HomeMy WebLinkAboutXSavoonga-Avg Temp 06Feb2012SAVOONGA MODEL SUMMARY
Note: 1 gpm heated 1 ºF =
Summary Water & Sewer - 35 degrees
Total Energy Requirement
Note: 1 gpm heated 1 ºF =
Summary Water & Sewer - 40 degrees
Total Energy Requirement
Note: 1 gpm heated 1 ºF =
Summary Water & Sewer - 45 degrees
Total Energy Requirement
Note: 1 gpm heated 1 ºF =
Summary Water & Sewer - 50 degrees
Total Energy Requirement
Note: 1 gpm heated 1 ºF =
Summary Water & Sewer - 55 degrees
Total Energy Requirement
Note: 1 gpm heated 1 ºF =
Summary Water & Sewer - 60 degrees
Total Energy Requirement
500.5
Assumed Fuel is Fuel Oil No. 1 @
500.5
Assumed Fuel is Fuel Oil No. 1 @
500.5
Assumed Fuel is Fuel Oil No. 1 @
500.5
Assumed Fuel is Fuel Oil No. 1 @
500.5
Assumed Fuel is Fuel Oil No. 1 @
500.5
Assumed Fuel is Fuel Oil No. 1 @
RANGE OF VALUES
Water System Net Operating Energy
There is a range of 4.4 times over an operating temperature range of 35 degrees to 60 degrees
Operating Energy Values listed are Net Energy requirements, reflecting energy received.
Costs listed are based on an overall energy efficiency factor of 65% (Systems inefficiencies of 35%)
BTU/hour
135000
Water use gal per capita day =
Water use 1000 gal/cap-mo =
Water use 1000 gallons per hour =
Water use 1000 gal/svc conn-mo =
Efficiency factor
Ambient Temperature, deg F
Raw Water Temperature, deg F
Heating & Pumping Raw Water Line
Heating Raw Water
Heating WTP Bldg & Water Tank
Initial Pressurization
Loop and Services Heat Loss
Loop Pumping
Vacuum & Sewage Pumping
BTU/hour
135000
Water use gal per capita day =
Water use 1000 gal/cap-mo =
Water use 1000 gallons per hour =
Water use 1000 gal/svc conn-mo =
Efficiency factor
Ambient Temperature, deg F
Raw Water Temperature, deg F
Heating & Pumping Raw Water Line
Heating Raw Water
Heating WTP Bldg & Water Tank
Initial Pressurization
Loop and Services Heat Loss
Loop Pumping
Vacuum & Sewage Pumping
BTU/hour
135000
Water use gal per capita day =
Water use 1000 gal/cap-mo =
Water use 1000 gallons per hour =
Water use 1000 gal/svc conn-mo =
Efficiency factor
Ambient Temperature, deg F
Raw Water Temperature, deg F
Heating & Pumping Raw Water Line
Heating Raw Water
Heating WTP Bldg & Water Tank
Initial Pressurization
Loop and Services Heat Loss
Loop Pumping
Vacuum & Sewage Pumping
BTU/hour
135000
Water use gal per capita day =
Water use 1000 gal/cap-mo =
Water use 1000 gallons per hour =
Water use 1000 gal/svc conn-mo =
Efficiency factor
Ambient Temperature, deg F
Raw Water Temperature, deg F
Heating & Pumping Raw Water Line
Heating Raw Water
Heating WTP Bldg & Water Tank
Initial Pressurization
Loop and Services Heat Loss
Loop Pumping
Vacuum & Sewage Pumping
BTU/hour
135000
Water use gal per capita day =
Water use 1000 gal/cap-mo =
Water use 1000 gallons per hour =
Water use 1000 gal/svc conn-mo =
Efficiency factor
Ambient Temperature, deg F
Raw Water Temperature, deg F
Heating & Pumping Raw Water Line
Heating Raw Water
Heating WTP Bldg & Water Tank
Initial Pressurization
Loop and Services Heat Loss
Loop Pumping
Vacuum & Sewage Pumping
BTU/hour
135000
Water use gal per capita day =
Water use 1000 gal/cap-mo =
Water use 1000 gallons per hour =
Water use 1000 gal/svc conn-mo =
Efficiency factor
Ambient Temperature, deg F
Raw Water Temperature, deg F
Heating & Pumping Raw Water Line
Heating Raw Water
Heating WTP Bldg & Water Tank
Initial Pressurization
Loop and Services Heat Loss
Loop Pumping
Vacuum & Sewage Pumping
21.7142857142857
0.651428571428571
0.633333333333333
2.50549450549451
21.7142857142857
0.651428571428571
0.633333333333333
2.50549450549451
21.7142857142857
0.651428571428571
0.633333333333333
2.50549450549451
21.7142857142857
0.651428571428571
0.633333333333333
2.50549450549451
21.7142857142857
0.651428571428571
0.633333333333333
2.50549450549451
21.7142857142857
0.651428571428571
0.633333333333333
2.50549450549451
Total Energy Use, BTU/h
BTU/1000 gal
kWh/1000 gal
kWh/cap-mo
kWh/svc.con-mo
Average kW
1 kWh =
BTU/gal
1 kWh =
BTU/gal
1 kWh =
BTU/gal
1 kWh =
BTU/gal
1 kWh =
BTU/gal
1 kWh =
BTU/gal
3412
=
Total Energy Estimate
3412
=
Total Energy Estimate
3412
=
Total Energy Estimate
3412
=
Total Energy Estimate
3412
=
Total Energy Estimate
3412
=
Total Energy Estimate
99570.4006964578
157216.422152302
46.0774976999712
30.0161985016955
115.446917314214
29.1824152099818
AMBIENT TEMP
SAVOONGA - 35 DEGREES - AMBIENT TEMP
BTU
39.5662368112544
SAVOONGA - 40 DEGREES - AMBIENT TEMP
BTU
39.5662368112544
SAVOONGA - 45 DEGREES - AMBIENT TEMP
BTU
39.5662368112544
SAVOONGA - 50 DEGREES - AMBIENT TEMP
BTU
39.5662368112544
SAVOONGA - 55 DEGREES - AMBIENT TEMP
BTU
39.5662368112544
SAVOONGA - 60 DEGREES - AMBIENT TEMP
BTU
39.5662368112544
-
-
-
-
-
-
28
28
kWh/gal
28
kWh/gal
28
kWh/gal
28
kWh/gal
28
kWh/gal
28
kWh/gal
435250.794616547
687238.09676297
201.417965053625
131.209417234933
504.651604749743
127.564711200629
DEG F
DEG F
0.65
28
34
3922.97609887223
5283.05555555556
13747.94064
2042.54886831276
53906.4074354029
20667.4720983143
7097.22946116711
106667.630157625
DEG F
0.65
28
34
5319.2427655389
31698.3333333333
14567.89824
2042.54886831276
92410.9841749764
20667.4720983143
7097.22946116711
173803.708941643
DEG F
0.65
28
34
6715.50943220556
58113.6111111111
15387.85584
2042.54886831276
130915.56091455
20667.4720983143
7097.22946116711
240939.787725661
DEG F
0.65
28
34
8111.77609887223
84528.8888888889
16207.81344
2042.54886831276
169420.137654123
20667.4720983143
7097.22946116711
308075.866509679
DEG F
0.65
28
34
9508.0427655389
110944.166666667
17027.77104
2042.54886831276
207924.714393697
20667.4720983143
7097.22946116711
375211.945293697
DEG F
0.65
28
34
10904.3094322056
137359.444444444
17847.72864
2042.54886831276
246429.29113327
20667.4720983143
7097.22946116711
442348.024077715
BTU/h
BTU/h
BTU/h
BTU/h
BTU/h
BTU/h
BTU/h
BTU/h
BTU/h
BTU/h
BTU/h
BTU/h
BTU/h
BTU/h
BTU/h
BTU/h
BTU/h
BTU/h
BTU/h
BTU/h
BTU/h
BTU/h
BTU/h
BTU/h
BTU/h
BTU/h
BTU/h
BTU/h
BTU/h
BTU/h
BTU/h
BTU/h
BTU/h
BTU/h
BTU/h
BTU/h
BTU/h
BTU/h
BTU/h
BTU/h
BTU/h
BTU/h
BTU/h
BTU/h
BTU/h
BTU/h
BTU/h
BTU/h
RANGE OF COSTS
Water System Operating Energy Cost
Total Energy Use, BTU/h
BTU/1000 gal
kWh/1000 gal
kWh/cap-mo
kWh/svc.con-mo
Average kW
Percent of
Total
3.67775687251622
4.95281984586016
12.8885779309847
1.91487226752337
50.5368004855309
19.3755800778302
6.65359251975449
Total Energy Use, BTU/h
BTU/1000 gal
kWh/1000 gal
kWh/cap-mo
kWh/svc.con-mo
Average kW
Percent of
Total
3.06048863855081
18.2380074201849
8.38181091111893
1.17520441925585
53.1697423131544
11.8912721852522
4.0834741124829
Total Energy Use, BTU/h
BTU/1000 gal
kWh/1000 gal
kWh/cap-mo
kWh/svc.con-mo
Average kW
Percent of
Total
2.78721480399575
24.1195576951701
6.38659807300941
0.847742453661679
54.3353848487711
8.57785768527644
2.94564444011554
Total Energy Use, BTU/h
BTU/1000 gal
kWh/1000 gal
kWh/cap-mo
kWh/svc.con-mo
Average kW
Percent of
Total
2.6330449673887
27.4376859981122
5.26098120687776
0.663001906463383
54.9929923345037
6.70856576091624
2.30372782573806
Total Energy Use, BTU/h
BTU/1000 gal
kWh/1000 gal
kWh/cap-mo
kWh/svc.con-mo
Average kW
Percent of
Total
2.534045859893
29.5683994228449
4.5381740249958
0.544372025979598
55.4152704895746
5.50821272018323
1.89152545652878
Total Energy Use, BTU/h
BTU/1000 gal
kWh/1000 gal
kWh/cap-mo
kWh/svc.con-mo
Average kW
Percent of
Total
2.46509735291365
31.052347239673
4.0347707389927
0.461751552427848
55.7093685785236
4.67221982994172
1.60444470752744
Total Cost, $/d
Total Cost, $/mo
Total Cost, $/yr
99570.4006964578
157216.422152302
46.0774976999712
30.0161985016955
115.446917314214
29.1824152099818
166706.479480476
263220.757074435
77.145591170702
50.254842248343
193.287854801319
48.8588744081113
233842.558264494
369225.091996569
108.213684641433
70.4934859949906
271.128792288425
68.5353336062408
300978.637048512
475229.426918702
139.281778112164
90.732129741638
348.969729775531
88.2117928043703
368114.715832529
581233.761840836
170.349871582894
110.970773488286
426.810667262637
107.8882520025
435250.794616547
687238.09676297
201.417965053625
131.209417234933
504.651604749743
127.564711200629
119.8899
3656.6405
43879.6862
A near perfect system might be as high as 80%.
-
-
-
Operating Efficiency Factor (for cost calcs) = 65%
Fuel cost =
546.0986
16656.0072
199872.0864
4.18
Total Cost, $/d
Total Cost, $/mo
Total Cost, $/yr
Total Cost, $/d
Total Cost, $/mo
Total Cost, $/yr
Total Cost, $/d
Total Cost, $/mo
Total Cost, $/yr
Total Cost, $/d
Total Cost, $/mo
Total Cost, $/yr
Total Cost, $/d
Total Cost, $/mo
Total Cost, $/yr
Total Cost, $/d
Total Cost, $/mo
Total Cost, $/yr
Energy Cost per Service
$/d
$/mo
$/yr
$/gal
119.8899
3656.6405
43879.6862
205.1316
6256.5139
75078.1663
290.3734
8856.3872
106276.6463
375.6151
11456.2605
137475.1264
460.8568
14056.1339
168673.6064
546.0986
16656.0072
199872.0864
0.6587
20.0914
241.0972
cost per service
182
182
182
cost per service
182
182
182
cost per service
182
182
182
cost per service
182
182
182
cost per service
182
182
182
cost per service
182
182
182
-
-
-
0.6587
20.0914
241.0972
1.1271
34.3764
412.5174
1.5955
48.6615
583.9376
2.0638
62.9465
755.3578
2.5322
77.2315
926.7781
3.0005
91.5165
1098.1983
3.0005
91.5165
1098.1983
Existing
Service Area Population =
Average Service , ft =
Raw Water flow, gal/pers/day
Treated water flow, gal/pers/day
Description
Utilidor width, inch
Utilidor Height, inch
Utilidor Circumference, inch
Raw Water Pumping
Pipeline to WTP
Heating all raw water produced
Tank Heat Losses
Water Loops & Vac Sewer Bldg
Initial Pressurization
North Loop
North Loop Services (62)
North Loop Pumping
South Loop
South Loop Services (60)
South Loop Pumping
West Loop
West Loop Services (60)
West Loop Pumping
Note: 1 gpm heated 1 ºF =
Pumps and Pipeline Hydraulic and Energy Calculations
Pump
Station
ID
Initial Pressurization
Raw Water Pumping-1
North Loop Pumping
South Loop Pumping
West Loop Pumping
Existing
Service Area Population =
Average Service , ft =
Sewage flow, gal/pers/day
Number of sewer connections
Sewage flow, cal/conn/day
Sewage Pumps and Pipeline Hydraulic and Energy Calculations
Pump
Station
ID
Sewage Pump Station
Vacuum Pump
Heating Vacuum Air
Summary Water & Sewer - 35 degrees
Total Energy Requirement
Additional energy for Vacuum systems
Assumptions
Leaking Vacuum Valve
Water System Energy Use Calculations for
700
50
21.7142857142857
21.7142857142857
Length
ft
0.740536175910189
3000
20' water depth
6,000 sf surface area
0.59863683127572
4500
3100
1.8676211288457
4700
3000
1.95061671896088
6200
3000
2.23905174724451
500.5
Assumed Fuel is Fuel Oil No. 1 @
Pipe
IDia
inches
-
2
5.37
5.37
5.37
Sewer System Energy Use Calculations for
700
50
19.5428571428571
182
75.1648351648352
Number
of
Catchments
1
5 times sewage volume
Note: 1 BTU = 1 kJ (close enough; 1.005)
Note: 1 BTU = 1 kJ (close enough; 1.005)
I.D.
inch
kW
2
kW
6
6
kW
6
6
kW
6
6
kW
SAVOONGA
BTU/hour
135000
Water use gal per capita day =
Water use 1000 gal/cap-mo =
Water use 1000 gallons per hour =
Water use 1000 gal/svc conn-mo =
Pipe
Area
sq. ft.
-
2.77777777777778E-02
0.20025625
0.20025625
0.20025625
Pipe
IDia
inches
4
Efficiency factor
Ambient Temperature, deg F
Raw Water Temperature, deg F
Heating & Pumping Raw Water Line
Heating Raw Water
Heating WTP Bldg & Water Tank
Initial Pressurization
Loop and Services Heat Loss
Loop Pumping
Vacuum & Sewage Pumping
Air to Liquid Ratio =
Air Specific Gravity =
Air Specific Heat=
Air to Liquid Ratio =
Air Specific Gravity =
Air Specific Heat=
O.D.
inch
32
16
96
8
12
12
12
21.7142857142857
0.651428571428571
0.633333333333333
2.50549450549451
Pipe
Length
feet
-
3000
9000
9400
12400
Pipe
Area
sq. ft.
0.111111111111111
(See Below)
3
0.0013
1
10
0.0013
1
Raw water flow
Raw water flow
Treated water flow
Treated water flow
Insulation
T, inch
k =
0.021
BTU per
hr-ft-degF
3
4
5
4
3
4
3
4
3
35
1 kWh =
BTU/gal
Avg
Flow
gpm
-
10.5555555555556
3.51851851851852
3.51851851851852
3.51851851851852
Pipe
Length
feet
5600
(normal minimum)
kJ/kg-deg C
(leaking)
kJ/kg-deg C
15200
10.5555555555556
15200
10.5555555555556
Insulation R
ft2-hr-F per
BTU-inch
5
5
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
DEG F
3412
=
Peak
Factor
-
2
42
42
40
Sewage as fraction of water flow
Sewage flow
Avg. sewage flow
Avg
Flow
gpm
9.5
2244.55636363636
Total Energy Use, BTU/h
BTU/1000 gal
kWh/1000 gal
kWh/cap-mo
kWh/svc.con-mo
Average kW
Total Energy Estimate
gal/day
gal/min
gal/day
gal/min
Insulation
Effective
R
ft-hr-F
per BTU
22.5
20
20
2.38095238095238
22.5
2.38095238095238
22.5
2.38095238095238
22.5
BTU
39.5662368112544
Peak
Flow
gpm
10.5555555555556
21.1111111111111
147.777777777778
147.777777777778
140.740740740741
0.9
13680
9.5
Peak
Factor
6
BTU/d
7097.22946116711
12352.8343018881
3.5723207925886
2.12930732499953
8.18964355769049
2.0362228517755
Insulation
Effective
k (1/R)
BTU per
ft-hr-F
4.44444444444444E-02
0.05
0.05
0.42
4.44444444444444E-02
0.42
4.44444444444444E-02
0.42
4.44444444444444E-02
AMBIENT
kWh/gal
Peak
Flow
cfs
2.34881076002571E-02
4.69762152005143E-02
0.3288335064036
0.3288335064036
0.313174768003428
SAVOONGA
gal/day
gal/min
Peak
Flow
gpm
57
Air Flow =
Air Temp=
Sewage Temp=
Air Flow =
Air Temp=
Sewage Temp=
SAVOONGA, ALASKA
Water
Temp
°F
35
35
70
35
34.8213047589032
34.7737780101107
35
34.8133627481878
34.7658913345491
35
34.7414875512134
34.6945169207168
28
Peak
Flow
cms
6.6638608305275E-04
1.3327721661055E-03
9.3294051627385E-03
9.3294051627385E-03
8.88514777403666E-03
Peak
Flow
cfs
0.126835781041389
0.65
28
34
3922.97609887223
5283.05555555556
13747.94064
2042.54886831276
53906.4074354029
20667.4720983143
7097.22946116711
106667.630157625
41040
28
40
136800
28
40
External
Temp
°F
AMBIENT
28
DEG F
30
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
DEG F
H-W
C
value
-
110
110
110
110
Peak
Flow
cms
3.59848484848485E-03
BTU/h
BTU/h
BTU/h
BTU/h
BTU/h
BTU/h
BTU/h
BTU/h
gpd =
deg F
deg F
gpd =
deg F
deg F
Raw Water Temperature:
Running Temperature:
System type:
Pipeline
Area
ft2
6283.2
3279.8304
6000
-
9738.96
0
-
9424.8
0
-
9424.8
0
Total Energy Use, BTU/h
BTU/1000 gal
kWh/1000 gal
kWh/cap-mo
kWh/svc.con-mo
Average kW
Peak
Flow
Velocity
fps
-
1.69114374721851
1.64206363798183
1.64206363798183
1.56387013141127
Raw Water Temperature:
Running Temperature:
System type:
H-W
C
value
100
Percent of
Total
3.67775687251622
4.95281984586016
12.8885779309847
1.91487226752337
50.5368004855309
19.3755800778302
6.65359251975449
202.010072727273
673.366909090909
34
35
Water loops + vacuum sewer in utilidor, pitorifices for H.C. loop in 6" x 12" arctic pipe
Heat
Loss
BTU/hr
2526.70943220556
1396.26666666667
5283.05555555556
1147.94064
12600
2042.54886831276
13230
2952.5517419897
6372.32329162152
13818
2853.98138796092
6655.50424509453
18228
2823.87430545225
7639.64456159828
99570.4006964578
157216.422152302
46.0774976999712
30.0161985016955
115.446917314214
29.1824152099818
Peak
Velocity
Head
ft
-
1.12590040539032E-04
5.51691198641257E-03
5.51691198641257E-03
5.00400180173476E-03
34
35
Vacuum sewers in utilidors and vacuum connections in arctic pipe. 3 catchments.
services heat traced for emergency thawing
1
Peak
Flow
Velocity
fps
1.1415220293725
kg/d
kg/d
deg. F
deg. F
Flow
Rate
gpm
10.5555555555556
10.5555555555556
10.5555555555556
10.5555555555556
10.5555555555556
147.777777777778
62
147.777777777778
147.777777777778
60
147.777777777778
140.740740740741
60
140.740740740741
Peak
Friction
Head
psi
-
22.1836631645634
20.2397938339556
21.1393402265759
25.4791571140203
deg. F
deg. F
pump station at vacuum plant
Peak
Velocity
Head
ft
8.20781395529543E-04
Temp
Drop
°F
Efficiency Adusted Fuel Cost $/gal
0.264027734005673
0.217070401512764
0.178695241096754
9.50534975851428E-02
0.186637251812165
9.49428272774757E-02
0.258512448786637
9.39412609930889E-02
Peak
Friction
Head
ft
-
51.2442619101415
46.7539237564375
48.8318759233902
58.856852933387
Peak
Friction
Head
psi
10.7573174986376
Heat needed =
This adds
Heat needed =
This adds
Vacuum pumping energy would also increase
Fuel
Cost
$/gal
4.18
6.43076923076923
6.43076923076923
6.43076923076923
6.43076923076923
6.43076923076923
6.43076923076923
6.43076923076923
6.43076923076923
6.43076923076923
6.43076923076923
6.43076923076923
6.43076923076923
6.43076923076923
6.43076923076923
6.43076923076923
6.43076923076923
Total Cost, $/d
Total Cost, $/mo
Total Cost, $/yr
Average
Static
Head
ft
60
0
0
0
Peak
Friction
Head
ft
24.8494034218529
Energy Cost, $/day
Energy Cost, $/day-conn
Energy Cost, Percent of Water System cost
1346.73381818182
0.796946288920977
4489.11272727273
2.65648762973659
Energy
Cost
$/d
2.8887
2.0102
7.6061
1.6527
18.1405
2.3351
15.1252
3.3755
7.2851
15.7974
3.2628
7.6089
20.8391
3.2284
8.734
119.8899
3656.6405
43879.6862
Total
Head
m
55
34.0185297221557
14.299036956404
14.9344747290582
17.9999558507807
Force Main
Average
Static
Head
ft
20
8.0497
0.0442
6.71427990057512
BTU/d
percent to the sewage collection energy
BTU/d
percent to the sewage collection energy
Heat/Power Production Efficiency =
No. of
Services
182
182
182
182
182
182
182
62
62
62
60
60
60
60
60
60
cost per service
182
182
182
Peak
Pumping
Power
kW
0.359182098765432
0.444321705546113
1.30733479019199
1.36543170327262
1.56733622307116
Heat/Power Production Efficiency =
4
Total
Head
m
13.7151985613534
percent
0.65
Energy
Cost
$/mo-svc
0.4841
0.3369
1.2747
0.277
3.04
0.3913
7.4406
1.6605
3.5838
8.0303
1.6586
3.8679
10.5932
1.6411
4.4398
0.6587
20.0914
241.0972
Pumping
Efficiency
0.6
0.6
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.65
inch
Peak
Pumping
Power
kW
0.483668555326514
3.75
Percent
of Total
2.40942422117315E-02
1.67673845047438E-02
6.34427691892115E-02
1.37853051705751E-02
0.151309953752702
0.019477375013979
0.126158876995586
2.81549971308225E-02
6.07653174847912E-02
0.13176593819539
2.72150481384318E-02
6.34656796221073E-02
0.173818897193918
2.69279524680685E-02
7.28502629279421E-02
Minimum
Pump
Motor
kW
0.59863683127572
0.740536175910189
1.8676211288457
1.95061671896088
2.23905174724451
5600
Pumping
Efficiency
0.5
0.5
Pumping
Energy
kWh/d
14.3672839506173
8.88643411092226
1.06721207362611
1.1146381251205
1.34343104834671
feet
Minimum
Pump
Motor
kW
0.967337110653029
7.5
Total kWh/d
Total BTU/day
Average kW
Total kWh/yr/person
Pumping
Energy
kWh/d
3.86934844261212
45
48.8693484426121
168986.773249829
2.0362228517755
25.4818745450763
Existing
Service Area Population =
Average Service , ft =
Raw Water flow, gal/pers/day
Treated water flow, gal/pers/day
Description
Utilidor width, inch
Utilidor Height, inch
Utilidor Circumference, inch
Raw Water Pumping
Pipeline to WTP
Heating all raw water produced
Tank Heat Losses
Water Loops & Vac Sewer Bldg
Initial Pressurization
North Loop
North Loop Services (62)
North Loop Pumping
South Loop
South Loop Services (60)
South Loop Pumping
West Loop
West Loop Services (60)
West Loop Pumping
Note: 1 gpm heated 1 ºF =
Pumps and Pipeline Hydraulic and Energy Calculations
Pump
Station
ID
Initial Pressurization
Raw Water Pumping-1
North Loop Pumping
South Loop Pumping
West Loop Pumping
Existing
Service Area Population =
Average Service , ft =
Sewage flow, gal/pers/day
Number of sewer connections
Sewage flow, cal/conn/day
Sewage Pumps and Pipeline Hydraulic and Energy Calculations
Pump
Station
ID
Sewage Pump Station
Vacuum Pump
Heating Vacuum Air
Summary Water & Sewer - 40 degrees
Total Energy Requirement
Additional energy for Vacuum systems
Assumptions
Leaking Vacuum Valve
Water System Energy Use Calculations for
700
50
21.7142857142857
21.7142857142857
Length
ft
0.740536175910189
3000
20' water depth
6,000 sf surface area
0.59863683127572
4500
3100
1.8676211288457
4700
3000
1.95061671896088
6200
3000
2.23905174724451
500.5
Assumed Fuel is Fuel Oil No. 1 @
Pipe
IDia
inches
-
2
5.37
5.37
5.37
Sewer System Energy Use Calculations for
700
50
19.5428571428571
182
75.1648351648352
Number
of
Catchments
1
5 times sewage volume
Note: 1 BTU = 1 kJ (close enough; 1.005)
Note: 1 BTU = 1 kJ (close enough; 1.005)
I.D.
inch
kW
2
kW
6
6
kW
6
6
kW
6
6
kW
SAVOONGA
BTU/hour
135000
Water use gal per capita day =
Water use 1000 gal/cap-mo =
Water use 1000 gallons per hour =
Water use 1000 gal/svc conn-mo =
Pipe
Area
sq. ft.
-
2.77777777777778E-02
0.20025625
0.20025625
0.20025625
Pipe
IDia
inches
4
Efficiency factor
Ambient Temperature, deg F
Raw Water Temperature, deg F
Heating & Pumping Raw Water Line
Heating Raw Water
Heating WTP Bldg & Water Tank
Initial Pressurization
Loop and Services Heat Loss
Loop Pumping
Vacuum & Sewage Pumping
Air to Liquid Ratio =
Air Specific Gravity =
Air Specific Heat=
Air to Liquid Ratio =
Air Specific Gravity =
Air Specific Heat=
O.D.
inch
32
16
96
8
12
12
12
21.7142857142857
0.651428571428571
0.633333333333333
2.50549450549451
Pipe
Length
feet
-
3000
9000
9400
12400
Pipe
Area
sq. ft.
0.111111111111111
(See Below)
3
0.0013
1
10
0.0013
1
Raw water flow
Raw water flow
Treated water flow
Treated water flow
Insulation
T, inch
k =
0.021
BTU per
hr-ft-degF
3
4
5
4
3
4
3
4
3
40
1 kWh =
BTU/gal
Avg
Flow
gpm
-
10.5555555555556
3.51851851851852
3.51851851851852
3.51851851851852
Pipe
Length
feet
5600
(normal minimum)
kJ/kg-deg C
(leaking)
kJ/kg-deg C
15200
10.5555555555556
15200
10.5555555555556
Insulation R
ft2-hr-F per
BTU-inch
5
5
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
DEG F
3412
=
Peak
Factor
-
2
42
42
40
Sewage as fraction of water flow
Sewage flow
Avg. sewage flow
Avg
Flow
gpm
9.5
2244.55636363636
Total Energy Use, BTU/h
BTU/1000 gal
kWh/1000 gal
kWh/cap-mo
kWh/svc.con-mo
Average kW
Total Energy Estimate
gal/day
gal/min
gal/day
gal/min
Insulation
Effective
R
ft-hr-F
per BTU
22.5
20
20
2.38095238095238
22.5
2.38095238095238
22.5
2.38095238095238
22.5
BTU
39.5662368112544
Peak
Flow
gpm
10.5555555555556
21.1111111111111
147.777777777778
147.777777777778
140.740740740741
0.9
13680
9.5
Peak
Factor
6
BTU/d
7097.22946116711
12352.8343018881
3.5723207925886
2.12930732499953
8.18964355769049
2.0362228517755
Insulation
Effective
k (1/R)
BTU per
ft-hr-F
4.44444444444444E-02
0.05
0.05
0.42
4.44444444444444E-02
0.42
4.44444444444444E-02
0.42
4.44444444444444E-02
AMBIENT
kWh/gal
Peak
Flow
cfs
2.34881076002571E-02
4.69762152005143E-02
0.3288335064036
0.3288335064036
0.313174768003428
SAVOONGA
gal/day
gal/min
Peak
Flow
gpm
57
Air Flow =
Air Temp=
Sewage Temp=
Air Flow =
Air Temp=
Sewage Temp=
SAVOONGA, ALASKA
Water
Temp
°F
40
40
70
40
39.693665300977
39.6121908744754
40
39.6800504254649
39.598670859227
40
39.5568358020801
39.4763147212288
28
Peak
Flow
cms
6.6638608305275E-04
1.3327721661055E-03
9.3294051627385E-03
9.3294051627385E-03
8.88514777403666E-03
Peak
Flow
cfs
0.126835781041389
0.65
28
34
5319.2427655389
31698.3333333333
14567.89824
2042.54886831276
92410.9841749764
20667.4720983143
7097.22946116711
173803.708941643
41040
28
40
136800
28
40
External
Temp
°F
AMBIENT
28
DEG F
30
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
DEG F
H-W
C
value
-
110
110
110
110
Peak
Flow
cms
3.59848484848485E-03
BTU/h
BTU/h
BTU/h
BTU/h
BTU/h
BTU/h
BTU/h
BTU/h
gpd =
deg F
deg F
gpd =
deg F
deg F
Raw Water Temperature:
Running Temperature:
System type:
Pipeline
Area
ft2
6283.2
3279.8304
6000
-
9738.96
0
-
9424.8
0
-
9424.8
0
Total Energy Use, BTU/h
BTU/1000 gal
kWh/1000 gal
kWh/cap-mo
kWh/svc.con-mo
Average kW
Peak
Flow
Velocity
fps
-
1.69114374721851
1.64206363798183
1.64206363798183
1.56387013141127
Raw Water Temperature:
Running Temperature:
System type:
H-W
C
value
100
Percent of
Total
3.06048863855081
18.2380074201849
8.38181091111893
1.17520441925585
53.1697423131544
11.8912721852522
4.0834741124829
202.010072727273
673.366909090909
34
40
Water loops + vacuum sewer in utilidor, pitorifices for H.C. loop in 6" x 12" arctic pipe
Heat
Loss
BTU/hr
2526.70943220556
2792.53333333333
31698.3333333333
1967.89824
12600
2042.54886831276
22680
5061.51727198235
6372.32329162152
23688
4892.53952221872
6655.50424509453
31248
4840.92738077529
7639.64456159828
166706.479480476
263220.757074435
77.145591170702
50.254842248343
193.287854801319
48.8588744081113
Peak
Velocity
Head
ft
-
1.12590040539032E-04
5.51691198641257E-03
5.51691198641257E-03
5.00400180173476E-03
34
35
Vacuum sewers in utilidors and vacuum connections in arctic pipe. 3 catchments.
services heat traced for emergency thawing
1
Peak
Flow
Velocity
fps
1.1415220293725
kg/d
kg/d
deg. F
deg. F
Flow
Rate
gpm
10.5555555555556
10.5555555555556
10.5555555555556
10.5555555555556
10.5555555555556
147.777777777778
62
147.777777777778
147.777777777778
60
147.777777777778
140.740740740741
60
140.740740740741
Peak
Friction
Head
psi
-
22.1836631645634
20.2397938339556
21.1393402265759
25.4791571140203
deg. F
deg. F
pump station at vacuum plant
Peak
Velocity
Head
ft
8.20781395529543E-04
Temp
Drop
°F
Efficiency Adusted Fuel Cost $/gal
0.528055468011346
0.372120688307595
0.306334699023007
0.162948853003102
0.31994957453514
0.162759132475673
0.44316419791995
0.161042161702438
Peak
Friction
Head
ft
-
51.2442619101415
46.7539237564375
48.8318759233902
58.856852933387
Peak
Friction
Head
psi
10.7573174986376
Heat needed =
This adds
Heat needed =
This adds
Vacuum pumping energy would also increase
Fuel
Cost
$/gal
4.18
6.43076923076923
6.43076923076923
6.43076923076923
6.43076923076923
6.43076923076923
6.43076923076923
6.43076923076923
6.43076923076923
6.43076923076923
6.43076923076923
6.43076923076923
6.43076923076923
6.43076923076923
6.43076923076923
6.43076923076923
6.43076923076923
Total Cost, $/d
Total Cost, $/mo
Total Cost, $/yr
Average
Static
Head
ft
60
0
0
0
Peak
Friction
Head
ft
24.8494034218529
Energy Cost, $/day
Energy Cost, $/day-conn
Energy Cost, Percent of Water System cost
1346.73381818182
0.796946288920977
4489.11272727273
2.65648762973659
Energy
Cost
$/d
2.8887
4.0205
45.6369
2.8332
18.1405
2.3351
25.9289
5.7866
7.2851
27.0813
5.5934
7.6089
35.7242
5.5344
8.734
205.1316
6256.5139
75078.1663
Total
Head
m
55
34.0185297221557
14.299036956404
14.9344747290582
17.9999558507807
Force Main
Average
Static
Head
ft
20
8.0497
0.0442
3.92418342032913
BTU/d
percent to the sewage collection energy
BTU/d
percent to the sewage collection energy
Heat/Power Production Efficiency =
No. of
Services
182
182
182
182
182
182
182
62
62
62
60
60
60
60
60
60
cost per service
182
182
182
Peak
Pumping
Power
kW
0.359182098765432
0.444321705546113
1.30733479019199
1.36543170327262
1.56733622307116
Heat/Power Production Efficiency =
4
Total
Head
m
13.7151985613534
percent
0.65
Energy
Cost
$/mo-svc
0.4841
0.6738
7.6479
0.4748
3.04
0.3913
12.7553
2.8466
3.5838
13.7663
2.8433
3.8679
18.1598
2.8133
4.4398
1.1271
34.3764
412.5174
Pumping
Efficiency
0.6
0.6
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.65
inch
Peak
Pumping
Power
kW
0.483668555326514
3.75
Percent
of Total
0.014081960718464
1.95995082868568E-02
0.222476036160553
0.013811773489748
8.84336102515265E-02
1.13836171910025E-02
0.126401106919515
2.82090558144098E-02
3.55144937261891E-02
0.132018933893716
2.72673020835945E-02
3.70927294394833E-02
0.174152636200221
2.69796551784386E-02
4.25775806462821E-02
Minimum
Pump
Motor
kW
0.59863683127572
0.740536175910189
1.8676211288457
1.95061671896088
2.23905174724451
5600
Pumping
Efficiency
0.5
0.5
Pumping
Energy
kWh/d
14.3672839506173
8.88643411092226
1.06721207362611
1.1146381251205
1.34343104834671
feet
Minimum
Pump
Motor
kW
0.967337110653029
7.5
Total kWh/d
Total BTU/day
Average kW
Total kWh/yr/person
Pumping
Energy
kWh/d
3.86934844261212
45
48.8693484426121
168986.773249829
2.0362228517755
25.4818745450763
Existing
Service Area Population =
Average Service , ft =
Raw Water flow, gal/pers/day
Treated water flow, gal/pers/day
Description
Utilidor width, inch
Utilidor Height, inch
Utilidor Circumference, inch
Raw Water Pumping
Pipeline to WTP
Heating all raw water produced
Tank Heat Losses
Water Loops & Vac Sewer Bldg
Initial Pressurization
North Loop
North Loop Services (62)
North Loop Pumping
South Loop
South Loop Services (60)
South Loop Pumping
West Loop
West Loop Services (60)
West Loop Pumping
Note: 1 gpm heated 1 ºF =
Pumps and Pipeline Hydraulic and Energy Calculations
Pump
Station
ID
Initial Pressurization
Raw Water Pumping-1
North Loop Pumping
South Loop Pumping
West Loop Pumping
Existing
Service Area Population =
Average Service , ft =
Sewage flow, gal/pers/day
Number of sewer connections
Sewage flow, cal/conn/day
Sewage Pumps and Pipeline Hydraulic and Energy Calculations
Pump
Station
ID
Sewage Pump Station
Vacuum Pump
Heating Vacuum Air
Summary Water & Sewer - 45 degrees
Total Energy Requirement
Additional energy for Vacuum systems
Assumptions
Leaking Vacuum Valve
Water System Energy Use Calculations for
700
50
21.7142857142857
21.7142857142857
Length
ft
0.740536175910189
3000
20' water depth
6,000 sf surface area
0.59863683127572
4500
3100
1.8676211288457
4700
3000
1.95061671896088
6200
3000
2.23905174724451
500.5
Assumed Fuel is Fuel Oil No. 1 @
Pipe
IDia
inches
-
2
5.37
5.37
5.37
Sewer System Energy Use Calculations for
700
50
19.5428571428571
182
75.1648351648352
Number
of
Catchments
1
5 times sewage volume
Note: 1 BTU = 1 kJ (close enough; 1.005)
Note: 1 BTU = 1 kJ (close enough; 1.005)
I.D.
inch
kW
2
kW
6
6
kW
6
6
kW
6
6
kW
SAVOONGA
BTU/hour
135000
Water use gal per capita day =
Water use 1000 gal/cap-mo =
Water use 1000 gallons per hour =
Water use 1000 gal/svc conn-mo =
Pipe
Area
sq. ft.
-
2.77777777777778E-02
0.20025625
0.20025625
0.20025625
Pipe
IDia
inches
4
Efficiency factor
Ambient Temperature, deg F
Raw Water Temperature, deg F
Heating & Pumping Raw Water Line
Heating Raw Water
Heating WTP Bldg & Water Tank
Initial Pressurization
Loop and Services Heat Loss
Loop Pumping
Vacuum & Sewage Pumping
Air to Liquid Ratio =
Air Specific Gravity =
Air Specific Heat=
Air to Liquid Ratio =
Air Specific Gravity =
Air Specific Heat=
O.D.
inch
32
16
96
8
12
12
12
21.7142857142857
0.651428571428571
0.633333333333333
2.50549450549451
Pipe
Length
feet
-
3000
9000
9400
12400
Pipe
Area
sq. ft.
0.111111111111111
(See Below)
3
0.0013
1
10
0.0013
1
Raw water flow
Raw water flow
Treated water flow
Treated water flow
Insulation
T, inch
k =
0.021
BTU per
hr-ft-degF
3
4
5
4
3
4
3
4
3
45
1 kWh =
BTU/gal
Avg
Flow
gpm
-
10.5555555555556
3.51851851851852
3.51851851851852
3.51851851851852
Pipe
Length
feet
5600
(normal minimum)
kJ/kg-deg C
(leaking)
kJ/kg-deg C
15200
10.5555555555556
15200
10.5555555555556
Insulation R
ft2-hr-F per
BTU-inch
5
5
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
DEG F
3412
=
Peak
Factor
-
2
42
42
40
Sewage as fraction of water flow
Sewage flow
Avg. sewage flow
Avg
Flow
gpm
9.5
2244.55636363636
Total Energy Use, BTU/h
BTU/1000 gal
kWh/1000 gal
kWh/cap-mo
kWh/svc.con-mo
Average kW
Total Energy Estimate
gal/day
gal/min
gal/day
gal/min
Insulation
Effective
R
ft-hr-F
per BTU
22.5
20
20
2.38095238095238
22.5
2.38095238095238
22.5
2.38095238095238
22.5
BTU
39.5662368112544
Peak
Flow
gpm
10.5555555555556
21.1111111111111
147.777777777778
147.777777777778
140.740740740741
0.9
13680
9.5
Peak
Factor
6
BTU/d
7097.22946116711
12352.8343018881
3.5723207925886
2.12930732499953
8.18964355769049
2.0362228517755
Insulation
Effective
k (1/R)
BTU per
ft-hr-F
4.44444444444444E-02
0.05
0.05
0.42
4.44444444444444E-02
0.42
4.44444444444444E-02
0.42
4.44444444444444E-02
AMBIENT
kWh/gal
Peak
Flow
cfs
2.34881076002571E-02
4.69762152005143E-02
0.3288335064036
0.3288335064036
0.313174768003428
SAVOONGA
gal/day
gal/min
Peak
Flow
gpm
57
Air Flow =
Air Temp=
Sewage Temp=
Air Flow =
Air Temp=
Sewage Temp=
SAVOONGA, ALASKA
Water
Temp
°F
45
45
70
45
44.5660258430507
44.4506037388402
45
44.5467381027419
44.431450383905
45
44.3721840529467
44.2581125217408
28
Peak
Flow
cms
6.6638608305275E-04
1.3327721661055E-03
9.3294051627385E-03
9.3294051627385E-03
8.88514777403666E-03
Peak
Flow
cfs
0.126835781041389
0.65
28
34
6715.50943220556
58113.6111111111
15387.85584
2042.54886831276
130915.56091455
20667.4720983143
7097.22946116711
240939.787725661
41040
28
40
136800
28
40
External
Temp
°F
AMBIENT
28
DEG F
30
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
DEG F
H-W
C
value
-
110
110
110
110
Peak
Flow
cms
3.59848484848485E-03
BTU/h
BTU/h
BTU/h
BTU/h
BTU/h
BTU/h
BTU/h
BTU/h
gpd =
deg F
deg F
gpd =
deg F
deg F
Raw Water Temperature:
Running Temperature:
System type:
Pipeline
Area
ft2
6283.2
3279.8304
6000
-
9738.96
0
-
9424.8
0
-
9424.8
0
Total Energy Use, BTU/h
BTU/1000 gal
kWh/1000 gal
kWh/cap-mo
kWh/svc.con-mo
Average kW
Peak
Flow
Velocity
fps
-
1.69114374721851
1.64206363798183
1.64206363798183
1.56387013141127
Raw Water Temperature:
Running Temperature:
System type:
H-W
C
value
100
Percent of
Total
2.78721480399575
24.1195576951701
6.38659807300941
0.847742453661679
54.3353848487711
8.57785768527644
2.94564444011554
202.010072727273
673.366909090909
34
45
Water loops + vacuum sewer in utilidor, pitorifices for H.C. loop in 6" x 12" arctic pipe
Heat
Loss
BTU/hr
2526.70943220556
4188.8
58113.6111111111
2787.85584
12600
2042.54886831276
32130
7170.482801975
6372.32329162152
33558
6931.09765647652
6655.50424509453
44268
6857.98045609833
7639.64456159828
233842.558264494
369225.091996569
108.213684641433
70.4934859949906
271.128792288425
68.5353336062408
Peak
Velocity
Head
ft
-
1.12590040539032E-04
5.51691198641257E-03
5.51691198641257E-03
5.00400180173476E-03
34
35
Vacuum sewers in utilidors and vacuum connections in arctic pipe. 3 catchments.
services heat traced for emergency thawing
1
Peak
Flow
Velocity
fps
1.1415220293725
kg/d
kg/d
deg. F
deg. F
Flow
Rate
gpm
10.5555555555556
10.5555555555556
10.5555555555556
10.5555555555556
10.5555555555556
147.777777777778
62
147.777777777778
147.777777777778
60
147.777777777778
140.740740740741
60
140.740740740741
Peak
Friction
Head
psi
-
22.1836631645634
20.2397938339556
21.1393402265759
25.4791571140203
deg. F
deg. F
pump station at vacuum plant
Peak
Velocity
Head
ft
8.20781395529543E-04
Temp
Drop
°F
Efficiency Adusted Fuel Cost $/gal
0.792083202017019
0.527170975102427
0.433974156949259
0.230844208421061
0.453261897258115
0.23057543767387
0.627815947053262
0.228143062411787
Peak
Friction
Head
ft
-
51.2442619101415
46.7539237564375
48.8318759233902
58.856852933387
Peak
Friction
Head
psi
10.7573174986376
Heat needed =
This adds
Heat needed =
This adds
Vacuum pumping energy would also increase
Fuel
Cost
$/gal
4.18
6.43076923076923
6.43076923076923
6.43076923076923
6.43076923076923
6.43076923076923
6.43076923076923
6.43076923076923
6.43076923076923
6.43076923076923
6.43076923076923
6.43076923076923
6.43076923076923
6.43076923076923
6.43076923076923
6.43076923076923
6.43076923076923
Total Cost, $/d
Total Cost, $/mo
Total Cost, $/yr
Average
Static
Head
ft
60
0
0
0
Peak
Friction
Head
ft
24.8494034218529
Energy Cost, $/day
Energy Cost, $/day-conn
Energy Cost, Percent of Water System cost
1346.73381818182
0.796946288920977
4489.11272727273
2.65648762973659
Energy
Cost
$/d
2.8887
6.0307
83.6676
4.0137
18.1405
2.3351
36.7326
8.1976
7.2851
38.3651
7.924
7.6089
50.6093
7.8404
8.734
290.3734
8856.3872
106276.6463
Total
Head
m
55
34.0185297221557
14.299036956404
14.9344747290582
17.9999558507807
Force Main
Average
Static
Head
ft
20
8.0497
0.0442
2.77220354177616
BTU/d
percent to the sewage collection energy
BTU/d
percent to the sewage collection energy
Heat/Power Production Efficiency =
No. of
Services
182
182
182
182
182
182
182
62
62
62
60
60
60
60
60
60
cost per service
182
182
182
Peak
Pumping
Power
kW
0.359182098765432
0.444321705546113
1.30733479019199
1.36543170327262
1.56733622307116
Heat/Power Production Efficiency =
4
Total
Head
m
13.7151985613534
percent
0.65
Energy
Cost
$/mo-svc
0.4841
1.0106
14.0212
0.6726
3.04
0.3913
18.07
4.0327
3.5838
19.5023
4.028
3.8679
25.7264
3.9855
4.4398
1.5955
48.6615
583.9376
Pumping
Efficiency
0.6
0.6
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.65
inch
Peak
Pumping
Power
kW
0.483668555326514
3.75
Percent
of Total
9.94807255355164E-03
2.07688404707668E-02
0.288137967519778
1.38227017753188E-02
6.24731163893386E-02
8.04185240976177E-03
0.126501119231034
2.82313756575387E-02
2.50888897756648E-02
0.132123391196858
2.72888767831894E-02
2.62038199829242E-02
0.174290430940536
2.70010022832554E-02
3.00785430304844E-02
Minimum
Pump
Motor
kW
0.59863683127572
0.740536175910189
1.8676211288457
1.95061671896088
2.23905174724451
5600
Pumping
Efficiency
0.5
0.5
Pumping
Energy
kWh/d
14.3672839506173
8.88643411092226
1.06721207362611
1.1146381251205
1.34343104834671
feet
Minimum
Pump
Motor
kW
0.967337110653029
7.5
Total kWh/d
Total BTU/day
Average kW
Total kWh/yr/person
Pumping
Energy
kWh/d
3.86934844261212
45
48.8693484426121
168986.773249829
2.0362228517755
25.4818745450763
Existing
Service Area Population =
Average Service , ft =
Raw Water flow, gal/pers/day
Treated water flow, gal/pers/day
Description
Utilidor width, inch
Utilidor Height, inch
Utilidor Circumference, inch
Raw Water Pumping
Pipeline to WTP
Heating all raw water produced
Tank Heat Losses
Water Loops & Vac Sewer Bldg
Initial Pressurization
North Loop
North Loop Services (62)
North Loop Pumping
South Loop
South Loop Services (60)
South Loop Pumping
West Loop
West Loop Services (60)
West Loop Pumping
Note: 1 gpm heated 1 ºF =
Pumps and Pipeline Hydraulic and Energy Calculations
Pump
Station
ID
Initial Pressurization
Raw Water Pumping-1
North Loop Pumping
South Loop Pumping
West Loop Pumping
Existing
Service Area Population =
Average Service , ft =
Sewage flow, gal/pers/day
Number of sewer connections
Sewage flow, cal/conn/day
Sewage Pumps and Pipeline Hydraulic and Energy Calculations
Pump
Station
ID
Sewage Pump Station
Vacuum Pump
Heating Vacuum Air
Summary Water & Sewer - 50 degrees
Total Energy Requirement
Additional energy for Vacuum systems
Assumptions
Leaking Vacuum Valve
Water System Energy Use Calculations for
700
50
21.7142857142857
21.7142857142857
Length
ft
0.740536175910189
3000
20' water depth
6,000 sf surface area
0.59863683127572
4500
3100
1.8676211288457
4700
3000
1.95061671896088
6200
3000
2.23905174724451
500.5
Assumed Fuel is Fuel Oil No. 1 @
Pipe
IDia
inches
-
2
5.37
5.37
5.37
Sewer System Energy Use Calculations for
700
50
19.5428571428571
182
75.1648351648352
Number
of
Catchments
1
5 times sewage volume
Note: 1 BTU = 1 kJ (close enough; 1.005)
Note: 1 BTU = 1 kJ (close enough; 1.005)
I.D.
inch
kW
2
kW
6
6
kW
6
6
kW
6
6
kW
SAVOONGA
BTU/hour
135000
Water use gal per capita day =
Water use 1000 gal/cap-mo =
Water use 1000 gallons per hour =
Water use 1000 gal/svc conn-mo =
Pipe
Area
sq. ft.
-
2.77777777777778E-02
0.20025625
0.20025625
0.20025625
Pipe
IDia
inches
4
Efficiency factor
Ambient Temperature, deg F
Raw Water Temperature, deg F
Heating & Pumping Raw Water Line
Heating Raw Water
Heating WTP Bldg & Water Tank
Initial Pressurization
Loop and Services Heat Loss
Loop Pumping
Vacuum & Sewage Pumping
Air to Liquid Ratio =
Air Specific Gravity =
Air Specific Heat=
Air to Liquid Ratio =
Air Specific Gravity =
Air Specific Heat=
O.D.
inch
32
16
96
8
12
12
12
21.7142857142857
0.651428571428571
0.633333333333333
2.50549450549451
Pipe
Length
feet
-
3000
9000
9400
12400
Pipe
Area
sq. ft.
0.111111111111111
(See Below)
3
0.0013
1
10
0.0013
1
Raw water flow
Raw water flow
Treated water flow
Treated water flow
Insulation
T, inch
k =
0.021
BTU per
hr-ft-degF
3
4
5
4
3
4
3
4
3
50
1 kWh =
BTU/gal
Avg
Flow
gpm
-
10.5555555555556
3.51851851851852
3.51851851851852
3.51851851851852
Pipe
Length
feet
5600
(normal minimum)
kJ/kg-deg C
(leaking)
kJ/kg-deg C
15200
10.5555555555556
15200
10.5555555555556
Insulation R
ft2-hr-F per
BTU-inch
5
5
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
DEG F
3412
=
Peak
Factor
-
2
42
42
40
Sewage as fraction of water flow
Sewage flow
Avg. sewage flow
Avg
Flow
gpm
9.5
2244.55636363636
Total Energy Use, BTU/h
BTU/1000 gal
kWh/1000 gal
kWh/cap-mo
kWh/svc.con-mo
Average kW
Total Energy Estimate
gal/day
gal/min
gal/day
gal/min
Insulation
Effective
R
ft-hr-F
per BTU
22.5
20
20
2.38095238095238
22.5
2.38095238095238
22.5
2.38095238095238
22.5
BTU
39.5662368112544
Peak
Flow
gpm
10.5555555555556
21.1111111111111
147.777777777778
147.777777777778
140.740740740741
0.9
13680
9.5
Peak
Factor
6
BTU/d
7097.22946116711
12352.8343018881
3.5723207925886
2.12930732499953
8.18964355769049
2.0362228517755
Insulation
Effective
k (1/R)
BTU per
ft-hr-F
4.44444444444444E-02
0.05
0.05
0.42
4.44444444444444E-02
0.42
4.44444444444444E-02
0.42
4.44444444444444E-02
AMBIENT
kWh/gal
Peak
Flow
cfs
2.34881076002571E-02
4.69762152005143E-02
0.3288335064036
0.3288335064036
0.313174768003428
SAVOONGA
gal/day
gal/min
Peak
Flow
gpm
57
Air Flow =
Air Temp=
Sewage Temp=
Air Flow =
Air Temp=
Sewage Temp=
SAVOONGA, ALASKA
Water
Temp
°F
50
50
70
50
49.4383863851245
49.289016603205
50
49.4134257800189
49.2642299085829
50
49.1875323038134
49.0399103222529
28
Peak
Flow
cms
6.6638608305275E-04
1.3327721661055E-03
9.3294051627385E-03
9.3294051627385E-03
8.88514777403666E-03
Peak
Flow
cfs
0.126835781041389
0.65
28
34
8111.77609887223
84528.8888888889
16207.81344
2042.54886831276
169420.137654123
20667.4720983143
7097.22946116711
308075.866509679
41040
28
40
136800
28
40
External
Temp
°F
AMBIENT
28
DEG F
30
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
DEG F
H-W
C
value
-
110
110
110
110
Peak
Flow
cms
3.59848484848485E-03
BTU/h
BTU/h
BTU/h
BTU/h
BTU/h
BTU/h
BTU/h
BTU/h
gpd =
deg F
deg F
gpd =
deg F
deg F
Raw Water Temperature:
Running Temperature:
System type:
Pipeline
Area
ft2
6283.2
3279.8304
6000
-
9738.96
0
-
9424.8
0
-
9424.8
0
Total Energy Use, BTU/h
BTU/1000 gal
kWh/1000 gal
kWh/cap-mo
kWh/svc.con-mo
Average kW
Peak
Flow
Velocity
fps
-
1.69114374721851
1.64206363798183
1.64206363798183
1.56387013141127
Raw Water Temperature:
Running Temperature:
System type:
H-W
C
value
100
Percent of
Total
2.6330449673887
27.4376859981122
5.26098120687776
0.663001906463383
54.9929923345037
6.70856576091624
2.30372782573806
202.010072727273
673.366909090909
34
50
Water loops + vacuum sewer in utilidor, pitorifices for H.C. loop in 6" x 12" arctic pipe
Heat
Loss
BTU/hr
2526.70943220556
5585.06666666667
84528.8888888889
3607.81344
12600
2042.54886831276
41580
9279.44833196764
6372.32329162152
43428
8969.65579073432
6655.50424509453
57288
8875.03353142137
7639.64456159828
300978.637048512
475229.426918702
139.281778112164
90.732129741638
348.969729775531
88.2117928043703
Peak
Velocity
Head
ft
-
1.12590040539032E-04
5.51691198641257E-03
5.51691198641257E-03
5.00400180173476E-03
34
35
Vacuum sewers in utilidors and vacuum connections in arctic pipe. 3 catchments.
services heat traced for emergency thawing
1
Peak
Flow
Velocity
fps
1.1415220293725
kg/d
kg/d
deg. F
deg. F
Flow
Rate
gpm
10.5555555555556
10.5555555555556
10.5555555555556
10.5555555555556
10.5555555555556
147.777777777778
62
147.777777777778
147.777777777778
60
147.777777777778
140.740740740741
60
140.740740740741
Peak
Friction
Head
psi
-
22.1836631645634
20.2397938339556
21.1393402265759
25.4791571140203
deg. F
deg. F
pump station at vacuum plant
Peak
Velocity
Head
ft
8.20781395529543E-04
Temp
Drop
°F
Efficiency Adusted Fuel Cost $/gal
1.05611093602269
0.682221261897258
0.561613614875512
0.29873956383902
0.58657421998109
0.298391742872067
0.812467696186574
0.295243963121137
Peak
Friction
Head
ft
-
51.2442619101415
46.7539237564375
48.8318759233902
58.856852933387
Peak
Friction
Head
psi
10.7573174986376
Heat needed =
This adds
Heat needed =
This adds
Vacuum pumping energy would also increase
Fuel
Cost
$/gal
4.18
6.43076923076923
6.43076923076923
6.43076923076923
6.43076923076923
6.43076923076923
6.43076923076923
6.43076923076923
6.43076923076923
6.43076923076923
6.43076923076923
6.43076923076923
6.43076923076923
6.43076923076923
6.43076923076923
6.43076923076923
6.43076923076923
Total Cost, $/d
Total Cost, $/mo
Total Cost, $/yr
Average
Static
Head
ft
60
0
0
0
Peak
Friction
Head
ft
24.8494034218529
Energy Cost, $/day
Energy Cost, $/day-conn
Energy Cost, Percent of Water System cost
1346.73381818182
0.796946288920977
4489.11272727273
2.65648762973659
Energy
Cost
$/d
2.8887
8.041
121.6983
5.1943
18.1405
2.3351
47.5362
10.6087
7.2851
49.649
10.2545
7.6089
65.4944
10.1464
8.734
375.6151
11456.2605
137475.1264
Total
Head
m
55
34.0185297221557
14.299036956404
14.9344747290582
17.9999558507807
Force Main
Average
Static
Head
ft
20
8.0497
0.0442
2.1430821933588
BTU/d
percent to the sewage collection energy
BTU/d
percent to the sewage collection energy
Heat/Power Production Efficiency =
No. of
Services
182
182
182
182
182
182
182
62
62
62
60
60
60
60
60
60
cost per service
182
182
182
Peak
Pumping
Power
kW
0.359182098765432
0.444321705546113
1.30733479019199
1.36543170327262
1.56733622307116
Heat/Power Production Efficiency =
4
Total
Head
m
13.7151985613534
percent
0.65
Energy
Cost
$/mo-svc
0.4841
1.3475
20.3945
0.8705
3.04
0.3913
23.3848
5.2188
3.5838
25.2382
5.2127
3.8679
33.293
5.1577
4.4398
2.0638
62.9465
755.3578
Pumping
Efficiency
0.6
0.6
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.65
inch
Peak
Pumping
Power
kW
0.483668555326514
3.75
Percent
of Total
7.69046602332037E-03
0.021407438291775
0.323997381009095
1.38286699505294E-02
4.82955242210833E-02
6.2168417438562E-03
0.12655573813667
2.82435650109008E-02
1.93952399667305E-02
0.132180437609411
2.73006591974083E-02
2.02571489276017E-02
0.174365683654967
2.70126604029997E-02
2.32525458536524E-02
Minimum
Pump
Motor
kW
0.59863683127572
0.740536175910189
1.8676211288457
1.95061671896088
2.23905174724451
5600
Pumping
Efficiency
0.5
0.5
Pumping
Energy
kWh/d
14.3672839506173
8.88643411092226
1.06721207362611
1.1146381251205
1.34343104834671
feet
Minimum
Pump
Motor
kW
0.967337110653029
7.5
Total kWh/d
Total BTU/day
Average kW
Total kWh/yr/person
Pumping
Energy
kWh/d
3.86934844261212
45
48.8693484426121
168986.773249829
2.0362228517755
25.4818745450763
Existing
Service Area Population =
Average Service , ft =
Raw Water flow, gal/pers/day
Treated water flow, gal/pers/day
Description
Utilidor width, inch
Utilidor Height, inch
Utilidor Circumference, inch
Raw Water Pumping
Pipeline to WTP
Heating all raw water produced
Tank Heat Losses
Water Loops & Vac Sewer Bldg
Initial Pressurization
North Loop
North Loop Services (62)
North Loop Pumping
South Loop
South Loop Services (60)
South Loop Pumping
West Loop
West Loop Services (60)
West Loop Pumping
Note: 1 gpm heated 1 ºF =
Pumps and Pipeline Hydraulic and Energy Calculations
Pump
Station
ID
Initial Pressurization
Raw Water Pumping-1
North Loop Pumping
South Loop Pumping
West Loop Pumping
Existing
Service Area Population =
Average Service , ft =
Sewage flow, gal/pers/day
Number of sewer connections
Sewage flow, cal/conn/day
Sewage Pumps and Pipeline Hydraulic and Energy Calculations
Pump
Station
ID
Sewage Pump Station
Vacuum Pump
Heating Vacuum Air
Summary Water & Sewer - 55 degrees
Total Energy Requirement
Additional energy for Vacuum systems
Assumptions
Leaking Vacuum Valve
Water System Energy Use Calculations for
700
50
21.7142857142857
21.7142857142857
Length
ft
0.740536175910189
3000
20' water depth
6,000 sf surface area
0.59863683127572
4500
3100
1.8676211288457
4700
3000
1.95061671896088
6200
3000
2.23905174724451
500.5
Assumed Fuel is Fuel Oil No. 1 @
Pipe
IDia
inches
-
2
5.37
5.37
5.37
Sewer System Energy Use Calculations for
700
50
19.5428571428571
182
75.1648351648352
Number
of
Catchments
1
5 times sewage volume
Note: 1 BTU = 1 kJ (close enough; 1.005)
Note: 1 BTU = 1 kJ (close enough; 1.005)
I.D.
inch
kW
2
kW
6
6
kW
6
6
kW
6
6
kW
SAVOONGA
BTU/hour
135000
Water use gal per capita day =
Water use 1000 gal/cap-mo =
Water use 1000 gallons per hour =
Water use 1000 gal/svc conn-mo =
Pipe
Area
sq. ft.
-
2.77777777777778E-02
0.20025625
0.20025625
0.20025625
Pipe
IDia
inches
4
Efficiency factor
Ambient Temperature, deg F
Raw Water Temperature, deg F
Heating & Pumping Raw Water Line
Heating Raw Water
Heating WTP Bldg & Water Tank
Initial Pressurization
Loop and Services Heat Loss
Loop Pumping
Vacuum & Sewage Pumping
Air to Liquid Ratio =
Air Specific Gravity =
Air Specific Heat=
Air to Liquid Ratio =
Air Specific Gravity =
Air Specific Heat=
O.D.
inch
32
16
96
8
12
12
12
21.7142857142857
0.651428571428571
0.633333333333333
2.50549450549451
Pipe
Length
feet
-
3000
9000
9400
12400
Pipe
Area
sq. ft.
0.111111111111111
(See Below)
3
0.0013
1
10
0.0013
1
Raw water flow
Raw water flow
Treated water flow
Treated water flow
Insulation
T, inch
k =
0.021
BTU per
hr-ft-degF
3
4
5
4
3
4
3
4
3
55
1 kWh =
BTU/gal
Avg
Flow
gpm
-
10.5555555555556
3.51851851851852
3.51851851851852
3.51851851851852
Pipe
Length
feet
5600
(normal minimum)
kJ/kg-deg C
(leaking)
kJ/kg-deg C
15200
10.5555555555556
15200
10.5555555555556
Insulation R
ft2-hr-F per
BTU-inch
5
5
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
DEG F
3412
=
Peak
Factor
-
2
42
42
40
Sewage as fraction of water flow
Sewage flow
Avg. sewage flow
Avg
Flow
gpm
9.5
2244.55636363636
Total Energy Use, BTU/h
BTU/1000 gal
kWh/1000 gal
kWh/cap-mo
kWh/svc.con-mo
Average kW
Total Energy Estimate
gal/day
gal/min
gal/day
gal/min
Insulation
Effective
R
ft-hr-F
per BTU
22.5
20
20
2.38095238095238
22.5
2.38095238095238
22.5
2.38095238095238
22.5
BTU
39.5662368112544
Peak
Flow
gpm
10.5555555555556
21.1111111111111
147.777777777778
147.777777777778
140.740740740741
0.9
13680
9.5
Peak
Factor
6
BTU/d
7097.22946116711
12352.8343018881
3.5723207925886
2.12930732499953
8.18964355769049
2.0362228517755
Insulation
Effective
k (1/R)
BTU per
ft-hr-F
4.44444444444444E-02
0.05
0.05
0.42
4.44444444444444E-02
0.42
4.44444444444444E-02
0.42
4.44444444444444E-02
AMBIENT
kWh/gal
Peak
Flow
cfs
2.34881076002571E-02
4.69762152005143E-02
0.3288335064036
0.3288335064036
0.313174768003428
SAVOONGA
gal/day
gal/min
Peak
Flow
gpm
57
Air Flow =
Air Temp=
Sewage Temp=
Air Flow =
Air Temp=
Sewage Temp=
SAVOONGA, ALASKA
Water
Temp
°F
55
55
70
55
54.3107469271982
54.1274294675697
55
54.2801134572959
54.0970094332608
55
54.0028805546801
53.8217081227649
28
Peak
Flow
cms
6.6638608305275E-04
1.3327721661055E-03
9.3294051627385E-03
9.3294051627385E-03
8.88514777403666E-03
Peak
Flow
cfs
0.126835781041389
0.65
28
34
9508.0427655389
110944.166666667
17027.77104
2042.54886831276
207924.714393697
20667.4720983143
7097.22946116711
375211.945293697
41040
28
40
136800
28
40
External
Temp
°F
AMBIENT
28
DEG F
30
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
DEG F
H-W
C
value
-
110
110
110
110
Peak
Flow
cms
3.59848484848485E-03
BTU/h
BTU/h
BTU/h
BTU/h
BTU/h
BTU/h
BTU/h
BTU/h
gpd =
deg F
deg F
gpd =
deg F
deg F
Raw Water Temperature:
Running Temperature:
System type:
Pipeline
Area
ft2
6283.2
3279.8304
6000
-
9738.96
0
-
9424.8
0
-
9424.8
0
Total Energy Use, BTU/h
BTU/1000 gal
kWh/1000 gal
kWh/cap-mo
kWh/svc.con-mo
Average kW
Peak
Flow
Velocity
fps
-
1.69114374721851
1.64206363798183
1.64206363798183
1.56387013141127
Raw Water Temperature:
Running Temperature:
System type:
H-W
C
value
100
Percent of
Total
2.534045859893
29.5683994228449
4.5381740249958
0.544372025979598
55.4152704895746
5.50821272018323
1.89152545652878
202.010072727273
673.366909090909
34
55
Water loops + vacuum sewer in utilidor, pitorifices for H.C. loop in 6" x 12" arctic pipe
Heat
Loss
BTU/hr
2526.70943220556
6981.33333333333
110944.166666667
4427.77104
12600
2042.54886831276
51030
11388.4138619603
6372.32329162152
53298
11008.2139249921
6655.50424509453
70308
10892.0866067444
7639.64456159828
368114.715832529
581233.761840836
170.349871582894
110.970773488286
426.810667262637
107.8882520025
Peak
Velocity
Head
ft
-
1.12590040539032E-04
5.51691198641257E-03
5.51691198641257E-03
5.00400180173476E-03
34
35
Vacuum sewers in utilidors and vacuum connections in arctic pipe. 3 catchments.
services heat traced for emergency thawing
1
Peak
Flow
Velocity
fps
1.1415220293725
kg/d
kg/d
deg. F
deg. F
Flow
Rate
gpm
10.5555555555556
10.5555555555556
10.5555555555556
10.5555555555556
10.5555555555556
147.777777777778
62
147.777777777778
147.777777777778
60
147.777777777778
140.740740740741
60
140.740740740741
Peak
Friction
Head
psi
-
22.1836631645634
20.2397938339556
21.1393402265759
25.4791571140203
deg. F
deg. F
pump station at vacuum plant
Peak
Velocity
Head
ft
8.20781395529543E-04
Temp
Drop
°F
Efficiency Adusted Fuel Cost $/gal
1.32013867002836
0.83727154869209
0.689253072801765
0.366634919256979
0.719886542704066
0.366208048070263
0.997119445319887
0.362344863830486
Peak
Friction
Head
ft
-
51.2442619101415
46.7539237564375
48.8318759233902
58.856852933387
Peak
Friction
Head
psi
10.7573174986376
Heat needed =
This adds
Heat needed =
This adds
Vacuum pumping energy would also increase
Fuel
Cost
$/gal
4.18
6.43076923076923
6.43076923076923
6.43076923076923
6.43076923076923
6.43076923076923
6.43076923076923
6.43076923076923
6.43076923076923
6.43076923076923
6.43076923076923
6.43076923076923
6.43076923076923
6.43076923076923
6.43076923076923
6.43076923076923
6.43076923076923
Total Cost, $/d
Total Cost, $/mo
Total Cost, $/yr
Average
Static
Head
ft
60
0
0
0
Peak
Friction
Head
ft
24.8494034218529
Energy Cost, $/day
Energy Cost, $/day-conn
Energy Cost, Percent of Water System cost
1346.73381818182
0.796946288920977
4489.11272727273
2.65648762973659
Energy
Cost
$/d
2.8887
10.0512
159.729
6.3748
18.1405
2.3351
58.3399
13.0198
7.2851
60.9328
12.5851
7.6089
80.3795
12.4524
8.734
460.8568
14056.1339
168673.6064
Total
Head
m
55
34.0185297221557
14.299036956404
14.9344747290582
17.9999558507807
Force Main
Average
Static
Head
ft
20
8.0497
0.0442
1.74668996304222
BTU/d
percent to the sewage collection energy
BTU/d
percent to the sewage collection energy
Heat/Power Production Efficiency =
No. of
Services
182
182
182
182
182
182
182
62
62
62
60
60
60
60
60
60
cost per service
182
182
182
Peak
Pumping
Power
kW
0.359182098765432
0.444321705546113
1.30733479019199
1.36543170327262
1.56733622307116
Heat/Power Production Efficiency =
4
Total
Head
m
13.7151985613534
percent
0.65
Energy
Cost
$/mo-svc
0.4841
1.6844
26.7678
1.0683
3.04
0.3913
28.6995
6.4049
3.5838
30.9742
6.3974
3.8679
40.8596
6.3299
4.4398
2.5322
77.2315
926.7781
Pumping
Efficiency
0.6
0.6
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.65
inch
Peak
Pumping
Power
kW
0.483668555326514
3.75
Percent
of Total
6.26800962449223E-03
2.18098013894215E-02
0.346591420977112
1.38324303352128E-02
3.93626094595174E-02
5.06695221931577E-03
0.126590152021808
2.82512451905314E-02
1.58078262633446E-02
0.132216381000555
2.73080829757659E-02
1.65103134267745E-02
0.174413098341158
2.70200058667935E-02
1.89516709081972E-02
Minimum
Pump
Motor
kW
0.59863683127572
0.740536175910189
1.8676211288457
1.95061671896088
2.23905174724451
5600
Pumping
Efficiency
0.5
0.5
Pumping
Energy
kWh/d
14.3672839506173
8.88643411092226
1.06721207362611
1.1146381251205
1.34343104834671
feet
Minimum
Pump
Motor
kW
0.967337110653029
7.5
Total kWh/d
Total BTU/day
Average kW
Total kWh/yr/person
Pumping
Energy
kWh/d
3.86934844261212
45
48.8693484426121
168986.773249829
2.0362228517755
25.4818745450763
Existing
Service Area Population =
Average Service , ft =
Raw Water flow, gal/pers/day
Treated water flow, gal/pers/day
Description
Utilidor width, inch
Utilidor Height, inch
Utilidor Circumference, inch
Raw Water Pumping
Pipeline to WTP
Heating all raw water produced
Tank Heat Losses
Water Loops & Vac Sewer Bldg
Initial Pressurization
North Loop
North Loop Services (62)
North Loop Pumping
South Loop
South Loop Services (60)
South Loop Pumping
West Loop
West Loop Services (60)
West Loop Pumping
Note: 1 gpm heated 1 ºF =
Pumps and Pipeline Hydraulic and Energy Calculations
Pump
Station
ID
Initial Pressurization
Raw Water Pumping-1
North Loop Pumping
South Loop Pumping
West Loop Pumping
Existing
Service Area Population =
Average Service , ft =
Sewage flow, gal/pers/day
Number of sewer connections
Sewage flow, cal/conn/day
Sewage Pumps and Pipeline Hydraulic and Energy Calculations
Pump
Station
ID
Sewage Pump Station
Vacuum Pump
Heating Vacuum Air
Summary Water & Sewer - 60 degrees
Total Energy Requirement
Additional energy for Vacuum systems
Assumptions
Leaking Vacuum Valve
Water System Energy Use Calculations for
700
50
21.7142857142857
21.7142857142857
Length
ft
0.740536175910189
3000
20' water depth
6,000 sf surface area
0.59863683127572
4500
3100
1.8676211288457
4700
3000
1.95061671896088
6200
3000
2.23905174724451
500.5
Assumed Fuel is Fuel Oil No. 1 @
Pipe
IDia
inches
-
2
5.37
5.37
5.37
Sewer System Energy Use Calculations for
700
50
19.5428571428571
182
75.1648351648352
Number
of
Catchments
1
5 times sewage volume
Note: 1 BTU = 1 kJ (close enough; 1.005)
Note: 1 BTU = 1 kJ (close enough; 1.005)
I.D.
inch
kW
2
kW
6
6
kW
6
6
kW
6
6
kW
SAVOONGA
BTU/hour
135000
Water use gal per capita day =
Water use 1000 gal/cap-mo =
Water use 1000 gallons per hour =
Water use 1000 gal/svc conn-mo =
Pipe
Area
sq. ft.
-
2.77777777777778E-02
0.20025625
0.20025625
0.20025625
Pipe
IDia
inches
4
Efficiency factor
Ambient Temperature, deg F
Raw Water Temperature, deg F
Heating & Pumping Raw Water Line
Heating Raw Water
Heating WTP Bldg & Water Tank
Initial Pressurization
Loop and Services Heat Loss
Loop Pumping
Vacuum & Sewage Pumping
Air to Liquid Ratio =
Air Specific Gravity =
Air Specific Heat=
Air to Liquid Ratio =
Air Specific Gravity =
Air Specific Heat=
O.D.
inch
32
16
96
8
12
12
12
21.7142857142857
0.651428571428571
0.633333333333333
2.50549450549451
Pipe
Length
feet
-
3000
9000
9400
12400
Pipe
Area
sq. ft.
0.111111111111111
(See Below)
3
0.0013
1
10
0.0013
1
Raw water flow
Raw water flow
Treated water flow
Treated water flow
Insulation
T, inch
k =
0.021
BTU per
hr-ft-degF
3
4
5
4
3
4
3
4
3
60
1 kWh =
BTU/gal
Avg
Flow
gpm
-
10.5555555555556
3.51851851851852
3.51851851851852
3.51851851851852
Pipe
Length
feet
5600
(normal minimum)
kJ/kg-deg C
(leaking)
kJ/kg-deg C
15200
10.5555555555556
15200
10.5555555555556
Insulation R
ft2-hr-F per
BTU-inch
5
5
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
DEG F
3412
=
Peak
Factor
-
2
42
42
40
Sewage as fraction of water flow
Sewage flow
Avg. sewage flow
Avg
Flow
gpm
9.5
2244.55636363636
Total Energy Use, BTU/h
BTU/1000 gal
kWh/1000 gal
kWh/cap-mo
kWh/svc.con-mo
Average kW
Total Energy Estimate
gal/day
gal/min
gal/day
gal/min
Insulation
Effective
R
ft-hr-F
per BTU
22.5
20
20
2.38095238095238
22.5
2.38095238095238
22.5
2.38095238095238
22.5
BTU
39.5662368112544
Peak
Flow
gpm
10.5555555555556
21.1111111111111
147.777777777778
147.777777777778
140.740740740741
0.9
13680
9.5
Peak
Factor
6
BTU/d
7097.22946116711
12352.8343018881
3.5723207925886
2.12930732499953
8.18964355769049
2.0362228517755
Insulation
Effective
k (1/R)
BTU per
ft-hr-F
4.44444444444444E-02
0.05
0.05
0.42
4.44444444444444E-02
0.42
4.44444444444444E-02
0.42
4.44444444444444E-02
AMBIENT
kWh/gal
Peak
Flow
cfs
2.34881076002571E-02
4.69762152005143E-02
0.3288335064036
0.3288335064036
0.313174768003428
SAVOONGA
gal/day
gal/min
Peak
Flow
gpm
57
Air Flow =
Air Temp=
Sewage Temp=
Air Flow =
Air Temp=
Sewage Temp=
SAVOONGA, ALASKA
Water
Temp
°F
60
60
70
60
59.183107469272
58.9658423319345
60
59.146801134573
58.9297889579387
60
58.8182288055468
58.6035059232769
28
Peak
Flow
cms
6.6638608305275E-04
1.3327721661055E-03
9.3294051627385E-03
9.3294051627385E-03
8.88514777403666E-03
Peak
Flow
cfs
0.126835781041389
0.65
28
34
10904.3094322056
137359.444444444
17847.72864
2042.54886831276
246429.29113327
20667.4720983143
7097.22946116711
442348.024077715
41040
28
40
136800
28
40
External
Temp
°F
AMBIENT
28
DEG F
30
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
DEG F
H-W
C
value
-
110
110
110
110
Peak
Flow
cms
3.59848484848485E-03
BTU/h
BTU/h
BTU/h
BTU/h
BTU/h
BTU/h
BTU/h
BTU/h
gpd =
deg F
deg F
gpd =
deg F
deg F
Raw Water Temperature:
Running Temperature:
System type:
Pipeline
Area
ft2
6283.2
3279.8304
6000
-
9738.96
0
-
9424.8
0
-
9424.8
0
Total Energy Use, BTU/h
BTU/1000 gal
kWh/1000 gal
kWh/cap-mo
kWh/svc.con-mo
Average kW
Peak
Flow
Velocity
fps
-
1.69114374721851
1.64206363798183
1.64206363798183
1.56387013141127
Raw Water Temperature:
Running Temperature:
System type:
H-W
C
value
100
Percent of
Total
2.46509735291365
31.052347239673
4.0347707389927
0.461751552427848
55.7093685785236
4.67221982994172
1.60444470752744
202.010072727273
673.366909090909
34
60
Water loops + vacuum sewer in utilidor, pitorifices for H.C. loop in 6" x 12" arctic pipe
Heat
Loss
BTU/hr
2526.70943220556
8377.6
137359.444444444
5247.72864
12600
2042.54886831276
60480
13497.3793919529
6372.32329162152
63168
13046.7720592499
6655.50424509453
83328
12909.1396820674
7639.64456159828
435250.794616547
687238.09676297
201.417965053625
131.209417234933
504.651604749743
127.564711200629
Peak
Velocity
Head
ft
-
1.12590040539032E-04
5.51691198641257E-03
5.51691198641257E-03
5.00400180173476E-03
34
35
Vacuum sewers in utilidors and vacuum connections in arctic pipe. 3 catchments.
services heat traced for emergency thawing
1
Peak
Flow
Velocity
fps
1.1415220293725
kg/d
kg/d
deg. F
deg. F
Flow
Rate
gpm
10.5555555555556
10.5555555555556
10.5555555555556
10.5555555555556
10.5555555555556
147.777777777778
62
147.777777777778
147.777777777778
60
147.777777777778
140.740740740741
60
140.740740740741
Peak
Friction
Head
psi
-
22.1836631645634
20.2397938339556
21.1393402265759
25.4791571140203
deg. F
deg. F
pump station at vacuum plant
Peak
Velocity
Head
ft
8.20781395529543E-04
Temp
Drop
°F
Efficiency Adusted Fuel Cost $/gal
1.58416640403404
0.992321835486921
0.816892530728018
0.434530274674938
0.853198865427041
0.43402435326846
1.1817711944532
0.429445764539835
Peak
Friction
Head
ft
-
51.2442619101415
46.7539237564375
48.8318759233902
58.856852933387
Peak
Friction
Head
psi
10.7573174986376
Heat needed =
This adds
Heat needed =
This adds
Vacuum pumping energy would also increase
Fuel
Cost
$/gal
4.18
6.43076923076923
6.43076923076923
6.43076923076923
6.43076923076923
6.43076923076923
6.43076923076923
6.43076923076923
6.43076923076923
6.43076923076923
6.43076923076923
6.43076923076923
6.43076923076923
6.43076923076923
6.43076923076923
6.43076923076923
6.43076923076923
Total Cost, $/d
Total Cost, $/mo
Total Cost, $/yr
Average
Static
Head
ft
60
0
0
0
Peak
Friction
Head
ft
24.8494034218529
Energy Cost, $/day
Energy Cost, $/day-conn
Energy Cost, Percent of Water System cost
1346.73381818182
0.796946288920977
4489.11272727273
2.65648762973659
Energy
Cost
$/d
2.8887
12.0614
197.7598
7.5553
18.1405
2.3351
69.1436
15.4309
7.2851
72.2167
14.9157
7.6089
95.2646
14.7583
8.734
546.0986
16656.0072
199872.0864
Total
Head
m
55
34.0185297221557
14.299036956404
14.9344747290582
17.9999558507807
Force Main
Average
Static
Head
ft
20
8.0497
0.0442
1.47404522849915
BTU/d
percent to the sewage collection energy
BTU/d
percent to the sewage collection energy
Heat/Power Production Efficiency =
No. of
Services
182
182
182
182
182
182
182
62
62
62
60
60
60
60
60
60
cost per service
182
182
182
Peak
Pumping
Power
kW
0.359182098765432
0.444321705546113
1.30733479019199
1.36543170327262
1.56733622307116
Heat/Power Production Efficiency =
4
Total
Head
m
13.7151985613534
percent
0.65
Energy
Cost
$/mo-svc
0.4841
2.0213
33.1411
1.2661
3.04
0.3913
34.0142
7.591
3.5838
36.7101
7.5821
3.8679
48.4262
7.5022
4.4398
3.0005
91.5165
1098.1983
Pumping
Efficiency
0.6
0.6
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.65
inch
Peak
Pumping
Power
kW
0.483668555326514
3.75
Percent
of Total
5.28962201344382E-03
2.20865529792802E-02
0.362131952698472
1.38350167862211E-02
3.32184119006554E-02
4.27604033912631E-03
0.126613822426676
2.82565277374042E-02
1.33403473824527E-02
0.132241103423417
2.73131891658596E-02
1.39331817567524E-02
0.174445710898976
2.70250581909134E-02
1.59934623003493E-02
Minimum
Pump
Motor
kW
0.59863683127572
0.740536175910189
1.8676211288457
1.95061671896088
2.23905174724451
5600
Pumping
Efficiency
0.5
0.5
Pumping
Energy
kWh/d
14.3672839506173
8.88643411092226
1.06721207362611
1.1146381251205
1.34343104834671
feet
Minimum
Pump
Motor
kW
0.967337110653029
7.5
Total kWh/d
Total BTU/day
Average kW
Total kWh/yr/person
Pumping
Energy
kWh/d
3.86934844261212
45
48.8693484426121
168986.773249829
2.0362228517755
25.4818745450763
Existing
Service Area Population =
Average Service , ft =
Raw Water flow, gal/pers/day
Treated water flow, gal/pers/day
Description
Raw Water Pipeline 1
Raw Water Pipeline 2
Heating all raw water produced
Tank Heat Losses
WTP Building
Loop A
Loop A Services (100)
Loop A Pumping
Loop B
Loop B Services (80)
Loop B Pumping
Loop C
Loop C Services (70)
Loop C Pumping
Note: 1 gpm heated 1 ºF =
Assumed Fuel is Fuel Oil No. 1
Water System Energy Use Calculations for
1000
50
60
57.1428571428571
Length
ft
6500
8000
25' water depth
10,000 sf surface area
7500
5000
10
6000
4000
6
5000
3500
6
500.5
I.D.
inch
7
5.47
6
4
kW
7
4
kW
4
4
kW
BTU/hour
Water use gal per capita day =
Water use 1000 gal/cap-mo =
Water use 1000 gallons per hour =
Water use 1000 gal/svc conn-mo =
O.D.
inch
15
13
13
9
15
9
10
9
60
1.8
2.5
7.2
Raw water flow
Raw water flow
Treated water flow
Treated water flow
Insulation
T, inch
4
3.765
4
5
3.5
2.5
4
2.5
3
2.5
1 kWh =
LARGE VILLAGE A, ALASKA
60000
41.6666666666667
57142.8571428571
39.6825396825397
Insulation R
ft2-hr-F per
BTU-inch
5
5
5
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
3412
gal/day
gal/min
gal/day
gal/min
Insulation
Effective
R
30
28.2375
20
20
26.25
18.75
30
18.75
22.5
18.75
BTU
Insulation
Effective
k (1/R)
BTU per
ft2-hr-F
3.33333333333333E-02
3.54138999557326E-02
0.05
0.05
3.80952380952381E-02
5.33333333333333E-02
3.33333333333333E-02
5.33333333333333E-02
4.44444444444444E-02
5.33333333333333E-02
Water
Temp
°F
34
32.6141844311377
50
70
48.3233532934132
48.0484867390967
48.3233532934132
48.1013456918498
48.3233532934132
48.1589032181811
External
Temp
°F
0
0
0
0
20
20
20
20
20
20
Raw Water Temperature:
Running Temperature:
System type:
Pipeline
Area
ft2
25525.5
27227.2
5000
10000
25525.5
11781
23562
9424.8
13090
8246.7
Total Energy Use, BTU/h
BTU/1000 gal
kWh/1000 gal
kWh/cap-mo
kWh/svc.con-mo
Average kW
34
50
Water loops, buried loops and connections, pitorifices for H.C. loop
Heat
Loss
BTU/hr
28928.9
31447.2925132704
393589.014484302
12500
35000
27541.628742515
17623.4251879092
34120
22245.1616766467
14125.3100200825
20472
16477.8975382568
12384.9614490333
20472
686927.591612016
274771.036644806
80.5307844797205
144.955412063497
579.821648253987
201.326961199301
deg. F
deg. F
Flow
Rate
gpm
41.6666666666667
41.6666666666667
41.6666666666667
41.6666666666667
100
25
100
20
100
17.5
Temp
Drop
°F
Efficiency Adusted Fuel Cost $/gal
1.38581556886228
1.50645712638421
1.67664670658683
0.549733108633033
1.40705989524225
0.444015203126681
1.40971157885055
0.328900150464208
1.41259896766847
Fuel
Cost
$/gal
7.5
11.5384615384615
11.5384615384615
11.5384615384615
11.5384615384615
11.5384615384615
11.5384615384615
11.5384615384615
11.5384615384615
11.5384615384615
11.5384615384615
11.5384615384615
11.5384615384615
11.5384615384615
11.5384615384615
11.5384615384615
Total Cost, $/d
Total Cost, $/mo
Total Cost, $/yr
Energy
Cost
$/d
74.7302
81.2358
1016.734
32.2905
90.4133
71.1466
45.5255
88.1401
57.4645
36.489
52.884
42.5663
31.9933
52.884
1774.4972
54122.1653
649465.9836
Heat/Power Production Efficiency =
No. of
Services
250
250
250
250
250
250
100
100
100
80
80
80
70
70
70
cost per service
250
250
250
0.65
Energy
Cost
$/mo-svc
9.1171
9.9108
124.0415
3.9394
11.0304
21.6997
13.8853
26.8827
21.9084
13.9114
20.162
18.5468
13.9399
23.0423
7.098
216.4887
2597.8639
Percent
of Total
4.21134634177562E-02
0.045779632230921
0.572970163508304
1.81969688692606E-02
5.09515128339296E-02
4.00939328669022E-02
2.56554335611301E-02
4.96704462255337E-02
3.23835611617287E-02
2.05630261363276E-02
2.98022677353202E-02
0.023987823082762
1.80295006348041E-02
2.98022677353202E-02
Existing
Service Area Population =
Average Service , ft =
Raw Water flow, gal/pers/day
Treated water flow, gal/pers/day
Description
Raw Water Pipeline 1
Raw Water Pipeline 2
Heating all raw water produced
Tank Heat Losses
WTP Building
Loop A
Loop A Services (60)
Loop A Pumping
Loop B
Loop B Services (40)
Loop B Pumping
Note: 1 gpm heated 1 ºF =
Assumed Fuel is Fuel Oil No. 1
Water System Energy Use Calculations for
400
50
49
46.6666666666667
Length
ft
3000
3000
25' water depth
5,000 sf surface area
6000
3000
10
5000
2000
6
500.5
I.D.
inch
7
5.47
6
4
kW
7
4
kW
BTU/hour
Water use gal per capita day =
Water use 1000 gal/cap-mo =
Water use 1000 gallons per hour =
Water use 1000 gal/svc conn-mo =
O.D.
inch
15
13
13
9
15
9
49
1.47
0.816666666666667
5.88
Raw water flow
Raw water flow
Treated water flow
Treated water flow
Insulation
T, inch
4
3.765
4
5
3.5
2.5
4
2.5
1 kWh =
MEDIUM VILLAGE B, ALASKA
19600
13.6111111111111
18666.6666666667
12.962962962963
Insulation R
ft2-hr-F per
BTU-inch
5
5
5
4
5
5
5
5
3412
gal/day
gal/min
gal/day
gal/min
Insulation
Effective
R
30
28.2375
20
20
26.25
18.75
30
18.75
BTU
Insulation
Effective
k (1/R)
BTU per
ft2-hr-F
3.33333333333333E-02
3.54138999557326E-02
0.05
0.05
3.80952380952381E-02
5.33333333333333E-02
3.33333333333333E-02
5.33333333333333E-02
Water
Temp
°F
34
32.0420188195039
50
70
47.4337040205304
47.2207177228093
47.4337040205304
47.2545088181208
External
Temp
°F
0
0
0
0
20
20
20
20
Raw Water Temperature:
Running Temperature:
System type:
Pipeline
Area
ft2
11781
10210.2
3000
5000
20420.4
7068.6
19635
4712.4
Total Energy Use, BTU/h
BTU/1000 gal
kWh/1000 gal
kWh/cap-mo
kWh/svc.con-mo
Average kW
34
50
Water loops, buried loops and connections, pitorifices for H.C. loop
Heat
Loss
BTU/hr
13351.8
11585.8493333651
133776.762475082
7500
17500
21341.227031651
10261.9928157573
34120
17955.3592814371
6849.82119224067
20472
294714.812129533
360875.280158612
105.766494770988
155.476747313353
621.906989253411
86.3759707296404
deg. F
deg. F
Flow
Rate
gpm
13.6111111111111
13.6111111111111
13.6111111111111
13.6111111111111
100
15
100
10
Temp
Drop
°F
Efficiency Adusted Fuel Cost $/gal
1.95798118049615
1.69901248931177
2.56629597946963
0.425972595442135
1.36553463948867
0.358390404819104
1.36722977889035
Fuel
Cost
$/gal
7.5
11.5384615384615
11.5384615384615
11.5384615384615
11.5384615384615
11.5384615384615
11.5384615384615
11.5384615384615
11.5384615384615
11.5384615384615
11.5384615384615
11.5384615384615
11.5384615384615
Total Cost, $/d
Total Cost, $/mo
Total Cost, $/yr
Energy
Cost
$/d
34.4909
29.929
345.5772
19.3743
45.2067
55.1295
26.5092
88.1401
46.383
17.6947
52.884
761.3184
23220.2112
278642.5348
Heat/Power Production Efficiency =
No. of
Services
100
100
100
100
100
100
60
60
60
40
40
40
cost per service
100
100
100
0.65
Energy
Cost
$/mo-svc
10.5197
9.1283
105.401
5.9092
13.788
28.0241
13.4755
44.8045
35.367
13.4922
40.3241
7.6132
232.2021
2786.4253
Percent
of Total
4.53041362377525E-02
3.93120700301719E-02
0.453919372115862
2.54483306957222E-02
5.93794382900185E-02
7.24131470605254E-02
3.48200782363357E-02
0.115772939111739
0.060924522767269
2.32422019875609E-02
6.94637634670434E-02
Pumps and Pipeline Hydraulic and Energy Calculations
Pump
Station
ID
No. 1
No. 2
No. 3
No. 4
No. 5
No. 6
No. 7
No. 8
No. 9
No. 10
No. 11
No. 12
No. 13
No. 14
No. 15
No. 16
Pipe
IDia
inches
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
Pipe
Area
sq. ft.
0.111111111111111
0.111111111111111
0.111111111111111
0.111111111111111
0.111111111111111
0.111111111111111
0.111111111111111
0.111111111111111
0.111111111111111
0.111111111111111
0.111111111111111
0.111111111111111
0.111111111111111
0.111111111111111
0.111111111111111
0.111111111111111
Pipe
Length
feet
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
Avg
Flow
gpm
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
Peak
Factor
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
Peak
Flow
gpm
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
Peak
Flow
cfs
0.445037828215398
0.445037828215398
0.445037828215398
0.445037828215398
0.445037828215398
0.445037828215398
0.445037828215398
0.445037828215398
0.445037828215398
0.445037828215398
0.445037828215398
0.445037828215398
0.445037828215398
0.445037828215398
0.445037828215398
0.445037828215398
Peak
Flow
cms
1.26262626262626E-02
1.26262626262626E-02
1.26262626262626E-02
1.26262626262626E-02
1.26262626262626E-02
1.26262626262626E-02
1.26262626262626E-02
1.26262626262626E-02
1.26262626262626E-02
1.26262626262626E-02
1.26262626262626E-02
1.26262626262626E-02
1.26262626262626E-02
1.26262626262626E-02
1.26262626262626E-02
1.26262626262626E-02
H-W
C
value
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
Peak
Flow
Velocity
fps
4.00534045393858
4.00534045393858
4.00534045393858
4.00534045393858
4.00534045393858
4.00534045393858
4.00534045393858
4.00534045393858
4.00534045393858
4.00534045393858
4.00534045393858
4.00534045393858
4.00534045393858
4.00534045393858
4.00534045393858
4.00534045393858
Peak
Velocity
Head
ft
1.01050341093203E-02
1.01050341093203E-02
1.01050341093203E-02
1.01050341093203E-02
1.01050341093203E-02
1.01050341093203E-02
1.01050341093203E-02
1.01050341093203E-02
1.01050341093203E-02
1.01050341093203E-02
1.01050341093203E-02
1.01050341093203E-02
1.01050341093203E-02
1.01050341093203E-02
1.01050341093203E-02
1.01050341093203E-02
Peak
Friction
Head
psi
39.1816719823958
39.1816719823958
39.1816719823958
39.1816719823958
39.1816719823958
39.1816719823958
39.1816719823958
39.1816719823958
39.1816719823958
39.1816719823958
39.1816719823958
39.1816719823958
39.1816719823958
39.1816719823958
39.1816719823958
39.1816719823958
Peak
Friction
Head
ft
90.5096622793343
90.5096622793343
90.5096622793343
90.5096622793343
90.5096622793343
90.5096622793343
90.5096622793343
90.5096622793343
90.5096622793343
90.5096622793343
90.5096622793343
90.5096622793343
90.5096622793343
90.5096622793343
90.5096622793343
90.5096622793343
Total
Head
m
27.6809448444511
27.6809448444511
27.6809448444511
27.6809448444511
27.6809448444511
27.6809448444511
27.6809448444511
27.6809448444511
27.6809448444511
27.6809448444511
27.6809448444511
27.6809448444511
27.6809448444511
27.6809448444511
27.6809448444511
27.6809448444511
Peak
Pumping
Power
kW
3.42516741762147
3.42516741762147
3.42516741762147
3.42516741762147
3.42516741762147
3.42516741762147
3.42516741762147
3.42516741762147
3.42516741762147
3.42516741762147
3.42516741762147
3.42516741762147
3.42516741762147
3.42516741762147
3.42516741762147
3.42516741762147
Pumping
Efficiency
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
Minimum
Pump
Motor
kW
5.70861236270245
5.70861236270245
5.70861236270245
5.70861236270245
5.70861236270245
5.70861236270245
5.70861236270245
5.70861236270245
5.70861236270245
5.70861236270245
5.70861236270245
5.70861236270245
5.70861236270245
5.70861236270245
5.70861236270245
5.70861236270245
Pumping
Energy
kWh/d
34.2516741762147
34.2516741762147
34.2516741762147
34.2516741762147
34.2516741762147
34.2516741762147
34.2516741762147
34.2516741762147
34.2516741762147
34.2516741762147
34.2516741762147
34.2516741762147
34.2516741762147
34.2516741762147
34.2516741762147
34.2516741762147
SAVOONGA MODEL SUMMARY
WATER & SEWER MODEL ENERGY USE, BTU/h @ 0 degree F Ambient
Operating Temperature, deg F
Raw Water Energy
Raw Water Heating
Water Buildings & Tanks
Loops & Services
Sewage System
SAVOONGA MODEL SUMMARY
WATER & SEWER MODEL ENERGY USE, BTU/1,000 gal @ 0 deg F Ambient
Operating Temperature, deg F
Raw Water Energy
Raw Water Heating
Water Buildings & Tanks
Loops & Services
Sewage System
Formula's below are not for print:
Raw Water Flow Rate
35
3922.97609887223
5283.05555555556
13747.94064
76616.42840203
7097.22946116711
35
5380.08150702477
7245.33333333333
18854.318592
105073.958951355
9733.34326102918
12.1527777777778
40
5319.2427655389
31698.3333333333
14567.89824
115121.005141603
7097.22946116711
40
7294.96150702477
43472
19978.831872
157880.23562277
9733.34326102918
gal/min
45
6715.50943220556
58113.6111111111
15387.85584
153625.581881177
7097.22946116711
45
9209.84150702477
79698.6666666667
21103.345152
210686.512294185
9733.34326102918
50
8111.77609887223
84528.8888888889
16207.81344
192130.15862075
7097.22946116711
50
11124.7215070248
115925.333333333
22227.858432
263492.788965601
9733.34326102918
55
9508.0427655389
110944.166666667
17027.77104
230634.735360324
7097.22946116711
55
13039.6015070248
152152
23352.371712
316299.065637016
9733.34326102918
60
10904.3094322056
137359.444444444
17847.72864
269139.312099897
7097.22946116711
60
14954.4815070248
188378.666666667
24476.884992
369105.342308431
9733.34326102918