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Home My WebLink AboutCity of False Pass - Wind Energy Feasibility Report - July 2015 - REF Grant 7040051 False Pass Wind Energy Feasibility Report July 2015 Marsh Creek, LLC 2000 E. 88th Ave. Anchorage, Alaska 99507 False Pass Wind Energy 2 | Page Contents Executive Summary ....................................................................................................................................... 4 Wind Power Study Background .................................................................................................................... 5 Project Goals ............................................................................................................................................. 5 City of False Pass ........................................................................................................................................... 6 Access ........................................................................................................................................................ 7 Economy.................................................................................................................................................... 8 Climate ...................................................................................................................................................... 8 Local Infrastructure ................................................................................................................................... 8 Existing Power Plant Infrastructure .............................................................................................................. 8 Diesel Generator Sets ............................................................................................................................... 9 Day Tank .................................................................................................................................................. 10 Controls and Switch Gear........................................................................................................................ 11 Heat Recovery ......................................................................................................................................... 12 Tank Farm ............................................................................................................................................... 13 Distribution System ................................................................................................................................. 14 Electrical Distribution System ............................................................................................................. 14 Loads ................................................................................................................................................... 14 Community Energy Use ........................................................................................................................... 14 Wind Resource Summary ............................................................................................................................ 17 Site Selection ........................................................................................................................................... 17 Wind Resource ........................................................................................................................................ 17 Met tower data synopsis .................................................................................................................... 17 WAsP Model of False Pass ...................................................................................................................... 18 Orographic Modeling .......................................................................................................................... 18 Wind Power History ................................................................................................................................ 19 Wind Power Development Issues ........................................................................................................... 19 Geotechnical Considerations .............................................................................................................. 20 Permitting Review of Wind Power .............................................................................................................. 20 Alaska Pollution Discharge Elimination System ...................................................................................... 20 Federal Aviation Administration ............................................................................................................. 20 Alaska Department of Natural Resources ............................................................................................... 20 Alaska Coastal Management Program Consistency Review ............................................................... 20 State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO) consultation ..................................................................... 21 US Army Corps of Engineers ................................................................................................................... 21 Wetlands and Waterways ....................................................................................................................... 21 Vegetation ............................................................................................................................................... 21 False Pass Wind Energy 3 | Page US Fish and Wildlife Service .................................................................................................................... 21 Appendix A, Wind Resource Assessment Report........................................................................................ 23 Appendix B, Geotechnical Report ............................................................................................................... 24 Appendix C Distribution Survey .................................................................................................................. 24 False Pass Wind Energy 4 | Page Executive Summary The City of False Pass began collecting data to assess their wind resource in May 2005. Data was collected through September 2007, less a three month period after a bear damaged wiring to the datalogger and repairs could be made. A cursory look at the wind data by Alaska Energy Authority in 2007 showed high turbulence, so a wind development project was put on hold. Subsequent rising fuel prices spurred the City of False Pass to request a more thorough look at the potential to integrate wind with their diesel plant and a more comprehensive analysis of the met tower wind data and additional wind modeling was accomplished in 2012. Analysis by Marsh Creek LLC confirms AEA’s assessment regarding turbulence and that despite the measured Class 4 wind resource, there are very few wind turbines potentially suitable for False Pass’ particular wind conditions. Very high turbulence from the complex terrain of False Pass precludes typical wind turbines often used in rural Alaskan wind projects. Initially considered for False Pass was a project using an alternative wind turbine design the Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT). VAWTs are designed to operate in highly chaotic wind regimes. They reportedly withstand turbulence reasonably well and produce power in a wider range of wind speeds than horizontal axis wind turbines. Additionally, while there have been no direct studies demonstrating a lesser impact on avian species than Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines (HAWT), USFWS favors the design as “bird friendly”. In 2012 Marsh Creek completed an installation of VAWTs to produce electricity primarily for heat “wind-to-heat” at the USFWS stations in Cold Bay and King Salmon. Unfortunately, three years of experience with two different models of 5 kW VAWTs leaves little doubt that VAWTS’s are yet ready for deployment to remote communities with extreme wind conditions. Non-wind renewable energy options are possible in False Pass, but prior to initiating a renewable energy project, Marsh Creek strongly recommends that the City of False Pass prioritize upgrading and repairing their power plant, including moving the distribution bus bar from the old power plant to the new power plant and completely decommissioning the old plant. Repairs and upgrades will improve plant efficiency and lay the groundwork for the introduction of a renewable energy power source. Marsh Creek also recommends the City of False Pass commission a study to consider repair and upgrade of the old, presently non-functional, heat recovery system to supply heat to the False Pass School. When ready for renewable energy, Marsh Creek recommends that the City of False Pass de-emphasize wind energy development until a robust VAWT proves reliable and is available commercially. As an alternative, the City of False Pass may want to consider developing a small run-of-the-river type hydroelectric project on the unnamed creek near the former met tower site. Marsh Creek understands that this creek has a potential power generation capacity of 150+ kW. With a long term perspective, Marsh Creek recommends that City of False Pass continues to pursue a tidal hydrokinetic energy project with Ocean Renewable Power Corporation (ORPC). Wind power with VAWTs remain a possibility, but Marsh Creek will not recommend them until the technology matures and reliability is clearly demonstrated in real world operational settings. False Pass Wind Energy 5 | Page Wind Power Study Background Through a partnership between the Alaska Energy Authority (AEA), the Aleutian Pribilof Islands Association and the City of False Pass, a met tower was installed in False Pass in May 2005. A preliminary look at the data by AEA, prior to loss of funding for the wind study program, showed a robust wind resource with significant turbulence. As a result, the project was put on hold. In 2010 the Alaska Energy Authority (AEA) funded a grant to the Aleutians East Borough (AEB) to perform an assessment of renewable energy resources (wind, waste heat recovery, hydro, tidal, solar). The assessment was conducted by Your Clean Energy, LLC of Anchorage, and incorporated research of the community and preexisting studies, in-person site visits to assess viability and potential locations for renewable energy, and an economical evaluation of each renewable energy project. More recently, however, rising fuel costs and commercialization of new technology have inspired local leadership to revisit the idea of using wind energy to save fuel. Marsh Creek LLC completed a full wind resource assessment of data from the met tower in December of 2012 (refer to the V3 Energy, LLC wind resource assessment report in Appendix A). As was anticipated by AEA’s cursory data review in 2007, the wind resource assessment report documents significant turbulence at the site. Project Goals Alaska pays some of the highest prices for gas and electricity in the nation, despite being America’s second largest producer of oil. This cost is magnified in remote villages and communities such as False Pass, where relative geographic isolation and lack of connected roads and other infrastructure make electrical generation and transmission using imported fuel an expensive proposition. The reliance on diesel fuel and heating oil and its unpredictable cost was the primary motivating factor in City of False Pass’ interest in developing alternative and sustainable energy sources for their community. For instance, in 2008 the City purchased 40,000 gallons of diesel fuel at $4.10 per gallon. One year later the same amount of diesel fuel was purchased for $2.29 per gallon. In 2014, nearly 61,000 gallons of diesel was purchased at $3.51 per gallon. The high cost of energy negatively impacts community members, local government, and entities providing services to the area. Many of the Borough’s disadvantaged residents are forced to choose between heating their homes and buying groceries. An alternative generation infrastructure in False Pass would help stabilize energy costs, providing long- term socio-economic benefits to the city. The Aleutians East Borough is confronted by a reality that plagues much of rural Alaska: extremely limited economic opportunity combined with an almost astronomical cost of living. In small communities such as False Pass, each household is important to the well-being of the entire community. With affordable energy, more households could afford to stay in False Pass Wind Energy 6 | Page their communities, promoting community stability and wellness and help stem the tide of rural out- migration. PROJECT CONTACTS Entity Contact Position Email Phone Aleutians East Borough Ernie Weiss Borough Contact eweiss@aeboro.org 907-274-7557 City of False Pass Chris Emrich City Clerk cityofflasepass@ak.net 907-548-2319 Marsh Creek, LLC Maggie McKay Project Coordinator maggie.mckay@marshcreekllc.com 907-343-0407 V3 Energy, LLC Douglas Vaught, P.E. Wind Power Engineer dvaught@v3energy.com 907-350-5047 Marsh Creek, LLC Connie Fredenberg Community Liaison Connie.fredenberg@marshcreekllc.com 907-444-6220 Alaska Energy Authority Josh Craft Wind Program jcraft@aidea.org 907-771-3000 City of False Pass The City of False Pass, part of the Aleutians East Borough, is located approximately 646 miles southwest of Anchorage along the Isanotski Strait just west of Cold Bay. False Pass was originally homesteaded by William Gardner in the early 1900’s, growing in population in 1917 when P.E. Harris established the first seafood cannery there. Several of the original buildings in False Pass came from an abandoned cannery 30 miles away in Morzhovoi Bay. A post office was built in 1921 with the name “False Pass”, giving the community a more official status. The cannery was eventually purchased by Peter Pan Seafoods and operated almost continuously until most of the plant was destroyed in a fire in 1981. Despite no longer processing fish, Peter Pan Seafoods continued to play an important role in the community with the sale of propane, lube oil and bunkhouse space until 2013. Peter Pan Seafoods has now closed all business in False Pass and the Aleutian Pribilof Islands Community Development Association (APICDA) took over the fuel sales. APICDA operates Bering Pacific Seafoods, the only fish processing plant left in the community. In 2014 APICDA completed the installation of a new tank farm on City property with the capacity to store 180,000 gallons of diesel fuel and 20,000 gallons of gasoline. One federally recognized tribe, the Native Village of False Pass, an Unangan community, resides within the community. Fishing, fish processing and other subsistence activities are indicative of the lifestyle. False Pass Wind Energy 7 | Page The 2014 False Pass census recorded a population of 70 people, an increase from the 2000 census. The school reopened in 2014 with 11 students. There are 13 students in the community for the 2015 school year. The following map indicates the location of False Pass on the Aleutian Island Chain. False Pass location City of False Pass downtown area map Access False Pass is accessible only by water or air travel. From False pass, scheduled passenger air travel to Cold Bay is provided by Grant Aviation and from Cold Bay to Anchorage by PenAir. ACE Air Cargo False Pass Wind Energy 8 | Page provides freight service to Cold Bay from Anchorage. Charter service can also be arranged. A state- owned 2,150 ft. long by 60 ft. wide gravel airstrip serves False Pass. Ferry travel is available on the Alaska Marine Highway Ferry, though it is intended for passengers and vehicles only, not cargo. Barge travel for large cargo is available through Alaskan Coastal Transportation. Economy The local economy is driven by commercial salmon fishing and fishing services. False Pass is an important refueling stop for Bristol Bay and Bering Sea fishing fleets. Bering Pacific Seafoods processes the commercial catch. In 2010, six False Pass residents held commercial fishing permits. Cash income is supplemented by subsistence hunting and fishing of salmon, halibut, geese, caribou and seals. (Alaska Community Database) Climate False Pass lies in the maritime climate zone. Temperatures range from 11 to 55 °F. Annual snowfall averages 56 inches, with total annual water-equivalent precipitation of 33 inches. Prevailing southeast winds are constant and often strong during winter. Fog is common during summer months. (Alaska Community Database) Local Infrastructure Water is derived from a nearby spring and reservoir, and is treated and stored in a 60,000-gallon tank. Most homes are connected to the piped water system. Almost 80% of homes are fully plumbed. Many residents have individual septic tanks while wastewater from seafood processing flows directly into an outfall line. The City collects refuse twice a week. There are no recycling programs available. (Alaska Community Database) Existing Power Plant Infrastructure False Pass depends on diesel-powered generators to provide their homes and businesses with electricity, and fuel oil to generate heat. Fuel is purchased once a year and is brought into False Pass by barge in the spring. Diesel is stored in a city-owned and operated tank farm with a capacity of 60,000 gallons. Once a week, fuel is transferred from the tank farm to another city-owned 5,000 gallon tank located at the city power plant via an 850 gallon fuel truck. City of False Pass Electric (CFPE) owns and operates the community’s power utility, generating electricity with three diesel generating sets (gen-sets) located in the new False Pass power plant building (steel container). False Pass Wind Energy 9 | Page New Power Plant with 5,000 gal. fuel tank. Distribution Feeder for Village in Old Plant Power Plant Location Diesel Generator Sets The power plant is operated and maintained by a new operator, Steve Madej, a 15 year veteran diesel plant operator formerly from Yakutat. The power plant is very clean and well maintained. Unfortunately, the distribution bus bar for the new power plant is located in the old power plant due to Old powerplant New powerplant Tank farm False Pass Wind Energy 10 | Page financial shortfalls encountered during construction of the new plant. This should be rectified if the power plant is upgraded to integrate another energy source. The power plant has three diesel generators: a John Deere 6068TF generator set rated at 75 kW, a John Deere 6081TF generator set rated at 125kW, and a John Deere 6081AF generator set rated at 175 kW. The 75 kW generator set has few hours on it. It was rebuilt but subsequently deemed too small to carry the village load. It was replaced in July 2014 by a 180 kW John Deere 6090 generator set purchased with a U.S. HUD community development block grant. Due to issues with the new Tier 4 diesel generator requirement by the U.S. EPA, the process took far more time than expected, but the generator came online in September 2014. It was installed by Salcha Electric, a small company from Fairbanks. This new generator is not often used because load demand rarely surpasses 150 kW. Power Plant layout Day Tank The day tank controls have proved to be difficult in the past and will need to be repaired. The motor- operated valve for the bulk tank had not worked properly and caused intermittent fill issues. The fuel fill safeties are believed to be bypassed. The tank is a standard 100 gallon day tank. False Pass Wind Energy 11 | Page Power Plant Day Tank and Controls Controls and Switch Gear Automated controls were provided by Thompson Tech and consist of Woodward load-sharing and synchronizing modules with Thompson Tech MEC20 controllers on the doors. Gen-Set Controls with Load Share False Pass Wind Energy 12 | Page Power Plant Gen-Set Switch Gear – Close up Power Plant Switch Gear - Overview Heat Recovery A tube and shell heat exchanger located in the generator building transfers heat from the generators via a buried glycol piping loop to two Modine unit heaters in the nearby City Shop. Heat that cannot be used by the City Shop is rejected to the atmosphere via two radiators located in the powerhouse. The radiator fans are not variable frequency drive (VFD) and consequently when actuating place a high instantaneous load on the system. Replacing these fans with VFD motors would be a possible energy savings for City of False Pass. False Pass Wind Energy 13 | Page Remote Radiators Radiator controls An old heat recovery system exists that runs from the Old Generator Building to False Pass School via a 3-inch HPDE piping loop nested in a 2 ft. deep trench. The pipe runs through the school’s crawlspace, but is no longer connected to the heating system. Residents claim that the system never sent an adequate amount of heat to the school, likely due to the length of the piping run and the lack of proper piping insulation. Your Clean Energy’s renewable resource assessment determined that there is sufficient waste heat from the power plant to heat a large percentage, or even all, of False Pass School. Proper insulation and jacketing of the heat distribution pipe would be necessary for this endeavor to succeed. An economic evaluation was completed at the time of the assessment, with the assumption that the waste heat system would displace all heating oil consumed by the school. That assessment is reflected in Your Clean Energy’s financial analysis below. False Pass Heat Recovery Building receiving heat False Pass School Distance from Power Plant 600 ft. Estimated project cost $300,190 Annual heating oil savings (gal) 5,162 Annual heating oil savings @ $3.45/gal $17,809 Annual O&M costs $1,500 30 yr net present worth $775,223 Payback (yrs) 14 Tank Farm The City of False Pass owns and operates a three tank, 60,000 gallon capacity tank farm for powerplant and city use. False Pass Wind Energy 14 | Page Additionally, the Aleutian Pribilof Islands Development Association (APICDA) replaced the old Peter Pan Seafoods tank farm in the summer of 2014 and installed 180,000 gallons of diesel and 20,000 gallons of gasoline storage capacity. The APICDA tank farm is located on city property and serves visiting fishing boats and False Pass community needs as well. Distribution System Electrical Distribution System The utility’s power distribution system is underground 3-phase wire operating at 12,470 volts grounded Y. Currently the distribution system phases are balanced as such: A – 130 A, B – 120 A, C – 150 A. Note that APICDA installed new electrical distribution lines from the dock to the new tank farm. Loads The biggest electricity users are GCI and the school. In 2008 Bering Pacific Seafoods installed 1,250 kW of diesel power generation for their processing plant and related facilities and provides their own power needs independently of the False Pass electric grid. Community Energy Use The following table, with data gathered from Regulatory Commission of Alaska’s Power Cost Equalization (PCE) reports shows energy generated, sold, #2 diesel fuel usage, price, and diesel efficiency in False Pass over a three year period, from July 2009 to June 2012. MONTH AND YEAR KWH GENERATED KWH SOLD GALLONS CONSUMED CURRENT PRICE OF FUEL / GAL DIESEL EFFICIENCY (kWh/gal) Jul-09 40447 37796 3419 $2.73 11.83 Aug-09 40138 37295 3470 $2.73 11.57 Sep-09 41096 38364 3476 $2.73 11.82 Oct-09 43143 40735 3590 $2.73 12.02 Nov-09 42429 40351 3625 $2.73 11.70 Dec-09 41350 39165 3518 $2.73 11.75 Jan-10 43736 41628 3803 $2.73 11.50 Feb-10 39907 37799 3534 $2.73 11.29 Mar-10 49520 47181 4264 $2.73 11.61 Apr-10 45341 42939 4020 $2.73 11.28 May-10 42513 40104 3707 $2.73 11.47 Jun-10 41937 39322 3675 $3.04 11.41 2009-10 total 511557 482679 44101 Jul-10 55906 47278 3675 $3.04 15.21 Aug-10 29772 26529 4097 $3.04 7.27 False Pass Wind Energy 15 | Page MONTH AND YEAR KWH GENERATED KWH SOLD GALLONS CONSUMED CURRENT PRICE OF FUEL / GAL DIESEL EFFICIENCY (kWh/gal) Sep-10 35004 34656 3679 $3.04 9.51 Oct-10 34451 21545 3854 $3.04 8.94 Nov-10 28010 26266 3427 $3.04 8.17 Dec-10 35061 32354 3449 $3.04 10.17 Jan-11 27703 24791 2850 $3.04 9.72 Feb-11 38512 35988 3065 $3.04 12.57 Mar-11 40727 37569 3700 $3.04 11.01 Apr-11 46857 43564 4042 $3.04 11.59 May-11 46653 43238 4150 $3.53 11.24 Jun-11 29959 26464 3223 $3.53 9.30 2010-11 total 448615 400242 43211 Jul-11 42962 19688 4200 $3.42 10.23 Aug-11 39157 27725 4600 $3.42 8.51 Sep-11 37342 27351 3564 $3.42 10.48 Oct-11 39869 31499 4500 $3.42 8.86 Nov-11 42440 27911 3713 $3.42 11.43 Dec-11 43633 31679 3595 $3.42 12.14 Jan-12 50181 35422 4450 $3.42 11.28 Feb-12 44301 35215 2900 $3.42 15.28 Mar-12 54733 42217 3865 $3.42 14.16 Apr-12 42871 39610 3750 $3.49 11.43 May-12 50628 41137 4458 $3.49 11.36 Jun-12 44010 38531 3301 $3.49 13.33 2011-12 total 532127 397985 46896 False Pass Wind Energy 16 | Page 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 Diesel Fuel, gal.Energy, kWhJuly 2010 to June 2012 City of False Pass Energy Usage KWH GENERATED KWH SOLD GALLONS CONSUMED 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 $0.00 $0.50 $1.00 $1.50 $2.00 $2.50 $3.00 $3.50 $4.00 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 Diesel Powerplant Efficiency, kWh/gal.Fuel Price, $/gal.July 2010 to June 2012 City of False Pass Powerplant Info. FUEL PRICE DIESEL EFFICIENCY (kWh/gal) False Pass Wind Energy 17 | Page Wind Resource Summary A wind resource study in False Pass with sensors placed on a 30 meter met tower was conducted from 2005 to 2007. Site Selection The met tower was originally installed in May of 2005 with monitoring equipment and installation support contributed by AEA partially funded by a DOE Tribal Energy Grant. The city manager and village corporation CEO chose the site with guidance from the Federal Aviation Administration and the Endangered Species department of the USFWS). The original location by the airport was not approved by FAA. The second site option, which was approved by FAA and USFWS, was near a proposed site for a new dump, where plans called for a road to be built and power extended to serve the facility. Since installation of the met tower, the road and bridge have been built, but the power line was not. Wind Resource The wind resource as the False Pass met tower site is generally good with measured wind power class 4 by measurement of wind power density (Class 3 if considering only mean annual wind speed). Given the cool temperatures of False Pass test site, air density is moderately higher than standard conditions. By other measures important for wind power analysis, the site has a low 50-year return period extreme wind probability but high turbulence; the latter apparently due to the high mountains that border Isanotski Strait and that are very near the met tower to the north, west and south. Turbulence intensity calculated from the met tower data indicates much higher than desirable turbulence conditions. This would require special care with turbine selection and operations. It is not immediately clear if an alternate wind site that has good wind exposure and less turbulence exists in the near proximity of the village of False Pass. Siting restrictions include the obvious constraints of geography – mountains and Isanotski Strait – and the location and orientation of the False Pass airstrip. Computation fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling may lend insight into wind flow patterns at False Pass and would be a useful tool to investigate other wind turbine siting options. Met tower data synopsis Data dates May 7, 2005 to August 19, 2005 and November 30, 2005 to September 4, 2007 (24 months) Wind power class Class 3 to 4 (fair to good) Wind power density mean, 30 m 338 W/m2 Wind speed mean, 30 m 6.11 m/s (13.6 mph) Max. 10-min wind speed average 26.5 m/s (59.3 mph) Maximum 2-sec. wind gust 39.0 m/s (87.2 mph; January, 2007) Weibull distribution parameters k = 1.62, c = 6.76 m/s False Pass Wind Energy 18 | Page Wind shear power law exponent 0.291 (high) Roughness class 3.80 (suburban) IEC 61400-1, 3rd ed. classification Class III-S Turbulence intensity, mean 0.173 (at 15 m/s) Calm wind frequency (at 30 m) 35% (winds < 4 m/s) WAsP Model of False Pass WAsP (Wind Atlas Analysis and Application Program) and is PC-based software for predicting wind climates, wind resources and power production from wind turbines and wind farms and was used to model the False Pass terrain and wind turbine performance. WAsP software calculates gross and net annual energy production (AEP) for turbines contained within wind farms, such as an array of two or more turbines in proximity to each other. For s single turbine array, WAsP calculates gross AEP. With one turbine, net AEP is identical to gross AEP as there is no wake loss to consider. Orographic Modeling WAsP modeling begins with import of a digital elevation map (DEM) of the subject site and surrounding area and conversion of coordinates to Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM). UTM is a geographic coordinate system that uses a two-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system to identify locations on the surface of Earth. UTM coordinates reference the meridian of its particular zone (60 longitudinal zones are further subdivided by 20 latitude bands) for the easting coordinate and distance from the equator for the northing coordinate. Units are meters. Elevations of the DEMs are converted to meters (if necessary) for import into WAsP software. A met tower reference point is added to the digital elevation map, wind turbine locations identified, and a wind turbine(s) selected to perform the calculations. WAsP considers the orographic (terrain) effects on the wind (plus surface roughness and obstacles) and calculates how wind flow increases or decreases at each node of the DEM grid. The mathematical model has a number of limitations, including the assumption of overall wind regime of the turbine site is the same as the met tower reference site, prevailing weather conditions are stable over time, and the surrounding terrain at both sites is sufficiently gentle and smooth to ensure laminar, attached wind flow. WAsP software is not capable of modeling turbulent wind flow resulting from sharp terrain features such as mountain ridges, canyons, shear bluffs, etc. Orographic modeling of wind across the site, with the False Pass met tower as the reference site, indicates a good wind resource along Isanotski Strait, with a low-to-marginal resource near the mountains and within the valley of False Pass’ location. Wind resource is modeled as very high at higher elevations of the surrounding mountains, but there is no developed access to these areas at present and False Pass Wind Energy 19 | Page hence impractical to consider. Plus, turbulence on the mountains at higher elevations likely would be very high. WAsP model of False Pass site area of predicted wind speed Wind Power History In 2008 APICDA installed a 2.4 kW Skystream wind turbine near the city office as a pilot project. The goal was reduce the cost of power for False Pass. Reportedly the turbine functioned only briefly before failing for unknown reasons. Wind Power Development Issues The road to the met tower site is gravel and adequate for transporting equipment. A mile and a half of new 3-phase distribution would be required to connect wind turbines to the existing city distribution grid. While wind power is not recommended at this time, new power distribution to this area could serve a proposed small hydro project, to be located just upstream in the unnamed creek that flows past the old met tower site. Should wind power be considered in the future, a site near the runway might have less turbulence, but FAA likely will not approve this location for typical wind turbines, with the possible exception of the VAWTs (or HAWTs) placed on short towers. Given the high turbulence noted in the met tower data, Met tower location False Pass Wind Energy 20 | Page short term wind monitoring at a proposed project site is strongly recommended to measure turbulence conditions. Note also that the old Skystream wind turbine was located at the city office. It is possible that this turbine failed because turbulence made the site unsuitable, but this is not known. Ideally for turbulence mitigation, wind turbines would be located nearer Isanotski Strait and away from the slopes and ridges that border City of False Pass to the west. Geotechnical Considerations A geotechnical study was performed by Golder and Associates and is attached to this report. Permitting Review of Wind Power The environmental permitting steps below are based on the publication Alaska Wind Energy Development: Best Practices Guide to Environmental Permitting and Consultations, a study written in 2009 by URS Corporation, for the AEA. Alaska Pollution Discharge Elimination System State regulations (18 AAC 83 APDES) require that all discharges, including storm water runoff, to surface waters be permitted under the Alaska Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (APDES) permit program, which aims to reduce or eliminate storm-water runoff that might contain pollutants or sediments from a project site during construction. The construction of one or more wind turbines and the connecting access road and power line, in False Pass would likely not disturb one acre or more of soil, and thus will not need to be permitted under the State of Alaska’s Construction General Permit (CGP) and have a Storm Water Pollution Prevention Plan (SWPPP). During the construction phase of the project a survey will confirm. Federal Aviation Administration Submission of Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Form 7460-1, Notice of Proposed Construction or Alteration, is required in most situations of wind turbine construction. Given proximity of possible wind turbine sites to the runway, obstruction lighting on wind turbine(s) likely would be required. Alaska Department of Natural Resources The following two agencies are listed under the Alaska Department of Natural Resources. Alaska Coastal Management Program Consistency Review The Alaska Coastal Management Program (ACMP) sunset at 12:01 AM, Alaska Standard Time, on July 1, 2011 per AS 44.66.030. The Legislature adjourned the special legislative session May 14, 2011 without passing legislation required to extend the Alaska Coastal Management Program (ACMP). If the ACMP is revived, False Pass will apply for approval of their wind project. False Pass Wind Energy 21 | Page State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO) consultation The State Historical Preservation Office (SHPO) was consulted to ascertain if the area would be likely to contain sensitive historical sites. The project design consultant will complete a consultation under Section 106 of the Historic Preservation Act with the State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO), to receive a letter concurring that a wind project would affect no historic properties. If the project siting is moved, False Pass will contact SHPO regarding the new site, but no issues are expected. US Army Corps of Engineers The US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) requires the placement of fill in “waters of the United States”, including wetlands and streams, under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act (CWA). We do not foresee any issues with this, even if the site changes from the current met tower site. Wetlands and Waterways The project area has been reviewed for the presence and distribution of wetlands and aquatic resources using the US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) National Wetland Inventory Wetland Mapper (2012). Current data is not available on the Wetland Mapper for False Pass, Alaska. However, there is digital information available on web site for nearby and similar landscapes. The NWI Wetland Mapper indicates complete coverage of the proposed project area by freshwater emergent, freshwater pond, lakes, and riverine features. All of these features and resources are regulated by the US Army Corps of Engineers (USACOE). Fill placement and other discharges of construction materials into these features requires a section 404 permit from the Army Corps and may require mitigation and/or restoration of impacted habitats. It is important to note, however, that in wind energy development projects; wetland loss is largely due to road construction and foundations for wind turbines, issues far less at issue when not building a road to the site. Neither the current met tower site nor a proposed site near the runway for VAWTs will require a road. Vegetation The vegetation in the Unimak area is classified as marine tundra composed of arctic-alpine species, dominated by heath, grass and composite families. In general, three plant communities can be distinguished: beach communities, lowland and upland tundra. US Fish and Wildlife Service False Pass is located in an area known as habitat for Steller’s eiders. Eiders spend most of their time on and near the coast, sometimes flying over land to reach another coast but they are not known for flying inland for any other reason. They generally fly at an altitude of 30’ or less. False Pass Wind Energy 22 | Page Consultations with USFWS prior to installing the met tower led to placement of the met tower inland from the beach by just over one mile. With mountains on to the north, west, and south, the expectation was that Eiders would not fly near the tower. Monitoring of the met tower following installation confirmed this expectation. USFWS prefers VAWTs as, according to the service, they do not pose a collision risk for birds as do horizontal wind turbines. USFWS has noted that VAWTs present a solid object that birds can see and avoid. Unfortunately, however, and as previously noted, village-scale VAWT technology is not yet reliable and hence cannot be recommended for False Pass. Despite USFWS concerns, only traditional HAWT technology would be appropriate for False Pass at this time, turbulence issues notwithstanding. Mitigation to minimize bird collision risk would be to locate HAWTs away from Isanotski Strait, although this exacerbates the turbulence problem. False Pass Wind Energy 23 | Page Appendix A, Wind Resource Assessment Report False Pass Wind Energy 24 | Page Appendix B, Geotechnical Report Appendix C Distribution Survey False Pass Wind Resource Report False Pass meteorological tower, view to the east, D. Vaught photo January 27, 2012 Douglas Vaught, P.E. V3 Energy, LLC Eagle River, Alaska False Pass Wind Resource Report Page | 2 Summary The wind resource as the False Pass met tower site is generally good with measured wind power class 4 by measurement of wind power density (Class 3 if considering only mean annual wind speed). Given the moderately cool temperatures of False Pass test site, air density is moderately higher than standard conditions. By other measures important for wind power analysis, the site has a low 50-year return period extreme wind probability but high turbulence; the latter apparently due to the high mountains that border Isantoski Strait and that are very near the met tower to the north, west and south. Turbulence intensity calculated from the met tower data indicates much higher than desirable turbulence conditions. This would require special care with turbine selection and operations. It is not immediately clear if an alternate wind site that has good wind exposure and less turbulence exists in the near proximity of the village of False Pass. Siting restrictions include the obvious constraints of geography – mountains and Isantoski Strait – and the location and orientation of the False Pass airstrip. Computation fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling may lend insight into wind flow patterns at False Pass and would be a useful tool to investigate other wind turbine siting options. Met tower data synopsis Data dates May 7, 2005 to August 19, 2005 and November 30, 2005 to September 4, 2007 (24 months); status: operational Wind power class Class 3 to 4 (fair to good) Wind power density mean, 30 m 338 W/m2 Wind speed mean, 30 m 6.11 m/s Max. 10-min wind speed average 26.5 m/s Maximum 2-sec. wind gust 39.0 m/s (January, 2007) Weibull distribution parameters k = 1.62, c = 6.76 m/s Wind shear power law exponent 0.291 (high) Roughness class 3.80 (suburban) IEC 61400-1, 3rd ed. classification Class III-S Turbulence intensity, mean 0.173 (at 15 m/s) Calm wind frequency (at 30 m) 35% (winds < 4 m/s) Test Site Location Wind measurement instrumentation (anemometers, wind vane, temperature sensor) was installed on a 30 meter tall, six-inch diameter NRG Systems Inc. tubular meteorological (met) test tower in an open area near the coast, approximately 2.4 km (1.5 miles) north of the village of False Pass. The tower (still standing and operational again in October 2011) is located on a grassy outwash plain immediately north of a moderately-sized stream that drains from the extensive mountain range immediately west of the site. This location had been the village’s preferred site for wind turbines, but more recent thoughts are to locate wind turbines closer to the village. False Pass Wind Resource Report Page | 3 Met tower installation was accomplished on May 6 and 7, 2005 by Doug Vaught of V3 Energy, LLC, Connie Fredenberg of Aleutian/Pribilof Islands Association, Mia Devine of Alaska Energy Authority, and George Jackson, power plant operator of the village of False Pass. Site information Site number 2399 Latitude/longitude N 54° 52.443’ W 163° 24.646’, WGS 84 Site elevation 17 meters (54 ft) Datalogger type NRG Symphonie, 10 minute time step Tower type NRG 6-inch diameter tubular, 30 meter height Tower installation photographs (May, 2005; D. Vaught photos) C. Fredenberg and M. Devine heading to the site C. Fredenberg and G. Jackson assembling the tower Lifting the met tower M. Devine, G. Jackson, C. Fredenber wrapping up False Pass Wind Resource Report Page | 4 Topographic maps, 2D views False Pass Wind Resource Report Page | 5 Topographic map, 3D view Tower sensor information Channel Sensor type Height Multiplier Offset Orientation 1 NRG #40 anemometer 30 m (A) 0.765 0.35 ~275° T 2 NRG #40 anemometer 30 m (B) 0.765 0.35 095° T 3 NRG #40 anemometer 20 m 0.765 0.35 240° T 7 NRG #200P wind vane 27 m 0.351 050 230° T 9 NRG #110S Temp C 3 m 0.138 -86.3 N Met tower sensors photograph (view to the east) False Pass Wind Resource Report Page | 6 Data Quality Control Data quality is excellent with data recovery of all three anemometers at nearly 100 percent for the time periods of actual data recovery (8/19/05 to 11/30/05 excluded) and 87.5 percent with that time period included. On 8/19/05 a bear visiting the site ripped out the sensor wiring inputs to the datalogger; this damage was repaired on 11/30/05. Although False Pass is located in a cold climate where icing conditions might be expected, very few icing events were detected in the data. Note that the temperature sensor was not functional from initial tower installation on 5/7/05 until 11/30/05, the date that the bear damage to sensor wiring was repaired. Data recovery summary table Label Units Height Possible Records Valid Records Recovery Rate (%) Speed 30 m A m/s 30 m 122,386 107,093 87.5 Speed 30 m B m/s 30 m 122,386 107,087 87.5 Speed 20 m m/s 20 m 122,386 107,090 87.5 Direction 27 m ° 27 m 122,386 107,066 87.5 Temperature °C 3 m 122,386 92,506 75.6 Anemometer and wind vane data recovery 30 m A 30 m B 20 m Vane Temp Possible Valid Recovery Recovery Recovery Recovery Recovery Year Month Records Records Rate (%) Rate (%) Rate (%) Rate (%) Rate (%) 2005 May 3,514 3,482 99.1 99.1 99.1 99.1 0.0 2005 Jun 4,320 4,320 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 2005 Jul 4,464 4,464 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 2005 Aug 4,464 2,740 61.4 61.4 61.4 61.4 0.0 2005 Sep 4,320 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2005 Oct 4,464 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2005 Nov 4,320 46 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 2005 Dec 4,464 4,335 97.1 96.9 97.8 91.6 100.0 2006 Jan 4,464 4,460 99.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 2006 Feb 4,032 4,032 100.0 100.0 99.1 100.0 100.0 2006 Mar 4,464 4,464 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 2006 Apr 4,320 4,320 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 2006 May 4,464 4,464 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 2006 Jun 4,320 4,320 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 2006 Jul 4,464 4,464 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 2006 Aug 4,464 4,464 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 2006 Sep 4,320 4,260 98.6 98.6 98.6 98.6 98.6 2006 Oct 4,464 4,464 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 2006 Nov 4,320 4,320 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 2006 Dec 4,464 4,464 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 2007 Jan 4,464 4,464 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 False Pass Wind Resource Report Page | 7 2007 Feb 4,032 3,833 95.1 95.1 95.1 100.0 100.0 2007 Mar 4,464 4,377 98.1 98.1 98.1 98.4 100.0 2007 Apr 4,320 4,320 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 2007 May 4,464 4,464 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 2007 Jun 4,320 4,320 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 2007 Jul 4,464 4,464 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 2007 Aug 4,464 4,464 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 2007 Sep 504 504 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 All data 122,386 107,093 87.5 87.5 87.5 87.5 75.6 Wind Speed Anemometer data obtained from the met tower, from the perspectives of both mean wind speed and mean wind power density, indicate a very good wind resource. Mean wind speeds are greater at higher elevations on the met tower, as one would expect. Note that relatively cold temperatures contributed to higher wind power density than otherwise might have been expected for the mean wind speeds Anemometer data summary Variable Speed 30 m A Speed 30 m B Speed 20 m Measurement height (m) 30 30 20 Mean wind speed (m/s) 6.01 6.06 5.34 MMM wind speed (m/s) 6.06 6.11 5.38 Max 10-min avg wind speed (m/s) 26.2 26.5 22.4 Max gust wind speed (m/s) 39.0 38.6 37.1 Weibull k 1.59 1.62 1.55 Weibull c (m/s) 6.54 6.76 5.93 Mean power density (W/m²) 329 333 237 MMM power density (W/m²) 333 338 239 Mean energy content (kWh/m²/yr) 2,882 2,920 2,073 MMM energy content (kWh/m²/yr) 2,917 2,961 2,094 Energy pattern factor 2.40 2.38 2.46 Frequency of calms (%) 34.5 34.2 39.3 1-hr autocorrelation coefficient 0.863 0.864 0.859 Diurnal pattern strength 0.105 0.104 0.112 Hour of peak wind speed 16 16 16 MMM = mean of monthly means False Pass Wind Resource Report Page | 8 Time Series Time series calculations indicate high mean wind speeds during the winter months with more moderate mean wind speeds during summer months. This correlates well with a typical village load profile of high electric and heat demand during the winter months and lower demand during summer months. The annual and monthly daily wind profiles indicate highest wind during the mid-afternoon hours. 30 m B anemometer data summary Mean Max Gust Std. Dev. Weibull k Weibull c Year Month (m/s) (m/s) (m/s) (m/s) (-) (m/s) 2005 May 6.32 19.5 27.1 3.70 1.74 7.08 2005 Jun 5.89 16.9 23.3 3.47 1.66 6.55 2005 Jul 4.44 12.9 18.3 2.61 1.71 4.96 2005 Aug 7.02 17.6 23.3 4.08 1.62 7.76 2005 Sep 2005 Oct 2005 Nov 2005 Dec 5.54 19.7 29.8 3.71 1.45 6.09 2006 Jan 5.73 16.5 27.9 3.13 1.81 6.40 2006 Feb 7.28 20.1 30.9 4.49 1.61 8.09 2006 Mar 6.37 22.2 32.4 4.09 1.51 7.03 2006 Apr 6.84 22.7 31.8 3.98 1.72 7.64 2006 May 6.49 23.1 29.8 4.61 1.35 7.05 2006 Jun 5.77 17.5 24.0 3.75 1.46 6.34 2006 Jul 5.80 17.9 23.7 3.26 1.75 6.47 2006 Aug 4.86 17.1 27.5 3.63 1.26 5.22 2006 Sep 5.34 24.2 35.9 3.88 1.33 5.80 2006 Oct 6.18 21.6 36.3 3.89 1.56 6.85 2006 Nov 8.16 20.6 36.3 3.89 2.17 9.18 2006 Dec 5.11 19.1 24.8 3.03 1.67 5.70 2007 Jan 7.17 26.5 38.6 4.60 1.55 7.96 2007 Feb 7.08 18.9 27.1 3.89 1.80 7.90 2007 Mar 8.17 19.3 30.2 3.92 2.17 9.18 2007 Apr 5.67 21.5 36.3 3.54 1.55 6.26 2007 May 5.50 17.5 24.0 3.89 1.33 5.95 2007 Jun 5.37 16.8 24.0 3.27 1.65 5.99 2007 Jul 4.58 13.8 21.8 3.12 1.40 5.00 2007 Aug 5.45 17.9 24.4 3.45 1.52 6.01 2007 Sep 6.63 16.5 27.5 3.82 1.69 7.37 All data 6.06 26.5 38.6 3.86 1.53 6.70 MMM 6.11 3.72 1.62 6.76 False Pass Wind Resource Report Page | 9 Seasonal time series graph Annual daily wind profile Monthly daily wind profile False Pass Wind Resource Report Page | 10 Probability Distribution Function The probability distribution function (PDF), or histogram, of the False Pass met tower site wind speed indicates a shape curve somewhat dominated by lower wind speeds, as opposed to a “normal” shape curve, known as the Rayleigh distribution (Weibull k = 2.0), which is defined as the standard wind distribution for wind power analysis. As seen in the PDF of the 30 m B anemometer, the most frequently occurring wind speeds are between 5 and 7 m/s with essentially no wind events exceeding 25 m/s (the cutout speed of most wind turbines; see following wind speed statistical table). PDF of 30 m B anemometer Frequency distribution table Weibull Weibull Mean Proportion Power R k c Above Density Squared Algorithm (m/s) (m/s) Mean (W/m2) Maximum likelihood 1.53 6.70 6.03 0.427 354 0.896 Least squares 1.38 6.81 6.22 0.414 455 0.903 WAsP 2.35 7.72 6.84 0.471 324 0.751 Actual data (107,087 time steps) 6.06 0.471 324 False Pass Wind Resource Report Page | 11 Occurrence by wind speed bin, 30 m B anemometer Bin Endpoints (m/s) Occurrences Bin Endpoints (m/s) Occurrences Lower Upper No. Percent Lower Upper No. Percent 0 1 9,225 8.80% 15 16 923 0.88% 1 2 8,708 8.31% 16 17 588 0.56% 2 3 8,737 8.34% 17 18 365 0.35% 3 4 8,988 8.58% 18 19 195 0.19% 4 5 9,568 9.13% 19 20 104 0.10% 5 6 10,356 9.88% 20 21 77 0.07% 6 7 10,582 10.10% 21 22 44 0.04% 7 8 9,356 8.93% 22 23 8 0.01% 8 9 8,118 7.75% 23 24 6 0.01% 9 10 6,530 6.23% 24 25 4 0.00% 10 11 4,798 4.58% 25 26 0 0.00% 11 12 3,715 3.55% 26 27 1 0.00% 12 13 2,751 2.63% 27 28 0 0.00% 13 14 1,930 1.84% 28 29 0 0.00% 14 15 1,410 1.35% 29 30 0 0.00% Wind Shear and Roughness A wind shear power law exponent (α) of 0.291 indicates high wind shear at the site. Related to wind shear, a calculated surface roughness of 0.878 meters (indicating the height above ground level where wind velocity would be zero) indicates very rough terrain (roughness description: suburban). This is somewhat curious as the terrain surrounding the met tower is mostly comprised of low-lying grass and light brush and presumably snow cover during the winter months. The high wind shear measured at the site indicates that it would be advantageous to erect wind turbines at higher hub heights if possible. Vertical wind shear profile False Pass Wind Resource Report Page | 12 Extreme Winds A modified Gumbel distribution analysis, based on monthly maximum winds vice annual maximum winds, was used to predict extreme winds at the False Pass met tower site. Note below that the extreme wind analysis shows relatively low extreme winds. Industry standard reference of extreme wind is the 50 year probable (50 year return period) ten-minute average wind speed, referred to as Vref. For False Pass this calculates to 29.1 m/s (at 30 meters), which meets International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 61400-1, 3rd edition Class III criteria. All wind turbines are designed for IEC Class III extreme winds. Extreme wind probability table, 30 m A data Vref Gust IEC 61400-1, 3rd ed. Period (years) (m/s) (m/s) Class Vref, m/s 3 23.9 35.4 I 50.0 10 26.1 38.7 II 42.5 20 27.4 40.6 III 37.5 30 28.1 41.7 S designer- specified 50 29.1 43.1 100 30.4 45.0 average gust factor: 1.48 Extreme wind graph Temperature, Density, and Relative Humidity False Pass experiences cool summers and moderately cold winters with resulting higher than standard air density. Calculated mean-of-monthly-mean air density during the met tower test period exceeds the 1.223 kg/m3 standard air density for a 17 meter elevation by approximately three percent. This is advantageous in wind power operations as wind turbines produce more power at low temperatures (high air density) than at standard temperature and density. 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0 50.0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100Wind Speed, m/s Period, years False Pass Extreme Wind 10-min max gust False Pass Wind Resource Report Page | 13 Temperature and density table Temperature Air Density Month Mean Mean Min Max Mean Min Max (°C) (°F) (°C) (°C) (kg/m³) (kg/m³) (kg/m³) Jan -0.9 30.3 -10.5 7.4 1.294 1.255 1.341 Feb 2.6 36.6 -14.1 11.2 1.278 1.239 1.359 Mar -0.3 31.4 -13.3 12.1 1.291 1.235 1.355 Apr 2.9 37.3 -3.2 16.0 1.276 1.218 1.305 May 5.8 42.4 0.1 19.6 1.251 1.203 1.289 Jun 9.4 48.8 3.0 17.5 1.239 1.212 1.275 Jul 12.1 53.9 6.6 22.1 1.231 1.193 1.259 Aug 13.1 55.5 6.4 21.2 1.228 1.196 1.260 Sep 10.6 51.1 3.8 19.0 1.232 1.205 1.272 Oct 7.7 45.9 1.8 13.3 1.238 1.223 1.281 Nov 3.5 38.3 -3.9 8.8 1.248 1.223 1.308 Dec 2.3 36.1 -7.8 8.5 1.279 1.250 1.327 Annual 5.7 42.3 -14.1 22.1 1.257 1.193 1.359 Annual temperature boxplot Temperature data, measurement period False Pass Wind Resource Report Page | 14 Air density DMap Wind Speed Scatterplot The wind speed versus temperature scatterplot for the False Pass wind site indicates a relatively even percentage of wind events across all temperatures. The minimum temperature is relatively warm by Alaska standards at -14°C (7° F). It is not likely that arctic-capable wind turbines with special low temperatures lubricants and heaters would be necessary for False Pass. Wind speed/temperature False Pass Wind Resource Report Page | 15 Wind Direction Wind frequency rose data indicates that winds at False Pass are primarily northwest and south with a lesser component of north winds. The mean value rose indicates that the primary and secondary frequency winds occur in strength proportional to their occurrence, but interestingly, when infrequenct east-southeast winds occur, they are very strong. Combining these roses into a wind energy rose, one can see that the power-producing winds at the False Pass met tower site are predominately northwest and south, with a lesser degree of northerly winds. Calm frequency (percent of time that winds at the 30 meter level are less than 4 m/s) was a moderately high 35 percent during the test period. Observing winds on a monthly basis indicates that northwesterly winds mostly occur during the spring and summer months while northerly and southerly winds mostly occur during the winter months. Wind frequency rose Mean value rose (30 m B anem.) Wind energy rose (30 m B anem.) Scatterplot rose of 30 m B wind power density False Pass Wind Resource Report Page | 16 Wind density roses by month (common scale) Turbulence Turbulence intensity (TI) at the False Pass met tower site indicates unexpectedly turbulent conditions that are well above IEC 61400-1, 3rd edition (2005) turbulence category A criteria, which is the most turbulent defined category. This can be seen in the TI graph of anemometer 30 m B at all directions sectors, and also in TI graphs of isolating the north, south, and northwest direction sectors that represent the power-producing winds at the site. With the high turbulence, the False Pass site classifies by IEC 61400-1, 3rd Edition, criteria as Category S, or special conditions. The 30 meter B anemometer mean TI at 15 m/s is 0.173 and the representative TI at 15 m/s is 0.232, both of which are quite high and considered generally undesirable for wind turbine operations. High turbulence at the met tower test site is almost certainly due to the high mountains that border Isantoski Strait and that are very near the met tower to the north, west and south. It’s likely that air flowing more through the center of Isantoski Strait is less turbulent that at the margins near the mountains, which is the location of the met tower, but that is an academic consideration as it would be impractical from a wind power siting perspective. Insight into turbulent airflow in the False Pass area could be aided by use of computational fluid dynamics analysis to predict airflow patterns. False Pass Wind Resource Report Page | 17 Turbulence intensity graph, 30 m B, all direction sectors Turbulence intensity, 30 m B, north sector power-producing winds Turbulence intensity, 30 m B, south sector power-producing winds False Pass Wind Resource Report Page | 18 Turbulence intensity, 30 m A, northwest sector power-producing winds Turbulence intensity rose, 30 m B False Pass Wind Resource Report Page | 19 Turbulence table, 30 m B data, all wind sectors Bin Bin Endpoints Records in Bin Mean TI SD of TI Representative TI Peak TI Midpoint Lower Upper (m/s) (m/s) (m/s) 1.0 0.5 1.5 9,100 0.583 0.176 0.808 1.571 2.0 1.5 2.5 8,810 0.395 0.185 0.631 1.300 3.0 2.5 3.5 8,736 0.327 0.162 0.534 1.346 4.0 3.5 4.5 9,327 0.287 0.141 0.468 0.972 5.0 4.5 5.5 9,898 0.262 0.121 0.418 0.844 6.0 5.5 6.5 10,680 0.238 0.107 0.374 0.732 7.0 6.5 7.5 10,107 0.221 0.098 0.346 0.682 8.0 7.5 8.5 8,823 0.209 0.086 0.319 0.603 9.0 8.5 9.5 7,264 0.199 0.080 0.301 0.547 10.0 9.5 10.5 5,643 0.196 0.074 0.291 0.510 11.0 10.5 11.5 4,172 0.193 0.068 0.280 0.458 12.0 11.5 12.5 3,287 0.186 0.059 0.262 0.475 13.0 12.5 13.5 2,266 0.181 0.051 0.246 0.418 14.0 13.5 14.5 1,635 0.180 0.050 0.243 0.424 15.0 14.5 15.5 1,135 0.173 0.046 0.232 0.360 16.0 15.5 16.5 732 0.173 0.048 0.235 0.364 17.0 16.5 17.5 475 0.163 0.040 0.214 0.374 18.0 17.5 18.5 280 0.166 0.039 0.215 0.290 19.0 18.5 19.5 143 0.167 0.035 0.212 0.265 20.0 19.5 20.5 86 0.158 0.029 0.195 0.228 21.0 20.5 21.5 53 0.158 0.027 0.193 0.227 22.0 21.5 22.5 26 0.146 0.022 0.175 0.200 23.0 22.5 23.5 11 0.136 0.028 0.172 0.177 24.0 23.5 24.5 2 0.168 0.002 0.171 0.169 25.0 24.5 25.5 2 0.212 0.022 0.240 0.228 26.0 25.5 26.5 0 27.0 26.5 27.5 1 0.185 0.000 0.185 0.185 X4 X1 X2 X3 X5 X6 X7 X8 X9 X10 X11 X12 X13 X14 X15 X16X17 X18 X19 Transformer Location X(No.) False Pass Transformer Map #1 Noted Structure / Area School Peter Pan Sea Foods X4 X1 X2 X3 X5 X6 X7 X8 X9 X10 X11 X12 X13 X14 X15 X16X17 X18 X19 False Pass Transformer Map #1 Transformer Location X(No.) X20 X21 X22 X23 X24 Bunk House Fish Pla n t False Pass Transformer Map #2 Transformer Location X(No.) Noted Structure / Area Marsh Creek, LLC, a Certified ANC 8(a) Company 2000 E. 88 Ave. ● Anchorage, AK 99507 ● Tel ‐ (907) 258‐0050 ● Fax ‐ (907) 279‐5710 Transformer #1 / Map #1X Transformer #2 / Map #1X Marsh Creek, LLC, a Certified ANC 8(a) Company 2000 E. 88 Ave. ● Anchorage, AK 99507 ● Tel ‐ (907) 258‐0050 ● Fax ‐ (907) 279‐5710 Transformer # 3 / Map #1X Transformer #4 / Map #1X Marsh Creek, LLC, a Certified ANC 8(a) Company 2000 E. 88 Ave. ● Anchorage, AK 99507 ● Tel ‐ (907) 258‐0050 ● Fax ‐ (907) 279‐5710 Transformer #5 / Map #1X Transformer #6 / Map #1X Marsh Creek, LLC, a Certified ANC 8(a) Company 2000 E. 88 Ave. ● Anchorage, AK 99507 ● Tel ‐ (907) 258‐0050 ● Fax ‐ (907) 279‐5710 Transformer #7 / Map #1X Transformer #8 / Map #1X Marsh Creek, LLC, a Certified ANC 8(a) Company 2000 E. 88 Ave. ● Anchorage, AK 99507 ● Tel ‐ (907) 258‐0050 ● Fax ‐ (907) 279‐5710 Transformer #9 / Map #1X Transformer #10 / Map #1X Marsh Creek, LLC, a Certified ANC 8(a) Company 2000 E. 88 Ave. ● Anchorage, AK 99507 ● Tel ‐ (907) 258‐0050 ● Fax ‐ (907) 279‐5710 Transformer #11 / Map #1X Transformer #12 / Map #1X Marsh Creek, LLC, a Certified ANC 8(a) Company 2000 E. 88 Ave. ● Anchorage, AK 99507 ● Tel ‐ (907) 258‐0050 ● Fax ‐ (907) 279‐5710 Transformer #13 / Map #1X Transformer #14 / Map #1X Marsh Creek, LLC, a Certified ANC 8(a) Company 2000 E. 88 Ave. ● Anchorage, AK 99507 ● Tel ‐ (907) 258‐0050 ● Fax ‐ (907) 279‐5710 Transformer #15 / Map #1X Transformer #16 / Map #1X Marsh Creek, LLC, a Certified ANC 8(a) Company 2000 E. 88 Ave. ● Anchorage, AK 99507 ● Tel ‐ (907) 258‐0050 ● Fax ‐ (907) 279‐5710 Transformer #17 / Map #1X Transformer #18 / Map #1X Marsh Creek, LLC, a Certified ANC 8(a) Company 2000 E. 88 Ave. ● Anchorage, AK 99507 ● Tel ‐ (907) 258‐0050 ● Fax ‐ (907) 279‐5710 Transformer #19 / Map #1X Transformer #20 / Map #1X Marsh Creek, LLC, a Certified ANC 8(a) Company 2000 E. 88 Ave. ● Anchorage, AK 99507 ● Tel ‐ (907) 258‐0050 ● Fax ‐ (907) 279‐5710 Transformer #21 / Map #2X Transformer #22 / Map #2X Marsh Creek, LLC, a Certified ANC 8(a) Company 2000 E. 88 Ave. ● Anchorage, AK 99507 ● Tel ‐ (907) 258‐0050 ● Fax ‐ (907) 279‐5710 Transformer #23 / Map #2X Transformer #24 / Map #2X