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RUSSIAN MISSION SUPPLEMENT
TO
RECONNAISSANCE STUDY
OF
ENERGY REQUIREMENTS AND ALTERNATIVES
FOR
BUCKLAND, CHUATHBALUK, CROOKED CREEK
HUGHES, KOYUKUK, NIKOLAI, RED DEVIL,
RUSSIAN MISSION, SHELDON POINT, SLEETMUTE,
STONY RIVER, TAKOTNA AND TELIDA
MAY 1981
Prepared by:
Robert W. Retherford Associates
Arctic Division of International Engineering Co., Inc.
APA 20/T1
Anchorage, Alaska
For the
State of Alaska
Department of Commerce and Economic Development
Division of Alaska Power Authority
333 West Fourth Avenue, Suite 31
Anchorage, Alaska 99501
Under Contract No. AS44.56.010
This report was prepared by:
Robert W. Retherford Associates
Arctic Division of International Engineering Company
R.W. Retherford, P.E.
Frank J. Bettine, E.I.T.
James J. Lard, E.!. T.
Mark Latour, Economist
Illustrations on the front cover were prepared and sketched by
Kathryn L. Langman. These illustrations portray several energy
resource alternatives investigated for the Thirteen Villages
included in this study.
APA 20/T2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section Page
1. Summary and Results 1.1
2. Recommendations 2.1
3. Existing Conditions and Energy Balance 3.1
4. Energy Requirements Forecast 4.1
s. Resource and Technology Assessment S.l
6. Energy Plans 6.1
APPENDIX A Description of Selected Technologies
APA*32Cl
SECTION 1
SUMMARY AND RESULTS
APA*32C2
SECTION 1
SUMMARY AND RESULTS
A. SUMMARY
A study was recently conducted under contract number AS44.56.010 for the
State of Alaska Department of Commerce and Economic Development, Divi-
sion of Alaska Power Authority to determine the energy alternatives for
Thirteen Western Alaskan Villages. This study consists of establishing
the following:
• Energy Balance for 1979
• Existing Power and Heating Facilities -1980
• Electric Power Requirements to the year 2000
• Space Heating Requirement to the year 2000
• Potential Energy and Electric Power Resources
• Evaluation of the Electric Power Resources
• Recommendations for the development or future studies
for the 13 Western Alaskan villages of Buckland, Hughes, Koyukuk, Telida,
Nikolai, Takotna, Stony River, Sleetmute, Red Devil, Crooked Creek,
Chuathbaluk, Russian Mission and Sheldon Point (See Figure 1.1).
The Russian Mission supplement represents a brief summary of the most
pertinent facts and findings contained in the original report which
relate to the village of Russian Mission. Detailed data concerning the
village may be obtained by referring to the original report.
Diesel fuels are presently used to satisfy the major percentage of
energy demands in the village. Emphasis in the study was therefore
placed on possible resources and technologies that could replace or at
least supplement the use of increasingly costly fuel oil. The energy
alternatives which were selected for detailed evaluation in the village
of Russian Mission include:1
1
1) Diesel generation
2) Waste Heat Recovery
3) Binary Cycle generation using coal fuel
4) Wind generation
5) Passive solar heating
6) Energy conservation
See Appendix A for brief description of technologies listed.
1-1
APA*32Fl
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BUCKLAND
2 HUGHES "i." 3 KOYUKUI( ~~I ' ... 4 RUSSIAN MISSION
po!'
cl~ 5 SHElDON POINT
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, ..
~g 6 CIIUATH8AlUI( I 7 CROOKED CREEl( I 8 Nll(OlAI
9 RED DEVIL r 10 SLEETMUTE I " STONY RIVER
12 TAKOTNA I
13 TElIDA I Siano Oi"'I{;,
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~ Hili
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PACIFIC
FIGUR E 1.,
ALASKA MAP'
J3 WESTERN VILLAGES
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SECTION 1
SUMMARY AND RESULTS
To obtain a comprehensive understanding of future energy requirements
for the village, a control year -1979 -was established from which all
projections have been made. Information related to village history,
population and economic conditions, plus information regarding village
government, transportation, power and heating facilities, fuel require-
ments, etc., was collected to provide the necessary background data to
support these projections.
B. EVALUATION RESULTS
1. Economics
Table 1.1 is a summary of the 20 and 50 year economic evaluations performed
for the combination of alternatives (i.e., energy plans) selected for detailed
study for Russian Mission. This Table lists the accumulated pres'ent worth of
plan costs and the accumulated present worth of the net benefits derived from
non-electrical outputs, where:
1) Plan costs represent the cost for providing electrical
generation, and
2) Net benefits represent the savings derived from waste heat
capture or surplus hydroelectric energy used for electric heating.
a. Twenty Year Evaluation Results
Results of the 20-year economic evaluation indicate that the use of diesel
with waste heat recovery and supplemented with wind generation to be most
economical energy plan examined for Russian Mission. This plan is approxi-
mately 3 percent less expensive than diesel generation and waste heat recovery
without supplemental wind generation for the village.
The diesel generation plus binary generation with waste heat energy plan
averaged approximately 3 percent greater cost than the diesel generation
plus waste heat recovery plan for Russian Mission.
This small variation in cost between the two energy plans represents an insigni-
ficant difference in a reconnaissance level study, where costs cannot be
precisely determined, and should not be construed to indicate a definite
cost advantage of one plan over another.
1-3
APA34*F3
RUSSIAN MISSION
Table 1.1 Accumulated Present Worth of Plan Costs and Benefits ($1,000)
Diesel Diesel
.& &
Diesel Binary Cycle Diesel WECS
PERIOD & & & &
Waste Heat Waste Heat Hydroelectric Waste Heat
Cost-Benefit Cost-eenefit Cost-Benefit Cost-Benefit
20-year 3080-380.9 3224-330.0 N/A 2977-336.0
I
+:>
..
SECTION 1
SUMMARY AND RESULTS
Passive solar and energy conservation have not been economically evaluated
in detail and they are, therefore, not listed in Table 1.1. Numerous past
studies have shown the value of conservation and passive solar heating. An
approximate fifteen percent reduction in fossil fuel requirements due to the
implementation of passive solar heating and energy conservation measures has
been built into the village Heating Requirement Forecast Tables listed in
Section 4. It is assumed that these two methods of reducing usage will be
implemented in the village.
2. Environmental and Technical
1.2. These results indicate the overall environmental and technical ranking
of energy plans selected for detail study for the village of Russian Mission,
in order of preference to be:
1) diesel electric plus waste heat
2) diesel plus waste heat and supplemented with wind generation
3) diesel plus binary cycle generation with waste heat
1-5
APA34*F5
APA 28B7
EVALUATION MATRIX
Diesel + Diesel + Diesel + Waste Heat
Table 1. 2 Diesel Local Hydro Binary Generation Supplemental
Electric w/wo Electric Coal and/or Wood Wind
Factor + Waste Heat Heat With Waste Heat Generation
(A) Economic (Present Worth) C D B
(B) Environmental
(1) Community Preference 9 4 5
(2) Infrastructure 3 5 6
(3) Timing 1 7 3
(4) Air Quality 4 5 3
(5) Water Quality 2 4 2
--'
I (6) Fish and Wildlife
0' 2 4 1
(7) Land Use 2 4 3
(8) Terrestrial Impacts 2 4 3
TOTAL 25 37 26
Environmental Ranking 1 3 2
(C) Technical
(1) Safety 2 2 3
(2) Reliability 2 2 5
(3) Availability 1 8 3
TOTAL 5 12 11
TECHNICAL RANKING 1 4 2
OVERALL RANKING C-l D-3 B-2
J , I: , , 1 , I t f • I , I • , I ~ • I , , , ~ • , I. I , • , •
APA*32F7
SECTION 2
RECOMMENDATIONS
A. GENERAL
SECTION 2
RECOMMENDATIONS
Analysis of the 20-year economic, technical and environmental evaluation
indicate the three most promising energy plans for the village of Russian
Mission in order of preference to be:
1) Continued use of diesel generation supplemented with waste
heat recovery,
2) diesel plus binary cycle generation supplemented with waste
heat recovery,
3) diesel plus waste heat recovery supplemented with wind
generation.
B. RECOMMENDED PLAN -Diesel Generation Supplemented with Waste Heat
Recovery.
The 20 year economic, technical and environmental evaluation indicate
that diesel generation with waste heat recovery will provide the most
satisfactory method of providing electric energy for the village of
Russian Mission.
It is recommended, therefore, that a study be conducted to determine
the feasibility of utilizing waste heat in the village of Russian Mission.
Such a study should include a definitive review of the following items:
1) availability of waste heat
2) transportation of waste heat
3) end use of waste heat
C. FIRST ALTERNATIVE PLAN -Diesel Plus Binary Cycle Generation Supple-
mented With Waste Heat Recovery.
The first alternative plan, as listed above, is diesel plus binary cycle
generation with waste heat recovery. This plan averages approximately 5
percent greater costs than the recommended plan. Because the uncertainties
in the costs associated with this alternative, such as the cost of coal
2-1
APA*32F8
SECTION 2
RECOMMENDATIONS
fuel, equipment cost, etc., which can not at present be as precisely
determined as for the recommended plan, it is conceivable that this
alternative could be cost competitive with the alternative plan (i.e.,
diesel generation plus waste heat recovery).
Because binary cycle generation is viewed as one of the few potentially
viable energy alternatives, suitable for future use in remote Alaska
villages such as Russian Mission, it is recommended that the feasibility
of binary cycle generation in Alaska be further investigated in regard to:
1) Equipment availability
2) Technical feasibility
3) Economic aspects
4) Environmental aspects
5) Constraints
Binary cycle generation equipment in unit sizes suitable for village appli-
cation is, however, not expected to be available until the late 1980 l s,
D. SECOND ALTERNATIVE PLAN -Diesel pius Waste Heat Recovery Supplemented
With Wind Generation.
Alternative energy plan #2 diesel plus waste heat recovery supplemented
with wind generation, is slightly less expensive than the recommended plan
by about 3 percent for Russian Mission. Because of the marginal reliability
heretofore experienced in Alaska using wind generation and the lack of
a definite cost advantage of using supplemental wind generation over the
recommended plan, implementation of this alternative energy plan is not
recommended. However, as wind generation technology is further improved
2-2
APA34*F6
•
SECTION 2
RECOMMENDATIONS
and developed, periodic reviews of wind technology for possible implementa-
tion in the village of Russian Mission is advised.
E. COSTS FOR FURTHER STUDY
Approximate costs for determining of feasibility of the two most attractive
energy resources for the village of Russian Mission are:
• Waste heat recovery -approximately $2500
• Binary cycle generation -approximately $2,000,000 which
would include the cost of constructing and operating
a demonstration plant in Alaska.
F. CONSERVATION MEASURES
For the village to stabilize and hopefully reduce the local cost of
energy immediate short term conservation measures could provide the
most rapid results. These conservation measures, which include added
insulation, double glazing or solar film, arctic entrances, weather
stripping, etc., can reduce current non-transportation fuel use on the
order of 15 percent over the 20-year period of this study.
2-3
APA*32FI0
SECTION 3
EXISTING CONDITIONS AND ENERGY BALANCE
APA*32Fll
SECTION 3
EXISTING CONDITIONS
AND ENERGY BALANCE
A. INTRODUCTION
To establish a base and understanding of energy use in the village, an
energy balance has been compiled for the year 1979. Input energy forms
are diesel, wood, propane, blazo, gasoline, and aviation gasoline.
Energy used in the village has been listed both by end use category
(i.e., heating, transportation, and quantities used for electrical
generation) and by consumer category to include residential, small
commercial, public buildings, and large users (school), in the following
table (Table numbered as in original report).
To provide background data, information related to village history,
demographic and economic conditions plus information regarding village
government, transportation, power and heating facilities is included.
a. GENERAL BACKGROUND INFORMATION
History: Russian Mission is located in the Yukon, Kuskokwim
Delta on the west bank of the Yukon River, 65 miies southeast
of St. Mary· s.
This settlement was established in 1837 as the first Russian
American Company fur trading post on the Yukon River. It is
listed in the 1880 census as IIIkogmute ll with 143 inhabitants.
Pursuant to the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act of 1971,
the Russian Mission Village Corporation was entitled to select
92,160 acres of Federal land. Russian Mission lies within the
Calista Regional Cor~oration boundaries.
Population:
Date:
Population:
APA*32Fl2
1880 1902 1929 1939 1950 1960 1970
143 350 54 34 55 102 146
3-1
APA*32FI3
SECTION 3
EXISTING CONDITIONS
AND ENERGY BALANCE
The city administration estimated the population of
Russian Mission at 167 in 1979. The annual population
growth rate over the past twenty years has averaged
2.5 percent.
The 1970 census figures indicate that 94% of the popu-
lation is Native. In 1979, the average number of members
per household in the community was 4.3 persons.
Economy: Employment opportunitie~ in Russian Mission are
concentrated in commercial fishing and ~ublic employment
programs. As of 1978, 18 gillnet permits had been issued
to residents in Russian Missipn. Most residents of the
community are directly or indirectly involved in commercial
fishing during the fishing season. In 1979, 8 year
around employment opportuniteis was provided by CETA
Programs. Six other full-time positions were available
at the ANICA Native Store.
Income from these enterprises is supplemented by public
assistance payments and subsistence activities. Residents
hunt moose, bear, ptarmigan, waterfowl and rabbit. They
fish for salmon and other species of fish. Berries are
harvested in the fall. Income is also earned from
trapping and the sale of pelts.
Government: Russian Mission was incorporated as a second-
class city in 1970. The city has a mayor, selected from
the 7 member city council, and a city administrator.
The city receives CETA funding through AVCP to retain
a city administrator, a policeman and a janitor.
3-2
For non-city programs and services, Russian Mission
Native population is represented by a 7-member
traditional council.
Transportation: The community's location on the Yukon
River allows barge and small boat travel as well as
access by air. Fuel and other bulk supplies are trans-
ported to Russian Mission by river barge. Passenger,
small cargo items, supplies and mail arrive by air.
Snowmachines are the primary means of inter-village
transportation in the winter, while small boat travel is
the major means of transportation in summer.
There are no roads connecting Russian Mission with other
communities in the region.
b. ENERGY BALANCE (1979)
Residential and small commercial heating in Russian
Mission is a combination of fuel oil and wood fuel.
Public buildings and the school are heated with fuel oil.
Heating requirements represent 57.7 percerit of the village
energy requirements with electrical generation at
25.1 percent and transportation at 17.2 percent. Graph 3.4
illustrates by consumer category the types and percentages
of energy forms used in the village. Table 3.4 tabu-
larizes this data in additional detail.
c. EXISTING POWER AND HEATING FACILITIES
APA*32F14
Electric Power: Central station electrical power· was
supplied throughout the village until 1980 when
mechanical failure of the diesel engine disrupted
service. Electrical power for the school is presently
being supplied by the school generator as is the elec-
3-3
APA*32F1S
SECTION 3
EXISTING CONDITIONS
AND ENERGY BALANCE
trical power to public buildings. A new 90-kW generator
is currently awaiting installation in the village power
plant and should be operational by summer. Distribution
consists of overhead triplex construction throughout most
of the village. Additional poles have been installed
(less conductors) for expansion of the distribution
system within the village.
Heating: Residential heating is a combination of wood
and fuel oil in individual wood and oil stoves. Average
consumption per residence is 246 gallons of fuel oil and
6.S cords of wood per year. The school and public build-
ings are heated primarily with fuel oil. The school slso
utilizes the waste heat from the school generators to heat
the school hot water supply.
Fuel Storage: Diesel bulk fuel oil storage capacity in the
commuinty (school + village) is estimated at 34,000 gallons
(estimated during site visit).
3-4
I
o
--
GRAPH 3.4
EFFICIENCIES ASSUMED:
HEATING -75%
TRANSPORTATION -25%
ELECTRICAL GENERATION -25%
TOTAL ENERGY (100%)
HEATING (57.7%)
TRANSPORTATION (17.2%)
ELECTRICAL GENERATION (25.1 %)
I
2000 4000
I
6000
- - -
1979 ENERGY BALANCE
RUSSIAN MISSION
I
8000
GASOLINE + AV GAS 17.2%
DIESEL 25.1 %
10,000
BTU X 106
12,000
-
LEGEND
_ -RESIDENTIAL
-SMALL COMMERCIAL
L.--~I-PUBLIC BUILDINGS
_ -LARGE USERS (SCHOOL)
_ -WASTE HEAT
14,000
BLAZO 0%
PROPANE-.7%
WOOD
DIESEL
TOTAL
-27.0%
-30.0%
-57.7%
I
16,000
I
18,000 20,000
apa28:a12
Table 3.4
CONSUMER
DIESEL
GAL
TYPE NO . 10 6 Btu
Residential 40 9.840
1.358
Small Commercial 3 1,550
214
Public Buildings 4 2,200
304
w large User (school) 1 22,015 I
m 3,038
Total 48 ~ , 4
% of Total Btu
30.0
------
Waste Heat
10 6 Btu 1,229
% of total Btu 7.5
Assumed effeciency: Heating -75%
Transportation -25%
Electric Generation -25%
- - -
---
ENERGY BALANCE -1979
RUSSIAN MISSION
ENERGY FORM CONSUMED
HEATING
WOOD PROPANE BlAZO
CORDS POUNDS . GAL
10 6 8tu 10 6 Btu 10 6 Btu
260 5,000
4.420 98
1,200
23
260 6,200
4.420 121
27.0 0.7 0
1,105 30
6.8 D.2
<t;~ ~'l-C:;
----
TRANSPORTATION
GASOLINE AV GAL
GAL GAL
10 6 Btu 10 6 Btu
20.000 2.200
2.540 279
20,000 2,200
2.540 279
15.5 1.7
1.905 209
11.6 1.3
- -
ELECTRICAL
DIESEL
GAL
10 6 Btu
6,210
857
3,150
435
4,800
662
15,460
2,133
.Q (,087
25.1
~\')'1...-
~ 18 .7
--
TOTAL
10 6 Btu
% of Total
-
9,552
58.4
649
4.0
966
5.9
5.194
31. 7
16.361
100
7.543
46 .1
-
SECTION 4
ENERGY REQUIREMENTS FORECAST
APA*32F17
A. INTRODUCTION
SECTION 4
ENERGY REQUIREMENTS
FORECAST
The following paragraphs and tables outline the planned capital
projects, economic activities forecast, and energy end use
forecasts for the village of Russian Mission.1
1 Table numbered as in original report.
4-1
APA*32F18
APA 22A: 01 SECTION 4
ENERGY REQUIREMENTS FORECAST
4. Russian Mission
(a) Planned Capital Projects and Economic Activity Forecast
Planned Capital Projects:
Scheduled developments -Airport improvements
AVCP housing
Electrification (install new
generator)
Potential developments -Reopening of Williams Coal Mine
Commercial fishing
Economic Activity Forecast: An anticipated increase in com-
mercial fishing should provide improved economic conditions in
the area while reopening of the Williams Coal Mine upstream
on the Yukon could provide indirect improvements in the economy
by lowering energy costs in th~ village. Rapid economic develop-
ment, however, is not expected for the area.
(b) Population Forecast -Russian Mission
The population forecast-is shown in the following Table 4.4
Table 4.4
Year 1970 1979 1982 1985 1990 2000
Population 146 167 179 191 210 257
II Residences 40 42 44 50 64
If Small commercial 3 3 3 4 7
II Public users 4 4 6 8 11
II Large users 1 1 1 1 1
Population growth rate -2%
4-2
II
..
1',.
apa22:a12
C. End Use Forecast
The end uses of energy are shown in the following Tables 4.4a, 4.4b,
and 4.4c.
Table 4.4a
RUSSIAN MISSION ELECTRIC POWER REQUIREMENTSl
1979 1982 1985 1990 2000
Population 167 179 191 210 257
(1) Number of residential
consumers 40 42 44 50 64
(2) Average kWh/mo/consumer 110 133 160 220 415
(3) MWh/year residential
consumers
(2) x (1) x 12 + 1000 52.8 67.0 84.5 132.0 318.7
(4) Number of small commer-
cial consumers 3 3 3" 4 7
(5) Average kWh/mo/consumer 743 848 968 1,209 1,872
(6) MWh/year small commer-
cial consumer
(4) x (5) x 12 + 1000 26.7 30.5 34.8 58.0 157.2
(7) Number of public consumers 4 4 6 8 11
(8) Average kWh/mo/consumer 850 970 1,107 1,379 2,142
(9) MWh/year public consumer
(7) x (8) x 12 + 1000 40.8 46.6 79.7 132.4 282.7
(10) Large (LP) consumer 1 1 1 1 1
(school)
(11) Average kWh/mo/LP 10,950 11,620 12,331 13,614 16,596
consumer2
(12) MWh/year LP's
(10) x (11) x 12 + 1000 131.4 139.5 148.0 163.4 199.3
(13) System MWh/year
(3 )+( 6 )+( 9 )+(12) 251. 7 283.6 347.0 485.8 957.9
(14) System load factor 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.50
(15) System demand kW
(13)+8760+(14)x1000 64 72 88 123 219
1 Installation of new generator scheduled for summer 1981
2 School at 2% growth rate
4-3
apa22:cl2
Table 4.4b
RUSSIAN MISSION HEATING REQUIREMENTS}
RESIDENTIAL CONSUMERS
1979 1982 1985 1990 2000
(1) Population 167 179 191 210 257
(2) Number of resi-
dential users 40 42 44 50 64
(3) Diesel -Average if'
gal/mo/residence
(6)+(2)+12 21 21 21 19 18
III'
(4) Propane -Average
lbs/mo/residence
(7)+(2)+12 10 10 10 19 35 1fIi·
(5) Wood -Average
cords/mo/residence
(8)+(2)+12 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.52 0.47 ..
(6) Diesel Gals 9,8~~ 10,335 ·10 ~824 1l~697 13,556
Btu x 10 6 1,3 1,426 1,494 1,615 1,872
III
(7) Propane Lbs 5,0~g 5,2 60 5,500 1l~580 26,835 " Btu x-rno 1 2 107 . 226 523
• (8) Wood Cords 260 273 286 309 358
Btu x 10 6 4,420 4,642 4,862 5,253 6,086 ~
(9) Total •
Btu x 10 6
II'
(6)+(7)+(8) 5,876 6,170 6,463 7,094 8,481 ..
(10) Annual per capita
consumption
Btu x 10 6
'-""
(9).;-(1) 35.2 34.5 33.8 33.8 33.0 II'
!",
} Assumes a one percent per year decrease in fossil fuel requirements beginning
in 1986 due to implementation of passive solar heating and technical improve-.. '
ments in both building design and heating equipment.
4-4
apa22-A:R3
Table 4.4c
RUSSIAN MISSION HEATING REQUIREMENTSl
OTHER CONSUMERS
1979 1982 1985 1990 2000
(11) Small Commercial 3 3 3 4 7
user
(12) Diesel 1550 1550 1650 2092 3315
Gals/Btu x 10 6 214 214 228 289 457
(13) Public Buil di ngs
user 4 4 6 8 11
(14) Diesel Gals 2200 2775 5025 6919 9170
Btu x 10 6 304 383 693 955 1265
(15) Large users
(school) 1 1 1 1 1
(16) Diesel equivalent
(diesel + wood)
Gals 22 z015 22 z015 22 z015 20 z936 18 z955
Btu x 10 6 3,038 3,038 3,038 2,889 2,616
(17) Propane lbs 1200 1200 1200 1141 1038
Btu x 10 6 ~ ---n ---n 22 20
(18) Subtotal
Btu x 10 6
(16)+(17) 3061" 3061 3061 2911 2636
(19) Total
Btu x 10 6
(9)+(12)+(14)+(18) 9,456 9,828 10,445 11 ,249 12,840
1 Assumes a one percent per year decrease in fossil fuel requirements begin-
ning in 1986 due to implementation of passive solar heating and technical
improvements in both building design and heating equipment.
4-5
SECTION 5
RESOURCE AND TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT
APA*32F19
A. ENERGY RESOURCE ASSESSMENT
SECTION 5
RESOURCE AND
TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT
The energy resources which are determined to be available for the village
of Russian Mission are summarized in the following table. Information
concerning approximate quantity, quality, availability, cost, source of
data and important comments is included. The energy resources specifi-
cally addressed include diesel generation, wind, hydroelectric potential,
waste heat utilization, timber and coal. While passive solar heating
and energy conservation are not specifically addressed in the table, it
is assumed these two energy conservation measures will be implemented in
the village. Energy resources which are not available for use in Russian
Mission and are therefore not addressed include geothermal, peat, solid
waste, oil and gas and tidal power.
5-1
APA*32F20
<n ,
N
APA22-A S3
Table 5.4
ENERGY
RESOURCE
Di ese 1 f ue 1
Wood fuel
Coa I fue 1
Waste Heat'
Recovery
Hydroelectric
Potential
Wind Potential
Major Suppl ier
Nenana
lO-mi Ie radius
Wi Iii am's Mine
Yukon River
N/A
QUANTITY/AVAILABILITY
Unknown
late 1980's
14,000 tons minimum
late 1980' s
30% of fuel used for
electric generation;
upon installation
N/A
Upon installation
, Assume $1. 71/ga 1 diesel fuel cost 0.45 load factor
~ Assumes 80% utilization factor
< > savings per mil lion Btu's recovered
..
ENERGY RESOURCE ASSESSMENT
RUSSIAN MISSION
QUALITY
112 diesel
138,000 Btu/gal
14.6xl0" Btu/cord
11,000 Btu/lb
22xl06 /Btu/ton
Recoverable heat
41,400 Btu/gal diesel
equivalent.
N/A
11.4 mph average
annual wind speed
SOURCE OF
COST DATA
$1. 71/gal Nenana Fuel
$12.40/106 Btu Dealer
$1321cord Estimated based
$9.04/106 Btu on Appendix G
$220-250/ton Appendix H
$10.00-11.36/10 6 Btu
Appendix D $450/kW Installed
<$7.02110 6 Btu>
diesel fuel displaced
N/A Reference 1138
$1450/kW installed Appendix D
$19.72/10° Btu 2 Regional profiles
diesel equivalent
'" " " "
COMMENTS
Del iver'ed cost
atvillaye.
Delivered cost
at village.
De I i vel'ed cos t
at vi llage.
Cost assumes heatdel ivery
within a 100 ft radius of power
plant. Availability varies
w/generator loading,
maintenance at $ll/kW/yr.
18 kW WfCS
APA*32F21
SECTION 6
ENERGY PLANS
SECTION 6
TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT
A. INTRODUCTION
The approach to the energy plans formulated for the village of Russian
Mission is explained in this section. Each plan is formulated to meet
the forecasted electrical energy requirements of the village plus addi-
tional related requirements, such as space heating, where appropriate.
A base case plan using diesel generation is formulated for the village.
This plan is used as the "control case" to determine the advantage or
disadvantage of other alternatives as compared to diesel generation.
Future village diesel generation additions assume that the local school,
which has sufficient installed generation capacity, will provide its own
back-up capability. The school will, however, rely on the centralized
village power plant for their primary supply of electrical power and
energy.
A coal-fired binary cycle generation option is presented for the village
of Russian Mission. The coal would be mined from the Williams Mine
located near Koyukuk, upstream in the Yukon River and barged to Russian
Mission. Diesel fuel oil-fired binary cycle generation is also possible,
but provides no significant cost or technical advantage over diesel
engine powered generation. Fuel oil-fired binary cycle generation is,
therefore, not included in the formulated energy plan for the village.
A waste heat capture analysis is included with all options that use
fossil fuels for electrical generation (i.e., diesel generation employing
engine jacket water cooling, and binary cycle generation).
Wind generation is also. investigated for the village.
6-1
APA*32F22
SECTION 6
TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT
B. ENERGY PLAN DESCRIPTION
a. Base Case Plan
b.
1) Plan components -Diesel + waste heat recovery
2) Timing of system additions
Diesel -1981 -90 kW; 1982 -90 kW; 1989 -100 kW
Waste heat equipment -1983 -90 kW; 1989 -100 kW
3) Plan description -This plan assumes the continued
use of diesel driven generators throughout the study
and implementation of waste heat recovery.
Alternative Plan A
1) Plan components -Diesel and binary cycle
generation using coal fuel and waste heat recovery.
2) Timing of system additions
Diesel -1981 -90 kW; 1982 -90 kW
Binary cycle -1989 -250 kW
Waste heat equipment -1983 -90 kW, 1989 -250 kW
3) Plan description -This plan assumes construction
of coal-fired binary cycle generation facilities
in the late 1980 l s as a replacement for diesel
generation and the implementation of waste heat
recovery.
c. Alternative Plan B.
1) Plan components -diesel and wind generation and
waste heat recovery.
6-2
APA*32F23
•
•
SECTION 6
TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT
2) Timing of additions
Diesel -1981 -90 kW; 1982 -90 kW; 1989 -100 kW
Waste heat equipment -1983 -90 kW, 1989 -100 kW
Wind -1983 -18 kW WECS, 1986 -18 kW WECS,
1994 -45 kW WECS
3) Plan description -This plan assumes diesel generation
augmented by the installation of WECS facility to
displace fuel oil and the implementation of waste
heat recovery.
6-3
APA*32F24
APPENDIX A
DESCRIPTION OF SELECTED TECHNOLOGIES
APA*32F25
A.l DIESEL
a. General Description
1) Thermodynami c and engi neeri ng processes i nvo 1 ved
In the diesel engine, air is compressed in a cylinder to a
high pressure. Fuel oil is injected into the compressed air,
which is at a temperature above the fuel ignition point, and
the fuel burns, converting thermal energy to mechanical energy
by dri vi ng a pi ston. Pi stons dri ve a shaft v:hi ch in turn
drives the generator.
2) Current and future availability
APA*32C35
Diesel engines driving electrical generators are one of the
most efficient simple cycle converters of chemical energy
(fuel) to electrical energy. Although the diesel cycle in
theory will burn any combustible matter, the practical fact of
the matter is that these engines burn'only high grade liquid
petroleum or gas, except for multi-thousand horsepower engines
which can burn heated residual oil. Diesel generating units
are usually built as an integral whole and mounted on skids
for installation at their place of use.
A-I
A.2 BINARY CYCLE FOR ELECTRICAL GENERATION
a. General Description
1) Thermodynamic ~nd engineering processes involved
In the binary conversion process, a heated primary fluid of
insufficient quality for dit'ect lise in electrical production
passes through a heat exchanger to transfer heat to a working
fluid. The working fluid has a lower boiling point than water
and is vaporized in the heat exchanger. The vaporized working
fluid then expands through a turbine or cylinder piston arrange-
ment is condensed, and returns to the heat exchanger. The primary
fluid is returned to its heat source following heat exchange.
2) Current and future availability
APA*32C36
Current commercial availability is restricted to unit sizes
in excess of vi n age .powr::r requi rements as determi ned in thi s
study. Binary cycle generation equipment in unit sizes suit-
able for village application is not expected to be available
until the late 1980's.
A-2
., .
..
A.3 HYDROELECTRIC GENERATION
a. General Description
1. Thermodynamic and engineering processes involved
In the hydroelectric power development, flO\·ling water is
directed into a hydrauli~ turbine where the energy in the
water is used to turn a shaft, which in turn drives a gener-
ator. In their action, turbines involve a continuous trans-
formation of the potential and/or kinetic energy of the water
into usable mechanical energy at the shaft. Water stored at
rest at an elevation above the level of the turbine (head)
possesses potential energy; when flowing, the water possesses
k-inetic energy as a function of its velocity. The return of
the used water to the higher elevation necessary for funct-
ioning of the hydroelectric machinery is powered by the sun
to complete the cycle - a direct, natural ~process using solar
energy. The ability to store water at a useful eleyation makes
this energy supply predictable and dependable.
2. Current and future availability
APA*32C37
Hydroelectric developments in the United States, as of January
1978, totaled 59 million kilowatts, producing an estimated
average annual output of 276 billion kilowatt hours according
to the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). Hydropower provides
about 10% of Alaska's electric energy needs. Developments
range in size from over a million kilowatts down to just a few
kilowatts of installed capacity. Hydropower is a time proven
method of generation that offers unique advantages. Fuel
cost, a major contributor to thermal plant operating costs, is
eliminated.
A-3
A.4 WIND ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEMS (WECS)
a. General Description
1) Thermodynamic and engineering processes involved
The thermodynamic process involved stems from the sun, the
primary energy source which produces the wind. This wind
energy cannot be stored, is intermittent, somewhat unpredict-
able and thereby undependable. The process then relies
on wind flow over an air foil assembly to create differential
-
pressures along the air foil. This differential pressure
results in rotation of the assembly around a fixed axis to
which it is attached. Power from the wind is transmitted
through the connection shaft and accompanying gear box to an
electrical generator.
Three types of generators are presently in use with wind energy
systems. These are the DC generator, the AC induction generator
and the AC synchronous generator. Of the three types, the AC
induction generator is the most widely used because of its
simplicity and low cost. An induction generator is not a stand-
alone generator and must be connected to an external power system
of relatively consta~t frequency and voltage to operate properly.
2) Current and future availability
APA*32C38
Availability of the wind at useful velocities require long
term records to estimate the potential energy. Lesser records
provide less credible estimates.
Availability of WECS machinery in small size units in the ·1.5 kW
to 20 kW range is good. Large units in the 100-200 kW range are
currently undergoing tests in both the government and private sector
and should be available in the near future. Demonstrations of
multi-megawatt sizes are in process.
A-4
•
A.5 DIESEL WASTE HEAT RECOVERY
a. General Description
1) Thermodynamic and engineering processes involved
The present use of fossil fuels (coal, gas, oil) in Alaska (as
elsewhere) to produce more useful forms of energy (heat,
electricity, motive power) is less than 100 percent efficient.
For example, if a machine burns a certain quantity of fossil
fuel and produces useful output (shaft horsepower, electrical
energy, steam, useful hot water or air for space heating)
equivalent to 30% of the fuel burned, the energy represented by
the remaining 70% of the fuel will appear as unused or "waste ll
heat. Such heat most often appears as hot exhaust gas, tepid
to warm water (65°F-180°F), hot air from cooling radiators, or
direct radiation from the machine.
Diesel waste heat can be recovered from engine cooling water
and exhaust, or either source separately. The waste heat is
typically transferred to a water-glycol circulating system in
Alaskan applications. The heated circulating fluid can be used
for space, water, or process heating where temperatures of
the waste hear are suitable.
2) Current and future availability
APA*32C39
Recovery of diesel waste heat in Alaska is growing as a r"esult of
sharp increases in diesel fuel cost. Recovery of jacket water heat
only is most common in Alaska.
Diesel waste heat availability is directly related to the
location and operating cycles of the engine installations.
A-5
A.6 PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING
a. General Description
Passive solar heating makes use of solar energy (sunlight) through
energy efficient design (i.e. south facing windows, shutters, added
insulation) but without the aid of any mechanical or electrical
input~. Space heating is the most common application of passive
solar heating. Because such solar heating is available only when the
sun shines its availability is intermittent (day-night cycles) and
variable (winter-summer-cloudy-clear).
A-6
APA*32C40
•
•
A.7 CONSERVATION
a. Genera 1 Descri pt ion
1) Thermodynamic and engineering processes involved
Conservation measures considered here are mainly classified as
"passive". Passive measures are intended to conserve energy with-
out any further electrical, thermal, or mechanical energy input.
Typical passive measures are insulation, double glazing or solar
film, arctic entrances and weather stripping. Energy conservation
characteristics of some passive measures degrade with time, which
must be considered in the overall evaluation of their effectiveness
for an intended life cycle. Other conservation measures includes
improvement in efficiency of utilization devices (such as motors)
and "doing without" energy by disciplines (turning off lights,
turning down thermostats).
2) Current and future availability
APA*32C41
Materials and schemes to implement passive measures are commer-
cially"available and increasing in use allover the United States
due to the rapidly escalating cost of energy.
A-7