reinforced by the fact that a mineralization anomalies often are most intense in areas of 11 Harding Lawson Associates active weathering and an abundant supply of well-oxygenated ground water,both of which conditions hold in the area.Also, active sulfide deposition is seen at Fumarole #8 (Plate 1l), near the center of the Sugarloaf anomaly.Finally,it is pos- sible that a plutonic intrusive body may be present beneath the Sugarloaf or Fox Canyon areas.Such bodies often are hosts to sulfide deposits. Several pieces of evidence argue against a conductive mineral source for the negative anomalies.First,no self- potential anomaly was seen in the vicinity of Fumarole #1 (Plate 11),where at least 10 percent disseminated pyrite was seen in the recently altered rocks around the fumarole.Second, the best-accepted mechanism for generation of self-potential anomalies by conductive mineral deposits requires a reducing zone at depth.The geology and fumarolic activity in the areas of the observed anomalies indicates that the ground water at depth in these areas is hot,or is displaced by steam.These conditions are totally unlike the stagnant,anaerobic depth environment thought to be necessary for the production of a mineralization self-potential anomaly.Finally,the Sugarloaf area is thought to be capped by at least a few hundred meters of recent lava,which probably would not be host to a sulfide deposit and would restrict the depth range in which such a Geposit could exist. 12 Harding Lawson Associates Drill Hole D-1 (Plate 12),located close to the -400 mv contour of the Fox Canyon anomaly,was completed to a depth of 1440 feet in July 1982.A very minor amount of pyrite (probably less than 1 percent)was seen between 785 and 805 feet beneath the surface,and about 5 percent pyrite was seen from about 1220 feet down to the bottom of the hole at 1440 feet.As it is very doubtful that this amount and distribution of pyrite could generate an anomaly as large and extensive as that seen in Fox Canyon,a conductive mineral source for the Fox Canyon anomaly seems unlikely. D.Topographic Effects Topographic effects are known to occasionally produce very large self-potential anomalies,especially in volcanic areas (examples include the East Rift zone of the island of Hawaii and Adagdak volcano on the Aleutian island of Adak).These anom- alies presumably are generated by streaming potentials (dis- cussed later)caused by the downhill flow of near-surface water, and usually become more negative with increasing elevation (the so-called "negative summit"phenomenon).When topographic self-potential anomalies are present,the ratio of self- potential variation to elevation change usually ranges from about -0.05 mV/ft to about -2 mv/ft.Areas where such anomalies are found usually have porous near-surface soil or rocks,large Harding Lawson Associates elevation changes over considerable distances,and high precipi- tation leading to an abundant supply of very fresh near-surface ground water.As all these factors are present to some extent in Unalaska,and as a very strong topographic effect was seen on Adagdak Volcano on the Aleutian island of Adak,the possibility that some or all of the observed self-potential activity in Unalaska is topographically caused must be carefully considered. As mentioned previously,the self-potential profiles (Plates 2 through 10)also show plots of the topography along the self- potential survey line.Because of the expected inverse correla- tion between elevation and self-potential,the topographic pro- files have been inverted so that topographic effects will be made more apparent by a parallel trend of the self-potential and topographic profiles. Examination of the profiles indicates that the two major negative anomalies do not appear to show any significant topographic correlation (for example,see Plates 2 and 23).Con- versely,some of the lines with the greatest topographic relief show little or no self-potential activity (for example,see Plates 7 and 8).In a few cases,there does appear to be a degree of topographic correlation,especially at lower eleva- tions.The best example of this is seen in Plate 10,where the self-potential profile is well correlated with elevation, 14 Harding Lawson Associates with a ratio of about -0.25 to -0.30 mV/ft (the anomaly centered at about Q+1.5 kilometers north on this line does not seem to be directly related to topography,and will be discussed later). Other areas where topography and self-potential trends may be correlated are seen in Plate 2 (from B to about B+1.5 kilometers south);Plate 6 (from F to about F+4.5 kilometers east);and Plate 5 (from I to about I+2.5 kilometers west). Of these four examples,all but the last occur at elevations of less than 1000 feet,where soil and alluvium cover generally were substantial and the ground generally did not seem to be frozen.In contrast,at higher elevations,the soil cover often was thin or nonexistent,and the soil was usually frozen below a depth of a few inches.Thus it is possible that the apparent lack of topographic correlation at higher elevations on Unalaska was due at least in part to a lack of porous rock or alluvium through which shallow hydrologic flow could occur,combined with immobilization of shallow ground water by freezing.It is interesting in this regard that the strong correlation between topography and self-potential seen on Adagdak Volcano on Adak Island (a change of about -2700 mV between sea level and an elevation of about 2200 feet)was measured in August,when ground water may not have been frozen. Although the profiles show little correlation between topography and the two large negative anomalies,examination of 15 Harding Lawson Associates the contour map (Plate 1)indicates that self-potential and topographic contours are clearly related in some areas.The Sugarloaf negative anomaly is roughly confined to what appears to be a valley-filling lava flow surrounding Sugarloaf Cone. The eastern and western margins of this anomaly closely parallel the steep upslopes that bound the valley,while the southern Margin of the anomaly roughly parallels a steep downward slope where the Sugarloaf Cone plateau drops off into Makushin Canyon.Similarly,the northwestern and southeastern margins of the Fox Canyon anomaly are roughly parallel to steep upward slopes. ) A mechanism by which the observed negative anomalies could be related to the surrounding topography could involve fresh ground water flowing down the steep surrounding slopes,entering beneath the recent Makushin lavas that overlie both of the anomalous areas,and flowing strongly downward through faults or fracture systems in the underlying rocks;these faults or frac- tures being roughly centered beneath the negative.centers of the anomalies. Although this mechanism is qualitatively realistic,several points should be considered when judging whether this is the actual explanation for the anomalies.First,topographic anom- alies related to ground-water flow usually are seen either directly above a topographic high or on the steep flanks of the 16 Harding Lawson Associates high.There is no documented case of an anomaly related to nongeothermal ground-water flow being centered in a relatively flat area.Second,the -500 mV amplitudes are very large for ground-water-generated anomalies originating at considerable depth (presumably at the base of the Makushin lavas or deeper). These amplitudes would suggest either very high ground-water flow rates or very large streaming potential coupling coeffi- cients (discussed later),neither of which is compatible with the lack of topographic effects seen elsewhere in the survey area.Finally,data from Drill Hole D-1 indicate that there is no unusually large degree of vertical fracturing beneath the anomalous area.Ground-water temperatures stay at about 8°C down to about 800 feet,but this constant temperature is thought to be maintained mainly by lateral rather than vertical water movement. Summarizing,a descending ground-water mechanism for the Sugarloaf and Fox Canyon anomalies is possible in theory but has several practical objections.As this mechanism is in direct contrast to the possible geothermal mechanism to be discussed below (descending cold water vs.ascending hot water or steam), the geological likelihood of such a ground-water flow pattern and fault or fracture system should be very carefully assessed. 17 Harding Lawson Associates E.Geothermal Sources The remaining possible cause of the observed self-potential anomalies is geothermal activity.At the time of this writing, the preliminary temperature readings in Drill Hole D-l (Plate 12)show a very high gradient of about 35°F per 100 feet beginning at 1000 feet depth,indicating that a significant geothermal source may exist beneath the Fox Canyon anomaly. In order to more fully interpret the Unalaska anomalies in terms of geothermal activity,it would be helpful to be able to refer to case histories of similar anomalies related to known geothermal sources.Unfortunately,there appear to be no well- documented case histories where negative self-potential anom- alies of the amplitude and wavelength of those seen in Unalaska have been unambiguously associated with known geothermal sources.In most cases,self-potential anomalies associated with known geothermal activity have been dipolar in form,with the inflection (zero point)of the anomaly curve or contours roughly centered over a fault or fracture.zone thought to act as a conduit for geothermal fluids.The major exception to this pattern is seen in the East Rift Zone of the island of Hawaii, where large-amplitude (greater than 1000 mV)positive anomalies of about 1 km wavelength are associated with geothermally active rifts.The following section of this report will present a general discussion of the mechanisms by which self-potential 18 Harding Lawson Associates anomalies can be generated by geothermal activity,followed by an analysis of the Unalaska anomalies in terms of these geother- mal mechanisms. 'Geothermal systems are characterized by temperature,fluid flow,and geochemical conditions that contrast with those of the surrounding environment.These contrasts can generate subsur- face electric current flows which in turn can generate surface self-potential anomalies.The mechanisms by which temperature, pressure,or geochemical gradients generate electric current flows are respectively called thermoelectric,electrokinetic, and electrochemical coupling.Voltages generated by pressure gradients driving a fluid flow through a porous medium also are commonly called streaming potentials.The physical bases for these coupling phenomena are given in advanced texts on physical chemistry and electrochemistry.Because surface anomalies generated by electrochemical coupling are thought to be small (a few tens of mV at most),the following discussion will be limited to thermoelectric and electrokinetic coupling. l.Mechanisms of Self-Potential Generation by Geothermal Sources In this discussion we will make qualitative use of a quantitative self-potential modeling approach developed by Sill (W.R.Sill,Self-Potential Modeling from Primary Flows,U.S. 19 Harding Lawson Associates Department of Energy report DOE/ID/12079-42,1981)and Fitterman (D.V.Fitterman,Calculation of Self-Potential Anomalies Near Vertical Contacts,Geophysics,Vol.44,No.2,p.195-205, 1979).In this approach,there are two possible types of sources for the subsurface electric current flows that generate the observed surface self-potential anomalies.The first type of,source is generated by a divergent (in the mathematical sense)flow of heat or fluid ina homogeneous medium.Phys- ically,this means that self-potential sources are created where heat or fluid is being added to or removed from a point ina uniform earth.Examples of such sources would include buried bodies of elevated temperature,or areas where deep fluids have ascended along a fault zone and are flowing into a shallower layer.Isolated sources of this type generate monopolar (purely positive or purely negative)surface anomalies.(It should be noted that the existence and amplitude of anomalies generated by such sources depend_on the assumed boundary condition at the earth's surface;i.e.,whether the heat or fluid flow is perpen- dicular or parallel to the surface.)The polarity of the anomaly depends both on whether the flow is into or out of the source region,and on the sign of the coupling coefficient. (The coupling coefficient of a material is defined as the voltage generated by a temperature or pressure gradient imposed across a sample of the material,divided by the temperature or 20 Harding Lawson Associates pressure difference across the sample.For heat flow,the thermoelectric coupling coefficient usually is given in mV/°C, and for fluid flow,the electrokinetic or streaming potential coupling coefficient usually is given in mV/atmosphere. Coupling coefficient magnitude usually increases as pore fluid Salinity decreases.)As coupling coefficients may be either positive or negative,the polarity of the surface anomaly does not immediately indicate whether the heat or fluid flow is into or out of the source area. The second type of source occurs where a flow of heat or fluid intersects a discontinuity of coupling coefficient. Coupling coefficient discontinuities may be formed by geological boundaries,such as contacts,fault planes,or fracture zones, that bring areas with different mineral or pore fluid composi- tion into contact.Such discontinuities also may be caused by rock alteration due to the flow of thermal fluids along faults or fracture zones. Modeling of the surface self-potential anomalies generated by this mechanism involves the placement cf an elec- tric charge distribution at locations where sources of heat or fluid exist,or where heat or fluid flows intersect coupling coefficient discontinuities. For simple cases,such as an upward flow of heat along a vertical fault plane,a continuous electric charge distribution 21 Harding Lawson Associates may be used as the source,and the surface anomaly calculated analytically (this is the approach used by Fitterman in the reference above).Fer more complex cases,the discontinuity or the heat or fluid source is modeledas a Spatial distribution of point current sources and sinks that approximates the actual geometry of the source region.(A point current source is defined as an infinitely small point at which electric current is being injected into the earth;a point current sink is a negative point source,with current being removed from rather than added to the point.Physically,a current source may be approximated by a small-area electrode buried in the earth and connected to the positive terminal of a battery,while a current sink would be formed at a similar electrode connected to the negative terminal.) In essence,the intensities of these sources and sinks are obtained by multiplying the temperature or pressure gradient in a given region of the earth by the appropriate coupling coefficient (or coupling coefficient difference,across a boundary).Thus the source strength increases as either the flow rate or the coupling coefficients (or their differences) increase.The polarity of the source is determined by the flow direction and by the polarity of the coupling coefficients.As little information is presently available about the magnitude or polarity of coupling coefficients under in-situ geothermal 22 Harding Lawson Associates conditions,it is difficult to predict the polarity of a source caused by a flow in a given direction or to infer directly from the self-potential data whether a given anomaly is causedby heat flow,fluid flow,or some combination of these. Further complicating the picture,because the surface self-potential pattern usually covers an area greater than the projection of the source region alone,the anomaly is distorted by changes in topography,permeability,and electrical resistiv- ity outside the source region.Examples of these effects are given in the papers of Sill and Fitterman,cited above.This means that the observed surface self-potential pattern depends not only on the geometry of the source itself,but also to some extent on the geology and topography of the area outside of the actual source region.The effects of some simple resistivity distributions may be handled analytically,but more complex distributions require the use of sophisticated two-or three- dimensional computer programs.The use of such programs may be warranted in areas where the resistivity distribution is reason- ably well known. Briefly summarizing the above discussion,surface self- potential anomalies may be generated by the flow of subsurface heat or fluid (as mentioned previously,without further geologic information we cannot differentiate between heat or fluid flow).The source geometry of the anomaly may be approximated Harding Lawson Associates by a continuous subsurface charge distribution,by a distribu- tion of point current sources and sinks,or by some combination of these.Quantitatively relating the polarity and amplitude of these charges or current sources to the magnitude and direction of the heat or fluid flows causing them is difficult,because coupling coefficients for in-situ geothermal conditions are not available.Finally,the surface anomaly patterns may be distorted by changes in topography,permeability,or resistivity that are not related to the geothermal source. 2.Source Geometry Models for the Unalaska Anomalies Considering these complexities and uncertainties,and the lack of geological and geophysical data in the area,the most realistic interpretation of the Unalaska self-potential data would consist of the simplest source model geometry that could produce the observed anomalies and not be inconsistent with the known geology.(It should be pointed out that,as for any potential field method such as gravity,magnetics,self- potential,etc.,there is literally an infinite number of source models that can produce a given surface anomaly,and that we can select among these models only by considering other informa- tion.)In the analysis below,we derive simple source geom- etries for each of the observed anomalies,and then interpret the derived source geometries in terms of geology and geothermal 24 Harding Lawson Associates activity.The small anomaly at Point Kadin will be treated separately at the end of this section. a.Fox Canyon and Sugarloaf Anomalies 1)Conductive Dike Model Before beginning a separate analysis of each of the anomalies,we must determine whether the Fox Canyon and Sugarloaf anomalies may be interrelated;i.e.,are parts of a single large anomaly.An anomaly pattern somewhat similar to the observed pattern could be generated by a source geometry consisting of a pair of vertical or nearly vertical planes of dipolar charge (see Plate 11).The "conductive dike"region between the planes is more conductive (less resistive)than the is less than P,and21 P.).The plane running just to the east of Fumarole #8 would areas outside the planes (i.e.,P be polarized with the positive side facing southwest,while the plane just to the east of Fumarole #1 would have its positive side facing northeast.Geologically,this geometry would correspond to a pair of faults and/or fractures coincident with the polarized planes.(For future discussion,we will refer to faults and/or fractures simply as faults.)The dipolar charge distribution would be produced by heat and/or fluid flow along the faults,which could be acting as conduits for geothermal fluid flow.Geothermal fluid inundating the central area between the faults could account for the low resistivity of this area. 25 Harding Lawson Associates A preliminary analysis of this situation was done by D.V.Fitterman of the U.S.Geological Survey,using a computer program developed by him for this type of model.It proved possible to obtain a reasonable match between the mea- sured field data and the calculated anomaly for several dif- ferent models,but all the final models required both large resistivity contrasts between the central and outlying areas and very large potentials along the source planes.Based on the resistivity values usually seen in this type of environment,the magnitude of the resistivity contrasts required for these models seems unreasonably large.Similarly,the implied magnitudes of the source plane potentials (ranging from about 2000 to 8000 mv) are much larger than would be expected from theoretical consid- erations.Therefore,it seems unlikely that this type of model represents the actual geology. 2)Point and Line Source Models In this and the following section,we will consider the Fox Canyon and Sugarloaf anomalies as having separate sources,and will define some simple source geometries that could generate self-potential patterns similar to the observed anomalies. The simplest source geometry for a roughly circular anomaly pattern in a homogeneous earth is a single infinitesi- mally small (point)source of electric current.For such a 26 Harding Lawson Associates point source,the surface potential field can be calculated from the equation ve a,, | (1) where d is the depth of burial of the source;x is the radial distance from the point,measured along the surface;V is the potential at the distance x,referred to a zero potential in a background area at a great distance from the source;and K is a constant that depends on the strength of the source and the electrical resistivity of the earth. From equation (1)it follows that the anomaly pattern generated by a small buried current source is circular in form,and that,the deeper the source of a given anomaly,the broader the wavelength of the anomaly must be.A very rough, but useful,rule of thumb that can be derived from (1)is that, for a buried point source of current,the half-wavelength of the surface anomaly is equal to the depth to the source multiplied by V3 (the half-wavelength of an anomaly is defined as the Gistance from the center of the anomaly to the point at which the anomaly amplitude is one-half of its maximum value). This may be expressed mathematically as Vad,(2) x1/2 /V3 (3) *1/2 or a 27 Harding Lawson Associates where *1/2 is the half-wavelength and d is the depth to the buried point source.A related principle is that a source region of finite size may be buried at a shallower depth than d, but cannot be deeper.Thus this principle can be used to estab- lisha rough maximum depth to the source region of a given SP anomaly. From Plate 1,it is evident that the Fox Canyon anomaly is very roughly circular in form,so a point source analysis of the type described above could be used to obtain an approximate maximum depth to the source of this anomaly. Plate 12 shows the profile locations used for the interpreta- tion,while Plate 12 shows the measured anomaly along these profiles,along with the anomaly curves generated by a point source at various depths. It is obvious from Plate 13 that the correspond- ence between the measured and theoretical profiles is far from perfect,especially at distances greater than about 1 km from the origin.However,in the central portion of the anomaly, between about 1 km E and 1 km W,a point source at a depth of about 0.4 km (1200 ft)gives a fair approximation to the field data except for the curve segment from 0 to BY.This implies that the depth to the source of the Fox Canyon anomaly is no greater than about 1300 feet. 28 Harding Lawson Associates Preliminary results from Drill Hole D-1l (Plate 14)indicate that the temperature gradient increases abruptly from zero to a relatively constant value of about 35°F/100 feet at a depth of about 1000 ft (0.31 km),and that this gradient continues at least to the bottom of the drill hole at about 1425 ft (0.42 km).Thus the self-potential source region may be located close to or somewhat below the 1000-foot depth,where the large vertical heat flow component intersects a geologic boundary,or where vertical fractures may be intro- ducing heat and/or fluid into a host formation. 'The simplest source geometry for an elongated anomaly such as the one seen at Sugarloaf is an infinitesimally thin line source of current (essentially,a linear extension of the point source described above).As for the point source,a line source giving a reasonable fit to the observed data can be used to obtain an estimate of the maximum depth to the actual source. An analytical formula for the field generated by a horizontal line source of finite length is available in the literature.However,the asymmetrical north-south form of the Sugarloaf anomaly suggests that the source line probably plunges to the north.As no analytical formula for the field generated by a plunging line source has been published,we have 29 Harding Lawson Associates approximated this type of source by a closely spaced linear sequence of point sources. The results of this type of modeling for the Sugarloaf anomaly are shown on Plates 15,16,and 17.Plate 15 showsa plan view of the locations of the multiple point sources.The line of sources plunges 10°to the north,with the northernmost source at a depth of 0.49 km (1600 ft)and the southernmost source at 0.21 km (690 ft). Plate 16 shows,for profile D-D',the measured anomaly and the theoretical curve generated by the model described above.The theoretical curve is a reasonable approx- imation to the field data between about 1 km south and 1 km north,at which point it diverges considerably.Plate 17 shows the same information along profile C-C'.Again,the fit is reasonable in the central portion,but diverges to the east and west. As the lack of agreement between the measured and theoretical data in the outer part of the anomaly for both curves probably is caused mainly by resistivity and topographic changes,the model shown on Plate 15 should give a fair estimate of the maximum depth to the source region,which ranges from about 0.21 km (690 ft)to the south to about 0.49 km (1600 ft) to the north.The average depth of about 0.235 km (1150 ft)to the line source is comparable to that for the Fox Canyon 30. Harding Lawson Associates anomaly,and suggests that the geology and temperature profile in the Sugarloaf area may be comparable to those in the Fox Canyon area. 2)Dipolar Sheet Models A more quantitative estimate of source geometry and depth may be made by approximating the self-potential source region by a two-dimensional dipolar sheet instead of a point or line source.A computer program for calculating the potential field generated by this type of source has been written by D.V. Fitterman of the U.S.Geological Survey.A preliminary analysis of the Fox Canyon and Sugarloaf anomalies has been performed by Fitterman,and indicates that the depth to the center of the source plane of the Fox Canyon anomaly is about 0.47 km (1500 ft).The plane,which is polarized with the negative side up, measures about 1.6 km (5250 ft)in the east-west direction and about 2.0 km (6560 ft)north-south,and dips about 11°to the west.The source plane for the Sugarloaf anomaly is buried at a depth of about 0.29 km (940 ft)and is flat-lying.It measures about 1.25 km (4100 ft)east-west and 2.0 km (6560 ft)north- south.This plane also is polarized with the negative side up. It should be noted that the depths given for these planes are estimates of the actual values,rather than the maximum values obtained from the point and line source analyses. Harding Lawson Associates While this preliminary model does not neces- Sarily give the best possible fit to the observed data,it does provide a useful first estimate of source region depths and configurations.The dipolar potential on the two source planes could be generated by a vertical component of heat and/or fluid flow crossing a geological boundary;a horizontal component of heat and/or fluid flow parallel to a geological boundary,or some combination of these. Comparing these results with those obtained from the point and line source analyses,the average dipolar sheet source depth of 0.47 km for the Fox Canyon anomaly is somewhat greater than the 0.40 km maximum depth estimated for the point source,while the 0.29 km depth to the dipolar sheet source is somewhat less than the 0.35 km average maximum depth for the line source.Considering the approximations and uncertainties inherent in all these models,the differences between the source depths obtained using these two types of models are reasonable. b.Point Kadin Anomaly The self-potential profile in the Point Kadin area (line R-Q-T,Plate 10)shows a relatively small amplitude (+100 mV)multipolar anomaly centered at about 1.5 km north,super- imposed on the general topographic trend.Although this anomaly disappears completely in the smoothed data,its coherent unsmoothed form suggests that it may be a significant feature rather than just an expression of random geologic noise. 32 Harding Lawson Associates The form of this anomaly is roughly the inverse of the Fox Canyon -Sugarloaf pattern,with a negative central portion flanked by two positives.A possible source configura- tion for this type of anomaly is a pair of roughly vertical dipolar source planes striking northwest-southeast and located. at the inflection points of the curve at about 1.2 km north and 1.8 km north.These source planes could correspond to geother- mally active faults.The short wavelength of the anomaly indi- cates a shallow depth to the tops of the source planes,of the order of 100 m.The presence of a large,recent volcanic crater just to the southeast of the center of the anomaly at 1.5 km north lends some support to the possibility of geothermal activity in this area. 33 Harding Lawson Associates V SUMMARY,CONCLUSIONS,AND RECOMMENDATIONS Self-potential data of generally good quality was obtained over the entire survey area.Three significant anomalies were seen (Plate 1):a -600 mV negative (called the Sugarloaf anom- aly)centered just to the northeast of Sugarloaf Cone;a -500 mv negative (called the Fox Canyon anomaly)centered about 3 km southwest of Sugarloaf Cone;and a multipolar anomaly of about +100 mV amplitude about 2 km east of Point Kadin (Plate 10). The anomalies do not appear to be caused by artificial sources,variations in soil properties,or topographic effects. The Fox Canyon and Sugarloaf anomalies are similar to those caused by conductive mineral deposits,but results from Drill Hole D-l indicate that the amount and distribution of pyrite in the Fox Canyon area are not sufficient to generate an anomaly of the observed magnitude. A preliminary analysis of a geothermal source mechanism was done using a model in which a pair of northwest trending faults serve as conduits bringing geothermal fluids into the region between the Sugarloaf and Fox Canyon anomalies.The results of this analysis indicated that unrealistic geological parameters were needed to make this model fit the observed data.There- fore,it seems unlikely (although not impossible)that the 34 Harding Lawson Associates area between the two anomalies is a major reservoir for geother- mal fluids. Geothermal interpretations of the Fox Canyon anomaly using one-and two-dimensional sources located directly beneath the anomaly indicate that the depth to the source lies between about 0.30 and 0.50 km (980 to 1640 ft),which corresponds to the area of high temperature gradient measured in Drill Hole D-1l.This self-potential source region may correspond to an area where anomalously high flows of heat and/or fluid intersect geological boundaries.Similar interpretations for the Sugarloaf anomaly give an average source depth of about 0.30 km (980 ft),implying that the geology and temperature gradient beneath the Sugarloaf anomaly may be similar to those in the Fox Canyon area. The small multipolar anomaly at Point Kadin could be generated by geothermal activity along a pair of faults that bracket the large,recent volcanic crater located close to the center of the anomaly.The depth to the tops of these faults probably is 100 m or less,but not enough survey coverage is available to allow a more detailed interpretation. Based on the self-potential and thermal gradient data,our recommendation for a second drill hole location would be in the central area of the Sugarloaf self-potential anomaly.A series of electrical resistivity measurements made across the two large negative anomalies and the area between them might establish Harding Lawson Associates whether the area between the anomalies is of anomalously low resistivity.If this proved to be the case,the area between the anomalies would be a definite geothermal target.Finally, although the Point Kadin anomaly is intriguing,not enough self-potential data are available to definitely indicate geo- thermal activity in this area. Harding Lawson Associates VI ILLUSTRATIONS 37 SELF-POTENTIAL(mV). , + +800 _,MERCURY STATION ; +400 20 19 18 #17 «#16 15 1a 13 12 4%10 +]3 7 6 §8 3 2 1 28 28 83 80r+e de t Fh the Fo 'beets eg te ag tou +200 _|L+200 { 1000 § ooo -800 J =e 000 t t t t t t ABcTIE B+asoes M T Y t tT 4 1 T T T T T T T T Lj T T t 3 f T 1 0 1S zs 3s ss ss 6s vs .ss s :sw ™"9 ww mt aw a w °ow ™. -O--Unsnouthed Field Date 0 1 kilometer DewSal LINE B-C-A&M-B+4600S owe?Beration HE Selt Potential DatabemcimhddUnalaskaIsiand,Alaska ..A Survey Locstion Pot |a -_W.J.Henrich 10,036,004,01 REE.Cru”6/11/82 prevarenpee?BipoeieMERCURY STATION 48 47 45 44 42 41 yo 830639 38 77 78 79 125 124 123 ro feo ho 4 .|+200 _r 4 ,4 ,4 ',4 |+200 Cy O - ._ 0 oe sd SA,°0 90 _ / -/ E = \3<,|.1000 @i _|-200 5 |-o.|2000uo >uw 4 1-400 Ww-400 _ |.3000 -600-600 _ -800 _]t '+¢4 ©800 |Cc L 1+1800N Cc (tie) T T I T 1 |T T T I i ] 7W 6W 5W 4W 3W 2W Ww 0 1E 2E 2W 1W 0 _STATION (KM) EXPLANATION -O-_-dUnsmoocthed Field Data 1 kilometer __A _4 -Smoothed Data SSF _oOHarding Lawson Associates LINE D-1-C-L are SCALE m A/Elevation Giz &Gcoomscae Self Potential Data 3°SS:Unalaska Island,Alaska A Survey Location Point DAAAN "OB NUMBER PROVED z cATE REWSED CATEW.J.Henrich 10,036,004.01 Lo.f-Capa 6/11/82 ”tedSegNeygavegimamammemttn0SELF-POTENTIAL(mV)74 73 72 +200 'Y ' MERCURY STATION 71 70 69 68 67 ry F Ff F 4 _+200 7 0 0 60 _ ae o L \ z +1000 O :ad 200.----200 < :> uy I L.2000 WwW -400_]_.-400 i |T |T T 6N 5N aN 3N 2N IN EXPLANATION -©O-- Unsmoothed Field Data ra \]kilometer ---- Smoothed Data PLATE SCALE ; =g 4 Marding Lawson Associates LINE-t -J aes Elevation HES b Gccomsaaee Self Potential Data VA. . ;Unalaska Island,Alaska aASurveyLocationPointDAAWN708NUMBERaPOOVEDCATEBEWSEDSATEW.J.Henrich 10,036,004.01 fie Crend 6/11/82 105 104 103 MERCURY STATION 102. =--101 +200 |,4 }||,4 _+200 > E a<0 £0 -0O Sk2 us PB Z 3fo|1000 2 .a Ww -200_]L--200 z”° ..2000 <> ff I iT) - 400 _]--400 _.3000 600 _]t |-600 1 [TT T T F | 5W uW 3W 2W IW 0 EXPLANATION -©O-- -s Unsmoothed Field Data 0 1 |kilometer -----Smoothed Data PLATE SCALE 3 |Harding Lawson Associates LINE |-C +4600 W ae Elevation isis:B oeeecoee Self Potential Data .Unalaska Island,Alaska A Survey Location Point DAAWN JOB NUMBER ED CATE REW:SED CATEW.J.Henrich 10,036,004.01 2k Ce ne 6/11/82 f emtmeSELF-POTENTIAL(mV)MERCURY STATION 86 85 57 58 ,of +4 59 60 61 62|ELEVATION(feet)+200 +200 ™WZ YY oS c CX 0 0 _0 _* -_"*|1000 foy L 2000 " 4 tt t t TL 3000 fe)FF'G H G I T T I T i J I i}\ iW 0 IE 2E 3E 4E 5E 6E Ww 0 EXPLANATION -O--Unsmoothed Field Data 0 :}kilometer <-----Smoothed Data-=Harding Lawson AssociatesSCALE .Engineers.GeologistsowElevation&Geophysicists A Survey Location Point LINE O-F-F*-A+8800 W&G-H Self Potential!Data Unalaska Island,Alaska OR AWN jiC®NUMBER aponcy SATE W.J.Henrich 10,036,004.01 fe.fo Cnenr 6/11/82 REVISED CATE ws_100 107 108 109 +200_|{Y MERCURY STATION 82:57 88 BF ry of 130 *129 128 +200 >Ee RoX\Pro-o Q IK _=0 2.fa Oy 0 _o<\oO-9@ --; 2 ' hos S 11000 _u -200_]\.|-200 3WJ\NN,=w a .NN \[2000 § ee,> uloa\z eae -_1 3000 WwW \t f t 4000F-ss t {{1 }T F T }q }| 0 1N 2N 1S Oo IW G uN 3N 2N IN 0 EXPLANATION -O--___-Unsmoothed Field Data Qo 4 |Kilometer ----- Smoothed Data SCALE =Harding Lawson Associates LINE S-N-F-P:SS-Z PLATE ws Elevation |HEE h Gosche Self Potential Data . =Unalaska Island,A'aska A Survey Location Point TAAAN JOB NUMBER TPPAOVED CATE REVISED DATEW.J.Henrich 10,036,004.01 R-C Coat 6/11/82 eeSELF-POTENTIAL(mV)+200_ MERCURY STATION +200 118 117 116 76 115 114 75 56 55 54 52 51 50 49 ' y _- -200_|_j-200 1090 |2000 |3000 ELEVATION(feet)A ' S K U E 4W 3W 2W 1W 0 4N 3N 2N 1N 0 EXPLANATION -O-- -s-Unsmoothed Field Data ra rn"4]kilometer ------Smoothed Data SCALE Marding Lawson Associates Elevation Survey Location Point Engineers,Geologists &Geophysicists .NE E-U-S:;SPURU-K Self Potential Data Unalaska Island,Alaska ORAWN JOB NUMBER W.J.Henrich 10,036,004.01 APPROVED GATERA.(one 6/11/82 REVISED re""myMERCURY STATION. 122 121 120 119+200 +200 7 }+4 ' > E x Ee 0 'q 0 O0 az us paneoO V-_ c 3LL@ |1000 *Lu ?-200 _]|-200 z E < 2000 > iJ | lw -4oo _">e400 -3000 600 |_.--600 Y X WwW D4 f ]q i | 1SW 0 3NW 2NW INW EXPLANATION -O-- -Unsmoothed Field Data 0 '}kilometer -----Smoothed Data PLATE SCALE ,Harding Lawson Associates LINES.V-X,V-W,&X-YwetElevationiS:h Qecotesingte Self Potential Data . Unalaska Island,Alaska _A Survey Location Point DRAWN 708 NUMBER =>>AVED DATE AEVISED DATE W.J.Henrich 10,036,004.01 fe.Bruny 6/11/82 +400 _.+400 MERCURY STATION >97 96 95 94 93 92 91 90 89 110 111 112 113 z . =4200 _|{{{.{4 |'}y Y y |_+200 <\ |\Zz :? a adoOC Ld OOwi:2 c - z i 1900 oO - -b200'_-200 KE > wd | 2000 w -400 |-400 Q L !i 1 L.|!!J 5N 4N 3N 2N IN 0 1S 2S 3SW EXPLANATION -O---sUnsmoothed Field Data ° t :4 Kilometer ------Smoothed Data PLATE SCALE ¥Harding Lawson Associates LINER-Q-T ws”Elevation i3i@-h Geccmsenee Self Potential Data 1 O.Unalaska Island,Alaska A Survey Location Point DAAWN Ca NUMBER ra)CATE REVISED DATE W.J.Henrich 10,036,004.01 fk Crenc 6/11/82 ZDike Boundaries od Qt Fumarole *8 0 2 km oP k = SCALE EEE HardingLawsonAssociates CONDUCTIVE DIKE MODEL mare HEA b Gecaroticate Self Potential Data ELISE Unalaska Island,Alaska i ORAWN JOB NUMBER APPROVED DATE REVISED OATE F.Hamilton 10,036,00401 Rf (mend 7/82 300200Approximate- .Location Drill Hole D-1 Engineers,Geologists &Geophysicists zr a- OP Contour Interval 100 mV 0 1 2 Km t !J SCALE Harding Lawson Associates FOX CANYON ANOMALY PROFILES FOR POINT CURRENT SOURCE ANALYSIS Seif Potential Data Unalaska Island,Alaska JOB NUMBER F.Hamilton 10,036,004.01 APPROVED OATE REVISEDREGrn7/82 EASTf) 2@eE 26=c ».Se .Zs - £2a)vobe)ZS xooO -o lhe<Npey 1.0/0KILOMETERSprofileA-A',FoxCanyonAnomaly---»,\\fielddata,IN1.5(d=depthtopointsource)WEST3 ?-100-20030000-600(AM)TWILNALOd 3173S Harding Lawson Associates POINT CURRENT SOURCE PROFILES PLATE Engineers,Geologists FOR FOX CANYON ANOMALY &Geophysicists Self Potential Data DATE Unalaska Island,Alaska ORAWN JO8 NUMBER A OATE REVISED F.Hamilton 10,036,004.01 RE Cre 7/82 200 400 600--+->-+-800 1000 DEPTH(fest)1200 1400 aN 1600 1800: 2000 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 TEMPERATURE (°C) PRELIMINARY TEMPERATURE DATA PLATEHardingLawsonAssociates Engineers,Geologists FROM DRILL HOLE D-1 &Geophysicists Unalaska Island,.Alaska DATEJOBNUMBERPPROVEDOATEREVISED F.Hamilton 10,036,004.01 QE Count 7/82 Zz- Go oM § 8tyJ 5 °°"\o8 ( 1 C .;ro]a3 TD) lo oO point current source 0 1 2 Km L 4 4 J SCALE. Harding Lawsen Asseciates SOURCE LOCATIONS AND PROFILES FOR PLATE Engineers,Geologists LINE CURRENT SOURCE ANALYSIS &Geophysicists Self Potential Data 7 5UnalaskaIsland,Alaska , ORAWN JOB NUMBER OATE F.Hamilton 10,036,004.01 Q fo Cn .7/82 REVISED 0 Ls \_-_.--T_."200 z I theoretical profile JF300-N A = 5 406 \L - a 4S a \K | ncacured anomalyaLYA.-500 t \L N -600 'a surface ”)Om Aa mo.poet 10°|. 'gat-fine of point sources 0.5 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 KILOMETERS SOUTH NORTH ey HardingLawsonAssociates LINE SOURCE ANALYSIS FOR SUGARLOAF PLATEHEAEngineers,Geologists ANOMALY PROFILE D-D' Eeteeny &Geophysicisis Self Potential Data Unalaskg Island,Alaska OATEDRAWNJOBNUMBERPIVEOATEREVISED F.Hamilton 10,036,004.01 (CF.Crank.7/82 c Cc'100 lat----+-Measured anomaly -200 a = "A |ae theoretical =\ .>profile3-300 'Ss Z \\fe a \\1]E 400 YOoN/o \/rT}\w -500 ' -600 7 -700 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 KILOMETERS WEST EAST LINE SOURCE ANALYSIS FOR SUGARLOAF PLATEHardingLawsonAssociates,: Engineers,Geologists ANOMALY PROFILE C-C' &Geophysicists Self Potential Data 4 7UnalaskaIsland,Alaska ORAWN JO8 NUMBER PROVED .DATE REVISED OATE F,Hamilton 10,036 ,004.01 .&(meat,7/82 Harding Lawson Associates Appendix A HARDING LAWSON ASSOCIATES STANDARD SELF-POTENTIAL FIELD PROCEDURE AND EQUIPMENT Harding Lawson Associates HARDING LAWSON ASSOCIATES STANDARD SELF-POTENTIAL FIELD PROCEDURE AND EQUIPMENT Field Procedure 1.Install telluric monitors,consisting of battery- operated strip chart recorders connected to dipole 100 m to 500 m in length,at easily accessible location. 2.Select base electrode location in central part of survey area. 3.In copper sulfate bath,measure initial polarization between base,measuring,and portable reference elec- trodes (portable reference electrode is carried by Survey crew in copper sulfate bath). 4.Dig hole for base electrode deep enough to reach natural soil-moisture and to allow for shading from sun. 5.Install base electrode,attach end of wire on reel,and install sun shade (and rain protection,if needed). 6.Move reel to first survey station.(A large reel hold- ing about 3 km of heavy insulated wire is used for sur- veys run from a vehicle;a smaller reel holding up toabout2to4kmoflighterinsulatedwireisusedforsurveysconductedonfoot.) 7.At survey station,dig hole deep enough to reach natural soil moisture and install measuring electrode. 8.Connect negative lead of multimeter to connector on reel going back to base electrode,and positive lead of multimeter to measuring electrode. 9.Read and record SP voltage and contact resistance. Voltage must be read for at least 20 seconds if there is any possibility of significant telluric activity.If short-period (less than 1 minute)telluric activity is seen,voltage must be read long enough to obtain a reasonable approximation of the steady-state value. Note any unusual soil,geologic,topographic,cultural, weather or other conditions in "Comments"column of data sheet. Harding Lawson Associates 10.Remove electrode,clean loose soil from tip,and cap. Fill hole and flag if later reoccupation is possible. ll.Repeat Steps 6 through 10 until survey line is com- pleted. 12.About once per hour,and at end of line,measure polarization between portable reference and measuring electrodes in copper sulfate bath. 12.Reel in wire,remove base electrode and check electrode polarizations as in Step 3. Equipment 1.Telluric monitor:Linear Model 142 (battery-operated, 2.5 megohms input impedance),or equivalent single- channel recorder;up to 500 m of wire for dipole;elec- trodes as below. 2.Electrodes:Tinker &Rasor Model €B (Cu-CuS0O,) 3.Meter:Fluke 8020A digital multimeter (10 megohms input impedance)or equivalent.Geonics SP meter or Keithley electrometer are available if necessary for heghycontact-resistance Situations (snow,frozen soil,etc.). 4.Wire and reels: i.Walking surveys:approximately 2 to 4 km of insulated copper or cadmium bronze lightweight wire (26 to 30 gage)on chest reel;marked every 100 m ii.Vehicle surveys:approximately 3 km of insulated heavy wire (20 to 24 gage)on large reel,marked every 100 m.Two reels used,allowing +6 km rangefrombase. 5.Auxiliary equipment:Shovel,pick,cleaning brush, splice kit,spare meter and leads,etc. Harding Lawson Associates Appendix B SURVEY DATA HARDING-LAWSON ASSOCIATES SELF-POTENTIAL SURVEY DATA PAGE -/ voutmeter -felake $020 Apate20April(4sz BASE ELectRoDE 17! Location [A ncleth an PIC PORTABLE REFERENCE ELECTRODE --- une A A+Yboow MEASURING ELECTRODE -/7-4 BASE ELECTRODE LOCATION ACE.Crd,Mahush'n Volley)REEL CHECKS:RESISTANCE 2994 -Magnet,2.37/46 F.5érPERSONNELCorwn_farmention,Mattick SHORT CIRCUITS __-- Time Station AV Resistance}Electrode Tie-in AV AV(nq )|Measured |(kay |SorTection |correction |corrected |smoothed Comments (mV)(mV)(mV)(mV)(mV) mu Sk cy (Ser)Note =2xc¢pt Gs noted |_So.Lwk s Cm 45/peat.bag Hl,S oder,fendingtaferta|most AcLes.|Sng Coverpe',bother:3otfShewnol.Jo:/net frome.Disthnces Area sired by Holha AL.Me sles heede.qorretin.needed.rex:" ie -D LORS Conte ner Aye,s +/{mv Nite:Base electodec (o4)(2)+t 9 -_-O fe)_protected w)Biggie y (o¥7 |Sow]+12 |et tf tie ||ved ber band re sun shady (oS2.|foow |+1 |/od :ty |+ (086 |(Sow |4/7 |Il t!7 |tro {|L2°V Telluwies CT) 1059 |2emWw |+b {0 :+6 |en f+)T Hob |2o0w |+3 |fo |#3 |42 [tet [12 |gow j+lo |/2 +6 |+15 |23T 11d |Soow {+17 tI TIT +22 $416 722 a =D ty 230 |bowow |eso |]Id 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(*3b -278 st ft .isvs\3%00n |rhe |hym |1P30 +o,{ass |”|ateee dan hill .C478 234 "teISS)|Youn |+4 Lym_\'sbo #22 = SS+(435 ve -2 -.44-138).S56 [¥2b6oNv t6 0-64 [seb \+39 Sof rahy font @ Fe be,Mh eps 129-%PF,Orde siora/|Snow. xack 20 |Ala 4.E2 -e =END Svuavey ° Harding Lawson Associates DISTRIBUTION 2 copies:Republic Geothermal,Inc. 11822 E.Slauson Avenue,Suite l Santa Fe Springs,California 90670 Attention:J.S.Matlick RFC/KGB/jd QUALITY CONTROL REVIEWER aah PPT Ln ames H.Tinto, Geologist -26343 APPENDIX D DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THIN SECTIONS -FROM SURFACE LITHOLOGY SAMPLES AND AN X-RAY DIFFRACTION ANALYSIS OF SAMPLES M-2 THROUGH M-28 Appendix D-1 Detailed Description of Thin Sections from . Surface Lithology Samples APPENDIX D-1 DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THIN SECTIONS FROM SURFACE LITHOLOGIC SAMPLES Roll #U1 Photo # 10 ml l2 13 14 15 16 VW 18 (M-1)Quarternary Basalt from Hg Loc.38 (Basaltic Andesite?) very crystal rich porphyritic volcanic flow rock w/very fine-grained matrix (2.5x obj.,plane light)phenocrysts are plagioclase,pyroxenes or orthopyroxenes;some zones w/preferred orientation of plagioclase microlites. Same as 8 w/x-nicols Basalt or andesitic basalt (M-3)near fum #8,very crystal rich,porphyritic w/very fine glassy groundmass of microlites and brown glass.(2.5x obj.,plane light)Augite w/rare hypersthene,some plagioclase shows resorption;opaques =2%, hyalopilitic text. Same as above w/x-nicols (M-4)Medium-grained plutonic rock (diorite?)-Glacier Bay (2.5x obj.,plane light)predominantly plagioclase with altered mafic minerals. Same as above w/x-nicols Same thin section as #12,different area (2.5x obj., x-nicols)showing plagioclase crystals in hypidiomorphic - granular texture. (M-6)pyroxene (Basaltic?)Andesite -very crystal rich, porphyritic,with glassy v.fine groundmass w/highly corroded plagioclase crystals.(2.5x obj.,plane light,)10+%of plagioclase resorbed;hyalopilitic texture,mafics predominantly augite or orthopyroxene,some w/rims of orthopyroxene?on augite phenocrysts. Same as above w/x-nicols (M-7)(Basaltic?)Andesite looks almost identical to M-6 above.(2.5x obj.,plane light)about 5-10%opaques in groundmass.Some glomerocrysts?20%-30%of plagioclase phenocrysts show resorpt text. Same as above w/x-nicols Roll #U1 Photo # 19 -(M-9)Altered?Fine-grained intrusive (diorite?)2.5x obj. 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 2] 28 29 30 31 32 plane light. Same as above w/x-nicols (M-10)Vesicular Porphyritic Andesite w/glassy groundmass between the microlites altered to chlorite and brown clays, rock 1s altered and vesicles are filled w/quartz-chlorite- clays.Photo shows several vesicles w/fillings of silica and clay.Plagtoclase replaced by calcite is highly corroded (2.5x obj.plane light). Same as above w/x-nicols M-10 slide different area showing vesicle filled w/sequence of chlorite-clay-silica (2.5x obj.,plane light) Same as above w/x-nicols M-10 as above but different area showing calcite replacing plagioclase and silica (tridymite)surrounding vesicles replacing groundmass?(10x obj.,plane light). Same as above w/x-nicols M-12 Unalaska Fm?-Altered Tuffaceous rock perhaps slightly welded w/broker crystals,rock fragments,and slightly flattened pumice fragments and glass shards?which have been altered to fine clay and chlorite,especially the groundmass.Photo shows altered,flattened pumice fragment? (2.5x obj.,plane light). Same as above w/x-nicols.Some plagioclase crystals are corroded and altered while others are fresh and several kinds of volcanic rock fragments are present. M-12 different section showing rock fragments,broken crystals,and altered groundmass (2.5x obj.,plane light). Same as above w/x-nicols M-13 Diorite intrusive SW of camp at waterfall -coarse- grained plagioclase,fresh.Some chlorite alteration (2.5x obj.,plane light)hypidiomorphic text,w/hornblende and pyroxenes. Same as above w/x-nicols Roll #U1 Photo # 33 34 35 36 M13 as above,different section showing hornblende crystalandsecondarychloritealteration(10x obj.,plane light). Same as above w/x-nicols M-14 Altered rock at pass between Fumarole Fields #2 and #3 appears to be highly altered volcanic tuff,ultra fine grained with a few scattered crystals and cut by a quartz? vein as seen in this photo.Macroscopically shows some banding?(2.5x obj.,plane light). Same as above w/x-nicols Roll #U2 Photo # 1 M-15 from SW of Fumarole Field #1 hand specimen has rock fragments,definitely is a tuff.X-ray study indicates 45% quartz,40%sericite,10%orthoclase,5%pyrite.Looks similar to M-14 but slightly coarser grained (fine).Looks like recrystallized lithic tuff w/glass altered to quartz and sericite no crystals (10x obj.,x-nicols). M-15 Same slide and loc.but 2.5x obj.,x-nicols M-19 Glassy Porphyritic Andesite w/trachytic texture and phenocrysts of zoned plagioclase,orthopyroxene,augite? (2.5x,plane light)moderately rich in crystals. Same as above with x-nicols M-20 Devitrified porphyritic Andesite -crystal rich w/a devitrified groundmass and the mafic (2.5x ob},plane light) phenocrysts altered to sericite?or other clays. M-24 Altered Diorite(?)-definitely an intrusive,medium- grained rock,altered.Mafic minerals altered to clay (sericite?)and plagioclase heavily corroded.(2.5x obj., plane light). Same as above with x-nicols Surface Sample I-1,SE of Fumarole Field #4 -Intrusive rock near new hot springs downstream from Fumaroles Fields #4 and #4A.Hornblende-pyroxene Diorite w/fresh plagioclase and mafics altered to clay,fine grained.(2.5x obj.,plane light)Mafics are hornblende and augite w/minor hypersthene?, mafics highly altered,sample cut by chlorite vein,5% Opaques -magnetite? Roll #U2 Photo # 9 - 10 - 11 - 12 - 14 - Same as above w/x-nicols Same as 10 using 10x obj.x-nicols P-1 Rock from top of Pakushin cone -Vesicular coarsely porphyritic basaltic?andesite -crystal rich w/glomerocrysts and a generally coarse crystalline groundmass w/brown glass. (2.5x obj.,plane light)Mafics of hypersthene and augite, predominantly augite (diopsidic?)highly vesicular fragment, coarsest groundmass of any volcanic rock so far. Same as above w/x-nicols QTM -Sample of Quarternary Makushin volcano just north (200 m)of Fumarole Field #5.Porphyritic andesite or basaltic andesite,crystal rich w/v.fine glassy groundmass, w/plagioclase microlites.Rock sample is partially vesicular grading to nonvesicular.(2.5x obj.,plane light)some plagioclase crystals show resorption w/fresh plagioclase overgrowths.Mafics are predominantly augite or clinopyroxenes,rare hypersthene? Same as above w/x-nicols Roll #U5 Photo # 5-29 5-30 5-31 5-32 Surface sample MK-17 from near fault in Glacier Valley. Thought to be hornfels in field but appears to be microcrystalline volcanic dike chilled at shallow depth. Almost all plagioclase and glass?w/very low mafic mineral content.Cut by very thin calcite-clay vein.In places microlites are aligned in a flow texture 2.5x obj.,plane light shows vein and fine felty texture Same as above w/x-nicols Close up of vein 10x obj.,plane light Same as above w/x-nicols Thin Sections From Thermal Gradient Hole Cores Roll #U2 Photo # Gradient Hole D-1 15 16 W7 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 D-1 Gradient Hole Core from 350'Porphyritic andesite or basaltic andesite (almost identical to QTM),crystal rich w/qlassy microlitic groundmass,fresh.(2.5x obj,plane light)mafics are predominantly augite or clinopyroxene,rare hypersthene;3-5%of plagioclase shows resorption texture Same as above w/x-nicols D-1 core @ 361'3"-Porphyritic andesite -crystal rich, w/glassy Fe rich groundmass highly oxidized to give a deep earthy reddish color to hand sample,may be a "baked zone" between lava flows.Most mafics look like clinopyroxenes w/some hypersthene (2.5x,plane light) Same as above w/x-nicols Same as above w/x-nicols w/10x obj.showing close up of oxidized groundmass.May not be enough light to see oxides. D-1 core @ 376'-Porphyritic andesite -a little less crystal rich than the flow rock @ 3617'above but not oxidized,fresh w/very fine-grained groundmass (2.5x obj., plane light). Same as above w/x-nicols D-1 core @ 388'-Porphyritic andesite -very similar to rock @ 376'very fine groundmass slightly oxidized in spots (2.5x obj.w/plane light). Same as above w/x-nicols D-1 core @ 391'-Porphyritic andesite -crystal rich,highly oxidized,coarsely crystalline phenocrysts,some plagioclase.(Mafics predominantly augite and minor hornblende)showing resorption w/later crystal overgrowths of plagioclase.Thin section very red in hand specimen (2.5x obj.,plane light). Same as above w/x-nicols Same as above w/10x obj.,x-nicols showing resorbed plagioclase w/overgrowth D-1 core @ 391'.5"-same rock as 391'but looks vesicular. (2.5x obj.plane light) Roll #U2 Photo # 28 - 29 - 31 - 32 - 33 - 34- 35 - 36 - Same as above w/x-nicols D-1 core @ 400'-Porphyritic andesite -crystal rich,highly oxidized very fine grained glassy groundmass (2.5x,plane Vight), Same as above w/x-nicols Same slide (400')showing partially resorbed plagioclase (2.5x,x-nicols). D-1 core @ 411'-Highly oxidized porphyritic andesite as at 400'.2.5x plane light (hypersthene and augite) Same as above w/x-nicols D-1 core @ 436'5"Porphyritic andesite -crystal rich,fresh (hypersthene and augite)w/v.fine glassy groundmass w/microlites (2.5x obj.w/plane light). Same as above w/x-nicols Same slide @ 436'.5"showing resorbed plagioclase w/overgrowth (2.5x obj.w/x-nicols). Roll #U3 Photo # D-1 core @ 785'basaltic andesite -porphyritic,very crystal rich w/v.fine glassy groundmass,phenocrysts of plagioclase, augite and pyroxene. (2.5x obj.,plane light)a few resorbed plagioclase crystals, a few pyroxene crystals have thin rims of orthopyroxene? around them.2%or less opaques. Same as above w/x-nicols D-1 core @ 812'-Porphyritic Basaltic?andesite - essentially identical to that at 785'above. Showing resorbed plagioclase crystals 2.5 x obj.,plane light. Same as above w/x-nicols D-1 core @ 847'-Porphyritic andesite -crystal rich,with phenocrysts of plagioclase (many with oscillatory zoning), pyroxene and hypersthene and augite?groundmass finely crystalline w/a few percent opaques (magnetite?)most mafics w/thin reaction rims,a few resorbed plagioclase crystals Roll #U3 Photo # 5 -Reaction rims on plagioclase and mafics,2.5x obj.,planelight an'Same as above w/x-nicols D-1 core @ 1,050'Basaltic?Cinders-porphyritic,vesicular basalt w/glassy groundmass,phenocrysts of plagioclase and pyroxene,many resorbed plag-crystals.ond'2.5x obj.,plane light [oe]tSame as above w/x-nicols D-1 core @ 1,207'-Lahar Deposit -composed of diorite frags,and volcanic rock fragments predominantly porphyritic basaltic andesite or basalt,a few very fine-grained volcanic rocks.Matrix of broken crystals and glass.woiShowing multiple rock fragments (diorite and volcanic)and matrix,2.5 obj.,plane light. 10 -Same as above w/x-nicols D-1 core @ 1,230'-Highly altered diorite -w/epidote and zoisite?or clinozoisite?(bright blue under x-nicols) sausseritized?or propylitized?diorite,one epidote vein. 11 -Showing plagioclase altered to zoisite-clinozoisite in center,plane light,2.5x obj. 12 -Same as above w/x-nicols (blue zoisite-clinozotsite) D-1 core @ 1,239'-Fine grained altered diorite plags altered to carbonate,zoisite?and anhydrite,some secondary Quartz,finer grained than above. 13 -showing carbonate,anhydrite,and zoisite?alter.,10x obj. plane light. 14 Same as above w/x-nicols 15 -Carbonate alter of large plagioclase crystal,10x obj., x-nicols. D-1 core @ 1,360'-Microcrystalline altered diorite, (altered dike?)appears to be highly recrystallized but extremely fine grained with a few scattered remnant plagioclase and mafic crystals,secondary quartz,fractured with quartz,anhydrite veining,scattered anhyd?and/or calcite in groundmass,also some epidote. Roll #U3 Photo # 16 7 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 el 28 2.5x obj.,plain light,shows remnant plagioclase and mafic crystal replaced by magnetite?;and a thin anhydrite vein. Same as above x-nicols Epidote and anhydrite alteration of plagioclase,10x obj., plane light. Same as above w/x-nicols Quartz -anhydrite vein cutting altered diorite 10x obj., x-nicols. D-1 core @ 1,386'-altered porphyritic andesite dike with large phenocrysts of plagioclase and augite,groundmass is crystalline and highly chloritized,most of the plagioclase phenocrysts are partially altered to carbonate and epidote Altered plagioclase phenocryst showing epidote,calcite and chlorite 10x,plane light. Same as above w/x-nicols Same as above w/x-nicols and 2.5x obj. D-1 core @ 1,393'-Contact between altered diorite and altered porphyritic volcanic dike.Anhydrite filling rugs, epidote replacing plagioclase and along contact between the two rock types.Dike 4s porphyritic w/glassy matrix.The diorite wall rock is extremely fine grained and altered with numerous veins of anhydrite. Contact showing porphyritic dike and fine diorite w/some epid 2.5x obj.,plane light. Same as above Same as above w/x-nicols Different area of the contact showing veins and alteration and overgrowths on augite?phenocrysts in dike.(2.5x obj., plane light). Same as above w/x-nicols Roll #U3 Photo # 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 D-1 core 1,405'-Microcrystalline meta-intrusive rock probably recrystallized diorite?w/secondary quartz in patches and in the groundmass and cut by veins of anhydrite. Some areas look almost like a microfelty texture.Some relict phenocrysts present altered to opaques (pyrite?)and clays,a few carbonate (calcite)veins present and a patch of massive anhydrite;patches of abundant opaques. Area of felty texture showing some apparent flow alignment (part of rock may have been volcanic dike?)w/relict phenocrysts (10x obj.,x-nicols) Massive anhydrite and remnants of coarse crystalline diorite? 2.5x obj.w/x-nicols An almost breccia like texture w/carbonate vein 2.5x obj. w/x-nicols D1 core @ 1,429.5'-Highly altered and recrystallized intrusive?rock (diorite?)and/or volcanic dike?extremely fine grained (microcrystalline)altered to chlorite,clays, carbonate,silica Chlorite,carbonate and fine gratned rock @ 10x obj.,plane light Same as above w/x-nicols Quartz-anhydrite vein,10x obj.,plane light. Same as above w/x-nicols Silica (quartz),calcite and anhydrite,10x obj.w/x-nicols Roll #U4 Photo # Gradient Hole E-1 4-] E-1 core @ 95'-Altered diorite (porphyry?)-very fine matrix in medium grained crystalline framework of plagioclase w/very few mafic crystals which have been highly altered to clays,opaques etc.,patchy silica is present and much of the finer matrix is altered to chlorite,clay,Fe-poor epidote? group minerals,highly silicified and porphyritic text, abundant opaques (pyrite?magnetite). View of rock texture showing larger crystals in finer matrix, shows highly altered nature of rock (plane light,2.5x obj.). Roll #U4 Photo# 4-2 4-3 4-4 Same as above w/x-nicols Close up of secondary alteration minerals,epidote(?)(10x obj.,plane light). Same as above w/x-nicols E-1 core @ 177'altered diorite -very similar to the above, predominantly medium grained with a fine recrystallized altered granular matrix between the euhedral crystals. '(porphyritic texture);slightly more crystal rich and less 4-5 4-6 4-7 4-8 4-10 4-1] matrix than above.Same general alteration minerals,tr. biotite Porphyritic texture of rock w/granular groundmass.(2.5x w/plane light)all mafics altered as above. Same as above w/x-nicols E-1 core @ 263'-altered diorite as above with even less granular groundmass,hand specimen is a siliceous breccia w/abundant fine pyrite,portion of the thin section is all quartz;equigranular vein filling in breccia,some very fine some coarser grain,common biotite (secondary?)hornblende? Shows general texture as more crystalline,2.5x obj.w/plane light. Same as above w/x-nicols Shows coarse and fine grained quartz filling 2.5x obj. w/x-nicols. E-1 core @ 278'-Section from along fracture zone -original rock has been totally replaced by quartz,calcite and minor clay,original texture has been destroyed.Most of rock is very fine granular quartz w/coarser quartz and calcite, common pyrite and opaques. Shows fine-grained quartz w/coarser quartz and calcite 2x obj.w/x-nicols. E-1 core @ 457'-Described as aplite dike cutting core;in thin section the rock is a medium coarse grained altered diorite and a more granular finer grained rock (dike)which is a finer grained diorite that has been highly silicified. Epidote is abundant,some carbonate and clay (chlorite) alteration minerals in both rock types Contact between coarser diorite and finer dike rock w/epidote and biotite (2.5x w/plane light). Roll #U4 Photo # 4-12 Same as above w/x-nicols 4-13 Close up of epidote and biotite crystals (10x obj.,planelight). 4-14 Same as above w/x-nicols 4-15 Photo of coarser diorite and alteration of mafic minerals to clays?(2.5x,x-nicols). E-1 core @ 616'-Altered diorite -medium grained with mafics altered predominantly to clay,some chlorite,cut by chlorite -carbonate vein,common opaques (pyrite and magnetite?) 4-16 Shows chlorite-calcite vein cutting diorite.2.5x obj., plane light 4-17 Same as above w/x-nicols E-1 core @ 781'-Altered diorite -medium grained with most mafics altered to clay and chlorite.Very similar to above except more chloritic and cut by vein of epidote -anhydrite. 4-18 Shows vein of epidote -anhydrite,patches of carborate and chlorite alt.2.5x obj.,plane light 4-19 Same as above w/x-nicols 4-20 Same area of vein close up w/10 x obj.,plane light 4-21 Same as above w/x-nicols E-]core @ 1,155'-Highly altered diorite -medium to coarse grained,almost all plagioclase altered to fine grained carbonates,clay and epidote;mafics altered to chlorite and zoisite-clinozoisite?section cut by quartz vein w/epidote on one side.Hand specimen clearly siliceous and epidote rich, cut by quartz-calcite vein. 4-22 Showing alteration of plagioclase and mafics to clinozoisite? w/epidote and quartz (2.5x,obj.plane light). 4-23 Same as above w/x-nicols 4-24 Contact of quartz vein w/diorite,w/epidote crystals (2.5x obj.,w/plane light). Roll #U4 Photo # 4-25 4-26 4-27 Same as above w/x-nicols E-1 core @ 1,379'-Altered diorite -coarse grained,highlychloritized,most mafics altered to chlorite and clay. Coarse diorite w/mafics altered to chlorite and calcite 2.5x obj.,plane light). Same as above w/x-nicols .E-1 core @1,500'TD.Massive chloritized diorite as in 4-28 4-29 1,379',plagioclase relatively fresh,coarse grained mafics altered to chlorite;a few small epidotes on plagioclase crystals. Coarse chloritic diorite (2.5x,plane light). Same as above w/x-nicols Gradient Hole I-} 4-30 4-3] 4-32 4-33 4-34 4-35 I-1 core @ 125'-Highly altered diorite -fine grained w/plagioclase altered to carbonate and epidote,mafics altered to chlorite and clays. Shows alteration to chlorite,epidote,carbonate and clays 2.5x,plane light. Same as above w/x-nicols General carbonate -chlorite alteration different area of slide,2.5x,plane light. Same as above w/x-nicols I-1 core @ 293'-Altered diorite -less altered than above, more medium grained (coarser than 125')plagioclase less altered,alteration of mafics to chlorite,some carbonate General alteration 2.5x,plane light Same as above w/x-nicols Roll #U5 Photo# I-1 core @ 450'-Altered diorite -medium grained almost identical to that @ 293'.Mafics altered to chlorite and clay,epidote also present with some carbonate. Roll #U5 Photo # 5-1 Alteration minerals carbonate,clay,chlorite,epidote,(10x obj.,plane light). 5-2 Same as above w/x-nicols 5-3 Radiating chlorite and epidote crystals (10x obj.,plane light). I-1 core @ 578'-Altered diorite -medium-coarse grained as above,appears to perhaps be more rich in mafic minerals, alteration minerals the same. 5-4 Texture w/abundant mafics 2.5x obj.,plane light 5-5 Same as above w/x-nicols I-1 core @ 847'-Recrystallized diorite -extremely fine grained (aphanitic)recrystallized rock with some remnant crystals.Vugs of quartz,rock altered to quartz,clay, carbonate,chlorite,zoisite-clinozoisite?Possibly recrystallized fault gouge? 5-6 Remnant crystals and alteration,2.5x obj.,plane light 5-7 Same as above w/x-nicols I-1 core @ 911'-Massive diorite -medium-coarse grained relatively fresh,mafics slightly altered to clays. 5-8 Texture and mafics,2.5x obj.,plane Tight. 5-9 Same as above w/x-nicols I-1 core @ 1,056'-Diorite -fine grained,mafics slightly altered,cut by veins of clay w/quartz and calcite centers and some chlorite,some mafics altered to chlorite 5-10 Thin clay-chlorite vein and mafics altered to chlorite,2.5x obj.,plane light 5-11 Same as above w/x-nicols 5-12 Major vein w/quartz-calcite center and clay edges (2.5x obj., plane light)several stages of deposition 5-13 Same as above w/x-nicols 5-14 Different area of the major vein w/needle like ,1s of anhydrite?or gypsum?2.5x obj.,plane light. Roll #U5 Photo # 5-15 5-16 5-17 5-18 5-19 5-20 5-21 5-22 5-23 5-24 5-25 5-26 5-27 5-28 Same as above w/x-nicols Photo of finer texture,altered mafics and clay filled vein 2.5X obj.,w/x-nicols. I-1 core @ 1,240'-Diorite -fine-medium grain,relativelyfresh,mafics altered,a few micro veins of calcite,epidote, anhydrite,mafics altered to chlorite,generally massive. Showing finer texture w/thin vein,2.5x obj.,plane light Same as above w/x-nicols Close up of vein above,anhydrite?10x obj.,plane light. Same as above w/x-nicols I-]core @ 1,254'-Diorite -medium-coarse grained w/some alteration of mafics,generally massive many plags look fractured (maybe from slide preparation?) Shows texture,fractured plagioclase,and mafic altered to chlorite-zoisite?-carbonate 2.5x obj.,plane light Same as above w/x-nicols I-1 core @ 1,331'-Massive medium grained diorite w/quartz-chlorite vein cutting through. Shows vein and texture 2.5x obj.,plane light Same as above w/x-nicols Close up of above vein,10x obj.,plane light Same as above w/x-nicols I-1 core @ 1,456'-Diorite -fine and medium grained.Hand specimen shows xenoliths of finer diorite in medium-grained rock,thin section shows both fine and medium grain size. Mafics altered to chlorite and clays Shows contact between fine and medium grain rock 2.5x obj., plane light Same as above w/x-nicols Appendix D-2 X-ray Diffraction Analysis of Samples M-2 through M-28 X-RAY DIFFRACTION ANALYSIS OF SAMPLES M-2 THROUGH M-28 Prepared for:Paul Parmentier Republic Geothermal,Inc. 11823 E.Slauson Ave. Sante Fe Springs,CA 90670 2 A tite LMC 6-23-82 Thirteen samples were received:M-2,5,8,11,15,16,18, 21,22,23,25,26 and 28.Portions of each were powdered,mounted on a glass slide and a diffractometer scan taken (see attached). To aid in the identification of diffraction peaks and in assigning percentages of minerals,energy dispersive spectra were collected (EDS-1 through 13).Finally,oriented diffraction scans were obtained (see attached)for selected samples (those with unusual or hard to interpret diffraction patterns).Optical observations also assisted mineral identification. The data was then compared and correllated to identify the minerals present and to roughly estimate the relative quantities present.The results are summarized in Table l. Discussion Fortunately,the samples were high in clays,so indications of clay identity were usually strong. For the most part,the degree of alteration increases with increasing sample number,as samples with predominant sericite give way to samples with predominant kaolinite (some with sulfide deposition).The odd samples are M-2,the only sample with Significant chlorite,and M-16,the only sample with apparently montmorillonite (the data looks like montmorillonite,but a complete diffraction series including glycolization and baking would be needed for confirmation). The major residence of S besides pyrite seems to be gypsum, highest in M-26.No chlorides or native S were detected in M-26, Sample -- -----2 %quartz 0 %albite 10 %orthoclase ) %Fe-oxides 30 %gypsum 0 %pyrite 0 %sericite '10 %kaolinite 0 %chlorite 50 %montmorill.0 %pyrophillite/0 tale 20 40 oooOOS{co50 oooon4 oioo88it 10 oooO815 45 neyoogaoono©TABLE 1 RESULTS SUMMARY 16. 30 10 90 BY gs Ae { fo° an Orb rr ee ee t Pe? 80 7070 22GPrt2r- 8 c ace' a ee On top b ek,hark- arh. 30° ear Tle. wn SFanrletcall<a Loores4SOseenOOsekOPseeOO Ore,Yo:ye? - . ee ee re ee eeeeee ee oe me & ' 7} :2) °¥ re- ne - -- : a r) rr) 0 ¢ n a 7 ; ee aORllERR, _ taps 3} 7 6 5 4 | 4:j: | 2 | | cme . we en ee ee ce ee eee a Pawp2dBape oe BPSITREAaa 4 ---H 7 8 rs) g _..___9 : a a © [) aiepepe teen BY ee NE caSe eg we 90 °0 0 q ayon wwrue 9090909090 680ad8060 ert ie 7O 170SAMPLESA-t/7°70 oO LL. ° 0 oe °- oO __Y¥ © © n zw fs] nN O°a272727». oe eee ------ crieimieed N- - ce eh nen _ a 22275 aot é vee eee pagermrepe 60 so a A ------ ee gprspak=TTyee (pp 0 "oO ye, 0. nes a Cc" 60 50 40 SmB2 D277. rara z poe - 2 60 50 o MN a:=wk tne e Me220° -->L, - a - eee wdL g3g @--8 B--8- Qans-B 8 Y0POPaegaa -j \ es Pegfnee - Kt So a ¥ WR taie - 5H Te EO T ee eee - z - 7 - cee ee een ReIEee ne _ 90 80 70 60 ' o vBproiatcakee -_ ianj 90 ° .OO wD Q fs © PED OIE . eee wee eee =: ==: x aba Te. -_- = 227aGranZ aa 7 - OS 28a e- - Qo 80 70 60 5O 40 aq' R' ° te a em em gesACopprotop7 "2 22- «4 etm OFzOe2Joater” 50 40 t i O°: ' | i 1 10 ° Ob,ee be rob eshareid. 400BA? eo 80 70 60 | | | 80 i { To > | 6an 90 60 SAmplg,:M-16 60 { | i so i 40 | | 30 | 20 'o | --- - - oe BeppeG95xa -_- me oe a aecewe a eecn8ce ee ee nees | eee ae ae ee eee ee mee Brey mspeae Syren gprore Gop | ° ° ot QO OL. a a x8 © $ ¢ 7) i) - Brrejgriviey Mette iaudcaida eee eee et 2 __. 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TT T =; DOS- > re re | ob| ' t :| i we Stee a2 : i ite) coe i ' : to ; i ' t t t i eeee : -| ? ee Saenneel Q.- 7 : ss - - wee eee ee anoes nerea : ' !:i i ae : :il : t ; if 7 . :i i i1 : : :! ! ere ee eh + : - Hl i = | t- ' 4 ii i 0€ M-22 -&DS-/0 _BDs-i Eas-r2 iN | - -BS 13 M-28 seat = en -__-- cane ee if -ee |. 1 t . ' . bo Bt Ga - ' ee|=.oa+ePata hover aot | | { i j 4 {! ||Ht|| | i aenenee-_-ON og OO oe ee ee 4°lr - i?) EN oe OO oe OO ee ao” oH[estatFerrae2?! aL4 oe pier ;cael teeta Oe, on Pn eee DIAM7a, -06---- ert pees pee fe eee ! Pp Peet foe mat Lhe.lenb ahukesbe.[EhoesEeenee jn hats Tac} yee! ere ee : os AOS Ee ety ae eeeate we rt re + thTpkeeSB AERe poten 1 | |Ia2?4 224¢.onal.a ae j -''aes -Nekg6 - | Gf|a aime re eee ' e 4 | | { Done SEM/TEC LABORATORIES INFORMATION CIRCULAR ANALYSIS OF CLAYS The purpose of this circular is to discuss the procedures and problems involved in the analysis of clays using x-ray diffraction. I.Qualitative Identification The only reliable way to differentiate clay minerals is by x-ray diffraction.Even x-ray diffraction identification of clays is by no means as straightforward as the identification of non- clays for the following reasons: 1)The small size of clays (nominally less than 2 um)broadens and diminishes the height of diffraction peaks. 2)Many clays have a highly variable composition,resulting in a variation of d-spacings and thus diffraction peak positions. 3)Clays can be interstratified (intimately mixed on a unit-cell level),producing unusual and large spacings different from those normally observed. 4)Even clays of differing structures have similar basal spacings under certain conditions,producing overlaping and convoluted peaks. Despite these problems,procedures have been developed that distinguish clays using x-ray diffraction (e.g.,Soil Chemical Analysis -Advaneed Course,M.L.Jackson;5th Printing,1959; published by the author,Dept.of Soil Science,University of Wisconsin,Madison,Wisconsin;Minerals tn Sotl Environments; edited by J.B.Dixon and 8.B.Weed;published by the Soil Society of America,Madison,Wisconsin,1977;Classification and a Scheme for the Identification of Layer Silicates,C.M.Warshaw and R.Roy; Geol.Soe.Am.Bull.72;pp.1455-1492,1961).These procedures involve the manipulation of x-ray diffraction specimens by heating, saturating with certain ions and expanding with organic solvents and then noting the resulting effects on diffraction peaks. At SEM/TEC Laboratories: 1)A diffraction pattern is first taken of the unoriented sample as supplied (scan 1)to identify the non-clay minerals present. 2)<A hydro-gravimetric separation is then performed to isolate the fraction of particles less than 2 pm in size,This fraction is allowed to settle onto a diffractometer slide, resulting in the orientation of the clays along their OO1 crystallographic direction (scan 2). 3)Depending on the peaks observed in scan 2,the oriented slide may be saturated with ethylene glycol and /or baked at 110, 350,450 or 550°C,allowing the observation,at one time or another,of deconvoluted peaks from each of the common clay types:montmorillonites (smectites),kaolinite,chlorites, illite (muscovite),vermiculite,pyrophyllite (talc),and halloysite. A typical series of soil x-ray diffraction scans is shown in Figure 1. II.Quantitative Determination X-ray diffraction has never been an accurate quantitative tool.However,semi-quantitative measurements are possible by comparing the areas under diffraction peaks.At SEM/TEC Laboratories, we have modified published procedures so that the measurements of peaks A-K in Figure 1 will provide the relative percentages of quartz,orthoclase,plagioclase,calcite,gypsum and the four main clay groups:Kaolinite,illite,montmorillonite and chlorite in a given soil sample.The kaolinite group includes kaolinite, nacrite,dicite and halloysite.The illite group includes mica, hydromica and illite.The montmorillonite group consists of all smectites.The chlorite group (not strictly clay)includes all chlorites.Various other soil components such as vermiculite, pyrophyllite,tale and serpentine are noted when they occur. For minerals having different structures and scattering coefficients,peak areas are not directly comparable,so we have calculated scaling factors from x-ray diffraction of standards consisting of mixtures of pure minerals.Scaling between different scans of the same sample is also calculated.A computer program is used to conveniently compute mineral percentages from the raw intensity data. Diffraction peaks for iron oxides are not intense or sharp enough to be used in the ahove analysis.To estimate the percentage of iron oxides in a sample an energy dispersive chemical analysis is performed on the sample,giving the Ziron.The iron contained in the clays determined from diffraction is then subtracted,and the remaining iron is assumed to be present as oxides.The other chemical percents in the energy dispersive analysis provide a cross-check of the accuracy of the diffraction analysis. To cross-check the %clay as determined by diffraction,the sample as supplied is dispersed onto a smooth carbon substrate and examined using the scanning electron microscope.At 1000 to 10,000 magnification,the morphology of clay particles is distinctive and a percent clay-form particles can be determined. If desired,individual particles of the sample are analyzed on the scanning electron microscope using the energy dispersive system,checking that appropriate percentages of particles have appropriate compositions. In spite of the complexity and amount of work,precaution and calculation performed,the final percentages are approximate only, with possible errors of *5-10%, LP;revised 1-18-82 FIGURE 1 pied ibigdsa-gad eecedas i .4teat :j ee ';\Packed S1309: Oriented Slides: glycolated 110°c 350°C APPENDIX E CHEMICAL ANALYSES OF MAKUSHIN VOLCANO AREA WATERS UNALASKA ISLAND,ALASKA REPUBLIC GEOTHERMAL,INC. WATER CHEMISTRY WORK SHEET MAJOR AND MINOR COMPONENTS PAGE NO. or Unalaska SAMPLING DATE:9/20/82 time:1.D.NUMBER: PLE point:__"ot aa es -Makushin Valley repusiic:M2 Mt.Makushin,Unalaska Located at N1175200;E496880 DATE ANALYZED: rag:__VR20063 DATE REPORTED:-§4l 1L/82_=PRODUCTION TEMPERATURE,C FLOW RATE -_ _2_9pm WELLHEAD pH INe PRESSURE (PS})AT:SAMPLE POINT 32 FIELD:5 °2 WELL HEAD NeKCa 35 Lag:8.0 SAMPLE POINT SiO 2 122 ISOTOPE = courectorn -Matlick Am Sid 5.6 6 Mg ALKALI 35 D Na/K 272 CATIONS =C ANIONS =A pem mrnotes/|mea/t trest®e/ci pom mrmoies/t mea/!trest®A/G! Ca 23./1.18 FAN HCO3 |8]1232 F Mg 3.7 .30 FAN coz {<i F Na |14 .61 F S04 |40 703 F K 2.5 306 F res 4.8 14 F Fe .06 -003 FAN F 1.0 05 F©-<.01 FAN 8 <.005 F Ba <.03 FAN Br <.l F NH,PO,<.1 Sr 31 .007 FAN ;] Ge .032 FAN Mn .114 FAN -i 2.17 =|127 2.35 TIC +A +Side)..NON-IONIC:pem ;TOS Sion 79 _RD | COMMENTS: 02 V7 fo mea l(C-a)(VS)C2meq(C+Al =.056 Soecific Conductance Fe mnhos'em @ ° *=Samoie tresunent cooe - R =raw:A @ acidified:F @ filtered N @ nitric acid:§*sulfuric:C =hydrochioric 0 =diluted 10 mi samnoie with Joo mi O.W. ATOMIC RATIOS Cay Cl 4.94 $04/C!8.33 F/CI 208Qs2,91 Nark 5.60 cay 6.41 K/C!.52 8/Cc!0 C1/Br o° |aatw 'y Se} REPUBLIC GEOTHERMAL,INC. WATER CHEMISTRY WORK SHEET MAJOR AND MINOR COMPONENTS item:_Unalaska SAMPLING DATE: PAGE NO. TIME:1.0.NUMBER:-2_(}..*M-SAMPLE POINT:ot Spring in Fumarole #2 Area REPUBLIC:9 Mt.Makushin,Unalaska LasLocatedatN11/5100;£4968700 DATE ANALYZED: : DATE REPORTED:. =PRODUCTION TEMPERATURE,C FLOW RATE WELLHEAD pH IN = PRESSURE (PSI)AT:SAMPLE POINT 84 rietp:- 6 WELL READ NekCa LAB: SAMPLE POINT S02 ISOTOPE ©COLLECTOR Motyka Am SiOz ° Mg ALKAL!>} Na/K = CATIONS =¢ANIONS =A pom mroles/!mea/i treat®crcl poem mroles/!meaq/!treat®Aft! Ca 65 3.24 FAN HCD ND Mg |13 1.07 FAN CO3 0 Na 54 2.39 IF SO,|344 7.10 F K 9.0 ; .23 F C!<10 F re |225 .13.|FAN ¢<1 F Li .02 .003 |FAN :<l F OBa . Br NHg P04 Sr .3 FAN F =1143 |7.03 S SIC +A+SiO)|*NON-IONIC:ppm COMMENTS:TDS Sid>154 FD ° VZ_S mea (Cama)|(v2). CO2 S meq (C+A) Soecific Conductance "mhos/em @ ° ©«Sample treetrnent coce R =raw:A ©acidified:F &filtered N =nitric acia;§=sulfuric:C =hydrochioric D =diluted LQ misamoie with -100 mi o.w. ND =Not determined ATOMIC RATIOS Cay Cl $04/C!F/CI Na/C!Na/K 6.00 Ca/Mg 5.00 K/C!B/C! tl She REPUBLIC GEOTHERMAL,INC. WATER CHEMISTRY WORK SHEET MAJOR AND MINOR COMPONENTS PAGE NO. Unalaska . SAMPLING DATE:_5/23/82 TIME:1D.NUMBER: PLE POINT:Hot Spring in Fumarol e #3 Area REPUBLIC:M3 Glacier Valley,Mt.Makushin,Unalaska VR20064Locatedat_N1167200;E4964800 ss >anaryven: LAB: DATE REPORTED:S/11/82 =PRODUCTION TEMPERATURE,C FLOW RATE 5 gpm WELLHEAD _pHINe PRESSURE (PS!)AT:SAMPLE POINT 58 FIELD:5.3 WELL HEAD NakCa 4)LAg:3.9 SAMPLE POINT .SiO 2 18)ISOTOPE = courector -_Matlick Am Si02 3]° Mg ALKAL!4)2) Na/K 270 CATIONS =C ANIONS =& pom mmoies/|mea/!treat?cre pom menoiles/|mea/t treat®A/Cl Ca 65 3.24 FAN HCO |<]F Mg |27.4 2.25 FAN Coz |<]F Na 28.7 1.25 F SO,|450 9.3/7 F K 5.0 13 F a 6.1].17 F Fe 11.7 .63 FAN -F 1.1 .06 F Li <.01 FAN 8 .38 02 F Bs <.03 FAN <.]F NHg PO,<.]F |Sr 2 FAN , Al 5.4 .60 FAN Mn 1.9 FAN Zn 09 =143 8.11 £456 9.61 SIC +A+SiO)|.NON-IONIC:pom .Tos Si0,203.RD COMMENTS: V7_S meol(Cmal |(v2)eu cO2 meq (C +A): Soecitic Conductance "mnhos/em @ ° °#Sarnpie treatment code - R =raw:A ®acidified:F ©filtered N =nitric acid:§=sulfurie:C =hydrochiorie O =diluted 10 mi samole with 00 mi O.W. ATOMIC RATIOS -wa Cl 10.66 SO4/Ci 73.77 F/e!18 a/c 4.71 Na/K 5.74 Ca/Mg 2.37 Ke:82 B/C!06 Poa TS) REPUBLIC GEOTHERMAL,INC. WATER CHEMISTRY WORK SHEET MAJOR AND MINOR COMPONENTS PAGE NO. ITEM:Unalaska SAMPLING DATE:8/11/80 TIME:LL.D.NUMBER:G-d) SAMPLE point:_.Hot Spring in Fumarole #3 Area REPUBLIC:#8 Mt.Makusnhin,Unalaska Located at N1167000;£4964800 >.anaryzep:LAB: DATE REPORTED: =PRODUCTION TEMPERATURE,°C FLOW RATE WELLHEAD pHIN®= PRESSURE (PSI)AT:SAMPLE POINT 97 rieco,-°-4 WELL HEAD NakCa 79 LAg: SAMPLE POINT SiO 2 130 ISOTOPE « corrector -Motyka Am Si09 14 0 Mg ALKALI 68 fe) Na/K 210 CATIONS #¢ANIONS 2A pom mmoies/!mea/ti treat®C/cr pom mrnoies/1 mea/|treat®A/C! Ca VW/29 FAN HCO,|3/6]F Mg 4.0 .33 FAN CO4 0 Na 52 2.26 F 804 {129 2.69 F K 4.8 12 F c!<10 15 F Fe .01 .005 FAN F .14 F Li <.01 FAN 8 <.5 F 8a 8r NFig PO4 rE Sr .07 002 FAN =73 3.30 z Vi 3.44 TiC +A +Si0->)-s NON-IONIC:pom : TES $0,94 FD COMMENTS: V7_S mea (C-al |(v2). C02 =meq (C +A).03 Seoecific Conductance "mhos/ern @ ° °s Sample treatment code R =raw:A =acidified:F =filtered N =nitric acid:$®sulfuric:C *hydrochioric O =diluted 10 mi sample with __100_mi O.W. ATOMIC RATIOS Cay c 2.27 SO4/Cl 25.10 F/CI Na/Ci 10,11 Na/K 10,83 Ca/Mg 2,93 - K/¢!93 8/C! REPUBLIC GEOTHERMAL,INC. WATER CHEMISTRY WORK SHEET MAJOR AND MINOR COMPONENTS PAGE NO. O..unataska sameuing oate:8/11/80 time:1p.numeer:6792 SAMPLE POINT:__HOt Spring in Fumarole #3 Area REPUBLIC:#9 Mt.Makushin,Unalaska °LAB:Located at N1167000;E£4964800 DATE ANALYZED: DATE REPORTED: =PRODUCTION TEMPERATURE,C FLOW RATE WELLHEAD pH IN« PRESSURE (PS!)AT:SAMPLE POINT 82 Fieco:6:5 WELL HEAD Naka 69 LAB: SAMPLE POINT SiO 2 150 ISOTOPE = courector -Motyka Am Si02 29 Q Mg ALKALI 69 fe) Nasik 183 CATIONS =C ANIONS =A pom mmoies/|mea/|treat?C/ei poem mrmoies/!meq/i treat?A/Ci ca |32.1 1.60 |FAN Heo,|288 4.72 F Mg 10.6 .87 FAN CO3 0 Na 87 3.79 F S04 95 1.98 F 3.7 15 |F er 5 14 F Fe .01 FAN F 28 01 F Li <.01 FAN 8 <.5 F Ba Br NHg PO4 r Sy 26 FAN ' =|135 6.40 s 38S 6.85 SIC +A=S02 .:no,125 roo COMMENTS:2 V2_5 mea (mal |(v2)=.05 cO2 ZS meq (C +A)° Seecifie Conductance "mhosicm @ ° °»Sample treatment code _ R =raw:A ©acidified:F =filtered N =nitric acid:§=sulfuric:C =hydrochioric O =diluted 10 mi samoile with 100 mi O.W. ATOMIC RATIOS cay cl 6.42 s04/C!19.00 Fic!056 Na/Cl 17.40 Na/K 15.26 Ca/Mg 3.03 K/Ct 1.14 B/C! REPUBLIC GEOTHERMAL,INC. WATER CHEMISTRY WORK SHEET MAJOR AND MINOR COMPONENTS PAGE NO. item:-_Unalaska sameting cate:-//15/81 rime:Lb.Numer:0222 O SAMPLE point:Wot Spring in Fumarole #3 Group REPUBLIC:#10 Mt.Makushin,Unalaska °LAB:Located at N116/000;E4964800 DATE ANALYZED: DATE REPORTED:5 =PRODUCTION TEMPERATURE,C FLOW RATE WELLHEAD pHIN® PRESSURE (PSI)AT:SAMPLE POINT 18 Fieco:4.3 WELL HEAD NakCa 67 Lae: SAMPLE POINT Sid 2 143.ISOTOPE = -eourector -Motyka Am Si02 26 o Mg ALKALI 67 D Na/K 202 CATIONS =C ANIONS =A pem mmoies/!mea/!treat®C/ei perm mrnoles/t meq/!treat®A/C! Ca 25.4 1.27 FAN HCO3 |60 .98 F Mg 8.0 -66 FAN CcO3 0 Na 62 2.70 F SOq |218 4.54 F K 5.2 ; 213 F a 6.17 FFe|ND e 1 .005 |F Obi<.01 FAN 8 <.01 'Ba Br NHg PO4 Yr Sr .20 FAN =101 4.76 z 284 5.7/0 SIC *A *SiO2).NON-IONIC:pom TDs sion _.120_FD COMMENTS: +2 a V2_S mea (Coa)|(v2)-12 C07 --__. =meq (C +A). Soecifie Conductance rm mhos/cm @ ° °=Sample treatment code > R =raw:A @ acidified:F @ filtered N =nitric acid:S *sulfuric:C =hydrochioric O =diluted -10 mi samoile with 100 mt O.W. ND =Not Determined ATOMIC RATIOS cay 4.16 sOucl 35.74 fei -016 -&-Na/Cl 10.16 Na/K 11.92 Ca/Mg 3.18 oS' K/C!85 B/C! Qc.Seu REPUBLIC GEOTHERMAL,INC. WATER CHEMISTRY WORK SHEET MAJOR AND MINOR COMPONENTS PAGE NO. rEM:Unalaska SAMPLING DATE:__7/5/81 rime:Io.Numeer:27° SAMPLE POINT:_HOt Spring in Fumarole #3 Area -REPUBLIC:#11Mt.Makushin,Unalaska .LAB:Located at N1169900;E£4964400 DATE ANALYZED: DATE REPORTED: =PRODUCTION TEMPERATURE, FLOW RATE WELLHEAD pHIN= PRESSURE (PS!)AT:SAMPLE POINT 68 FIELD:NO WELL HEAD NakCs 15 Lag: SAMPLE POINT SiO 2 we ISOTOPE =coucector -_Motyka Am SiOz 0 Mg ALKALI 15 fe) Na/K 169 CATIONS =¢ANIONS =A ; poem mmoies/|mea/|treat®C/ei ppm mmoiles/!meaq/!treat®A/Cl cs |258 12.8/|FAN Heo,|ND Mg 9.6 79 FAN C83 Na 61 2.65 |F SO,|491 10.22 F K 3.3 .08 |F Cc 2.3 06 F Fe .02 .001 |FAN F -26 -01 F Li 04 006 |FAN 8 <.01 F Ba Br NH PO4 z 332 16.41 = TIC +A+SiO2)|.NON-IONIC:pom COMMENTS:TDS S09 138 FD MMENTS: VZ_S meaiC-al |(v2). cO2 =meq (C +A) Soecitic Conductance as mhos/em e ° *»Sample treatment code . R =raw:A ®acidified:F =filtered N ®nitrie acid:S *sulfurie:C *hydrochloric O =diluted 10 mi samole with 100 mi O.W. ND =Not determined ATOMIC RATIOS cay C1 142.17 S04/C!213,48 F/et 113 Na/Cl}26.52 Na/K 18.48 Ca/Mg 26.88 K/C!1.43 B/C! £2 BbN REPUBLIC GEOTHERMAL,INC. WATER CHEMISTRY WORK SHEET MAJOR AND MINOR COMPONENTS PAGE NO. item;__Unalaska sameting pate:-8/13/80__time:Ip.numeer:GGS_# SAMPLE POINT:Hot Spri ngs Group #9 REPUBLIC:#, Mt.Makushin,Unalaska Located at N1174900;-4969400 CATE ANALYZED: LAB: DATE REPORTED:o =PRODUCTION TEMPERATURE,C FLOW RATE WELLHEAD pH IN®@ PRESSURE (PSI)AT:SAMPLE POINT 87.4 FIELD:5.48 WELL HEAD Nake 43 LAB: SAMPLE POINT SiO 2 157 {SOTOPE & courectorn -Motyka Am Si02 35 o Mg ALKALI 43 fo) Na/K -285 CATIONS =C ANIONS oA poem mmoies/|mea/t treat®C/ei poem rarmoies/t mea/!treat®A/ei Ca 69.3 3.46 FAC HOS |19]3.13 F Mg |12.2 1.00 FAC CO3 0 F Na 28 1.22 |F $04 |159.3 3.23 F K 5.6 . 14 F ras 5 .14 F 'Fe .09 005 FAC |Fr 12 -01 F Li .O1 :FAC B 0.5 F Ba ; Br Nwg P04 .sr 28 .01 FAC os =115 5.83 £35]6.51 ZIC+A+SiO>)|-NON-IONIC:. TDS sos 140__FD pem COMMENTS: ;Fe eee V7_=mea (Cmal (v2)=.08 C92 S meq (C +A)° Seecitic Conductance wee uw Mhosicem @ bd ©#Sample treaunent code - R =raw:A @ acidified:F ©filtered N @ nitric acid:§*sutturie:C =hydrochiorie D =diluted -O_ral sample with 100 mi D.W. ATOMIC RATIOS Na/Cl 9.6 Na/K 9-0 Ca/Mg - _-. K/C!1.12 g/Ccl a2 Sb REPUBLIC GEOTHERMAL,INC. WATER CHEMISTRY WORK SHEET MAJOR AND MINOR COMPONENTS PAGE NO. ©»Unalaska sampLing DATE:-9/13/80_time:Lp.numeer:-UG8S #1 SAMPLE Point:._Makushin Valley Hot Spring”REPUBLIC:M-b LAB: DATE ANALYZED: DATE REPORTED:5 =PRODUCTION TEMPERATURE,C FLOW RATE WELLHEAD pHIN = PRESSURE (PSI)AT:SAMPLE POINT 87.4 FIELD:2.48 WELL HEAD NakCa 43 LAB: SAMPLE POINT SiO 2 oz ISOTOPE =coutecton -Motyka Am Si02 35 fe) Mg ALKALI 43 rs) Na/K 285 CATIONS =C ANIONS 2A pom mmoles/|mea/!treat®c/ci pom mroies/!mea/!trest®A/C! Ca 69.3 3.46 FAC HCO;|19]3.13 F Mg 12.2 1.00 FAC CO3 0 F Ne 28 1.22 F SO4 |155.3 3.23 F K 5.6 ;14 F a 5 14 F Fe .09 .005 FAC FE 12 .01 F@|Li <.01 FAC e |<0.5 r 'Ba 8r NHg PO4 |Sr .28 .O1 FAC SS 145 5.83 =35]6.51] SIC +A+SiO2)|.NON-IONIC:. TUS si0,14 pom COMMENTS: V7 mea (Coal (v2)C02 s s .08=meq (C +A) Soecifie Conductance WL,mhos/em @ ° *s Sample treatment code ° R =raw:A ®acidified;F @ filtered N =nitric acid:S ®sulfuric;C =hydrochioric 0 @ diluted 10 mi samole with 100 mi O.W. ATOMIC RATIOS cay ct 13.9 $04/¢1 31.1 FC!.024 Na/Ci 5.6 Na/K 3.0 Ca/Mg K/C!1.12 B/C REPUBLIC GEOTHERMAL,INC. WATER CHEMISTRY WORK SHEET MAJOR AND MINOR COMPONENTS PAGE NO. (TEM:Unalaska SAMPLING DATE:LAB TIME:1.0.NUMBER:Ln ©¥_Hot Springs Group #10 #10SAMPLEPOINT:REP :Mt.Makushin,Unalaska UBLIC -LAB:Located at N1180/700;£49/2400 OATE ANALYZED: OATE REPORTED: =PRODUCTION TEMPERATURE,°¢: FLOW RATE WELLHEAD pH IN® PRESSURE (PS!)AT:SAMPLE POINT 57.5 FIELD:5.28 WELL HEAD NeKCa 46 LAs: SAMPLE POINT Si0 9 127 tSOTOPE « corrector -Motyka Am SiO?u 0 Mg ALKAL 46 ie) Na/K -244 CATIONS #&ANIONS eA pom rmoles/!meq/t treat®C/ci poem mermoies/t meq/!treat?A/C! ca |23.3 T.16 |FAC neo,|NDMg5.5 245 FAC CO4 Na 24 1.04 J FAC S04 25.2 52 F K 3.23 {|.08 |F a |7.8 122 |F Fe .07 .004 |FAC F 13 01 FLi01.001 |FAC »|0.0 F O Ba ° Ng POs =56 2./5 ©33 /5 TOS Sidg -88_FD \Z_s mea (Cama)|(v2). COD =meq (C+A}THs 177 Specific Conductancs -____ mnosiem @ ° ©=Sample treatment coce - R =raw:A ®acidified:F =filtered N @ nitric acid:§=sutfuric:C =hydrochioric D =diluted ral sample with)cee MM!O.W. ND =Not determined ATOMIC RATIOS ; cay ¢1 3.0 soa/ct 3.23 ere 02 LNa/Cl 3.1 Na/K 7.43 Ca/Mg 4.24 K/Ct 4)8/C! gol.é0 REPUBLIC GEOTHERMAL,INC. WATER CHEMISTRY WORK SHEET MAJOR AND MINOR COMPONENTS PAGE NO.5 a Unal aska SAO Mee Makaushin TIME:1.2.NUMBER: ; e uPLEPOINT:Hot Springs Group 'REPUBLIC:Mec LAB: DATE ANALYZED: DATE REPORTED:° =PRODUCTION TEMPERATURE,C FLOW RATE WELLHEAD pHIN® PRESSURE (PS1)AT:SAMPLE POINT 35 FIELD:6.8 WELL HEAD NaKCs 50 LAB: SAMPLE POINT Si0 2 140 ISOTOPE = courector -__Motyka Am Si02 19 ° Mg ALKALI 20 fe) Na/K 244 CATIONS =C ANIONS =A poem mmoies/!mea/|treat®crc ppm mrmoles/t mea/!treat?A/Cl Ca 34 1.70 FAN HCO3 ;190 3.1]F Mg 6.1 .50 FAN CO3 0 E Na 32 1.39 F SO«15 31 F K 4.3 ae F a 7.9 .22 F Fe 1 FAN F <.]F Li <.0]-O1 FAN 8 Ba Br NHg PO4 Sr ]-002 FAN os =76.6 3/1]=214 3.70 =IC +A+SiO2}|=NON-IONIC:pom COMMENTS:TOS °Sid2 102FD. V2S mea(C-al -(v2)cO2 =meq (C+A)=.002 Ssecifie Conductance umnosiem @ ° *=Sample treatment coce - R =raw:A &acidified:F =filrered N =nitric acid;S ©sutfuric:C =hydrochloric 5 =diluted 10 mi sarnpie with -100_mi O.W. ATOMIC RATIOS -"Vy ¢!4.30 $O4/C!1.90 F/Cl Ves)4.05 Na/K 7.44 Ca/Mg 5.57 "IC!54 B/C)13 td ab REPUBLIC GEOTHERMAL,INC. WATER CHEMISTRY WORK SHEET MAJOR AND MINOR COMPONENTS PAGE NO.; ITEM:Unalaska SAMPLING DATE:TIME:1.D.NUMBER:- samPLe point:Hot Springs.Group #10,Mt.Makushin REPUBLIC:M-d LAB: DATE ANALYZED: DATE REPORTED: 5©PRODUCTION TEMPERATURE,C FLOW RATE WELLHEAD pH IN = PRESSURE (PS!)AT:SAMPLE POINT 67 FIELD:5.32 WELL HEAD NaKCa 43 LAg: SAMPLE POINT SiO 2 127 ISOTOPE =COLLECTOR Motyka Am Si02 u 0 Mg ALKALI 43 fe) Na/K -308 CATIONS =¢ANIONS =A pom mmoies/i mea/!treat®c/ei poem mmoies/!meq/!trest®a/c ca 23.1 1.15 |FAN HOO3 |116 1.90 F Mg 8.0 .66 |FAN CO3 0 F Na 13.9 .60 1 F S04 2]44 F «3.4 ..09 |F a 5 .14 F Fe .03 -002 |FAN F 11 .006 |FLi<.01 FAN B 5 -03 F "Ba NH POs |Sr .10 .002 {|FAN , | |=|49 2.51 =.1143.|2.5]| Sice*Ae+Sid-).es NONAONIC:pom COMMENTS:TDS sid7 88FD V7_5 mec(Cmal |(v2). COD re =meq (C +A)-001 Soecific Conductance 4 mhos/em @ ° *=Samoie trestment coce - R =raw:A ®acidified:F ©filtered N ®nitric acid:§=suifurie:C =hydrochioric D ®diluted mi samole with mi D.W. ATOMIC RATIOS Cay Cl 4.62 $O4/C!4 20 F/C!022 Na/C 2.78 Na/K 4.08 Ca/Mg 2,89 = wer .68 B/C | 2 20 REPUBLIC GEOTHERMAL,INC. WATER CHEMISTRY WORK SHEET MAJOR AND MINOR COMPONENTS PAGE NO. O°'Unalaska SAMPLING DATE:_8/13/80 TIME:1b.NUMBER:-UGGS_#2 MPLE poInT:Hot Springs Group #10 REPUBLIC:#10 .Mt.Makushin,Unalaska Located at N1180700;£4972400 DATE ANALYZED: bAB: DATE REPORTED:,=PRODUCTION TEMPERATURE,c FLOW RATE WELLHEAD pH IN@ PRESSURE (PSI)AT:SAMPLE POINT 67 FIELD:9.32 WELL HEAD NakCa 43 Lae: SAMPLE POINT $id 2 127 ISOTOPE = coutectorn -Motyka Am SiOz 17 o Mg ALKALI 43 Fe) CATIONS =c ANIONS =A . ppm mmotles/|mea/|treat®e/e Sem mrmoies/t meq/!treat?A/Gl Ca 23.1 1.15 FAC HCO,{116 1.90 F Mg |8.0 .66 FAC CO3 0 F Na 13.9 -60 F S04 21.4 .45 F K 3.4 .09 F Fes]5 14 F Fe 03 .002 FAC g 11 01 -FOLi<.01 FAC B <.5 F Ba Br ,Neg PO4 |Sr .10 .002 FAC ' | z 48.5 2.51]z 143 2.49 Tos sio>88 ED M V7 f mea(Caal (V2)C2=meq c+Al =.004 |}tps 279 Specific Conductance umnosicm @ °. °=Sample treatment coce - Fi»raw:A ®acidified;F ©filtered N =nitrie acid:§©sulfuric:C =hydrocnioric O =diluted mi samoje with mi O.W. ATOMIC RATIOS cas ct 4.62 S04/C!4.28 FC!022 K/C!-68 B/C! REPUBLIC GEOTHERMAL,INC. WATER CHEMISTRY WORK SHEET MAJOR AND MINOR COMPONENTS UnalaskaITEM:SAMPLING DATE: Hot Spring Group #10,Makushin Valley M1 PAGE NO. 9/16/82 TIME:1.0.NUMBER:__{¢). SAMPLE POINT:REPUBLIC:Mt.Makushin,Unalaska VR20062LAB:Located at_N1180700;_£4972400 DATE ANALYZED: 8 DATE REPORTED:6/11/82 =PRODUCTION TEMPERATURE,oc FLOW RATE -- 10_gpm WELLHEAD pHIN® PRESSURE {(PS1)AT:SAMPLE POINT 50 FIELD:6.2 WELL HEAD NakCa 37 Lae:6.7 SAMPLE POINT . si0 9 93 ISOTOPE = courecton -_Matlick Am Si0>-24 0 Mg ALKAL]-3 fs) Na/K 258 CATIONS ec ANIONS 2A pom mmoies/!mea/!treat®C/e1 pom mmoies/!mea/!trest®A/C) Ca 42.5 2.12 |FAN HCD3 |183 3.00 F Mg 8.9 -73 |FAN CO3 <l F Na 22.4 .97 1 F SO4 34 /|F K 3.5 .09 |F a 6 17 F Pe 01 FAN F 1.4].7 |FLi<.01 FAN 8 <.005 F O Ba <.03 FAN Br <1 F .FVit|1546 .017]FAN Poe |<! +Sr 2]FAN , Cd .007 FAN Ge .06 0U031 FAN Mn 41 .015|FAN | z 78 3.92 z 224 3.95 le +A+SiOo)|.NON-IONIC:pom COMMENTS:TOS Sid2 32RD V2 Ef mealCea)(V2)COD neSmeq(C +A}.=.005 Specific Conductance umnos/em @ ° °=Sample treatrnent code - R ©raw:A =acidified:F @ filtered N =nitric acid:§=sulturic:C =hycrochtoric SO =diluted 10 mi semoie with _100 mi O.W. ATOMIC RATIOS cay c 7.08 $O4/C1 5.67 FICK 23 "Na/Cl 3.73 Na/K 6.4 Ca/Mg 4.78 aw KIC!58 ave!0 C1/Br.sad [>t yo} REPUBLIC GEOTHERMAL,INC. WATER CHEMISTRY WORK SHEET MAJOR AND MINOR COMPONENTS |PAGE NO, -fITEM:Unalaska SAMPLING DATE:2/5/81 TIME:1.0.NUMBER:G SAMPLE POINT:Hot Spri ngs Group #11 REPUBLIC:#12Mt.Makushin,Unalaska ;LAB:Located at NiI166000;E 4909300 DATE ANALYZED: DATE REPORTED:. =PROOUCTION TEMPERATURE,C FLOW RATE WELLHEAG pHIN®@ PRESSURE (PSI)AT:SAMPLE POINT 79 FIELD:6.4 WELL HEAD NakCa 30 LAB: SAMPLE POINT SiO 2 158 ISOTOPE «COLLECTOR Motyka Am Sia 36 Q Mg ALKALI 30 fe) Na/k 176 CATIONS =C ANIONS =A . pom mrmoies/!mea/l treat®C/G pom mrnoies/|mea/i treat?A/Cl Ca 2Ud 10.36 FAN HCO 296 4.20 F Mg 7.8 .64 FAN CO3 0 Na 8]3.52 Fr SO,|4/6 9.91 F 4.8 W201 F 3 7.5 21 |F Fe 21 .01 FAN £24 01 F be 03 .004 |FAN 8 <0]F - Neg PO 4 : .\ :| =302 14.68 z 740 44.33 |i TIC +A+Si09)-_NONAONIC:pom |COMMENTS:Tos SiO FD VZ_S mea (Coal |(V2). CO2 S meq (C #A)°02 Seecitie Conauczanca uw mnosiem @ ° ©=Sample treatment code R =raw:A ©acidified:F =filtered N =nitric acid;§©sulturie:C =hydrochiorie O @ diluted 10 mi samoie with _100 m O.W. ATOMIC RATIOS cay cr 27.73 sOuict 63.47 FC! 032 Na/Cl 10.80 Na/K 16.88 Ca/Mg 26.67 KCl 64 a/c! 2 Seg REPUBLIC GEOTHERMAL,INC. WATER CHEMISTRY WORK SHEET MAJOR AND MINOR COMPONENTS PAGE NO.- ITEM:Unalaska SAMPLING DATE:2aeonee Tie:1.0.NUMBER: sampce point:Hot Spring Group #11,Glacier Valley RePuatic:M4Mt.Makushin,Unalaska ae.VR20065 DATE ANALYZED: DATE REPORTED:6-1 1-82 =PROOUCTION TEMPSRATURE,C FLOW RATE 5 gpm WELLHEAD pH IN = PRESSURE (PSI)AT:SAMPLE POINT 70 FIELD:6.4 WELL HEAD NaKCa 31 LAB:22 SAMPLE POINT .Sid9 158 ISOTOPE = cottector -_Matlick Am Si02 36 0 Mg ALKALI 31 0 Na/K 176 CATIONS #C ANIONS #A pem mmeoies/t meq/t treat”e/c!poem mmoles/!mea/i treat®A/C} Ca 160 7.98 r HCO 252 4.12 Fr Mg 7.17 .59 F C03 <]F Na 147 3.29 F so 392 5.16 rKk|4.4 a F a |865 18 F Fe .06 °003 F F 1 .1 .06 FLi<.01 F 3 <.005 F Ba <.03 F Br <.qT r NHg PO,|<.]F Se 1.4 -03 F Cd .01 F Mn 24 F , ' =248 17.97 =651 12.53 lO +A +SOD)|«NON-IONIC:pem NTS:TOS S05 143 COMMENTS V2_5 mea iC-A)|(v2)=03 cO2 7 =meq (C +A)° Seecific Conductance kw mnosicm @ ° °=Samole treatment code R =raw;A ®acidified:F =filtered N #nitric acid:S #sulfuric:C =hydrochioric O =diluted mi sample with mt O.W, ATOMIC RATIOS Ca/Cl 24.62 S04/c!60.3 z/C1 .17 Na/Cl ]]49 Nark 16.98 Ca/Mg 22.31 K/C!.68 3/Cl 0 asl S6a REPUBLIC GEOTHERMAL,INC. WATER CHEMISTRY WORK SHEET MAJOR AND MINOR COMPONENTS PAGE NO. ro}Unalaska sameuing pate:-/0/81 sume:ILD.NUMBER:-@< PLE POINT:Hot Spr ngs Group #11 REPUBLIC:#1Mt.Makushin,Unalaska Located at N1166000;£4965300 ate anaryzen:VAR: DATE REPORTED: =PRODUCTION TEMPERATURE,°c FLOW RATE WELLHEAD pHIN®# WELL HEAD NakCa 15 LAB: SAMPLE POINT SiO 2 156 ISOTOPE « courector -_Motyka Am Si02 34 o Mg ALKALI 15 ie) CATIONS #=C ANIONS oA ; ppm mmoies/|mea/!trest®C/ei pom mrnoiles/t meq/!treat®A/C! Ca 1258 12.87 FAC HCO ND Mg 9.59 79 FAC CO3 Na 61 2.65 F SO4 [491 10.22 F K 3.27 .08 F a 2.3 .06 F. Fe 02 001 FAC F 26 01 F QO-0.04 .01 |FAC 8 0.0 F Ba Br NWg POs |Sr 1.08 02 FAC ' =1333 16.43 =.1494 SIC +A+SiO)|e NON-IONIC:ppm . TDS Sid,138 FD COMMENTS: V7_S mea (CHa |(V2). CO2 =meq (C+A)TDS 964 Specific Conductance uw mnos/cm @ ° *=Sample treetrnent coce * R=raw:A =acidified:F ©filtered N @ nitric acid:§=sulfuric:C =hydrochiorie OD @ diluted mi samole with mi O.W. ND =Not determined ATOMIC RATIOS Cay Cl 112.2 $O4/Cl 213 F/C!WHQ5*<26.5 van 18.65 cay 26.3 K/Ct 1.42 8/cl tS.aw REPUBLIC GEOTHERMAL,INC. WATER CHEMISTRY WORK SHEET MAJOR AND MINOR COMPONENTS PAGE NO.»OITEM:Unalaska sampuing pate:-//5/8)_time:1D.NUMBER: SAMPLE POINT:Hot Springs Group #11 AEPUBLIC:#11-1 Mt.Makushin,Unalaska Located at N1166000;E 4965300 =.anatyzep:LAS: DATE REPORTED: =PRODUCTION TEMPERATURE, FLOW RATE WELLHEAD pH IN® PRESSURE (PS})AT:SAMPLE POINT 79 FIELD:6.36 WELL HEAD NakCa 29 LAB: SAMPLE POINT SiO 2 156 ISOTOPE « COLLECTOR Motyka Am Sid2 36 0 Mg ALKALI 29 fe) CATIONS =C¢ANIONS aA pom rmoles/t meq/t treat®C/ci pom mmoles/!meq/!treat®A/C! Ca 208 10.34 |FAC HCO;[511 8.37 F Mg 7.8 .64 |FAC CO3 Na I 3.52 IF SO,1476 9.91 F K 4.8 12 |F a 7.5 22 F Fe 0.2 .01 FAC e 0.24 01 F Li 0.03 .004 |FAC 8 0 F Ba Br NKg PO4 sr 1.1 .03 FAC ' =303 14.71 z 995 18.51 TiC +A +SiO>).a NON-IONIC:pom co.ENTS:TOS S09 142 =F MMEN V7 5 mea (C-a)|(v2)--16 602 =meq (C+A)'TDS 1440 Specific Conductance "mnos/em e ° ©=Samoile treatment code ° R =caw:A ®acidified:F =filtered N =nitric acid:§=sulfuric:C *hydrochioric O sdiluted -1O misampie with -100 mio.w. ATOMIC RATIOS cay 27.7 sowe:63.45 -.03 cvNa/Cl 10.8 Na/K 16.88 Ca/Mg 26.67 K/C!64 B/C! 2 Se REPUBLIC GEOTHERMAL,INC. WATER CHEMISTRY WORK SHEET MAJOR AND MINOR COMPONENTS PAGE NO. -CoiUnalaskasamptinecate;2/9/81 sme:1.0.NUMBER:Gl PLE Point:Hot Springs Group #11 REPUBLIC:#1Mt.Makushin,Unalaska Located at N1166000;£4965300 DATE ANALYZED: tA: DATE REPORTED:a =PRODUCTION TEMPERATURE,c FLOW RATE WELLHEAD pHIN® PRESSURE (PSI)AT:SAMPLE POINT 77.5 FIELD:4.34 WELL HEAD NakCa 67 LAB: SAMPLE POINT SiO 2 148 ISOTOPE = courecton -_Motyka Am Si02 26 o Mg ALKALI 67 D CATIONS #C ANIONS 2A pom mrmoies/t mea/i treat®C/ci ppm mrnoies/t meq/!treat?A/Ci Ca 25.4 ].2/FAC HCO;6 01 F Mg 8.0 .66 FAC CO3 Na 62 2./0 |F SOq {218 4.54 F K 5.16 .13 F a 6.1 .17 F Fe .F <0.1 F QO:.01 .001 FAC B 0.0 F Ba Br NHg PO4 Sr 0.20 .005 |FAC , =101 4./6 z 230 4.8] vz =mea (CHA).iv)=.007 CO2 =meq (ce Al .TDS 450 Seecitic Conductance "mnos/em @ ° °»Sample treatment coce > R =raw:A @ acidified:F =filtered N =nitric acia:§*sutturie:C =hycrochioric D =Giiured mi sample with mi O.W. ATOMIC RATIOS cay cl 4.16 s0,/¢!35.74 FIC! fel 10,16 Na/K 12.02 Ca/Mg 3.18 K/e!85 B/Cl 62 és REPUBLIC GEOTHERMAL,INC. WATER CHEMISTRY WORK SHEET MAJOR AND MINOR COMPONENTS PAGE NO. DGGS '¢,item:__Unalaska samping cate:-S/11/80_time:1.D.NUMBER: SAMPLE POINT:_._HOt Springs Group #11 REPUBLIC:Mt.Makushin,Unalaska Located at N1166000;4965300 =ste awatyzep:LAB: DATE REPORTED:-._. =PRODUCTION TEMPERATURE,¢ FLOW RATE WELLHEAD pHIN® WELL HEAD NakCa 79 LAB: SAMPLE POINT SiO 2 130 ISOTOPE = coucecton -Motyka Am Si02 14 0 Mg ALKALI 68 re) Na/K 210 CATIONS =C ANIONS =A pom mmoies/t mea/t treat®clei poem mroies/i meaq/!treat?Af} Ca 11.7 208 FAC HCO3 |37 .61 F Mg 4.0 .33 FAC C03 0 Na 52 2.26 F $04 |129 2.69 F K 4.8 12 F Cc!10 .28 Fre|(0.1 "|.01 |FAC 2 14 Ol |F OLi<.01 FAC B <.5 F Ba Ng POs |Sr .07 .002 FAC =73 3.30 =176 3.58 sic +A=S02 ..od FD pom COMMENTS:i02 ---__-__- V2Z_S mea (C al |(v2). cO2 =meq (C +A).06 Specific Conductance uw mhosicm @ ° °=Sample treaunent code * R =raw:A ©acidified:F @ filtered N ©nitric acid;S ®sulfuric:C =hydrecnioric O =diiuted mi sample with mit O.W. ATOMIC RATIOS Cay Cl 1.7 SO4/C!12.9 F/CI 014 ceNa/Cl 5.20 Na/K Ca/Mg 2:93 KIC!48 8/Cl £5.Boba REPUBLIC GEOTHERMAL,INC. WATER CHEMISTRY WORK SHEET MAJOR AND MINOR COMPONENTS PAGE NO. CS Unalaska SAMPLING DATE:TIME:1.0.NUMBER:DGGS #2 PLE point:_Hot Spri ngs Group #11 REPUBLIC:#11 Mt.Makushin,Unalaska :ia LAB:Located at N1166000;£4965300 DATE ANALYZED: DATE REPORTED:5=PRODUCTION TEMPERATURE,-__C FLOW RATE WELLHEAD pHINS PRESSURE (PS!)AT:SAMPLE POINT 82.4 FIELD:6.5 WELL HEAD NakCa 69 LAB: SAMPLE POINT SiO 2 150 ISOTOPE « courecton -_Motyka Am SiOz 29 fe) Mg ALKALI 69 D Na/K 183 CATIONS #C ANIONS oA pom ramoles/t mea/!trest®clei poem mrnoies/t mreq/!trest®A/C! Ca 32.1 1.60 FAC.HCO;|288 4.72 F Mg |10.6 .87 FAC CO3 0.F Na 87.2 3.97 |F S04 95 1.98 F K 5.7 15 F fon}5 14 F Fe <.01 FAC F .28 .01 F QO Li <.01 FAC 8 <.05 F Ba Br Neg PO Sr .26 .01 FAC ' ={136 6.42 =388 6.85 les A+SiO>)|=NON-IONIC:pem . Tos SiOq 125 FD COMMENTS: V7_S mea (Coal |(v2). cO2 =meq (C +A).05 HoS -<.5 Specific Conductance umnosicm @ ° *«Samoie treatment coce * R =raw:A ©acidified:F ©filtered N =nitric acid:§=sulfuric:C ©hydrochiorie D=diluted --LO__misampie with -100 mi ow. ATOMIC RATIOS Cay Cl 6.42 SO4/C!19 F/C!06Qs:17.4 Na/k 15.3 caimg ___3.03 K/C!1.14 g/¢! BS.Se REPUBLIC GEOTHERMAL,INC. WATER CHEMISTRY WORK SHEET MAJOR AND MINOR COMPONENTS PAGE NO. Tem:__Unalaska SAMPLING DATE:-_2/11/82_time:1D.NUMBER:_&h ODSAMPLEPoint:__Hot Spring Group #12 REPUBLIC:#13 Mt.Makushin,Unalaska Located at N1165100;£4964800 DATE ANALYZED: bAB: DATE REPORTED: -S PRODUCTION TEMPERATURE,% FLOW RATE WELLHEAD pHIN«= WELL HEAD NaKCa 20 LAB: SAMPLE POINT SiO 2 159 ISOTOPE «coucector -Motyka Am Si02 37 0 Mg ALKALI 20 o Na/K -176 CATIONS ©C ANIONS =A pom mrmoies/|mea/|treat?crei ppm mmoles/t mec/!treat®A/c Ca |243 12.13 [FAN HO,|360 5.90 |F Mg 10.7 .88 |FAN Coz .0 Na 64 Z./81F ;$04 4/2 °9.83 F K 3.8 10]F Fes 5.8 316 F Fe 0.4 :.02 |FAN e <.1 F Li .03 .004 |FAN B <]F O Ba Br NH4 PO4 Sr 1.2 03 |FAN os =323 15.94 bs 838 15.89 | SIC +A+SiO>)|.NON-IONIC:. TDS io 145 FD pom COMMENTS:iO2 V2 5 mec (Cmal |(v2). COs S meq iC +A)002 Specific Conductance cee mhos/ermn @ ° *=Sample treatment coce - R =raw:A @ acidified:F @ filtered N =nitric acid:$©sulfuric;C =hydrochiorie 9 =diluted -_10_mi sample with -100_mi O.W. ATOMIC RATIOS cay c)41.90 sowie 81.38 eich fNa/Cl 11.03 Na/K 16.84 Ca/Mg 22.71 66K/@!B/C! tS.Sh REPUBLIC GEOTHERMAL,INC. WATER CHEMISTRY WORK SHEET MAJOR AND MINOR COMPONENTS PAGE NO._ 10/82 -jO'Unalaska SAMPLING DATE:Tse TIME 1.0.NUMBER:G-J pie point:___Hot Springs Group #18 REPUBLIC:£14 Mt.Makushin,Unalaska 0;2UU0U LAB:Located at NI164350;E496 ATE ANALYZED: DATE REPORTED:s =PRODUCTION TEMPERATURE,C FLOW RATE WELLHEAD pHIN®= WELL HEAD NakCa 14 LAB: SAMPLE POINT SiO 2 144 ISOTOPE «courectorn -Motyka Am SiO 23 ° Mg ALKALI 14 ie) Na/K 182 CATIONS =C ANIONS =A pom mmoles/!mea/|tresat®Crei pom memoies/!meaq/i treat®a/c Ca [275 «13.72 |FAN HCO3 |325 5.33 F Mg 11.1 91 |FAN CO3 0 Na 53 2.31 |F SOq |581 12.10 F K 3.4 .09 |F e 6.6 19 «|.F Fe 7 04 |FAN e <.1 F ©:.03 .004 |FAN 2 |<i F Ba Br Nig P04 |Sr 1.4 .03 |FAN ' =|344 17.10 =.|912 17.61 SIC +A+SiO}|«NON-IONIC:pom .=at3 Si09 112 FD COMMENTS: V7 S mea iCnmal |(v2)-02 cO2 ZS meq (C+A)° Soecifie Conductance ry mhosicm @ ° *»Samoile trestrnent code * R=raw:A =acidified:F @ filtered N ®nitric acid:§©sutfurie:C ©hydrochioric D =diluted 10 mil sample with __100 mi O.W. ATOMIC RATIOS Cay Cl 41.67 s04/C 88.03 F/CI yes 8,03 Na/K 15.59 Ca/Mg 2477 KIC!AY B/C! 2 S6e REPUBLIC GEOTHERMAL,INC. WATER CHEMISTRY WORK SHEET MAJOR AND MINOR COMPONENTS PAGE NO. ITEM:Unalaska SAMPLING DATE:ae TIME:ID.NUMBER:__©SAMPLE POINT:HOt Spri ngs Group #18,Upper Glacier Valley repuecic:__oV-2Mt.Makushin,Unalaska Located at N1164350;£4962000 DATE ANALYZED:LAB: DATE REPORTED:5=PRODUCTION:TEMPERATURE,C FLOW RATE 25 _gpm WELLHEAD pH IN@ PRESSURE (PSI)AT:SAMPLE POINT 99 FIELD:_ WELL HEAD NekCs 23 Lae:7.9 SAMPLE POINT SiO 2 165 ISOTOPE = courector -Matlick Am SiO>43 0 Mg ALKALI 23 is) Na/K +86 CATIONS =C ANIONS =A pom mrnoies/|mag/!treat®Clei pom menoies/!meaq/l treat?AlCl Ca {241 12.03 RAN HOS3 |315 5.16 R Mg |10.1 .83 RAN COs <1 R Na 64.1 2./9 jR S04 |528 10.99 R K 4.36 1 R fos]5.7 16 R Fe <.003 RAN F ;44 .02 .R Oui.01 RAN 8 29 .01 R Ba <.03 RAN Br <.l R Nkg PO4 /Sr 1.0 .02 RAN . Mn 2343 RAN =321 15.78 =849 16.35 SIC+A+SiO>)|-NON-IONIC:pom . TDs Si0,160 RAN COMMENTS: VZ_s mea (C-a)|(v2)=.025 C02 S meq (C +A) Seecific Conductance u mnhos/cm ©° °#Sampie treatment code - R =raw:A ®acidified:F =filtered N =nitric acid:§©sutfurie:C =hydrochioric 9 =diluted mil samole with mi O.W. ATOMIC RATIOS Cay Cl 42.3 $04/C!92.63 F/C!077 ceNa/Cl 1.25 Na/K 4.7 Ca/Mg 03.9 K/Cl -/6 B/Cl 05 mo.60 REPUBLIC GEOTHERMAL,INC. WATER CHEMISTRY WORK SHEET MAJOR AND MINOR COMPONENTS PAGE NO. ;_Unalaska SAMPLING DATE:2/7/82 TIME:1.0.NUMBER: PLE point:_Hot Spri ngs Group #18,Upper Glacier Valley reeusiic:__GV-1Mt.Makushin,Unalaska VR20879Locatedat_N1164350;E4962000 ate sat yven:bAB:SOGST DATE REPORTED:-y =PRODUCTION TEMPERATURE,C FLOW RATE 5_gpm WELLHEAD pHIN® PRESSURE (PSI)AT:SAMPLE POINT 29 rieto:_/:8 WELL HEAD NakCa 20 LAB:8 SAMPLE POINT SiO 2 155 ISOTOPE « corrector -Matlick Am Si02 33 0 Mg ALKALI fe) Na/K 182 CATIONS =C ANIONS oA ; pom memoies/]mea/t trest®csc pom mmoies/!meaq/!treat®A/e} Ca (246 12.26 RAN HCO,305 5.00 R Mg 10.9 -90 RAN CO3 <]R Na 61.1 2.65 |R S04 1516 10.74 R K 3.93 .10 R a 5.5 .16 R Fe <.003 RAN F 47 .02 ©RQO:.01 RAN 8 275 .01 R Ba <.03 RAN Sr <.]R Ng P04 Sr 1.1 .03 RAN '| Mn 347 RAN =323 15.96 =829 16.06 | IC +A+SiO)-e NON-IONIC:poem . =5s sidp 135_RAN COMMENTS: VZ_S mealCmai |(v2). cO2 =meq (C +A)-005 Specific Conductance u mnosicm @ ° ©=Sample treatment code R =raw:A &acidified:F ©filtered N =nitric acid:§=sulturice:C *hydrochiorie O =diluted mi samoije with mi O.W. ATOMIC RATIOS Cay C1 44.7 SO4/C!93.82 FIC!.09Qs":11 11 Na/K 15.55 Ca/Mg 22.57 K/C!7]B/C!05 [aeYs) REPUBLIC GEOTHERMAL,INC, WATER CHEMISTRY WORK SHEET MAJOR AND MINOR COMPONENTS PAGE NO. = ITEM:Unalaska SAMPLING DATE:TIME:1.D.NUMBER:1G) ._Hot Springs Group #18.#15SAMPLEPOINT:>:AMPLE BOIN Mt.Makushin,Unalaska REPUBLIC LAB: DATE ANALYZED:. DATE REPORTED:5 =PRODUCTION TEMPERATURE,C FLOW RATE WELLHEAD pHIN®= PRESSURE (PSI)AT:SAMPLE POINT 62.5 FIELD:6.0 WELL HEAD NakCa 22 Lag: SAMPLE POINT SiO 2 152 ISOTOPE =COLLECTOR Motyka Am SiOz 30 ) Mg ALKALI 22 D Na/K +90 CATIONS =C ANIONS =A pom mmoies/|mea/!treat®cic pom mrnoies/!meaq/!treat?|A/CI Ca |262 13.07 |FAN HCO4 |320 5.24 F Mg 10.3 .85 |FAN CO3 0 Na 63 2./4 |F $04 |542 IT.20 rE :Kk |4.5 '16 |F c 6.19 |F | Fe 5 .03 |FAN e <1 F Li .03 .004 |FAN 3 <]F ; Ba Br NH POs .Sr 1.2 .03 |FAN ' =|342 16.83 =.|809 16.72 Tic +A+Side).a NON-IONIC:pem co ENTS:TOS soy 128_FD MMENTS: V2_S mea (Gmail |(v2)cO2 Smeg (C +A}*.005 Soecifie Conductance a mhosicm @ ° ©=Samoie trestment cove * Rew raw:A &acidified:F =filtered N =nitric acid:§©sulfuric:C =hydrochioric -9S =diluted 10 mi sarmole witn __100-mt O.W. ATOMIC RATIOS cay 39.70 soa/c 82.12 eet aeNa/Ci 9.55 Na/K 14.00 Ca/Mg 25.44 KIC!68 B/C! to.ah REPUBLIC GEOTHERMAL,INC. WATER CHEMISTRY WORK SHEET MAJOR AND MINOR COMPONENTS PAGE NO._ dQ Unalaska SAMPLING DATE:1/20/82 sme:Ip.numega:22 PLE point:ot Spri ngs Group #20 REPUBLIC:#16Mt.Makushin,Unaiaska LAB: DATE REPORTED:5=PRODUCTION TEMPERATURE,C FLOW RATE WELLHEAD pH IN« PRESSURE (PSI)AT:SAMPLE POINT 39 FIELD:5.9 WELL READ NakCa 76 LAB: SAMPLE POINT SiO 2 LED ISOTOPE =courectoa -Motyka Am Si02 i ° Mg ALKALI 76 o-Na/K -225 CATIONS =C 7 ANIONS ©A pom meoies/|meaq/!treat?Cel pom memoles/i mea/l trest®a/c Ca 203 10.13 |FAN HCO3 |460 7.53 F Mg 14.9 1.23 |FAN CO3 0 Na 176 7.66 1 F SO4 363 7.56 F K 19.3 49 |F Pa 164 4.63 F Fe 1.7 .09 |FAN.5 <.1 F '@'48 .07 |FAN 2 4.2 21 |F Ba Br 0 NH4 POs |Sr 1.1 .03 }FAN ' ={4l6 19.69 =991 19.94 Ztc+ee ..ea 100 ED pom COMMENTS:102 --$ VT f mea (Coal (V2)C2meqiceAl=.009 Soecifie Conductance is mhos/cm @ ° *=»Sample trestrnent coce * R=raw:A ®acidified;F =filtered N =nitric acid;S *sutfurie:C =hydrochioric 9D =ciluted 10 mi sarnoie with J00.mi O.W. ATOMIC RATIOS Cay Cl 1.24 S04/C!2.2)F/CI KIC!12 B/C!026 tS.ah REPUBLIC GEOTHERMAL,INC. WATER CHEMISTRY WORK SHEET MAJOR AND MINOR COMPONENTS PAGE NO. = item:-Unalaska SAMPLING DATE:---_____,TIME:1D.NUMBER:_"OC)SAMPLE POINT:Hot Springs Group #20 REPUBLIC:#17 Mt.Makushin,Unalaska Located at _N1158300;£4962700 SATE ANALYZED: Ag: DATE REPORTED:5=PRODUCTION TEMPERATURE,C FLOW RATE WELLHEAD pH INe PRESSURE (PS!)AT:SAMPLE POINT 27 FIELD:5.8 WELL HEAD NakCa 78 LAB: SAMPLE POINT SiO 2 14)ISOTOPE = COLLECTOR -Motyka Am Si02 20 ° Mg ALKALI 18 fs) CATIONS =C ANIONS =A pom mmoles/|mea/!treat®cc pom mmoies/!mea/!treat?a/ci Ca 1/9 8.93 FAN HCO,|555 9.10 F Mg 22.9 1.88 FAN coz |0 Na 176 7.66 |F SO4 32]6.63 F K 19.2 |. 49 F a 142 4.00 F Fe 1.9 10 FAN e <.1 F ui 4 06 FAN 8 4 20 F Ba Br 0 NHg POs .Sr 1.0 .02 FAN oy =400 19.14 :1022 19.99 Tic+a=sto .e NON-IONIC:pom COMMENTS: .Sid2 -106 FD V7_S mea tCmal |(v2). cO2 Smeg (C+A)_03 Seecitic Conductance eee mnhosiem CJ ° *«Sampie treatment coce ° FR =raw:A @ acidified;F =filtered N ®nitric acia:S =sulfuric:C =hydrochioric 9 =diluted 10 mi sarnole with 100 mi O.W. ATOMIC RATIOS Cay Cl 1.26 $O04/C1 2.26 F/CI Na/Ci 1.24 Na/K 9.17 Ca/Mg 7.82 KIC!14 8/C!028 To REPUBLIC GEOTHERMAL,INC. WATER CHEMISTRY WORK SHEET MAJOR AND MINOR COMPONENTS PAGE NO.= or Unalaska SAMPLING DATE:TIME:ILD.NUMBER: eve pont;Hot Spring Group #20 RePuatic:-_G-PMt.Makushin,UndidSkd #18 Located at 1152150;£4960600 ATE ANALYZED:LAB: DATE REPORTED:3=PRODUCTION TEMPERATURE,C FLOW RATE WELLHEAD pHIN® PRESSURE (PSI)AT:°SAMPLE POINT +0 rietp:6:3 WELL HEAD Naka 175 LAB: SAMPLE POINT SiO 2 139 ISOTOPE =courectorn -Motyka Am Si02 18 fe) Mg ALKALI 66 D Na/K 22] CATIONS ©¢ANIONS =A pom memoies/|mea/!treat®C/e}ppm mmoles/!mea/!trest®ale ca |159 7.93 FAN HCO,|260 9.26 F |Mg 39.5 3.17 FAN CO3 0 Na 299 13.01 JF SOqg |178 3.71 F K 31.3 .80 F c 382 10.78 |F Fe 2.1 1]FAN s <.l :F Li .86 12 FAN 8 9.9 5]F Ba Tr NHg POs Sr 1.4 .03 FAN ; =532 25.18 =1135 24.25 SIC +A +SiO5).NON-IONIC:.Toe "Pom COMMENTS:sidz -103_FD VZ_S mea (C-A)|(v2)"03 COQ ee S meq (C+A)-0 Specific Conductance uw mhosiem @ ° *=Sampie trestrnent coce . * R =raw:A ©acidified:F ©filtered N @ nitric scia:§®sulfuric:C =hydrochioric o =diluted 10 mi sarnple with _100__mi O.W. ATOMIC RATIOS cas C1 42 $O4/C!47 E/CI 1}.78 Na/K 9.55 Ca/Mg 4.13 KIC!.08 B/C}.026 2 Sw REPUBLIC GEOTHERMAL,INC. WATER CHEMISTRY WORK SHEET MAJOR AND MINOR COMPONENTS PAGE NO. ITEM:Unalaska SAMPLING DATE:2/22/82 time:1.D.NUMBER:__CESAMPLEPoint:_Hot Springs Group #20,Glacier Valley repuetic:Pv]Mt.Makushin,Unalaska -tag:_VR21042LocatedatN1160500;E4962500 DATE ANALYZED: DATE REPORTED: =PRODUCTION TEMPERATURE,C FLOW RATE WELLHEAD pH IN = PRESSURE (PS!)AT:SAMPLE POINT 39 FIELD: WELL HEAD NakCs 80 Lae:7.00 SAMPLE POINT .Sid 2 138 ISOTOPE = CoLLectoan _Parmentier Am Si02 17 6 Mg ALKALI fe) Na/K 221 CATIONS =¢ANIONS =A pom mmoles/|mea/i treat®Ceci pom mrmoies/!mea/!trest®Alt cs 1191 9.99 R HCO,[428 7.01 R Mg |13.2 1.09 R CO3 0 R Na {194 8.44 4°R $Oq [3/2 7.75 R K 20.4 ; 52 R c:170 4.80 R Fe 2.13 11 R F 02 001 R Li 5 .07 |R 8 3.55 18 R Ba <.03 R «84 U0]R Ng POs <.01 |Sr 1.2 .03 R ; Mn 1.64 R Zn .04 R =422 19.79 =074 19./4- SIC +A +SiDs).a NON-IONIC:porn COMMENTS:TOS SiD2 101 R VZ_S meal(C-a)|(v2)..002 cO2 =meq (C+A) ° Specific Conductance tee mnhos/em @ ° ©=Sample trestment coce ° R =raw:A =acidified:F =filtered N ®nitric acid:S =sulturie:C =hydroenioric 5 =diiuted mi samole with ee Mm!O.W. ATOMIC RATIOS Cay el 112 SO4/C!2.19 FIC!.0001 caNa/Ci 1,14 Na/K 9.51 Ca/Mg 14.47 KIC!12 8/1 02 C1/Br 202 i>a ©) REPUBLIC GEOTHERMAL,INC. WATER CHEMISTRY WORK SHEET MAJOR AND MINOR COMPONENTS PAGE NO. em:_Unalaska SAMPLING DATE:2/22/82 TIME:1.D.NUMBER: meLe pont:Hot Springs Group #20,Glacier Valley apuaic:S29:#1 | Mt.Makushin,Unalaska Lag VR21041LocatedatNI152150;E4960000 DATE ANALYZED: : DATE REPORTED:5=PRODUCTION TEMPERATURE,C FLOW RATE WELLHEAD pHIN® PRESSURE (PS!)AT:SAMPLE POINT 40 FIELD: WELL HEAD NekCa 175 LAs:6.74 SAMPLE POINT SiO 2 126 tSOTOPE « coutector Parmentier Am Sid>10 0 Mg ALKALI fe) CATIONS =c ANIONS =A pom mremoies/|mea/!treat®C/ci pom mroies/!meq/!trest®A/C! ca 159 7.93 R HCO,(498 3.16 R Mg |27.9 2.29 R CO3 0 R Na £63]14.40 JR S04 212 4.4]R K 33.8 . .86 -|R a 436 12.29 R Fe .8 .04 R F 02 .001 R O-9 213 R 8 8.3 42 R Ba <.03 R 8r 2.0 -03 R NH POs <.1 R Sr 1.4 .03 R ' Mn .57 R Zn .03 R 3 555 25.70 =1156 25.32 zlc+=is .=NONIONIES 7 R pom COMMENTS:102 ee VZ_E mea(Cmal |(V2). CO2 =meq (C +A)-01 Soecific Conductance eee 4 MNOS/EM @ ° *=Sarnopie trestrnent code * Re@ raw:A ®acidified:F ©fittered N =nitrie acid:§=sutturie:C =hydrochioric O =diluted Ml samole with comme PM!DLW. ATOMIC RATIOS jel 36 sOg/cl 49 F/C!.000O-16 Na/K 9.79 Ca/Mg 5,20 KIC!08 g/Cl 02 Cl/Br 218 So.AW REPUBLIC GEOTHERMAL,INC. WATER CHEMISTRY WORK SHEET MAJOR AND MINOR COMPONENTS PAGE NO. item:__Unalaska SAMPLING DATE:2/2/82 time:ILD.NUMBER:-__{)SAMPLE POINT:Makushin River,Mt.Makushin,Unalaska REPUBLIC:MV LAB: DATE ANALYZED: DATE REPORTED:5 =PRODUCTION TEMPERATURE,C FLOW RATE WELLHEAD pH IN® WELL HEAD NekKCa Ve LAB: SAMPLE POINT $i0 2 of ISOTOPE = courector _Peterson Am Si02 Z 0 Mg ALKALI 12 D Na/K -229 CATIONS #¢ANIONS @ A poem mroies/!mea/t trest®clei ppm mernoies/i mea/!treat*A/Ci a 6.3 31 RAN HCO,|3.3 05 R Mg 2.0 -16 RAN CO3 0 Na 4.8 -2]RAN S94 [21.7 45 R K 155 |01 |RAN a |2:4 '07,«|R Fe 1.6 .09 |RAN”F .08 004 |R Li <.l RAN B <.]RAN Oo -Br Neg POs =15 ./9 £2/258 sic+A=soo --NONIONIC:6 pom COMMENTS: SiO2 VZ_S mea (CHa iv?).222 cO2 =meq (C+A) Soecifie Conductance umnesicem @ ° °s Sample treatment code ° R =raw:A ®acidified:F ©filtered N =nitri¢acid:$©sutturie:C =hycrochiorie ©=ciluted mi samoie with mi O.W. ATOMIC RATIOS cay 1 2:63 Soule 9.04 --03 ONa/C?2.00 Na/kK 8.73 Ca/Mg 3.15 K/h 23 B/C! [>a TS] REPUBLIC GEOTHERMAL,INC. WATER CHEMISTRY WORK SHEET MAJOR AND MINOR COMPONENTS PAGE NO. 'BCrem:-Unalaska SAMPLING DATE:9/2/82 TIME:1.D.NUMBER:Ohie:point:_vakushin River,Mt.Makushin,Unalaska REPUBLIC:BC LAB: DATE ANALYZED: DATE REPORTED: =PRODUCTION TEMPERATURE,-__OC FLOW RATE WELLHEAD pH IN® PRESSURE (PS!)AT:SAMPLE POINT 4.4 FIELD:6.6 WELL HEAD NaKCa =5 Lag: SAMPLE POINT S02 99 ISOTOPE « couLector -Peterson Am SiOz -a] Mg ALKALI!re ae) Na/K U CATIONS =C ANIONS @&A pom mrmoies/!mea/l treat®e/ci poem mrmoies/i meq/i treat?A/Cl Ca 6.5 232 RAN HCO;2.1 .03 R Mg 1.5 12 RAN Cos 0 Na 3.8 17 RAN $094 |17.9 3/7 R K 26 .007 RAN c-|2.2 -06 R. Fe 12 .006 RAN |FE .05 .003 -RLi<1]RAN 8 <.]RAN !0:8r Ng PO4 .td =12 .63 =22 47 SIC +A +SiO>5}.NON-IONIC:poms COMMENTS:TOS SiO 13.1 F VZ_S mea(Cnal |iv?)-.20 C02 =meg (C +A)° Specitic Conductance umnos/em @ ° *=Sampie trestment code R =raw:A ©acidified;F =filtered N ®nitric acid:§©sutturie:C =hycrochiorie 9D =ciluted mi samole with mi O.W. ATOMIC RATIOS Cay C1 2.95 soe!8.14 F/CI .023 Cc 1.73 Na/K 14.62 Ca/Mg 4 33 K/C1 ae B/C} |pate YS) REPUBLIC GEOTHERMAL,INC. WATER CHEMISTRY WORK SHEET MAJOR AND MINOR COMPONENTS PAGE NO. ITEM:Unalaska SAMPLING DATE:ae TIME:1.0.NUMBER:-"_CyjiiaskaSAMPLEPOINT:Makushin River,Mt.Makushin,Una REPUBLIC:MV LAB: OATE ANALYZED: DATE REPORTED:o =PROOUCTION TEMPERATURE,C : FLOW RATE WELLHEAD pH INe PRESSURE (PSI)AT:SAMPLE POINT 4y Fiero:__©-/ WELL HEAD Naka V7 LA: SAMPLE POINT SiO 2 67 (ISOTOPE = coutector -_Peterson Am Si02 -48 Oo , Mg ALKALI 17 D Na/K 160 CATIONS #=C ANIONS 2 A pom mrmoies/|mea/!trest®G1Gi pom mmoies/t mea/!treat?A/él Ca 12.7 .63 RAN HCO,|8.5 14 R Mg 3.2 .26 RAN CO3 0 . Na 16 -/0 =-|RAN S04 25 ay R K 75 -|02 |RAN aq |13.5 38 R Fe 04 .002 RAN -F -08 |.004-R u "00d RAN sf o<l RAN O Ba Br NHg POs =33 1.61 =47 1,04 ZIC+A+SiO9)|.NON-IONIC:, TDS 5:19 F pom COMMENTS: .102 V7_S mea (Caal |iv'2). cO2 =meq (C+A)-30 . Soecific Conductance -___._«Mhos/em @ ° ©@ Sampie treatment coce * R =raw:A ©acidified:F ©filtered N =nitrie acid:§©sulfuric:C =hycrochioric O =diluted mi sampie with ee Ml OW. ATOMIC RATIOS cay 1 94 SO4/Ci 1,85 FIC +906 ONa/Cl L19 Na/K 21.33 Ca/Mg : 06K/Ct 8/C! REPUBLIC GEOTHERMAL,INC. WATER CHEMISTRY WORK SHEET MAJOR AND MINOR COMPONENTS PAGE NO. 82OITEM:Unalaska SAMPLING DATE:_5/19/82 TIME 1b.NumeeR:--BC samece cont:_Upper Makushin River,Mt.Makushin,Unalaska REPUBLIC: BC LA: DATE ANALYZED: OATE AEPORTED:o 2 PRODUCTION TEMPERATURE,C FLOW RATE WELLHEAD pH IN«= PRESSURE (PS!)AT:SAMPLE POINT 5.1 FIELD:7.4 WELL HEAD NakCa 13 Lae: SAMPLE POINT SiO 2 75 ISOTOPE « eourecton Peterson Am Si02 40 fe] Mg ALKALI ]3 ie) Na/K 225 CATIONS #¢ANIONS aA pom mmoles/!mea/l treat®C/G}pom mmoies/t meaq/!treat?A/G}! Ca 22.9 Hed2 KAN HCO3 16.5 .27 R Mg 4.4 .36 RAN CO3 0 Na 9.9 -43 |RAN S04 50 1.04 RK|1.09 403)|RAN a |16.5 47 R ze |.06 .003 |RAN :08 004 |ROu.003 RAN 8 .22 RAN 'Ba 8e Neg P04 Sr .03 RAN ,;|y \ t =|38 1.95 54 83 1.78 I SIC +A+SiO)|.7 NON-IONIC:pom COMMENTS:Tos Sid2 24F VZ_5 meal(Cmal (v2)-06 C92 =meq (C +A}° Soecifie Conductance -__a mnosicm @ ° °=Samoie trestment coce - A =raw:A =acidified:F «filtered N @ nitric acid:§®suiturie:C =hydrochiorice O =diluted mi samoie with mi OW. ATOMIC RATIOS cay ct 1.36 s04/C!3.03 ze! -005 O Na/@t -60 Na/K 08 Ca/Mg 5.U K/Ct 07 s/ci REPUBLIC GEOTHERMAL,INC. WATER CHEMISTRY WORK SHEET MAJOR AND MINOR COMPONENTS PAGE NO.oO#6rem:__Unalaska SAMPLING DATE:1982 TIME:ILD.NUMBER:rrSAMPLEPoint:cold Spri ng,Upper Makushin River REPUBLIC:Mt.Makushin,Unalaska Located at _N1189200;E4971/00 te sar yzen:ae DATE REPORTED: =PROOUCTION TEMPERATURE,-C FLOW RATE WELLHEAO pHIN® PRESSURE (PSI)AT:SAMPLE POINT 6.5 FIELD:6.6 WELL HEAD NakCa '7.5 Lag: SAMPLE POINT Sid 2 29 ISOTOPE = COLLECTOR -Motyka Am Si02 -59 ra Mg ALKALI Z fe) Na/K 210 CATIONS =¢ANIONS =A oom mrmoies/|mea/l treat?Cli pom mrnoies/!mea/st treat?|A/C! Ca 1.5 -U9 |FAN HCO 12 .20 F Mg 63 -05 |FAN CO3 0 Na 2.6 ell JE S04 6.0 06 EK24.07 F a 3.7..10 wz |<]FAN er F Oui<.01 FAN 8 1.0 os |F "Ba 8r NHg PO -Sr <.1 FAN , :5.4 .2/=19.5 41 TIC +A+SiO2)|-NON-ONIC:ppm F coMMENTS:TOS Si02 J13__FD V2_5 mea(Cmai |(v2). cO2 =meq (C #A)4) Seecifie Conduczanes a mnosicm )° *=Sample treawnent coce * R=raw:A =acidified:F ©filtered N @ nitrie acids $*sulfurie:C =hydrochioric 0 =diluted _l0 mi samoie with _100__mi OW. ATOMIC RATIOS Cay C1 49 SOg/c 76 F/CI -ONa/Cl /0 Na/K 10.83 Ca/Mg 2.86 KIC 07 3/C!27 to.hd REPUBLIC GEOTHERMAL,INC. WATER CHEMISTRY WORK SHEET MAJOR AND MINOR COMPONENTS PAGE NO. 5/25/82=M:Unalaska SAMPLING DATE:5/25/82 TIME 1.D.NUMBER:Ooew POINT:Makushin Valley Cold Spring REPUBLIC:M12 Mt.Makushin,Unalaska Lag:VR20068 DATE ANALYZED: , Located at_N1191100;E4985100 DATE REPORTED:6/11/82 =PROOUCTION TEMPERATURE,WCFLOwRATE_ _!0_gpm WELLHEAD pHIN® PRESSURE (PSI)AT:SAMPLE POINT 8 FIELD:6.4 WELL HEAD NakCa 39 Lae:6.2 SAMPLE POINT SiO 9 73 ISOTOPE « cotrectorn -Matlick Am Si02 =4e ° Mg ALKALI 39 D Na/K 270 CATIONS =¢ANIONS =A poem mrmoles/|mea/t trest®Cc}pom mmoles/!meaq/!trest®A/C! o 5.9 £29 F HeS3 |20 133 F Mg 3.45 28 F CO3 <]0 F Na 8 34 |F SO4 24 -90 F K 1.4 04 F Q 10 28 F |Fe .39 F F 73 .04 F Li <.01 F 8 <.005 F 0:.085 F Br <.]F Nig PO.|<.]F i sr e 76 e 02 F . Al .23 .03 *F Cd .03]F Mn .007 F :20 1.03 Z 54./1.15 LIC +A +SiO5)|-NON-IONIC;poem .ToS SiO 52.8 F COMMENTS: V2 ED mealCeal (V2)C02 Soatcear =.078 Specific Conductance umnosiem @ ° °s Sample trestment code - R =raw:A @ acidified:F =fittered N ®@ nitric acid:§=sulfurie:C =hydrochiorie D =diluted mi sempie with mi O.W. ATOMIC RATIOS Cay C1 59 $04/C!2.40 FIC)-073 K/C!14 B/C)0 CIBr %if3 Be REPUBLIC GEOTHERMAL,INC. WATER CHEMISTRY WORK SHEET MAJOR AND MINOR COMPONENTS PAGE NO. trem:Unalaska SAMPLING DATE:-o/19/82 time:ILD.NUMBER:LySAMPLEPOINT:Glacier Riyer,Mt,Makushin,Unalaska REPUBLIC:GV LAB: DATE ANALYZED: DATE REPORTED:==PRODUCTION TEMPERATURE,c FLOW RATE WELLHEAD pH IN® PRESSURE (PSI)AT:SAMPLE POINT 7.7 FIELD:7.2 WELL HEAD NaKCa 10 LAB: SAMPLE POINT SiO 2 25 ISOTOPE « coutectorn _Peterson Am SiO -59 0 Mg ALKALI 10 fs) Na/K 238 CATIONS =¢ANIONS aA pom mrmoles/!mea/t treat®C/ei pom mrnoies/t mea/sl treat®AICI ca 42.9 2.14 |RAN HOS3 |15.2 225 R Mg |5.7 47 |RAN CO3 0 Na TTed 48)RAN SO,|120 2.90 R K 1.4 .04 {RAN e 18 5]R Pe 44 .02 RAN E a].006 RLi.009 .001 |RAN 3 19 01 RAN OBsBr: NHg POs | |Sr .08 .002 }RAN 4 =61 3.15 =154 3.27 || SIC +A+SiO?!-NON-IONIC:pom COMMENTS:TDS Sid>13.F VZ_=mea (CHa)|iv?)-.03 CO ZS meg (C +A)° Seecifie Conductance &mnos/em @ ° ¢=Sample treatment coce - R =raw:A @ acidified:F =filtered N =nitric acia:§©sutturie:C =hydrochiorie O =diluted mi samoie with mi D.W. ATOMIC RATIOS cay 2.38 s04/Cl 6.67 FIC .006 ONa/Cl 61 Na/K 7.93 Ca/Mg 7.53 K/C!08 s/c!Q] REPUBLIC GEOTHERMAL,INC. WATER CHEMISTRY WORK SHEET MAJOR AND MINOR COMPONENTS PAGE NO. =M:Unalaska :SAMPLING DATE:5/25/82 TIME:ILD.NUMBER:Ow.point:_clacier Val Tey Cold Spring reeuatic:__.M1OMt.Makushin,Unalaska VR20066 Located at N1150200;E4960700 LAB: :DATE ANALYZED: DATE REPORTED:6/11/82 =PRODUCTION TEMPERATURE,--C.FLOW RATE _15 gpm WELLHEAD pH IN® WELL HEAD NaxCa LAB:6.% SAMPLE POINT .SiO 2 59 ISOTOPE « courectorn __Matlick Am SiO?=55 0 Mg ALKAL!-18 an) Na/k 164 CATIONS =C |ANIONS =A pom mrmoijes/]mea/!trest®e/ci pom mmoles/t mea/!tresat®A/ei Ca 3.0 149 F HCO3 |33 54 F Mg |1.49 -123 F COz «{<]F Na 7.5 27 en SO,|<0 F K 38 _|010 F a |8.7 .25 F Fe |445 02 F F 66 ||03.|F Li <.01 F B <.005 F©:13 . "002 F <1 F NH,PO4 |<.!F |sr .88 .02 F '| Mn .006 F | Zn 015 F | z 13.8 65 =43 84 | Tos sid?14.6Ff V7_S meaiCnal |(v2)-.16 co.- =meq (C+A)°TDS =72 Soecifie Conductance cum mnosicm @ ° *=Sample trestment coce - R =raw:A =acidified:F =filtered N =nitrie acid;S =sulfuric:C =hydrochioric O =diluted mi sampje with om!O.W. ATOMIC RATIOS Ca/CI 34 SO4/C!0 Fer 08 O:.86 Na/k 19.74 Ca/Mg 2:01 Ici 04 8/¢!0 C1Br ---f>SH REPUBLIC GEOTHERMAL,INC. WATER CHEMISTRY WORK SHEET MAJOR AND MINOR COMPONENTS PAGE NO.- >alaska 7/5/81 ITEM:Unal SAMPLING DATE:TPN TIME:1.2.NUMBER:GRM] SAMPLE POINT:_.Glacier Valley River RePuaLic:Mt.Makushin,Unalaska LAB: OATE ANALYZED: OATE REPORTED:a) =PRODUCTION TEMPERATURE,C FLOW RATE WELLHEAD pHIN = PR ESSURE (PS1)AT:SAMPLE POINT 4 .9 FI ELD: WELL HEAD NakCa LA8: SAMPLE POINT SiO 2 ISOTOPE «= courscton -__Motyka Am Si07 0 Mg ALKALI fe) Na/K CATIONS =¢ANIONS #A : porn mrmoies/|mea/t trest®Clic pom mrmoies/t mea/!trest®AlGt Ca 9 0.45 FAC HCO3 ND Mg |1.9 -16 FAC CO Na 4.7 20 F SO&4 29 .60 F K 8 .02 F a 5.6 16 F Fe 0.0 FAC FE <.]F OLi0.0 FAC 3 0.0 F Sa Sr Nhig P04 =16.4 |.83 =(39 /6 | LIC +A +SiO5)|-_NONIONIC:sem COMMENTS:TOS .Sid?-20 FD V7_S mea (Cad |(v2). C02 =meq (C+A).06 TDS 71 Soecifie Canductances s mnosiem @ ° °=Samoile treatment coce - R =raw:A =acidified:F @ filtered N =nitric acid:§=sulfuric:C =hydrocniorie 9 =diluted 10 mi samoie with 100 mi O.W. ND =Not determined ATOMIC RATIOS Cay ot 1.6]SO4/Ci 5.18 FC!-ONa/Ci 84 Na/kK 5.86 CaiMg 4.74 K/C 14 3/c: REPUBLIC GEOTHERMAL,INC. WATER CHEMISTRY WORK SHEET MAJOR AND MINOR COMPONENTS PAGE NO. UnalaskaSTEM:SAMPLING DATE:9/1/82 TIME:1D.NUMBER:Ques POINT:Glacier River REPUBLIC:GY Mt.Makushin,Unalaska LAB: OATE ANALYZED: DATE REPORTED:-, =PRODUCTION TEMPERATURE, FLOW RATE WELLMEAD pHIN®« PRESSURE (PSI)AT:SAMPLE POINT 4.9 FIELD:57 WELL HEAD NakKCa 2 LAB: SAMPLE POINT Si0 2 80 ISOTOPE = cottecror -Peterson Am Sid2 -36 Pa Mg ALKALI 2 fe) Na/K 24g: CATIONS =C " ANIONS ©A pom mmotes/|mea/!treat?Cle}poem mmoies/t mea/i trest®A/G} Ca 29 1.45 |RAN RCO 1.4 .02 R Mg 3.6 .30 |RAN Cd 0 Na 6.5 .28 |RAN SOq |83.5 12/4 R K -88 "02 |RAN a |6.2 _17 R |Fe |3.7 *20 |RAN oe |8 |or |RiB<.10 RAN Ba Br Nig P04 s 44 2.09 z 9]1.95 SIC +A+Si :zit+a=s Oo).*NOMONS 5 F pom COMMENTS:$109 Se V7_S mea (Coal |(v2)-10 cO2 =meq (C+A)° Soecific Conductance r”)mnos/em @ ° °=Sample trestment coce - R =raw:A @ acidified:F =filtered N ®nitric acid;§=sutturie:C =hydrochioric O «diluted mi samoie with mil O.W. ATOMIC RATIOS ..029 Cay Cl 4.68 SO4/Cl 13.47 F/C1 O-1.05 Naik 7.39 cay 8:06 KIC!14 s/c!Fi REPUBLIC GEOTHERMAL,INC. WATER CHEMISTRY WORK SHEET MAJOR AND MINOR COMPONENTS PAGE NO. Tem:._Unalaska sampuing DATE:-2/18/82 rime:ILD.NUMBER:=OSAMPLEPOINT:..Driftwood River,Mt.Makushin,Unalaska REPUBLIC:DW LAB: DATE ANALYZED: DATE REPORTED:+. =PRODUCTION TEMPERATURE, FLOW RATE WELLHEAD pH INe PRESSURE (PS!)AT:SAMPLE POINT --3+!FIELD:6.5 WELL HEAD NaKCa u LAB: SAMPLE POINT Sid 2 50 ISOTOPE = coLLector Peterson Am Sid2 -63 re) Mg ALKAL!--11 D Na/K 139 CATIONS =C ANIONS =A pom mrmoies/!mea/t trest®c/et pom menoies/!mea/l treat?A/C! Ca 14.5 -/2 RAN HCO3 oO]1 RK Mg -3.9 .32 RAN CO3 0 Na 17.4 ./6 |RAN S04 7 215 R K .59 ..02 RAN a 13.5 .38 R Fe .03 .002 |RAN e _06 .003 R Li .001 RAN ; <.]RAN OBaBr NHg PO4 |sr .008 RAN ' i { J =|36 1,82 s 27 53 ! zit A +Sido)|°NON-IONIC:pem COMMENTS:TDS Si0>F VZ_=mea Ca)|(v2)12 C2 =meq (C+A) . Soecific Conductance zB mhos/cm @ ° *=Sample trestment coce * R =raw:A ®acidified:F =filtered N =nitric acid:S =suiturie:C =hydrochiorice ©=diluted mi sammie with mi D.W. ATOMIC RATIOS cay C1 1.07 soa/ct 52 F/CI 004 -ONsa/C!1 29 Na/k 29.49 Ca/Mg 3.7/2 KIC!04 B/C -5Sea REPUBLIC GEOTHERMAL,INC. WATER CHEMISTRY WORK SHEET MAJOR AND MINOR COMPONENTS PAGE NO. SEM:Unal aska SAMPLING DATE:5/18/82 TIME:1.0.NUMBER:DEOopont:.Oriftwood River,Mt.Makushin,Unalaska REPUBLIC:DE LAB: DATE ANALYZED: OATE REPORTED:oF=PRODUCTION TEMPERATURE,C FLOW RATE WELLHEAD pHIN® PRESSURE (PS})}AT:SAMPLE POINT 9.0 FIELD:6.3 WELL HEAD NakCa o/Lae: SAMPLE POINT $09 Z]ISOTOPE =courectorn __Peterson Am Si02 re 0MgALKAL2je) Na/K 223 CATIONS #=C ANIONS 2A pom mrnoies/\meaq/l trest®C/Ci ppm mmoies/|meq/!treat?A/Cl ce]9.1 45 |RAN HCO |13-4 "22 R Mg 2.8 .23 RAN CO3 0 Na 124 1.04 RAN SO4 5 -10 R K 2.58 .07 RAN a 45 1.27 R | Fe 12 .006 |RAN |.F .09 .005 |Ru|085 -01 |RAN 3 44 02 RANO:5 Nig POs L Sr .006 RAN ' | =|aq TST =|64 T.62 TDS Si0>ZF V27_5 mea (Cama)|(v2)-.08 CO? =meq (C+A). Specific Conductance umnesiem @ ° *=Sampie treatment code * R=rew:A ©acidified:F =filrered N =nitric acid;§©sutfurie:C =hydrochiorie 3d =diluted mi sampie with mi O.W. ATOMIC RATIOS Ca/Cl -20 $O4/¢i F/Ch 002 Oo:54 Na/k 9.30 Ca/Mg 3.25 Sen -06 Bye!0] £3 AH REPUBLIC GEOTHERMAL,INC. WATER CHEMISTRY WORK SHEET MAJOR AND MINOR COMPONENTS PAGE NO,-GaskaITEM:Unal SAMPLING DATE:7/8 TIME:1D.NUMBER:DRMI SAMPLE POINT:___Driftwood Bay River REPUBLIC:Mt.Makushin,Unalaska LAB: OATE ANALYZED: OATE REPORTED:- =PROOUCTION TEMPERATURE,C FLOW RATE WELLHEAD pH IN = PRESSURE (PSI)AT:SAMPLE POINT 3,8 FIELD: WELL HEAD NakCa LA: SAMPLE POINT SiO 2 ISOTOPE « courectoa -_Motyka Am Si02 fe) Mg ALKALI ie) Na/K CATIONS =C ANIONS =A pom memoies/!mea/l treat®C/ci poem menoies/t mea/l trest®A/C! Ca 2.6 13 FAC HCO3 ND Mg _5 04 FAC CO3 Na 2 .ba F S04 3 .06 F K }+06 O02 TF a |2.6 07 |F | Fe .06 .003 |FAC -|<0.1 F Oui|0.0 FAC ge |0.0 F ! +Ba Br 4 NH POs |Sr 0.01 FAC ; =5.2 26 |ba 5.6 SIC +A +SiO5)|._NON-IONIC:pom COMMENTS:ToS Si02 4.5 FD V7_=mea iC-a)|(V2). coe Zomeg (C+A)TOS 15 Seecific Canduczance "as Mnosiem 9 , ©»Samote treatment coce - R =raw:A ©acidified:F =filtered N =nitric acia:$=suifurie:C =hycrochiorie 0 =diluted -_ld mi samoie with __100_mi O.W. ND =Not determined ATOMIC RATIOS Ca C1 1.0 $Oaic!1,16 F/Ci 77 33 5.2Na/G 'Na/K Ca/iMg KCl 02 g/c1 fl Se REPUBLIC GEOTHERMAL,INC. WATER CHEMISTRY WORK SHEET MAJOR AND MINOR COMPONENTS PAGE NO. rem:___Unalaska SAMPLING DATE:-9/1/82_time:to.numeer:-DW :i i askaQuesPOINT:Driftwood River,Mt.Makushin,Unalas REPUBLIC:DW LAB: DATE ANALYZED: DATE REPORTED: =PRODUCTION TEMPERATURE,¢ FLOW RATE WELLHEAD pHIN® PRESSURE (PS!)AT:SAMPLE POINT 7.1 FIELD:6.4 WELL HEAD NakCa 2]LAB: SAMPLE POINT SiO 2 68 ISOTOPE « couLector -Peterson Am SiO>=47 o Mg ALKALI 2]D CATIONS =¢ANIONS ©A ; pom mmoiles/|mea/!treat?ye}pom mmoies/|mneq/!trest°A/C! Ca 3 215 RAN HCO3 |3.9 -06 R Mg |].08 RAN CO3 0 Na 6 -26 =|RAN SO4 7.5 16 R K 47 0]RAN fo]4.4 42 R Fe .09 .005 |RAN FE -05 .003 R ui 8oO:z Nwg P04 =a 5]=16 |235 ric+aa Sen ..NONAONIC:03 °F pom COMMENTS:SiD2 - V2_S mea (Comal |tv?)-.26 C02 =meq (C+A). Soecific Conductance ry mnos/cm @ ° °=Sample treatrnent coce * Re raw:A =acidified:F =filtered N =nitric acid:S$©sulfuric:C =hydrochtoric O =diluted mi samoie with mi O.W. ATOMIC RATIOS Cay Cl 68 $0,4/¢1 1.70 FIC 01 O-:1.36 Nalk 12.77.Ca/Mg 3.00 K/Ct Hi B/C! 2 Se REPUBLIC GEOTHERMAL,INC. WATER CHEMISTRY WORK SHEET MAJOR AND MINOR COMPONENTS PAGE NO. #7 ()--_______ID.Numer:ITEM:Unalaska sampuneoate:-/1/8)sine, SAMPLE POINT:COld Stream,Driftwood Valley REPUBLIC:#7 Mt.Makushin,Unalaska LAB: DATE ANALYZED: DATE REPORTED: =PRODUCTION TEMPERATURE, FLOW RATE WELLHEAD pH IN © PRESSURE (PS!)AT:SAMPLE POINT 3.8 eiecp:_.ND WELL HEAD NaKCa =24 LAB: SAMPLE POINT Si0 2 26 ISOTOPE = courectorn -Motyka Am Si02 =34 ° Mg ALKALI -24 fe) Na/K 132 CATIONS =¢ANIONS =4 pom mmoiles/|mea/t treat®C/ei pom mmmoiles/I meaq/!treat?AlCt Ca |2.6 713 |FAN Heo,|ND Mg 5 .04 FAN CO3 ND Na 2.0 .09 F SO4 |3.1 .06 F K .06 .002 |F c!2.6 .07 F Fe 06 :003 |FAN e |41 005 |F OLi<.01 FAN B 01 F Ba Br NHg PO4 |Sr <.01 FAN ' =5.2 .26 BS 5.8 SIC +A +SiO>)..cna *_mer 5 pp em |comments: V7_S mea (C-a)-(v2). cO2 =meq (C +A) Soecifie Conducrance wmhosicem @ ° *=Sample treatment code R =raw:A =acidified:F ©filtered N =nitric acid;$*sulfuric;C =hydrochioric 0 =diluted 10 mi samoie with 100 mi OW, ND =Not determined ATOMIC RATIOS , cay cI 1.00 sOa/tl 1.19 FC!039 ONa/Cl 77]Na/K 33,33 Ca/Mg 5.20 K/C!02 8/¢c! REPUBLIC GEOTHERMAL.INC. WATER CHEMISTRY WORK SHEET MAJOR AND MINOR COMPONENTS PAGE NO. =M:Unalaska SAMPLING DATE:2/29/82 tyme:1.0.NUMBER:Ohee point:_Driftwood Bay Cold Spring REPUBLIC:M1]Mt.Makushin,Unalaska VR20067LocatedatN1210700;E 4970700 se Nar yzen:LAB: pate reported:-6/11/82 =PRODUCTION TEMPERATURE,CC FLOW RATE 25 gpm WELLHEAD pH IN@ WELL HEAD NakCa 35.4 LAB: SAMPLE POINT . $10 2 83 ISOTOPE « cottecroa _Matlick Am Sid2 -33 fe) Mg ALKALI 35.4 fe) Na/K 246 CATIONS «C ANIONS =A pom mrmoies/i mea/t treat®c/ti pom mmoies/t mea/t treat?A/c} ca 15.9 .29 F HCO;|41 .67 F Mg |3.02 225 F Oz |<]F Na 8./38 F $O4 |<3 FK1.2 .03 F a 12 34 F Fe 06 .003 F F .71 .04 F ti |<-0l F 8 017 001 |FO:088 001 |F <1 F NH,POs <1 .Sr 74 02 F , Cd .019 F Mn 006 ={20 .97 =.154 1.04 Tos Sid?22.8F V2_S mec(C-al |(v2)-05 co.--__ .Smeq ical . Specific Conductance umnhosicm @ ° ©«Sampie treatment coce * R @ raw:A ©acidified:F =filtered N =nitric acid:§=sulfuric;C =hydrochioric O =diluted mi samoie with mi O.W. ATOMIC RATIOS Cay C1 49 $04/¢1 0 FCI 059. ci 73 Na/K 7.25 Ca/Mg -1.95 1C1 10 8/¢c!00)ClBr = |rwyo] APPENDIX F DRILLING PROGRAM UNALASKA TEMPERATURE GRADIENT HOLES APPENDIX F DRILLING PROGRAM UNALASKA TEMPERATURE GRADIENT HOLES Planned Total Depth:1500'Maximum Procedure: 1. 2. Move in and rig up core drill equipment. Spud 6"hole with rock bit and drill with mud to 150'+(or unti1 approx.30'bedrock has been penetrated).Open hole to 8"+. Run and cement 5-1/2"0.0.casing @ 150'+w/30+sax class A cement plus3%calcium chloride (Note:If cement returns are not circulated to the surface,additional cement 1s to be pumped into the casing-open hole annulus from the surface until the annulus is filled). Install]6"master valve,flow tee,single gate BOP,and stripper assembly. Drill ahead using a 4-3/4"rock bit on "NX"size drill rod to as deep as practicable. When penetration rate and/or hole conditions (1.e.,lost circulation, sloughing,excessive torque,etc.)dictate,begin wireline coring operations using NX rod and 3"diamond corehead to 1500'T.D. Note:Should hole conditions require an intermediate casing string,the 7. Note: NX pipe will be left in the hole as temporary casing and coring will be continued using BQ rod (hole size 2-1/2"+)to T.D. After coring or drilling to T.D.,F111 hole with cement contaminated mud and run 1-1/2"completion tubing (capped on bottom)to T.D.F111 tubing with fresh water.Cement tubing-casing annulus from surface. Should a steam or hot fluid entry be encountered at or prior to T.D.,the following steps are to be accomplished: Obtain fluid samples and record surface pressures and temperatures. K411 well with cold water or mud. c.Run 1-1/2"completion tubing with perforated shoe and pin collar on bottom. d.Cement entire 1-1/2"tubing string to surface (displace cement from tubing with fresh water and pump down wiper plug).Close in tubing at the surface.oowe° Tear out BOP equipment and if necessary,fill top 20'+of tubing-casingannuluswithcement. Move out drilling rig. Thoroughly clean up location and restore as nearly as possible to original condition. Allow well to stand for 7-10+days and run temperature gradient survey.Repeat after additional 7-10 days. APPENDIX G PERMIT APPLICATIONS AND APPROVALS FOR 1982 FIELD OPERATIONS Appendix G-1l United States Fish and Wildlife Service Special Use Permit No.AI-82-10 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Permit numberSta.No.to be credited US.Fish and Wildlife Service AI-82-10 74502 ALEUTIAN ISLANDS UNIT ALASKA MARITIME Contract number National Wildlife Refuge SPECIAL USE PERMIT mate eid 27,1982 'Period of use (inclusive)Permittee (Neme end address} Timothy M.Evans,Vice President From 19RepublicGeothermal,Inc. ,June 1 82 11823 E.Slauson Ave,Suite 1 To September 30,19 82 --Santa-Fe-Springs,-CA-90610 Ph:(213)945-3661 Purpose (Specify in detail privilege requested,or units of products involved)To permit Republic Geothermal and/or Dames and Moore and/or their subcontractor personnel to explore for geothermal resource potential on the eastern flanks of Makushin Volcano,Unalaska Island,Aleutian Islands (Fig.162,Exhibit A).This permit is for the second stage of activity,specifically the drilling of three (3)one thousand five hundred (1500) foot deep temperature gradient holes per Exhibit A (attached). Description (Specify unit numbers:metes and bounds:or other recognizable designations} Drill three 1500 foot deep small diameter temperature gradient holes per Exhibit A on the eastern flank of Makushin Voleano for the purpose of studying subsurface geologic formation and determine subsurface temperatures.A letter of nonobjection has been submitted (Exh.B) Amount of fee $___None If not a fixed fee payment,specify rate and unit of charge: ((]Full payment C].Partial payment-Balance of payments to be made as follows: Record of Payments. N/A Special Conditions 1.All Special Conditions 1 through 11 on Special Use Permit AI-82-09 dated April 8,1982, remain in effect. This permit is issued by the U.S.Fish and Wildlife Service,and accepted by the undersigned,subject to the terms.covenants.obligations.and reservations,expressed or implied therein,and to the conditions and require- ments appearing on the reverse side. ;Zi =77SPermittee/Signature/Republic Geotyefmal,inc.Issuing Offic ;itl ((b>3 ="y v t -yn fe 7 th " - Timorhy MStlan's wil nkpr ery C.Fred Zeiltemaker,Retug fjanager ce:John.'L.Martin,\Alaska Maritime NWR and Larry Calvert,RO,USFWS,Anchorage GENERAL CONDITIONS 1.Payments.Ail payments shall be made on or before the due 'date vo the local representative of the U.S.Fish and Wildlife Service by a postal money order or check made payable to the U.5.Fish and_Wildlife,Service.+ Use limitations.The permiccee's use2 of the described premises -is!limited to the purposes herein specified;does not unless provided_forin this permit allow him to rescrict other.authorized entry on to his©area;and permits the Service to carry on,'whatever activities are-necessary for (1)protection and maintenance of the premises andadjacentlandsadministeredbytheServiceand(2)the management'of wildlife and fish using the premises and other Service lands. --="-*§$)Damages.The Uniced States shail-not be-responsible for-any loss or damage to property including but noc limited to growing crops,-animals.and machinery;or injury te.the permictee,or his relatives,oroftheofficers.agents,employees,or any others who are on thepremisesfromiinstructionsorbythesufferanceofthepermitteeorhisassociates;or for damages or interference caused by-wildliie"or.-emplovees or representatives of the Government carrying out theirofficialresponsibilities.Tre permittee agrees (o save the UnitedStatesoranyofitsagenciesharmlessfromanyandallclaimsfor _structures, .premises for which he is respansible.Wishin this period he must also: 8.Termination Policy.At the termination of this permit,the permittee shall immediately give up possession to the Servicerepresentative,reserving,however,the rights specified in paragraph9.If he fails to do so,he will pay the Government,as liquidateddamages.an amount double the rate specified in this permit for the"emtire time he withholds possession.Upon yielding possession,the_.permittee will still be 'allowed to reenter as needed to remove hispropertyasstatedin"paragraph |9.The acceptance of any fee forliquidateddamagesoranyotheractofadministrationrelatingtothecontinuedtenancyisnot-to be considered as an affirmance of thepermittee's action nor,shall it_operate as_a waiver of theGovernment's right to terminate or cancel the permit for the breachofanyspecifiedconditionorrequirement:oO - vn Reérfioval "of Permictee's Property:”Upon"the:expiration or-termination of chis permit,if ail rental charges |and/or damage claims -due to the Government have been paid,"thepermittee may,within a._reasonable period as stated in the permit or as determined by the.refuge.officer in charge.but nat to exceed 60 days,machinery.and/ar--ocher equipment,-etc., remove any otherof his property including his acknowledged share of:products or crops grown,cut,harvested,stored,of stacked on chefdamagesorlosseschatmayariseorbeincidentto,the flucding of the _....premises.by-him.-Upon failure to remove any ofthe -above-itemspremisesresultingfromanyassociatedGovernmentrive;and hazbor,.fioed control,reclamation,or Tennesser.Valley Authority activity.4.Operating”Rules .and.Laws.The permitree.shall keep the:..:premisesina neat and orderly condition at all times,and shail comply .-with all municipal,county,and State laws applicable to his operationsunderthepermitaswellasailFederal!aws,rules,and reguiations governing National Wiidlife Refuges and the area described in this-permu.He shaii comply with ali instructions applicable to this permitissuedbytherefugeofficer-in charge.He shall take all.reasonablePrecautionstopreventtheescapeoffiresandtosuppressfiresandshallrenderallreasonabieassistanceinthesuppressionofrefuge fires. 5.Responsibility of Permittee.The permittee,by operating on © the premises,shall be considered to have accepced these premises with all the facilides,fixtures,or improvements in their existing specified or upon earlier terminacion,he shall give up the premises in as good order and condition as when received except for reasonablewear,tear,or damage occurring without fault or negligence.The permittee will fully repay the Service for any and all damage directly ,oF indjrectly resulting from negligence or failure on his part,or thepartofanyoneofhisassociates,to use reasonable care.6.Revocation Policy.'This permit may be revoked by the RegionalDirectoroftheServicewithoutnoticefornoncompliancewiththe regulations governing National Wildlife Refuges or for nonuse.Ir is ac all times subject to discretionary revocation by the Director of the Service.Upon such revocation the Service.by and through any authorized representative,may take possession of the said premises for its own and sole use,or may enter and possess the premises as the agent of the permiuee and for his account. 7.Compliance.Failure of the Service to insist upon a strict compliance with any of this permit's terms,conditions,and requirements shall not constitute a waiver or be considered as a giving up of the Service's right to thereafter enforce any of the permit's terms,conditions,or requirements. condition-zsofthe dateofthis permit.-At the end of the period -- -terms-hereof or for-violation of general and/or specific laws-or..- -within.the aforesaid period,they shall become the property of the+--+United Scates. -at10.Transier of Privileges.This |permit is not transferable,and noprivilegeshereinmentionedmaybesubletormadeavailabletoany.person or interest not mentioned:in this permit.-ivo interest,hereunder may accrue through lien or be wransferred to a third partywithouttheapprovdloftheRegionalDirectoroftheU.S.Fish andWildlifeServiceandthepermitshallnotbeusedforspeculative"purposes.: '*.V15 Conditions of Permit_not.Fulfitled.If the permittee fails to'fulfill anv of the conditions and requirements set forth nerein,all money paid under this permit shall be retained hy the Government tobeusedtosatisfyasmuchofthepermictree's obligations as possidie. 12.Officials Barred from Participating.No Member of Congress or"Resident Commissionershall participate in any part of this contract or__to any benefit that may arise from it,but this provision shall noc..pertain to this contract if_made with a corporation for its general .benefir.ets Coos mae18.Nondiscerimination in Employment.The permitee agrees to beboundbytheequalopportunityclauseofExecutiveOrder11246, which is actached hereto and made a part of this permit. 14,In accordance with the Privacy Act of 1974 (PL 93-579),please _be advised that:(1.)Your participation is voluntary:however,failure"to answer allquestions fully may delay processing of your application .or result in denial of a permit.(2.}Information will be used as a: criteria for the selection of special use permits and for idencificacion of personnel having special use permits on Natiorial Wildlife Refuges. ($.)This information is collected under the authority of the Nacional Wildlife Refuge System Administration Act of 1966 (16 U.S.C. 668dd-668ee),the Fish and Wildlife Act of 1956 (16 U.S.C.742d),and Title 50,Parts 29 and 32,of the Code of Federal Regulations.(4.)In the event there is indicated a violacion of a statute,regulation,rule, order,or license,whether civil.criminal,or regulatory in nature.the requested information may be transferred to the appropriate Federal, State,local,or foreign agency charged with investigating or prosecuting such violations.(5.)In the event of litigation involving the records or the subject mater of the records,the requesied information may be transferred to the U.S.Department of Justice. Femove allyfrom:the - O O O EXHIBIT A DESCRIPTION OF TEMPERATURE GRADIENT HOLE OPERATIONS I.Introduction The Alaska Power Authority (APA)has contracted with Republic Geothermal,Inc.(Republic)to explore the eastern flanks of Makushin Volcano on Unalaska Island for geothermal resources.Figure 1 is a vicinity map showing the location of Unalaska Island.Figure 2 is a map showing the location of the proposed exploratory operations on Unalaska Island.The geothermal resource exploratory operations planned by Republic and the APA will be conducted in basically three stages:ini- tial geologic exploratory work,temperature gradient hole operations (both conducted during 1982),and drilling of one deep exploratory geothermal well (drilled in 1983).This application covers the temperature gradient hole operations. A separate permit application has already been filed for the initial geologic work,and another will be filed for the deep exploratory well as the details of the operations are final- ized. The purpose of the temperature gradient hole (TGH)oper- ations is to study the subsurface geologic formations and to obtain records of subsurface temperatures.A TGH is a small diameter hole drilled to a relatively shallow depth,into which is placed one-to two-inch diameter plastic or steeltubingthatiscappedatbothendsandfilledwithwater.TheGHisleftundisturbedforaminimumofoneweektoallowthe water to equilibrate to the temperature of the surrounding rock.The temperature is then measured at regular depth in- tervals within the pipe with a thermistor attached to a cable. After the temperatures are monitored over a period of time, the TGH's are typically abandoned by cutting the pipe off three feet below the surface,placing a cement plug in the top fifteen feet of the TGH,and then burying the TGH with soil. Abandonment can be accomplished without the use of a drilling rig. II.Location of Temperature Gradient Holes Although only three temperature gradient holes will be drilled,eleven alternative sites are being proposed in this application.Because of seasonal weather constraints,we de- sire to commence temperature gradient hole operations immedi- ately after the completion of the initial exploratory work. However,the decision as to which three sites will actually be drilled can only be made after analysis of the geologic and environmental data collected during the initial exploratory work.Thus we are submitting this application,with the al- ternative sites,concurrent with the field work so that approval may be obtained in a timely manner.Approval for all eleven sites as alternatives for three TGH's is requested. l- "U" .aN-cSR119We.Hevesi VIZoboe 'fezWisAQ . LF roft. ' hin VaaoSLve FIGURE2 LOCATION OF PROPOSED OPERATIONS ON UNALASKA ISLAND A Temporary Camp Site @ Temperature Gradient Hole Site (TG-A thru TG-K) The eleven alternative sites are shown in Figure 2. Selection of the sites was based on topography,proximity to a source of drilling fluid make-up water,current geologic knowledge,and logistical suitability for helicopter transport of equipment and personnel.Because of the poor quality of existing maps these site locations should be considered ap- proximations.Final placement of the three TGH sites will be based upon actual field conditions and more detailed geologic data. Figure 2 also shows the location of the temporary dril- ling camp.This camp location is the same as the camp to be used for the initial geologic exploratory work.The size of the camp will be enlarged to accommodate the drilling crew and Support personnel.This camp will be used by all personnel unless poor weather conditions preclude helicopter transport between the camp site and a TGH site.In that case,a small camp located at the drill site will be used as necessary. III.Discussion of Proposed Operations Each TGH will be drilled to a depth of approximately 1,500 feet by a continuous wireline coring rig typical of those used for mining exploration.Figure 3 is a drawing of the type of rig which will be used.The rig will be trans- ported by barge to Unalaska Island and then transported in sections by helicopter to and from the drill site.For fur- ther information regarding drilling procedures,please see Section IV. An area of approximately 30-feet by 50-feet will be "leveled as necessary by hand labor or the use of lumber for the temperature gradient hole rig.A small mud pit or steel tank will be used to collect the rock cuttings and to store the drilling fluid before it is recirculated.The drilling operations will require approximately 500 gallons of water per day which will be obtained from snowmelt or a nearby rivulet and will be stored in a small tank on location.When each TGH is completed,the cuttings and waste drilling fluid (drilling mud and/or water)will either be dried and the residue spread on the surface of the ground or buried and covered with native soil depending upon the most environmentally appropriate dis- posal technique for the site.The amount of waste drilling fluid is likely to be less than fifty gallons since most of the drilling fluid generated during the drilling of the TGH will be used to set the cement around the casing during com- pletion of the well.Most of the rock cores will be sent to Republic's home office and to various agencies as samples.The.remainder may be boxed and transported from the site by helicopter or it may be left at the site.In the latter case, the amount of rock cores left at the site would form a rock pile approximately l0-feet by 3-feet by 2-feet.Figure 4 is a sketch of a typical TGH site. -4- O O FIGURE 3 VERTICAL MAST CONTINUOUS WIRELINE CORING R IG 4 FIGURE 4 TYPICAL SITE PLAN FOR TEMPERATURE GRADIENT HOLES (LAYOUT BASED ON AN AREA OF APPROXIMATELY 30'X50')oOSLEEPING TENT -12°X20° DRILLING RIG 300 GALLON EQUIPMENT TENT 10'X15'/WATER TANK 12'°X20' 3'X5' op) wW x MUD PIT =to OR ox TANK uw ©5'X10" oO oO (100'+) cy HELICOPTER LANDING AREA O #GI D1z0 Drilling operations to complete all three TGH's should take approximately sixty days.Drilling will occur 24 hours per day and will require two or three three-person drilling crews,one drilling supervisor,a camp cook,and periodically one or two supervising geologists and environmental scientists. Food and fuel will be purchased at Dutch Harbor to the greatest extent possible.The drill crews,camp cook,geologists and environmental scientists will be housed at the temporary base camp,which will be at the same site as that used for the initial geologic exploratory work.The crew will commute to the drill site daily via helicopter.The helicopter pilot and mechanic will be based in Dutch Harbor,and various personnel will be staying in Dutch Harbor for short periods of time during the operations. The portable camp for the initial work will consist of two 12-foot by 20-foot sleeper tents,one 15-foot by 30-foot cook tent,and a portable outhouse.This initial camp will be expanded for the temperature gradient hole operations by add- ing one 15-foot by 30-foot shower and laundry tent and two additional 12-foot by 20-foot sleeper tents.Two 12-foot by20-foot sleeper/storagetents (or equivalent)will also beplacedattheTGHsiteforuseinbadweather.Garbage from the camp will be transported back to proper waste disposal facilities in Dutch Harbor or treated and buried on site. Grey waste water will likely be disposed through an onsite pit or a leach line built by the camp construction company.Black waste water may go through a leach line system,placed ina pit and treated with lime,or dried and burned.A permit for waste disposal is currently being obtained from the Alaska State Department of Environmental Conservation. The drilling crew will be transported between the camp, the drill site and Dutch Harbor by helicopter.Helicopter use is being proposed in part to avoid the surface disturbance which could result from off-road vehicles.Helicopter opera- tions will be conducted away from the coastal areas and thus will not occur near seabird rookeries.The helicopter pilot will be instructed to avoid any other wildlife in order to minimize the adverse effect from the helicopter noise and movement upon the wildlife resources in the area.A three- wheel all-terrain vehicle with balloon (low ground pressure) tires may also be utilized if weather conditions preclude the use of a helicopter.If this vehicle is used,it will be used infrequently and only where necessary.Emergency transport of injured personnel is one of the main reasons use of this vehi- cle is being considered;in the event weather conditions pre- vent helicopter use in the upper elevations,any injured could be transported along the old road from the camp site to Driftwood Bay for helicopter pick-up at that point. Iv.Drilling Program A.Mobilize via helicopter Longyear-38 core rig with fuel and supplies to location. -7<- Rig-up and rotary drill a 6 3/4-inch hole to 150 feet using a water based,bentonite (clay)drilling mud as a circulating mediun. Run and cement (with Class G cement)150 feet of 5- inch diameter F-25 or J-55,11.5 lb.,threaded and coupled casing.Wait for cement to cure at least 6 hours,then nipple up blowout prevention equipment (BOPE)consisting of a master valve and a rotating stripper head. Drill out cement using a 4-1/4-inch rotary bit with a mud circulating medium.Drill ahead as far as possi- ble or until lost circulation or hole problems force changeover to NQ size (2.980-inch diameter)wireline coring tools.After changeover,continue to core NQ size hole to total depth of 1,500 feet. Run 2-*inch galvanized steel tubing with API couplings to T.D.(1,500 feet).Clabber mud with cement and circulate to fill the annulus.Fill the tubing with clean water.Cement top 20 feet of annular space. Remove BOPE's,rig down and move to next location. Cap tubing with threaded cap. Although encountering a resource is not expected while drilling to this depth,the following is a contingency plan for the event that a potentially producible resource is encountered: 1.Before running 2-inch tubing,attempt limited flow test to mud tanks to clean the well and to acquire fluid samples for chemical analyses. Excess fluid may be returned to the TGH after sampling. 2.After the test,run 2-inch tubing.Cement tubing from surface to T.D.Displace cement with water using latch-down wiper plug. 3.Remove BOPE's,rig down and move to next location.Cap tubing with threaded cap. Figure 5 is attached for a schematic diagram of the proposed casing program. To abandon the TGH's,cut the tubing 3 feet below ground level,plug the top 15 feet of the tubing with cement and cover the hole with soil. FIGURE 5 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF PROPOSED CASING PROGRAM FOR 1500 FT.TEMPERATURE OBSERVATION HOLE SCREW CAP SURFACE CEMENT TOP 20FT. OF ANNULAR SPACE 6 3/4”HOLE 5°”CASING TO 150 FT. 2”GALVANIZED PIPE 4 1/2”or NQ (2.980”)HOLE ol -___cLaseerep MUD IN HOLE TO T.D. SCREW CAP 1500 FT. Ror ais ae Se St.George EXHIBIT B nee ay Fatse PassineRieutCorporation mn .2550 Denali Suite 900 *Anchorage,Alaska99503 we Ot a”a 2.Phone (907}-274-1508 oe oo*ro ,%2 Vea ee 0 March 4,1982 Mr.Gerald W.Huttrer BECBIVED Republic Geothermal,Inc. 11823 East Slauson Avenue MA G &1982 Santa Fe Springs,California 90670 Dear Mr.Huttrer: The Aleut Corporation is a regional corporation organized under the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (ANCSA)of 1971.The Aleut Corporation has selected the surface and subsurface rights to the following townships,on Unalaska Island,as part of its entitlement under section 14 (h)(8)ANCSA: Township 71 South,Ranges 118 and 119 West of the Seward Meridian Township 72 South,Ranges 118 and 119 West of the Seward Meridian Township 73 South,Ranges 119 and 120 West of the Seward Meridian The corporation has no objection to the geothermal exploration activities on these lands,as proposed by the Alaska Power Authority and conducted by Republic Geothermal,Inc.of Santa Fe Springs,California;Dames & Moore of Anchorage,Alaska;and their associated subcontractors.However,- we assum2 that Republic Geothermal will obtain 2ll the necessary permits .for the exploration activities and will follow appropriate engineering and environmental protection practices in their exploration.Furthermre, we expect that the exploration will be conducted with respect for the aesthetic and environmental qualities of the area:this specifically includes the mintenance of clean camps and the proper disposal of solid and liquid wastes. Sincerely, THE CORPORATION (-k }aw WEANStameFLewisLandDirector WFL/jh Appendix G-2 Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation Solid Waste Permit No.8221-BA002 I |I IK K [\weet|437 E.StreetS||A |I ll S SECOND FLOOAX$ANCHORAGE,ALASKA 99501 OF:OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION (907)274-2533 ,P.O.BOX 515SOUTHCENTRALREGIONALOFFICEOKODIAK,ALASKA 99615 (907)486-3350 O SO ETNA ALASKA 99669April29,1982 907)352.5310 P.O.BOX 1709CERTIFIEDMAILOVALDEZ,ALASKA 99686 RETURN RECEIPT (907)835-4698 REQUESTED P.O.BOX 1064QOWASILLA,ALASKA 99687 (907)376-5038 Mr.Stephen T.Grabacki Project Coordinator Dames &Moore 800 Cordova,Suite 101 Anchorage,AK 99501 Dear Mr.Grabacki: Subject:Solid Waste Permit No.8221-BA002 The Department of Environmental Conservation has received Dames and Moore's Solid Waste Permit application on the behalf of their client,RepublicOGeothermal,Inc.dated April 14,1982.The Department has reviewed andstudiedRepublicGeothermal's application to construct and utilize a solid waste disposal pit for two (2)seasons,for a temporary camp.The Department has made the decision that a formal Solid Waste Permit accompanied by a public notice is not justified.The Permittee shall comply with all parts of their Solid Waste Management Permit application, State and Federal laws and regulations,regarding site development and operation of this facility,except as otherwise specified herewithin this letter. 1.The refuse disposal pit(s)shall be located no closer than two hundred (200)feet from any.surface water. 2.The bottom of the refuse disposal pit shall be four (4)feet above subsurface water and four (4)feet above solid unweathered bedrock. 3.Locate the refuse disposal pit in a well drained area.This will help prevent the pit from filling with water and becoming scoured out by run off. 4.Burnable waste products may be burned.It may be of an advantage to dig two (2)pits,one smaller and shallower than the other. The smaller disposal pit can be used to burn all burnables in, and would require covering only occasionally.This can only beOaccomplishediftheburnablesareseparatedfromthewetrefuse. 18-O9LH Page 2 of 2 Solid Waste Permit No.8221-BA002 5. 6. 7. All burnables separated from wet refuse must be burned each time they are accumulated and deposited.This will prevent them from becoming wind blown. Covering of wet refuse and non-burnables with a minimum of six (6)inches of earth material,shall be performed each day that a deposit is made. When the refuse disposal pit uses are terminated,or a portion thereof,the site shall be covered with at least two (2)feet of compacted earth material,and finished to allow surface water to run off without erosion.Upon completion of covering,all disturbed soils must be revegetated and/or seeded with native materials. If the Department can be of further assistance,please call on us at 437 "E"Street,Suite 200,Anchorage,Alaska 99501,or telephone (907)274- 2533. Sincerely, CaO K Horne Carl H.Harmon Environmental Engineer CHH/wlh/vh Appendix G-3 Alaska Department of Fish and GameBiologicalSamplingPermitNo.82-87 STATEOFALASKA ALASKA DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME JUNEAU,ALASKA PERMIT to TAKE (opoaras PX}POSSESS HOLD ALIVE [xJxrocazocance(OPCHRRDCORCDAGX oe FOR SCIENTIFIC,EDUCATIONAL,OR PROPAGATIVE PURPOSES,as described below. FISH ORXPABERXECOR Issued April 27,1982 Expires December 31,1982 Permit No.82-87 Authorizing Stephen T.Grabacki of 800 Cordova Street,Anchorage,Alaska 99501 Representing Dames &Moore To conduct the following described activities,SUBJECT TO THE CONDITIONS,EXCEPTIONS, ID RESTRICTIONS EXPRESSED HEREON AND ON THE REVERSE SIDE HEREOF,in accordance with ie "Fish and Game Code of Alaska"(Chapter 94,SLA 1959): To collect by use of gill nets,seines and electrofishing fish from the upper portionsofthestreamsontheeasternportionofMakushinVolcanoonUnalaskaIsland. Fish taken shall be used for environmental baseline data related to geothermalexplorationactivitiesundercontracttotheAlaskaPowerAuthority.(see page 2) THIS PERMIT DOES NOT ALLOW PEREGRINE FALCON,ALEUTIAN CANADA GOOSE,EAGLES OR THEIR EGOS. THLS PERMIT MUST BE CARRIED BY THE PERMITTEE WHEN OPERATING THEREUNDER and be exhibited to any person authorized to enforce state or federal laws who requests to see it.This permit is nontransferable,and will be revoked,or renewal denied by the Commissioner of Fish and Game if the permittee violates any of its conditions,exceptions or restric- tions.No redelegation of authority may be allowed under this permit. A DETAILED REPORT,including numbers,species,dates,and disposition of each specimen; the dates and places collected,their sex,age and breeding condition,lengths and weights of fish,and weights of birds and mammals SHALL BE SUBMITTED WITH RETURN OF THIS PERMIT WITHIN 10 DAYS AFTER ITS EXPIRATION DATE.Permits will not be renewed until such report has been received by the Commissioner. ALASKA DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME rd :ZL |=|A Edicke.Don W.Collinsworth,Deputy Commissioner Division'Director,Sport Fish Commissioner or Authorized Representative cc:Russ Redick/Anchorage Pete Murray/Kodiak F &W Protection/Anchorage/Kodiak 11-1 (8/7:') GENERAL CONDITIONS,BXCEPTIONS AND RESTRICTIONS This permit is granted with the express understanding that all specimens takenundercuthorityhereofarefordepositinapublicmuseumorapublicscientificoreducationalinstitutionunlessotherwisestatedherein. The holder of this permit shall keep records,available for inspection at allreasonablehoursonrequestofanyauthorizedrepresentativeoftheAlaskaDepartmentofFishandGame,correctly recording the required information for each item collected. THIS PERMIT DOES NOT AUTHORIZE THE FOLLOWING: Tne taking of specimens on Federal or State refuges,reserves,closed areas,parks,or monuments unless specifically stated herein.. The taking of birds,fish or mammals without such licenses as may be required byStateregujations,or during the open seasons therefore,in any manner,or by any meansoratanytimeofdaynotpermittedbythoseregulations,unless otherwise stated herein. The purchase or sale of any birds,their nests or eggs,mammals or parts thereof, acquired by virtue of this permit. The capture or possession of live birds,game fish or game mammals unless expressly authorized herein. REPORT OF SPECIMENS COLLECTED Specimen Remarks and Disposi Species Number Area Collected Date Sex Age of specimens -Use continuation sheet if necessary I certify that this is a true and complete report of activities as required by the cerm- of this permit. Date: Signature of Permittee STATE OF ALASKA Sco 24 |ALASKA DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME JUNEAU,ALASKA PERMIT FOR SCIENTIFIC,EDUCATIONAL,OR PROPAGATIVE PURPOSES,continued... Permit No.:82-87 Permittee :Stephen T.Grabacki Use of gill nets is restricted so that undue mortalities are avoided.All fish captured unharmed shall be released at the capture site after identification and sampling. Hook and line fishing may only be accomplished by holders'of appropriate sport fishing licenses. A report of fish captured,life stage (age,if part of study) and other pertinent information must be included as part of any report submitted under conditions of this permit. This permit includes the participation of: David Erikson - John Morsell Larry Peterson Appendix G-4 Temporary Water Use Application submitted to Alaska Department of Natural Resources REPUBLIC GEOTHERMAL,INC. 11823 EAST SLAUSON AVENUE SANTA FE SPRINGS,CALIFORNIA 90670 -910-586.1696 (213)9453661 May 6,1982 Mr.Arnold Van Horn Manager,Southcentral Land District Alaska Department of Natural Resources 323 East Fourth Avenue Pouch 7-005 Anchorage,Alaska 99510 Dear Mr.Van Horn: The Alaska Power Authority (APA)has contracted with Republic Geothermal,Inc.(Republic)to explore the eastern flanks of Makushin Volcano on Unalaska Island for geothermal resources.Under that contract,Republic will drill three 1,500-foot temperature gradient holes during the 1982 summer field season and one deep geothermal exploratory well in the 1983 summer field season.Enclosed is an Application for Temporary Water Use for the temperature gradient hole oper-O ations.A separate permit application will be filed for thedeepexploratorywellafterdetailsregardingtheoperationsarefinalized. We currently plan to commence temperature gradient hole operations on June l,and the drilling of all three holesshouldtakeapproximatelysixtydays.Approximately 500 gallons of water per day will be needed for drilling fluidmake-up water.We propose to obtain water from snowmelt or rivulets in close proximity to each of the three temperature gradient hole locations.Water will be transported by hose to the site via a gravity flow system.Approximately 10,000 gallons of water will be used at each of the three sites,for a total of 30,000 gallons from three different water sources. A detailed description of the proposed operations is attached as Exhibit A to this application. These geothermal exploratory operations are located on lands which have been selected by,but not yet conveyed to The Aleut Corporation.The lands are currently managed by the U.S.Fish and Wildlife Service,and an Application for a Special Use Permit has been submitted to that agency,along with other applications to various Alaska state agencies.The Aleut Corporation has written a letter of nonobjection for theOgeothermalexploratoryoperationswhichisattachedasExhibitBtothisapplication.A copy of the Special Use Permit offered to Republic by the U.S.Fish and Wildlife Service isattachedasExhibitC. REPUBLIC GEOTHERMAL,INC. May 5,1982 Page Two Letter to Mr.Van Horn O Should you have any questions or concerns about this application,please do not hesitate to contact me at the above address and phone number,or our subcontractor's representa- tive at the following address and phone number: Mr.Steve Grabacki Dames &Moore 800 Cordova,Suite 101 Anchorage,Alaska 99501 (907)279-0673 .We greatly appreciate your consideration of this Appli- cation for Temporary Water Use. Sincerely, . Tawna J.Nicholas Senior Environmental Planner O TIN/1lcs Enclosures cc:Mr.Carl Yanagawa Alaska Department of Fish and Game STATE OF ALASKA DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES DIVISION OF FOREST,LAND AND WATER MANAGEMENT -OFFICE USE ONLY APPLICATION FOR TEMPORARY WATER USE PERMIT ARRATOATIONRORWARERKRKHER Instructions:You will need (1)a map showing the location of your source of water anc the area of use, (2)a copy of your property ownership document,i.e.deed,patent,lease agreement or an easementagreementifyoudonotownthepropertyinvolved,(3)a copy of your driller's well log,if applicationisforanexistingwell,(4)Statement of Beneficial Use Of Water (Form 10-1003A)if thisis an existingwateruse,and (5)Application for Permit to Construct or Modify Dam (Form 10-1015)if you will beconstructingadamover10feethighorover50acrefeetofstorage.Please type or print in ink. Full legal name of Applicant(s)_Republic Geothermal,Inc. 2.Mailing Address P.O.Box 3388 Santa Fe Springs,California 90670 Home Phone N/A Business Phone (213)945-3661 3.Source of Water Supply: (a)(_]wen ["]Dritled []Hand Driven -[]pug [|Other If existing well,attach copy of driller's well log. If existing well,and no log,supply all known information Total]depth 'Drawdown Intake Depth Screened.Yes No 'Unknown Static level Surface Water Stream [|River []Lake []Spring Give geographic name (if unnamed,state so)unnamed minor tributariesMakushinValleyriverandGlecierVallatriver to Page 2 Water will be taken from surface water source by: [|Pumping k_]Gravity Flow System [Diversion (Altering 2 watercourse)-Attach sketch and plans giving dimensionsandspecifications. Damming -Attach sketch and plans giving dimensions and specifications.If dam is over 10 feet high or over 50 acre feet storage,MUST file Application for Permit to Construct or Modify Dam (Form 10-1015). []Other Location of point of WITHDRAWAL,DIVERSION,or IMPOUNDMENT: MUST attach copy of map or subdivision plat and indicate location Please see attachednarrativeandmaps (a)Fractional part ;Section Township ,Range ;'Meridian. (b)If applicable,Lot,Block,Subdivision;U.S.Survey No._Unalaska Island (c)Does applicant own or lease the property at point of water withdrawal]and over which water istransported?Yes {_]No If 'Yes,""MUST attach copy of ownership document (i.e.deed,patent) If "No,"MUST obtain an easement or right-of-way and supply copy.Give name,mailing address and phone number(s)of Jegalowner.Also:Please see attached letter fromTheAleutCorporationandSpecialUsePermitofferedbytheUSF&©Name United States,managed by U.S.Fish &Wildlife Service Mailing Address P.O.Box 5251 NAVSTA FPO Seattle,Washington Zip 98791 Home phone N/A Business Phone 907-592-2406 Location of point of USE:If same as question 4,check and go to question 6.[x] MUST attach copy of map or subdivision plat znd indicate Jocation. (2)-Fractional part Section Township ,Range ;Mendian. (b)If applicable,Lot,Block,Subdivision;U.S.Survey No. (c)Does applicant own or lease the property at point of wateruse?Yes []No [] If 'Yes,""MUST attach copy of ownership document (i.e.deed,patent) Page 3 If "No,"MUST obtain an easement or nght-of-way and supply copy.Give name,mailingaddressandphonenumber(s)of legal owner. Name Mailing Address Zip Home phone o Business Phone Type of water use and Quantity of water needed:Please fill in the attached Water Use Chart:indicating the quantity of water and months of use for each type of water use.Standard quantitiesanddefinitionsareprovidedforyourconvenience.If water use 1s lor a Commercial/Industrial purposeorOtherUsenotontheWaterUseChart,refer to question 7. Commercial/Industrial and Other Uses: Explain in detail the basis for quantity of water requested.Use additional sheet of paper if needed.Indicate type of operation including structures and methods used.Include a sketch or engineeringdrawings.Enter quantity requested and months of use on attached Water Use Chart. Please see attached narrative,Exhibit A. Date when water use began or is expected to begin June 1,1982 -If water use is existing,fill outStatementofBeneficialUseofWater(Form 10-]003A). 'HAVE YOU ATTACHED?FOOHSOStatements appearing herein are to tne best of my knowle Deed,patent,lease,etc.Driller's log (if existing well) USGS or Subdivision map )[|Diversion sketch and plans _ $25 Filing fee (checks payable to State of Alaska)[)Dam sketch and plans Water Use Chart .Letter of nonobjection from Statement of Beneficial Use of Water (Form 10-1003A)(if existing one.peut Corporation, Service,Exhibit C and correct. Republig Geothermal,(Inc. a>SIGNEDBY:'aon Lom Mang May 5,1982-(Applicant)yi cen fesident DATE x;OFFICE |”cheek USE ONLY RMI Location |Other Exhibit B Special Use Permit offered to Republic by the U.S.Fish and Wildlife WATER USE CHART Office Use Type(s)Of Standard Quantity Months of ese43From°sIC Use Quantities Requested (Inclusive)- 8800 ())Single Family Per Household "|(a)Fully plumbed _500 GPD GPD | (b)Partially plumbed 250 GPD GPD - (c)Unplumbed 75 GPD GPD 6514 (2)Duplex Per Duplex 1000 GPD GPD (3)Multi-Family Per Unit 250 GPD GPD 7011 (4)Motel,Resort Per Room 100 GPD GPD (5)Livestock Per Head 0241 Dairy Cows 30 GPD GPD Hosing dairy barn 35 GPD.GPD 0212 Range Cattle 15 GPD GPD 0272 Horses 15 GPD --GPD 3214 Sheep -2 GPD GPD Goats and Hogs:3 GPD *GPD Poultry.Rabbits,ete.1GPD GPD Livestock Total GPD (6)Irrigation (Type of Crop:Per Acre ;)-0.5 AFY AFY (7)Commercial/ Industrial (8)Other: DEFINITIONS: GPD-gallons per day (1) (2) (3) AFY -acre feet per year CFS -.cubic feet per second SINGLE FAMILY -Water use necessary for a single household and the irrigation of up to10,000 sq.ft.of yard and garden. (a)Fully plumbed-Water piped into the residence for domestic uses.Hot water heaterandwaterflushtoiletincluded. (b)Partially plumbed -Water piped into residence for limited domestic uses.Generallynohotwaterheaterandnowaterflushtoiletincluded. (c)Unplumbed -No water piped into the residence.Water is hand carmed for limiteddomesticuse. DUPLEX-Water use necessary for two single households and the irrigation of up to 20,000 sq.ft.of yard and garden. MULTI-FAMILY -Water use necessary for three or more households.'included. Apariment unils EXHIBIT A I.Introduction The Alaska Power Authority (APA)has contracted with Republic Geothermal,Inc.(Republic)to explore the eastern flanks of Makushin Volcano on Unalaska Island for geothermal resources.Figure 1 is a vicinity map showing the locationofUnalaskaIsland.Figure 2 is a map showing the location of the proposed exploratory operations on Unalaska Island.The geothermal resource exploratory operations planned by Republic and the APA are being conducted in basically three stages: initial geologic exploratory work,temperature gradient hole operations (both conducted during 1982),and drilling of one deep exploratory geothermal well (drilled in 1983).This application covers the temperature gradient hole operations. The initial geologic work is mostly field reconnaissance by individual workers and does not involve a significant amount of water as defined in 11 AAC 93.970(14).A separate water use application will be filed for the deep exploratory well as the details of the operations are finalized. The purpose of the temperature gradient hole (TGH)oper- ations is to study the subsurface geologic formations and to obtain records of subsurface temperatures.A TGH is a small diameter hole drilled to a relatively shallow depth,in this case 1,500 feet,into which is placed one-to two-inch diameter plastic or steel tubing that is capped at both ends and filled with water.The TGH is left undisturbed for a minimum of one week to allow the water to equilibrate to the temperature of the surrounding rock.The temperature is thenmeasuredatregulardepthintervalswithinthepipewitha thermistor attached to a cable.After the temperatures are monitored over a period of time,the TGH's are typically abandoned by cutting the pipe off three feet below the surface,placing a cement plug in the top fifteen feet of the TGH,and then burying the TGH with soil.Abandonment can be accomplished without the use of a drilling rig. II.Location of Temperature Gradient Holes Although only three temperature gradient holes will be Grilled,eleven alternative sites are being proposed.Because of seasonal weather constraints,we desire to commence temper- ature gradient hole operations immediately after the com- pletion of the initial exploratory work.However,the de- cision as to which three sites will actually be drilled can only be made after analysis of the geologic and environmental data collected during the initial exploratory work.The eleven alternative sites and the drilling camp are shown in Figure 2.Because of the poor quality of existing maps,these site locations should be considered approximations.Final placement of the three TGH sites will be based upon actualfieldconditionsandmoredetailedgeologicdata. "U7aor*:iN eu pt N ow O O o FIGURE2 LOCATION OF PROPOSED OPERATIONS ON UNALASKA ISLAND = Amara In Va Heyi”peer en . ats.2ST NTS: SCALE MR ©Cel oO 5Km -- 2mesSy PF SOI eS*3 AAD Zs Kier =rat A Temporary Camp Site @ Temperature Gradient Hole Site (TG-A thru TG-K) III.Discussion of Proposed Operations,Including Water Use Each TGH will be drilled to a depth of approximately 1,500 feet by a continuous wireline coring rig typical of those used for mining exploration.Figure 3 is a drawing of the type of rig which will be used.Figure 4 is a sketch of a typical TGH site., Each TGH will be located close to a source of water for preparing drilling fluid.The drilling operations will re- quire approximately 500 gallons of water per day,which will be obtained from snowmelt or 'a nearby rivulet and will be stored in a small tank on location.The TGH is planned to be at least one hundred yards and down gradient from the source of water.A 1-1/2 to 2 inch plastic hose with a mesh screen will be placed in the water and will be'held in place with rocks.Water should enter the hose and flow by gravity to the drill site.If there is not enough flow into the hose,a few rocks may be arranged in order to pond the water enough to in- crease the flow.All rocks will be removed at the end of the drilling operations..Operations to complete all three TGH's should take approximately sixty days.Thus,a total of ap- proximately 30,000 gallons of water will be used for the en- tire operation,or approximately 10,000 gallons from three different sources of water for the three TGH sites. The drilling fluids for the TGH operations will be re- circulated in the well and will be stored while on the surface in a small mud pit or steel tank with the rock cuttings fromthewell.Because the fluids will be contained,surface water degradation should not occur.When each TGH is completed,the cuttings and waste drilling fluid (drilling mud and/or water) will either be dried and the residue spread on the surface of the ground,or buried and covered with native soil dependinguponthemostenvironmentallyappropriatedisposaltechnique for the site.The amount of waste drilling fluid is likely to be less than fifty gallons since most of the drilling fluid generated during the drilling of the TGH will be used to set the cement around the casing during completion of the well. ----_-]eaet2S2<esKINESINISAFGI DLS FIGURE 4- TYPICAL SITE PLAN FOR TEMPERATURE GRADIENT HOLES .(LAYOUT BASED ON AN AREA OF APPROXIMATELY 30'X50') DRILLING RIG; 10'X15" 300 GALLON.-EQUIPMENT TENT SLEEPING TENT[naren TANK:12°20"12°X20' 3°X5'CORESAMPLES3'X8'MUD PIT OR TANK 5X10" (100'+) HELICOPTE ANDING AREA *K BL20 2 EXHIBIT B ©St George Netson Lagoon =Fatse PassTheAleutCorporation .2550 Denali*Suite 900*Anchorage,Alaska99503.,Sar .Phone (907}-274-1506 unalasea ; s" »%2 PtSi on 0 Moos I March 4,1982 Mr.GeraldW.Huttrer -RBECEIVED Republic Geothermal,Inc. 11823 East Slauson Avenue MAa G &1982 Santa Fe Springs,California 90670 Dear Mr.Huttrer: The Aleut Corporation is a regional corporation organized under the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (ANCSA)of 1971.The Aleut Corporation has selected the surface and subsurface rights to the * following townships,on Unalaska Island,as part of its entitlement under section 14 (h)(8)ANCSA: Township 71 South,Ranges 118 and 119 West of the Seward Meridian Township 72 South,Ranges 118 and 119 West of the Seward Meridian 'Township 73 South,Ranges 119 and 120 West of the Seward Meridian The corporation has no objection to the geothermal exploration activities on these lands,as proposed by the Alaska Power Authority and conducted by Republic Geothermal,Inc.of Santa Fe Springs,California;Dames & Moore of Anchorage,Alaska;and their associated subcontractors.However, we assume that Republic Geothermal will obtain all the necessary permits for the exploration activities and will follow appropriate engineering and environmental protection practices in their exploration.Furthermre, we expect that the exploration will be conducted with respect for the aesthetic and environmental qualities of the area:this specifically includes the maintenance of clean camps and the proper disposal of solid and liquid wastes. Sincerely, THE CORPORATION tLy)-Sans Wayne F.|Lewis Land Director WFL/jh EXHIBIT:C - «$.GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE:1978 275-954 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Permit number|Sta.No.to be credite U.S.Fish and Wildlife Service AI-82-10 74502 ALEUTIAN ISLANDS UNIT , Contract numberALASKAMARITIMENationalWildlifeRefugeSPECIALUSEPERMITvateApril27,1982 Period of use (inclusive)Permittee (Nome end eddress) Timothy M.Evans,Vice President)FRepublicGeothermal,Inc.rom June 1 19 g2 11823 E.Slauson Ave,Suite 1 To September 30,19 82 SS sa SoriaASS CA ans 7n Ph:(213)945-3661Purpose(Specify in1 detail'privilege requested,or units of products involved)<To permit Republic Geothermal and/or Dames and Moore and/or their subcontractor personneltoexploreforgeothermalresourcepotentialontheeasternflanksofMakushinVolcano,Unalaska Island,Aleutian Islands (Fig.1&2,Exhibit A).This permit is for the second stage of activity,specifically the drilling of three (3)one thousand five hundred (1500)foot deep temperature gradient holes per Exhibit A (attached)..e Description (Specify unit numbers;metes and bounds;or other recognizable designations)Drill three 1500 foot deep small diameter temperature gradient holes perExhibit A on the eastern flank of Makushin Volcano for the purpose of studying subsurface geologic formations ané@ determine subsurface temperatures.A letter of nonobjection has been submitted (Exh.B). 'Amount of fee $___None If not a fixed fee payment,specify rate and unit of charge: (_]Full payment {_]Partial payment-Balance of payments to be made as follows: Record of Payments Special Conditions 1.All Special Conditions 1 'through 11 on Special Use Permit AI-82-09 dated April 8,1982, remain in effect. This permit is issued by the U.S.Fish and Wildlife Service,and accepted by the undersigned,subject to the terms,covenants,obligations.and reservations,expressed or implied therein,and to the conditions and require- ments appearing on the reverse side. Permittee So ee Geothermal,Inc.Issuing Officer (Signeture and title}goths:i fahn Savi -.-mienehuy wo Seon Ui tkSored Ausies C.Fred Zeillemaker,Refuce Manager r.Payments."An payments shall be made on or before the due °*dateia the local representative of the U.S.Fish and Wildlife ServicebyapostalmoneyorderorcheckmadepayabletotheU.S.Fish and "ildlife Service.- .Use limitations.The permitee's usec of the described premises °3)hited to thepurposes herein'specified:does not_unicss providedforinthispermitallowhimtorestrictother.authorized entry on to hisarea;and permits 'the Service to carry on whatever activities arenecessaryfor(1)protectionand maintenance of the premises andadjacentlandsadministeredbytheServiceand(2)the managementofwildlifeandfishusingthepremisesandotherServicelands. i eye$7 Damages.The United:States strall-noe be-responsible for-any:loss or damage to property including bur not limited to growing crops...--animals,and machinery;or injury to.the perminee,or his relatives,of-_.'of the officers,'agents,employees,or any others who.are.on the,premises from instructions or by the "sufferance of thepermitriee orhisassociates;or for damages or interference caused by:"wildlife-oremplovetesorrepresentativesofthe-Government'carryingour their,official responsibilities.The perminee agrees to save.the UnitedStatesoranyofitsagenciesharmlessfromany and'all claims”for.damages.or losses that may.arise or be incident tarhe flooding of the.|premises resulting from any associated Government riverand hasbor,,flood con:rol,reclamation,or Tennessee,Valley Authority.acuviry,-_eeesOperating*Rules-and::Laws=”The permittee.shall.-keep the -premisesina neat and orderly condition at all times,and shall comply -with all raunicipal,county,and State laws applicableto his operationsunderthepermitaswellasallFederallaws,miles,and regulationsgoverningNationalWildlifeRefugesandtheareadescribedinthis.:permin-He shall comply with allinstructions applicable to this permitissuedbytherefugeofficer.in charge.He shall cakesll.reasonable.*Brécauijons to prevent the escape of fires and to suppress fires andshallrenderallreasonableassistanceinthesuppressionofrefuge fires. §.Responsibility of Perminee.The permittee,by operating on€premises,shall be considered to have accepted these premises'with al)the facilities,fixtures,or improvements in their existing*condition-as 'ofthe dateof this permit.:At the end of the-period-specified or upon earlier termination,he shall give up the premises inasgoodorderandconditionaswhenreceivedexceptforreasonablewear,tear,of damage occurring without fault or negligence.The permittee will fully.repay the Service for any and all damage directlyorindjreetlyresultingfromnegligenceorfailureonhispart,or the part of anyone of his associaces,to use reasonable care. g:'Termination Policy.At the termination of this permit.thepermieeshall,immediately -give up possession to the,-Sérvicerepresentative,|reserving,however,the rights specifiedin paragraph-9.If he fails to-do so,he-will pay the Government,as iiquidaieddamages,|an amount double the rate specifiedin this permit Tor the.entire.time.he withholds?'possession.Upon yielding possession,the"permitteewill stillBe”allowed *to reenter as needed to remove hisproperryasstatedinparagraph9.The acceptance |ofany.fee forliquidareddamageseranyotheractofadministrationrelatingtothecontinuedtenancy"isnoi-ro be-eonsidered ag an affirmance of.thepermiuee's action.nor,shall it,operace-as.a .waiver-of.theGovernment's right to terminate or cance]Lhe pennit for the breachofany.'specified condition or requirement”ere eR nee oe35Rémoval of”Péfmitice's Property=Upon='the:expiration:"orsterminaconofthis'permit,if ail rental charges 'and/or damage claims'-dueio the:Governmenthave bezn paid,:"the Permittee may,wichin a?reasonable Period.as siated-in the permit or as.determined by thesrefuge.officer,in "charge.but_not to "exceed 30 "days.Femove al”structures,"machinery,"and/or--other™equipment,ete.>fromthe 'premises fot whichhe is respansibleWihig this period he:must alsozTemoveanyocherothisproperty.including his acknowledged share ofs'products or crops grown,cut,harvested,stored,oF stacked'od ihe”-premises-by-himm-Upon-failure-10 remove any of-the-above-items. -withinzthe.aflpresaid penedahey shall berome,she.'property fe the J.United States.-olasae Sot?fee ee ten rete tes _person:orrintgresr nop:"mentionéd«in:ahis permit -No cinterestshereundermayaccruethroughlienorbetransferredtoathirdpartywithouttheapprovaloftheRegionalDirectorofcheU.S..FishandWildlifeServiceandthepermitshallnotbeusedforspeculative"purposes:os Soe cee cooHtConditoné'of Permit_now.Fulfitled:"If the:'permittee?"faileria K'fulfil any of the conditions and requirements sex forth herein,allmoneypaidunderthispermitshallberetainedhytheGovernmentto,be used to sacisfy as much of the permittee's obligations as possible.” 12.Officials Barred from Panicipating.No Member of Congress or-Resideft Commissione?:'shall participate iid any pari of chis conctact or_19 any benefit that may arise from it,but this provision shall not.pertain 10 this_contract.iL made wish 23 sorporasion for_its generalbenefit.° -7°eltisen 4£%"¢.nies13."Nondiserimination iin Employment.The permittee agrees to beboundbytheequalopportunityclauseofExecutiveOrder11246,which is attached hereto and made a part of this permit. 14.In accordance with the Privacy Act of 1974 (PL 98-579),pleasebeadvisedthat:(1.)Your pariicipation isis voluntary;however,failure6.Revocation Policy.This permit may be revoked by the RegionalDirector,of the Service without notice for noncompliance with theterms-hereof or for-violdtion of general and/or specific laws.or'. .regulations governing National Wildlife Refuges or for nonuse.Itis atalltimessubjectcodiscretionaryrevocationbytheDirectorofthe_Service.Upon such revocation the Service,by and through anyauthorizedrepresentative,may take possession of the said premisesforitsownandsoleuse,or may emer and possess the premises as the agent of the permiuee and for his account, 7.Compliance.Failure of the Service to insist upon 2 strict compliance with any of this permit's terms,conditions,and,requirements shall not consticute a waiver or be considered as agivingMPoftheService's right to thereafter enforce any of thepermit's terms,conditions,or requirements, to answer allquestions fully may delay processing of your application |or result in denial of a permit.(2.)Information will be 'used ai a .etiteria for the selection of special use permits and for identification.of personnel having special use permitson Nadorial Wildlifé Refuges.”(3.)This information is collected under the authority-of the NationalWildlifeRefugeSystemAdministrationActof1966(16 U.S.C. 668dd-668ee),the Fish and Wildlife Act of 1956 (16 U.S.C.742d),and Title 50,Parts 29 and $2,of the Code of Federal Regulations.(4.)Intheeventthereisindicatedaviolationofastacute,regulation,rule,order,or license,whether civil,criminal,or regulatory in nature,therequestedinformationmaybetransferredtotheappropriateFederal,State,Joeal,or foreign agency charged with investigating orprosecutingsuchviolations.(5.)In the event of litigazion involvingtherecordsorthesubjectmatteroftherecords,the requescedinformationmaybetransferredtotheU.S.Deparment of Justice. €_ teoote EXHIBIT A DESCRIPTION OF TEMPERATURE GRADIENT HOLE OPERATIONS I.Introduction The Alaska Power Authority (APA)has contracted with Republic Geothermal,Inc.(Republic)to explore the eastern flanks of Makushin Volcano on Unalaska Island for geothermal resources.Figure 1 is a vicinity map showing the location of Unalaska Island.Figure 2 is a map showing the location of the proposed exploratory operations on Unalaska Island.The geothermal resource exploratory operations planned by Republic and the APA will be conducted in basically three stages:ini- tial geologic exploratory work,temperature gradient hole operations (both conducted during 1982),and drilling of one deep exploratory geothermal well (drilled in 1983).This application covers the temperature gradient hole operations. A separate permit application has already been filed for the initial geologic work,and another will be filed for the deep exploratory well as the details of the operations are final- ized. The purpose of the temperature gradient hole (TGH)oper-ations is to study the subsurface geologic formations and to obtain records of subsurface temperatures.A TGH is a small diameter hole drilled to a relatively shallow depth,into which is placed one-to two-inch diameter plastic or steel tubing that is capped at both ends and filled with water.The TGH is left undisturbed for a minimum of one week to allow the water to equilibrate to the temperature of the surrounding rock.The temperature is then measured at regular depth in- tervals within the pipe with a thermistor attached to a cable. After the temperatures are monitored over a period of time, the TGH's are typically abandoned by cutting the pipe off three feet below the surface,placing a cement plug in the top fifteen feet of the TGH,and then burying the TGH with soil. Abandonment can be accomplished without the use of a drilling rig.; II.Location of Temperature Gradient Holes Although only three temperature gradient holes will be drilled,eleven alternative sites are being proposed in this application.Because of seasonal weather constraints,we de- sire to commence temperature gradient hole operations immedi- ately after the completion of the initial exploratory work. However,the decision as to which three sites will actually be drilled can only be made after analysis of the geologic and environmental data collected during the initial exploratory work.Thus we are submitting this application,with the al- ternative sites,concurrent with the field work so that approval may be obtained in a timely manner.Approval for all eleven sites as alternatives for three TGH's is requested. -l- -U" FIGURE 2NS |:Mf }4 LOCATION OF PROPOSED OPERATIONS "TON UNALASKA ISLAND Aszal Pin BZ,mwRENTAIMSEEESBSFE)waakushin 2%, <¢?S A Temporary Camp Site @ Temperature Gradient Hole Site (TG-A thru T The eleven alternative sites are shown in Figure 2.Selection of the sites was based on topography,proximity to a source of drilling fluid make-up water,current geologic knowledge,and logistical suitability for helicopter transport of equipment and personnel.Because of the poor quality of existing maps these site locations should be considered ap- proximations.Final placement of the three TGH sites will be based upon actual field conditions and more detailed geologic data. Figure 2 also shows the location of the temporary dril- ling camp.This camp location is the same as the camp to be used for the initial geologic exploratory work.The size of the camp will be enlarged to accommodate the drilling crew and Support personnel.This camp will be used by all personnel unless poor weather conditions preclude helicopter transport between the camp site and a TGH site.In that case,a small camp located at the drill site will be used as necessary. III.Discussion of Proposed Operations Each TGH will be drilled to a depth of approximately 1,500 feet by a continuous wireline coring rig typical of those used for mining exploration.Figure 3 is a drawing of the type of rig which will be used.The rig will be trans- ported by barge to Unalaska Island and then transported in sections by helicopter to and from the drill site.For fur- ther information regarding drilling procedures,please see Section IV. An area of approximately 30-feet by 50-feet will be 'leveled as necessary by hand labor or the use of lumber for the temperature gradient hole rig.A small mud pit or steel tank will be used to collect the rock cuttings and to store the drilling fluid before it is recirculated.The drilling operations will require approximately 500 gallons of water per day which will be obtained from snowmelt or a nearby rivulet and will be stored in a small tank on location.When each TGH is completed,the cuttings and waste drilling fluid (drilling mud and/or water)will either be dried and the residue spread on the surface of the ground or buried and covered with native soil depending upon the most environmentally aporopriate dis- posal technique for the site.The amount of waste drilling fluid is likely to be less than fifty gallons since most of the drilling fluid generated during the drilling of the TGH will be used to set the cement around the casing during com- pletion of the well.Most of the rock cores will be sent to Republic's home office and to various agencies as samples. The remainder may be boxed and transported from the site by helicopter or it may be left at the site.In the latter case, the amount of rock cores left at the site would form a rock pile approximately l10-feet by 3-feet by 2-feet.Figure 4 is a sketch of a typical TGH site. -4- -_- FIGURE 3VERTICALMASTCONTINUOUS WIRELINE CORING RIG AGT OLLS FIGURE 4 TYPICAL SITE PLAN FOR TEMPERATURE GRADIENT HOLES (LAYOUT BASED ON AN AREA OF APPROXIMATELY 30'X50')CORESAMPLES3°X8'DRILLING RIG 300 GALLON EQUIPMENT TENT SLEEPING TENT 10°X15'[wares TANK 12'X20°12'X20° 3X5' MUD PIT OR TANK 5'X10' (100'+) HELICOPTER LANDING AREA BGT o1z0 Drilling operations to complete all three TGH's should take approximately sixty days.Drilling will occur 24 hours per day and will require two or three three-person drilling crews,one drilling supervisor,a camp cook,and periodically one or two supervising geologists and environmental scientists. Food and fuel will be purchased at Dutch Harbor to the greatest extent possible.The drill crews,camp cook,geologists and environmental scientists will be housed at the temporary base camp,which will be at the same site as that used for the initial geologic exploratory work.The crew will commute to the drill site daily via helicopter.The helicopter pilot and mechanic will be based in Dutch Harbor,and various personnel will be staying in Dutch Harbor for short periods of time during the operations. The portable camp for the initial.work will consist of two 12-foot by 20-foot sleeper tents,one 15-foot by 30-foot cook tent,and a portable outhouse.This initial camp will be expanded for the temperature gradient hole operations by add- ing one 15-foot by 30-foot shower and laundry tent and two additional l12-foot by 20-foot sleeper tents.Two 12-foot by 20-foot sleeper/storage tents (or equivalent)will also be placed at the TGH site for use in bad weather.Garbage from the camp will be transported back to proper waste disposal facilities in Dutch Harbor or treated and buried on site.' Grey waste water will likely be disposed through an onsite pit or a leach line built by the camp construction company.Black waste water may go through a leach line system,placed in apitandtreatedwithlime,or dried and burned.A permit forwastedisposaliscurrentlybeingobtainedfromtheAlaska State Department of Environmental Conservation. The drilling crew will be transported between the camp, the drill site and Dutch Harbor by helicopter.Helicopter use is being proposed in part to avoid the surface disturbance which could result from off-road vehicles.Helicopter opera- tions will be conducted away from the coastal areas and thus will not occur near seabird rookeries.The helicopter pilot will be instructed to avoid any other wildlife in order to minimize the adverse effect from the helicopter noise and movement upon the wildlife resources in the area.A three- wheel all-terrain vehicle with balloon (low ground pressure) tires may also be utilized if weather conditions preclude the use'of a helicopter.If this vehicle is used,it will be used infrequently and only where necessary.Emergency transport of injured personnel is one of the main reasons use of this vehi- cle is being considered;in the event weather conditions pre- vent helicopter use in the upper elevations,any injured could be transported along the old road from the camp site to Driftwood Bay for helicopter pick-up at that point. IV.Drilling Program A.Mobilize via helicopter Longyear-38 core rig with fuel and supplies to location. -7- Rig-up and rotary drill a 6-3/4-inch hole to 150 feet using a water based,bentonite (clay)drilling mud as a circulating medium. Run and cement (with Class G cement)150 feet of 5- inch diameter F-25 or J-55,11.5 1lb.,threaded and coupled casing.Wait for cement to cure at least 6 hours,then nipple up blowout prevention equipment (BOPE)consisting of a master valve and a rotating stripper head. Drill out cement using a 4-l1/4-inch rotary bit with a mud circulating medium.Drill ahead as far as possi- ble or until lost circulation or hole problems force changeover to NQ size (2.980-inch diameter)wireline coring tools.After changeover,continue to core NQ size hole to total depth of 1,500 feet. Run 27-inch galvanized steel tubing with API couplings to T.D.(1,500 feet).Clabber mud with cement and circulate to fill the annulus.Fill the tubing with clean water.Cement top 20 feet of annular space. Remove BOPE's,rig down and move to next location. Cap tubing with threaded cap. Although encountering a resource is not expectedwhiledrillingtothisdepth,the following is a contingency plan for the event that a potentially producible resource is encountered: 1.Before running 2-inch tubing,attempt limited flow test to mud tanks to clean the well and to acquire fluid samples for chemical analyses. Excess fluid may be returned to the TGH after sampling. 2.After the test,run 2-inch tubing.Cement tubing from surface to T.D.Displace cement with water using latch-down wiper plug. 3.Remove BOPE's,rig down and move to next location.Cap tubing with threaded cap. Figure 5 is attached for a schematic diagram of the proposed casing program. To abandon the TGH's,cut the tubing 3 feet below ground level,plug the top 15 feet of the tubing withcementandcovertheholewithsoil. FIGURE 5 -SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF PROPOSED CASING PROGRAM FOR 1500 FT.TEMPERATURE OBSERVATION HOLE SCREW CAP SURFACE >PoEets]fete CEMENT TOP 20FT. ay re ee OF ANNULAR SPACE 6 3/4"HOLE 5”CASING TO 150 FT. 150 FT. 2 GALVANIZED PIPE -4 1/2"or NQ (2.980)HOLE @-------CLABBERED MUD IN HOLE TO T.D. aa SCREW CAPaad1500FT. Se St.George EXHIBIT B wm aaainemieuiCorporation °2550 Denali «Suite 900 *Anchorage,Alaska99503 ,2.Phone (907}-274-1508 xe.roy =%p Vag Re 8! Mareh 4,1982 Mr.Gerald W.Huttrer BECBIVED Republic Geothermal,Inc. 11823 East Slauson Avenue MAN G &1882 Santa Fe Springs,California 90670 Dear Mr.Huttrer: The Aleut Corporation is a regional corporation organized under the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (ANCSA)of 1971.The Aleut Corporation has selected the surface and subsurface rights to the - following townships,on Unalaska Island,as part of its entitlement under section 14 (h)(8)ANCSA: Township 71 South,Ranges 118 and 119 West of the Seward Meridian Township 72 South,Ranges 118 and 119 West of the Seward Meridian Township 73 South,Ranges 119 and 120 West of the Seward Meridian The corporation has no objection to the geothermal exploration activities on these lands,as proposed by the Alaska Power Authority and conductedbyRepublicGeothermal,Inc.of Santa Fe Springs,California;Dames &Moore of Anchorage,Alaska;and their associated subcontractors.However, we assum that Republic Geothermal will obtain all the necessary permits .for the exploration activities and will follow appropriate engineering and environmental protection practices in their exploration.Furthermre, we expect that the exploration will be conducted with respect for the aesthetic and environmental qualities of the area:this specifically includes the mintenance of clean cams and the proper disposal of solid and liquid wastes. Sincerely, TaeALZUT CORPORATICN S$ Wayne FF.)Lewis Land Director WEL/jh Appendix G-5 Alaska Department of Natural Resources Temporary Water Use Permit No.82-12 RECBIVED May 27 1982STAVEOFALAA/wsmmnen DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES POUCH 7-005 DIVISION OF LAND AND WATER MANAGEMENT 323 EAST FOURTH AVENUE SOUTHCENTRAL DISTRICT ANCHORAGE,ALASKA 99510 Phone:(907)276-2653 TEMPORARY WATER USE PERMIT ) TWP 82-12 Temporary Water Use Permit TWP 82-12 is hereby issued to Republic Geo- thermal,Incorporated,P.0.Box 3388,Sante Fe Springs,California 90670 to develop a temporary appropriation of 30,000 gallons per day from unnamed creeks for temperature gradient hole drilling operations located on Unalaska Island within Townships 72 &73 South,Range 119 &120 West, Seward Meridian,for the summer field seasons of 1982 and 1983 CONDITIONS OF TWP 82-12: 1.Per AS 16.05.870: Each water intake structure shall be centered and enclosed ina 1.5 foot square screened box to prevent fish entrapment, entrainment,or injury.The effective screen opening may not exceed 0.04 inch.. -Per AS 16.05.870:7 The stream bank shall not be disturbed.PoOperation:State,federal,or local.You are encouraged to contact the Anchorage Permit Information and Referral Center,338 Denali Street,Room 1206,Telephone 279-0254,if you are in doubt as to the need for obtaining other permits. The Division of Land and Water Management may suspend operations effected under this permit whenever such suspension shall in its judgement be necessary to protect the public or that of a prior appropriator. This permit shall expire: September 30 »1983 Date Issued: ohWe/7 ,1982 ¢Approved:Lawl K Loe Horn Acting Anchorage Area Manager Division of Land and Water Department of Natural Resources Appendix G-6 Letter from Alaska Department of Natural Resources May 4,1982 __8 |Gy SRY SA (ep oper an os oeNSHyiaicpadres-ald pel : . 4 1?'i !..:esr Sy HE ahi cry tae ayy fi ies /JAYS.HAMMOND,GOVERNORWueeeYEPeeODEPARTMENTOFNATURALRESOURCES/555 CORDOVA STREET ;POUCH 7-005{ANCHORAGE,ALASKA 99510MINERALSANDENERGYMANAGEMENT:(907)276-2653 May 4,1982 RECEIVED Mr.Dwight Carey MAY 1 0 1982RepublicGeothermal,Inc. 11823 E.Slauson Ave.,Suite l Santa Fe Springs,CA 90670 Dear Dwight: Thank you for the note and the copies of the Special Use Permit applications to the U.S.F.WeS. The initial phase of your operations (including geologic mapping,water sampling,gas sampling,geochemical soil sampling and self-potential surveying)as outlined in your March 19,1982,application to Mr.John Martin of the U.S.F.W.S.will require no permitting by the Alaska Department of Natural Resources (DNR)or authorizations by DNR under AS 41.06 (copy O enclosed).The second phase of your operations (drilling three 1,500 foot geothermal gradient holes)will require authorization by DNR under AS 41.06.I have reviewed the application you submitted to Mr.Fred Zeillemaker of the U.S.F.W.S.on April 15,and I anticipate no problems with our issuing a letter to Republic granting the required authorizations within the next two weeks.However,before I issue such a letter,the application will have to be reviewed by the Department's Water Management Section.This will be done this week. I hope that your project was able to begin on schedule and that all is going well. Best wishes, Li Ufteen. David A.Hedderly-Smith Deputy Director,Minerals Enclosure Appendix G-7 Alaska Department of Natural Resources Geothermal Drilling Authorization ™Vu K"OL qoeo? SVATIE Olr AILASIAA./neem DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES 555 CORDOVA STREET ANCHORAGE,ALASKA 99510 CERTIFIED MAIL MINERALSAND ENERGY MANAGEMENT (907)276-2653 RETURN RECEIPT REQUESTED DECISION Mr.Dwight Carey Republic Geothermal,Inc. 11823 East Slauson Ave.,Suite | Santa Fe Springs,CA.90670 May 27,1982 Geothermal Drilling Authorization This letter constitutes authorization under AS 41.06 from the State of Alaska Department of Natural Resources (ONR)for Republic Geothermal,Inc.,or its contractors to drill three 1500-foot (geothermal)temperature gradient holes on the flanks of Makushin Volcano on Unalaska Island as per the detailed description of operations attached as Exhibit A to your April 15,1982,letter to Mr.Fred Zeillemaker of the U.S.Fish &Wildlife Service.This letter does not relieve Republic from acquiring other permits that may be required from other state and federal agencies and does not relieve you from the obligation to apply for a temporary water use permit from ONR for your drilling water.(It is our understanding,however,that Republic has already applied for the water use permit.) As we have discussed,ONR's legal jurisdiction to regulate geothermal exploration activities under AS 41.06.020(b)on federal and/or private land in Alaska is not totally clear,pending our receiving definitive guidelines fram the Alaska Attorney General. However,the department feels that we clearly have authority under AS 41.06.020(c)(2) to regulate your proposed activities.Notwithstanding where the authority may be vested,your plan of operations as outlined in the letter to the U.S.F.W.S.appears to contain adequate safety and conservation measures to address the state's concerns,and your activities are fully approved by DNR so long as they do not substantially deviate from those proposed in the plan.Please notify this office in writing upon the completion of your drilling activities. Thank you for Republic's cooperation in our endeavors to approve your work this summer.And good luck with the project. Sincerely, Lftldw1 David Hedderly ith Deputy Director,Minerals ce Patti DeJung,Alaska Power Authority Steve Grabacki,Dames &Moore Y.R.Nayadu,Water Management,DNR Appendix G-8 Application for Permit for Food Service Operation submitted to Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation O 12023-007-20 Unalaska GeothermalDAMES©:NIDORE Tiggra frei Ble | ed :i of ' ANCHORAGE ne .3 tea oS ORY Rett address:DAMEN GEE 9 & ;echerace Alasba +e! DISTRIBUTION:S.T.Grabacki (D.Cezey,RGI May 6,1982 Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation 437 E Street,Suite 200 RECEIVBQ dAnchorage,AK 99501 ;MAY 1 0 1982Attention:Mr.Bruce Erikson Gentlemen: On behalf of our client,Republic Geothermal,Inc.,we are submitting an Application for Permit for Food Service Operation. The Food Service Operation will be conducted by Republic Geothermal's subcontractor,Production Services,Inc.of Anchorage.The operation will be temporary (approximately 3 months),and will serve approximately 12 people.The camp is very remote:above the 1000 ft elevation on Makushin Volcano of Unalaska Island.The purpose of the camp is to support geothermal exploration operations.Republic Geothermal is working under contract to the Alaska Power Authority. Thank you for your review of this application.If you have any questions or comments,please do not hesitate to contact me. Sincerely, DAMES &MOORE Stephen T.Grabacki Project Coordinator 'STG/cbm Enclosure AN STATE OF ALASKA DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION P.Q.Box 1601 Fairbanks,AK 99707 437 E Street Suite 200 Anchorage,AK 99501 APPLICATION FOR PERMIT FOR FOOD SERVICE OPERATION (please type or print); File Code: Pouch 0 Juneau,AK 99811 O Name of Establishment Phone Number Unnamed Exploration Camp on Makushin Volcano Location of Establishment Street Address City State Zip Approximately 10 miles west of Dutch Harbor,Alaska,as shownintheattachedFigure. Mailing Address of Establishment Street or P.O.Box c/o Republic Geothermal,Inc. 11823 E.Slauson Ave,Suite 1 City State Zip Santa-Fe Springs,CA 90670 _BUSINESS TYPE Commercial School Tavern Nursing Home Day Care Club Institution Other -_X___ Seating Capacity:__@DTOx.J Name Title Republic Geothermal,Ine, Name of Owner(s)[If partnership,list all partners,.If corporation,list officers,offices held and address.]} Address (The camp subcontractor is Production Services,Inc.,4113 Ingra Street,Anchorage, Alaska 99503) If vehicle:List year,make,model,color and license. iF OPERATION IS TEMPORARY: Dates of proposed operation:June_1.1982 to Sept.1,1982 TYPE OF APPLICATION Original x New Operation Type of food to be served:__General Camp Meals:3 meals/day Change of Ownership -S-OPERATION Permanent Temporary:X In compliance with 7 AAC 25.075,|(we)hereby apply for a food service permit to operate a food service establishment in the State of Alaska.|(we)understand that this permit may not be sold or transferred and that after issuance it may be suspended or revoked for failure to comply with the Eating and Drinking Establishment regulations of the Alaska Administrative Code,7 AAC 25.003-- 7 AAC 25.087.|(we)have read and understand the basic requirements of these regulations. Stephen T.Grabacki Permit Number 06-6030 FOR OFFICE USE ONLY APPLICANT (please print)> Permit Noy Proved:on behalf of Republic Geothermal,Inc. Permit Provisionaly Approved:APPLACANT (please-print y:LEZ SUZPeptonDseectoRE Die Permit Approved: By:SIGNATURE Date O- O -oO: FIGURE2 LOCATION OF PROPOSED OPERATIONS ON UNALASICA ISLAND SCALE "lo Sim 'Maa,A Temporary 7p Site . Appendix G-9 Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation Eating and Drinking Establishment Permit A;ceeoo athis ts toS Senitytha °Exploration Camp onMakushin'Volcano11823E.Slauson Ave.,Suite 1,Santa Fe Springs,CA 90670 .is authorized to operate an eating and drinking establishment in the State of Alaska pursuant to 18 AAC 31.This permit isthepropertyoftheStateofAlaska''and:may be suspended or revokedforfailuretocomewith18AAC31or.other.applicable statutes Date Issued May 17,1982 REGIONAL SUPERVISORPermitNo.82-900-80 aeOSTRICTSANITARIAN Appendix G-10 Application for a Habitat Protection Permit submitted to Alaska Department of Fish and Game 800 Cordova,Suite 101Dames&Moore |rc ee==|(907)279-0673S2=|Telex:090-25227 Cable address:DAMEMORE May ll,1982 REc BI Alaska Department of Fish and Game Habitat Division 333 Raspberry Road Anchorage,AK 99502 Attention:Mr.Carl Yanagawa Regional Supervisor Gentlemen: As part of the permit process for the Unalaska geothermal exploration,our client,Republic Geothermal,Inc.(RGI),has filed an application for a Temporary Water Use Permit with the Alaska Department of Natural Resources (ADNR).The application was filed on May 6,1982,and a copy of the application, with attachments,is enclosed for your reference. Pursuant to AS 16.05.870 and your letter of March 10,1982,Dames &Moore is applying for a Habitat Protection Permit,on behalf of RGI and the Alaska Power Authority.This letter of application addresses the water withdrawal from the extreme upper portions of the Makushin Valley River and the more-eastern Humpback Bay stream.No fording or other in-water operations are planned for these streams.We anticipate that no operations of any kind will be conducted in the streams of Driftwood Bay,McLees Lake,or Nateekin Bay. As stated in the ADNR permit application,the water withdrawal is not anticipated to exceed 500 gallons per day,taken from snowmelt and from the two streams.It is not known if an impoundment will be necessary to forma pool deep enough for pumping.If so,the impoundment will be built of a few stones placed by hand;these stones will be removed at the close of 1982 operations. While it is not yet clear if any fish species are present in these extreme upper reaches of these streams,RGI's water withdrawal operations will avoid areas of fish concentration or spawning.Furthermore,the pump intake will be equipped with a 1/8-inch screen to avoid fish entrainment. All solid and liquid wastes will be disposed of in accordance with Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation's Solid Waste Permit No.8221-BA002. We will send you a copy of the permit and of our environmental baseline and monitoring program,if you desire. Alaska Department of Fish and Game May 11,1982 Dames &Moore Page Two == - Although we understand that ADF&G will review the Temporary Water Use Permit submitted by RGI to ADNR,RGI has asked us to submit this letter of application for a Habitat Protection Permit directly to ADF&G,in order to expedite the permit process. Thank you for your review of this application.If you have any questions or comments,please do not hesitate to contact us. Sincerely, DAMES MOORE |Z Se Stephen T.Grabacki Project Coordinator STG/cbm Enclosures xe:Mr.Dwight Carey,RGI Appendix G-ll Letter from Alaska Departmentof Fish and GameJune3,1982 pov.ee ree .JAY S.HAMMOND,GOVERNOR DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME | ° 333 RASPBERRY ROAD June 3 1982 ANCHORAGE,ALASKA 99502 > Dames and Moore800Cordova,Suite 101Anchorage,Alaska 99501 Attention:Stephen T.Grabacki,Project Coordinator Gentlemen: Re:Unalaska Geothermal Exploration The Alaska Department of Fish and Game (ADF&G)has reviewed your proposal towithdrawwaterfromtheupperreachesMakushinValleyRiverandHumpbackBaystream.Both.of these streams support anadromous fishes in the lowerreaches.However,anadromous fish are not known to occur in the reachesfromwhichyouplantowithdrawwater.In addition,your applicationindicatesthatyoudonotintendtoconstructblockagetothemovementofresidentfishes.Therefore no Habitat Protection Permit is required from ADF&G. In our review of the Department of Natural Resources water use application,we will request that your pump intakes be screened. Thanks for coordinating this activity with us. Sincerely, Devld O-a oS Donald 0.McKayProjectsReview Coordinator - Habitat Division uke Zhawd the Lilsy (907)344-0541 Brececvey og' 7 :<Abed ec:L.Dutton,ADNR ZS 'Wa B.Martin,ADEC - K.Griffen,ADF&G pegs Apel,4 we WPS Officer J.Low,FWP S; Appendix G-12 Letter to Alaska Department of Fish and Game DAMES 2,MOORE.Almore .(0 7%,Flew!12023-00720WegFTaoe"Unalaska GeothermalaeetabeweDATBRNGANCHORAGE.XR,"v -DISTRIBUTION:S.T.Grabacki (2 copies) Alaska Department of Fish and Game Habitat Division 333 Raspberry Road Anchorage,AK 99502 Attention:Mr.Donald OQ.McKay Project Review Coordinator Gentlemen: Thank you for your letter of June 3,1982,advising us that no Habitat Protection Permit is required for Republic Geothermal,Inc.'s exploration activities on Unalaska Island. This letter concerns a slight modification in the scope of the 1982 exploration activities.Attention is now being focused on the three thermal gradient hole (TGH)sites generally depicted on the enclosed map.The streams of Humpback Bay are no longer subject to potential impact.The three drainages of concern now are:the Makushin Valley River (as before),a Glacier Valley stream,and two streams of Driftwood Bay.However,Republic Geothermal still plans to drill at only three TGH sites:these sites will be selected as their investigation proceeds. The explorations will be conducted as described in our letter of May ll, 1982:water withdrawl sites will be very high in the watersheds,water use will remain at a 500 gallons per day maximum,pump intakes will be screened,etc. Dames &Moore's first field effort for the project's environmental baseline program took place on May 17-21,1982.At that time,the upper reaches of all of these streams were invisible under the deep snow cover in the sharply-incised valleys.Fish barriers (falls)are present below the water withdrawl sites on the Makushin Valley and Driftwood Bay streams.The upper Glacier Valley topography was blanketed by 'thick snow.The complete results of the environmental baseline program will be contained in the 1982 final report to be prepared later this year.However,if you have any specific information needs, please do not hesitate to contact us. Please advise us if ADF&G has any objections to this modification of the proposed operations.Please call if you have any questions or comments. Sincerely, DAMES .&MOORE Stephen T.Grabacki Project Coordinator STG/cbm Enclosure AN Paint Tebenkof Irisnmans Hatoa BALAN ORIFTWOO\S (DE) WesZENS yc",Avu\4Nzs*ydiia')4estaiemmmmennelkelLodecA7-Lyj iiate|Ka-oy oeaTRYES '= ny 69>-5 > aae,a .eedi2aeosi==,*Cre wey.' \:s-r-68pewete!t : "wpe ioe |oA, °{botygeezy.7 'a 2 'rn ns44ate +--1 67-ry RKO 8 ¥}Sete age :i. "ey Ne.x yh,wytat ' Appendix G-13 Report of Telephone Conversation between Alaska Department of Fish and Game and Dames and Moore RECORD OF TELEPHONE CONVERSATION DATE Approx.June 15,1982 JOB NO.:_.12023-007-20 RECORDED BY:_S-I-Grabacki OWNER/CLIENT:APA/RG1 TALKED WITH:-Don MeKay OF _AK,Dept.of Fish &Game | NATURE OF CALL:INCOMING ©OUTGOING @ ROUTE TO:INFORMATION ACTION MAIN SUBJECT OF CALL:_Unalaska Geothermal Exploration ITEMS DISCUSSED: McKay had received mv letter of June 10,1983,in which we advised AOFG of-a modification in RGl's 1982 plans (drilling in the drainages of Makushin,Glacier &Driftwood Valleys,and not _in the streams of Humpback Bay),The Jetter asked ADFG to advise us if they had anv objection to this modification. MeKay said that ADFG had no objections and,as for the original plan, no title IG Habitat Protection Permit would be required, Appendix G-14 Diagram of Water System for Base Camp submitted to Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation _ _; -Ec ;woo _TRANSMITTAL SHEET .DAMES &MOORE "EY VeywvCOMPA.TanT me Tied EmvenQregnt at c0b SPURS CAsTIH SCENCES .|YUL 01 1999 800 CORDOVA °SUITE 101 ANCHORAGE,ALASKA 99501 «(907)279-0673 Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation To:437 "E"Street Date --_dune 25,1982Anchorage,Alaska 99501 Your Order No. Our Job No.12023-007-20 Attention:Mr.James Allen Subject:Geothermal Exploration Project on Unalaska Island,conducted byRepublicGeothermal,Inc.and the Alaska Power Authority Weare sending youvia Ist-class mail the following schematic "as-built" diagram of the water system for the base camp on Makushin Volcano. Mr.George Cuffort of Production Services,Inc.,has already suppliedADECwiththeresultsoflaboratorytestsofdrinkingwater. This iswoxsyxg for =your files and to complete the requirements for certification ofdrinkingwaterquality. No.of copies submitted:One (1) Copies to:Dwight Carey/Republic GeothermalGeorgeCuffort/Production Services ||GanxphenT.Grabacki Project Coordinator em 114.6AN oth OF Oren pLorl (; oe AMk-_or |_INIAK acai -\ANKE: HAoRAL-Koek aaBar.(Io Aenigesnl Aiearaoaiviiesit)ori? [1 ab oF wort pure(Sidgpey WeerVALLEY) ne -RAY Can FRESH WATER 7)a Appendix G-15 Drinking Water Analysis Report submitted to Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation vo- ¥rgooor?.«-'3 ..ye ot vee = ?Phat 7 ee PSI propuction services,nc.:gedaan INGRA STREET,ANCHORAGE,ALASKA 995034 PHONE:(907)279-8550 3 _ on on oe :fi on wo cf ”i” SUBJECT MO FORT Sony pti fv GE Aad &!DATE 2-2 2 -*2 a -/-_"-'Mn"a ¢MABte te tal)L2 i he Ci ee?7 we ifo te yf -sf o -< re Op :oy fo ge aw eae,are dt FF BLA ASML And os73 LEME A PS Ee dcke Med 4°os 4-4 .7 & =.rig . -Pr od Ped UR ae A OEYFoy 4 "a "nr Pa"a aw /AP.DQ ren PRA”fina fe em MO ed sie oD LAr SL,mm, a”fie Pd wt}a .° Le a "-_wa a ¢/.LOD koe hoe Lp fOr at?eh by on LMA LILY i”Pfc Ff o87es"= ee a o fe "--_ sTOT08Dtee"oO Le Btotps GAS or Ft OP EP oe tO fF een ? a .i)aeoa£7SIGNEDPffone REPLY. tre) "DAMES &MOORE ANCHORAGEDATE 7OPY TO CUSTOMER. : NCLOSED MEMO WITH REPLY RETAIN WHITE COPY F«JUN CR cae C)NO REPLY NECESSARY CI PLE ACTION g INFO:gO oO oo._.ee FILE: CHEMICAL &GEOLOGICAL LABORATORIES OF ALASKA,INC.2st. ANCHORAGE INOUSTRIAL CENTER 5633 B StreetTELEPHONE(907}-279-4014 274-3364 Drinking Water Analysis Report for -Inorganic,Organic,and Radiochemical Contaminants TO BE COMPLETED BY PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIER SAMPLE DESCRIPTION:PUBLIC WATER SYSTEM: Collected By__DP. 1.D.NO. ..Production Services,Inc.Makushin Volcano Public Water System Name Sampie Location . . 4113 Ingra Adoress - Source Type ©Surtace Water OD Ground Water Anchorage,AK 99503 ) Sample Date 0;5 0}9 8 {2 City State Zip Code °Mo._Day Your Note:Check box to left of contaminants listed below for the C Routine Sample QO Untreated Water©Special Purpose Sample O Treated Wateranalysesdesired. TO BE COMPLETED BY CERTIFIED LABORATORY Conn Name Sample No.Station No, 5633 "B*STREET .11127-3 Laboratory Analysis No.Address . ANCHORAGE,ALASKA 99502 G.Yonkin 5-11-82 _City State Zip Code Received by Date ORGANICS .Limit Mgil INORGANICS D Endrin (0.0002). ;D Lindane (0.004). 5 Limit Mgil ©Methoxychtor (0.1)(1.Arsenic (0.05)<-1Ol}OD Toxaphene (0.005)DO Barium (1.)<fol.15 02,40 (0.1) [T. O Cadmium (0.010)<[ol Jolilo 02,45.TP Silvex (0.01) . O Chromium (0.05)<fol.[o}2 oO ; OD Fluoride (2.4)<]_[Ol./110 Oo0tron(0.3)O}.1715 0 Lead (0.05)</Q}./Ol] O Manganese (0.05)<]_Jol.lol1 RADIOACTIVITY O Mercury (0.002)<(oO1.10/0117 Limit pcill 0 Nitrate -Nitrogen (10.)<Ql.td or D Gross Alpha (15)O Selenium (0.01)<jo}.1017 O Radium 226 &228 (5)g oiser (0.05)</ol.loli 0 Gross Beta (50)-ydium (250)61.19 O Strontium -90 (8)O Colez FOL <Sl.D Tritium (20,000)O mirhiaicy Hu.ol.tst3 O 0 0 ND Indicates Not Detected . 5-17-82 Les Hho 5-18-82 Co er a erar Elanature M7 annrator Sudervisor Datereporied ct La &GEOLOGICAL LABORATORIES OF ALASKA,INC.,p23.J TELEPHONE (907)-279-4014 |ANCHORAGE INDUSTRIAL CENTER274-3364 5633 B Street °74 -Drinking Water Analysis Report for Total Coliform Bacteria TO BE COMPLETED BY WATER SUPPUER .TOBE COMPLETED BY LABORATORY ATER SYSTEM:{|||||}Analysis shows this Water SAMPLE to be: LD.NO.x SatistactoryFreductileontSetvicesLA,:D unsatisfactory © ster Sysiem Name one No. -DC)Sample too long in transit:sample shouldLl5LegyaAZFZirSS2.)not be over 48 hours old at examination Mailing Address to indicate reliable results.Please sendAShoveaeAl.aqag oD 5S new sample. City wi Sute Zip Code ; . s . :Date Recsived S$.H-f2samecepate:LOLS][Ol7]L¥ia .IDMo.Day _Year oe :Time Received /(A Analytical Method:SAMPLE TYPE: . 0 Routine oF ; D Check Sample (for routine sample Cl Treated Water O Fermentation Tube with lab ref.no )5 Untreated Water +f Membrane FilterODSpecialPurpose Aue - LocaTION oi Collected Lab Ref.No.Result*Analyst 1 LKitehew |Pm DF UM2-7-1)TQ _DP| 2 LS I 3 L ees 1 CO 4 5 | l[.-]1m |L |oo '@No.of colomes/100mi of No of Postwe portions 06-1220 (Db)BACTERIOLOGICAL WATER ANALYSIS RECORD Rev.1978 . ° SourceOsteCollected a.m,READ INSTRUCTIONS .Time Recelved _______..pm,Lab.No.Date Recelved Presumptive 1Omt 16rn!10m!1O0mt 10mt 3Om G.lml 24 Hours BEFORE ---- -----ee Confirmatory 24 Hours 48 Hours Brom 24 hours:Broth 48 hour: 10en!Tubes Poative/Total JOm!Portions Collferm/100m!) Ems COLLECTING SAM PLE tAultipie Tube Revort: Membrane Fitter:Direct Count :Verification:LTS 8CB Final Menbrane FEterR $2 Coliform/1 Oomn] Recorted By Yt\)i"Bete 5.=Iles -Bed.DASA Time:LERTU pum. yeCAL&GEOLOGICAL LABORATORIES OF ALASKA,ING.«3. "TELEPHONE (907)-279-4014 ANCHORAGE INDUSTRIAL CENTER274-3364 §633 B Street EN Drinking Water Analysis Report forInorganic,Organic,and Radiochemical Contaminants TO BE COMPLETED BY PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIER PUBLIC WATER SYSTEM:SAMPLE DESCRIPTION: Collected By__DP 1.0.NO. Production Services,Inc.Makushin Volcano Public Water System Name Sampie Location_. 4113 Ingra _ Kdaress Source Type O Surface Water O Ground Water Anchorage,AK 99503 Sample Date 0/5 0:9 8 }2 City State 'Zip Code ::Mo.Day Year Routine Sample 0 Untreated WaterNote:Check box to left of contaminants listed below for the ;D Special Purpose Sample O)Treated Wateranalysesdesired. TO BE COMPLETED BY CERTIFIED LABORATORY /*"fEMICAL &GEOLOGICAL LABORATORIES OF ALASKA,INC.. Laboratory Name Sample No.Station No. 5633 "B”STREET 11127=3 | . Address Laboratory Analysis No. ANCHORAGE,ALASKA 99502 G.Yonkin 5-11-82 City State Zip Code Received by Date ORGANICS . .Limit MgllINORGANICSOEndrin(0.0002). .Mali 0 Lindane (0.004). 0 Limit g ©Methoxychior (0.1)5 Arsenic (0.05)<{0}.}0/1 QO Toxaphene (0.005)Barium (1.)<{ol.]5 02,4-D (0.1)D0 Cadmium (0.010)<[o|.{0/1/10 'O 2,4,5 -TP Silvex (0.01)O Chromium (0.05)<{O}.}Oli 0OFluoride(2.4)<{_{Ol.t1}0 :oO0Iron(0.3)Ol.}215©Lead (0.05)</o}.lolz ; 0 Manganese (0.05)<O1.10 1 RADIOACTIVITYOoMercury(0.002)</Ol.J O1OI1 Limit pcillONitrate-Nitrogen (10.)<o!.t1lo D Gross Alpha (15)O Selenium (0.01)</01.1o}1 0 Radium 226 &228 (5)D Silver (O.05)<fol fold Gr-Sodi O Gross Beta (50).Sodium 69)6|.|9 G Strontium -90 (8)O- 2)sl ao5Durhidieyweyar O Tritium (20,000) Oo 513 Oo ND Indicates Not D a ndicates Not Detected tN 5-17-82 pene HMorbee 5-18-82 Date Analysis Completed Signature af aboratory Supervisor Date reported Appendix G-16 Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation Class C Water and Waste Systems Construction and Operation Certificate -_TA A DAs pm -Se TT Epa ke ¥A {JAYS.HAMMOND,GOVERNOR -=_Phd fay /437 E.StreetEyeyPariaIAL/.,SECOND FLOOR . <_<-4T *ANCHORAGE,ALASKA 99501'oa OF E v IROMRIENTAL CONSERVATION /(907)274-2533 SOUTHCENTRAL REGIONAL OFFICE {0 KODIAK ALASKA 99615/(907)486-3350 8-O09LH oO P.O.BOX 12071=SOLDOTNA,ALASKA 99669(907)262-5210 o P.O.BOX 1709VALDEZ,ALASKA 99686 (907)835-4698 .P.O.BOX 1064Mr.Stephen T.Grabacki OQ WASILLA,ALASKA 99687 Dames &Moore (907)376-5038 800 Cordova Street,Suite 101 Anchorage,Alaska 99501 July 2,1982 SUBJECT:Class C Water &Waste Systems for Base Camp Malcushin Volcano Unalaska Island (8221-FA211) Dear Mr.Grabacki: We have reviewed the plans and specifications for the subject project. The project is hereby approved for construction for the items with which this Department is concerned.This letter constitutes the permit required by A.S.46.03.720(a)for approval of sewerage systems. Enclosed with this letter is a "Certificate To Operate”for the drinking water system. Sincerely, bow"ZEA.Bruce E.Erickson Environmental Engineer BEE/ccs Enclosure DAMES &MOORE ANCHORAGE CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION CERTIFICATE ALASKA DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION .OPUBLICWATERSYSTEM ig M4 <oko te i]fa sy,a H .t i/o lec breePlansfortheconstructionof_42.47 @ APPROVAL TO CONSTRUCT 7 .-:.nae _.yt .°7°. .dias fir ce Be,i ofiae MeFi--F nV btihe es (7 "public water system located ;hho hk ) seeact tinEdtetheIles_,Alaska,submitted in a.»ordance with 18 AAC 80.100 - 7 Ake ooo bo,2 .by fseMes a:10 oer ;-_have been reviewed and are G:-approved. 7U conditionally approved (see attached conditions).f = f , y -”a :aa s J os,2 f r av a oe 'ardeeOMecaeaoa'.ar rn Ef wept t f-Fae dbs prem wry nee ae -BY -TITLE .J DATE w If construction has not started within two years of the approval date,this certificate is void and new plans and specifications must be submitted for review and approval before construction. APPROVED CHANGE ORDERS OChange(contract order na.,:Approved by Date or descriptive reference) The "APPROVAL TO OPERATE”section must be completed before any water is made available to. the public. APPROVAL TO OPERATE ¢eee,;;_.}The construction of the "7S 7 Ares7 M teste tas Vole ra (fas Sublic water system was completed on__i!#.:--(date).The system is herebygrantedinterimapprovaltooperatefor90daysfollowingthecompletiondate./-,. ra see ers cone S f Pe migt the oe *a7.ee eee ee ee ee {-ter g gh Fe f=FOE "BY TITLE ;DATE As-built plans submitted during the interim approval period,or an inspection by the Department has confirmed the system was constructed according to the approved plans.The system is hereby grantedfinal,approval to operate.OWaa"-re .Fa °ae -,.; :>>-a {f °a a -_°ca on ffAeeemietenvissestoflpeteetefieoeoO ”BY *TITLE iw DATE é ae Appendix G-17 Alaska Department of Natural Resources Cultural Resources Clearance Statement >STATE QE ALS OCA /arma cores619WAREHOUSEDA.,SUITE 210OperanmestOFNATURALRESOURCESONCHORAGE,ALASKA »99501 May 27,1982 DIVISION OF PARKS PHONE:274-4676 File No.1130-13 Republic Geothermal,Inc. 11823 East Slauson Avenue Sante Fe Springs,CA 90670 RBEVLe1iVeED 1 ¢19382 Subject:APA Unalaska Geothermal Project. Gentlemen: We have reviewed the subject porpesal and would like to offer thefollowingcomments: STATE HISTORIC PRESERVATION OFFICER The exploration phase of this project is not likely to affect cultural resources and the following is the Office of History and Archaeology and the State Historic Preservation Office standard clearance statement: There are no known sites on the National Register of Historic Places, nor are there sites determined to be eligible for the National Register. Examination of our records indicates there is a low potential of such sites occurring in the subject area;however,you are reminded that it is the responsibility of your agnecy to verify this statement.Should cultural resources be found during the construction,we request that the project engineer halt all work which may disturb such resources and contact us immediately.Should there be any questions,please contact Diana Rigg of this office. The proposed action appears to be consistent with the Alaska Coastal Management Program's historic,prehistoric and archaeological resources standard;however,the lead agency should confirm this. However,the development stage of the project may effect currently unknown cultural resources.We would,therefore,appreciate the oppor- tunity to review development stage plans,when they become available. Should there be any questions,please gontact,Diana'Rigg:of this office.be[- mee \___ Ty L.Dilliplane O State Historic Preservation Officer STATE PARK PLANNING Republic Geothermal,Inc. aw,May 27,1982=i...Page Two on 'The proposed action is consistent with the Alaska Coastal Management Program's recreation standard. LAND &WATER CONSERVATION FUND GRANT PROGRAM No comment. Sincerely, 2 a Cf ai a ad -meee,Cait CELE a aesaiS= veo-Taniel Robinson -. Acting Director cto.DR/b1h-|a has pre,ce:John Lobdell i oe Dames &Moore eae ee ee yess'alaska division |of pariks DATEcommentsOn&propose public agency actiono CUuduomes O11FROM:Chip Dennerlein »Director APA Unalaska Geothermal Project CZN;=.Q@yes Ono We have reviewed and would like.to offer the following comments:. ; STATE HISTORIC PRESERVATION OFFICER (Hist/Arch)-(chief)The exploration phase of this project is not likely to affect cultural resources_and tne Tollowing 1s the Urfice ofHistory and Archaeology and the State HIstoric PreservationOfficestandardclearancestatement:Clear ].Clear 2. ae Soct-.lya:aff :-¢Firai resources.We would,therefor,appreciate the opportunity to review developmentsilageplans,when they becoma-availeble_ ee TE ___SHPO Sig:Yes x No STATE PARK PLANNING oo >(chief)© LAND &WATER CONSERVATION FUND GRANT PROGRAM .(chief) o7 O- (please use reverse side for additional comment) Appendix G-18 Letter to . United States Fish and Wildlife Service May 25,1982 May 25,1982 Mr.William Knauer Refuges and Wildlife U.S.Fish and Wildlife Service 1011 East Tudor Road Anchorage,AK 99503 Dear Bills: Pursuant toa our discussion of last week I am writing to inform you of determinations concerning cultural resource potential associated with the proposed geothermal testing planned for Makushin Volcano on Unalaska Island in the Aleutian Archepelago. The testing study is being coordinated by the Alaska Power Authority.Feasibility testing is to be done by Republic Geothermal,Ine.with the environmental assessment currently under way by the Anchorage office of Dames &Moore. The proposed location is so remotely located on slope of the volcano in an area of pyroclastic land surface that it was =my professicnal judgement to recommend to the State Historic Freservation Officer that little,if any,potential for cultural resource sites exists.The area of testing is almost at the altitude of permanent snow cover.The SHPO's office concurred with my views and,therefore,did not require an archaeological reconnaissance at this time.However,the SHFO did feel that such a survey would be appropriate if development is later to be planned.The SHPO reserved the right to reconsider such a development plan. John Beck (BLM),although not involved in the review of the project,felt that the project should be cognizant of any obsidian sources that might show evidence of past use.Steve Grabacki (Dames &Moore)conferenced with the geologists of the project last week during an on-site inspection.No obsidian sources are thought to exist within the area of the project. Based on the SHFO*'s ruling and the previous awarding of the Casual Use Geological Exploration and Thermal Gradient Hole Drilling Special Use Fermits (USF&WS),I request that you consider,at your earliest convenience,a similar evaluation so that the project may proceed. Regards, John E.Lobdell,Fh.D. Appendix G-19 United States Fish and Wildlife Service Cultural Resources Clearance Statement United States Department of the Interior FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE IN REPLY REFER TO:1011 E.TUDOR RD.RFP 7 ANCHORAGE,ALASKA 99503 (907)276-3800 Dr.John E.Lobdell 8 JUN 1982SRA-Box 1026 C Anchorage,Alaska 99502 Dear Dr.Lobdell, I have reviewed with Bill Knauer and our Fish and Wildlife Service Archeologist in Washington the situation on Unalaska Island.The proposed feasibility testing location is so remotely located on the volcano slope in an area of pyroclastic land surface that little potential exists for cultural resource sites.Your letter with the attachment from the State Historic Preservation Officer substantiates this and indicates proper coordination withtheSHPO. It is my judgement that the feasibility testing to be done on Makushin Volcano by Republic Geothermal,Inc.tonstitutes a no effect situation as defined under The Advisory Council Regulations and therefore requiresno archeological reconnaissance. 'This decision does not extend to any future development plan nor does it remove the requirement for a Special Use Permit which must be obtained from the Refuge Manager,Aleutian Islands Unit,Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge,Box 5251,FPO Seattle,Washington 98791 prior to any exploratory workbyGeothermalResources,Inc.or its subcontractors. If you have any questions,please contact either the Refuge Manager or BillKnauerhereinourRegional.Office. Sincerely,